1 







1 



1 






I 



■ 



THE PRACTITIONER'S 

MEDICAL DICTIONARY 



GOULD 



BY THE SAME AUTHOR 



The Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, Biology, and 
Allied Sciences. 5th Edition. 

Full Sheep or Half Dark Green Leather, $10.00 

With Thumb Index 11.00 

Half Russia, Thumb Index 12.00 

A Dictionary of New Medical Terms. 

Full Sheep or Half Dark Green Leather, 5.00 

With Thumb Index 6.00 

Half Russia, Thumb Index 7.00 

The above two books in one volume. Half Morocco, .... 15.00 

The Student's Medical Dictionary, nth Edition. 
Illustrated. 

Half Morocco, 2.50 

With Thumb Index, 3.00 

Full Flexible Leather, Thumb Index 3.50 

The Pocket Pronouncing "Medical Lexicon. 4th 
Edition. 
(30,000 Medical Words Pronounced and Defined.) 

Full Limp Leather, Gilt Edges 1.00 

With Thumb Index 1.25 

Biographic Clinics, Five Volumes, Each 1.00 

Vols. I and II.— The Origin of the 111 Health of DeQuincy, 

Carlyle, Wagner, etc. 
Vols. Ill, IV, and V. — Essays Concerning the Influence of 

Visual Function, Pathologic and Physiologic, upon the 

Health of Patients. 

Borderland Studies. 

Miscellaneous Addresses and Essays Pertaining to Medicine 
and the Medical Profession, and their Relations to 
General Science, Net 2.00 



BY DR- GEORGE M. GOULD AND 
DR. WALTER L, PYLE 

Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine and Surgery. 75 
Special Contributors. Illustrated. 

Full Sheep or Half Dark Green Leather $10.00 

With Thumb Index 11.00 

Half Russia, Thumb Index 12.00 

Pocket Cyclopedia of Medicine and Surgery. 

Based upon the Cvclopedia of Practical Medicine and Sur- 
gery. Edited by Walter L. Pyle, M.D. Full Limp Leather, 

Gilt Edges, 1.00 

With Thumb Index 1.25 

Compend of Diseases* of the Eye. Third Edition. 
109 Illustrations. 

Cloth, 1.00 

Interleaved for Notes, 1.25 



THE PRACTITIONER'S 



MEDICAL DICTIONARY 



AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF MEDICINE AND ALLIED 

SUBJECTS, INCLUDING ALL THE WORDS AND PHRASES 

GENERALLY USED IN MEDICINE, WITH THEIR 

PROPER PRONUNCIATION, DERIVATION, 

AND DEFINITION 



BASED ON RECENT MEDICAL LITERATURE 
BY 

GEORGE M. GOULD, A.M., M.D. 

AUTHOR OF "AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, AND ALLIED SCIENCES," " THI 
STUDENT'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY," "30,000 MEDICAL WORDS PRONOUNCED AND DEFINED," "BIOGRA- 
PHIC CLINICS," "THE MEANING AND METHOD OF LIFE," "BORDERLAND STUDIES," ETC.; 
EDITOR OF "AMERICAN MEDICINE" 



CONTAINING AMONG OTHER NEW FEATURES THE TERMS OF THE BASLE ANATOMIC NOMEN- 
CLATURE AND THE STANDARDS OF PHARMACEUTIC PREPARATIONS AS GIVEN 
BY THE EIGHTH DECENNIAL REVISION OF THE UNITED 
STATES PHARMACOPEIA 



f lUsttateO 



PHILADELPHIA 

P. BLAKISTON'S SON & CO 

1012 WALNUT STREET 
1907 






•" I 



LiBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Cooies Received 

DEC H ?908 

A Omr right Entry 
CLASS .fl XXc„ No. 
COPY B. 



Copyright, 1906, by P. Blakiston's Son & Co. 



WM. F. FELL COMPANY 

ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS 

1220-24 SANSON! STREET 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



PREFACE 



This book is in every respect and detail new. Its object is to supply the 
practitioner with trustworthy definitions of such medical words and terms as he may 
need in his reading of standard medical text-books, monographic or journalistic litera- 
ture. AH, of us, editor, assistants, and publisher, have sought to avoid the incom- 
pleteness and limitations of dictionaries too small to meet the needs of the active 
educated physician, while at the same time comprising what is essential in the largest 
collections. The first class of works necessarily fail to include the brand new coinages, 
those most unknown to the practitioner, while the larger are frequently too much un- 
abridged and at least are expensive, heavy, and bulky. We have here striven for the 
fortunate in medio tutissimns. The inclusion of the best of the new and probably 
enduring words that have been minted in the last ten or twelve years, while at the same 
time keeping the old lists complete, has been a hard task. This has been made 
possible only by the generous cooperation of the publisher. Not a little of the modern 
publishing business consists in selling at an enormous profit a vast amount of book- 
paper of poor quality, large extent, and useless thickness, upon which is sprawled a 
correspondingly exiguous text. With due attention to optic and artistic demands the 
choice of the reverse plan has been adopted. 

We have retained all the old and acceptable features of the previous lexicons, the 
chief being the simple method, easily understood at a glance, of indicating the pro- 
nunciation and accentuation of words. The tabulation and systematic classification of 
correlated terms which has previously so well demonstrated its usefulness has also 
been continued. To this one exception has been made, — the distribution in alpha- 
betic order of eponymic terms. Since the publication of earlier volumes these lists have 
grown so amazingly that it has seemed labor-saving in ease of reference to scatter these 
throughout the alphabet. In no other work will so many be found as in this. We 
may criticize and object to the making of these thousands of words called after men's 
names, but as the lexicographer is primarily a historian, they may not be excluded, 
and especially if the purchaser's interests are duly considered. 

Several valuable and important novelties have been adopted in order to make the 
work meet all the latest requirements : The metric system of weights and measure- 
ments in doses, etc., has been added in order to furnish the necessary equivalents to 
those who may prefer these to the older and more common forms ; the additions and 
changes of the new Pharmacopeia have been inserted; and the recommendations 



vi PREFACE 

of the new [BNA] anatomic nomenclature have been noted. Concerning this re- 
form Professor Lewellys F. Barker says : 

"This nomenclature has practically reduced the anatomical terms by many 
thousands. It has omitted many which were ambiguous and obsolete, and has re- 
sulted in the establishment of certain general particulars regarding formation and use 
of anatomical terms which will simplify and make uniform the nomenclature as it is 
to-day, and new terms which may have to be added as investigation continues." 

Without wasting space and making "a picture book" we have endeavored to 
keep the most valuable and helpful illustrations of former volumes, and have added a 
considerable number of new ones, distributing them where they will be most conve- 
niently consulted. 

To those previously thanked who have so ably and unselfishly aided in the com- 
pilations of the numerous styles and revisions of previous lexicons I have edited, as 
well as to many others, unnamed, who have been interested in perfecting those which 
should follow, I can only now express in this general way my obligations and gratitude. 
But in the arduous and painstaking assistance rendered the subscribers to the present 
volume, full and especial thanks are due E. Raiguel and G. C. C. Howard. 

I have a feeling of gladness in learning from my publishers that, despite many old 
and many more new rivals, over 200,000 copies of my medical dictionaries have 
been scattered among the profession in many parts of the world. That evidences 
something of usefulness in the great cause of medical science and progress. 

GEORGE M. GOULD. 

Philadelphia, 1906. 



NOTES CONCERNING THE HISTORY OF LEXICOGRAPHY* 

Nomina si nescis peril cognitio rerum, said Coke with the acumen of the legal 
mind, and it is generally true that the knowledge of things depends upon the knowledge 
of their names. Discoveries of new facts, or new standpoints for viewing old facts, 
demand new tags or "nicking" symbols' whereby their status may be fixed and their 
recognition insured and made more clear for distant or future students. Few philo- 
sophic and scientific minds may exhibit an aloofness and a freedom from the tyranny 
of words to enable them to study things without the aid of words and namings. But 
nothing, it is admitted, is more blundering in a personal sense, and more harmful 
to the progress of science, than the exhaustion of interest so soon as a classification and 
nomenclature have been made. The ridiculous is only needed to end in the absurd, 
and this is generally supplied by their wrong pigeon-holing and false ticketing. A 
diagnosis once made, a mere word, long, mysterious, and meaningless, pinned upon 
the bunched symptoms, and further study of etiology, prophylaxis, or therapeutics 
is with too many at an end. Over 200 years ago Dr. South tried to check this "fatal 
imposture and force of words " by showing how " the generality of mankind is governed 

* From the preface to the author's "A Dictionary of New Medical Terms," 1905. 



PREFACE vii 

by words and names," not by things as they are, but as they are called — in a word, 
by " verbal magic." 

And yet in a groping science like medicine, one that inductively, slowly, and 
tentatively is feeling its way toward the truth, this need of naming every step forward 
is peculiarly necessary. It is the condition of securing the step in itself, and of guiding 
the aftercomers. It is the blazing of trails into the wilderness of the unknown. Of 
course no one can tell what lines of research may finally prove the best and true, and 
none, therefore, what blazes will be useful or useless. New trails, shorter, easier, 
and better, may indeed be discovered, and when the wilderness country is settled, all 
trails will either be abandoned or become well-known roads. But even then good 
sign-posts and pointing index-fingers will be helpful for strangers, and some of the old 
names will never be discarded. None can surely foretell what words may die and 
what ones become a part of the language. Hence the lexicographer may not too 
recklessly exclude. 

The history of lexicography finds its first data about 700 or 800 A. D., in glosses, 
or the more common explanatory words annexed or superposed over "hard" terms, 
and made either in Latin or in the glossator's own vernacular. A list of such glosses 
was called a glossarium, or as we say, a glossary. It soon become the custom for 
children and students to learn by heart the classified lists of the names of things, such 
as those of the parts of the body, of animals, trades, tools, virtues and vices, diseases, 
etc. Such a list constituted a vocabularium or vocabulary. These glosses and vocab- 
ularies were in time thrown together in bundles, at first without any order, and as 
lists, without losing their individuality. Then came the " first letter order," in which 
all words and terms beginning with the letter a were bundled together, still without 
discrimination, so that the entire list of words beginning with a, or b, had to be scanned 
in order to find a special word. The classification proceeded to an arrangement of the 
items also according to the second letter, then the third, etc., until after hundreds of 
years complete alphabetization came into use. At first the aim had been to explain 
difficult Latin words by easier Latin ones ; then by English ones, and in the tenth and 
eleventh centuries the English equivalents were the rule, and the glossaries were 
Latin-English. The first book of this kind to be called a dictionarium, that is a reper- 
tory of dictiones or sayings, was that of Sir Thomas Elyot in 1538, and from that time 
the word dictionary has supplanted all others ; so much so that it is now the title of 
any alphabetic gathering not only of words but of any kind of knowledge what- 
soever. 

Our modern language of medicine is unique in that it is made up of the un- 
changed and undigested materials and relics used or contributed during its entire 
history. The persisting substratum is Latin, upon which has been placed a mass of 
pseudogreek words not physiologicly created nor grown by natural philologic methods, 
but springing Minervalike from the brains of thousands of modern Jupiters. These 
largely bear the marks of their parentage in characteristics that do not, or should not, 
beget a spontaneous pride of lineage. From a highly variegated medievalism that has, 
indeed, never ended, we have taken over another unassimilable conglomerate, and 
superadded are thousands of dissimilar terms derived from modern chemistry, biology, 



viii PREFACE 

bacteriology, and many other sciences. Each single group of contemporaneous 
nationalities contributes to the others its share of names, and is itself hard at work en- 
deavoring to fuse the whole heritage into homogeneity and unity with the amalgam of 
the spirit of the general language dominant among its people. The result is a strange 
hodge-podge of the medical language of two or more thousand years and of many 
special national tongues, in mechanic, not chemic mixture, with modern sounds and 
symbols, the whole amazingly heterogeneous and cacophonous. The thirtieth cen- 
tury medical student will probably be compelled to memorize iter a tertio ad quartum 
ventriculum, etc., and to write his orders for drugs in a sad mixture of sorry Latin so 
far as his knowledge will carry, and then to end it in despair in the vulgar manner of 
speech of his contemporaries. In general biology the law holds that the ontogeny 
epitomizes and repeats the phylogeny ; but only at the different successive stages of its 
individual development. In medical language the phylum is always present, and 
there are no successive stages; there has been no rebirth or inheritance; the ontogeny 
goes on preserving all the old origins and accretions, and simply adding the new to 
them. For this sort of evolution there is no name (unless Weissmann's immortality 
theory is applicable), and its study may be commended to the Darwins and Spencers 
of the future as a noteworthy exception to hitherto formulated laws. The result is 
before us: a huge and unassimilated philologic mass, many times greater than it should 
be, the despair of medical students and of the makers of dictionaries. These word- 
books, of course, reproduce the phylogenetic history in the same way, and there is no 
escape from the republication of all the methods and most all the words gathered and 
found useful in the course of ages. Here with some modifications of detail must be 
repeated the glosses and vocabularies of a thousand years ago, the foiled attempts 
together with the partial successes at alphabetic arrangement, and lastly the addition 
of the modern encyclopedia 

The functions of the dictionary-maker have thus become multiplied and varied. 
As the gloss-lists and vocable-lists grew into dictionariums and as alphabetization be- 
came thoroughgoing, as one after another subject was added to the word-gatherer's 
work so our technical dictionary has at last become in part encyclopedic and expository, 
its plan and outworking still somewhat subject to the personality, scholarship, and 
judgment of the author. It will always remain an open question how far the author 
should or may go in giving individual color to his dictionary. Johnson's famous 
definitions of excise, lexicographer, oats, pension, pensioner, tory, whig, etc. ; Webster's 
"Americanism" in spelling; the Century's seconding in various ways the obvious 
trending of philologic progress, — these, and many such illustrate the lexicographer's 
belief in his own, at least, " limited " free-will. 

"Johnson's great work," says Dr. Murray, "raised English lexicography alto- 
gether to a higher level. In his hands it became a department of literature." The 
technical dictionary of to-day may indeed claim a higher office than that, because no 
monograph or text-book comes near the far-reaching and lasting influence of modern 
encyclopedic dictionaries. They help more than teacher or text-book to bring order 
into the student's forming mind, and to systematize and make definite his knowledge. 
In postgraduate life and practice there is no book that is so frequently consulted, and 



PREFACE ix 

the teachings of which are so clearly kept in memory. This is because of the validity 
of the maxim of Coke. 

Solely upon condition, however, that the author has put heart, intellect, and labor 
into his work ! If he has been content to repeat, copy, and adopt, it will not be so. 
And even then only if other repeaters, copiers, and adopters " do not break through and 
steal." As has often happened since, dictionary-theft is an ancient story. As long as 
250 years ago Phillips plagiarized the glossographia of Blount. The robbed author 
indignantly exposed the shamelessness of the cribber, even of misprints and errors. 
But he was not ashamed ! More suo the thief, having no defense, made none, and in- 
stead proceeded to correct all the errors pointed out by Blount, and, in many subse- 
quent editions, the quack-lexicographer reaped the reward given by a too careless 
public. 

The ancient injustice would be much manifolded in modern times, with an in- 
tensely progressing science which demands that, if to be of the best service, new 
editions of its word-books shall be made every few years. The system must become 
systematic and the professing truly professional. No spasmodic, incidental, or amateur 
methods will nowadays avail. Revisions are required, and continuous labor, not only 
of one but of many, so that helpers, a large corps of them, must be organized, and paid. 
Over 300 years ago a great worker in this field, one who "contrived and wrought not 
onelie for our owne private use, but for the common profet of others," even with the 
patronage of great men "who encouraged in this wearie worke" was grieved that 
"the charges were so great and the losse of time " so much that he came near having 
"never bene able alone to have wrestled against so manie troubles." Finding that 
"his spiritual substance had vanished," old Simon Browne "took to an employment 
which did not require a soul, and so became a dictionary-maker," piously adding that 
we should "thank God for everything and therefore for dictionary makers." 



r 



ABBREVIATIONS 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN GENERAL MEDICINE 



aa. 



ana Of each. 

A. c Ante cibum Before meals. 

Abdom Abdomen The belly. 

Abs. feb Absente febre When fever is absent. 

Abstr Abstractum Abstract. 

Ad ..Adde Add. 

Ad lib Ad libitum At pleasure, as de- 
sired. 

Admov Admoveatur Let it be applied. 

Ad. pond. om...Adpondus omnium. To the weight of the 

whole. 

Adv Adversum Against. 

Aggred. feb. Aggredicnte febre. . .While fever is coming 

on. 

Al Aluminum Aluminum. 

Alt. dieb Alternis diebus Every other day. 

Alt. nor Alternis horis Every other hour. 

Alv. adstrict...Alvo adstricta The bowels being con- 
fined. 

Alv. deject Alvi dejectiones The intestinal evacu- 
ations. 

Anat Anatomy. 

Aq Aqua Water. 

Aq. astr Aqua astricta Ice. 

Aq. bull Aqua bulliens Boiling water. 

Aq. com Aqua communis Common water. 

Aq. dest Aqua destillata Distilled water. 

Aq. ferv Aqua fervens Hot water. 

Aq. font Aquafontana Spring water. 

Aq. mar Aqua marina Ocean water. 

Aq. pur Aqua pura Pure water. 

As Arsenic. 

At. wt Atomic weight. 

Av Avoirdupois. 

B Boron, Bowels. 

Ba Barium. 

B. A., or B. S Balneum arena; Sand bath. 

Bals -. .Balsamum Balsam. 

Be Beryllium. 

Bi Bismuth. 

Bib Bibe Drink. 

Biol Biology. 

B. i. d Bis in die Twice daily. 

B. M Balneum maris Sea- water bath. 

Bol Bolus A large pill. 

B. p Boiling-point. 

Br Bromin. 

Bull Bulliat Let it boil. 

B. v Balneum vaporis Vapor bath. 

(V ■ n s (Carbon; Cubic; A 

c {°SH- Cmtl - | j2g<- <*■*■ 

Ca Calcium. 

Cap Capiat Let him take. 

Cc Cubic centimeter. 

Cd Cadmium. 

Ce Cerium. 

Cel Celsius. 

Cent Centigrade. 

Cg Centigram . 

C. m Cras mane To-morrow morning. 

cm Centimeter. 

p f Cras mane sumen- f To be taken to- 

I dus. I morrow morning. 

C. n Crasnocte To-morrow night. 

Co Cobalt. 

Cochl Cochleare Spoonful. 

Cochl. ampl. .. " amplum...A tablespoonful. 

" infant... " infantis. . .A teaspoonful. 

" mag " magnum.. A tablespoonful. 



Cochl. med Cochleare medium. .A dessertspoonful. 

" parv. " parvum... A teaspoonful. 

Col Cola Strain. 

Colat Colatus Strained. 

Colet Coletur Let it be strained. 

Color Coloretur Let it be colored. 

Comp Compositus Compound. 

Cong Congius A gallon. 

Cons Conserva Keep. 

Contin Continuatur Let it be continued. 

Cont rem I Continuetur f Let the medicine be 

' ' I remedium I continued. 

Coq Coque Boil. 

Cort Cortex Bark. 

Crast Crastinus. For to-morrow. 

Crys Crystal. 

Cs Cesium. 

Cu Cuprum Copper. 

Cuj Cujus Of which. 

C. v Cras vespere To-morrow evening. 

Cyath Cyathus A glassful. _ 

D Dosis; Da A dose; Give. 

Decub Decubitus Lying down. 

De d. in d De die in diem From day today. 

Deg Degree; degeneration. 

De R Reaction of degenera- 
tion. 

Destil Destilla Distil. 

Det Dctur Let it be given. 

Dieb. alt Diebus alternis On alternate days. 

" tert " tertiis Every third day. 

Dil Dilue Let it be dissolved. 

Dilut Dilutus Dilute. 

Dim Dimidius One-half. 

Dist Distilla Distil. 

Div Divide Divide. 

D. in p. seq Divide in partes 

aequales Divide into equal 

parts. 

Donee alv. sol. f Donee alvus so- f Until the bowels 
fuerit 1 luta fuerit I are opened. 

D. P Directione propria. .With a proper direc- 
tion. 

E Erbium. 

Eb ' Erbium. 

E.-j Elbow-jerk. 

Ejusd Ejusdem Of the same. 

Elec Electuarium An electuary; Elec- 
tricity. 

Emb Embryology. 

Enem Enema. 

Er Erbium. 

Exhib Exhibeatur Let it be given. 

Ext Extractum Extract. 

F Fahrenheit; Fluorin. 

Far Faradic. 

Fe Ferrum Iron. 

Feb. dur Febre durante The fever continuing. 

F., Ft Fac, Fiat Make. 

Filt Filtra Filter. 

Fid Fluidus Fluid. 

Flor Flores Flowers. 

F. m Fiat mistura Make a mixture. 

Fol Folia Leaves. 

F. p Fiatpotio Make a potion. 

F. pil Fiat pilula Make a pill. 

F. s. a Fiat secundum artemPrepare skilfully. 

Galv Galvanic. 

Gl Glucinum. 

Gm Gram. 



ABBREVIATIONS 



Gr Granum Grain. 

Gtt Guttae Drops. 

Guttat Guttatim By drops. 

H Hydrogen. 

Hg Hydrargyrum Mercury. 

HI Hectoliter. 

Hm Hectometer. 

Hor. decub Hora decubitus At bed-time. 

H. s Hora somni At bed-time. 

I '. Iodum Iodin. 

In Indium. 

In d In die Daily. 

Inf Infunde Pour in. 

Inj Injectio An injection. 

Ir Iridium. 

K Kalium Potassium. 

K.-j Knee-jerk. 

Kl Kiloliter. 

Km " Kilometer. 

L Liter. 

Li Lithium. 

Liq Liquor. 

M Meridies; Misce Noon; Mix. 

Mac Macera Macerate. 

Pill- mass. 

Let a mixture be 
made. 

, Magnesium; Milli- 
gram. 

Milliliter. 

, Millimeter. 



pil Massa pilularum. 

M. f t Mistura fiat 



Ml 

Mm 

Mod. pre- 
script Modo praescripto 



In the manner di- 
rected. 

Mol. wt Molecular weight. 

Mor. sol More solito In the usual way. 

Muc Mucilago Mucilage. 

Myg Myriagram. 

Myl Myrialiter. 

Mym Myriameter. 

N Nitrogen. 

Na Natrium Sodium. 

Ni Nickel. 

No . .Numero Number. 

Noct Nocte By night. 

O Octarius A pint. 

01 Oleum Oil. 

01. oliv Oleum olivae Olive-oil. 

01. -res Oleoresina Oleoresin. 

O. m Omni mane Every morning. 

Omn. bih Omni bihora Every two hours. 

Omn. hor Omni hora Every hour. 

Omn. noct Omni nocte Every night. 

Os Osmium. 

Ov Ovum An egg 

Oz Uncia Ounce. 

P Phosphorus, Pulse. 

Part, aeq Partes asquales. .....Equal parts. 

Pb Plumbum Lead. 

P. c Post cibum After meals. 

P. C Pondus civile Avoirdupois weight. 

Pd Palladium. 

Phar Pharmacopeia. 



Pil Pilula Pill. 

Pocul Poculum A cup. 

Pond Pondere By weight. 

Pot Potio Potion; potassa. 

Ppt Preparata Precipitate; Prepared. 

P. rat. aetat Pro rata aetatis In proportion to age. 

P. r. n Pro re nata When required. 

Pt Pint. 

Pulv Pulvis Powder. 

0- d Quaterindie Four times a day. 

Q. 1 Quantum libet According as re- 
quired. 

Q. p Quantum placeat...At will. 

0. s " sufficit. . . A sufficient quantity. 

Qt iQuart. 

Q. v Quantum vis As much as you wish. 

R Reaumur's thermom- 
eter; Respiration. 

V Recipe Take. 

Rad Radix Root. 

Rb. Rubidium. 

R. D Reaction of degenera- 
tion. 

Rect Rectificatus Rectified. 

Rep Repetatur Let it be repeated. 

S Semis Half; Sulphur. 

S Signa Label. 

S. a Secundum artem.. .According to art. 

Sb Stibium Antimony. 

Scr Scrupulum Scruple. 

Sig Signetur Let it be labeled. 

Sig. n. pr Signa nomine pro- 

prio Label with common 

name. 

Sing Singulorum Of each. 

Si non val Si non valeat If it does not answer. 

Si op. sit Si opus sit If requisite. 

Solv .' . Solve Dissolve. 

Sp., or Spir Spiritus Spirit. 

Sp. gr Specific gravity. 

Ss Semi, semissis One-half. 

St Stet Let it stand. 

Su Sumat Let him take. 

S. v Spiritus vini Alcoholic spirit. 

S. v. r Spiritus vini 

rectificatus Rectified spirit of 

wine. 

S. v. t Spiritus vini tenuis. .Dilute alcohol, proof- 
spirit. 

Syr ..Syrupus Syrup. 

T Temperature. 

T. d Terindie Three times a day. 

Tr., Tinct Tinctura Tincture. 

Ung Unguentum Ointment. 

Ur Urine. 

Vesic Vesicatorium A blister. 

V. s. b Venesectio brachii. .Bleeding from the 

arm. 

Wt • Weight. 

TT| Minimum Minim. 

5 Drachma Dram. 

3 Scrupulum Scruple. 

5 Uncia Ounce. 



ABBREVIATIONS THAT SHOULD ONLY BE USED UNDER HEADINGS, OR 
WITH A CONTEXT, RENDERING THE MEANING OBVIOUS— Ewart 



Bctasis 
Brhea 
Btis . . * ' 
G. K.... 
G. P.... 



\ 



Names of Diseases. 

Bronchiectasis. 

Bronchorrhea. 

Bronchitis. 

Granular Kidney. 

General Paralysis. 

Phth., or <pe, or Phthisis. 

" na Pneumonia. 

" nX Pneumothorax. 

Rll c F Rheumatic Fever. 

Rh sm Rheumatism. 

Set F Scarlet Fever. 

Syph., or <rv<$> Syphilis. 



Names of Regions or Organs. 

ClaV 1 " Clavicular. 

I. C. F Infraclavicular Fossa. 

InlraSC 1 " Infrascapular. 

lntersc 1- Interscapular. 

Mamy Mammary. 

S. C. F Supraclavicular Fossa. 

Sp. C Spinal Cord. 

S. S. F Supraspinous Fossa. 

V. C. or V. B Vocal Bands. 



c/ 



Names of Signs and Symptoms. 
Cough. 



Cephgia Cephalalgia. 

He e Hemorrhage. 

Ns 13 - Neuralgia. 

N. S Night-sweats. 

Spm Sputum. 

T Tongue. 

Vg Vomiting. 



ABBREVIATIONS 

V* Vomit. 

In Physical Examination, Etc. 

H. C Humid Crepitations. 

R. S Respiratory Sound. 

V. F Vocal Fremitus. 

V. S Voice-sounds. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 



Ace Accommodation. 

Ah Hyperopic Astigmatism. 

Am Myopic Astigmatism. 

As Astigmatism. 

Ax Axis. 

B. D Base (of prism) down. 

B.I " " " in. 

B. " " " out. 

B.U " " " up. 

cm Centimeter. 

Cyl Cylinder, Cylindric Lens. 

D Diopter. 

E Emmetropia, Emmetropic. 

F Formula. 

H Hyperopia, Hyperopic, Horizontal. 



L. E Left Eye. 

M Myopia. Myopic. 

mm Millimeter. 

0. D Oculus dexter — Right Eye. 

0. S Oculus sinister — Left Eye. 

P. p Punctum proximum. Xear Point. 

P. r Punctum remotum. Far Point. 

R. E Right Eye. 

Sph Spheric, Spheric Lens. 

Sym Symmetric. 

V Vision, Visual Acuity. Vertical. 

-f . — . = Plus. Minus, Equal to. 

tx Infinity, 20 ft. distance. 

C Combined with. 



.Degree. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN OTOLOGY 



a Applied to or in contact with Auricle. 

A. C Air-conduction. 

A. D Auris dextra — Right Ear. 

A. S Auris sinistra — Left Ear. 

B. C Bone-conduction. 

c Contact. 

d Dentes — applied to Teeth. 

F Tuning-fork. 

gl Glabella — applied to Forehead. 

h Hearing Power. 

L Left Ear . 

m Applied to Mastoid. 

Meat. And. Ext.; M. 

E External Auditory Meatus. 

Meat. Aud. Int. ; M. I. Internal Auditory Meatus. 

Men. dis Meniere's disease. 

M. flac Membrana flaccida; Shrapnell's 

membrane. 

M. T. ; Mt Membrana tympani. 

Myring Myringitis. 

Complete Lack of Perception of 

Sound. 



ot. ext. ac Otitis externa acuta. 

ot. ext. chron Otitis externa chronica. 

ot. ext. diff Otitis externa diffusa. 

ot. med. sup. ac Otitis media suppurativa acuta. 

ot. med. sup. chron. .Otitis media suppurativa chronica. 

Pol Politzer's. 

Pol. Ac Politzer's Acoumeter. 

R Right Ear. 

S Susurrus — a Whisper. 

/ Applied to Temple. 

Tymp Tympanum. 

ub Ubique — when applied at all points. 

v Voice. 

V Applied to Vertex. 

vib Vibration. 

z Applied to Zvgoma. 

' Foot. 

" Inches. 

"00 Heard, but not Understood. 

— R Rhine's Test Positive. 

— R Rinne's Test Negative. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN ELECTROTHERAPEUTICS 



A., or An Anode. 

Amp Ampere. 

A. C Anodal Closing. 

A. C. C Anodal Closure Contraction. 

A. C. Anodal Closing Odor. 

A. C. P Anodal Closing Picture. 

A. C. S Anodal Closing Sound. 

A. D Anodal Duration. 

A. D. C Anodal Duration Contraction. 

A. M Ampere-meter. 

A. Anodal Opening. 

A. 0. C Anodal Opening Contraction. 

A. 0. Anodal Opening Odor. 

A. 0. P Anodal Opening Picture. 

A. 0. S Anodal Opening Sound. 

B Magnetic Induction. 

B. A. U British Association Unit. 

C Centigrade; Current; Cathode. 

C C Cathodal Closure. 

C. C. C Cathodal Closure Contraction. 

C. C C." Various Degrees of Contraction. 

C. C. T Cathodal Closing Tetanus. 

C. G. S. Units Centimeter-gram-second Units. 

C. Cathodal Opening. 

C. 0. C Cathodal Opening Contraction. 

C. S Current-strength. 

D Duration - Density. 

De. R Reaction of Degeneration. 



E Earth; Electromotive Force. 

E. M. D.P Electromotive Difference of Po- 
tential. 

E. M. F Electromotive Force. 

F. M Field Magnet. 

H Horizontal Intensity of the Earth's 

Magnetism; One Unit of Self- 
induction. 

H Intensity of Magnetic Force. 

I Intensity of Magnetism. 

J Joule. 

K Electrostatic Capacity. 

K '. Kathode. 

Kl Klang (sound) . 

K. C Kathodal Closing. 

K. C. C Kathodal Closing Contraction. 

K. C. T Kathodal Closing Tetanus. 

K. D Kathodal Duration (or Period of 

Closure of Circuit). 

K. D. C Kathodal Duration Contraction. 

K. D. T Kathodal Duration Tetanus. 

K. W Kilo-watt. 

L Inductance (Coefficient of) ; Length. 

M Strength of Pole. 

Ma Milliampere. 

Mf d Microfarad. 

N North Pole. 



XIV 

O Opening of Circuit. 

P. D Potential Difference. 

Q Electric Quantity. 

R Ohmic Resistance. 

S SouthPole. 

T Time. 

Te Tetanic Contraction. 

U Unit. 

V Volume; Velocity. 

v Volt. 

V. A Voltaic Alternative. 

V. M Volt-meter. 

W Work; Weight; Watt. 



ABBREVIATIONS 



Z Contraction (Zuckung). 

Z. Z/ Z." Increasing Strengths of Contraction. 

k Magnetic Susceptibility. 

ju, Magnetic Permeability. 

co Ohm. 

p Specific Resistance. 

ii Megohm (one-millionth part of an 

ohm). 

Mil- Battery. 

+ Anode or Positive Pole. 

— Kathode or Negative Pole. 

> Greater than, as K > A. 

< Less than. 






PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES USED IN CHEMISTRY 



Am- indicates the group NH 2 . 

Azo-, diazo-, and hydrazo- indicate compounds in which 
nitrogen atoms are linked in various ways. 

Di- is applied as a prefix to signify two. 

Im- indicates the group NH. 

Ket- indicates the molecule CO in certain structual re- 
lations. 

Mon- is employed as a prefix to signify one. 

Nitro- indicates the group NO2. 

Pent- is applied as a prefix to signify five. 

per- denotes in a rather vague sense an indefinitely large 
amount of the body to which it is prefixed, or to 
which it is referred. 

Sesqui- indicates the proportion of two to three. 

Sub- is employed in a rather vague sense to indicate defi- 
ciency of the body to which it is prefixed. 

Tetr- is applied as a prefix to signify four. 

Thio- indicates sulphur, especially replacing oxygen. 

Tri- (sometimes " ter-") is applied as a prefix to signify three. 

-al indicates aldehydic structure. 

-an is applied to a class of bodies related to the starch and 
sugar group. 

-ane indicates a saturated hydrocarbon. _ 

-ase indicates an enzyme, or non-organized ferment, e. g., 
diastase. This termination is at present restricted 
generally to enzymes of vegetable origin, but it 
should also be used with animal enzymes — which, 
however, usually end in "in." It would thus be 
better to say pepsase and trypsase, rather than pepsin 
and trypsin. 

-ate. A suffix to nouns in chemistry signifying any salt 
formed by an acid acting on a base; e. g., sulphate, 
phosphate. 

-ic denotes the higher of two valencies assumed by an ele- 
ment, and incidentally in- many cases a larger amount 
of oxygen. 



-in is of no precise significance, and is mostly applied to 
bodies the structure of which is not yet known. 

-yl, -ene, -enyl, and -ine indicate hydrocarbons. Ac- 
cording to the American system of orthography, the 
only case in which " ine" is used is as a termination 
for a series of hydrocarbons, beginning with Ethine, 
C2H2. English writers and some American chemists 
use it to signify basic properties, regarding -in as 
the proper term for non-basic bodies. They thus 
distinguish between salicin, which forms no salts 
with acids, and morphin (which under such system 
is spelled "morphine"), which does. It must be 
noted that such methods are not in accordance with 
the tendency of modern chemic nomenclature, which 
seeks to express structure, not properties. The 
organic bases or alkaloids are not all of the same 
type, and when their structure is elucidated syste- 
matic names will be found for them. Until then 
there is no particular gain in indicating them a- c a 
group. 

-id is similar to "in." 

-ol indicates alcoholic structure, i. e., presence of the group 
HO (hydroxyl), e. g., alcohol, glycerol, phenol. 

-one is applied to bodies related to the starches and sugars. 
It is, however, not used with this significance in ' ' pep- 
tone," which word is not formed according to any 
established system. 

-ose indicates a carbohydrate, e. g., gluccse, although it is 
also occasionally applied to the results of digestion of 
proteids, e. g., albumose. 

-ous denotes the lower of two degrees of valency assumed 
by an element and incidentally indicates, in many 
cases, a small amount of oxygen. 

The word sulphonic indicates the group HSO3. 



SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., USED IN DESCRIPTIVE ZOOLOGY AND 

BOTANY 



) 



o Feet. 

' Inches. 

" Lines; each one-twelfth of an inch 

or about two millimeters. 

! A mark of affirmation or authenti- 
cation. 

? A mark of doubt. 

- Figures or words separated by a 

short dash indicate the extremes 
of variation, as 5-10" long, few- 
many flowered; i. e., varying 
from 5 to 10 lines in length, and 
.^ with few to many flowers. 

Cc Cubic centimeter. 

cm Centimeter. 

mm Millimeter. 

/a The Micron, Micromillimeter, or 

unit of Microscopic Measurement. 
For convenience of reference, the 
following table of comparative 
measurements is given: — 

ix Inches, ju. r Inches. Inches' 

1 000039 6 000236 lobirs ■ 

2 000079 7 000276 TT^-TT 

3 000118 8 000315 j 

4 000157 9 000354 is<* 253.9972 

5 000197 10.. ..000394 One Meter. .39.370432 in. 



2-5399 
25-3997 



X Used to express magnification, thus 

Xiooo indicates a magnification 
of 1000 diameters. The im- 
proper fraction 1J) T - - indicates the 
same thing, but is rarely used. 

@ An annual Herb. 

@\ A biennial Herb. 

<y A perennial Herb. 

£5 An Undershrub, deciduous. 

t} An Undershrub, evergreen. 

£y A Shrub, deciduous. 

*j A Shrub, evergreen. 

t A Tree, deciduous. 

*j A Tree, evergreen. 

^ An herbaceous Vine, annual or 

* biennial. 

•fo A woody Vine, deciduous. 

•£> A woody Vine, evergreen. 

|^ „ A trailing Herb, annual or biennial. 

\^ A trailing Herb, perennial. 

aw An aquatic plant. 

5 Flowers perfect. 



ABBREVIATIONS 



tf A male animal, or a plant or flower 

bearing only stamens or antheridia. 

5 A female animal or a plant or flower 

bearing only pistils or archegonia. 

Q A young animal of undetermined 

sex, thus c?o, young male, or $yg 
for young female, but Qjuv (ju- 
venis, young). 

A monocarpic plant. 

0= Cotyledons accumbent. 

OH Cotyledons incumbent. 

§ A plant introduced and naturalized. 

•j- A plant cultivated for ornament. 

J* * " A plant cultivated for use. 

8 Monecious. 

c? 9 - - Diecious. 

cf § 9 Polygamus. 

o Wanting or none. 

oo Numerous or indefinite; more than 

twenty when applied to stamens. 

<t The microsecond represents .ooi 

second or the unit of time in 
experiments or pghcophysic re- 
actions. 

Author's names are abbreviated in the following Manner: — 

Ait., Aiton. Bech., Bechstein. Cham., Chamisso. 
Dum., Dumeril, etc. 

Nupt, signifies in ornithology, breeding plumage. 

hornot, means a bird of the year. 

-aceas, a suffix used in botany to designate a family, the 
name chosen being one of the principal genera. 
Ex., Rosa, Rosacea, -Ranunculus, Ranunculacece. 
Cf., icece, ides, inece, ece. 

-ana, preferably used as a suffix to the name of a species 
around which others naturally cluster, in the naming 
of subsections or groups of species; e. g., the group 
of species of Helix related to H. pomatia may be 
indicated by the term Pomatiana. 

-ensis, a termination given to the names of species only 
when derived from the name of their habitat; e. g., 
Taenia madagascariensis, Daphne chinensis, Dra- 
caena brasiliensis. 

Eu-, employed as a prefix in forming the names of genera, 
subgenera, or sections of genera before a Greek 
derivative. 

Excl. gen., exclusit genus. 

Excl. sps., exclusit species. 

Excl. var., exclusit varietas, when following an onym, indi- 
cates that the group has undergone revision, and the 
name does not cover the original ground to the ex- 
tent indicated. 

-ia, -ius, -ica, -icus, -ina. -inus, -ita, -itus, terminations 
used in making specific names which are derived 
from the name of a river or other body of water, a 
province, a country, or a kingdom; e. g., arabicus. 

-iceae, -ideae, -ineae, suffixes used in botany to designate a 
family when the name taken ends in Latin -ix or -is 
(genitive iris, idis, iscis); e. g., Salicinece from Salix, 
Berberidece from Berberis, Tamariscinece from 
Tamarix. 

-eae, as a rule, these suffixes, together with ece, are em- 
ployed to designate botanic sub-families, tribes, and 
sub-tribes; e. g., Rosece from Rosa. 

-idas, -inae, the suffixes added to the name of the earliest 
known or most characteristic genus to designate 



zoologic families or sub-families; e. g., Sfrix, 
Strigis, Strigidcs, Bucerotis, Bucerolidce. 

-ites, -itis, frequently employed to designate fossil organ- 
isms analogous to the living form whose generic 
name is the radical to which ites is appended. They 
are rarely used with specific names. 

Mutatis char., mutatis characleris, when following a 
specific name signifies a change in the diagnostic 
characters of a species. 

-astrum, -oidea or -oides, -oidalis, -oideum, -opsis, 
terminations employed in forming generic, sub- 
generic, or specific names after a Greek derivative. 
Bourguinat suggests that astrum be reserved to be 
appended to the name of a genus to indicate its 
typical sub-division. Opsis and oides should be 
reserved for sub-divisions of a genus which resemble 
another genus, by adding them to the name of that 
other genus when it is of Greek origin. 

-oides is preferably reserved for specific names of Greek or 
barbarous (never Latin) origin. 

(a) When the radical of the specific name is the name 
of a genus which it resembles, e. g., Salix myriilloides, 
Bupleurum ranunculoides, Malva abutiloides, Thuja 
cupressoides. 

(b) When the radical is the name of another species 
which the new one resembles. Helix carascaloidcs, 
a species like H. carascalersis. 

(c) When the radical of the specific name is a Greek 
word signifying an animal, organ, part, object, as 
Potenttlla arachnoidea, Frenanthcs deltoidea, Jun- 
germannia zobpsis, ichthyoides, rhomboidale, pteri- 
goideus, paraboloides, dendroideus. 

Only one apparent exception to the compounding of Greek 
and Latin has been consecrated by usage; viz.: 
ovoides from ovum and eifios; this has arisen from 
the absence of euphony in the correct form, ooides 
(coov, and eiSo?). 

pro-parte, for a part, when following a specific name indi- 
cates that since its first application the group has been 
revised. 

Pseudo-, a prefix employed in forming specific names before 
a Greek derivative. 

-pteris, a termination frequently employed in the generic 
names of ferns, for the purpose of recalling the af- 
finities of the genus. 

Sp. (i) In zoology, abbreviation of species, written when the 
specific name is not known or is wanting, or if placed 
after the name of the authority, as Crania craniolaris, 
Linne sp., indicates that Linne is only to be credited 
with the specific name. 
(2) In botany, species or specimen. 

Sub-, a prefix employed in forming specific names before a 
Latin derivative. It may also be used in designating 
a new species before the name of another with which 
the first was in intimate relation. It is also used in 
the sense of nearly, less, somewhat, slightly. It has, 
moreover, a few legitimate Latin compounds which 
may be used for specific names; e. g., sublerraneus, 
subalpinus-a-um, subcurrens, subcutaneus, sub- 
dimidiatus, subjectus, submersus, subroiundus, sub- 
stratus. 

Sub-sp., subspecies. 

gen., genus. 

var., variety, placed before the name of a plant or an ani- 
mal indicates that it is a hybrid of doubtful origin. 



SUNDRY 

Adj Adjective. 

Adv Adverb. 

Am American. 

Arab Arabic. 

A. S Anglo-Saxon. 

Bot Botany, Botanic. 

B. Ph British Pharmacopeia. 

Celt Celtic. 

Cf Confer, See. 

Chem Chemistry, Chemic. 

Colloq Colloquial. 

Comp Compounded, Compound. 

Dim Diminutive. 

(■■ g Exempli gratia, For example. 

Elec Electricity. 

Eng English. 

Etym Etymology, Etymologic. 

/ Feminine. 

Fr French. 

Geog Geography, Geographic. 



ABBREVIATIONS 

Geol Geology, Geologic. 

Geom Geometry, Geometric. 

Ger German. 

G. Ph German Pharmacopeia. 

Gr Greek. 

Heb Hebrew. 

Hind Hindustani. 

Ichth Ichthyology. 

i. e id est, that is. 

It Italian. 

L., or Lat Latin. 

Masc Masculine. 

Math Mathematics. 

Med Medicine, Medical. 

M. E Middle English. 

N. F National Formulary. 

Nat. Hist Natural History. 

Neg Negative. 

Obs Obsolete. 

0. F Old French. 



XVI 



ABBREVIATIONS 



Ophth Ophthalmology, Ophthalmologic. 

Path Pathology, Pathologic. 

Phil Philosophy, Philosophic. 

Phys Physiology, Physiologic. 

pi Plural. 

priv Privative. 

Pron Pronounced, Pronunciation. 

q.v Quod vide, Which see. 

Sax Saxon. 

Sing Singular. 



Sp Spanish. 

Surg Surgery, Surgical. 

Unof Unofficial. 

U. S. Ph United States Pharmacopeia. 

v.. Verb. 

V. i Intransitive verb. 

vide See.^ 

v. t Transitive verb. 

Zool Zoology, Zoologic. 



DEGREES, DIPLOMAS, AND QUALIFICATIONS 



a.a.s 

A. B. orB.A... 
A. M 

C. M 

D. D. S 

D. P.H 

D. S. M 

D.S.S 

F.B. S 

F. B. S. Ed... 



F.C. S 

F.E. S 

F. F. P. S. G 

F. K. Q. C. P. I. 

F.L.S 

F. R. C. P. L... 

F. R. C. P. Ed.. 

F. R. C. P. I.... 

F. R. C. S. E... 

F. R. C.S.Ed.... 

F. R. C.S.I 

F. R. S 

F.R.S.E 

F. R. S. L 

L. A. H 

L. D. S 

L.F.P. S. G 

L.K. Q. C. P. I.. 



.Fellow of the American Academy. 

.Bachelor of Arts. 

.Master of Arts. 

.Master in Surgery. 

.Doctor of Dental Surgery. 

.Diploma in Public Health. 

.Diploma in State Medicine. 

.Diploma in Sanitary Science. 

.Fellow of the Botanical Society. 

.Fdlow Botanical Society of Edin- 
burgh. 

.Fellow of the Chemical Society. 

.Fellow of the Entomological Society. 

.Fellow of the Faculty of Physicians 
and Surgeons of Glasgow. 

..Fellow of the King and Queen's 
College of Physicians of Ireland. 

. Fellow of the Linnsan Society. 

..Fellow of the Royal College of 
Physicians of London. 

.Fellow of the Royal College of 
Physicians of Edinburgh. 

.Fellow of the Royal College of 
Physicians of Ireland 

..Fellow of the Royal College of 
Surgeons of England. 

..Fellow of the Royal College of Sur- 
geons of Edinburgh. 

.Fellow of the Royal College of Sur- 
geons in Ireland. 

.Fellow of the Royal Society. 

.Fellow of the Royal Society of Edin- 
burgh. 

. .Fellow of the Royal Society of Lon- 
don. 

..Licentiate of the Apothecaries' 
Hall, Dublin. 

. .Licentiate in Dental Surgery. 

. .Licentiate of the Faculty of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons of Glasgow. 

..Licentiate of the King and Queen's 
College of Physicians of Ireland. 



LL.B 

LL.D 

L. R. C. P. L... 

L. R. C. P. Ed.. 

L. R. C. S. Ed.. 

L. R. C. S. I.... 

L. S. A 

L. S. S 

M. A 

M. B 

M. D 

M. K. Q. C.P. I. 

M. P. S 

M. R. C. C 



M. R. 
M. R. 



C. P. L.. 
C.P.Ed. 
C. P. I... 
C. S. E.. 
C. S. Ed, 
C. S. I... 

C. V. s.. 



M.S.. 
Ph.B. 
Ph.D. 

V.S... 



...Bachelor of Laws. 

. . . Doctor of Laws. 

. . . Licentiate of the Royal College of 

Physicians of London. 
. . . Licentiate of the Royal College of 

Physicians of Edinburgh. 
Licentiate of the Royal College of 

Surgeons of Edinburgh. 

— Licentiate of the Royal College of 

Surgeons in Ireland. 
. . . Licentiate of the Apothecaries' 
Society of London. 

— Licentiate in Sanitary Science. 
. . . Master of Arts. 

. . .Bachelor of Medicine. 
. . . Doctor of Medicine . 
Member of the King and Queen's 

College of Physicians of Ireland. 
Member of the Pharmaceutical 

Society. 
...Member Royal College of Chemis- 
try. 
Member of the Royal College of 

Physicians of London. 
Member of the Royal College of 

Physicians of Edinburgh. 
Member of the Royal College of 

Physicians of Ireland. 
Member of the Royal College of 

Surgeons of England. 
...Member of the Royal College of 

Surgeons of Edinburgh. 
...Member of the Royal College of 

Surgeons in Ireland. 
. . . Member of the Royal College of 

Veterinary Surgeons. 
. . .Master in Surgery. 
. . .Bachelor of Philosophy. 
. . .Doctor of Philosophy. 
Veterinary Surgeon. 



\ 



THE PRACTITIONERS' 
MEDICAL DICTIONARY 



A [d, dv, or apt, without], i. The Greek letter 
alpha, called alpha privative, equivalent to 
the prefix un- or in-. It denotes absence or 
want of the thing or quality expressed by 
the root of the word. 2. Symbol of argon. 

Aa [dvd, of each]. An abbreviation, written 
da, used in prescriptions to denote repetition 
of the same quantity for each item. 

Ab [ab, from]. A Latin preposition signifying 
from. 

Abaca {ab'-ak-ah; ' Sp. pron., ah-vah-kah'). 
Manila hemp ; also Musa textilis, the plant 
which produces it. See Hemp. 

Abadie's Sign. Spasm of the levator palpe- 
brae superioris in exophthalmic goiter. 

Abaptiston (ah-bap-tis* '-ton) [d, priv.; fidit- 
rcaroc, immersed]. A trephine so shaped 
that penetration of the brain is impossible. 

Abarthrosis (ab-ar-thro'-sis) [ab, from; ar- 
throsis, a joint]. Same as Diarthrosis or 
Abarticulation. 

Abarticular {ab-ar-tik' -u-lar) [ab, from; artic- 
ulus, joint]. Not connected with or not 
situated near a joint. 

Abarticulation {ab-ar-tik-u-la' -shun) [ab, from; 
articulatio, joint]. 1. Same as Diarthrosis; 
sometimes also a synonym of Synarthrosis. 
2. A luxation. 

Abasia {ah-ba' -ze-ah) [a, priv.; (laocc, a step]. 
Motor incoordination in walking. See As- 
tasia. A. atactica, a form marked by awk- 
wardness and uncertainty of movement. A., 
Choreic, that due to choreic cramps in the 
legs. A., Paralytic, that form in which the 
legs give way under the weight of the body 
and walking is impossible. A., Paroxysmal 
Trepidant, a form of astasia-abasia (q. v.) in 
which trepidation similar to that of spastic 
paraplegia stiffens the legs and prevents walk- 
ing. A., Trembling, incapacity to walk on 
account of trembling of the legs. 

Abasic {ah-ba'-sik) [see Abasic]. Pertaining to, 
or affected with, abasia. 

Abaxial (ab-ak r -se-al) [ab, from; axis, an axle]. 
Not situated in the line of the axis. 

Abbe's Catgut Rings. Rings composed of 8 
or 10 turns of heavy catgut in the shape of 
an oval, with inside diameter of two inches, 
2 



for use in intestinal anastomosis. A.'s Con- 
denser, A.'s Illuminator, a system of lenses 
attached to a microscope for condensing the 
light upon an object. A.'s, Lenses, Apo- 
chromatic. See Apochromatic Lens. A.'s 
Operation, lateral anastomosis of intestine 
with catgut rings. A.'s Test-plate, an in- 
strument for testing microscopic objectives 
for spheric and chromatic aberration, com- 
posed of a microscopic slide with 6 cover- 
glasses ranging from 0.09 to 0.024 mm - thick, 
silvered on one side. Delicate, parallel, ruled 
lines are cut through the silver film, thus 
making a kind of micrometer with trans- 
parent rulings. 
Abdomen (ab-do'-men) [abdere, to hide]. The 
large inferior cavity of the trunk, extending 
from the birm of the pelvis to the diaphragm, 
and bounded in front and at the sides by 
the lower ribs and abdominal muscles, and 
behind by the vertebral column, the psoas 
and the quadratus lumborum muscles. It 
is artificially divided into 9 regions by 
two circular lines, the upper parallel with 
the cartilages of the ninth ribs, the lower 
with the iliac crests, and by two lines from 
the cartilages of the eighth rib to the cen- 
ter of Poupart's ligament. The regions thus 
formed are, above, the right hypochondriac, 
the epigastric, and the left hypochondriac; 
in the middle, the right lumbar, umbilical, 
and left lumbar; and below, the right in- 
guinal, the hypogastric, and the left inguinal. 
A., Accordion, Kaplan's term for a swell- 
ing of the abdomen attended with flatten- 
ing of the arch of the diaphragm and in- 
creased respiration. It is not due to the 
presence of gas nor to tumor, and disap- 
pears under anesthesia; nervous pseudotym- 
pany. A., Boat-shaped, A., Carinate. See 
under Scaphoid. A. obstipum, congenital 
shortening of the rectus abdominis muscle. 
A., Pendulous, a relaxed condition of the 
abdominal walls in which the latter hang 
down over the pubis. A., Scaphoid. See 
under Scaphoid. A., Uncinate, one in which 
the terminal segments and those next to them 
are turned under the others, 



ABDOMINAL 



ABERRATION 



Abdominal {ab-dom' -in-aV) [abdomen]. Per- 
taining to or connected with the abdomen. 
A. Aneurysm. See Aneurysm. A. Aorta, 
the part of the aorta below the diaphragm. 
A. Aponeurosis. See Aponeurosis. A. 
Bandage. See A. Binder. A. Binder, a 
broad bandage of muslin or flannel applied 
to the abdomen for making pressure after 
delivery or after an operation. Sometimes 
a many-tailed bandage is used. A. Brain, 
the solar plexus. A. Breathing. See A. 
Respiration. A. Cavity, the cavity within 
the peritoneum. A. Compress, a form of 
local pack, made by forming folds of a coarse 
linen towel of sufficient breadth to reach from 
the ensiform cartilage to the pubis; one of 
the folds is then wrung out of cold water, 
applied, and the remainder is rolled around 
the body so as to retain it in position. A. 
Dropsy, ascites. A. Gestation. See Preg- 
nancy, Extrauterine. A. Hysteria, a hys- 
teric condition simulating peritonitis, in 
which the abdomen becomes extremely pain- 
ful to the touch, swollen, and distended with 
gas. A. Line, the linea alba. A. Muscles, 
the internal and external obliques, the trans- 
versalis, rectus, pyramidalis, and quadratus 
lumborum. A. Press. See Prelum abdo- 
minale. A. Reflex. See Reflexes. A. 




Abdominal Regions. 

Regions. See Abdomeyi. A. Respiration, 

respiration carried on chiefly by the dia- 
phragm and abdominal muscles. A. Ring, 
External, a triangular opening in the fibers 
of the aponeurosis of the external oblique 
muscle, transmitting the spermatic cord of the 
male and the round ligament of the female. 
A. Ring, Internal, an oval aperture in the 
fascia transversalis that transmits the sper- 
matic cord of the male and the round liga- 
ment of the female. A. Section. See Celi- 
otomy. A. Surgery, the branch of surgery 
that deals with the lesions of the abdom- 



inal viscera and the operations performed 
upon them through incisions in the abdom- 
inal walls. A. Typhus, enteric fever. 

Abdominoanterior (ab-dom-in-o-an-te' -re-or) . 
Having the belly forward (used of the fetus 
in the womb). 

Abdominogenital {ab-dom-in-o-jen 1 -it-al) . Re- 
lating to the abdomen and the genitalia. 
A. Nerve, Inferior, the ilioinguinal nerve. 
A. Nerve, Superior, the iliohypogastric 
nerve. 

Abdominoposterior {ab-dom-in-o-pos-te' -re-or) . 
Having the belly toward the mother's back 
(used of the fetus in the womb). 

Abdominoscrotal (ab-dom-in-o-skro'-tal). Re- 
lating to the abdomen and the scrotum. A. 
Muscle, the cremaster muscle. 

Abdominothoracic (ab-dom-in-o-tho-ras'-ik). 
Relating to the abdomen and thorax. 

Abdomino vesical (ab-dom-in-o-vcs'-ik-al). Re- 
lating to the abdomen and the urinary blad- 
der. A. Pouch, a fold of the peritoneum in 
which are comprised the urachal fossas. 

Abducens {ab-du' -senz) [L., "leading away"]. 
A term applied to certain muscles, or their 
nerves, that draw the related part from the 
median line of the body. Also, the sixth 
pair of nerves supplying the external recti 
of the eyes. A. oculi, the external rectus 
muscle of the eye. 

Abduct (ab-dukf) [abducere, to lead away]. To 
draw away from the median line. 

Abduction {ab-duk' -shun) [ab, from; ducere, 
to lead], i. The withdrawal of a part from 
the axis of the body. 2. The recession or 
separation from each other of the parts of a 
fractured bone. 

Abductor {ab-duk' -tor). See Abducens. 

Abernethy's Fascia. The subperitoneal areo- 
lar tissue that separates the external iliac 
artery from the iliac fascia overlying the 
psoas. A.'s Sarcoma, a circumscribed fatty 
tumor found, chiefly on the trunk. 

Aberrant {ab-er'-ant) [ab, from; errare, to 
wander]. Deviating from the normal or 
regular type in appearance, structure, course, 
etc., as the aberrant duct of the testis or liver, 
aberrant arteries, etc. 

Aberration {ab-er-a' -shun) [see Aberrant]. 
Deviation from the normal; mental de- 
rangement; fetal malformation ; vicarious 
menstruation; escape of the fluids of the 
body by an unnatural channel. In optics, 
any imperfection of focalization or refrac- 
tion of a lens. A., Chromatic, the dis- 
persion arising from unequal refraction of 
light of different parts of the spectrum. The 
violet rays, being more refrangible than the 
red rays, are brought to a focus nearer the 
lens, and the image is surrounded by a halo 
of colors. A., Dioptric. See A., Spheric. 
A., Distantial, indistinct vision due to dis- 
tance. A., Lateral, a deviation of a ray in 
any direction from the axis measured in the 
focal plane perpendicularly to the axis. A., 
Longitudinal, a deviation of a ray from the 
focus, measured along the axis above or be- 



ABIES 



ABIRRITANT 



low the focal plane. A., Mental, a degree Abietite {ab r -i-et-it) , C^HsO-;. A sugar resemb- 
of paranoia that may or may not amount ling mannite, found in the needles of the 
to insanity. A., Newtonian. Same as A., European silver fir, Abies pectinata. 
Chromatic. A., Spheric, the excess of re- Abiogenesis (ab-i-o-jen' -es-is) [a, priv.; (Hoc, 
fraction of the peripheral part of a convex life; genesis]. The (theoretic) production of 
lens over the central part, producing an im- living by nonliving matter. The older term 
perfect focus and a blurred image. was spontaneous generation. 

Abies {a'-be-ez) 
[L.]. A genus of 
coniferous plants 
including the fir, 
hemlock, and 
spruce. A. bal- 
samea, silver fir, 
balsam- fir, or 
balm of gilead, 
a tree of the nat. 
o r d . Conifer ce, 
from which is 
derived Canada 
balsam. A. 
canadensis, 
hemlock-spruce ; 
bark of the Can- 
adian fir-tree. It 
is used as an 
astringent in 
various local and 
internal condi- 
tions. It yields 
Canada pitch. 
A. excelsa, Nor- 
way spruce. It 
yields Burgundy 
pitch. A. pec- 
tinata, the 
European silver 
fir. Its buds are 
resinous, balsam- 
ic, and sudorific. 

Abietene {ab-i'-et- 
en), C 7 H 16 . A 
hy droc arbon 
obtained from 
Pinus sabiniana, 
a California nut- 
pine. It is an 
aromatic, vola- 
tile liquid, agree- 
ing in composi- 
tion with normal 
heptane. It is 
extensively used 
as a popular rem- 
edy. Syn., Era- 
sene. Unof. 

Abietic, Abietinic 
(ab-i-et'-ik, ab-i- 
et-in'-ik) [Abies']. 
Pertaining to the 
genus A bies, as 

abietic acid, C 44 H 64 5 or C 20 H 3n O2, occurring 
in the resin of Abies excelsa and Larix europcea. 

Abietin (a-bi'-et-in) [Abies]. A resinous prin- 
ciple obtained from the turpentine of vari- 
ous species of pine and fir. A. Anhydrid, 
C 44 H 62 4 , the main constituent of resin. 




Diagram of the Course and Relations of the Abdominal Aorta and Inferior 
Vena Cava. — (H olden.) 



Abiotrophy (ab-i-of-ro-fe) [a, priv.; /?/or, life; 
~po(f)Tj, nourishment]. Degeneration or de- 
cay due to defective vital endurance. 

Abirritant (ab-ir' -it-ant) [ab, from; irritare, 
to irritate], i. Tending to diminish irrita- 
tion; soothing. 2. Relating to diminished 



ABIRRITATION 



ABSCESS 



sensitiveness. 3. A remedy or agent that 
allays irritation. 

Abirritation {ab-ir-it-a' -shun) [see Abirritant]. 
Diminished tissue -irritability; atony or asthe- 
nia. 

Ablactation {ab-lak-ta'-shun) [ab, from; lac- 
tare, to give suck]. The weaning of a child. 
The end of the suckling period. 

Ablate {ab-lat') [ab, from; latum, from ferre, 
to bear]. To remove; to cut off. 

Ablation {ab -la' -shun) [see Ablate]. Removal 
of a part, as a tumor, by amputation, 
excision, etc. 

Ablatio retinae {ab-la'-she-o ret-in' -e). Detach- 
ment of the retina. 

Ablepharia {ah-blef-a'-re-ah) [a, priv. ; ftM- 
<f>apov, the eyelid]. A congenital condition 
in which there is a total absence either of 
eyelids or of the interpalpebral fissure. A., 
Partial, a congenital defect in one or more 
of the eyelids. 

Ablepharon {ah-blef -ar-on) [see Ablepharia]. 
Absence of the eyelids. 

Ablepharous {ah-blef -ar -us) [see Ablepharia]. 
Without eyelids. 

Ablepsia {ah-blep' -se-ah) [afiXeifica, without 
sight]. 1. Blindness. 2. Dulness of percep- 
tion. 

Abluent {ab'-lu-ent) [abluere, to wash away]. 
Detergent. That which cleanses or washes 
away. 

Ablution (ab-lu'-shun) [see Abluent]. Washing 
or cleansing the body. Separation of chemic 
impurities by washing. 

Abnormal {ab-nor' -mat) [ab, away from; nor- 
ma, a law]. Not normal; not conformable 
with nature or with the general rule. 

Abnormity, Abnormality {ab-nor' -mit-e, ab- 
nor-mal'-it-e. The quality of being abnormal; 
a deformity or malformation. 

Abomasum (ab-o-ma'-sum) [ab, away; oma- 
sum, paunch]. The reed or proper digestive 
stomach of ruminating mammals ; also called 
"fourth," or "true," stomach. 

Aboral {ab-o'-ral) [ab, away from; os, the 
mouth]. Opposite to, or remote from, the 
mouth. 

Abort {ab-ort') [ab, from; ortus, from oriri, to 
grow]. 1. To miscarry; to expel the fetus 
before it is viable. 2. To prevent full 
development, as of a disease. 3. To come 
short of full development. 

Abortient {ab-or'-shent) [see Abort]. Abort- 
ive; abortifacient. 

Abortifacient {ab-or-te-fa' -shent) [abortus; fa- 
cere, to make]. 1. Causing abortion. 2. A 
drug or agent inducing the expulsion of the 
fetus. 

Abortion {ab -or' -shun) [abortus, a miscarriage]. 
The expulsion of the ovum before the child 
is viable; that is, any time before the end of 
the sixth month. By some authors expulsion 
of the ovum during the first 3 months is 
termed abortion; from this time to viability it 
is termed immature delivery, or miscarriage, 
and from the period of viability to that of 
maturity, premature delivery. A., Accidental. 



See A., Spontaneous. A., Artificial, that 
produced intentionally. A., Criminal, that 
not demanded for therapeutic reasons. A., 
Epidemic, the occurrence of many cases at 
about the same time, due to wide-spread dis- 
tress, excitement, or privation, or to some 
form of poisoning, such as ergotism. A., 
Habitual, repeated abortion in successive 
pregnancies, usually due to syphilis. A., 
Incomplete, when the membranes or the 
placenta is retained. A., Induced. See A., 
Artificial. A., Inevitable, when the embryo 
or fetus is dead, or when there is an extensive 
detachment or rupture of the ovum. A., 
Missed, the death of the fetus and not fol- 
lowed within two weeks by its expulsion. A., 
Partial, the premature loss of one fetus in a 
case of multiple gestation. A., Spontaneous, 
• that not induced by artificial means. A., 
Tubal, the escape of a fertilized ovum through 
the abdominal opening of the oviduct into 
the peritoneal cavity. 

Abortionist {ab-or'-shun-ist) [see Abortion]. 
One who criminally produces abortions; 
especially one who follows the business of 
producing abortions. 

Abortive {ab-or'-tiv) [see Abortion]. Pre- 
maturely born; coming to an untimely end; 
incompletely developed; cutting short the 
course of a disease; abortifacient. 

Abortus {ab-or'-tus) [L.]. An aborted fetus; 
abortion. 

Aboulia {ah-boo' -le-ah) . See Abulia. 

Aboulomania {ah-boo-lo-ma' -ne-ah) . See Abu- 
lomania. 

Abrachia {ah -bra' -ke -ah) [a, priv.; ftpa- 
X'tojv, arm]. The condition of an armless 
monster. 

Abrachiocephalia {ah - bra -ke-o-sef-a'- le-ah) 
[abrachius; necfraXr}, head]. Absence of the 
head and arms. 

Abrachius {ah-bra' -ke-us) [see Abrachia]. A 
monster without arms. 

Abrasio {ab-ra' -ze-o) [L.]. An abrasion. A. 
corneas, a scraping off of the superficial epi- 
thelium of the cornea. 

Abrasion {ab-ra' -zhun) [ab, from; radere, to 
rub]. The rubbing off of the cutaneous or 
mucous surface by an injury. 

Abrin {a'-brin). The chemic ferment or poison- 
ous principle of jequirity. It has been em- 
ployed in the study of immunity. 

Abrotanum {ab-rof -an-um) [afipoxovov, an 
aromatic plant]. The plant called southern- 
wood, Artemisia abrotanum. 

Abrus (a'-brus) [afipoc, pretty]. Jequirity; In- 
dian licorice. The seeds of A. precatorius, or 
wild licorice. Its properties are thought to 
be due to the presence of certain ferments. 
See Abrin. Infusions applied to the conjunc- 
tiva or to any mucous surface induce violent 
purulent inflammation with growth of false 
membrane. It is used in producing artificial 
conjunctivitis. 

Abscess, Abscessus {ab'-ses, ab-ses'-us) [ab- 
scessus, a departure or separation]. A local- 
ized collection of pus surrounded by a wall of 



ABSCESS 



ABSCESS 



lymph. Syn., Ecpyema; Gathering. Accord- 
ing to location, abscesses are named dorsal, 
mammary, ischiorectal, perityphlitic, retrophar- 
yngeal, etc. A., Acute, one resulting from an 
acute inflammation of the part in which it 
is formed. Syn., Abscessus per fluxum. A., 
Alveolar, abscess in the gum or alveolus. 
A., Amebic, a variety of abscess found in the 
liver and lung and containing amebas. A., 
Anorectal, one of the celluloadipose tissue 
near the anus. A., Arthrinuent, a wander- 
ing abscess having its origin in a diseased 
joint. Abscessus arthriticus, Musgrave's 
term for intestinal abscesses due to "gouty 
dysentery." A., Atheromatous, an area of 
softening in the wall of a vessel the result of 
sclerotic endarteritis. A., Bicameral, one 
with two pockets. A., Biliary, one connected 
with the gallbladder or a bile-duct. A., Bro- 
die's, chronic abscess of bone, most frequently 
of the head of the tibia. A., Bursal, abscess 
in the bursas. A., Canalicular, mammary 
abscess that communicates with a milk-duct. 
Abscessus carniformis, Severinus' name for 
a hard sarcoma of the joints. A., Chronic, 
A., Cold, one of slow and apparently non- 
inflammatory development, generally about 
a bone, joint, or gland. It is usually tuber- 
culous and contains cheesy material. A., 
Circumscribed, one that is limited by an ex- 
udation of lymph. A. , Cold. See A ., Chronic. 
A., Congestive, one in which the pus appears 
at a point distant from where it is formed. 
A., Embolic, one formed at the seat of a 
septic embolus. A., Fixation, an abscess 
produced by the subcutaneous injection of an 
irritant as a treatment of grave septicemia. 
A., Glandular, one formed about a lymph- 
gland. A., Gravitation, one in which pus 
formed in one part of the body tends to 
migrate, usually to portions deeper or lower 
down, in the direction gravity would take 
it. A., Hematic, one due to an extra vasated 
blood-clot. A., Hemorrhagic, one contain- 
ing blood. A., Idiopathic, one not attri- 
butable to any disease. A., Iliac, a wan- 
dering abscess of the iliac region. A., In- 
fecting Mitral, one due to a lymph em- 
bolus caused by endocarditis. A., Intra- 
mastoid, one of the mastoid process of the 
temporal bone. A., Lumbar, a wandering 
abscess of the lumbar region. A., Lymph- 
atic, i. The suppuration of a lymphatic 
gland. 2. An enlarged bursa mucosa. A., 
Marginal, one located near the anal orifice. 
A., Mastoid, suppuration occurring in the 
cells of the mastoid portion of the temporal 
bone. A., Metastatic, an abscess secondary 
to pyemia and ulcerative endocarditis, but 
not occurring through septicemia. It is 
usually of embolic origin and generally lo- 
cated in the lungs and liver. A., Miliary, 
a small embolic abscess. A., Otic Cerebral, 
A., Otitic Cerebral, an abscess of the brain 
following a purulent disease of the inner ear. 
A., Paget's. See A., Residual. A., Para- 
metric, A., Parametritic, a form occurring 



frequently between the folds of the broad 
ligament of the uterus or in the neighbor- 
ing cellular tissue. A., Paranephric, one 
occurring in the tissues about the kidney. 
A., Perimetric, A., Perimetritic, pus 
within the peritoneum originating from in- 
flammation of the peritoneal covering of 
the uterus. A., Perinephric, one occur- 
ring in the region immediately surrounding 
the kidney. A., Peripleuritic, one that 
occurs beneath the parietal pleura as the 
result of pleurisy, a diseased rib, or an 
injury. A., Periproctitic, one in the loose 
areolar tissue surrounding the lower part of 
the rectum. A., Peritoneal, a collection 
of softened exudate which has become 
encysted in cases of peritonitis. A., Peri- 
tonsillar, one that forms in acute tonsillitis 
around one or both tonsils. Abscessus 
pneumococcalis, one due to infection by 
pneumococci. A., Postcecal, one located 
back of the cecum. A., Posttyphoid, 
chronic abscess following typhoid. A., Pre- 
lacrimal, an abscess due to caries of the lac- 
rimal or the ethmoid bone, producing a 
swelling at the inner canthus immediately 
below the upper margin of the orbit. A., 
Primary, one formed at the seat of pyogenic 
infection. A., Psoas, one arising from dis- 
ease of the lumbar or lower dorsal vertebras, 
the pus descending in the sheath of the 
muscle, and usually pointing beneath 
Poupart's ligament. A., Pyemic. See 
Pyemia. A., Residual, one formed in or 
about the residues of former inflammation. 
A., Septicemic, one resulting from septic 
infection or accompanying septicemia. A., 
Spermatic, one involving the seminiferous 
tubules. A., Spinal, one due to necrosis or 
disease of a vertebra. A., Spirillar, Ver- 
neuil's name for an abscess containing spirilla 
from the saliva. A., Stitch, one formed 
about a stitch or suture. A., Subaponeuro- 
tic, one beneath an aponeurosis or fascia. 
A., Subareolar, one beneath the alveolar 
epithelium of the nipple. A., Subfascial, 
one beneath a fascia; postfascial abscess. A., 
Submammary, one lying between the mam- 
mary gland and the chest-wall. Syn., Post- 
mammary abscess; Retromammary abscess. A., 
Subpectoral, one beneath the chest muscles. 
A., Subperitoneal, one arising between the 
parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall. 
Syn., Preperitoneal abscess. A., Subphrenic, 
one located beneath the diaphragm. A., 
Sudoriparous, an abscess due to inflamma- 
tion of obstructed sweat-glands. A., Sym- 
pathetic, a secondary or metastatic abscess 
at a distance from the part at which the 
exciting cause has acted {e.g., a bubo). A., 
Tuberculous. See A., Chronic. A., Tym- 
panitic, one containing gas generated by 
putrefaction. Syn., Abscessus flatuosus; Gas 
abscess. A., Urethral, i . Suppuration of a 
urethral lacuna; a lacunar abscess. 2. One 
involving the circumurethral tissue. A., 
Urinary, one resulting from extravasation of 



ABSCISSAE 



6 



ACACIA 



urine. A., Urinous, one containing urine 
mingled with the pus. A., Verminous, A., 
Worm, one containing intestinal worms, from 
communication with the intestine. A., Wan- 
dering, one in which the pus has traveled 
along the connective-tissue spaces and points 
at some locality distant from its origin. Syn., 
Hypostatic abscess; A bscessus per congestum; 
Abscessus per decubitum. 

Abscissae (absis'se) [ab, away; scindere, to 
cut]. The transverse lines cutting vertical 
ones at right angles, to show by a diagram 
the relations of two series of facts, as, e. g., 
the number of pulse-beats or the temperature 
record in given periods of time. 

Abscission (absish'-un) [see Abscissa], Re- 
moval of a part by cutting. 

Absinthe (ab'sinth). See under Absinthium. 

Absinthiate (absin'-the-dt). A salt of absin- 
thic acid. 

Absinthiated (absin'-the-a-ted). i. Mixed 
with absinthe. 2. Containing wormwood. 

Absinthin (absinth' -in) [absinthium]. A bitter 
crystalline principle obtainable from worm- 
wood. See Absinthium. 

Absinthism (absinth' -izm). A disease similar 
to alcoholism, the result of the excessive use 
of absinthe. It is characterized by general 
muscular debility and mental disturbances, 
that may proceed to convulsions, acute mania, 
or general paralysis. 

Absinthium (absinth' -e-um) [L.]. Wormwood. 
The leaves and tops of Artemisia absinthium. 
Absinthium contains a volatile oil and an in- 
tensely bitter principle, absinthin, C 20 H 28 O 4 , 
which is a narcotic poison. Absinthium in- 
creases cardiac action and produces tremor 
and epileptiform convulsions. Dose 20-40 gr. 
(1.3-2.6 Gm.) in infusion. It is used as a stom- 
achic tonic. Unof. Absinthe, a French liqueur, 
is an alcoholic solution of the oil exhibited with 
oils of anise, marjoram, and other aromatic 
oils. 

Absinthol (absinth' -of), C 10 H 16 O. The prin- 
cipal constituent of oil of wormwood; it is 
isomeric with ordinary camphor. 

Absorb (absorb') [absorbere, to suck up]. To 
suck up or imbibe; to take within one's self. 

Absorbefacient (absorb-e-fa'shent) [absorptio, 
absorption; facere, to make]. Favoring or 
tending to produce absorption. 

Absorbent (absor'-bent) [see Absorb]. 1. 
Absorbing; capable of absorbing. 2. An 
organ or part that absorbs. 3. A term ap- 
plied to the lacteals and lymphatics. 4. In 
materia medica, a drug or medicine that pro- 
duces -absorption of diseased tissue. A. 
Glands. See Lymphatics. A. System, the 
lacteals and lymphatics with their associated 
glands. 

Absorptiometer (absorpshe-om' -et-er) [absorp- 
tion; /ihpoi>, a measure]. A device for measur- 
ing the thickness of the layer of liquid that 
is taken up between two glass plates by 
capillary attraction. Used in conjunction 
with a spectrophotometer, it serves as a 
hematoscope. 



Absorption (absorp'shun) [see Absorb]. The 
permeation or imbibition of one body 
by another. A., Chylous, the act or 
process of the entrance of the oil-globules 
of the chyle into the central canals of the 
intestinal villi. A., Coefficient of, that num- 
ber which represents the volume of a gas 
absorbed by a unit volume of water at o° C. 
and at a barometric pressure of 760 mm. 
A., Excrementitial. 1. The absorption of 
fluid excretions by the mucosa. 2. The ab- 
sorption of excretions or morbid products 
(bile, pus) by the blood. Syn., Pathologic ab- 
sorption; Absorptio morbosa. A., External, 
the taking up by the skin Or mucous sur- 
faces of pabulum or medication applied to 
the exterior of the body or of an organ. A., 
Internal. 1 . The absorption of waste-products 
by the tissues; absorption of decomposition 
of disassimilation. 2. The taking up of pab- 
ulum by the tissues; absorption of nutrition; 
molecular, nutritive, organic absorption. A., 
Interstitial, the removal by the absorbent 
system of effete matters. A. Lines, A. Bands, 
dark lines of the spectrum, called Fraun- 
hofer's lines, caused by the arrest or absorp- 
tion of the ethereal waves of certain lengths 
and rapidities, mainly by vapors of the sun's 
atmosphere. A., Lymphatic, that which oc- 
curs in lymphatic vessels. A., Physiologic, 
a phenomenon forming an important part of 
the digestive process, caused in part by the 
vital activity of the epithelial cells and in part 
by the physical laws of imbibition, diffusion, 
and osmosis. Syn., Absorptio sana. A., 
Ulcerative, that by which an ulcer forms 
or extends its area. 

Absorptive (absorp'-tiv) [see Absorb]. Having 
the power or function of absorbing. 

Abstergent (abster'-jent) [abs, from; tergere, to 
cleanse]. Cleansing; detergent. See Deter- 
gent. 

Abstersive (abster'siv) [abstersivus]. Abster- 
gent. 

Abstract (ab'strakt) [abstrahere, to draw away]. 
In pharmacy, a solid preparation in which 
two parts of the drug are represented by 
one part of the abstract (which is compounded 
with milk-sugar). Abstracts are double the 
strength of the nuidextracts. 

Abterminal (ab-ter' -min-al) [ab, from; ter- 
minus, end]. Passing from tendinous into 
muscular tissue (used of electric currents). 

Abulia (ah-bu'-le-ah) [a, priv.; ^ouXr), will]. 
Loss or defect of will-power. 

Abulic (ah-bu'-lik) [see Abulia]. Character- 
ized by or affected with abulia. 

Abulomania (ah-bu-lo-ma' -ne-ah) [abulia; 
fxavca, madness]. A disease of the mind 
characterized by imperfect or lost will- 
power. 

Abuse (ab-us') [abusus, a using up]. Rape. 
A., Self-, masturbation. 

Acacia (ah-ka' she-ah) [L.]. A large genus of 
leguminous trees, shrubs, and herbs, many 
of them Australian or African. A number 
of the species are medicinal, and some are 



ACALYPHA 



ACCOMMODATION 



poisonous. The bark is usually very astrin- 
gent. Gum-arabic is produced by various 
species — A. lebbek, A. nilotica, A. vera, and 
A.verek. A. Senegal also furnishes gum-ara- 
bic, a nearly white, transparent gum, soluble in 
water. It is used in the manufacture of mucil- 
age, and contains arabin, C l2 H 22 O n , identical 
in composition with cane-sugar. A. anthel- 
mintica. See Mussanin. A. catechu. See 
Catechu. A., Mucilage of {mucilago acacia, 
U.S. P.), acacia, 34; water, to make 100 parts; 
incompatible with alcoholic tinctures. A., 
Syrup of {syrupus acacice, U.S. P.), mucilage, 
25; simple syrup, 75. It is used in various 
mixtures as a demulcent and to suspend in- 
soluble powders. 

Acalypha {ah-kal'-if-ah) [aKaXu^rjc, unveiled]. 
A genus of euphorbiaceous plants. A. jruti- 
cosa, of India, is useful in dyspepsia and diar- 
rhea, and is tonic and alterant. A. hispida 
has similar uses. A. indica is a plant common 
in India. The leaves are expectorant, emetic, 
laxative. A. virginica, of North America, is 
diuretic and expectorant. Dose of the fluid- 
extract 10 min.-i dr. (0.6-4.0 Cc); of the juice 
{succus acalyphce), for an infant, 1 dr. (4 Cc). 

Acanthial {ak-an' -the-al) [see Acanthion]. Per- 
taining to the acanthion. 

Acanthion {ak-an' -the-on) [amvdtov, a little 
thorn]. A point at the base of the nasal 
spine. 

Acanthoma {ak-an-tho' -mah) [anavda, a spine]. 
A localized excessive growth in any part of 
the prickle-cell layer of the skin. 

Acanthosis {ak-an-tho' -sis) [amvOa, a spine]. 
Any skin disease marked by abnormities in 
the prickle-cell layer. A. nigricans, a gen- 
eral pigmentation of the skin, with papillary, 
mole -like growths. 

Acsadia. {ah-kar' -de -ah) [a, priv.; napd ca, heart]. 
Congenital absence of the heart. 

Acardiac {ah-kar'-de-ak). 1. Having no heart. 
2. A fetus with no heart. 

Acardiacus {ah-kar -di' -ak-us) [see Acardia]. 
A synonym employed by German writers for 
omphalosite. A. acephalus, one in which 
the head is wanting, the thorax rudimentary, 
the pelvis and contiguous parts perfectly 
formed. A. amorphus, a shapeless lump 
with only rudiments of organs. 

Acardius {ah-kar' -de-us) . Affected with con- 
genital absence of the heart. An acardiac 
monster. 

Acariasis {ak-ar-i'-as-is). See Mange. 

Acarid, Acaridan {ak'-ar-id, ak-ar' -id-an) 
[(XKapTjc, small; tiny]. Pertaining to Acarus. 

Acarinosis {ak-ar -in-o' -sis) [acarus, a mite]. 
Any disease, as the itch, -produced by a mite 
or acarid. 

Acarodermatitis {ak-ar -o-der -mat-i' -tis) [acarus, 
a mite; dermatitis]. Dermatitis caused by 
acari, or mites. 

Acaroid (ak'-ar-oid) [acarus; eldoc, like]. Mite- 
like. A. Gum, Botany Bay gum; resina 
lutea. An aromatic resin used in Australia 
as a remedy for gastric troubles, intestinal 
catarrhs, diarrheas, etc. Dose 8-16 gr. 



(0.5-1.0 Gm.) in alcoholic solution. Unof. 
Benzoic acid is prepared from it, and it 
is said to have the properties of storax and 
balsam of Peru. A. Resin. See A. Gum. 

Acarpia {ah-kar p'-e-ah) [amp-nca]. Sterility; 
barrenness; unfruitfulness. 

Acarus {ak'-ar-us) [a, priv.; nt-'cpecv, to cut 
(because so small)]. The mite, or tick, a 
parasite of man. and animals. A. scabiei, 
Sarcoptes scabiei, the itch-mite, a small para- 
site with numerous sharp tubercles, spines, 
and hairs on the dorsal surface. See Scabies. 

Acataphasia {ah-kat-aj-a'-ze-ah) [a, priv.; Kara, 
after; (j>aocg, utterance]. A disorder in the 
syntactical arrangement of uttered speech, 
due to some central lesion. 

Acathectic {ak-ah-thek'-tik) [amOsa-dc, unre- 
tained]. A term applied by Liebermeister 
to that form of icterus caused by pathologic 
changes in the liver-cells, through which they 
become unable to retain their secretion. 

Acaudal, Acaudate {ah-kaw'-dal, ah-kaw'-ddt) 
[a, priv.; cauda, a tail]. Tailless. 

Acceleration {ak-sel-er-a' -shun) [accelerare, to 
hasten]. Quickening, as of the rate of the 
pulse or of the respiration. 

Accelerator {ak-sel' -e-ra-tor) [see Acceleration]. 
1. That which accelerates. 2. A muscle 
which hastens a physiologic discharge. A. 
Nerves, nerves passing from the medulla 
to the heart and conducting stimuli that 
cause acceleration of the heart's action. A. 
partus, an abortifacient or ecbolic agent. 
A. urinse, a muscle of the penis the func- 
tion of which is to expel the last drops in 
urination, to expel the semen, and to assist 
erection. The sphincter vaginae is its ana- 
log in the female. 

Accentuation {ak-sen-tu-a' -shun) [accentuare]. 
Increased loudness or distinctness. 

Accessory {ak'-ses-o-re or ak-ses'-o-re) [acces- 
sorizes]. A term applied to certain glands, 
muscles, ducts, nerves, arteries, etc., that are 
auxiliary in function, course, etc., to the prin- 
cipal. Certain small muscles, as the lumbri- 
cales, are regarded as accessory to more im- 
portant muscles. 

Accidental {ak-se-denf -at) [accidentalis]. 1. 
Due to, or caused by, an accident. 2. In- 
tercurrent; having no essential connection 
with other conditions or symptoms. 

Accipiter {ak-sip' -it-er) [L., " a hawk "]. A facial 
bandage with tails radiating like the claws 
of a hawk. A. quinqueceps, a five-headed 
accipiter bandage. A. triceps, a three- 
headed accipiter bandage. 

Acclimatation, Acclimation, Acclimatiza- 
tion {ak-li-mat-a' -shun, ak-lim-a' -shun, ak- 
li-mat-iz-a' -shun) [ad, to; clima, climate]. 
The process of becoming accustomed to the 
climate, soil, water, etc., of a country to 
which a plant, animal, person, or a people 
has removed. 

Accommodation {ak-om-o-da' -shun) [accommo- 
dare, to adjust]. Adaptation or adjustment, 
particularly the adjustment of the eye for 
-different' distances. A., Absolute, the ac- 



ACCOMMODATION 



ACEPHALOGASTER 



commodation of either eye separately. A., 
Asthenopia of, subnormal power of the 
function of accommodation, or the pain or 
discomfort from accommodative effort. A., 
Binocular, the combined accommodation of 
the two eyes. A., Histologic, the occur- 
rence of changes in the morphology and func- 
tion of cells following changed conditions. 
A., Negative, the opposite of positive ac- 
commodation, the refractive power of the 
eye being lessened. A. of the Eye, that 




I 



The Left Half Represents the Eye at Rest; 
the Right, during Accommodation. 

function of the ciliary muscle and lens whereby 
objects at different distances are clearly seen. 
It depends upon the inherent elasticity of 
the lens, which when the ciliary muscle of 
an emmetropic eye is at rest, is adapted to 
the proper focalization of theoretically paral- 
lel rays of light. Objects nearer, to be clearly 
seen, require a greater refracting power on 
the part of the eye because the rays from 
such objects are more divergent. This addi- 
tional refracting power is gained by an in- 
creased anteroposterior diameter of the lens, 
brought about by the contraction of the ciliary 
muscle, which occasions a loosening of the 
suspensory ligament and a thickening of the 
lens by its own elasticity. A. Phosphenes, 
the peripheral light-streak seen in the dark 
after the act of accommodation. A., Posi- 
tive, that when the eye being focused for 
a more distant object is required for fixa- 
tion upon a nearer point. A., Range of 
Relative, the range of accommodation at 
the command' of the eye for any particular 
degree of convergence. A., Region of, the 
extent controlled by the eye within which it 
distinguishes objects clearly from the state of 
rest to that of maximum accommodation. A., 
Spasm of, a term used to express excessive or 
persistent contraction of the ciliary muscle, 
following the attempt to overcome error of re- 
fraction. It stimulates myopia. A., Subnor- 
mal, deficient power of accommodation. A., 
Supernormal, excessive power of accommo- 
dation. A., Theory of, Helmholtz's, that the 
increased convexity of the lens is produced 
by a relaxation of the suspensory ligament, 
thus removing the influence which tends to 
flatten the lens and permitting the latter by 
its elasticity to become more convex. A., 
Theory of, Schoen's, that the contraction 
of the ciliary muscle produces the same effect 
on the lens as is produced upon a rubber 
ball when held in both hands and compressed 



with the fingers. A., Theory of, Tschern- 
ing's, by the contraction of the anterior part 
of both the radiating and circular fibers of 
the ciliary muscle the ciliary processes are 
drawn backward, and the suspensory liga- 
ment pulled backward and outward; pres- 
sure of the anterior portion of the muscle 
causes increased convexity of the lens. 

Accouchement (a-koosh-mon(g)) [Fr.]. The 
French term for childbirth. A. force, rapid 
and forcible delivery with the hand. 

Accoucheur (a-koo-shur) [Ft.]. A professional 
male assistant at childbirth. 

Accoucheuse (a-koo-shu(r)z) [Fr.]. A midwife. 

Accretion {ak-re' -shun) [ad, to; crescere, to 
increase], i. A term denoting the manner 
by which _ crystalline and certain organic 
forms increase their material substance. 2. 
The adherence of parts normally separate.- 
3. An accumulation of foreign matter in any 
cavity. 

Accumulation {ak-u-mu-la' -shun) [accumulare, 
to heap up]. An amassing or collecting to- 
gether. A., Fecal, an excessive aggregation 
of feces in the large intestine; coprostasis. 

Accumulator iak-u' ' -mu-la-tor) [accumulare, to 
heap up]. An apparatus to store electricity. 

A. C. E. Mixture. An anesthetic mixture com- 
posed of alcohol, 1 part; chloroform, 2 parts; 
ether, 3 parts. See Anesthetic. 

Acelia, Acoelia {ah-se' -le-ah) [a, priv.; nodca, 
a cavity]. The absence of a natural cavity. 
Syn., Acelosis. 

Acentric (ah-sen'-trik) [a, priv.; Kkvxpov, cen- 
ter]. Not eccentric; not originating in, or 
pertaining to, a nerve-center; peripheric. 

Acephalia (ah-se f-a f -le-ah) [a, priv.; K.e<J)a\-q, 
head]. Absence of the head. 

Acephalism (ah-se}' -al-izm). See Acephalia. 

Acephalobrachia (ah-se f-al-o-bra'-ke-ah) [d, 
priv.; K£(f)a}rj, head; fipaxcujv, arm]. Ab- 
sence of the head and arms. 

Acephalobrachius (ah-sef-al-o-bra'-ke-us). A 
monster with neither head nor arms. 

Acephalocardia (ah-se f-al-o-kar'-de-ah) [a, priv.; 
K£(f>a\T), head; napdca, heart]. Absence of 
the head and heart. 

Acephalocardius {ah-sef-al-o-kar'-de-us). A 
monster with neither head nor heart. 

Acephalocheiria, Acephalochiria (ah-sef-al-o- 
ki'-re-ah) [a, priv.; Kecf>aAr), head ; X £ *P> 
hand]. Absence of the head and hands. 

Acephalocheirus, Acephalochirus (ah-se f-al- 
o-ki'-rus) [see Acephalocheiria]. A monster 
with neither head nor hands. 

Acephalocyst,Acephalocystis(a/i-^/'-a/-o-jw/, 
ah-sef-al-o-sist 1 '-is) [a, priv.; K£<f)aXr), head; kug- 
tcc, a bladder]. 'The bladderworm. Ahead- 
less, sterile hydatid, found in the liver and 
other organs. Acephalocystis plana, Laen- 
nec's name for certain concretions found in the 
sheaths of tendons and in muscles. Aceph- 
alocystis racemosa, the hydatid mole of the 
uterus. 

Acephalogaster iah-se) -al-o-gas' -ter) [aKE<j)aXoc, 
headless; jaaxi]p, belly]. A monster with 
neither head nor belly. 



ACEPHALOGASTERIA 



9 



ACETIC 



Acephalogasteria (ah-sef-al-o-gas-te'-re-ah) [see 
Acephalogaster]. Absence of the head andbelly. 

Acephalophorous (ah-sef-al-of'-or-us) [a, priv.; 
K£(f)aX-q, head; (jiipsiv, to bear]. Destitute of 
a distinct head. 

Acephalopodia (ah-sef-al-o-po'-de-ah) [a, priv.; 
KS(f)aXrj, head; tzouc, foot]. Absence of the 
head and feet. 

Acephalopodius (ah-sef-al-o-po' -de-us)[see Ace- 
phalopodia]. A monster with neither head 
nor feet. 

Acephalorachia, Acephalorrhachia (ah-sef-al- 
or-a'-ke-ah) [a, priv.; KscfiaXr), head; paztc, 
spine]. Absence of the head and vertebral 
column. 

Acephalostomia {ah-sej-al-o-sto' -me-ah) [a, 
priv.; K£(f>aXr), head; ardfia, mouth]. Absence 
of the head, with a mouth-like opening on 
the superior aspect. 

Acephalostomus {ah-sej-al-os' -to-mus) [see 
Acephalostomia]. A monster without a head, 
but with a mouth-like aperture. 

Acephalous iah-sef -al-us) [ankcjiakoc, headless]. 
Headless. 

Acephalus {ah - sef -al- us) [see A cephalia]. 
A species of omphalositic monsters charac- 
terized by complete absence of the head and 
usually of the upper extremities. It is the 
commonest condition among the omphalosites. 
A. dibrachius, an acephalus with two upper 
limbs in a more or less rudimentary state. 
A. dipUS, an acephalus with two more or less 
developed lower extremities. A. monobrach- 
ius, one with one upper extremity, a cervical 
vertebra, and one or two more or less devel- 
oped lower extremities. A. monopus, one 
with only one lower extremity, more or less 
developed. See Acephalopodius. A. sym- 
pus, one in which the trunk ends in a long 
conic point at the end of which are attached 
one or two feet. 

Acercus (ah-ser'-kus) [anspKoc, without a tail]. 
A monstrosity without a tail or the coccy- 
geal vertebra. 

Acerdol (as'-er-dol), MnO ? K 2 KOH. An oxi- 
dation-product of potassium and manganese. 
It is used as an oxidizer and disinfectant. 

Acervulus, A. cerebri {as-er' -vu-lus ser'-e-bri). 
Concretionary matter near the base of the pineal 
gland, consisting of alkaline phosphates and car- 
bonates, with amyloid matter. Syn., Brain- sand. 

Acescence (as-es'-ens) [acescere, to grow sour], 
i. The process of becoming sour; the qual- 
ity of being somewhat sour. 2. A disease of 
wines, whereby they become sour, owing to 
the agency of Mycoderma aceti. 

Acesodyne, Acesodynous (ah-ses'-o-din, ah-ses- 
od'-in-us) [diceawduvoc]. Allaying pain; ano- 
dyne. 

Acestoma (as-es'-to-mah) [ain-o-oc, curable]. 
The mass of young granulation tissue which 
later forms the cicatrix. 

Acetabular {as-et-aV '-u-lar) [acetabulum, a cup]. 
Pertaining to the acetabulum. 

Acetabulum {as-et-ab' -u-lum) [see Acetabular]. 
A cup-shaped depression on the outer aspect 
of the innominate bone for the reception of 



the head of the femur. A. cotyle, the articu- 
lar cavity of the innominate bone. A. uter- 
ina, a placental cotyledon. 
Acetal (as'-et-al) [acetum, vinegar]. 1. C 6 H ]4 - 

2 . Ethidene diethylate, a colorless liquid 
with an ethereal odor, produced by the im- 
perfect oxidation of alcohol under the in- 
fluence of platinum black. It is sparingly 
soluble in water; boils at 104 C; sp.gr. 
at 20 is 0.8304. Its action is that of a 
soporific. Dose 1 dr. (4 Gm.). 2. A mix- 
ture said to consist of acetic ether and oils 
of cloves, bergamot, lavender, lemon, men- 
thol, orange, rosemary, thyme, and abso- 
lute alcohol. A., Dimethyl. See Methylal. 

Acetaldehyd (as-et-aV -de-hid). The normal 
aldehyd; ethaldehyd. See Aldehyd. 

Acetamid {as-et'-am-id), C 2 H 5 NO. A white, 
crystalline solid produced by distilling am- 
monium acetate, or by heating ethyl acetate 
with strong aqueous ammonia. It combines 
with both acids and metals to form unstable 
compounds. 

Acetaminol {as-et-am'-in-ol), C^H^NO^ A 
reaction-product of paranitrobenzoyl chlorid 
with eugenol-sodium, followed by reduction 
and acetylization. It occurs as white scales 
or crystalline powder, soluble in alcohol and 
insoluble in water, and melting at 160 C. It 
is used in pulmonary tuberculosis. Syn., Para- 
acetamido -benzoyleugenol; A cetamido-benzoyl. 

Acetanilid {as-et-an'-il-id), C 8 H 9 NO. Phenyl- 
acetamid. A white, crystalline solid, pro- 
duced by boiling anilin and glacial acetic 
acid together for several hours, the crystal- 
line mass being then distilled. It melts at 
114 and boils at 259 . It is soluble in hot 
water, alcohol, and ether. Under the name 
antifebrin it is prescribed as an antipyretic. 
Dose 2-10 gr. (0.13-0.65 Gm.), not exceed- 
ing 30 gr. (2 Gm.) in the 24 hours; of 
the compound powder (pulvis acetanilidi com- 
positus, U. S. P.) 7^ gr. (0.5 Gm.). A., 
Ammoniated, a mixture of acetanilid, 25 
parts; ammonium carbonate, 10 parts; so- 
dium bicarbonate, 5 parts; sugar of milk, 
60 parts. It is recommended as causing less 
depression than acetanilid alone. A., Mono- 
bromated. See Antisepsin. 

Acetate {as'-et-dt) [see Acetic]. Any salt of 
acetic acid. 

Acetic {as-e'-tik) [acetum, vinegar]. Pertaining 
to acetum or vinegar; sour. See Acid, Acetic. 
A. Acid Amid. See Acetamid. A. Acid 
Esters. See Methyl Acetate and Ether, 
Acetic. A. Acid Salts. 1. Readily soluble 
crystalline salts formed from the bases. 2. 
Basic salts formed from iron, aluminium, 
lead, and copper; sparingly soluble in water. 

3. Alkali salts, which have the property of 
combining with a molecule of acetic acid to 
produce acid salts. A. Aldehyd. See under 
Aldehyd. A. Anhydrid, C 4 H 6 O s , a colorless, 
mobile liquid, highly refractive, and with an 
odor of acetic acid. Sp. gr. 1.080 at 15 C; 
boils at i36°-i38° C. Syn., Acetyl oxid; 
Acetic oxid; socalled Anhydrous acetic acid. 



ACETIN 



10 



ACETOPHENONEPHENETIDIN 



A. Ether. See under Ether. A. Fermenta- 
tion, the development of acetic acid by the 
activity of the Mycoderma aceti. A. Fungus, 
any one of several minute fungoid organ- 
isms capable of inciting and maintaining 
acetic fermentation, as first proved by Pas- 
teur in 1864. 

Acetin (as'-et-in) [acetum, vinegar], C 3 H 5 - 
(C 2 H 3 2 ) 3 . A chemic compound formed by 
the union of glycerol and acetic acid. 

Acetoacetic Acid (as-et-o-as-e'-tik). A mono- 
basic acid formed from acetic acid by re- 
placing one of the hydrogen atoms of the acid 
radicle with the acetic-acid radicle, acetyl. 
See Gerhardt. A. Esters, CH 3 . CO . CH 2 .- 
C0 2 R, liquids possessing an ethereal odor, 
produced by the action of metallic sodium 
upon acetic esters; they dissolve with diffi- 
culty in water and can be distilled without 
decomposition. 

Acetoarsenite ias-et-o-ar' -sen-it). A salt com- 
posed of an acetate and an arsenite of the 
same base. 

Acetobromid (as-et-o-bro'-mid). An acetic- 
acid salt in which part of the hydrogen of 
the acid radicle has been replaced by bromin. 

Acetoglycocoll ( as - et - - glV - ko - kol ) , 

CH 2 <^p/-N Vt 2 3 " A substance resembling 

a monobasic acid, obtained from the action of 
acetyl chlorid on glycocoll silver and of 
acetamid on monochloracetic acid; it is 
soluble in alcohol; melts at 206 C. Syn., 
Acetamidoacetic acid ; Aceturic acid. 

Acetoiodid (as-et-o-i'-o-did). A double salt 
containing the acetate and iodid of the same 
radicle. 

Acetol (as'-et-ol). 1. See Acetyl Carbinol. 2. 
A remedy for toothache, said to consist of 
acetic acid, 8.46 %; alum, 3.07 % ; water, 
88.5 %; with a small proportion of essential 
oils of sage, clove, and peppermint. 

Acetoluid (as-e-toV -u-id), C 7 H 7 NH . C 2 H 3 0. 
Acetoorthotoluid. An antipyretic resembling 
acetanilid. The dose is not accurately de- 
termined. 

Acetometer (us-et-om' -et-er) [acetum, vinegar; 
fihpov, a measure]. An instrument used in 
the quantitative determination of acetic acid. 

Acetonasthma (as-et-on-az' '-mah) [acetone; as- 
thma]. Attacks of dyspnea similar to uremic 
asthma, accompanied with restlessness, head- 
ache, nausea, vomiting, transient amaurosis, 
and acetonuria. 

Acetone, Aceton (as'-et-on) [acetum, vinegar], 
C 3 H 6 0. Dimethylketone. A colorless, mo- 
bile liquid, of peculiar odor and burning taste, 
present in crude wood-spirit; it occurs in 
small quantities in the blood and in normal 
urine, and in considerable quantities at times 
in the urine of diabetic patients. It is mis- 
cible with ether, alcohol, and water. It is 
used as an anesthetic and anthelmintic. Dose 
15-20 min. (0.9-1.2 Cc). Syn., Mesitic 
alcohol; Mesityl alcohol; Methyl acetyl; Acetyl 
methyl. See Chautard, Gunning, Legal, Lie- 
ben, Malerba, le Nobel, Penzoldt, Reynolds. 



A. Chloroform, HO . C(CH 3 ) 2 CC1 3 , a com- 
pound formed by the addition of potash to 
equal weights of acetone and chloroform. It 
occurs as white crystals, sparingly soluble in 
water, more freely in alcohol and glycerol. 
Its 1 % aqueous solution is called Anescn. 
It is used as a hypnotic and anesthetic. Dose 
15-20 gr. ( 1. 0-1.3 Gm.). Syn., Chloretone; 
Trichlor tertiary butyl alcohol; Trichlor pseudo- 
butyl alcohol. A. Diethylsulfone. See Sul- 
fonal. A., Monochlorated, C 3 H 5 C10, a 
colorless liquid having a pungent odor, ob- 
tained by chlorinating acetone. A. Phenyl- 
hydrazone, (CH 3 ) 2 C: N 2 HC 6 H 5 , one of the 
nitrogen derivatives of ketone. A. Re- 
sorcinol, C 15 H 16 4 + H 2 0, a combination of 
resorcinol with acetone and fuming hydro- 
chloric acid added hot. It occurs in small an- 
hydrous prisms, soluble in alkaline solutions, 
insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, and chloro- 
form. It melts at 2i2°-2i3° C. It is used in 
the same manner as resorcinol. 

Acetonemia (as-et-on-e' -me-ah) [acetone; al/ia, 
blood]. The presence of acetone in the 
blood. 

Acetones (as' -et-onz) . A class of compounds 
that may be regarded as consisting of two 
alcoholic radicles united by the group CO, or as 
aldehyds in which hydrogen of the group COH 
has been replaced by an alcoholic radicle. 

Acetonin (as-et'-on-in). 1. A body produced 
by the action of ammonia on acetone. 2. 
Dihydrotriacetonamin. 

Acetonitril (as-et-on-i'-tril), CH 3 CN or C 2 H 3 N. 
Methyl cyanid. It is a colorless liquid, hav- 
ing an agreeable odor, and is prepared by 
distilling acetamid with P 2 5 . It may also 
be produced from prussic acid and diazo- 
methane. It melts at — 41 C, boils at 81. 6° 
C.j and has a sp. gr. of 0.789 at 15 C. Syn., 
Carbamin. 

Acetonoresorcinol. See Acetone Resorcinol. 

Acetonuria (as-et-o-nu' -re-ah) [acetone; odpov, 
urine]. The presence of acetone in the 
urine. 

Acetonyl (as-et'-on-il), CH 2 — CO— CH 3 . A 
univalent radicle obtained from acetone by 
taking away one atom of hydrogen. 

Acetophenone (as-et-o-je'-non), C H 5 (CO)- 
(CH 3 V Hypnone ; a hypnotic and antisep- 
tic. It results from the action of zinc methyl 
upon benzoyl chlorid and crystallizes in la] ge 
plates, melts at 20. 5 and boils at 202 . It 
is without satisfactory action. Dcse 4-15 
min. (0.26-1.0 Cc). 

Acetophenoneorthooxyquinolin (as-et-o-fe- 
non-or-lho-oks-e-kwin'-ol-in), C 2 H 6 NO. CH 2 . 
CO . C 6 H 5 . A base obtained by interaction 
between a halogen compound of aceto- 
phenone and orthoquinolin in the presence 
of solvents and an alkali. It forms well- 
defined salts, is soluble in volatile solvents, 
and melts at 130 C. It is said to have hyp- 
notic and antineuralgic properties; is odor- 
less, tasteless, and nonirritating. 

Acetophenonephenetidin (as-et-o-fe-non-fen- 
et'-id-in). A condensation-product of aceto- 



ACETOPYRIN 



11 



ACHE 



phenone and paraphenetidin. A. Citrate, 

^ 6 -ti4^ N = C ( C H 3 )(C 6 H 5 ) . H 3 C, 
lemon-yellow needles, soluble in ether and 
hot alcohol, insoluble in water. It melts at 
88° C; is antipyretic and antineuralgic. Dose 
8-15 gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.). Syn., Malarin. 

Acetopyrin, Acetopyrina (as-et-o-pi'-rin, -ah). 
A mixture of antipyrin and acetyl 'saHcy He 
acid, occurring as a whitish, crystalline pow- 
der, soluble with difficulty in cold water, 
ether, and petroleum ether, readily soluble 
in warm water, alcohol, chloroform, and 
warm toluol. It is antipyretic. Dose 7 gr. 
(0.4 Gm.) 6 times daily. Syn., Antipyrin 
acetylsalicylate. A. Acetosalicylate, antipy- 
retic, analgesic, sedative; employed in in- 
fluenza, bronchitis, rheumatic headache, sci- 
atica, hemicrania, and acute articular rheu- 
matism. 

Acetous (as-e'-tus) [acetum, vinegar]. Resem- 
bling vinegar; pertaining to or charged with 
vinegar or acetic acid. 

Acetozone (as-et'-o-zon). See Benzoylacetyl- 
peroxid. 

Acetparatoluid (as-et-par-ah-toV -u-id), C 9 H n - 
NO. Antipyretic, colorless crystals, slightly 
soluble in water, moderately soluble in alcohol; 
it melts at 149 C. Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). 
Syn., Acetparamidotoluol ; Paratolylacetamid. 

Acetphenetidin (as-et-fe-nef -id-in) [acetum; 
phenol]. A compound derived from phenol, 
having antipyretic and antineuralgic proper- 
ties. It is crystalline, tasteless, and almost 
insoluble in water. Dose 4-30 gr. (0.26-2.0 
Gm.). Syn., Phenacetin. 

Acetum (as -e'- turn) [L.; gen., aceti; pi., 
aceta]. Vinegar. An impure, dilute acetic 
acid produced by acetous fermentation of 
wine, cider, or other fruit-juice. In phar- 
macy, a solution of the active principles 
of certain drugs in dilute acetic acid. A. 
aromaticum (N. F.) ["aromatic vinegar"], 
a mixture of alcohol, water, and acetic acid, 
aromatized with the oils of rosemary, laven- 
der, juniper, peppermint, cassia, lemon, and 
cloves. A. britannicum, an aromatic vine- 
gar consisting of glacial acetic acid, 600; 
camphor, 60; oil of cloves, 2; oil of cinnamon, 
1; oil of lavender, 0.5. 

Acetyl (as'-et-i!) [acetum, vinegar], C 2 H 3 0. 
A univalent radicle supposed to exist in acetic 
acid and its derivatives. Aldehyd may be re- 
garded as the hydrid, and acetic acid as the 
hydrate, of acetyl. Syn., Acetosyl; Acetoyl; 
Acetoxyl; Othyl. A. Anhydrid. See Acetic 
Anhydrid. A. Benzene. See Acetophenone. 
A. Bioxydamid. See Acetamid. A. Bro- 
mid, C 2 H 3 BrO, a reaction-product of acetic 
acid with phosphorus pentabromid; it is a 
fuming liquid which turns yellow in the air; 
it boils at 8i° C. It is used as a reagent. 
A. Carbinol, CH 3 . CO . CH 2 OH, a satu- 
rated ketol produced by the action of water 
and barium carbonate upon chloracetone, 
also by fusing cane-sugar and grape-sugar 
with caustic potash. It is a colorless oil 



with a feeble, peculiar odor; boils at 145 - 
150 C. Syn., Pyroracemic alcohol ; Acetone 
alcohol; O xy acetone ; Methyl ketol; AceioL 
A. Chlorid, C 2 H 3 C10, a reaction-product 
of acetic acid with phosphorus trichlorid; it 
is a colorless, highly refracting, fuming liquid; 
sp. gr. 1. 1305 at o° C; boils at 55 C. It is 
used as a reagent. A. Ethylphenylhydrazin, 
C l4 H 22 N 4 2 , colorless needles obtained by 
heating a solution of ethylenephenylhydrazin 
with an excess of acetic anhydrid. It is 
recommended as an antipyretic. Syn., Plien- 
ylhydrazinacetylethyl. A. Formyl. See Alde- 
hyd, Pyroracemic. A. Hydrate, acetic acid. 
A. Hydrid. Same as Acetic Aldehyd. See 
under Aldehyd. A. Iodid, C 2 H 3 OI, a reac- 
tion-product of acetic acid with iodin and 
phosphorus; it is a brown, fuming liquid; sp. 
gr. 1.98 at i7°C; boils at io5°-io8° C. A. 
Isocyanid, (C 2 H 3 6) — N=Q a liquid in its 
simple form, but capable of polymerization as 
a crystalline solid. It boils at 93 C. Syn., 
A cetic isocyanid ; Cyanacetyl. A. Isoeugenol , 
the direct antecedent of vanillin in the manu- 
facture of the synthetic product, and is used 
as a substitute for vanillin. A. Leukomethy- 
lene-blue, a colorless form of methylene-blue 
for internal use. A. Methyl. See Acetone. 
A. Oxid. Same as Acetic Anhydrid. A.- 
paraamidophenylsalicylate. See Salophen. 
A. Peroxid, (C 2 H 3 0) 2 2 , a thick liquid, 
insoluble in water, but readily dissolved by 
ether and alcohol. It is a powerful oxidizing 
agent. It is decomposed in sunlight and ex- 
plodes violently when heated. A. Phenyl- 
hydrazid, A. Phenylhydrazin. Same as 
Hydracetin and Pyrodin. A. Tannin, a 
grayish-yellow, slightly hygroscopic, odorless, 
tasteless powder, soluble in alcohol, dilute sodi- 
um phosphate, sodium carbonate, or sodium 
borate; slightly soluble in hot water and ether; 
insoluble in cold water; melting at 190 C. It 
is an astringent and is used internally in chronic 
diarrhea. Externally, it is used in chronic 
pharyngitis. Dose 3-7^ gr. (0.2-0.5 Gm.). 
Application, 3 % solution in 5 % sodium phos- 
phate. Maximum dose 60 gr. (4 Gm.) 
daily. Syn., Tannigen. A. Thymol, C 12 H 16 - 
2 , a colorless antiseptic liquid with a pungent 
taste having a specific gravity of 1.009 at o° C. 
and boiling at 244.4 C. Syn., Thymol 
acetate. A. Tribromsalol, fine, white acicular 
crystals which melt at 108. 5 ; insoluble in 
water; soluble in alcohol. Syn., Cordyl. 
■ A. Urethane. See Urethane. 

Acetylene (as-et f -il-en) [acetum, vinegar], C 2 H 2 . 
A colorless gas, with a characteristic, un- 
pleasant odor, burning with a luminous, 
smoky flame. It is formed by the imperfect 
combustion of illuminating gas and other 
hydrocarbons.. The acetylene series of hy- 
drocarbons has the general formula C n H 2n _ 2 . 

Acetylization (as-et-il-i-za'-shun). The act of 
combining with or producing compounds of 
acetic acid or acetyl. 

Ache (dk) [AS., acan, to ache]. Any con- 
tinuous or throbbing pain. 



ACHEILIA 



12 



ACHROMATOSIS 



Acheilia (ah-ki'-le-ah) [d, priv.; %£~doc, a. 
lip]. The congenital absence of lips. 

Acheilous (oh-ki'-lus) [see Acheilia]. Without 
lips. 

Acheiria (ah-ki'-re-ah) [d, priv.; %£~cp, a hand]. 
The congenital absence of hands. 

Acheirous (ah-ki'-rus) [see Acheiria]. Affected 
with acheiria. 

Achilia (ah-ki'-le-ah). See Acheilia. 

Achillea (ak-il-e' -ah) {Achilles, its reputed dis- 
coverer]. Milfoil; yarrow. The herb A. 
millefolium. Its properties are due to a bit- 
ter, aromatic, astringent, tonic extractive, 
achillein, and a volatile oil. It has long 
been used as a vulnerary, and has been 
highly recommended for intermittent and low 
exanthematous fevers. Dose i oz.-i pint 
infusion ad lib.; of the extractive, 1-3 dr. 
(4-12 Gm.); of the volatile oil, 5-15 min. 
(0.3-1.0 Cc). Unof. To the genus Achillea 
belong various other unofficial medicinal 
plants, as A. moschata, of the Alps, used in 
preparing cordials and a diaphoretic medi- 
cine, and A. ptarmica, or sneezewort, a strong 
sialagog. 

Achillein, Achilleinum {ak-il-e' -in, -i'-num), 
C 2 r 1 H3 8 N 2 15 . A glucosid obtained from 
Achillea millefolium and A. moschata. It 
occurs as a brownish-red, amorphous mass, 
of a strongly bitter taste, soluble in water, 
less soluble • in alcohol, insoluble in ether. 
It is stated that divided doses up to 30-75 
gr. (2-5 Gm.) cause marked irregularity of 
the pulse. 

Achilles Tendon (ak-il'-ez ten' -don). The ten- 
don of the gastrocnemius and soleus mus- 
cles, inserted into the back of the heel. 

Achillobursitis {ak-il-o-bur-si' -tis) [achilles ten- 
don; bursitis]. Inflammation of the bursas 
lying approximate to the achilles tendon. 

Achillodynia (ak-il-o-din f -e-ah) [achilles ten- 
don; odbvq, pain]. Pain referred to the inser- 
tion of the achilles tendon. 

Achillorrhaphy (ak-il-or'-af-e) [achilles tendon; 
pacj>7], suture]. Suture of the achilles ten- 
don; practised by C. Bayer instead of achil- 
lotomy for the sake of lengthening the ten- 
don. This is exposed, the length divided 
in half, the upper end of one side, the lower 
end of the other, cut across, and both the 
cut surfaces united by a suture. 

Achillotomy (ak-il-ot' '-o-me) [achilles tendon; 
TOfiTj, a cutting]. The subcutaneous division 
of the achilles tendon. 

Achlorhydria (ah-klor-hi'-dre-ah) [a, priv.; 
ylojpbc, green; udcop, water]. Absence of free 
hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice. 

Achloropsia (ah-klor-op 1 '-se-ah) [d, priv.; 
yXoupbc, green; b^cc, vision]. Green-blindness. 

Acholia (ah-ko'-le-ah) [d, priv.; xoli), bile]. 
1. Absence of biliary secretion. 2. Any con- 
dition obstructing the escape of the bile into 
the small intestine. 3. Asiatic cholera. 4. 
A mild temperament. A., Pigmentary, that 
in which there are deficiency of bile and lack 
of color in the feces, but no jaundice. 
Acholuria (ah-kol-u'-re-ah) [d, priv.; jo^tj, bile; 



oupov, urine]. The absence of bile-pigment 
in the urine. 
Achor (a'-kor) [a%u)p, chaff, scurf, or dandruff]. 
Crusta lactea, a small pustule, followed by 
a scab, upon the heads of infants; milk-crust. 
Achoresis (ah-kor-e'-sis) [d, priv.; %a>phv, to 
make room; pi., achoreses). Grossi's term for 
the diminished capacity of a hollow organ, as of 
the bladder. Syn., Achoria. Cf . S ten ochoria. 

Achorion (a-ko' -re-on) [dim. of aycop, chaff]. 
A genus of fungous organisms, including 
several species (possibly modified forms of 
Penicillium glaucum) found in the skin, espe- 
cially the hair-follicles. A. keratophagus, 
the form causing Onychomycosis. A. le- 
bertii, the parasite of Tinea tonsurans. A. 
schonleinii, the species occurring in ring- 
worm, or Tinea favosa. 

Achras (ak'-ras) [dypdc, the wild pear]. A 
genus of arboraceous plants of the order 
Sapotacece. A. sapota [cochitzapotl, Mex.], 
the sapodilla plum ; a species indigenous to 
South America. The fruit is edible, sweet, 
cloying ; said to be beneficial in strangury. 
The seeds are laxative and diuretic ; they 
are exhibited in emulsion in cases of gravel 
and renal colic. The bitter astringent bark 
{cortex jamaicensis) has been used as a sub- 
stitute for cinchona bark. The bark and 
seeds yield the glucosid sapotin. The sap 
yields chicle-gum. 

Achroma (ah-kro' '-mah) [d, priv.; ypajfia, color]. 
Absence of color; albinism. Syn., Achrom- 
asia; Achromatia ; Achromatosis ; Achromo- 
dermia ; Vitiligo. A., Congenital. See Albin- 
ism. A. cutis. See Leukoderma. 

Achromacyte (ah-kro' -mas-it) [a, priv.; xpu>p.a, 
color; kutoc, cell]. A degenerated, decolor- 
ized erythrocyte; a "phantom" or shadow 
corpuscle. Syn., TonfcVs shadow corpuscle; 
Bizzozerd* s blood-platelet ; Hayem's corpuscle 
or hematoblast. 

Achromatic (ah-kro-mat'-dk) [d, priv.; xp(bp.a, 
color]. Without color. A. Lens, one the 
dispersing power of which is exactly neu- 
tralized by another lens with the same cur- 
vature, but having a different refractive index. 

Achroma tin {ah-kro' -mat-in) [d, priv.; ^w/xa, 
color]. The groundwork of the nucleus of 
a cell; it is so called because it is not readily 
stained by coloring agents. 

Achromatism (ah-kro' -mat-izm) [d, priv.; 
ip&>p.a, color]. Absence of chromatic aberra- 
tion. 

Achromatophil (ah-kro-mal'-o-fil) [d, priv.; 
Xpcbfia, color; <f>cXecv, to love]. 1. Showing 
no affinity for stains. 2. A microbe or his- 
tologic element which does not stain readily. 

Achromatopsia (ah-kro-mat-op' -se-ah) [a, priv.; 
Xptipta, color; o</vf, sight]. Color-blindness; 
daltonism. A., Partial, a form in which 
only one pair of colors, which to the normal 
eye are complementary, appear gray or white. 
A., Total, that in which all the colors ap- 
pear as white or gray. 

Achromatosis (ah-kro-mat-o'-sis) [d, priv.; 
Xpwpa, color]. Any disease characterized by 



ACHROMIA 



13 



ACID 



deficiency of pigmentation in the integumen- 
tary tissues. 

Achromia {ah-kro' -me-ah) . See Achroma. 

Achromodermia {ah-kro-mo-der' -me-ah) [a, 
priv.; ipioixa, color; dip/xa, skin]. An al- 
binotic or colorless state of the skin. 

Achromotrichia {ah-kro -mo -trik' '-e-ah) [a, priv.; 
Xptilia, color; dpc£, hair]. Absence of pig- 
ment from the hair. 

Achronizoic {ah-kron-e-zo'-ik) [a, priv.; xpovc- 
£etv, to hold out]. A term applied to drugs 
which are incapable of remaining unchanged 
for any length of time. 

Achronychous {ak-ron'-ik-us). See Acrony- 
chous. 

Achroodextrin {ah-kro-o-deks' -trin) [a-xpooc, 
colorless; dexter, right]. A reducing dex- 
trin formed by the action of the diastatic 
ferment of saliva upon starch. It is a modi- 
fication of dextrin and may be precipitated 
by alcohol; it is not converted into sugar by 
ptyalin, nor colored by iodin. 

Achylia {ah-ki' -le-ah) [a, priv.; £uA6f, juice]. 
Absence of chyle. Syn., Achylosis. A. 
gastrica, Einhorn's term for a condition of 
the stomach marked by destruction of the 
glandular structures with resulting absence 
of chyme, ferment, and even mucus; called 
anadenia gastrica by Ewald. 

Achylous {ah-ki'-lus) [see Achylia]. Deficient 
in chyle. 

Achymosis {ah-ki-mo' -sis) [d, priv.; x u !*°C> 
chyme]. Deficient formation of chyme. 

Achymous {ah-ki'-mus) [see Achymosis]. De- 
ficient in chyme. 

Acicular {as-ik' -u-lar) [acus, a needle]. Needle- 
like. 

Acid, Acidum {as' -id, -um) [acere, to be sour], i. 
A name applied to any substance having a 
sour taste. 2. A compound of an electronega- 
tive element with one or more atoms of hydro- 
gen which can be replaced by electropositive 
or basic atoms. The majority of acids contain 
oxygen, and are known as oxyacids; those 
not containing oxygen are termed hydrogen 
acids. Acids vary in their terminations 
according to the quantity of oxygen or other 
electronegative constituent. Those having 
the maximum of oxygen end in -ic; those of 
a lower degree, in -ous. When there are 
more than two combinations, the prefix 
hyper- is joined to the highest, and hypo- 
to the lowest. Acids that end in -ic, as 
sulfuric acid, form salts terminating in -ate; 
those ending in -ous form salts terminating 
in -ite. A., Abietic. See Abietic. A., 
Abric, C 12 H 24 N 3 0, a crystallizable acid, said 
to exist in jequirity. A., Absinthic, an 
acid obtained from wormwood; said to be 
identical with succinic acid. A., Acetic, an 
acid solution composed of 36 parts of abso- 
lute acetic acid, C 2 H 4 2 , and 64 parts of 
water. It has strongly acid properties. A., 
Acetic, Dilute, contains 6 % of absolute 
acid. Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). An impure 
form, obtained by the destructive distillation 
of wood, is known as wood-vinegar ? or pyro- 



ligneous acid. A., Acetic, Glacial, the 
absolute acid occurring in crystals melting at 
22. 5 C. It is an escharotic. A., Aconitic, 
C 6 H 6 6> occurs in different plants, as Aconi- 
tum napellus, sugar-cane, and beet-root. 
It crystallizes in small plates that dissolve 
readilv in alcohol, ether, and water, and melt 
at i86°-i87°. A., Acrylic. 1. CH 2 =CH.- 
CO . OH = C 3 H 4 2 . A monobasic acid which 
may be considered as the oxid of acrolein, a 
colorless liquid. 2. A general term for or- 
ganic acids of the group C n H 2n _ 2 2 , com- 
prising two groups, the normal acrylic and 
the isoacrylic acids. Normal acrylic acids 
occur in vegetable or animal organisms or 
are derived from natural products. Isoacrylic 
acids are formed synthetically by the abstrac- 
tion of the elements of water from certain 
acid ethers, which in turn are derived from 
oxalic acid by substituting 2 molecules of an 
alcohol radicle of the series C n H 2n -t-! for an 
atom of hydrogen. A., Adipic, C 6 H 10 O 4 , ob- 
tained by oxidizing fats with nitric acid. It 
crystallizes in shining leaflets or prisms ; is 
soluble in 13 parts of cold water; melts at 
148 . It is dibasic. A., Agaric, A., Agaricic, 
C 16 H 30 . 5 + H 2 0, a resin acid obtained from 
the fungus Polyporus officinalis, growing on 
larch trees. The acid has been recom- 
mended for checking night-sweats. It also 
checks the other excretions and diminishes 
thirst. It is mildly cathartic. A.s, Alcohol, 
c "H" ^OH 

n 2 n< \Q0 2 H, monobasic acids having the 
properties of the monohydric alcohols. They 
are distinguished as primary, secondary, and 
tertiary, according as they contain, in ad- 
dition to the carboxyl group, the group 
— CH 2 OH, the radicle == CHOH, or the group 
— C . OH. Syn., Oxyacids; Hydroxy-jatty 
acids. Cf. A ., Glycollic. A.s, Aldehyd, bodies 
which combine the properties of a carboxylic 
acid and of an aldehyd. A., Aldepalmitic, 
C 16 H 30 O 2 , the chief component of the butter 
of the "cow. A., Alloxanic, C 4 H 2 N 2 4 , a 
crystalline acid obtained by treating alloxan 
with alkalis. A., Amidoacetic. See Glycin. 
A., Amidobenzoic, C 7 H 7 N0 2 , occasionally 
found in the urine. A., Amidosuccinamic. 
Same as Asparagin. A., Anacardic, C 22 - 
H 32 3 , a tetratomic acid obtained by Stadler 
from the cashew-nut. It is used as an an- 
thelmintic in the form of ammonium anacar- 
date. A., Angelic, C 5 H 8 2 , a crystalline 
monobasic acid. It exists free along with 
valeric and acetic acids in the roots of Angelica 
archangelica, and as~ butyl and amyl esters in 
Roman oil of cumin. It crystallizes in shin- 
ing prisms, melts at 45 , and boils at 185 . 
It has a peculiar odor and taste. A., Anisic, 
C 8 H 8 3 , obtained by oxidizing anisol and 
anethol with HNO s , and from aniseed by the 
action of oxidizing substances. It is anti- 
septic and antipyretic, and is used in the 
treatment of wounds and acute articular rheu- 
matism. Dose of the sodium salt 15 gr. 
(1 Gm.). Syn., Methyl par aoxybenzoic acid, 



ACID 



14 



ACID 



A., Anisuric, C 10 H u NO 2 , an acid formed by 
the action of anisyl chlorid on the silver com- 
pound of glycocoll; it also occurs in the urine 
after the ingestion of anise. A., Anticyclic, a 
white, fragrant powder with pleasant, acid taste, 
readily soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerol; 
it is used as an antipyretic. Dose T ^ gr. 
(0.0006 Gm.). A., Apocrenic, Berzelius' 
term for a brown, amorphous substance ob- 
tained from the sediment of chalybeate 
waters. A., Arabic. See Arabin. A., Ar- 
achic, A., Arachidic, A., Arachinic, C^H^- 
2 = C 19 H 39 . CO OH, a monobasic fatty acid 
obtained from oil of peanut, Arachis hypogcea. 
A., Argentic, silver monoxid. A., Aromatic, 
a name applied to certain organic acids 
occurring in the balsams, resins, and other 
odoriferous principles. Also, in pharmacy, 
a dilute mineral acid reinforced by aromatic 
substances in order to modify its flavor. A., 
Arsenic, A., Arsenous. See Arsenic Tri- 
oxid. A., Arsinic, any one of a class of acids 
formed by the oxidation of arsins or arsonium 
compounds. A., Aseptic, an antiseptic so- 
lution consisting of an aqueous solution of 5 
Gm. of boric acid in 1000 Gm. of hydrogen 
dioxid (1.5 %); 3 Gm. of salicylic acid may be 
added. A., Asparagic, A., Asparaginic, A., 
Asparamic. Same as A., A spartic. A., As- 
partic, C 4 H 7 N0 4 , occurs in the vinasse ob- 
tained from the beet-root, and is procured from 
albuminous bodies in various reactions. It is 
prepared by boiling asparagin with alkalis and 
acids; crystallizes in rhombic dibasic prisms or 
leaflets, and dissolves with difficulty in water. 
A., Aspartic, Inactive, NH 2 C 2 H 3 (C0 2 H) 2 , 
formed by heating aspartic acid with water 
or with alcoholic ammonia to i40°-i5o° C, or 
with HO to i7o°-i8o° C. Syn., Asparacemic 
acid. A., Atrolactic, C 9 H 10 O 3 , a. monobasic 
acid obtained from acetophenone by means 
of prussic acid and H 2 S0 4 or dilute HC1. A., 
Auric, Au(OH),, gold trihydroxid. A., Aze- 
laic, A., Azeiainic, C 9 H 16 4 , an oxida- 
tion-product of oleic acid, Chinese wax, 
castor oil, or cocoanut oil; soluble in water, 
alcohol, and ether, melts at io6°-io7° C, 
and boils at 360 C. Syn., Anchoic acid; 
Lepargylic acid; Azelic acid ; Azeloinic acid. 
A., Benzamic. See A., Amidobenzoic. A., 
Benzoic, C 7 H 6 2 , occurs free in some 
resins, chiefly in gum benzoin and in coal-tar. 
It crystallizes in white, shining needles or leaf- 
lets, melts at 120 , and distils at 250 . It 
volatilizes readily, its vapor possessing a pecu- 
liar odor. A., Blattic. See Antihydropin. A., 
Boric, A.,Boracic. See Boron. A. of Borax, 
orthoboric acid. A., Borocitric, a combina- 
tion of boric and citric acid forming a white 
powder which is used as a solvent for urates 
and phosphates in urinary calculi, gout, etc. 
Dose 5-20 gr. (0.3-1.3 Gm.). A.,Borophen- 
ylic, Q;H 7 B0 2 , obtained by the action of 
phosphorus oxychlorid upon a mixture of 
boric acid and phenol. It is an antiseptic 
white powder with a mild aromatic taste, not 
easily soluble in water, melting at 2 04° C, 



It is fatal to lower forms of life, but does not 
affect the higher forms. Syn., Phenylboric acid. 
A., Borosalicylic, B(OH)(OC 6 H 4 . CO,H) 2 , 
a combination of boric and salicylic acids in 
molecular proportion. It is used externally 
instead of salicylic acid. A., Brom-, one in 
which bromin has replaced one or more atoms 
of hydrogen in the acid radicle. A., Brom- 
acetic. See A ., Monobromacetic. A. , Brom- 
hydric, hydrobromic acid. A., Bursic, A., 
Bursinic, a yellow, hygroscopic mass ob- 
tained from an aqueous extract of Capsella 
bursa-pastoris by the action of lead acetate 
and ammonia and evaporating. Its aqueous 
solution is used in the same manner as ergotin, 
hypodermatically and also internally. A., 
Butic, A., Butinic. See A., Arachic. A., 
Butyric, C 4 H 8 O z , an acid having a viscid 
appearance and rancid smell. It is obtained 
commercially by the fermentation of a 
mixture of sugar and butter or cheese 
in the presence of an alkaline carbonate, 
but occurs in various plants, in cod- 
liver oil, in the juice of meats, and in the 
perspiration. Combined with glycerol as 
glyceryl butyrate, it is essentially butter. A., 
Cacodylic. See A., Dime thy larsenic. A., 
Caffeic, C 9 H 8 4 , obtained when the tannin of 
coffee is boiled with potassium hydroxid. A., 
Camphoric, C ]0 H 16 O 4 , a dibasic acid, ob- 
tained by boiling camphor with HN0 3 ; it 
crystallizes from hot water in colorless leaflets ; 
melts at 178 , and decomposes into water and 
its anhydrid, C 8 H 14 (CO) 2 0. It is used in 
night-sweats of phthisis. Dose 10-30 gr. 
(0.65-2.0 Gm.). A., Capric, C 9 H 19 CO.OH, 
occurs in small quantity as a glycerid in cow's 
butter. It crystallizes in fine needles, melting 
at 30 C, and is very insoluble in boiling 
water. A., Caproic, C 6 H 12 2 , the sixth in 
the series of fatty acids; a clear, mobile oil, 
colorless, inflammable, and with a very acid 
and penetrating taste. A., Caprylic, C 7 H 15 - 
CO.OH, an acid combined with glycerol, 
forming a glycerid existing in various animal 
fats; it is liquid at ordinary temperatures. 
A., Carbamic, H 2 N.CO.OH, carbonic acid 
in which NH 2 replaces OH; it is not known in 
the free state; its ammonium salt is contained 
in commercial ammonium carbonate. The 
esters of carbamic acid are called urethanes. 
A., Carbazotic. See A., Picric. A., Car- 
bolic, C 6 H 5 OH, phenol, — the official desig- 
nation of this substance, — is procured from 
coal-tar by fractional distillation. It has a 
very peculiar and characteristic odor, a burn- 
ing taste, is poisonous, and has antiseptic 
properties. The sp. gr. at the melting-point 
is 1. 060-1. 066; it crystallizes in colorless 
rhombic needles that melt at about 40 C, 
boiling at about 180 , and it is not decom- 
posed upon distillation. At ordinary tempera- 
tures it dissolves in water with difficulty 
(1 : 19.6 at 25 C), but is soluble in alcohol, 
ether, glacial acetic acid, and glycerol in all 
proportions. It unites with bases to form 
salts, known as carbolates. Upon exposure to 



ACID 



15 



ACID 



light and air it deliquesces and acquires a 
pinkish color. It is used in the manufacture 
of many of the artificial coloring-matters, 
e. g., picric acid. It is a powerful antiseptic and 
germicide. Internally it is useful in vomiting, 
fermentation in the stomach, and as an in- 
testinal antiseptic; locally, as a caustic. 
Dose, internally, \-2 gr. (0.03-0.13 Gm.). 
A., Carbolic, Camphorated, a mixture of 
phenol 1 part and camphor 3 parts. A., 
Carbolic, Chlorinated. See Trichlor phenol. 
A., Carbolic, Iodized, a solution of 20 parts 
of iodin in 76 parts of phenol with the 
addition of 4 parts of glycerol. It is used as 
an antiseptic and escharotic. A. Carbolic. 
Liquefactum (B. P.). Dose 1-2 min. (0.06- 
0.13 Cc). A., Carbolsulfuric, a mixture of 
equal parts of phenol and concentrated sul- 
furic acid. It is used as a disinfectant in 2 to 
3% solution. A., Carbonaceous. See Car- 
bon Dioxid. A., Carbonic, C0 2 , carbon 
dioxid; an ultimate product of the combustion 
of carbon compounds; a colorless, odorless gas, 
heavier than air, incapable of sustaining res- 
piration. A., Carminic, C 17 H ls O 10 , a color- 
ing-matter found in the buds of certain plants, 
and especially in cochineal, an insect inhabit- 
ing different varieties of cactus. It is an 
amorphous, purple-red mass, readily soluble in 
water and alcohol, and yields red salts with 
the alkalis. A., Caseic, lactic acid {q. v.). 
A., Cathartic, A., Cathartinic, an active 
principle from several species of Cassia. 
A., Cerotic, C 27 H 54 2 , a fatty acid exist- 
ing in beeswax and in Chinese wax. A.- 
characteristic, the replaceable hydrogen 
and the elements immediately bound to it 
in the molecule of an acid, as the CO . OH 
of organic acids. A., Chloracetic [chlorin 
and acetic], an acid, called also monochlor- 
acetic acid produced by the substitution of 
chlorin for the hydrogen of the radicle in 
acetic acid. It is sometimes used as a caus- 
tic. A., Chloric, HC10 3 , an acid known 
only in its compounds {chlorates) and its 
aqueous solution. A., Cholalic. See A., 
Cholic. A., Cholesteric, C 12 H 10 O 7 , an acid 
obtained by Tappeiner from the oxidation 
of cholic acid with potassium dichromate and 
sulfuric acid. This must not be confounded 
with cholesterinic acid. A., Cholesterinic, 
C s H in 5 , a dibasic acid obtained from cho- 
lesterin and from cholic acid by action of 
nitric acid; it occurs as a gum-like, yellow, 
hygroscopic body with an acrid taste. A., 
Cholic, A., Cholalic, C 24 H 42 5 , from gly- 
cocholic and taurocholic acids; it crystallizes 
from out of a hot solution in small anhydrous 
prisms, sparingly soluble in water, and melt- 
ing at 195 . A., Chromic {chromii tri- 
oxidum, U. S. P.), strictly, the compound 
H 2 Cr0 4 ; it forms salts called chromates. 
It is a crystalline solid; escharotic. A., Chry- 
sophanic, C n H 10 O 4 , exists in the lichen, 
Parmelia parietina, in senna leaves, and in the 
rhubarb root. It crystallizes in golden-yellow 
needles or prisms, melting at 162 . Syn., 



Rheinic acid. See Chrysarobin. A.,Cincho- 
tannic. See Cinchotannin. A., Cinnamic, 
C 9 H 8 2 , occurs in peru and tolu balsams, 
in storax, and in some benzoin resins. It 
has been used in tuberculosis, both in- 
ternally and externally. Dose 1-10 min. 
(0.06-0.65 Cc.) hypodermatically. A., Citric, 
C 6 H 8 7 , occurs free in lemons, black cur- 
rants, bilberries, beets, and in various other 
acid fruits. It crystallizes with one molecule 
of water in large rhombic prisms that melt 
at ioo°, are colorless, inodorous, and ex- 
tremely sharp in taste. It is refrigerant, 
antiseptic, and diuretic. A., Colopholic, A., 
Colophonic, an acid obtained from turpen- 
tine; it is used in plasters. A., Copahuvic, 
A., Copaivic, C 20 H 30 O 2 , an almost colorless, 
coarsely crystalline powder, obtained from 
copaiba; it is soluble in alcohol, ether, and 
benzene. Sometimes written Copaibic A. 
A., Cresolsulfuric, C 7 H 7 . S0 2 .OH, exists 
in the urine in small traces. A., Cresotic, 
A., Cresotinic, C 8 H 8 3 , an aromatic hydroxy 
acid of which 3 isomeric compounds may 
be formed by the action of sodium and car- 
bonic anhydrid on the 3 modifications of cre- 
sol. They all occur in acicular crystals. The 
para compound, melting at 151 C, is used 
as an antipyretic in the form of sodium creso- 
late. Dose 2-20 gr. (0.13-1.3 Gm.); maxi- 
mum dose 60 gr. (4 Gm.). Syn., Oxytoluic 
acid; Homo salicylic acid. A., Cresylic. See 
Cresol. A., Cubebic, C 13 H l4 7 (?), a white, 
waxy mass, turning brown on exposure, ob- 
tained from cubeb berries, the unripe fruit of 
Piper cubeba, soluble in alcohol, ether, and 
alkaline solutions, and used as a diuretic. 
Dose 5-10 gr. (0.3-0.6 Gm.) in pills several 
times daily. A.,Cumic, C 10 H 12 O 2 , produced 
by the oxidation of cuminic alcohol with 
dilute HNO3. Very soluble in water and 
alcohol; crystallizes in colorless needles or 
leaflets; melts at 11 6° and boils at about 
290 . A., Cyanic, CONH, obtained by heat- 
ing polymeric cyanuric acid. A., Cyanuric. 
See A., Tricyanic. A., Diacetic, C 4 H 6 O s , 
an acid present in the urine in certain stages* 
of diabetes and other diseased conditions. 
A., Dichloracetic, CHC1 2 . C0 2 H ; produced 
when hydrated chloral is heated with CNK or 
potassium ferrocyanid and water. At ordinary 
temperature it occurs as a caustic, colorless 
liquid, but crystallizes at a low temperature. 
Sp. gr., 1.522 at 15 C; boils at i8a°-ioi 
C; soluble in water and alcohol. It is used 
as an escharotic in skin diseases. A., Diiodo- 
salicylic, C 7 H 4 I 2 3 , a white, crystalline pow- 
der, soluble in alcohol and ether, slightly solu- 
ble in water, and melting at 2 20°-230° C. 
It is antipyretic, analgesic, and antiseptic, 
and is used' in rheumatism and gout. Dose 
8-20 gr. (0.5-1.3 Gm.) 3 or 4 times daily 
in wafers; maximum dose 30 gr. (2 Gm.). A., 
Dimethylarsenic, As(CH 3 ) 2 OOH, a sub- 
stance formed by the oxidation of cacodyl, 
occurring in large, permanent prisms, odor- 
less and slightly sour. It is soluble in water 



ACID 



16 



ACID 



and alcohol and melts at 200 C. It is con- 
sidered not to be toxic, and because of its 
solubility is easily absorbed. Syn., Cacodylic 
acid. A., Dithiochlorsalicylic, SC 6 H . CI. 
OH . COOH, a reddish-yellow powder ob- 
tained by heating a mixture of salicylic acid 
and sulfur chlorid to 140 C. It is recom- 
mended as an antiseptic. A., Dithiosa- 
licylic, C l4 H 10 S 2 O 6 , obtained from salicylic 
acid and sulfur chlorid heated to 150 C, and 
existing in two modifications differing in the 
solubility of their salts. It is an antiseptic, 
analgesic, antipyretic, yellowish-gray powder, 
partly soluble in water. Its lithium and sod- 
ium salts only are used in medicine as substi- 
tutes for salicylic acid. A., Doeglic, C 19 H 36 - 
Oj, a crystalline monobasic acid obtained 
from the oil of the doegling, or bottle-nosed 
whale. A., Dracic, A., Draconic, A., Dra- 
conylic. See A., Anisic. A., Ethylenelac- 



tic, CH 2 (OH) . CH 2 



C,H fi O„ an 



acid isomeric with ethidene lactic acid or the 
lactic acid of fermentation; is obtained 
from acrylic acid by heating with aqueous 
sodium hydroxid to ioo° C. and in var- 
ious other ways. It is a thick, uncrystal- 
lizable syrup; on heating it loses water and 
is converted into acrylic acid. Syn., Hydra- 
crylic acid; ft -Oxy propionic acid; ^-Hyd- 
roxy propionic acid. A., Ethylenephenylhy- 
drazinsuccinic, C 20 H 22 N 4 O 6 , an acid obtained 
from an alcoholic solution of ethylenephenyl- 
hydrazin and succinic anhydrid by boiling. 
It occurs in acicular crystals, soluble in water. 
It is used as an antipyretic. A., Ethylidene- 
lactic, lactic acid. A., Fatty, a monobasic 
acid formed by the oxidation of a primary 
alcohol. The fatty acids have a general 
formula of C n H 2a 2 . Syn., Aliphatic acid. A., 
Fellic, C 23 H 40 O 4 , a crystalline cholic acid 
obtained by Schotten from human bile; it 
is due to admixture with this acid that cholic 
acid from human bile differs in appearance 
from that obtained from other sources. A., 
Fluoric, hydrofluoric acid in aqueous solu- 
tion; a strong escharotic. A., Formic, CH 2 2 , 
an acid obtained from a fluid emitted by ants 
when irritated; it is also found in stinging 
nettles, in shoots of the pine, and in various 
animal secretions. It is prepared by heating 
oxalic acid and glycerol. It is a colorless, 
mobile fluid, with a pungent odor ; it is a 
vesicant. A., Gallic, C 7 H 6 5 , occurs free 
in nutgalls, in tea, and in the fruit of 
various other plants. It is obtained from 
ordinary tannic acid by boiling it with dilute 
acids. It crystallizes in fine, silky needles 
containing one molecule of water. It dis- 
solves slowly in water and readily in alco- 
hol and ether; has a faintly acid, astringent 
taste; melts at near 220 . It is astringent 
and disinfectant; useful in night-sweats, dia- 
betes, and chronic diarrhea. A., Gaultheric. 
See Methyl Salicylate. A., Gluconic, C 6 H 12 - 
7 , formed by the oxidation of dextrose, cane- 
sugar, dextrin, starch, and maltose with chlor- 
in or bromin water, Most readily obtained 



from glucose. It is dextrorotatory, but does 
not reduce Fehling's solution. Melts at 200 . 
A., Glycerinophosphoric, A., Glycerin- 
phosphoric, C 3 H 9 PO e , a dibasic acid in 
combination with the fatty acids and cholm 
as lecithin in the yolk of eggs, in bile, in the 
brain, and in the nervous tissue. It is formed 
by mixing glycerol with metaphosphoric acid. 
It is a pale yellow, oily liquid, without odor, 
having a sour taste; soluble in water and 
alcohol; is used in the treatment of neuras- 
thenia, tabes, etc. Dose 1J-5 gr. (0.1-0.3 
Gm.) 3 times daily. A., Glycerinsulfuric, 
C 3 H 8 S0 6 , a monobasic body forming a series 
of salts called glycerosulfates. Syn., Sulfogly- 
ceric acid. A., Glycerosulfuric. See A., 
Glycerinsulfuric. A., Glycocholic, C 26 H 43 - 
NO e , a monobasic acid found in bile; spar- 
ingly soluble in water and crystallizing in 
minute needles. A., Glycollic, C 2 H 4 3 , 
oxyacetic acid, produced by the action of 
nascent hydrogen upon oxalic acid. It is a 
thick syrup that gradually crystallizes on 
standing over sulfuric acid; the crystals melt 
at 8o° and deliquesce in the air. It dissolves 
readily in alcohol, water, or ether. A. , Glycu- 
ronic, C 6 H 10 O 7 . This acid has been found 
in urine; it probably does not exist there 
normally, but appears after taking certain 
drugs, as benzol, indol, nitrobenzol, and 
the quinin derivatives. A., Guaiacolcar- 
bonic, A., Guaiacolcarboxylic, C 8 H 8 4 , a 
monobasic crystalline acid, melting at 150 
C. It is antiseptic and antipyretic. A., 
Gummic. See Arabin. A., Gymnemic, 
C 32 H 55 O l2 , a greenish -white, amorphous pow- 
der with a harsh acid taste, soluble in al- 
cohol and chloroform and slightly soluble 
in water and ether. It is obtained from 
the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre, and ob- 
tunds the taste for bitter or sweet things, 
but not for sour, pungent, or astringent ones. 
It is used as a mouth-wash in 12 % hydro- 
alcoholic solution before taking nauseous 
medicines. A., Helvellaic, an acid which 
destroys red blood-corpuscles, obtained by 
Bohm from juice of the mushrooms belong- 
ing to the genus Helvella. A., Helvellic, 
C l2 H 20 O 7 , an acid obtained from fresh bella- 
donna, occurring as a yellow, transparent, 
syrupy liquid of strong acid reaction. A., 
Hippuric, C 9 H 9 N0 3 , occurs in considerable 
amount in the urine of herbivorous animals, 
sometimes in that of man. It crystallizes 
in rhombic prisms, and dissolves readily 
in hot water and alcohol. Syn., Benzoyl gly- 
cocoll. A., Hydra-. See Hydrogen Acids 
under Acid. A.,Hydracrylic, C 3 H 6 3 , an acid 
isomeric with lactic acid. See A., Ethylene- 
lactic. A., Hydriodic, HI, a gaseous acid. 
Its solution {acidum hydriodicum diluium, U. S. 
P.) and a syrup prepared from it, syrupus 
acidi hydriodici (U. S. P.), are used as altera- 
tives, with the general effects of iodin. Dose 
of the syrup 1-4 dr. (4-16 Cc). A., Hydri- 
odic, Dilute, a 10 % solution of hydriodic acid 
in 90 % of water; an alterative of especial value 






ACID 



17 



ACID 



in scrofulosis of children. A., Hydro- 
bromic, HBr; the dilute acid, which is 
the chief form used, consists of 10 parts 
acid and 90 parts water. It is a solvent 
for quinin, is useful in hysteria, congestive 
headaches, and neuralgia, and is recom- 
mended as a substitute for potassium and 
sodium bromids. Dose 20 min.-2 dr. (1.3- 
8.0 Cc). A., Hydrochloric, HC1, a liquid 
consisting of 31.9% by weight of HC1 gas 
in 68.1 % of water. It is colorless, pun- 
gent and intensely acid. Syn., Muriatic 
acid. A., Hydrochloric, Dilute, a 10 % 
solution of absolute acid in water. Valu- 
able as an aid to digestion. Dose 3-10 
min. (0.19-0.65 Cc). A., Hydrocyanic, 
Aqueous, the hydrocyanic acid obtained 
by distillation, which contains a certain per- 
centage of water before removal by fractional 
distillation and desiccation. A., Hydro- 
cyanic, Dilute, HCN, a liquid consisting 
of 2 % of the acid with 98 % of water 
and alcohol. It possesses an odor like that 
of bitter almonds. Prussic acid is found in 
the bitter almond, the leaves of the peach, 
and in the cherry-laurel, from the leaves of 
which it is distilled. It is one of the most 
active poisons known, death from complete as- 
phyxia being almost instantaneous. It is valu- 
able for its sedative effects in vomiting, whoop- 
ing-cough, and spasmodic affections. Dose 
1-3 min. (0.06-0.2 Cc). 'Syn., Prussic acid. A., 
Hydrocyanic, Vapor, 1 part of dilute acid 
in 4-6 parts of water, warmed, and the 
vapor inhaled to relieve irritable coughs. A., 
Hydrofluoric, HF, a compound of hydrogen 
and fluorin; powerfully corrosive, used for 
etching on glass. A., Hydrosulfuric, H 2 S, 
a gas formed during the putrefaction of 
albuminous substances; it occurs in sulfur 
mineral waters, and is produced by the 
action of mineral acids on metallic sulfids. 
It has the odor of rotten eggs. Syn., 
Hydrogen sulfid ; Sulfureted hydrogen ; 
Sulfhydric acid. A., Hypochlorous, HCIO, 
an unstable compound, important as a dis- 
infecting and bleaching agent. A., Hypo- 
geic, A., Hypogaeic, C l6 H 30 O 2 , a monobasic 
acid found in peanut (Arachis hypogcea) oil, 
occurring as fine, colorless, stellate groups of 
needles which melt at 33 C. and solidify 
again at 28°-3o° C; soluble in alcohol and 
ether; insoluble in water. A., Hypophos- 
phorous, H 3 P0 2 ; its salts (hypophosphites), 
also the dilute acid, and a syrup prepared 
*from it, are used as remedial agents. A., 
Ichthyolsulfonic, C 28 H 3S S 3 6 , an acid pro- 
duced from Tyrolean bituminous mineral 
by the action of sulfuric acid; it is 
strongly acid and contains about 16.4% of 
sulfur. It is antiphlogistic and astringent, 
and is used in the form of its salts, chiefly 
"ichthyol," the ammonium salt. A., Ind- 
oxylsulfuric, an acid that, combined with 
potassium, occurs in the urine as indican. 
A., Inorganic, a mineral acid or one in 
which the carboxyl group CO . OH is ab- 
3 



sent. A., Iodic, HIO s , a monobasic acid. 
Its solution (2 %) has been recommended 
as an alterative by subcutaneous injection. 
A., Iodosobenzoic, C 6 H 4 . OI . COOH 2 , a 
compound analogous in action to iodoform. 
A., Isobutylcarbonic, A., Isobutylcarbox- 
ylic. See A., Valeric, Normal. A., Iso- 
butylformic, A., Isopropylacetic. See A., 
Isovaleric. A., Isovaleric, (CH 3 ) 2 . CH .- 
CH 2 . C0 2 H, an isomer of valeric acid, ob- 
tained from oil of valerian or from oxida- 
tion of amyl-alcohol; occurs as a transpar- 
ent, colorless, oily liquid with odor of valerian 
and old cheese; melts at 51 C; boils at 
1 74 C. Sp. gr., 0.9470 at o° C. Used in 
nervous affections. Maximum dose 10 drops; a 
day, 40 drops. Syn., Monohydrated valerianic 
acid; Valerianic acid; Primary pentoic acid; 
Isobutyl carboxyl; Isopropylacetic acid. A., 
Jecoleic, an acid forming one of the essen- 
tial constituents of cod-liver oil and isomeric 
with doeglic acid. A., Kombic, a compound 
obtained by Fraser in the lead precipitate 
from an aqueous solution of alcoholic ex- 
tract of strophanthin. It is freely soluble 
in water and of strongly acid reaction. A. , 
Lactic, HC 3 H 5 3 , a liquid containing 75 % of 
absolute acid in 25 % of water, produced in the 
fermentation of milk. It is useful in aid- 
ing digestion, in diabetes, in tuberculosis of 
the larynx, and as a solvent of false mem- 
brane in diphtheria. Dose \ dr.-| oz. 
(2-16 Cc.) in the 24 hours. A., Lactic, 
Diluted (B. P.), lactic acid, 3 oz., distilled 
water, sufficient to make one pint. Dose 
\-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). A., Lactolactic, ' A., 
Lactylolactic, C t H 10 O 5 , a monobasic acid 
obtained from a solution of lactic acid 
heated to 130 to 140 C. Syn., Laclyl 
lactate; Lactic anhydrid; Laclyl anhydrid. 
A., Lanoceric, C 30 H f0 O 4 , an acid result- 
ing from the saponification of lanolin; it 
melts at 104 C. A., Lanopalmitic, 
C 16 Hg 2 3> resulting from the saponification of 
lanolin. It melts at 87 . A., Leucamic. 
See Leucin. A., Levulinic, C 5 H s O a , obtained 
from levulose, cellulose, cane-sugar, etc.; a 
very hygroscopic crystalline substance, sol- 
uble in water, ether, or alcohol, and melting 
at 33-5° c - -A-., Linoleic, Ci 6 H 28 2 , occurs 
as a glycerid in drying oils, such as linseed 
oil, hemp oil, poppy oil, and nut oil. A., 
Lupamaric, the bitter acid of hops. A., 
Lysuric, C 6 H 12 (C0C e H 5 ) 2 N 2 2 , a substance 
obtained by Drechsel from lysin by action of 
benzoyl chlorid. A., Maleic, A., Maleinic, 
C 4 H 4 6 4 , obtained from malic acid by dis- 
tillation; it occurs in prisms, soluble in 
water, alcohol, and ether, melting at 130 
C, boiling at 160 C. A., Malic, C 4 H,b 5 , 
a bibasic acid, occurring free or in the form 
of salts in many plant-juices, in unripe ap- 
ples, in grapes, and in mountain-ash berries. 
It forms deliquescent crystals that dissolve 
readily in alcohol, slightly in ether, and melt 
at ioo°; it has a pleasant acid taste. A., 
Malonic, C 3 H 4 4 , occurs in the deposit found 



ACID 



18 



ACID 



in the vacuum pans employed in. beet- 
sugar manufacture; it may be obtained by 
the oxidation of malic acid with chromium 
trioxid. A. , Mandelic, C 6 H 5 . CH(OH) . C0 2 - 
H, formed from benzaldehyd by the action 
of prussic acid and HC1. A., Margaric, A., 
Margarinic, C n H 34 2 , a monobasic acid ex- 
isting in nearly all animal fats and occurring 
as a solid substance melting at about 6o° C. 
It is believed by some to be a mere mixture 
of palmitic and stearic acids. A., Marine, 
hydrochloric acid. A., Meconic, C 7 H 4 7 , a 
tribasic acid, occurring in opium in union 
with morphin. It crystallizes with 3H 2 
in white laminas. A., Mephitic, carbon 
dioxid. A., Mesotartaric, inactive tartaric 
acid obtained by heating 30 parts of tar- 
taric acid with 4 parts of water for 2 
hours to 165 C. A., Metaphosphoric, 
HP0 3 , a glassy solid, freely soluble in cold 
water, and converted by boiling into ortho- 
phosphoric acid. It is used as a test for 
albumin in the urine. A., Mineral. See 
A., Inorganic. A., Monobromacetic, C 2 H 3 - 
Br0 2 , produced by heating acetic acid with 
bromin; it is escharotic and antiseptic. Syn., 
Bromacetic acid. A., Monoiodosalicylic, C 7 - 
H 5 I0 3 , produced by boiling salicylic acid 
with iodin and alcohol. It is used in acute 
articular rheumatism. Dose 15-45 gr. (1- 
3 Gm.) a day. A., Mononitrosalicylic, 
C 6 H 3 (N0 2 )OH . C0 2 H, an acid obtained by 
action of nitric acid on indigo or on salicylic 
acid. Syn., Indigotic acid; Nitrospiroylic 
acid; Nitroanilic acid; Anilic acid. A., 
Morphoxylacetic, C 17 H 28 N0 3 . C . H 2 C0 2 H, 
a narcotic similar to morphin but weaker. 
A., Muriatic. See A., Hydrochloric. A., 
Muriatic, Dephlogisticated, A., Muri- 
atic, Oxygenated, chlorin. A., Muriatic, 
Superoxygenated, chloric acid. A., Myoc- 
tonic, an acid obtained from Palicourea 
marcgrafii,- occurring as a yellowish, oily, 
narcotic, and extremely poisonous liquid. A., 
Myronic, C 10 H 19 NS 2 O 10 , an acid that occurs 
as a potassium salt in the seeds of black 
mustard. A., /?-Naphthalinsulfonic, C 10 H 7 .- 
S0 3 H, an acid occurring in white, opalescent 
scales with generally a tinge of red; freely solu- 
ble in water and alcohol, slightly in ether. It 
is a sensitive reagent for albumin. . A., 
Naphthionic, C 10 H 6 (NH 2 ) . S0 3 H, an acid 
obtained from naphthylamin by action of 
ammonium sulfite. It is recommended as 
an antidote for nitrite poisoning; also in 
the treatment of acute iodism and in troubles 
of the bladder originating in the alkalescence 
of the urine. Dose 40-60 gr. (2.5-4.0 Gm.) 
daily. Syn., a-Naphthylaminsulfonic acid. 
A., Naphthoic, C n H 8 2 , a crystalline sub- 
stance of which 2 isomeric compounds may 
be formed by saponification of the 2 modi- 
fications of naphthonitril. A., Narcotic. 
See Narcotin. A., Nitric, HNO s , a liquid 
consisting of 68% absolute acid in 32% 
of water. The pure acid is colorless, fum- 
ing, and highly caustic. It is used in cau- 



terization of chancres and phagedenic ulcers 
and as a reagent. A., Nitric, Anhydrous, 
nitrogen pentoxid. A., Nitric, Dilute, con- 
tains 10 % absolute acid. It is used internally 
to aid digestion, to stimulate the hepatic 
function, etc. Dose 3-15 min. (0.2-1.0 Cc), 
well diluted. A., Nitric, Monohydrated, 
pure nitric acid. A., Nitro-, an acid pro- 
duced from another acid by replacing the 
hydrogen with nitryl (N0 2 ). A., Nitro- 
anilic. Same as A ., M ononitro salicylic. A., 
Nitrohydro chloric, A., Nitromuriatic, a 
golden-yellow, fuming mixture of 4 parts 
•of nitric and 15 of hydrochloric acid. It is 
a solvent of gold ; it is valuable in affec- 
tions of the liver. Dose 1-7 min. (0.06- 
0.45 Cc), very dilute. Syn., Aqua regia. 
A., Nitrohydro chloric, Dilute, consists of 
4 parts nitric acid, 18 parts hydrochloric 
acid, and 78 parts water. Dose 5-20 min. 
(0.3-1.3 Cc), well diluted. A., Nitroso- 
nitric, fuming nitric acid. A., Nitrospir- 
oylic. See A., Mononitrosalicylic. A., 
Nordhausen, brown, fuming sulfuric acid, 
first manufactured at Nordhausen. A., Nu- 
cleic, A., Nucleinic, any one of a group 
of organic acids containing C, H, O, N, and 
a large proportion of P. The nucleic 
bases are present in the nucleic acid rad- 
icles as organic compounds. The nucleic 
acids occur in nature, free or in combina- 
tion with albumins, when they are called 
primary acids. On decomposition they yield 
nucleic bases, and according to their origin 
are termed sperma-rmcleic acid, thymono- 
nucleic acid, yeast-nuc\eic acid, etc. Ac- 
cording to Kossel, there are in reality only 
4 true nucleic acids, viz., adenylic acid, 
guanylic acid, sarcylic (hypoxanthylic) acid, 
and xanthylic acid. On decomposition the 
primary acids give rise to secondary acids 
which contain more phosphorus than the 
primary acids, and may or may not give 
rise to xanthin bases on further decomposi- 
tion; according to Simon, they may be 
divided into acids of the type of plasminic 
acid and of thyminic acid respectively. A., 
Oleic, CisH^Og, an acid present in many 
fats and oils. It is a colorless oil, crystal- 
lizing on cooling, soluble in alcohol, benzol, 
and the essential oils; insoluble in water. 
It saponifies when heated with alkaline 
bases. It is used in making the oleates. 
A., Organic, an acid characterized by the 
presence of the carboxyl group, CO . OH. 
A., Orthoamidosalicylic, C 6 H 3 (NH 2 )(OH)- 
COOH, a gray, amorphous, slightly sweet, 
inodorous powder obtained by reduction of 
orthonitrosalicylic acid and insoluble in 
water, alcohol, and ether. It is employed 
in chronic rheumatism. Dose 3-7 gr. (0.25- 
0.5 Gm.). A., Orthoboric. See Boron. A., 
Orthophosphoric, H 3 P0 4 , ordinary phos- 
phoric acid, as distinguished from metaphos- 
phoric and pyrophosphoric acids. A., Os- 
mic, Os0 4 , the oxid of osmium, one of the 
rarer elements; it occurs as yellow, acrid, 



ACID 



19 



ACID 



burning crystals, yielding an intensely irrita- 
ting vapor; it has been recommended for 
hypodermatic use in sciatica, strumous glands, 
and cancer. It is used in histology as a 
fixing agent and as a stain for fat. A., 
Oxalic, C 2 H 2 4 , a colorless, crystalline solid 
obtained by treating sawdust with caustic 
soda and potash. It occurs in many plants, 
chiefly as potassium oxalate; with 2 parts 
of water it crystallizes in fine, transparent 
monoclinic prisms. It is soluble in 9 parts 
of water at moderate temperature and quite 
easily in alcohol. It has been recommended 
in amenorrhea. Dose £-§• gr. (0.03-0.05 
Gm.). In large doses it is a violent poison. 
A., Oxuric, Vauquelin's name for impure 
alloxanic acid. A., Oxybutyric. See under 
Oxybutyric. A., Oxygen, an acid which con- 
tains more oxygen than is requisite for satu- 
ration. A., Oxymuriatic. 1. Hydrochloric 
acid. 2. Chloric acid. 3. Chlorin. A., /?- 
Oxynaphthoic, C u H 8 3 , obtained from so- 
dium betanaphthol by the action of carbon 
dioxid with heat. It is a surgical antiseptic. 
Syn., j3-Naphtholcarboxylic acid; (3-Carbo- 
naphthoic acid. A., Oxypropionic, lactic 
acid. A., Palmitic, C 16 H 32 2 , an acid 
existing as a glycerol ether in palm-oil 
and in most of the solid fats. A., Para- 
fumaric. See A., Maleic. A. of Pearls, 
acid phosphate of sodium. A., Periodic, 
HI0 4 + 2H 2 0, an acid obtained from iodin 
by the action of concentrated perchloric acid. 
It is soluble in water and alcohol, slightly in 
ether, and melts at i3o°-i33° C. It is a 
powerful oxidizer. Syn., Heptaiodic acid. 
A., Phenolsulfonic. See A., Sulfocarbolic. 
A., Phenylic, phenol. A., Phenylsali- 
cylic, C 13 H 10 O 3 , a white, antiseptic powder, 
soluble in alcohol, ether, and glycerol, but 
very slowly in water; it is used as a surgical 
dressing in the same manner as iodoform. 
Syn., Orthooxydiphenylcarbolic acid ; Phenyl- 
orthooxybenzoic acid. A., Phenylsulfuric. 
See A., Sulfocarbolic. A., Phocenic. See A., 
Valeric. A., Phosphoantimonic, a yellow- 
ish, very acid substance, obtained from anti- 
monium pentachlorid by the action of con- 
centrated aqueous solution of sodium phos- 
phate. It is used as an alkaloid re- 
agent. A., Phosphoric, H 3 P0 4 , contains 
50 % each of acid and of water; it is obtained 
from bones or by oxidation of phosphorus. 
Syn., Or Iho phosphoric acid. A. , Phosphoric, 
Anhydrous, P 2 5 , obtained from phosphorus 
by complete combustion, occurring as a bulky, 
light, white, deliquescent powder, soluble in 
water. It is used as a chemic agent. A., 
Phosphoric, Dilute, contains 10% of abso- 
lute acid. It is employed in digestive dis- 
turbances, in strumous diseases, and to dis- 
solve phosphatic deposits. Dose 5-30 min. 
(0.32-2.0 Cc). A., Phosphoric, Glacial, 
A., Phosphoric, Monobasic. See A., Meta- 
phosphoric. A., Phosphorous, H 3 PO a , a di- 
basic oxyacid of phosphorus, containing one 
atom of oxygen less than phosphoric acid. 



A., Picric, C 6 H 2 (N0 2 ) 3 OH, obtained by the 
nitration of phenol. It forms pale yellow, 
shining, prismatic, laminar, or columnar 
crystals, which possess a very bitter taste. 
It is readily soluble in hot water, its solu- 
tion imparting a beautiful yellow color to silk 
and wool. It is recommended as an anti- 
periodic and anthelmintic. It is used as a 
test for albumin and sugar. Dose 5-15 gr. 
(0.32-1.0 Gm.) a day. Syn., Carbazotic acid; 
Trinitro phenol. A., Pimentic. See Eugenol. 
A. , Pipitzahoic, A. , Pipitzahoinic, C 15 H 20 O 3 , 
a purgative principle discovered by Rio de la 
Loza in species of Perezia, and also obtained 
from Trixis radiale. It is used as a mild 
drastic. Dose 3-5 gr. (0.2-0.3 Gm.). A., 
Pivalic. See A., Valeric, Tertiary. A., 
Plasminic, a secondary nucleic acid ob- 
tainable from yeast. It is soluble in water 
and precipitates albumins in acid solution. 
Its phosphoric acid radicle is capable of 
forming a true organic iron compound con- 
taining 1 % of iron. On decomposition 
with mineral acids by boiling it yields 
nucleic bases and phosphoric acid. A-, 
Polybasic, acids containing several carboxyl 
groups. A., Polychromic. See A., Aloetic. 
A., Propionic, C 3 H 6 2 , an oxidation-product 
of propylic alcohol; it is a clear, colorless 
liquid with an odor like butyric and acetic 
acids and a specific gravity of 1.013 at o° 
C; it is miscible with water and boils at 
141 C. A., Propionylsalicylic, a com- 
pound obtained from salicylic acid by action 
of anhydrous propionic acid. It is used in 
gout and rheumatism. A., Prussic. See 
A.., Hydrocyanic. A., Pyridintricarbox- 
ylic, A., Pyridintricarbonic, C 8 H 5 N0 6 , 
an oxidation-product of cinchona alkaloids; 
it is a white, crystalline powder, soluble 
in water and alcohol, and melting at 
250 C. It is antipyretic, antiseptic, and 
antiperiodic, and is used in whooping-cough, 
typhoid and intermittent fevers, etc., and 
externally as an injection in urethral inflam- 
mation. Dose 10 gr. (0.6 Gm.) 5 times 
daily. Syn., Carbocinchomeronic acid. A., 
Pyro-, an acid formed from another acid 
by action of heat. A., Pyrogallic, C 6 H 6 3 , 
pyrogallol, formed by heating gallic acid with 
water to 210 . It forms white leaflets or 
needles, is readily soluble in water, less so 
in alcohol and ether. It is useful in the 
treatment of certain skin diseases, but is 
poisonous and must be used with caution. 
A., Pyroligneous, the crude acid obtained 
in the destructive distillation of wood. It is 
a clear liquid, of reddish-brown color and 
strong acid taste, with a peculiar penetrating 
odor described as empyreumatic, due largely 
to the furfurol it contains. It contains from 
4 to 7 % of real acetic acid. A., Pyrophos- 
phoric, the dihydric phosphate, 2H 2 . P 2 O s , 
one of the forms of phosphoric acid. It is 
poisonous. Its iron salt is used in medi- 
cine. The pure acid is a soft, glassy mass. 
A.,Pyrosorbic. See A., Maleic. A.,Rheinic. 



ACID 



20 



ACID 



See A., Chry so phanic. A., Salicylacetic, A., 
Salicyloacetic, C 9 H 8 5 , a reaction-product of 
sodium salicylate in a soda solution with 
sodium monochloracetate; soluble in boiling 
water and alcohol, slightly in cold water, 
ether, chloroform, and benzene. It is anti- 
septic and used in the same manner as sali- 
cylic acid. Syn., Acetosalicylic acid; Salicyloxy- 
acetic acid; Salicylhydroxy acetic acid. A., 
Salicylic, C 7 H 6 3 , occurs in the buds of Spiraa 
ulmaria, in the oil of wintergreen, and in other 
varieties of gaultheria. It forms either a white 
crystalline powder, or white prismatic and 
acicular prisms without odor or taste. It 
is soluble in water and in chloroform, and is 
antiseptic; it is used in the treatment of acute 
articular rheumatism and myalgia. Dose 5-20 
gr. (0.3-1.3 Gm.), not exceeding 1 dr. (4 
Gm.) daily. Syn., Orthooxybenzoic acid. A., 
Salicylsulfonic, A., Salicylsulfuric. See 
A., Sulfo salicylic. A. of Salts, hydrochloric 
acid. A., Sarcolactic, C 3 H 6 3 , occurs in 
blood and in muscles, to which it gives their 
acid reaction, especially after the muscles 
have been in a state of activity. It is 
also found in urine in phosphorus-poison- 
ing. A., Sclerotinic, an acid found in 
ergot, of which it is one of the active prin- 
ciples. A. of Sea-salt, hydrochloric acid. 
A., Septic, nitric acid. A., Sphacelinic, 
an acid, regarded as the constituent of ergot, 
which causes gangrene and develops the 
cachexia of that disease. A., Stearic, C ls H 3o - 
2 , associated with palmitic and oleic acids 
as a mixed ether, in solid animal fats, the 
tallows. A., Stibious, SC1 3 , a colorless, 
transparent mass, soluble in alcohol and car- 
bon disulfate, and melting at 73. 2 C. It 
is a caustic. Syn., Antimonious oxid of anti- 
mony; Antimony trichlorid. A., Stibous, 
C 15 H l2 3 (Gmelin), a crystalline substance 
obtained from oil of bitter almonds by action 
of fuming sulfuric acid. A., Succinic, C 4 - 
H O 4 , an acid obtained in the distillation 
of amber, and also prepared artificially. A., 
Sulfanilic, C 6 H 4 (NH 2 ) . S0 3 H, obtained by 
heating anilin (1 part) with fuming H 2 S0 4 
(2 parts) to 180 until S0 2 appears. It 
crystallizes in rhombic plates which effloresce 
in the air. It is used as a reagent. A., 
Sulfazotized, a class of acids formed from 
potassium nitrite by action of sulfurous acid. 
A., Sulfocarbolic, C e H 5 HS0 4 , phenyl bisul- 
fate, formed by the union of phenol and 
sulfuric acid. Its salts, the sulfocarbolates, 
are used in medicine as intestinal antisep- 
tics, etc. A.s, Sulfonic, a class of acids of 
the general formula Rn . (S0 2 . OH) n when 
Rn is a radicle whose quantivalence is N. 
Such acids are derived from sulfuric acid by 
the substitution of a radicle for hydroxyl; or 
they may be regarded as acid sulfites derived 
from sulfurous acid, H 2 S0 3 , by the replace- 
ment of half of its hydrogen by a basic radicle. 
A., Sulfonilic. See A., Sulfanilic. A., 
Sulfophenic. See A., Sulfocarbolic. A., 
Sulfophenolic. Same as Phenolsulfonic Acid. 



A., Sulfosalicylic, C 7 H 6 SO , an acid ob- 
tained from salicylic acid by the action of 
sulfuric anhydrid, occurring as white crystals, 
soluble in water and alcohol, melting at 
120 C, and colored an intense violet-red 
by ferric chlorid. It is used as a test for 
albumin in urine. Syn., Salicylsidfonic 
acid. A.jSulfothiocarbonic. See A.,Xan- 
thogenic. A., Sulfuric, H 2 SG 4 , a heavy, 
oily, corrosive acid, consisting of not less 
than 92.5 % sulfuric anhydrid and 7.5 % of 
water. It is used as a reagent and as a 
caustic. Syn., Oil of vitriol. A., Sulfuric 
Aromatic, contains 20 % acid, diluted with 
alcohol and flavored with cinnamon and gin- 
ger. It is used as an astringent in diarrhea 
and in night-sweats; also in hemoptysis. 
Dose 5-15 min. (0.32-1.0 Cc). A., Sulfuric, 
Dilute, contains 10% strong acid to 90% of 
water. It is used as an astringent. Dose 
10-15 m i n - (0.65-1.0 Cc), well diluted. A., 
Sulfuric, Fuming, H 2 S0 4 . SO s , an oily 
liquid, fuming in the air, obtained by roast- 
ing ferrous sulfate. Syn., Nordhauscn oil of 
vitriol; Nordhausen acid. A., Sulfurous, 
H 2 S0 3 , a colorless acid containing about 6.4 % 
of sulfurous anhydrid in 93.6% of water. 
The gas, S0 2 , is a valuable disinfectant. 
The acid is used as a spray or lotion in diph- 
theria, stomatitis, and as a wash for indolent 
and syphilitic ulcers. The various hyposul- 
fites are mainly valuable in that they de- 
compose and give off sulfur dioxid. Dose 
5 min.-i dr. (0.32-4.0 Cc). A., Sulfhydric. 
See A:, Hydrosulfuric. A., Sumbulic, A., 
Sumbulolic. See A., Angelic. A., Tannic, 
C u H 10 O 9 , an astringent acid obtained from 
nutgalls, and occurring in yellowish, scaly 
crystals. It is soluble in water and alcohol. 
It is an antidote in poisoning by alkaloids 
and tartar emetic, and is used as an astrin- 
gent in catarrh of mucous membranes, and 
externally in many skin diseases. Dose 1-20 gr. 
(0.065-1.3 Gm.). Syn., Tannin. (For prepa- 
rations of Tannic Acid see respective head- 
ings.) A.,Tanningenic,A.,Tanningic. See 
Catechin. A., Tartaric, H 2 C 4 H 4 6 , an as- 
tringent acid widely distributed in the vege- 
table world, occurring principally in the juice 
of the grape, from which it deposits after 
fermentation in the form of acid potassium 
tartrate (argol). It is chiefly employed in 
refrigerant drinks and in baking-powders; 
20 grains neutralize 27 of potassium dicar- 
bonate, 22 of sodium dicarbonate, and 15 J 
of ammonium carbonate. Dose 10-30 gr. 
(0.65-2.0 Gm.). A., Tartaric, Inactive. 
See A., Mesotartaric. A., Taurocholic, 
C 26 H 45 NS0 7 , occurs in bile; it is very soluble 
in Water and alcohol and crystallizes in fine 
needles. A., Tetraboric, H 2 E 4 7 , boric acid 
heated to 160 C, forming a glassy mass. 
Syn., Pyroboric acid. A., Tetrathiodichlor- 
salicylic, (S ? ; C 6 HCl[OH]COOH) 2 , obtained 
from salicylic acid by the action of sulfuryl 
chlorid and heat; it occurs as a reddish- 
yellow powder, soluble in aqueous alkalis. 



ACID 



21 



ACINOTUBULAR 



It is antiseptic and used as a dusting-pow- 
der. A., Thiacetylenic. See A., Thio- 
acetic. A., Thio-, an acid in which sulfur 
is substituted for oxygen. A., Thioacetic, 
C 2 H 4 OS, a clear, pungent, sour liquid with 
a sulfureted hydrogen odor, obtained from 
glacial acetic acid and phosphorus penta- 
sulfid. It is used as a substitute for sul- 
fureted hydrogen in analysis. Syn., EtJiane- 
thiolic acid; Thiacetylenic acid; Thiacetic 
acid; Acetosulfuric acid. A., Thiolinic, a 
dark mass, consisting of linseed oil and sul- 
fur dioxid, used in skin diseases. Syn., Sul- 
fur ated linseed oil; Thiol in. A., Thioncar- 
bonthiol. See A., Xanthogenic. A., Thio- 
salicylic, C 7 H 6 S0 2 ,. a brownish-yellow mass 
obtained from amidobenzoic acid by the 
successive action of nitrous acid and sul- 
fureted hydrogen; a surgical antiseptic. A., 
Trichloracetic, HC 2 C1 3 2 , an acid formed 
from acetic acid, 3 atoms of the hydrogen 
of which are, in the new acid, replaced by 
chlorin. It is used as a reagent for the de- 
tection of albumin in the urine and as a 
caustic. A., Trichlorcarbolic, A., Trichlor- 
phenic. See Trichlor phenol. A., Tricyanic, 
H3C3N3O3, obtained from tricyanogen chlorid 
by boiling it with water and alkalis. It crys- 
tallizes from aqueous solution with two 
molecules of water in large rhombic prisms; 
soluble in 40 parts of cold water; easily 
soluble in hot water and in alcohol. 
Syn., Cyanuric acid. A., Trimethacetic, 
A., Trimethylacetic, A., Trimethylcar- 
bincarbonic. See A., Valeric, Tertiary. 
A., Tumenolsulfonic, a substance obtained 
from tumenol by action of fuming sulfuric 
acid; used as a dusting-powder. A.s, Ura- 
mic, a series of carbamid — CONH — com- 
pounds occurring in the urine after the 
ingestion of amido-acids. They comprise 
methylhydantoic acid, taurocarbamic acid, 
uramidobenzoic acid, and tyrosinhydantoinic 
acid or hydantoin hydroparacumaric acid. 
They are found after the ingestion of sar- 
cosin or methylglycocoll, of taurin, amido- 
benzoic acid, and tyrosin respectively. 
A., Ureous. See Xanthin. A., Uric, C-H 4 - 
N 4 3 , an acid found in the urine of all ani- 
mals, especially man and the carnivora, — 
rarely in the herbivora, — abundantly in the 
excrement of birds, reptiles, and mollusks. 
It exists usually in combination with the 
metals of the alkaline group. It is separated 
from urine by adding hydrochloric acid and 
allowing the crystals to settle. A. of Urine. 
1. Phosphoric acid. 2. Uric acid. A.,Uro- 
benzoic. See A., Hippuric. A., Valeric, 
C 5 H 10 O 2 , is formed by oxidizing normal 
amyl-alcohol. It is a mobile liquid with 
caustic acid taste and the pungent smell of 
old cheese. A., Valeric, Active. See A., 
Methylethylacetic. A., Valeric, Normal, 
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 C0 2 H, an isomer of valeric acid, 
first prepared by Lieben and Rossi from 
pentonitril (C 4 H 3 CN); it is a liquid with odor 
of normal butyric acid, boiling at 186 C, 



melting at 59 C. Sp. gr., 0.9568 at o° C; 
Syn., Pentoic acid-; Normal propylacetic acid; 
Isobutyl carbonic acid. A., Valeric, Ter- 
tiary, (CH 3 ) 3 C . C0 2 H, a fatty crystalline 
acid containing a tertiary alcohol radicle, 
discovered by Butlerow, who obtained it 
synthetically from tertiary butyl alcohol; 
melts at 35 C; boils at 163 C. Syn., Piv- 
alic acid; Trimethylacetic acid; Pseudovaleric 
acid; Trimethacetic acid; Pinalic acid; Tri- 
methylcarbincarbonic acid. A., Veratric, C 9 - 
H 10 O 4 , occurs with veratrin in sabadilla seeds; 
soluble in water and alcohol. A., Viburnic, 
ordinary valeric acid discovered in Viburnum 
opulus. A.s, Vinic, acids obtained from al- 
cohol by action of acids. A., Vitriolic, sul- 
furic acid. A., Xanthogenic, HO . CS . SH, 
an acid not existing in the free state; the 
xanthates are obtained from it. Syn., Sulfo- 
thiocarbonic acid; Thioncarbonthiol acid. A.s, 
Xanthoproteic, nitrogenous substances ob- 
tained from solutions of proteids by action 
of nitric acid. A., Xanthylic, a primary nu- 
cleic acid yielding xanthin on decomposition. 
A., Yeast-nucleic, C 40 H 59 N 16 O 22 . 2P 2 5 , a 
primary nucleic acid occurring in yeast; it 
contains a carbohydrate group, as Kossel was 
able to obtain from it a hexose and a pentose. 

Acidalbumin (as-id-al-bu'-min). A proteid 
acted upon or dissolved in the stronger acids, 
and yielding an acid reaction. 

Acidifiable (as-id-i-fi'-a-bl) [acidum, acid; fieri, 
to become]. Capable of becoming an acid 
or of becoming sour. 

Acidifiant (as -id -if -i- ant) [see Acidifiable']. 
Acid-forming. 

Acidification (as-id' -if-ik-a-shun) [acidum, acid; 
facere, to make]. Conversion into an acid; 
the process of becoming sour. 

Acidimeter (as-id-im'-et-er) [acidum, acid; 
jdzpov, a measure]. An instrument for per- 
forming acidimetry. 

Acidimetry (as-id-im' -et-re) [see Acidimeter]. 
Determination of the free acid in a solution 
by an acidimeter or by chemic reactions. 

Acidity (as-id' -it-c) [acidum, acid]. The quality 
of being acid; sourness; excess of acid. 

Acidophil, Acidophile (as-id' -o-fil) [acidum, 
acid; (p'cloc, loving]. 1. Susceptible of im- 
bibing acid stains. 2. A substance having 
an affinity for acid stains. 

Acidosis (a s -id -0' -sis) [aqidum, acid]. Acid con- 
ditions producing the comatogenous states of 
diabetes. 

Acidoxyl (as-id -oks'-il). A compound of an 
acidyl or acid radicle with oxygen. 

Acidulated (as-id' -u-la-ted) [acidulare, to make 
sour]. Somewhat sour or acid. 

Acidulous (as-id' -u-lus) [zee Acidulated]. Mod- 
erately sour. 

Acidum (as' -id-um) [L.]. See Acid. 

Acinesia (as-in-e'-ze-ah). See Akinesia. 

Acinetic (as-in-et'-ik). See Akinetic. 

Aciniform (as-in'-if-orm) [acinus, a grape]. 
Grape-like. 

Acinose (as'-in-oz). See Acinous. 

Acinotubular (as-in-o-tu! -bu-lar) [acinus, a 



ACINOUS 



22 



ACNE 



grape; tubulus, a tube]. Applied to a gland 
or other structure having tubular acini or 
secreting sacs. 

Acinous {as'-in-us) [acinus, a grape], i. Re- 
lating to an acinus or having acini. 2. Re- 
sembling a grape or a cluster of grapes; 
composed of granular concretions. 

Acinus {as'-in-us) [acinus, a grape; pi., acini]. 
Any one of the smallest lobules of a com- 
pound gland, as an acinus of the liver. 

Acleidian (ah-kli' -de-an) [a, priv.; /ole/c, the 
collar-bone]. Without clavicles. 

Acme iak'-me) [clk/it), a point]. The highest 
point of anything. The critical stage of a 
disease; the crisis. 

Acmon {ak'-mon) [aKjxcov, an anvil]. The incus. 

Acne (ak'-ne) [anvq, a point]. A common, usually 
chronic, inflammatory disease of the sebaceous 
glands, occurring mostly about the face, chest, 
and back. The lesions may be papular, pus- 
tular, or tubercular. It occurs usually between 
the ages of puberty and 24 years, is generally 
worse in winter, and is associated with men- 
strual and gastrointestinal troubles. The in- 
dividual lesions consist of minute pink, acu- 
minate papules or pimples, in the center of 
which is a black-topped comedo (^4. punctata, 
A . papulosa) . Sy n., A cne varus; A cne vulgaris; 
Whelk; Stone pock; Acne boutonneuse ; Acne 
eruptive. A., Adenoid. See Lupus, Dis- 
seminated Follicular. A. adolescentium. 
Synonym of A. vulgaris. A. albida. Syn- 
onym of Milium. A., Arthritic, a form 
common in adults, especially in women at 
the climacteric, and thought to be connected 
with the arthritic diathesis. A. artificialis, 
that form that disappears when the cause 
is removed. A. atrophica. Synonym of A. 
varioliformis. A., Bromin. See A. coag- 
minata. A. cachecticorum, a form occur- 
ring in debilitated, cachectic persons after 
prolonged wasting diseases, as phthisis. The 
eruption occurs usually on the trunk or legs, 
and is characterized by flat, dull-red papules 
and pustules of the size of a pin-head to that 
of a lentil. A. cheloidienne. See Dermatitis 
papillaris capillitii. A., Chlorin, a form 
occurring among men engaged in manufac- 
turing hydrochloric acid. The skin of the 
face is pigmented, comedones and pustules of 
varying size are thickly scattered over the face, 
brow, scalp, neck, back, upper thorax, geni- 
tals, and inner surface of the thighs. Ather- 
omas and curious cornifications resembling 
those of Darier's disease are present on the 
scalp. A. ciliaris, acne at the edges of the 
eyelids. A. coagminata, a form in which 
the lesions occur in clusters. The name is 
generally applied to the acne due to the 
internal use of bromin or its compounds; 
the groups of closely aggregated pustules 
form thick patches covered with scabs of 
dried pus, presenting beneath a dusky red 
and often moist surface. A., Concrete. 
See Seborrhea sicca. A., Congestive. See 
A. rosacea. A. contagiosa, an inoculable 
pustular disease of horses, said to differ from 



horse-pox. A. cornea, a form character- 
ized by hard, conic, discolored outgrowths, 
grouped or solitary, and consisting of hard 
plugs of sebaceous matter projecting from 
the follicles. Syn., Ichthyosis Jollicularis. 
A. decalvans, an inflammatory disease of the 
hair-follicles attended with destruction of the 
hairs and atrophy or cicatrization of the 
skin. A. disseminata. Synonym of A. 
vulgaris. A., Elephantiasic. Same as A. 
hypertrophica. A. erythematosa. Synonym 
of A. rosacea. A., Fluent. See Seborrhcea 
oleosa. A. frontalis. Synonym of A . vario- 
liformis. A. generalis, acne that has be- 
come general over the surface of the body. 
A. granulosa. See A. cachecticorum. A. 
hordeolans, A. hordeolaris, a form with 
the pustules arranged in linear groups. A. 
hypertrophica, a stage of acne rosacea in 
which there is a permanent, intensely red, 
noninflammatory, nodulated thickening of the 
tips and sides of the nose, expanding it both 
laterally and longitudinally. A. indurata, a 
variety of acne vulgaris characterized by 
chronic, livid indurations, the result of ex- 
tensive perifollicular infiltration. It is espe- 
cially seen in strumous subjects. A. kera- 
tosa, a rare form in which a horny plug 
takes the place of the comedo, and by its 
presence excites inflammation. A. luposa. 
See A. telangiectodes. A. medicamentosa, 
acne due to the internal administration of 
certain drugs — as iodin, bromin, etc. A. 
mentagra. See Sycosis. A. miliaris. 1. 
Milium. 2. A pustular variety of acne 
rosacea. A., Miliary Arthritic. See A. 
cachecticorum. A., Miliary Scrofulous, a 
variety of the disease usually occurring on 
the forehead; the pustules are small, dis- 
crete, or confluent, and often arranged in 
geometric figures. A. molluscoidea, A. 
molluscum. See Molluscum contagiosum. 
A. necrotica. Synonym of A. varioliformis. 
A. papulosa. See Acne. A., Penicilli- 
form. See Tinea asbestina. A. picealis, a 
form of dermatitis common in fiber -dressers 
who work with paraffin and in persons other- 
wise brought in contact with tar or its vapor. 
It involves chiefly the extensor surfaces of 
the limbs. Syn., Tar acne. A., Pilous, a 
variety in which the pustules involve the hair- 
bulbs. A., Pilous, Umbilicated, a variety in 
which each pustule is umbilicated and pierced 
by a hair. A. punctata, a variety of acne 
vulgaris. A. punctata albida. See Milium. 
A. pustulosa, a variety of acne vulgaris 
characterized by abscesses. A. rhinophyma. 
Same as A. hypertrophica. A. rodens. 
Synonym of A. varioliformis. A. rosacea, 
a chronic hyperemic or inflammatory affec- 
tion of the skin, situated usually upon the 
face, especially the nose, cheeks, forehead, 
and chin. Syn., Rosacea; Telangiectasis faciei; 
Ncevus araneus ; Brandy nose ; Whisky nose ; 
Spider nevus; Spider cancer. A. rosacea 
congestiva. See A. hypertrophica. A. scrof- 
ulosa, a variety of acne cachecticorum, oc- 



ACNEMOUS 



23 



ACONITUM 



curring in strumous children. A. sebacea. 
Synonym of Seborrhea. A. sebacea cornea. 
See Darier's Disease. A. sebacea mollus- 
cum. See Atheroma. A., Sebaceous, 
Crusty. See Seborrhcea sicca. A., Seba- 
ceous, Dry, A. sebacea exsiccata. See 
Xeroderma. A., Sebaceous, Fluent. See 
Seborrhcea oleosa. A. simplex, a variety 
of acne vulgaris. A. Solaris, a form due 
to exposure to the sun, marked by red 
papules that seldom suppurate, occurring 
on the nose, lower eyelids, and cheeks. 
A. sycosiformis. Same as Sycosis non- 
par asitica. A., Syphilitic, A. syphil- 
itica, a form with inflammation in the 
follicles, appearing in scattered, pointed 
pustules with copper-colored base. Syn., 
Acneiform syphiloderm. A. tarsi, an inflam- 
matory affection of the large sebaceous glands 
of the eyelashes (meibomian glands). A. 
telangiectodes, A. teleangeiectodes, Ka- 
posi's name for a nonpustular disease hav- 
ing its origin in the hair -follicles and pre- 
senting smooth, shining, circumscribed, hemi- 
spheric nodules, pale-pink to brownish-red in 
color, from a pinhead to a cherry-stone in 
size. Epithelial cyst formation and degenera- 
tion of the hair-follicle attend it. Syn., Dis- 
seminated follicular lupus simulating acne ; 
Acne luposa; Lupus miliaris ; Lupus folli- 
cularis acneiformis ; Acute disseminated nod- 
ular tuberculous lupus. A. tuberata, A. 
tuberculosa. See A. indurata. A., Tuber- 
culoid, A., Tuberculous, Umbilicated, A. 
umbilicata. See Molluscum contagiosum. 
A., Varicose, a form characterized by 
dilated superficial capillaries. A. vario- 
liformis, a somewhat rare disease, situated 
chiefly about the forehead, at the junction 
with the hairy scalp, and extending into the 
hair. The pustules appear in groups. Its eti- 
ology is unknown. A. vulgaris. See Acne. 

Acnemous (ak'-ne-mus) [a, priv.; kvtjjxt}, leg]. 
Having imperfect calves; having no legs. 

Acocanthera (ak-o-kan-the' -ra) [aKcofd), a point; 
avdypoc, blooming]. A genus of plants of 
the order Apocynacece. A. abyssinica yields 
an African arrow-poison, mshangu, secured 
from a decoction of the branches, the toxic 
property being due to a crystalline glucosid, 
C 29 H 46 3 . A. defter sii and A. schimperi are 
used as arrow-poisons in Africa. The poison- 
ous principles are crystalline glucosids. A. 
venenata is a species indigenous to southern 
Africa; a decoction of the bark is used by 
the natives to poison arrows. The poisonous 
principle is a glucosid, acocantherin, similar 
to or identical with ouabain. 

Acoin (ak'-o-in). Hydrochlorate of diparaany- 
silmonoparaphenetylguanidin, a white powder, 
used in infiltration anesthesia by Schleich's 
method in a i: iooo solution of 0.8% solution 
of sodium chlorid; also in 1 % aqueous solu- 
tion in ophthalmology. 

Aconite (ak'-on-it). See Aconitum. 

Aconitic Acid (ak - on - it' - ik) . See Acid, 
Aconitic. 



Aconitin {ak - on' - it - in), C 33 H 45 N0 12 , aconiiina 
(U. S. P.). An intensely poisonous alkaloid 
from Aconitum napellus and other species; it 
occurs as white, flat crystals of slightly bitter 
taste. Dose ^<j gr. (0.0003 Gm.). Syn., 
Aconiticum; Aconitinum. A., Amorphous, a 
mixture of several bases found in the bulbs of 
Aconitum napellus. Its principal constit- 
uents are aconitin and picroaconitin. It is 
15 or 20 times less poisonous than pure 
crystallized aconitin. A., British, C 2t H 49 - 
N0 12 (Wright), the alkaloid prepared by 
Morson from Aconitum ferox. It is a 
yellowish-white, crystalline powder. Dose 
yio" g r - (0.0002 Gm.). Also called English 
aconitin; A cr aconitin ; Morson' s napellin 
or pure aconitin ; Hubschmann's pseudacon- 
itin; Fliickiger's nepalin. A., Duquesnel's. 
See A. Nitrate. A. Hydrobromate, C^H^- 
N0 12 HBr+2^H 2 (Jurgens), from crystal- 
line aconitin, occurring as small white tab- 
lets, soluble in water and alcohol. Dose the 
same as the crystalline alkaloid. A. Hydro- 
chlorate, C 33 H 43 N0 12 HC1+3H 2 (Jurgens), 
a white, crystalline powder from crystalline 
aconitin, soluble in water and alcohol. Dose 
about the same as the alkaloid. Syn., Acon- 
itin chlorhydrate; Aconitin hydrochlorite. A. 
Nitrate, C^H^NO^HNOg, fine white prisms 
or rhombic crystals; it is highly poisonous 
and is used in neuralgia and rheumatism. 
Dose about the same as the alkaloid. Syn., 
Duquesnel's aconitin. A. Phosphate, a salt 
of aconitin. It occurs as a white, crystalline 
powder or as a yellowish-white, amorphous 
powder. A. Salicylate, a salt of aconitin 
occurring as a white, crystalline powder or 
as a yellowish-white, amorphous powder. A. 
Sulfate, (C S3 H 43 N0 12 ) 2 H 2 S0 4 , a salt of acon- 
itin occurring as a crystalline powder, in 
glass-like lumps, or as a yellowish-white, 
amorphous powder. 

Aconitina (ak-on-it-i'-nah). 1. See Aconitin. 2. 
An impure aconitin, or combination of princi- 
ples obtained from the root of Aconitum napel- 
lus, as prepared by Morson. Its salts do not 
crystallize, but form gum-like masses. 

Aconitum (ak-on-i' -turn) [L.]. The root of 
Aconitum napellus. It possesses a bitter, pun- 
gent taste, and produces numbness and per- 
sistent tingling in the tongue and lips. It 
is very poisonous. It depresses the heart, 
respiration, circulation, and paralyzes the sen- 
sory nerves. It is antipyretic, diaphoretic, 
and diuretic. The active principle is aconi- 
tin. As a diaphoretic and depressant to the 
circulation it is highly beneficial in fevers, 
acute throat affections, and inflammation of 
the respiratory organs. Dose §-2 gr. (0.03- 
0.13 Gm.). Aconiti, Abstractum, has double 
the strength of the powdered drug or its fluid- 
extract. Dose {-1 gr. (0.016-0.065 Gm.). 
Aconiti, Extractum. Dose %-\ gr. (o.on- 
0.022 Gm.). Aconiti, Fluidextractum (U. S. 
P.), has a strength of 1 drop to the grain of the 
powdered drug. Dose \-i min. (0.03-0.13 
Cc). Aconiti, Linimentum (B. P.), aconite 



ACOPROUS 



24 



ACROMASTITIS 



root, camphor, and rectified spirit. Aconiti, 
Oleatum, a 2 % solution of aconite in oleic 
acid. . Aconiti, Tinctura (U. S. P.), contains 
aconite 35, alcohol and water each sufficient 
to make 100 parts. Dose \-\ min. (0.03-0.26 
Cc). Aconiti, Unguentum (B. P.), 8 grains 
to the ounce. 

Acoprous (ah-kop'-rus). Characterized by the 
absence of excrement in the bowels. 

Acorea (ah-ko-re' -ah) [d, priv.; Kop-q, pupil]. 
Absence of the pupil. 

Acoria (ah-ko'-re-ah) [a, priv.; Kopoc, satisfac- 
tion]. 1. A greedy or insatiable appetite. 2. 
Temperance in eating. 3. A nervous affec- 
tion of the stomach characterized by a sense 
of fulness. 

Acormus (ah-kor' -mus) [d, priv.; Kopp.dc, the 
trunk]. A monster without a trunk or body. 

Acorus (ak'-o-rus). See Calamus. 

Acosmia (ah-koz'-me-ah) [d, priv. ; Koopog, 
order]. 1. Poor health. 2. An irregularity 
in the course of a disease. 3. Ataxia. 4. 
Baldness. 5. Any deformity giving rise to 
irregularity of the features. Syn., Acosmy. 

Acoumeter, Acouometer {ah-koo'-met-er, ah- 
koo-om' -et-er) [aKooecv, to hear ; perpov, a 
measure]. 1. An instrument for measuring 
the acuteness of hearing. 2. An instrument 
arranged to give a typical sound of a vowel, 
which may be used as a standard to which 
other sounds may be referred. 

Acoumetric, Acoumometric (ah-koo-mef - 
rik, ah-koo-mo-met' -rik) . Pertaining to the 
auditory sense or to the power of estimating 
the relative distance of sounds. Syn., Acus- 
metricus; Acusmometricus. 

Acouphone (ah' -koo-}on) [aKouetv, to hear; 
(frcovr], sound]. A mechanism to aid defective 
hearing. 

Acousia (ah-koo' -se-ah) {anooo'ca, constraint]. 
1. Involuntary action. 2. The faculty of 
hearing; audition. 

Acousmetric (ah-koos-met'-rik) See Acoumetric. 

Acoustic (ah-koos 1 '-tik or a-kows' '-tik) [aKouo- 
tckoc]. Relating to the ear or sense of hear- 
ing. A. Duct, the external meatus of the 
ear. A. Nerve, the eighth cranial nerve. 
A. Tetanus, the rapidity of the induction 
shocks in a frog's nerve-muscle preparation, 
as measured by the pitch of a vibrating rod. 
A. Tubercle, a rounded elevation on either 
side of the floor of the fourth ventricle. 

Acousticon (ah-koos' -tik-on) . An ear-trumpet. 

Acoustics (ah-koos' -tiks or a-kows' -tiks) [duouo- 
tckoc]. The science of sound. 

Acquired (ak-wi'-erd) [acquirere, to acquire]. 
Obtained; especially obtained after birth; 
not inherited. 

Acraconitin. See P seudaconitin. 

Acrania (ah-kra'-ne-ah) [a, priv.; Kpavlov, skull]. 
The condition of a monster with partial or 
complete absence of the cranium. 

Acranial (ah-kra' -ne-al) [a, priv.; Kpavcov, 
skull]. Without the cranium. 

Acraturesis (ah-krat-u-re' -sis) [aKpaxtta, lack 
of strength; oup-qacc, micturition]. Inability 
to micturate from atonv of the bladder. 



Acrid (ak'rid) [acer, sharp] . Pungent; irritating. 

Acridin (ak'-rid-in) [acrid], C 13 H-qN. A sub- 
stance produced by heating anilin and 
salicylic aldehyd to 260 with ZnCl 2 . It dis- 
solves in dilute acids with a beautiful green 
fluorescence, and has a very pungent odor. 

Acritical (ah-krif -ik-al) [a, priv.; Kp'cocc, a 
crisis]. Without a crisis; not relating to a crisis. 

Acroaesthesia (ak-ro-es-the' -ze-ah) . See Acroes- 
thesia. 

Acroanesthesia (ak-ro-an-es-the' -ze-ah) [aKpov, 
extremity; dvacadrjoca, want of feeling]. 

. Anesthesia of the extremities. 

Acroasphyxia (ak-ro-as-fiks'-e-ah) [aKpov, ex- 
tremity; d, priv.; ocj)6^cc, pulse]. Asphyxia 
of the extremities, the socalled phenomenon 
of Raynaud. 

Acroblast (ak'-ro-blast) [aKpov, extremity; 
pXaoxoc, a germ]. Kollmann's term for that 
part of the germinal membrane of the embryo 
which gives rise to blood-vessels filled with 
blood and probably connective tissue. 

Acrocephalia (ak-ro-se)-a' -le-ah) [aKpov, the 
summit; Ke^aki}, the head]. A deformity of 
the head in which the vertical diameter is 
increased and the top is more or less pointed. 

Acrocephalic, Acrocephalous (ak-ro-sej'-al-ik, 
ak-ro-sef -al-us) [see Acrocephalia]. Charac- 
terized by acrocephalia; having the top of 
the head unusually high. 

Acrocinesis (ak-ro-si-ne'-sis). See Acrokinesis. 

Acrocinetic (ak-ro-si-nel'-ik). See Acrokinetic. 

Acrocyanosis (ak-ro-si-an-o'-sis) [aKpov, ex- 
tremity; Kuavoc, blue]. Blueness of the ex- 
tremities due to vasomotor disturbance. 

Acrodynia, Acrodyny (ak-ro-din'-e-ah, ak'-ro- 
din-e) [aKpov, extremity; odovq, pain]. 1. 
Epidemic erythema; a disease closely allied 
to pellagra. It is characterized principally 
by pricking pains in the palm and soles, 
hyperesthesia followed by anesthesia of these 
parts, and an erythematous eruption, pre- 
ceded by bullas, chiefly on the hands and 
feet. This is followed by exfoliation and 
dark-brown or black pigmentation. Syn., 
Pedionalgia epidemica; Erythema epidemicum. 
2. Clarus' term for a rheumatic disorder of 
the nerves. 

Acroesthesia (ak-ro-es-the' -ze-ah) [anpoc, ex- 
treme; a'codrjocc, sensation]. Exaggerated 
sensitiveness or sensibility. 

Acrokinesis (ak-ro-kin-e'-sis) [aKpoc, extreme; 
Kcvqocc, movement] . Excessive motility; ab- 
normal freedom of movement, as seen in 
certain cases of hysteria. 

Acrokinetic (ak-ro-kin-et'-ik) [see Acrokinesis]. 
Characterized by acrokinesis. 

Acrolein (ak-ro'-le-in) [acer, sharp; oleum, oil], 
C 3 H 4 0. Acrylic aldehyd. A colorless, mobile 
liquid, of pungent odor, derived from the 
decomposition of glycerol. 

Acromania (ak-ro-ma' -ne-ah) [aKpog, extreme; 
pav'ca, madness]. Incurable or extreme in- 
sanity. 

Acromastitis (ak-ro-mas-li'-tis) [anpoc, ex- 
treme; paoroc, nipple; itcc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the nipple. 



ACROMIAL 



25 



ACTINOMYCES 



Acromial (ak-ro'-me-al) [axpoe, the summit; 
(LijLOf , the shoulder]. Relating to the acromion. 

Acromioclavicular (ak-ro-me-o-kla-vik' -u-lar) 
[acromion; clavicle]. Relating to the acromion 
and the clavicle. 

Acromiohumeral (ak -ro -me -o - hu' -mer-aV) 
[acromion; humerus). Relating to the acromion 
and the humerus. A. Muscle, the deltoid. 

Acromion (ak-ro' -me-on) [aKpof, the summit; 
wtwf, the shoulder]. The triangular-shaped 
process at the summit of the scapula. 

Acromiothoracic (ak-ro-me-o-tho-ras'-ik) [acro- 
mion; dcopa^, thorax]. Relating to the 
shoulder and thorax. 

Acromphalus (ak-rom' -fal-us) [axpov, point; 
6p.<f>aX6g, the navel], i. The center of the 
umbilicus, to which the cord is attached. 
2. The first stage of umbilical hernia, marked 
by a pouting of the navel. 3. The remains 
of the umbilical cord attached to the child. 

Acromyle (ak-rom' -il-e) [anpov, point; pbXr,, 
patella]. The patella. 

Acronarcotic (ak-ro-nar-kot'-ik) [acer, sharp; 
narcotic]. 1. Both acrid and narcotic. 2. 
An agent which combines an irritating and 
obtunding effect; acting either directly upon 
the peripheral nerves when applied exter- 
nally, or upon the brain and spinal cord, 
producing paralysis, convulsions, and nar- 
cosis. 

Acroneurosis {ak-ro-nu-ro 1 'sis) [axpov, extrem- 
ity; veupov, a nerve]. Any neurosis manifest- 
ing itself in the extremities. 

Acronychous (ak-ron'-ik-us) [ciKpovoyoc]. Fur- 
nished with claws, nails, or hoofs; achro- 
nychous. 

Acronyx (ak'-ro-niks) [fixpov, extremity; ovu£, 
a nail]. Ingrowing of the nail. 

Acroparalysis (ak-ro-par-aV -is-is) [anpov, ex- 
tremity; TiapaXuocc, palsy]. Paralysis of the 
extremities. 

Acroparesthesia (ak -ro - par - es - the' - ze - ah) 
[anpov, extremity; napot, around; a'codrjocc;, 
sensation]. Abnormal or perverted sensation 
in the extremities. 

Acropathology (ak-ro-path-ol'-o-je) [anpov, ex- 
tremity; rcaOoc, disease; koyoc, treatise]. 
The pathology of the extremities. 

Acropathy (ak-ro p' -a-the) [dupov, extremity; 
nadoc, disease]. Any disease of the extremities. 

Acrophobia (ak-ro-fo'-be-ah) [dupov, a height; 
<f>6floc, fear]. Morbid dread of being at a 
great height. 

Acrose (ak'-roz). A substance isolated from 
the condensation-products of glycerose (an 
oxidation-product of glycerol) and formalde- 
hyd, and forming the starting-point for the 
synthesis of fruit-sugar, grape-sugar, and 
mannose. 

Acrostichum (ak-ros'-tik-um) [dxpov, a point; 
a ~' c X°C, a line of writing]. A genus of ferns 
of the order Polypodiacece. A. aureum, 
a tropical species; the rhizome is used in 
decoction for dysentery and disease of 
the spleen. A salt prepared from the leaves 
is applied to ulcers. A. dichotomum, an 
Arabian species [medjabese or mejahoese]; the 



leaves are applied to burns. A. flavens, a 
South American species, used as a laxative. 
A. furcatum, an Australian species having edi- 
ble rhizomes. A. huacsaro, a Peruvian spe- 
cies. It is said to be sudorific and anthel- 
mintic. A. sorbifoliutn, a West Indian species. 
The juice is mixed with oil, ginger, and pepper, 
and used as a cataplasm in sick headache. 

Acrotarsium (ak-ro-tar' -se-um) [anpov, the sum- 
mit; rapaoc, the tarsus]. The instep. 

Acroteric (ak-ro-ter'-ik) [aKpajx^pca, the ex- 
tremities]. Relating to the extremities; ap- 
plied to conditions in which the extremities 
are most affected. 

Acrotic (ah-krot'-ik) [a, priv.; Kpo-og, a stak- 
ing]. Relating to acrotism. 

Acrotism (ah'-krot-izm) [see Acrotic], Any de- 
fective beating of the pulse; failure of the pulse. 

Acrylaldehyd (ak-ril-aV -de-hid). See Acrolein. 

Aetata (ak-te'-ah) [ami}, the elder]. A genus 
of ranunculaceous plants having active medi- 
cinal qualities. A. alba, the white cohosh, 
has much the same qualities as A. spicata. 
A. cimicifuga and A. racemosa are more im- 
portant. See Cimicijuga. A. rubra, red co- 
hosh, and A. spicata are purgative and 
emetic. 

Actinic (ak-tin'-ik) [anzee, a ray]. Referring 
to those rays of the spectrum capable of 
producing chemic changes; they occur in 
the violet and ultraviolet parts. 

Actinism (ak'-lin-izm) [see Actinic]. The 
chemic quality of light. 

Actinium (ak-tin'-e-um) [see Actinic]. A sup- 
posed element discovered by Phipson in 
1881 in association with zinc. It is metallic 
and is said to resemble titanium. 

Actinobolia (ak-iin-o-ho' -le-ah) [anTtvofioXiiv, 
to radiate]. 1. A term formerly used to 
express the process by which the impulses 
of the will are conveyed to the different parts 
of the body. 2. Van Helmont's term for the 
phenomena now included under hypnotism. 

Actinocerate, Actinocerous (ak-tin-os'-er-dt, 
-us) [a/v-Wo, a ray; Kepof, a horn]. Having 
horn-like processes radiately arranged. 

Actinochemistry (ak-lin-o-kem'-is-tre) [d/cric, a 
ray; yqjisca, chemistry]. Chemistry which 
deals with the decomposition of substances 
by light. 

Actinodermatitis (ak - tin - - der -mat - i' - tis) 
[auric, a ray; dermatitis]. Cutaneous lesions 
produced by application of the rbntgen-rays. 
Syn., Radiodermatitis. 

Actinogram (ak-tin' -o-gram) [duxes, a ray; 
■fpafetv, to write]. The record made by the 
actinograph. 

Actinograph (ak-tin' -o-graf). An apparatus to 
measure the actinism of sunlight. 

Actinomyces (ak-tin-om' -i-sez) [aKztf. a ray; 
fiUKfjc, a fungus ; pi., actinomycetcs]. A vege- 
table parasite, the cause of the disease actino- 
mycosis. It is also called the ray-jungus. It 
probably belongs to the cladothlix group of 
schizomycetes. As seen in tissues it presents 
itself in the form of a roset of fine fila- 
ments clubbed at their outer ends; in the 



ACTINOMYCOSIS 



26 



ADAMRIEWICZ'S REACTION 



center are numerous coccus-like bodies, the 
spores of the organism. 




Actinomyces. 

Actinomycosis (ak-tin-o-mi-ko'-sis) [duref, a 
ray; juu/«jf, a fungus]. A parasitic, infec- 
tious, inoculable disease, first observed in 
cattle, and also occurring in man, and char- 
acterized by the manifestations of chronic 
inflammation, with or without suppuration, 
often resulting in the formation of granula- 
tion tumors, especially about the jaws. The 
disease is due to the presence of a parasite, 
the ray-fungus, or actinomyces. Syn., Lumpy- 
jaw; Holdfast; Wooden tongue. 

Actinomycotic (ak-tin-o-mi-kof -ik) [see Acti- 
nomycosis']. Pertaining to or affected with 
actinomycosis. 

Actinotherapy (ak-tin-o-ther' '-ap-e) [dxr/c, a 
ray; departs ta, therapy]. The therapeutic use 
of actinic rays. 

Action (ak'-shun) [agere, to do or perform]. 
A doing; a working; especially the perform- 
ance of a function. A., After-, the brief 
persistence of negative variation of the elec- 
tric current in a tetanized muscle. A.s, 
Animal, voluntary movements. A. of Ar- 
rest. See Inhibition. A., Automatic. See 
A., Reflex. A., Capillary. See Attraction, 
Capillary. A., Diastaltic. See A., Reflex. 
A., Electrocapillary, electric phenomena 
resulting from chemic reaction between 
dissimilar fluids connected by a capillary 
medium. A., Inhibitory. See Inhibition. 
A., Katalytic, A., Contact. See Katalysis. 
A., Local, the production of currents be- 
tween different parts of the same cell of a 
galvanic battery. A.s, Natural, the vegeta- 
tive functions. A.s, Pseudomotor, Heid- 
enhain's term for phenomena resulting from 
stimulation of the chorda tympani after 
section of the hypoglossal nerve; movements 
due to vascular or lymphatic engorgement. 
A., Reflex, an involuntary movement of part 
of the body resulting from an impression 
carried by a sensory or afferent nerve to 
a center, and then sent back by an efferent 
nerve to the part, usually at or near the 
source of irritation. A., Safety-valve, the in- 
complete closure of the tricuspid valve, espe- 
cially in cases of resistance in the pulmonary 
circulation. A., Sexual, functioning of the 
generative apparatus. A.S, Vital, those es- 



sential to the continuance of vitality, as of 
the heart and lungs. 
Active (ak'-tiv) [see Action], i. Energetic; 
decisive; as, active treatment. 2. Due to an 
intrinsic force as distinguished from passive — 
e. g., active hyperemia. 
Actol (ak'-tol). The commercial name for 

silver lactate. 
Actual (ak'-chu-al) [agere, to do or perform]. 

Real; effective. A. Cautery. See Cautery. 
Actuation (ak-chu-a' '-shun) [see Actual]. The 
mental function that is exercised be- 
tween the impulse of volition and its per- 
formance. 
Acuclosure (ak-u-klo' -zhur) [acus, a needle; 
claudere, to close]. A method of arresting 
hemorrhage by the aid of a needle which 
holds the artery closed for a day. It em- 
braces acupressure and acutorsion. 
Acuition (ak-u-ish' -un) [acuere, to sharpen]. 
Increased effect of a drug's action by the 
addition of another drug. 
Acuity (ak-u'-it-e) [see Acuition]. Acuteness or 

clearness, as acuity of vision. 
Acumeter {ak-u' -met-er) . See Acoumeter. 
Acuminate {ak-u' -min-at) [acuminatus, pointed; 

acute]. Sharp-pointed. 
Acupressure (ak' -u-presh-ur) [acus, a needle; 
pressura, pressure]. An operation to stop 
hemorrhage by compressing the artery with a 
needle inserted into the tissues upon either 
side. 
Acupuncture (ak' -u-punk-chur) [acus, a needle; 
pungere, to prick]. Puncture of the skin or 
tissue by one or more needles for the relief 
of pain, the exit of "fluid, the coagulation of 
blood in an aneurysm, etc. 
Acusia (ah-koo'-ze-ah). See Acousia (2). 
Acute (ak-uf) [acutus, sharp]. Sharp; sharp- 
pointed; keen; of diseases, having a rapid 
onset, a short course, and pronounced symp- 
toms and termination. 
Acuteness (ak-uf -nes). The quality of being 

acute. 
Acuticostal (ak-ut-i-kos' -tat) [acutus, sharp; 

costa, a rib]. Having projecting ribs. 
AcUtorsion (ak-u-tor' -shun) [acus, a needle; 
torsion]. The twisting of an artery with a 
needle as a means of controlling hemorrhage. 
Acyclia (ah-sik' -le-ah) [a, priv. ; nunXe'cv, to 
circulate]. An arrest of the circulation of 
body-fluids. 
Acyesis (ah-si-e' -sis) [a, priv.; kut}occ, preg- 
nancy]. 1. Sterility of the female. 2. The 
absence of pregnancy. 3. Incapacity for nat- 
ural delivery. Syn., Aciesis. 
Ad [ad, to]. A Latin preposition signifying 
to, toward, at, etc.; as, ad deliquium, to faint- 
ing; ad libitum, at pleasure or according 
to discretion. 
Adactylism (ah-dak' -til-izm) [a, priv.; d&n- 
zuXoc, a finger]. The absence of the digits. 
Adactylous (ah-dak' -til-us) [see Adactylism]. 

Without fingers or toes. 
Adam's Apple. See Pomum adami. 
Adamkiewicz's Reaction for Proteids. To a 
mixture of 1 volume concentrated sulfuric 



ADAMS' DISEASE 



27 



ADENOCARCINOMA 



acid and 2 volumes glacial acetic acid add 
the proteid. At the ordinary temperature a 
reddish-violet color is obtained slowly, but 
more quickly on heating. The liquid has 
also a feeble fluorescence, and gives an ab- 
sorption band between the lines B and F in 
the solar spectrum. 

Adams' Disease. See Adams-Stokes' Disease. 

Adams-Stokes' Disease. Permanent or recur- 
rent bradycardia, combined with syncopal or 
epileptoid attacks, dependent probably upon 
arteriosclerosis of the vertebral and basilar 
arteries. 

Adansonia digitata (ad-an-so' -ne-ah dij-it-a'- 
tah). The baobab-tree, a native of Africa. 
The bark is used in the form of an infusion, 
1 oz. to 1 pint, as a remedy for intermittent 
fever. Unof. 

Adanto blaka. A malady common among the 
negroes of the Gold Coast and of frequent 
prevalence in the tropic zone; it is due to an 
animal parasite. 

Adapter (ad-ap'-ter) [adaptare, to adjust]. 1. 
Anything which serves the purpose of fitting 
one thing to another. An instrument by 
means of which the direct electric current 
may be adapted to the various forms of 
electrotherapeutic treatment. 2. A piece of 
tubing used to connect the neck of a retort 
with a receiver. 3. A microscope attachment 
for centering or decentering the illuminating 
apparatus. 4. A collar used to fit an objec- 
tive to a different nose-piece than that for 
which it was made. 

Addiment {ad'-im-ent) [addere, to add]. Ehr- 
lich's and Morgenroth's term (1899) for an 
active thermolabile substance (destroyed by a 
temperature of 5 6° C.) contained in normal 
serum and capable of rendering active the 
immune body of Ehrlich and setting up bac- 
teriolysis and hemolysis. See Complement. 

Addison's Anemia. Pernicious anemia. A.'s 
Disease, a disease of the suprarenal capsules, 
first described by Addison, and characterized 
by tuberculous infiltration of the capsules, 
discoloration of the skin, progressive anemia, 
and asthenia, ending in death from exhaus- 
tion. Bronzed skin may occur without dis- 
ease of the suprarenal capsules, and the latter 
have been the seat of morbid processes with- 
out an accompanying change in the skin. 
Syn., Melasma suprarenale; Dermatomelasma 
suprarenale; Cutis cerea; Bronzed skin. A.'s 
Keloid, morphea. 

Addition (ad-ish'-un) [addere, to add]. The 
formation of a molecule by the direct union 
of two or more different molecules without 
decomposition. A. Compound. See under 
Compound. A. Product. See under Pro- 
duct. A. Reaction. See under Reaction. 

Adducens (a-du'-senz) [adducere, to bring 
toward]. An adductor, a term applied to 
certain muscles. A. oculi, the internal 
rectus muscle of the eye. 

Adducent (a-du'-sent) [see Adducens - ]. Per- 
forming adduction. 

Adduction (ad-uk' '-shun) [see Adducens]. Any 



movement whereby a part is brought toward 
another or toward the median line of the body. 

Adductor (ad-uk' -tor) [see Adducens]. Any 
muscle effecting adduction. 

Adelodermatous, Adelodermous (ad-el-o-der' - 
mat-us, ad-el-o-der' -mus) [aorjXoc, not seen; 
okpjia, skin]. Having concealed integument, 
as invaginated tracts. 

Adelomorphous (ad-el-o-mor' -}us) [adf}Xoc, not 
seen; IJ-op(f)rj, form]. Not clearly defined; 
not having a determinate form (a term ap- 
plied to certain cells in the gastric glands). 

Adenasthenia (ad-en-as-lhe' -ne-ah) [dof/V, a 
gland; daOiveca, weakness]. A disorder of 
the stomach characterized by diminished and 
enfeebled secretion without anatomic lesion. 

Adenectomy (ad-en-ek' -to-me) [dorp, a gland; 
iKZOfiTj, excision]. The excision of a gland. 

Adenia (ad-e* -ne-ah) [dorp, a gland]. A hyper- 
plasia of the tissue of lymphatic glands lead- 
ing to the formation of tumors. See Lymph- 
adenoma. A.s, Angibromic, Piorry's term 
for diseases of the glandular adnexa of the 
digestive tract. A., Leukemic, adenia as- 
sociated with a leukemic condition of the 
blood. A., Simple, that form which is un- 
accompanied by any increase in the num- 
ber of the white blood-corpuscles. A syno- 
nym of Hodgkin's disease. 

Adeniform (ad-en' -e-form) [dorp, a gland; 
forma, resemblance]. Of the shape of a 
gland; gland -like. 

Adenin (ad'-en-in) [dorp, a. gland], C 5 H 5 N 5 . 
The simplest member of the uric -acid group 
of leukomains, apparently formed by poly- 
merization of hydrocyanic acid, first discovered 
in the pancreas. It occurs, with other bases, 
as a decomposition-product of nuclein, and 
may be obtained from all animal and veget- 
able tissues rich in nucleated cells. It crys- 
tallizes in leaflets with pearly luster. It exists 
abundantly in the fiver and urine of leuko- 
cythemic patients. Adenin is not poisonous. 

Adenitis (ad-en-i'-tis) [dorp, a gland; czcc, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of a gland. Syn., 
Phlegmasia adenosa; Phlegmasia glandulosa. 
A. cervicalis syphilitica, an engorgement of 
the cervical lymphatic glands; a sign of 
syphilitic infection. A. cubitalis, Griinfeld's 
term for inflammation of the epitrochlear 
lymphatic gland. A. hyperplastica, Griin- 
feld's term for a bubo in which plastic exu- 
dation predominates. A. pubica, bubo of 
the pubic region, often accompanied by sup- 
purative lymphangitis of the dorsum of the 
penis. A., Syphilitic, Primitive. See 
Bubo, Syphilitic. A. universalis, a wide- 
spread induration of the lymphatic glands 
accompanying primary syphilis. 

Adeno- [ddr)v, a gland]. A prefix denoting 
relation to glands. 

Adenoblast (ad' -en-o -blast) [dorp, a gland; 
ftXacruoc, a germ]. 1. Any functionally active 
gland-cell; a cell that assists in the glandular 
action. 2. Haeckel's name for an embryonic 
cell which forms a gland. 

Adenocarcinoma (ad-en -o-kar -sin -0' - mah) 



ADENOCELE 



28 



ADENOPHARYNGEAL 



[ddrjv, a gland; carcinoma]. Adenoma blended 
with carcinoma. 

Adenocele (ad'-en-o-sel or ad-en-o -se'-le) [ddrjv, 
a gland; xrjXrj, a tumor]. A cystic tumor 
containing adenomatous elements. 

Adenocellulitis (ad-en-o -sel-u-W -tis) [ddrjv, a 
gland; cellulitis). Inflammation of a gland 
and the surrounding cellular tissue. 

Adenocyst (ad-en' '-o-sist) [ddrjv, a gland; kuotcc, 
a cyst]. A cystic lymphatic gland; a glandu- 
lar cyst. Cf. Adenocystoma. 

Adenocystoma (ad-en-o-sis-to' -mah) [ddrjv, a 
gland; noouc, a cyst; ojia, a tumor]. A cystic 
adenoma. 

Adenofibroma (ad-en-o- fi-bro' -mah) [ddrjv, a 
gland; fibroma]. A combination of adenoma 
and fibroma. 

Adenofibrosis {ad-en-o-fi-bro' -sis) [ddrjv, a 
gland; fibrosis]. Fibroid degeneration of a 
gland, particularly the inflammatory neoplasms 
involving sudoriparous glands, due to infection 
with Botryomyces. Cf. Botryomycosis. 

Adenography (ad-en-o g'-ra-fe) [ddrjv, a gland; 
j-pacbetv, to write]. That part of descriptive 
anatomy which treats of the glandular system. 

Adenohypersthenia (ad-en-o- hi-per-sthe'-ne- 
ah) [ddrjv, a gland; bnkp, over; oOivoc, 
strength], Excessive activity of the glands. 
A. gastrica, a condition characterized by 
the secretion of gastric juice abnormally rich 
in hydrochloric acid or excessive in quantity. 

Adenoid (ad'-en-oid) [ddf)v, a gland; eldog, 
resemblance]. Resembling a gland. A. 
Acne. See Lupus, Disseminated Follicular. 
A. Body. i. The prostate gland. 2. A 
melanotic tumor. A. Disease. Synonym of 
Hodgkin's disease. A. Muscle. See Thyro- 
adenoideus under Muscle. A. Tissue, lym- 
phadenoid tissue. A. Tumor. See Adenoma. 
A. Vegetations, a term applied to a hyper- 
trophy of the adenoid tissue that normally 
exists in the nasopharynx. 

Adenolipoma (ad-en-o-lip-o'-mah) [ddf)v, a 
gland; lipoma]. A combination of adenoma 
and lipoma. 

Adenolipomatosis (ad-en-o-lip-o-mai-o'-sis) 
[adenolipoma]. A diseased condition of the 
lymphatic system characterized by fatty de- 
posits in the neighborhood of the neck, axillas, 
and groins. It is generally unattended with 
pain. Syn., Multiple lipomas; Symmetric 
lipomas of nervous origin. 

Adenology (ad-en-ol' -o-je) [ddrjv, a gland; 
Xoyoc, a discourse]. The science of the 
glandular system. 

Adenolymphoma (ad-en-o -lim-} o' -mah) [ddf)v, a 
gland; lymphoma]. A combined adenoma 
and lymphoma. See Lymphadenoma. 

Adenoma (ad-en-o' -mah) [ddf)v, a gland; opta, a 
tumor]. 1. An epithelial tumor constructed 
after the type of a secreting gland. 2. Any 
tumor which has as its characteristic feature 
tubes or spaces lined with epithelium, whether 
or not it arises from or is connected with a 
gland. A. carcinomatodes renis, a renal 
neoplasm probably derived from aberrant 
adrenal tissue in the kidney. A. destruens, 



a destructive form of adenoma. A. dif- 
fusum, hyperplasia of the mucous mem- 
brane with predominance of glandular ele- 
ments. A. fibrosum, a fibrous growth in 
the stroma of a gland. A., Heteropodous, 
one arising from the metastasis of normal 
glandular tissue. A.,Lupiform. See Lupus 
erythematosus. A., Malignant, an adeno- 
matous carcinoma. A., Papillary, A. papil- 
liferum, a form arising from either the 
alveolar or the tubular adenoma through 
stronger growth of the epithelium and the 
formation of papillas of connective tissue. 
A., Racemose, an adenoma after the type 
of a racemose gland. A., Renal, glandular 
carcinoma of the kidney. A. simplex, a 
tumor -like hyperplasia of a gland. A. 
sudoriparum, a cutaneous tumor involving 
hyperplasia of the sweat-glands. Cf. Hidros- 
adenitis. A., Tubular, an adenoma after 
the type of a tubular gland. A., Umbilical, 
a tumor at the navel originating through the 
coalescence of Meckel's diverticulum with the 
umbilical ring, through which the intestinal 
mucosa appears in the navel. Syn., Intestinal 
ectropia. 

Adenomalacia (ad-en-o -mal-a' -she-ah) [ddrjv, a 
gland; fxakaida, softening]. Abnormal soft- 
ening of a gland. 

Adenomatome (ad-en-o' -mat-om) [adenoma; 
rout), a cutting] . Cutting forceps or scissors for 
use in the removal of adenomatous growths. 

Adenomeningeal (ad-en-o -men-in' -je-al) [ddrjv, 
a gland; firjvcjr£, a membrane]. Pertaining 
to or affecting the glands of a membrane. 

Adenomyoma (ad-en-o -mi-o' -mah) [ddrjv, a 
gland; fiuc, a muscle; fijia, a tumor]. A 
tumor composed of glandular and muscular 
tissues. A., Branchiogenic, cyst-formation 
in consequence of inflammation of the 
mucous bursa in the median line of the neck. 

Adenomyxoma (ad-en-o-miks-o' -mah) [ddijv, a 
gland; fiu£ a, mucus; o/x a, a tumor] . A growth 
having the characters of adenoma and 
myxoma. 

Adenomyxosarcoma (ad-en-o -miks' '-o-sar-ko- 
mah). A rare combination of malignant 
tumor forms (observed in the cervix uteri); 
a primary adenoma with secondary sarcoma 
and finally myxomatous degeneration of the 
stromas. 

Adenopathy, Adenopathia (ad-en-op' -a-the, 
ad-en-o -pa' -the -ah) [ddrjv, a gland; izbBoc, dis- 
ease]. Any disease of a gland. A., Angio- 
bromic. See Adenias, ' Angibromic. A., 
Primary, the lymphadenitis resulting from 
primary syphilitic infection. A., Syphilitic, 
the enlarged and indurated cervical, inguinal, 
and cubital glands symptomatic of syphilitic 
infection. A., Tracheobronchial, A., Tra- 
cheobronchic, hypertrophy of the peribron- 
chial lymphatic glands observed in the course 
of various diseases, causing spasmodic cough. 
A., Tracheolaryngeal, inflammation and 
hypertrophy of the tracheolaryngeal lym- 
phatic glands. 

Adenopharyngeal (ad-en-o -far -in' -je-al) [ddrjv f 



ADENOPHARYNGITIS 



29 



ADIPOMA 



a gland; (frdpyrg, pharynx]. Pertaining 
to the thyroid gland and the pharynx. 

Adenopharyngitis (ad-en-o-far-in-ji'-tis) [dorp, 
a gland; (faapojZ, pharynx; ncc, inflamma- 
mation]. Inflammation of the tonsils and 
pharynx. 

Adenophthalmia (ad-en-of-thal'-me-ah) [ddr,v, 
a gland; 6<f}daXa6$, the eye]. Inflammation 
of the meibomian glands. 

Adenophyma (ad -e -no -ft' -ma) [ddtjv, a gland; 
<p'jp.a, a tumor or growth]. A soft swelling of 
a gland. 

Adenosarcoma (ad-en-o-sar-ko' -mah) [ddrjv, a 
gland ; sarcoma] . A tumor with the characters 
of adenoma and sarcoma. 

Adenosarcorhabdomyoma (ad -en-o-sar-ko- 
rab-do-mi-o' -mah). A neoplasm composed 
of the elements of sarcoma, adenoma, and 
rhabdomyoma. 

Adenosynchitonitis (ad-en-o-sin-ki-ton-i' -tis) 
[dorjv, a gland; auv, with; YJtujv, a covering; 
c~cg, inflammation], i. Inflammation of the 
meibomian glands. 2. Ophthalmia neona- 
torum. 

Adenotome (ad' -en-o-tom) [ddf/V, a gland; roprj, 
a cutting] . An instrument for incising a gland. 

Adephagia (ad-e-fa' -je-ah) [adyfidroc; eating 
one's fill; gluttonous]. Voracious appetite; 
bulimia. 

Adeps (ad'-eps) [L., gen., adipis]. 1. Lard. 
The fat obtained from the abdomen of the 
hog, composed of 38 % stearin and mar- 
garin and 62 % olein. It forms 70 % of 
ceratum and 80 % of unguentum. 2. Fatness. 
3. Animal fat. A. anserinus, A. anseris, 
goose-grease. A. benzoinatus (U. S. P), 
benzoinated lard; contains 2 % of benzoin. 
A. curatus, a preparation of lard, 48 
parts, and 1 part of peruvian balsam. A. ex 
fele, cat's grease. A. lanas (U. S. P.), lanolin. 
A. lanae hydrosus (U. S. P.), hydrous wool- 
fat, the purified fat of the wool of the sheep. 
A. ovillus, A. ovis, mutton suet. A fixed oil 
(oleum adipis) is expressed from lard. A. 
praeparatus (B. P.), purified fat of the 
hog. A. suillus, hog's lard; adeps. 

Adermia (ah-der' '-me-ah) [d, priv.; dipua, 
skin]. Absence of the skin. 

Adermogenesis (ah-der -mo -jen' '-es-is) [d, priv.; 
dipua, skin; jiveocc, generation]. Deficient 
cutaneous development. 

Adgenic, Adgenicus (ad-jen'-ik, ad-jen' '-ik-us) 
[ad, to; gena, the chin]. Attached to the 
genial tubercles or apophyses. 

Adhatoda (ad-ha-to' -da) [from the Tamil name]. 
A genus of plants of the order Acanthacece. 
A. hyssopifolia, a species native of South 
Africa; the willow-leaved Malabar nut; 
bitter, aromatic. A. vasica, a species 
native of tropical Asia; the Malabar nut. 
The juice of the leaves is used as an expec- 
torant. The leaves, flowers, and root are 
considered antispasmodic and are given in 
asthma, intermittent fever, and rheumatism. 
The fresh flowers are bound over the eyes 
in cases of ophthalmia. In decoction the 
leaves with other remedies are used as an 



anthelmintic. The nut is emmenagog and 
used to expel the dead fetus. 
Adhesion (ad-he' -zhun) [adhcerere, to stick to]. 

1. The attractive force between two dis- 
similar bodies that are in contact. 2. Ab- 
normal union of two surfaces as a result of 
inflammation, etc. A., Primary, called also 
healing by first intention and by immediate 
union, a method of healing of wounds by the 
production of lymph, followed by the vascu- 
larization and cicatrization of the exudate. 
A., Secondary, or healing by second inten- 
tion, or by granidation, is that mode of heal- 
ing attended by the production of pus and the 
formation of granulations. 

Adhesive (ad-fie' -siv) [see Adhesion]. Sticky; 
tenacious. A. Inflammation, inflamma- 
tion accompanied by plastic exudation, and 
tending to the union of apposed surfaces. A. 
Plaster. See Resin and Emplastrnm. 

Adhesol (ad-he' -sol). A surgical dressing said 
to contain copal resin, 350 parts; benzoin, 
30 parts; oil of thyme, 20 parts; alpha- 
naphthol, 3 parts; tolu balsam, 30 parts; ether, 
1000 parts. 

Adhyoid (ad-hi' -oid) . Adherent to the hyoid 
bone. 

Adiantum (ad-e-an' -turn) [d, priv.; dcavzog, 
wettable]. A genus of ferns; the maiden- 
hair. A. capillns-vcneris and A. pedatum, 
of North America, are serviceable in coughs 
and as demulcents. 

Adiarthrotos (ah-di-ar-thro'-ios) [ddcdpOpoj-og, 
not jointed]. 1. Without joints; unjointed. 

2. Inarticulate (applied to speech). 
Adiemorrysis, Adiaemorrhysis (ah-di-e-mor'-e- 

sis)[d, priv.; oca, through; a>p.a, blood; puocg, 
flowing]. Failure of the circulation of the 
blood through the veins, due to some obstruc- 
tion. 

Adipatum (ad -ip' -a -turn). An ointment-base 
said to consist of lanolin, vaselin, paraffin, 
and water. 

Adipic (ad-ip'-ik) [adeps, lard]. Of or belong- 
ing to fat. A. Acid. See Acid, Adipic. 

Adipocele (ad'-ip-o-sel) [adeps; kt.at), hernia]. 
A true hernia with hernia sac, containing 
only fatty tissue. 

'Adipo cellular (ad-ip-o-sel'-u-lar). Made up of 
fat and connective tissue. 

Adipocere (ad'-ip-o-ser) [adeps; cera, wax]. 
A wax-like substance formed by the expo- 
sure of fleshy tissue to moisture, with the 
exclusion of air; i. e., in the earth or under 
water. It consists of the fatty acids in com- 
bination with the alkaline earths and am- 
monium. Human bodies in moist burial 
places often undergo this change. 

Adipofibroma (ad-ip-o-fi-bro'-mah) [adeps; fi- 
broma]. A combined fatty and fibrous 
tumor. 

Adipolysis (ad-ip-oV '-is-is) [adeps; )jjocc, disso- 
lution]. The cleavage or hydrolysis of fats 
in the process of digestion by the action of a 
fat-splitting enzym. 

Adipoma (ad-ip-o'-mah) [adeps; b t ua, a tumor] 
A fatty tumor; lipoma. 



ADIPOSE 



30 



ADVANCEMENT 



6- 




Adipose Tissue from a Sec- 
tion of Human Scalp 
(X 500).— (Stdhr.) 

a, Fat-cells in simple layer; 
b, in superposed layers; c, 
fibrillar connective tissues. 



Adipose (ad'-ip-os) [adeps]. Fatty. A. Tis- 
sue, fatty tissue, which is distributed exten- 
sively through 
the body. It 
consists of ar- 
eolar connect- 
ive tissue, the 
cells of which 
contain fat- 
globules. 
Adiposis (ad-ip- 
o'-sis) [adeps]. 
Corpulence ; 
fatty infiltra- 
tion. A. do- 
lorosa, Der- 
cum's dis- 
ease, charac- 
terized by the 
formation of 
soft nodules 
throughout the 
connective tis- 
sue of the body, 
accompanied 
by neuralgic 
pains. A. hepatica, fatty degeneration or 
infiltration of the liver. 
Adipositas (ad-ip-os' '-it-as) [L.]. Fatness; cor- 
pulency. A. cordis, a fatty condition of 
the heart. 
Adiposity {ad-ip-os' -it-e). Fatness; corpulency. 
Adipsa (ad-ip'-sah) [neut. pi. of adipsus, with- 
out thirst]. 1. Remedies to allay thirst. 2. 
Foods which do not produce thirst. 
Adipsia (ah-dip' -se-ah) [a, priv.; di(pa, thirst]. 

Absence of thirst. 
Aditus {ad'-it-us) [adire, to go to]. In 
anatomy, an entrance. A. ad antrum, the 
outer side of the attic, opening upward, 
backward, and outward into the mastoid 
antrum. It gives lodgment to the head of 
the malleus and the greater part of the in- 
cus. A. ad aquaeductum sylvii, the en- 
trance to the ventricular aqueduct situated 
at the lower posterior angle of the third 
ventricle of the brain. A. ad infuridibulum, 
a smaller canal extending from the third 
ventricle into the infundibulum; it is also 
called vulva. A. ad laryngem, A. laryngis, 
the entrance to the larynx. 
Adjuster (ad-jus 1 '-ter) [Fr., adjuster, to adjust]. 
1. He who or that which adjusts. 2. A de- 
vice formerly used for the forcible reduction 
of dislocations. 3. A device for holding to- 
gether the two ends of a silver wire suture, 
to secure approximation of the parts without 
strain on the tissues. 
Adjustment, Coarse. The rack and pinion 
for raising or lowering the tube of a micro- 
scope a considerable distance. A., Fine, the 
micrometer screw, generally at the top of the 
column of a microscope, for raising or lower- 
ing the tube slowly through a short distance. 
Adjuvant (ad'-ju-vant) [adjuvare, to assist]. 
A medicine that assists the action of another 
to which it is added. 



Admaxillary (ad-maks' '-il-a-re) . Pertaining to 
maxillary structures. Cf. Gland, Admaxillary. 

Adnasal (ad-na'-sal) [ad, near to; nasus, the 
nose]. Pertaining to the nose. 

Adnexa (ad-neks' -ah) [ad, to; nectere, to join]. 
Adjunct parts, as the adnexa of the uterus. A. 
bulbi, the appendages of the bulb of the eye. 
A. uteri, the fallopian tubes and the ovaries. 

Adolescence (ad-o-les' -ens) [adolescere, to grow]. 
Youth, or the period between puberty and 
maturity, usually reckoned as extending in 
males from about 14 to 25 years, and in 
females from 12 to 21 years. 

Adonidin (ad-on' -id-in) [Adonis]. A glucosid 
derived from Adonis vernalis, a plant in- 
digenous in Europe and Asia. It is recom- 
mended in cardiac dropsy. Dose \-\ gr. 
(0.008-0.016 Gm.). Unof. A. Tannate, a 
yellowish-brown powder, soluble in alcohol, 
slightly soluble in water; it is used in the 
same manner as the glucosid. 

Adonis (ad-o'-nis). A genus of European herbs 
belonging to the order Ranunculacece. A. 
aestivalis, a plant much used in Italy as a 
cardiac tonic. Dose of ftuidextract 1-2 min. 
(0.06-0.12 Cc); of the tincture 10-30 min. 
(0.6-2.0 Cc). A. vernalis, is used as a 
cardiac stimulant, antipyretic, and diuretic. 
Dose of the tincture 3-20 min. (0.2-1.3 Cc). 

Adorbital (ad-orb' -it-at) [ad, near to; orbita, 
orbit]. Pertaining to the orbit. A. Bone. 
See Lacrimal Bone. 

Adrenal (ad-re' -naV) [ad, near to; ren, the kid- 
ney]. 1. Adjacent to the kidney. 2. The 
suprarenal capsule. 

Adrenalin (ad-ren'-al-in), C 10 H 15 NO 3 . The 
active principle of the suprarenal gland. A. 
Chlorid, used in solution of 1 : 10,000 
to 1 : 1000 in surgical operations on the 
eye, ear, nose, urethra, etc; it is a power- 
ful astringent, hemostatic, and heart tonic. 

Adrenoxin (ad-ren-oks'-in) [adrenal; oxygen], 
Sajous' name for an organic compound or 
oxidizing substance formed in the lungs by 
the internal secretion of the adrenals com- 
bined with the atmospheric oxygen. He 
claims that this substance endows the blood- 
plasm with its oxidizing properties. 

Adrue (ad-ru'-e). Antiemetic root. The root 
of Cyperus articulatus ; it is anthelmintic, 
aromatic, stomachic Dose of the ftuidex- 
tract 20-30 min. (1.3-2.0 Cc). Unof. 

Adsternal (ad-stern' -al) [ad, near to; sternum]. 
Pertaining to or situated near the sternum. 

Adstrictio (ad-strik' -she-o) [adstringere, to draw 
together; pi., adstrictiones]. 1. The reten- 
tion of any natural excretion. 2. The action 
of an astringent. 3. The ligation of a blood- 
vessel. A. alvei, constipation. 

Advancement (ad-vans' -ment) [Fr., avancer, to 
advance]. The act of bringing or going for- 
ward. Specifically, an operation to remedy 
strabismus, generally in conjunction with 
tenotomy, whereby the opposite tendon from 
the overacting one, having been cut, is 
brought forward, so that, growing fast in a 
more advanced position, it shall have more 



ADVENTITIA 



31 



AEROTHERMOTHERAPY 



power to act upon the globe of the eye. A., 
Capsular, an operation similar to that on 
the tendon upon Tenon's capsule. It differs 
from advancement in that the tendon itself is 
not divided. A. of the Round Ligaments, 
an operation for replacement of the uterus 
by taking up "the slack of the round liga- 
ments." See Operation, Alexander's. A. of 
Tenon's Capsule. See A., Capsular. 

Adventitia (ad-ven-iish' -e^ah) [adventitius, 
foreign]. The external coat of a blood- 
vessel. 

Adynamia, Adynamy (ah-din-a' -me-ah, ah- 
din'-a-me) [a, priv.; obvapcg, power]. Defi- 
ciency or loss of vital or muscular power; 
prostration. 

Adynamic (ah-din-am' -ik) [see Adynamia]. Per- 
taining to or characterized by adynamia. 

Adynamicoataxic (ad-in-am-ik-o-at-aks' -ik) . 
Pertaining to or characterized by adynamia 
and ataxia. 

JE-. For all English words sometimes spelled 
with the diphthong JE see words beginning E. 

Aeby, Plane of. In craniometry, one passing 
through the nasion and basion perpendicular 
to the median plane. 

Aer (a'-er). See Air. 

Aerated {a' -er-a-ted) [df)p, the atmosphere]. 
Impregnated or charged with carbon dioxid 
or air; arterialized. 

Aeration (a-er-a' '-shun) [df)p, air]. The pro- 
cess of supplying or charging with air or 
with some gas, such as carbon dioxid; the 
state of being supplied with air or gas. 

Aerator {a'-er-a-tor). A machine for forcing 
gas or air into liquids. 

Aerial (a-e' -re-al) . Pertaining to the air; con- 
veyed by the air, as aerial conduction of 
sound-waves. 

Aeriform (a-e' -re-form) [df]p, air; forma, form]. 
Resembling air or gas. 

Aeroanaerobic (a-er-o-an-a-er-o'-bik). Applied 
to organisms which are both aerobic and 
anaerobic. 

Aerobic (a-er-o'-bik) [drjp, air; /Hoc, life]. Re- 
quiring oxygen (air) in order to live. A term 
applied to those bacteria requiring free oxy- 
gen. Those which do not grow in its pres- 
ence are called anaerobic. Between. these ex- 
tremes there are forms that are able to grow 
without oxygen under favorable conditions, 
though they make use of it when present; 
others that may grow in its presence, though 
nourishing best in its absence; these are 
called respectively facultative aerobic or facul- 
tative anaerobic, in distinction from those first 
mentioned, which are called obligatory aero- 
bic or obligatory anaerobic. 

Aerobioscope (a-er -o-bi' -o-skop) [df)p, air; ftcoc, 
life; onoxelv, to examine] . An apparatus, con- 
sisting of a glass tube of special form, for col- 
lecting and filtering the bacteria from the air. 

Aerobiotic {a-er-o-bi-ot'-ik) [df)p, air; (3 coot choc, 
pertaining to life]. Thriving only in the pres- 
ence of air. 

Aerocele (a-er' -o-sel) [df)p, air; kt)\t), tumor], 
A tumor varying with respiration, found in 



the thyroid region, usually unilateral, with 
walls resembling mucosa and containing 
mucous or mucopurulent matter. It is 
sometimes congenital, but oftener the result 
of violent coughing or straining. When ac- 
quired it may disappear spontaneously. Syn., 
Aerial bronchocele ; Aerial -goiter ; Pneumato- 
cele; Tracheocele; Hernia of the trachea; 
" Luftkropf." 

Aeroductor (a-er -o-duk' -tor) [dr,p, air; ducere, to 
lead]. An apparatus to prevent asphyxia in 
the fetus when the after-coming head is re- 
tained. 

Aerodynamics (a-er-o-di-nam 1 '-iks) [df,p, air; 
dwap.cc, power]. The branch of physics that 
deals with gases in motion. 

Aerography (a-er-og'-ra-fe) [df)p, air; Ypd<f>rj, a 
writing]. The description of the air and its 
qualities. 

Aerology (a-er-ol'-o-je) [drjp, air; Myoc, trea- 
tise]. The science of the air and its qualities. 

Aerometer (a-er-om' -et-er) [df)p, air; pkzpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for ascertaining 
the -density of gases. 

Aerophagy (a-er-of'-a-je) [drjp, air; (payslv, to 
eat]. The imbibing and swallowing of air, 
especially observed in hysteric patients. 

Aerophil (a-er'-o-fil) [dt/p, air; <f>cke~cv, to love]. 
An open-air -loving person or creature. 

Aerophobia (a-er-o-fo' -be-ah) [drjp, air; <f>6j3o£, 
fear]. Dread of a current of air. 

Aerophone (a'-er-o-fon) [drjp, air; <f>tovr), sound]. 
An instrument for increasing the amplitude 
of sound-waves. 

Aerophore {a' -er-o-for) [df)p, air; (fripscv, to 
carry], i. A device for the inflation of the 
lungs of a still-born child with air. 2. A 
breathing apparatus for the use of firemen 
and others, to prevent the inhalation of nox- 
ious gases. 

Aerophysic (a-er-o-fiz'-ik) [drjp, air; cfiuoav, to in- 
flate]. Inflated; distended with air; flatulent. 

Aeroplethysmograph (a-er-o-pleth-iz' '-mo-graf) 
[df)p, air; TtXrjduopoc, an enlargement; ypoKpscv, 
to write] . An apparatus for registering graph- 
ically the expired air; the latter raises a very 
light and carefully equipoised box placed over 
water, and this moves a writing-style. 

Aeroporotomy (a-er-o-por-of '-o-me) [drjp, air; 
Tibpoc, a pore; ropf), a cutting]. The opera- 
tion of admitting air to the lungs, as by 
intubation or tracheotomy. 

Aeroscope (a'-er -o-skop) [df]p, air; okotzs'cv, to 
observe]. An instrument for estimating the 
purity of the air. 

Aeroscopy (a-er-os'-ko-pe) [see Aeroscope]. 
The investigation of atmospheric conditions. 

Aerostatics (a-er -o-stat' -iks) [df)p, air; otoxckoc, 
standing]. The branch of physics that treats 
of the properties of gases at rest. 

Aerotherapeutics, Aerotherapy (a-er-o-ther-a- 
pu'-tiks, a-er-o-ther' -ap-e) [df]p, air; dspaneuecv, 
to heal]. A mode of treating disease by 
compressed or rarefied air or by other gases. 

Aerothermotherapy (a-er -o-ther-mo-ther' '-ap-e) 
[df)p, air; dippy, heat; 6 spans ca, therapy]. 
Treatment with hot air. 



AEROTHORAX 



32 



AFFUSIO 



Aerothorax (a-er-o-tho'-raks). See Pneumo- 
thorax. 

Aerotonometer {a-er-o-ton-om' -et-er) [drjp, air; 
tovoc, tension; ukzpov, a measure]. An in- 
strument for estimating the tension of gases 
in the blood. 

Aerourethroscopy {a-er-o-u-re- thros' -ko-pe) 
[drjp, air; ouprjdpa, urethra; onoize'cv, to ex- 
amine]. Urethroscopy conjoined with infla- 
tion of the urethra with air. 

Aerozol (a'-er-o-zol) [drjp, air; bt^ecv, to smell]: 
A mixture of essential oils said to contain 
75 % of ozone; it is used by inhalation in 
catarrhal affections. 

Aerteriversion {a-er-ter-iv-er' -shun). See Ar- 
terioversion. 

Aerteriverter {a-er-ter-iv-er' -ter). See Arterio- 
verter. 

iErugo {e-ru'-go) [L., gen., ceruginis\. i. Rust 
of a metal. 2. Copper rust; verdigris. JE. 
ferri, the subcarbonate of iron. JE. plumbi, 
lead carbonate or subcarbonate. 

Aerva {a-er'-vah) [Ar.]. A genus of plants of 
the order Amarantacece. A. lanata, a 
species native of tropical Asia and Arabia. 
It furnishes chaya-root, which contains a 
mucilaginous principle and has been used as 
a diuretic, in strangury, and as a depurative. 

-ffisculus (es'-ku-lus) [L.]. A genus of sapin- 
daceous shrubs and trees; buckeye. JE. 
glabra, Ohio buckeye. The bark is tonic, 
astringent, and antiperiodic. Dose of fluid- 
extract 10-20 min. (0.6-1.2 Cc). JE.hxp-po- 
castanum, horse-chestnut. The bark is 
tonic, astringent, antiperiodic. Dose of fluid- 
extract 20-60 min. (1.2-3.7 Cc). JE. pavia, 
red buckeye. The bark has been used as a 
febrifuge. The fruit is said to be an active 
convulsant. All unof. 

Estates {es-ta'-tez) [L., pi.]. Freckles or sun- 
burn. 

JEtas (e'-tas) [L.]. Age; a period of life. See 
Age. 

^thomrna (eth-om' '-ah) [atdoc, of a burnt 
color; biifia, the eye]. 1. Part's term for a 
pigmented condition of the humors and tunics 
of the eye. 2. Kiihn's term for a morbid 
condition marked by flashes of light and 
flame appearing before the eye. 

Afebrile (ah-feb'-ril) [a, priv.; febrilis, fever- 
ish]. Without fever. 

Affection (af-ek'-shun) [afficere, to affect]. Dis- 
ease. A., Parainfectious, one in which the 
symptoms or conditions are only indirectly 
related to the disease named; a by-condi- 
tion or accessory infection of certain diseases 
characterized by the appearance of symptoms 
attributable to an intercurrent or secondary 
infection, as in the case of noma occurring in 
cases of measles and due to infection with 
diphtheria. 

Affective (af-ek'-tiv) [see Affection]. Exciting 
emotion. A. Faculties, the emotions and pro- 
pensities, especially those peculiar to man. 
• A. Insanity, emotional or impulsive insanity. 

Afferent {a}' '-er-ent) [afferens, carrying to]. 
Carrying toward the center. Of nerves : con- 



veying impulses toward the central nervous 
system; sensory; centripetal. Of blood-ves- 
sels: those, as the arteries, conveying blood 
to the tissues. Of lymphatics : those convey- 
ing lymph to a lymphatic gland. 

Afferentia {af-er-en' -she-aK). See Vasa. 

Affiliation {af-il-e-a'-shun) [ad, to; filius, son]. 
In medical jurisprudence, the act of imput- 
ing or affixing the paternity of a child in 
order to provide for its maintenance. 

Affinity {af-in'-it-e) [afflnis, akin to]. 1. Re- 
lationship. 2. Attraction. 3. In biology, mor- 
phologic, physiologic, and phylogenetic re- 
lationship between organisms. A. of Ag- 
gregation, cohesive attraction; the mechanic 
affinity of similar molecules tending to the 
formation of masses. Syn., Quiescent affinity; 
Afflnitas quiescens. A., Chemic, the force, 
exerted at inappreciable distances, that unites 
atoms of different substances. A. of Com- 
position, the tendency of substances to 
unite directly without previous decomposition. 
Syn., Afflnitas compositions; Simple affinity; 
Single affinity; Compound affinity; Mixing 
affinity. A., Developed, that exhibited by 
compounds, but which is not possessed by the 
constituents separately. Syn., Afflnitas pro- 
ducta; Resulting affinity; Secondary affinity. 
A., Divellent, the tendency to form new 
compounds at the expense of decomposition 
of those previously existing. Syn., Afflnitas 
divellens ; Separating affinity. A., Elective, 
„ the preference of one substance for another. 
A., Elementary. 1. That which exists be- 
tween the elements of two or more com- 
pounds. 2. Physicochemic relationship of 
elementary substances. A., Mediating, that 
by virtue of which a substance lacking the 
power of combination with a certain substance 
secures it by preliminary combination with 
another. Syn., Appropriate affinity ; Imparted 
affinity; Intermediate affinity; Inducing affinity; 
Inductive affinity ; Affinity of an intermedium ; 
Afflnitas adjuta; Afflnitas appropriata; Afflni- 
tas approximata. A., Morbid, the tendency of 
certain affections to exist synchronously or as 
sequels. A., Reciprocal, chemic attraction be- 
tween the elements of a secondary compound, 
tending, under altered conditions, to the 
reformation of the primary compound. Syn., 
Alternating elective affinity ; Afflnitas reciproca. 
A., Simple Elective, that exhibited by a 
simple body for a single element of a 
compound. Syn., Single elective affinity. A. 
of Solution, that existing between a dissolved 
substance and its solvent. A., Vital, the 
selective action or chemiotaxis exhibited by 
the several tissues of an organism for their 
peculiar pabulum. 

Affion, Affioni [Turkish]. Crude opium ; it con- 
tains regularly 10 % of morphin. Syn., Oflflum. 

Affixion {af-ik'-shun) [afflgere, to fasten]. Ad- 
hesion. 

Afflux (af'-luks) [affluere, to flow toward]. 
The flow of the blood or other liquid to a 
part. 

Affusio {af-u'-se-o) [L.; pi., affusiones], 1. An 



AFFUSION 



33 



AGEUSIA 



affusion. 2. A suffusion. 3. An infusion. 
4. A cataract. 

Affusion {af-u'-zhun) [affundere, to pour upon]. 
The pouring of water upon an object, as 
upon the body in fever, to reduce tempera- 
ture and calm nervous symptoms. 

Afibroma (ah-fi-bro' -malt) [a, priv.; fibroma]. 
A mass of fibrous tissue which is not arranged 
so as to form a tendon or fascia. 

African Arrow-poison. See Strophanthus. 
A. Fever. Synonym of Dengue. A. Gum, 
gum-arabic. A. Lethargy, a "sleeping- 
sickness" affecting negroes of the west African 
coast. Increasing somnolence is the charac- 
teristic symptom. It is very fatal — death 
from exhaustion follows in from 3 to 6 months. 
Syn., Nelavan. 

After (af'-ter) [AS., cefter, back]. 1. The anus; 
the buttocks. 2. Next in succession. A.- 
action, the negative variation in an electric 
current continuing for a short time in a 
tetanized muscle. A. -birth, the popular des- 
ignation of the placenta, cord, and mem- 
branes. A. -brain. See Hind-brain and Met- 
encephalon. A. -cataract, an opacity of the 
media of the eye after operation for cataract; 
due to opacification of the capsule or to non- 
absorption of the remains of the lens-substance. 
Syn., Cataracta secundaria. A. -gilding, a 
term designating the process of treating nerve- 
tissues with salts of gold after fixation and 
hardening. A. -hearing, a condition in which 
sounds are heard after the wave-motion that 
produces them has ceased. A. -images, con- 
tinued retinal impressions after the stimulus 
of the light or image has ceased to act. A 
positive after-image is a simple prolongation 
of the sensation; a negative after-image is 
the appearance of the image in complemen- 
tary colors. A. -pain. See Pain. A.- 
perception, the perception of a sensation 
after the stimulus has passed away. A.- 
production, a newgrowth; neoplasm. A.- 
sensation, a sensation lasting longer than 
the stimulus producing it. A. -sound, an 
auditory sensation or impression remaining 
after the causative vibrations have ceased. 
A. -taste, a gustatory sensation produced 
some time after the stimulus has been re- 
moved. 

Agalactia {ah-gal-ak' -te-ali) [a, priv.; yaXa, 
milk]. Failure of secretion of the milk after 
childbirth. 

Agar, Agar-agar {a'-gar) [Ceylon]. A kind of 
glue made from certain seaweeds, such as 
Gracilaria lichenoides and Gigartina speciosa, 
used in medicine to make suppositories, and 
in bacteriologic studies in the preparation of 
culture-mediums. 

Agaric (ag-ar f -ik). Touchwood; spunk; tin- 
der; the product of different species of Boletus, 
a genus of mushrooms. Boletus laricis, Poly- 
porus officinalis — is the white or purging 
agaric. Agaric or agaricinic acid, in doses 
of yV~i g r - (0.004-0.02 Gm.), is also useful 
in night-sweats. Dose of the extract 3-6 gr. 
(0.19-0.38 Gm.); of the tincture 3-20 min. 
4 



(0.18-1.2 Cc). Agaricus chirurgorum, Bole- 
tus chirurgorum, surgeon's agaric, a parasitic 
fungus formerly used for moxa. Soaked in 
solution of potassium nitrate it forms spunk. 
Agaricus muscarius, fly agaric, poisonous 
mushroom, contains an alkaloid, muscarin. 
Dose of the alkaloid 5-2 gr. (0.008-0.13 Gm.). 
Muscarin nitrate is used hypodermatically. 
Dose xV~4 g r - (0.006-0.048 Gm.). 

Agaricin (ag-ar' -is-in) [see Agaricus]. 1. C 16 - 
H 30 O 5 -|-H 2 O. A white, crystalline substance, 
the active principle of Agaricus albus. It 
has proved useful in the night-sweats of pul- 
monary tuberculosis. Dose 2V - To g r - (°-°°3~ 
0.006 Gm.). Unof. 2. An alkaloid iden- 
tical with amanitin. 

Agaricus (ag-ar'-ik-us) \ayapCKov, of Diosco- 
rides, from Agaria, a former district of Po- 
land or Sarmatia, whence the Greeks de- 
rived the larch agaric]. A large genus of 
hymenomycetous fungi; mushrooms and 
toadstools. Cf. Polyporus amanita. A. 
chirurgorum. See under Agaric. A. rubra, 
A. sanguinea, these species, indigenous to 
France, were formerly included under A. 
rubra. They yield the alkaloid agarythrin, 
and the rose-red coloring-matter ruberin. 

Agarythrin (ag-ar' -ith-rin). A yellowish-white 
alkaloid extracted by ether from Agaricus 
rubra and A. sanguinea. It has a bitter 
taste and leaves a burning sensation in the 
mouth. 

Agaster (ah-gas'-ter) [a, priv.; yaarr'jp, the 
stomach]. One without a stomach. 

Agastric (ah-gas' -trik) [see Agaster]. Without 
an intestinal canal, as the tape-worms. 

Agathin (ag'-ath-in) \ayadbc, good], C 6 H 4 - 
(OH).CH.N.N.(CH,).C 6 H 5 . A greenish-white, 
crystalline substance, obtained by the inter- 
action of salicylic aldehyd and a-methyl- 
phenylhydrazin. It is used as an antineuralgic 
in doses of 8 gr. (0.52 Gm.) 2 or 3 times 
daily. Its action is cumulative. Unof. 

Agave (a-ga'-ve) [dyaurj, noble]. A large genus 
of amaryllidaceous plants, natives of North 
America. A. americana, American aloe, the 
leaves of a plant growing in North America. 
It is diuretic and antisyphilitic. Dose of 
the fluidextract £-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). The 
fresh juice is also similarly employed. The 
fermented juice, called pulque, is a moderately 
stimulant drink, very popular in Mexico. 
Unof. 

Agenesia, Agenesis {ah-jen-e 1 '-se-ah, ah-jen'- 
es-is) [a, priv. ; yiveotf, generation] . Imperfect 
development. 

Agenosomus (ah-jen-o-so'-mus) [a, priv.; yev- 
vdv, to beget; ocop.a, body]. A variety of 
single autositic monsters, of the species 
Celosoma, in which there is a lateral or me- 
dian eventration occupying principally the 
lower portion of the abdomen, while the 
genital and urinary organs are either absent 
or very rudimentary. 

Ageusia, Ageustia (ah-gu' '-se-ah, ah-goost'- 
e-ah) [a, priv.; ytbocc, taste]. Abolition of 
the sense of taste. A., Central, that due to 



AGGLOMERATE 



34 



AGUE 



lesion of the cerebral centers of the gustatory 
nerves. A., Conduction, that due to lesion 
in the nerves between their origin and distri- 
bution. A., Peripheral, that due to disorder 
of the ends of the nerves of taste. 

Agglomerate (ag-lom'-er-dt) [agglomerare, to 
wind into a ball]. Grouped or clustered. 

Agglutinant (ag-lu' -tin-ant) . See Agglutina- 
tive. 

Agglutinate (ag-lu' -tin-at) [see Agglutinant]. 
To glue together; to unite by adhesion. 

Agglutinatio (ag-lu-tin-a'-she-o) . Agglutina- 
tion. A. maxillae inferioris, trismus. A. 
pilorum, the replacement of ingrowing eye- 
lashes by means of viscous matter on a 
probe. 

Agglutination (ag-lu-tin-a' -shun) [agglutinate, 
to paste to], i. A joining together. 2. A co- 
ulative phenomenon accompanying hemo- 
lysis or bacteriolysis, thought by Gruber to 
be due to some deleterious effect on the 
membrane of the bacteria or blood-corpuscles 
which makes it sticky. 

Agglutinative (ag-lu' '-tin-a-tiv) [see Aggluti- 
nation]. 1. Favoring agglutination; adhesive. 
2. Any substance with adhesive properties, 
fitted to retain the edges of wounds in apposi- 
tion. 3. A remedy promoting the repair of 
wounds by favoring nutrition. 

Agglutinin (ag-lu' -tin-in) [see A gglutination]. A 
specific principle occurring in the blood-serum 
of an animal affected with a disease of mi- 
crobic origin and capable of causing the clump- 
ing of the bacteria peculiar to that disease, as 
exemplified in the Widal reaction. It was first 
described by Gruber and Durham in 1896. 

Agglutitio (ag-lu-tish'-e-o) [ad, against; glutire, 
to swallow]. Difficult deglutition; an ob- 
struction to swallowing. 

Aggregate (ag' -re-gat) [ad, to; gregare, to col- 
lect into a flock]. Grouped into a mass. 

Aggressin (ag-res'-in) [aggressio, an attack]. 
A hypothetic bacterial product which inhibits 
the protective action of phagocytes, largely 
by preventing their migration. 

Aglobulia (ah-glo-bu' -le-ah) [a, priv.; globulus, 
a globule]. A decrease in the quantity of 
red blood-corpuscles. 

Aglossia (ah-glos'-e-ah) [a, priv.; yXcoaaa, the 
tongue]. 1. Absence of the tongue. 2. 
Dumbness; senile impairment of speech. 

Aglossostomia (ah-glos-o-sto' -me-ah) [a, priv.; 
jXcbooa, the tongue; aropta, mouth]. The 
condition of a mouth without a tongue. 

Aglossus (ah-glos'-us) [see Aglossia]. A person 
without a tongue. 

Agmatology (ag-mat-ol'-o-je) [ay /16c, a frac- 
ture; Xoyoc, a, discourse] . The science or study 
of fractures. 

Agminate (ag'-min-dt) [agmen, a, multitude]. 
Aggregated; clustered. A. Glands. See 
Gland, Peyer's. 

Agnail (ag'-nal) [AS., angncegl]. 1. Hangnail. 
2. A whitlow. 3. A corn. 

Agnathia (ah-gna'-the-ah) [a, priv.; yvhdog, a 
jaw]. Absence or defective development of 
the jaws, 



Agnin (ag'-nin) [agnus, a lamb]. A fatty sub- 
stance derived from sheep's wool. 

Agnosia (ah-gno' -se-ah) [a, priv.; yvcboacg, a 
recognizing]. Loss of the perceptive faculty 
which gives recognition of persons and things. 

Agomphious (ah-gom'-fe-us) [a, priv.; yoiufrcoc, 
a tooth]. Without teeth. 

Agomphosis (ah-gom-Jo' -sis) [see Agomphious]. 
1. Absence of the teeth. 2. A loosening of 
the teeth. 

Agonal (ag'-on-al) [dyoyvia, a struggle]. Strug 
gling; relating to the death-struggle. 

Agony (ag'-o-ne) [see Agonal]. Violent pain; 
extreme anguish; the death-struggle. 

Agoraphobia (ag-o-ra-Jo' -be-ah) [dyopd, a mar- 
ket-place, assembly; 4>b[log, fear]. A morbid 
fear of open places or spaces. 

Agostini's Reaction for Glucose. To 5 drops 
of the urine add 5 drops of 0.5 % solution 
of gold chlorid and 3 drops of 20 % potassa 
solution, and heat gently. In the presence 
of glucose a red color will be produced. 

Agrammatism (ah-gram' -at-izm) [a, priv.; 
ypdp.ua, a word]. A phenomenon of aphasia, 
consisting in the inability to form words gram- 
matically, or the suppression of certain words 
of a phrase; a form of aphasia. 

Agraphia (ah-gra' -fe-ah) [a, priv.; ypdfyecv, to 
write]. Inability to express ideas by writing. 
A., Absolute, a variety in which no letters 
can be formed. Syn., Literal agraphia. A., 
Acoustic, loss of capacity to write from 
dictation. A. amnemonica, a form in which 
letters can be written, but without convey- 
ing any meaning. A. atactica, that form in 
which letters cannot be formed from lack 
of muscular coordination. A., Literal, A. 
literalis. See A., Absolute. A., Optic, in- 
ability to copy writing, but ability to write 
from dictation. A., Verbal, a variety in 
which a number of words without meaning 
can be written. Cf. Paragraphia. 

Agraphic (ah-gra'-fik) [see Agraphia]. Affected 
with agraphia. 

Agria (ag'-re-ah) [aypioc, wild]. A pustular 
eruption; malignant pustule; herpes. 

Agrimony (ag'-rim-o-ne) [dypbf, a field; pibvof, 
alone]. The root of Agrimonia eupatoria, a 
mild astringent. Dose of fluidextract \-2 
dr. (2-8 Cc). Unof. 

Agriothymia (ag-re-o-thi' -me-ah) [aypcog, wild; 
do p.6c, mind; will]. Maniacal fury. 

Agrippa (ag-rip'-ah) [L.]. One born with the 
feet foremost. 

Agromania (ag-ro-ma'-ne-ah) [dypbg, a field; 
fiavca, madness], A mania for living in the 
country. 

Agron [East Indian]. A disease which occurs 
in India, marked by roughening of the ton- 
gue, with fissures. 

Agrypnia (ah-grip' -ne-ah) [d, priv.; unvog, 
sleep]. Loss of sleep; insomnia. 

Agrypnotic (ah-grip -not' -ik) [see Agrypnia]. 
1. Preventing sleep. 2. A medicine that 
prevents sleep. 

Ague (a'-gu) [acutus, sharp; acute; Fr., aigu]. 
Malarial or intermittent fever; characterized 



AGURIN 



35 



AIR-BREAK WHEEL 



by paroxysms consisting of chill, fever, and 
sweating, at regularly recurring times, and 
followed by an interval or intermission the 
length of which determines the epithets 
quotidian, tertian, etc. In some cases there 
is a double paroxysm, and hence these are 
called double quotidian, double tertian, etc. 
The duration of each paroxysm varies from 
2 to 12 hours. Syn., Fever and ague; In- 
termittent lever; Periodic lever; . Malarial 
fever; Marsh fever; Paludal fever; Mias- 
matic fever. A., Aden. See Dengue. A., 
Brass-founders', a disease common among 
brass-founders, characterized by symptoms 
somewhat resembling an imperfect attack 
of intermittent fever, the recurrence of the 
paroxysms, however, being irregular. The 
direct cause is generally thought to be the 
inhalation of the fumes of deflagrating zinc 
or "spelter." A., Brow-, intermittent neu- 
ralgia of the brow. A.-cake, chronic en- 
largement of the spleen in diseases of malarial 
origin. A., Catenating, ague associated with 
other diseases. A. -drop. See Fowler's Solu- 
tion. A., Dumb, ague without well-marked 
chill, and w'th at most only partial or 
slight periodicity. Syn., Dead ague; Irreg- 
ular ague; Latent ague; Masked ague. A., 
Face, tic douloureux. A., Partial, ague 
attended with pain which is limited to 
some part or organ. A.-tree, common 
sassafras. A.-weed. i. See Gentiana. 2. 
Eupatorium perfoliatum, or thoroughwort. 

Agurin {ag'-u-rin). A compound of sodium 
theobromate and sodium acetate; it is recom- 
mended as a diuretic in doses of 24 gr. (1.5 
Gin.). 

Ahlfeld's Sign. Irregular tetanic contractions 
affecting localized areas of the uterus, ob- 
served after the third month of pregnancy. 

Ail (dl) [ME., eyle]. 1. To be out of health. 
2. A slight indisposition. 3. Garlic. A., 
Wetherbee, a popular name for progressive 
muscular atrophy, from the fact that sev- 
eral successive generations of a Massachu- 
setts family of that name were affected with 
the disease. 

Ailanthus {a-el-an'-thus). See Ailantus. 

Ailantus {a-el-an' -tus) [Malacca, ailanto, "tree 
of heaven"]. The bark of A. glandulosa, 
commonly known as "tree of heaven." Its 
properties are due to an oleoresin and a 
volatile oil. It is a nauseant and drastic 
purgative and an excellent anthelmintic 
against tape-worm. Dose of fluidextract 
10 min.-i dr. (0.6-4.0 Cc); of tincture 
10 min.-2 dr. (0.6-8.0 Cc). 

Ailment [aV-ment) [ME., eyle]. A disease ; 
sickness; complaint. 

Ailurophobia (a-lu-ro-fo'-be-ah) [aUoupoc, a 
cat; 0o/?of, fear]. A morbid fear of cats. 

Ainhum (in'-hum) [negro word, meaning to 
saw]. A disease of Guinea and Hindustan, 
peculiar to negroes, in which the little toes 
are slowly and spontaneously amputated at 
about the digitoplantar fold. The process is 
very slow, is unaccompanied by any constitu- 



tional symptoms, and its cause is unknown. 
It sometimes attacks the great toe. 

Aiodin {ah-i' -o-din) . A preparation of the 
thyroid gland and tannin. It is a tasteless 
powder, of which each gram is said to repre- 
sent 10 Gm. of the fresh glands and to con- 
tain 0.4 % of iodin. It is used in myxedema. 

Air [drjp, from aecv, to blow or breathe]. The 
atmosphere. Atmospheric air consists of a 
mixture of 77 parts by weight, or 79.19 by 
volume, of nitrogen, and 23 parts by weight, 
or 20.81 by volume, of oxygen, with 3.7 to 
6.2 parts by volume of CO z in 10,000 parts. 
It also contains traces of ammonia, argon, 
nitrites, and organic matter. By virtue of 
its oxygen it is able to sustain respiration. 
One hundred cubic inches weigh 30,935 grains. 
The pressure of the air at sea-level is about 
14! pounds upon the square inch. A., Alka- 
line, free or volatile ammonia. A., Azotic, 
nitrogen. A. -bag. See A. -cushion. A.- 
bath, therapeutic exposure to air, which may 
be heated, condensed, or variously medicated. 
A. -bed, an air-tight rubber mattress, inflated 
with air, employed in conditions requiring 
prolonged confinement to bed. A. -bladder. 
See A.-vesicles. A. -cell, an air-sac; an air- 
vesicle of the lung. A., Complemental, 
the amount of air that can still be inhaled 
after an ordinary inspiration. A. Conduc- 
tion, a method of testing the hearing-power 
by means of a watch held at varying distances 
from the ear, or by the employment of a 
number of tuning-forks of varying pitch. A.- 
cure, the therapeutic employment of air. A.- 
cushion, a cushion filled with air, and usually 
made of soft india-rubber. A., Dephlogisti- 
cated, an old name for oxygen. A. -douche, 
the inflation of the middle ear through the 
nose. A. -embolism, the entrance of free 
air into the blood-vessels during life. A., 
Expired, that driven from the lungs in ex- 
piration. A., Factitious, carbon dioxid. 
A., Fixed, an old name for carbon dioxid. 
A., Hepatic, hydrogen sulfid. A., Inspired, 
that taken into the lungs on inspiration. 
A., Mephitic, carbon dioxid. A. -passages, 
the nares, mouth, larynx, trachea, and bron- 
chial tubes. A.-pump, an apparatus for ex- 
hausting or compressing air. A., Reserve, 
A., Supplemental, the air that can still be 
exhaled after an ordinary expiration. A., 
Residual, that remaining in the lungs after 
the most complete expiration possible. A.- 
sac. See A.-vesicles. A., Solid, of Hales, 
carbon dioxid; so called because of its 
property of forming solid carbonates with 
metallic oxids. A., Stationary, that remain- 
ing in the lungs during normal respiration. 
A., Supplemental'. See A., Reserve. A.- 
tester, an instrument for testing the purity of 
the air. A. , Tidal, that taken in and given out 
at each respiration. A.-vesicles, the alveoli 
of the lung, the ultimate division of the air- 
passages. A., Vital, an old name for oxygen. 

Air-break Wheel, Air-breaking Wheel. An 
arrangement by means of which the sparks 



AKANTHION 



36 



ALBICANS 



may be promptly extinguished when using 
a no-volt continuous current to excite a 
coil; the spark formed at the contact-brushes 
when the coil is energized is blown out in- 
stantaneously by the air-blast. 

Akanthion (a-kan'-the-on). See Acanthion. 

Akatamathesia {ah-kat-am-ath-e' -ze-ah) [d, 
priv.; Kazafxad-qacc, understanding]. Inabil- 
ity to understand. 

Akathisia {ah-kath-e' -ze-ah) [a, priv.; Kad'c^cv, 
to be seated]. A name given by Lad Has- 
kovec to a form of rhythmic chorea in which 
the patient is unable to remain seated; the 
affection resembles astasia-abasia. 

Akinesia, Akinesis {ah-k'n-e'-se-ah, ah-kin-e'- 
sis) [a, priv.; Kivqocc;, motion]. Lack of or 
imperfect motion; motor paralysis. A. al- 
gera, an affection characterized by abstinence 
from voluntary movement on account of pain, 
which any active muscular effort causes. The 
condition is probably a form of neurasthenia. 
A., Crossed, a motor paralysis on the side 
opposite that in which the lesion exists. A., 
Reflex, impairment or loss of reflex action. 

Akinetic {ah-ki-nef -ik) [akinesia]. Relating to 
or affected with akinesia. 

Akouphone (ah'-koo-fon). See Aconphone. 

Akromegaly, Akromegalia (ak-ro-meg' -a-le, 
ak-ro-me-ga' -le-aK) [aKpov, extremity; jxsjalr), 
large]. A disease characterized by an over- 
growth of the extremities and of the face, 
including the bony as well as the soft parts. 
The etiology is unknown. In a number of 
cases the pituitary body has been enlarged; 
disease of the thyroid gland has also been 
found in some instances. 

Al. i. The Arabic definite article the, pre- 
fixed to many words to designate preemi- 
nence, etc., as alkali, alcohol. 2. A chemic 
suffix denoting similarity to or derivation 
from an aldehyd, as chlora/, butyra/, etc. 3. 
The symbol for aluminium. 

Ala {a'-lah) [L., "a wing"]. 1. A wing. 2. The 
arm or shoulder; in animals, the shoulder- 
blade. A. alba lateralis, the nucleus of the 
glossopharyngeal nerve. A. alba medialis, 
the hypoglossal nucleus. A. auris, the pinna 
of the ear. A. cinerea, a triangular space 
of gray matter in the fourth ventricle of the 
brain, probably giving origin to the pneumo- 
gastric nerves. A. descendens, the pterygoid 
process of the sphenoid bone. Alae later- 
ales. 1. The great wings of the sphenoid 
bone. 2. Wing -like processes on each side 
of the nasal spine of the frontal bone. Alas 
majores. 1. The greater wings of the sphe- 
noid. 2. The external labia pudendi. Alae 
minores. 1. The lesser wings of the sphe- 
noid. 2. The labia minora pudendi. A. 
nasi, the lateral cartilage of the nose. Alae 
parvae, the lesser wings of the sphenoid. A. 
pontis. See Ponticulus. Alae pulmonum, 
the lobes of the lung. A. of Sacrum, the 
flat, triangular surface of bone extending out- 
ward from the base of the sacrum, support- 
ing the psoas magnus muscle. A. uvulae, 
a medullary layer running from the posterior 



part of the uvula of the cerebellum to the 
amygdalas. A. vespertilionis, the broad 
ligament of the uterus. Alae vulvae, the labia 
of the pudendum. 

Alalia {al-a' -le-ah) [a, priv.; XaXca, talk]. Im- 
pairment of articulation from paralysis of 
the muscles of speech or from local laryn- 
geal disease. A., Mental, a form observed in 
children, which consists in inability to speak 
through excessive stammering. Cf. Dys- 
lalia, Lalophobia, Mogilalia, Paralalia. A., 
Relative. Same as A., Mental. 

Alangin, Alanginum {al-an'-jin, -urn). An 
amorphous principle from Alangium lamarkii, 
soluble in alcohol, in ether, and in chloro- 
form; it is used as a febrifuge and emetic. 

Alanin (al' -an- in) [L., aldehyd], C 3 H 7 N0 2 . 
Lactamic acid. An organic base obtained by 
heating aldehyd ammonia with hydrocyanic 
acid in the presence of an excess of HO. 
It occurs in aggregated hard nodules with a 
sweetish taste. It is soluble in 5 parts of cold 
water; less soluble in alcohol; insoluble in 
ether. 

Alantic {al-an'-tik) [Ger., Alant, elecampane]. 
Pertaining to or derived from elecampane. 
A. Anhydrid, C 15 H 20 O 2 , a crystalline sub- 
stance derived from the root of elecampane, 
melting at 66° C. 

Alantin {al-an' -tin) . Same as Inulin. 

Alantol {al-an' -tol), C 20 H 22 O. Inulol. An 
aromatic liquid obtained from elecampane; 
used in the same manner as creasote in pul- 
monary tuberculosis. 

Alar ia'-lar) [ala, a wing]. Wing-like. A. 
Ligaments, lateral synovial folds of the lig- 
ament of the knee-joint. A. Ligaments, 
Odontoid, lateral ligaments of the odontoid 
process. 

Alares [pi. of alaris]. 1. The pterygoid mus- 
cles. 2. The wings of the sphenoid. 

Alaris {al-a'-ris) [ala, a wing]. Wing-shaped. 
See Alar. 

Alate {a'-lat) [ala]. Winged. 

Alatus {al-a' -ties). 1. Winged. 2. An indi- 
vidual in whom there is a marked back- 
ward projection of the scapulas. 

Albaras, Albarras [Ar.]. A skin disease char- 
acterized by the formation of white, shin- 
ing patches. Syn., White leprosy; Baras; 
B a.rras. 

Albargin {al-bar' -jin) . A compound of silver 
(15 %) and gelatose (a transformation-product 
of glue). A yellow powder, freely soluble in 
water, used in treatment of gonorrhea in injec- 
tions of 0.2 % solution 4 or 5 times daily. 

Albedo {al-be'-do) [L., "whiteness"]. White- 
ness. A. retinae, retinal edema. A. unguis, 
the lunula of the nail. 

Albert's Disease. Achillodynia; inflammation 
of the retrocalcanean bursa, generally secon- 
dary to osteitis of the os calcis. 

Albescent {al-bes'-ent) [albescere, to become 
white]. Whitish. 

Albicans {al' -be-kanz) [albicare, to grow white]. 

1. One of the corpora albicantia of the brain. 

2. White; whitish. 



ALBICANTIA 



37 



ALBUMINOSE 



Albicantia (al-be-kan' 'she-ah) [L.]. Plural of 
Albicans (i). 

Albini's Nodules. Small nodules found on the 
free edge of the auriculoventricular valves in 
some infants. 

Albinism, Albinismus (al'-bin-izm, al-bin-iz'- 
mus) [a lb us, white]. That condition of the 
skin in which there is a congenital absence 
of pigment involving its entire surface, in- 
cluding the hair and the choroid coats and 
irises of the eyes. It is usually associated 
with nystagmus, photophobia, and astigma- 
tism. Syn., Alphosis; Congenital achroma; 
Congenital leukoderma; Leukcethiopia; Achro- 
matosis; Leukopathia; Albitudo. A., Ac- 
quired, A. acquisita. See Vitiligo. A., 
Partial, congenital absence of pigmentation 
in certain parts of the skin, appearing in 
irregular, white, sharply defined spots. Espe- 
cially characteristic are the changes of color 
in the hair, often observed in negroes. The 
hairs are white and grow upon skin devoid 
of pigment, or normally colored. Syn., Po- 
liosis circumscripta. 

Albino (al-bi'-no) [Sp.]. A person affected with 
albinism. 

Albino tic (al-bin-ot'-ik). Affected with albinism. 

Alboferrin (al-bo-fer'-in). An odorless, light- 
brown powder, readily soluble in cold water. 
It is said to consist of albumin, 90.14%; 
iron, 0.68%; phosphorus, 0.324%; amido- 
nitrogen, 0.13%; and mineral substances, 
9.5 %. It is indicated in chlorosis, anemia, 
etc. Dose 15-45 gr. (1-3 Gm.) for children; 
45 - 75 g r - (3 _ 5 Gm.) for adults, a day. 

Albolene (al'-bo-len) [albus, white; oleum, oil]. 
A hydrocarbon oil, colorless, tasteless, odor- 
less, used as an application to inflamed sur- 
faces. 

Albor (al'-bor) [albus]. 1. A whiteness. 2. Egg- 
albumen. 3. [Ar., al bill.] Urine. A. cutis, 
A. nativus, albinism. A. ovi, white of 
egg- 

Albuginea (al-bu-jin'-e-ah) [albus]. 1. White 
or whitish. 2. A layer of white fibrous tissue 
investing an organ or part. Syn., Tunica 
albuginea. A. oculi, the sclerotic coat of 
the eye. A. ovarii, the tunica albuginea of 
the ovary. A. testis, the tunica albuginea 
of the testicle. 

Albugineous (al-bu-jin'-e-us). Whitish. 

Albukalin (al-bu' -kal-in) , C 8 H 17 N 2 6 . A sub- 
stance found in leukemic blood. 

Albumen (al-bu' -men) [albus]. The white of 
an egg. See Albumin. 

Albumimeter (al-bu-mim' -et-er) [albumin; fiir- 
pov, a measure]. An instrument for the quan- 
titative estimation of albumin in urine. 

Albumin (al-bu'-min) [albus, white]. A pro- 
teid substance, the chief constituent of the 
animal tissues. Its molecule is highly com- 
plex. It is soluble in water and coagulable 
by heat. It contains the following elements: 
Carbon, 51.5 to 54.5; hydrogen, 6.9 to 7.3; 
nitrogen, 15.2 to 17.0; oxygen, 20.9 to 23.5; 
sulfur, 0.3 to 2.0. Its approximate formula 
is C 72 H 112 H 18 22 S. Albumen, white of egg, 



often called albumin, is largely composed 
of it. Other varieties are called after their 
sources or characteristic reactions, as acid- 
albumin, alkali-albumin, muscle-albumin, 
serum-albumin, ovum-albumin, vegetable- 
albumin, etc. Syn., Coagidable animal 
lymph; Coagulable lymph of the serum. 
See Axenfeld, Barral, Boedeker, Cohen, 
Furbringer, Heller, Heynsius, Hindenlang, 
Johnson, MacWilliam, Mehu, Millon, Oliver, 
Oxyphenylsulfonic Acid, Parnum, Raabe, 
Rees, Roberts, Spiegler, Tanret, Zouchlos. 
A., Blood-. See Serum-albumin. A., 
Caseiform, that variety not coagulated by 
heat, but precipitated by acids. A., Cir- 
culating, that found in the fluids of 
the body. A., Derived, a modification of 
albumin resulting from the action of cer- 
tain chemicals upon native albumin. A., 
Imperfect, one which fails to give all the 
ordinary reactions. A., Lacto-. See Lactal- 
bumin. A., Muscle-, a variety found in 
muscle-juice. A., Native, any albumin oc- 
curring normally in the tissues. A., Organic, 
that forming an integral part of the tissue. 
A., Serum-. See Serum -albumin. A., 
Vegetable, that found in various vegetable 
juices. 
Albuminate (al-bu' -min-dt). A compound of 
albumin and certain bases, as albuminate 
of iron. 
Albuminid (al-bu' -min-id) . Acidalbumin; syn- 

tonin. 
Albuminif erous (al-bu-min-if '-er-us) [albumin ; 
jerre, to bear]. Yielding albumin. 

Albumimm.eter(al-bu-min-im' -et-er). 

See Albumimeter. 
Albuminimetry (al-bu-min-im'-et-re). 
The quantitative estimation of the 
albumin in a liquid. 
Album inofibrin (al-bu-min-o-p - 
brin). A compound of albumin and 
fibrin. 
Albuminogenous (al-bu-min-oj' -en- 
us) [albumin; yzwav, to produce]. 
Producing albumin. 
Albuminoid " {al-bu' -min-oid) [albu- 
min; ddoc, likeness]. 1. Resemb- 
ling albumin. Applied to certain 
compounds having many of the 
characteristics of albumin. 2. Any 
nitrogenous principle of the class 
of which normal albumin may be 
J_j regarded as the type. A. Disease. 

See Amyloid Degeneration. 
Albuminometer (al - bu - min-om' -et- 
er). See Albumimeter. 
Albuminone (al-bu' '-min-on) [albumin]. A 
principle derived from certain albuminoids; 
it is soluble in alcohol and is not coagulable 
by heat. 
Albuminorrhea (al-bu-min-or-e' -ah) [albumin; 
po'ca, a flow]. Excessive discharge of albu- 
mins. 
Albuminose (al-bu'-min -os) [albumin]. 1. A 
product of the digestion of fibrin or of any 
albuminoid in very dilute hydrochloric acid; 



Albumi- 
meter. 



ALBUMINOUS 



ALCOHOL 



acidalbumin. 2. Albumose, or one of the 
products of the digestion of albumin by the 
gastric juice. 

Albuminous {al-bu' -min-us) [albumin]. Con- 
taining, or of the nature of, albumin. 

Albuminuria {al-bu-min-u' -re-ah) [albumin; 
oupov, urine]. The presence in the urine of 
albumin, usually serum-albumin. Albumin 
in the urine may result from disease of the 
kidneys or from the admixture of blood or 
pus with the urine. Its presence is some- 
times not accounted for by either of these 
causes. See A., Cyclic. A. acetonica, albu- 
minuria due to asphyx a. Syn., Anoxemic 
albuminuria. A. of Adolescence. See A., 
Cyclic. A., Adventitious. See A., Pseudo-. 
A., Cardiac, that due to chronic valvular 
disease. A., Catarrhal, albuminuria due to 
distribution of or changes in the renal epi- 
thelium. A., Cicatricial, a form in which 
epithelial desquamation is assumed to be re- 
placed by tissue incapable of restraining the 
transudation of albumin from the blood. A., 
Colliquative, that due to great disassimila- 
tion of the blood-corpuscles or adipose tis- 
sue. A., Consumptive. See A., Colliqua- 
tive. A., Cyclic, a condition, also known 
as physiologic, simple, functional, or tran- 
sient albuminuria, or the albuminuria of adoles- 
cence, in which a small quantity of albumin 
appears in the urine, especially of the young, 
at stated times of the day; hence the term, 
"cyclic." The nature of this phenomenon is 
not positively known, but it is probably the 
result of some changes in the renal circula- 
tion. A., Dietetic, that due to the inges- 
tion of certain forms of food. A., Dys- 
trophic, that dependent upon imperfect for- 
mation of the blood-corpuscles. A., Emul- 
sion, that in which the urine has a milky 
turbidity due to minute corpuscular elements. 
A., Exudative, Gubler's name for albumin- 
uria partially due to the filtration of albumin 
through the membranes of the kidney and 
also to the presence in the urine of products 
of inflammation, as in cases of nephritis. A., 
False, a mixture of albumin with the urine 
during its transit through the urinary pass- 
ages, where it may be derived from blood, 
pus, or special secretions that contain albu- 
min. A., Febrile, that due to fever, or as- 
sociated with acute infectious diseases, slight 
changes occurring in the glomerules without 
organic lesion. A., Functional. See A., 
Cyclic. A., Globular, that due to destruc- 
tion of blood-corpuscles or dependent upon 
the presence of blood in the urine. A., 
Gouty, albumin in the urine of elderly per- 
sons, who secrete a rather dense urine con- 
taining an excess of urea. A., Intrinsic. 
See A., True. A., Mixed, the presence of 
a true with a pseudo-albuminuria. A., 
Nephrogenous, that due to renal disease. 
A., Orthostatic, a form dependent upon 
an upright posture. A., Partial, a form in 
which it is assumed that only certain tubules 
are affected. Syn., Albuminuria parcellaire. 



A., Physiologic, the presence of albumin in 
normal urine, without appreciable coexisting 
renal lesion or diseased condition of the 
system. A., Pretuberculous, a condition 
observed in young persons as a premonitory 
stage of tuberculosis, believed to be due to 
the congestive action of the tuberculous virus 
upon the renal structure. A., Pseudo-, al- 
buminuria dependent upon the presence of 
such fluids as blood, pus, lymph, spermatic 
fluid, or the contents of an abscess cavity, 
in the urine. Syn., Adventitious albuminuria. 
A., Residual, a form in which a small 
amount of albumin may persist following an 
attack of nephritis. A., True, that due to 
the excretion of a portion of the albuminous 
constituents of the blood with the water and 
salts of the urine. Syn., Intrinsic albuminuria. 

Albuminuric {al-bu-min-u' -rik) [see Albumin- 
uria]. Associated with, of the nature of, 
or affected by, albuminuria. 

Albumoscope {al-bu' -mo-skdp) [albumin; oko- 
7ze~cv, to examine]. An appliance for de- 
termining the presence and amount of al- 
bumin in urine. 

Albumose {al'-bu-mos) [albumin]. Any albu- 
minoid substance ranking among the first 
products of the splitting-up of proteids by 
enzyms, and intermediate between the food- 
albumins and the typical peptones. Accord- 
ing to Kuhne, there are at least two albu- 
moses, antialbumose and hernia Ibumose. Hemi- 
albumose yields the following: Protalbumose, 
deuteroalbumose, heteroalbumose, and dysalbu- 
mose. 

Albumosuria ial-bu-mos-u' -re-dK) [albumose; 
oupov, urine]. The presence of albumose 
in the urine. A., Bence-Jones'. See A., 
Myelopathic. A., Myelopathic, a condition 
marked by persistent occurrence of albumose 
in the urine, accompanied by softening of 
the bones, owing to multiple myelomas. 

Alcarnose {al-kar'-noz). A nutrient prepara- 
tion containing maltose combined with al- 
bumoses. 

Alchemy {al'-kem-e) [Ar., of doubtful deri- 
vation]. The supposed art of the transmu- 
tation of metals (into gold) and of finding 
a remedy for all diseases. 

Alcock's Canal. A canal formed by the sepa- 
ration of the layers of the obturator fascia 
for the transmission of the pudic nerve and 
vessels. 

Alcogel (al'-ko-jet). A jelly-like combination of 
alcohol and silicic acid. 

Alcohol {al'-ko-hol) [Ar., al-koh'l, the fine 
powder for staining eyelids]. 1. Any com- 
pound of "an organic hydrocarbon radicle 
with hydroxyl. Alcohols are classed as 
monacid (monatomic), diacid (diatomic), and 
triacid (triatomic), according to the number 
of hydroxyl radicles present in the mole- 
cules. 2. Ethyl-alcohol, C 2 H e O. A liquid 
obtained by the distillation of fermented 
grain or starchy substance. It is inflamma- 
ble, colorless, and possesses a pungent odor 
and burning taste. Internally, it is a cerebral 



ALCOHOLATE 



39 



ALDEHYD 



excitant and cardiac stimulant; in large doses 
a depressant, narcotic poison, producing mus- 
cular incoordination, delirium, and coma. It 
exists in wine, whisky, brandy, beer, etc., 
and gives to them their stimulant properties. 
Commercial alcohol contains 92.3 % of abso- 
lute alcohol with 7.7 % of water. It is valua- 
ble as a cardiac stimulant in acute failure 
of the heart's action and in adynamic con- 
ditions. A., Absolute {alcohol absolutum, U. 
S. P.), ethyl-alcohol deprived of water. A., 
Benzyl, CyH^O, obtained from benzaldehyd by 
the action of sodium amalgam. A., Caustic, 
sodium ethylate. A., Chlor ethyl, C 2 H 5 OCl, 
a substitution-product of ethyl-alcohol in 
which 1 atom of hydrogen is replaced 
by r atom of chlorin. A., Cinnamic, 
A., Cinnamyl, A., Cinnamylic, C 3 H 10 O, 
yellowish needles or crystalline masses ob- 
tained from the distillation of styracin. It 
is soluble in alcohol, ether, water, glycerol, 
and benzin; melts at S° ~33° C.; boils at 
250 C. It is antiseptic and is a deodorizer 
in a 12.5 % glycerol solution. Syn., Styrilic 
alcohol; Crystallized styrone. A. deodora- 
tum, ethyl-alcohol from which odorous and 
coloring-matters have been removed by fil- 
tration through charcoal. A., Dilute {alcohol 
dilution, U. S. P.) contains 41.5 %, bv weight, of 
alcohol. A., Ethyl-. See Alcohol (2). A., 
Fatty, one obtained from a hydrocarbon of the 
fatty series. A., Iso-, an alcohol derived from 
a hydrocarbon containing carbon atoms 
which unite directly with more than two 
other carbon atoms. A., Methyl-, CH 4 0, 
commonly known as " wood spirit." A., 
Phenic. Same as Phenol. A., Primary, 
A., Secondary, A., Tertiary, an alco- 
hol produced by. the replacement of r, 2, 
or 3 hydrogen atoms in carbinol by alky Is. 
A., Unsaturated, that derived from the un- 
saturated alkylens in the same manner as 
the normal alcohols are obtained from their 
hydrocarbons. In addition to the general 
character of alcohols, they are also capable 
of directlv binding two additional affinities. 
A., Wood-. See A., Methyl-. 

Alcoholate {al' -ko-hol-at) . 1. A chemic com- 
pound, as a salt, into which an alcohol enters 
as a definite constituent. 2. A preparation 
made with alcohol. 

Alcoholature {al-ko-hoV '-at-chur) [Fr., alcoola- 
ture]. An alcoholic tincture. 

Alcoholic Radicle. The name applied to the 
hydrocarbon radicle that unites with hydro- 
gen and oxygen to form an alcohol. 

Alcoholica {al-ko-hoV -ik-ah) . In pharmacy, 
alcoholic preparations. • 

Alcoholimeter {al-ko-hol-im'-et-er). See Alco- 
holometer. 

Alcoholism {aV-ko-hol-izm). The morbid re- 
sults of excessive or prolonged use of alcoholic 
liquors. The term acute alcoholism has been 
used as a synonym for inebriety. The chronic 
form is associated with severe disturbances of 
the digestive and nervous systems. 

Alcoholization {al-ko-hol-iz-a* '-shun). The art 



or process of alcoholizing; the state of being 
alcoholized; the product of the process of 
alcoholizing. 

Alcoholize {aV -ko-hol-iz) . 1. To impregnate 
with alcohol. 2. To convert into an alco- 
hol. 

Alcoholometer {al-ko-hol-om' '-et-er) [alcohol; 
ftirpov, a measure]. A hydrometer or other 
instrument used in determining the percent- 
age of alcohol in any liquid. 

Alcoholophilia {al-ko'-hol-o-fil'-e-ah) [alcohol; 
ocXi'cv, to love]. The appetite for strong 
drink; a craving for intoxicants. 

Alcometric {al-ko-met'-rik). Relating to the 
estimation of the amount of alcohol in a liquid. 

Aldehyd {al'-de-htd) [al, the first syllable of 
alcohol; dehyd, from dehydratus]. 1. A class 
of compounds intermediate between alcohols 
and acids, derived from their corresponding 
primary alcohols by the oxidation and re- 
moval of 2 atoms of hydrogen, and converted 
into acids by the addition of an atom of 
oxygen. They contain the group COH. 2. 
CJH/D. Alcohol deprived of 2 atoms of hy- 
drogen, or acetic aldehyd. It is a colorless, 
limpid liquid with a characteristic odor. A.- 
alcoholate, C 4 H 10 O 2 an addition compound 
of acetic acid and ethyl-alcohol. A. -am- 
monia, C 2 H 4 ONH 3 , obtained from aldehyd 
by action of dry ammonia; soluble in water, 
slightly soluble in ether. It was found by 
Dobereiner, and named by Liebig. Syn., 
Ammoniated ethylic aldehyd; Aceiylammon- 
inm; Ammonium aldehydate; Ethidene hydra- 
min. A., Anisic, C,H s 2 , results on oxidiz- 
ing various essential oils (anise, fennel, etc.) 
with dilute HNO s . A., Aromatic, an alde- 
hyd obtained as an oxidation-product of a 
primary aromatic alcohol and in turn giving 
rise by oxidation to a monobasic aromatic 
acid. 'A., Benzoic, C 7 H 6 0, the oil of bitter 
almonds. Syn., Benzaldehyd. A. Character- 
istic, the univalent radicle, C(H) = O, com- 
mon to the aldehyds. A., Cinnamic, C 9 H 8 0, 
the chief ingredient of the essential oil of cin- 
namon and cassia. A., Collidin, A., Col- 
linic, an oxidation-product of albuminoids 
and gelatin; a colorless, viscid oil with odor like 
oil of cinnamon. A. , Formic, CH 2 or HCHO 
is microbicidal and antiseptic. Svn., Formal- 
dehyd. A.,Glycolyl, CH 2 (OH)\ CHO, an 
oxidation-product of tartaric acid when di- 



gested with water 



-6o° C. A., Iso- 



butylic, A., Isobutyryl, C 4 H s O, a transpar- 
ent, colorless, highly refractive, pungent liquid; 
sp. gr., 0.797 at 15 C; soluble in alcohol; 
boils at 6i°C. A., fsovaleral, A., Isovaleric, 
C 5 H 10 O, a pungent, oily liquid, with an odor 
of apples, obtained from oxidation of amyl- 
alcohol; sp. gr., 0.804 at 15 C; miscible 
in alcohol and ether; boils at 92. 5 C. A., 
Pyroracemic, CH 3 . CO . CHO, a yellow 
volatile oil obtained by boiling isonitroso- 
acetone with dilute sulfuric acid. Syn., 
Acetylformyl; Methylglyoxal; Propanalon. 
A., Thio-, an aldehyd in which the 
oxygen in the aldehyd characteristic is 



ALDEHYDASE 



40 



ALGOGENIC 



replaced by sulfur. A., Toluic, A., Tol- 
uylic, C 8 H g O, a substance occurring in 3 
isomeric forms, all of which are liquids. 

Aldehydase (al-de-hi'-daz). An oxydase occur- 
ring in the liver, capable of oxidizing sal- 
icylic aldehyd to the corresponding acid and 
supposed to be closely concerned in the func- 
tions of that organ. 

Aldin (al'-din) [see Aldehyd]. An amorphous 
basic chemic substance, formed from an 
ammonia compound of aldehyd. Several al- 
dins are known. 

Ale (al) [AS., ealu]. An alcoholic beverage 
brewed from malt and hops. It contains from 
3 to 7 % of alcohol. 

Alecithal iah-les' -ith-at) [a, priv.; XencQoc, yolk]. 
A term applied to certain ovums having the 
food-yolk absent, or present only in very 
small quantity. 

Aleipsis (al-ip'-sis) [aXeapcg, an anointing]. 
Steatosis; fatty degeneration. 

Alembic {al-em'-bik) [Ar., al, the; a/z/?^, a 
cup]. A vessel used for distillation. 

Alembroth {al-em' -broth) [origin unknown]. 
An old name for a compound of the chlorids 
of ammonium and mercury. Its solution 
has been used as an antiseptic. 

Aleppo Boil, A. Button, A. Evil, A. Pustule, 
A. Ulcer. See Furunculus orientalis. 

Alepton P {al-ep' -ton) . Colloidal ferroman- 
ganese peptonate. 

Alepton S. Colloidal ferromanganese saccha- 
rate. 

Aletris {al'-et-ris). Star-grass; unicorn-root; 
starwort; colic root. The root of A. far- 
inosa. It is tonic, diuretic, and anthelmin- 
tic, and was formerly a popular domestic 
remedy in colic, dropsy, and chronic rheuma- 
tism. Dose of fluidextract 10-30 min. (0.65- 
2.0 Cc); of tincture (1 in 8 proof spirit) 
1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc); of aletrin, the extractive, 
\-\ gr. (0.016-0.26 Gm.). 

Aleukemia {ah-lu-ke' -me-ah) [a, priv.; Xsukoc, 
white; alp.a, blood]. Deficiency in the pro- 
portion of white cells in the blood. 

Aleukocytosis {ah-lu-ko-si-to f -sis) [a, priv.; 
Xsukoc, white; kotoc, cell]. A diminished 
or insufficient formation of leukocytes. 

Aleurometer {al-u-rom! -et-er) [aleuron; jnerpov, 
a measure]. An instrument used for the 
examination of crude gluten as to its power 
of distending under the influence of heat, as 
a means of judging of the value of a flour 
for bread-making. 

Aleuron {al-u'-ron) [aXeopov, flour]. 1. Wheat 
flour. 2. Small, round proteid particles found 
in seeds. 

Aleuronat (al-u'-ro-nat) [aleuron]. A vegetable 
albumin used as a substitute for bread in 
cases of diabetes. 

Aleuroscope {al-u'-ro-skop). See Aleurometer. 

Alexander's Operation. A shortening of the 
uterine round ligaments through an inguinal 
incision, to cure retrodisplacement. 

Alexeterium (al-eks-e-te' -re-um) [dh^rjzrjp, a. 
defender]. An external defensive remedy 
against poison or infection, as distinguished 



from alexipharmac, an internal remedy. The 
plural alexeteria was formerly used to desig- 
nate remedies in general, but applied later to 
those used against the poisonous bites of 
animals. 

Alexia (ah-leks' '-e-ah) [a, priv.; Xe£tc, word]. 
Word -blindness. A form of aphasia in which 
the patient is unable to recognize written or 
printed characters. A., Cortical, a variety 
of Wernicke's sensory aphasia produced 
by lesions of the left gyrus angularis. A., 
Motor, inability to read aloud what is writ- 
ten or printed, although it is comprehended. 
A., Musical, loss of the ability to read 
music. A., Optic, inability to comprehend 
written or printed words. A., Subcortical, 
that due to interruption of the direct con- 
nection between the optic center and the 
gyrus angularis. 

Alexin {al-eks'-in) [aXe£cc, help]. A defensive 
proteid existing normally in the blood. 

Alexipharmac, Alexipharmic {al-eks-e-far'- 
mak, -mik) [dXk^ecv, to repel; (fiapjiaKov. a 
poison]. 1. A medicine neutralizing a poison. 
2. Acting as an internal antidote. 

Alexipharmacon {al-eks-e-jar'-mak-on) [see 
Alexipharmac]. Any alexipharmac medi- 
cine. 

Alexiterium ial-eks-it-e' -re-um) See Alex- 
eterium. 

Alexocyte (al-eks' '-o-sit) [aXk^eiv, to ward off; 
kotoc, a cell]. Hankin's name for an am- 
phophil leukocyte. 

Alga {al'-ga) [alga, a seaweed ;-*pl., algce]. A sea- 
weed; one of a group of acotyledonous plants 
living mostly in the water. 

Algaroth (al'-gar-oth). Antimony oxychlorid. 

Algesia (al-je' '-ze-ah) [aXyrjocc, pain]. 1. Pain; 
suffering. 2. Hyperesthesia as regards the 
sensation of pain; also neuralgia. 

Algesimeter {al-jes-im' -et-er) [algesia, pain; 
fiirpov, a measure]. An instrument for de- 
termining the acuteness of the sense of pain. 
A., Bjornstrom's, one to test the sensibility 
of the skin. A., Boas', an instrument con- 
sisting of a pad and spring, used to determine 
the relative sensitiveness over the epigas- 
trium. The normal tolerance is 9 to 10 kilo- 
grams; in cases of gastric ulcer, 1 to 2 kilo- 
grams. 

Algesthesis {al-jes-the' -sis) [aX^yoc, pain; a'ta- 
Otjgcc, feeling]. The perception of pain; pain- 
ful disease. 

Algid {al'-jid) [algidus, cold]. Cold; chilly. 
A. Cholera, the cold stage of Asiatic cholera. 
A. Fever, a pernicious intermittent fever, 
with great coldness of the surface of the 
body. A. State, the cold stage of a dis- 
ease. 

Algidism, Algidity (al'-jid-izm, al-jid'-it-e) 
[see Algid]. A marked sense of coldness; 
chilliness. A., Progressive. See Sclerema 
neonatorum. 

Algiomotor (al-je-o-mo' '-tor) [dXyoc, pain; movere, 
to move]. Causing movements attended with 
pain. 

Algogenic (al-go-jen' '-ik) [algos; yzwav, to 



ALGOLAGNIA 



41 



ALIMENTATION 



produce]. i. Causing neuralgic pain. 2. 
[algidus, cold; yevvdv, to produce.] Lowering 
the body-temperature below the normal. 

Algolagnia (al-go-lag'-ne-ah) [algos; Xayve'ca, 
venery]. Sexual perversion in which pain en- 
joined or endured plays a part. 

Algometer {al-gom' -et-er) [algos; fihpov, a meas- 
ure]. An instrument for testing the sensibility 
of a part to pain. 

Algor (al'-gor) [L.]. A sense of 
chilliness or coldness. 

Alibert's Disease. Mycosis fun- 
goides. A.'s Keloid, true keloid. 

Alible {al'-i-bl) [alibilis, nutritive]. 
Nutritive; absorbable and as- 
similable. 

Ali cyclic {al-i-si' -klik) [aXeccfxip, fat; 
kukXoc, a circle] . Pertaining to any 
hydroaromatic derivative having 
a ring-formation, carbocyclic, but 
approaching the aliphatic deriva- 
tives in chemic behavior. Syn., 
A liphatic-cyclic. 

Alienatio (al-yen-a'-she-o). See 
Alienation. A. partis, gangrene. 

Alienation (dl-yen-a'-sh un) [alienus, 
strange]. Mental derangement. 

Alienist (a/' -yen-ist) [see Alien- 
ation]. One who treats mental 
diseases. 

Aliform (al'-if-orm) [a la, wing; 
forma, shape]. Wing-shaped. A. 
Process, the wing of the sphe- 
noid. 

Alima (al-i'-mah) [aXqioc, without 
hunger]. Alimentary substances. 

Aliment (al'-im-ent) [alimentum, 
from alimentare, to nourish]. 
Nourishment; food. A., Acces- 
sory, A., Adjective, a condiment. 
A., Substantive, a food with 
nutritive value as distinguished 
from a condiment. 

Alimentary {al-im-en' -ta-re) [see 
Aliment]. Nourishing. A. Bolus, 
the food after mastication and 
just prior to swallowing. A. 
Canal, A. Duct, A. System, 
A. Tract, A. Tube, the digestive 
tube, from the lips to the anus, 
with its accessory glands. 

Alimentation {al-im-en-ta' 'shun) [alimentare, 
to nourish]. The act of supplying with food. 
A., Rectal, the nourishing of a patient by 
the administration of small quantities of 
concentrated food through the rectum. There 
are many formulas for these nutritive enemas, 
the most important of which are the follow- 
ing: 1. Leake's Pancreatic-meat Emulsion. — 
"For rectal alimentation: chop 5 oz. of 
finely scraped meat still finer, add to it 1^ 
oz. of finely chopped pancreas free from fat, 
and then 3 oz. of lukewarm water; stir 
to the consistence of a thick pulp. Give at 
one time, care being taken to wash out the 
rectum with water about an hour before." 
2. Mayefs Formula.— "Fresh ox-pancreas, 



150 to 200 Gm.; lean meat, 400 to 500 Gm. 
Bruise the pancreas in a mortar with water 
at a temperature of 37° C., and strain through 
a cloth. Chop the meat and mix thoroughly 
with the strained fluid, after separating all 
the fat and tendinous portions. Add the 
yolk of one egg; let stand for 2 hours, and 
administer at the same temperature, after 
having cleansed the rectum with an injection 



- \Salivary Gland 



Spleen 




Vermiform Appendix 



General Scheme of the Digestive Tract, With the Glands 
Opening into it, Together With the Lacteals Arising 
from the Intestine and Joining the Thoracic Duct. — (Lan- 
dois.) 

of oil. This quantity is sufficient for 24 
hours' nourishment, and should be adminis- 
tered in 2 doses." 3. Rcnnie's Formula. — 
"Add to a bowl of good beef -tea one-half 
pound of lean, raw beefsteak pulled into 
shreds. At 99° F. add 1 dr. of fresh pepsin 
and § dr. of dilute HC1. Place the mixture 
before the fire and let it remain for 4 hours, 
stirring frequently. The heat must not be 
too great, or the artificial digestive process 
will be stopped altogether. It is better to 
have the mixture too cold than too hot. If 
alcohol is to be given, it should be added 
at the last moment. Eggs may also be 
added, but should be previously well beaten." 
4. Feaslee's Formula. — "Crush or grind a 



AL1NASAL 



42 



ALKAPTONURIA 



pound of beef -muscle fine; then add i pint 
of cold water; allow it to macerate 40 min- 
utes, and then gradually raise it to the boil- 
ing-point; allow it to boil 2 minutes — no 
more — and then strain." 5. Flint's Mixture. 
— "Milk, 2 oz.; whisky, § oz., to which 
add half an egg." 

Alinasal (al-i-na'-sal) [ala, a wing; nasus, 
the nose]. Pertaining to the ala nasi, or 
wing of the nose. 

Aliphatic (al-e-fat'-ik) [aXec(f>ap, fat]. Fatty. 
A. Acid. See Acid, Fatty. A.-cyclic. See 
Alicyclic. 

Aliquot (al-i'-kwot) [aliquot, several]. A part 
of a number or quantity which will measure 
it without a remainder, as 4 is an aliquot of 
12. 

Alisphenoid (al-is-fe' -noid) [ala, a wing; 
sphenoid]. 1. Pertaining to the greater wing 
of the sphenoid bone. 2. The bone that in 
adult life forms the main portion of the greater 
wing of the sphenoid. 

f OTT 

Alizaramid (al-iz-ar' -am-id), C u H 6 2 < NH . 

A brown, crystalline substance obtained from 
boiling a dilute solution of alizarin in am- 
monia. Syn., Amidoanthraquinon. 

Alizarimid {al-iz-ar' -im-id), C u H 7 N0 2 . A vio- 
let-red substance obtained from v flocculent 
precipitated alizarin by action of ammonia 
with heat; it becomes nearly black on dry- 
ing. Syn., Alizarein. 

Alizarin (al-iz-a'-rin) [Ar., al, the; 'agar ah, 
to extract], C u H 8 4 . The red coloring prin- 
ciple occurring in Rubia tinctorum and in 
anthracene. It occurs in red, prismatic 
crystals, readily soluble in ether and 
alcohol. The alizarins form a group of the 
anthracene colors. A. -blue, a crystalline 
blue coloring-matter formed by heating 
nitroalizarin in combination with H 2 S0 4 and 
glycerol. 

Alkadermic (al-ka-der'-mik) [alkali; dipp.a, 
skin]. Pertaining to or containing an alka- 
loid used in subcutaneous injection. 

Alkalescence (al-ka-les'-ens) [Ar., al-qaliy, soda- 
ash]. Slight or commencing alkalinity. 

Alkalescent (al-ka-les' '-ent) [see Alkalescence]. 
Somewhat alkaline. 

Alkali (al'-ka-ll) [see Alkalescence]. The 
term includes the hydrated oxids of the al- 
kali metals; these are electropositive, are 
strong bases, uniting with acids to form 
salts, turn red litmus blue, and saponify 
fats. A. -albumin, a derived albumin; a 
proteid that has been acted upon by dilute 
alkalis and yields an alkaline reaction. A.- 
albuminate, a soluble powder used as a 
culture-medium in bacteriology. A., Caus- 
tic, the solid hydroxid of potassium or 
sodium. A., Fixed, potassium or sodium 
hydrate. A. Metals, sodium, potassium, 
lithium, cesium, and rubidium. A., Or- 
ganic, one forming an essential constituent 
of an organism. A., Vegetal, potash; also 
applied to the alkaloids. A., Volatile, am- 
monium hydrate, which is decomposed by 



heat with the evolution of ammonia; also 
ammonium carbonate. 

Alkalimeter {al-ka-lim' -et-er) [alkali; fxhpov, 
a .measure]. An instrument for estimating 
the alkali in a substance. 

Alkalimetry (al-ka-lim' -et-re) [see Alkalimeter]. 
The measurement of the amount of an alkali 
in a substance. 

Alkaline (al'-ka-lln) [alkali]. Having the qual- 
ities of or pertaining to an alkali. A. Earths, 
the oxids of calcium, barium, strontium, and 
magnesium. 

Alkalinity (al-ka-lin'-i-le) [alkali]. The quality 
of being alkaline. 

Alkalinuria (al-ka-lin-u' -re-ah) [alkali; oupov, 
urine]. Alkalinity of the urine. 

Alkalithia (al-ka-lith'-e-ah). An effervescent 
preparation used in rheumatism, said to con- 
tain 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.) caffein, 5 gr. (0.32 
Gm.) lithium bicarbonate, 10 gr. (0.65 Gm.) 
sodium bicarbonate, in each heaping tea- 
spoonful. Dose 1 heaped teaspoonful 3 times 
daily in a large glass of water. 

Alkalization (al-ka-li-za'-shun) [alkali]. The 
act of rendering a thing alkaline; the state 
or quality of being rendered alkaline. 

Alkaloid (al'-ka-loid) [alkali; eldoc, likeness]. 
Any one of the nitrogenous compounds oc- 
curring in plants, and resembling ammonia 
in being basic and capable of forming salts 
with acids. Alkaloids are believed to be sub- 
stituted ammonias. Several of the important 
ones are related to piperidin and to 
quinolin. Alkaloids are, as a rule, the most 
active parts of plants; many are used in 
medicine. A. s, Animal, substances chemic- 
ally like alkaloids, formed in the decom- 
position of animal tissues. See Leukomain. 
A., Artificial, one produced synthetically. 
A., Cadaveric, A., Putrefactive. See P to- 
main. A., Glucosid, a substance which ex- 
hibits the characteristics of an alkaloid, but 
is capable of decomposition into sugar and 
another substance when acted upon by dilute 
acid. 

Alkamin (al'-kam-in). See Alkine. 

Alkanet (al'-kan-et) [Sp., dim. of alcana, henna]. 
The root of the herb, Alkanna (Anchusa) 
tinctoria, yielding a red dye that is used in 
staining wood, coloring adulterated wines, and 
in pharmacy to give a red color to salves, 
etc. 

Alkanin (al'-kan-in). See Alkannin. 

Alkanna-red. See Alkannin. 

Alkannin (al'-kan-in) [see Alkanet]. Alkanna- 
red; a valuable coloring-matter obtained from 
alkanet. 

Alkapton (al-kap' -ton) . A yellowish, resinous, 
nitrogenous body occasionally found in urine. 

Alkaptonuria (al-kap-ton-u' -re-ah) [alkapton; 
obpov, urine]. The presence of alkapton in 
the urine. It has been found in cases of 
pulmonary tuberculosis and in other instances 
in which there were no local lesions or general 
disease. Urine containing alkapton turns 
dark on standing or on the addition of an 
alkali. 



ALKARGEN 



43 



ALLOGOTROPHIA 



Alkargen {al-kar'-jen) [alkarsin; ytvvdv, to 
produce]. Dimethylarsenic acid, obtained 
from alkarsin by the action of water. 

Alkarsin {al-kar' -sin) [alcohol; arsenic]. "Ca- 
det's fuming liquid"; an extremely poison- 
ous liquid containing cacodyl. It is of a 
brown color, and on exposure to the air ignites 
spontaneously. 

Alkeins {aV '-ke-inz) . A collective name for 
the ethers formed from the alkines. 

Alkine {al'-kin) . Any member of the acetylene 
series of hydrocarbons. Syn., Alkamin. 

Alkyl {al'-kil) [alkali]. The name applied to 
any of the univalent alcohol radicles, CnH^+i; 
methyl, ethyl, etc., are alkyls. A.-sulfids, 
thioethers; sulfur analogs of the ethers. They 
are colorless liquids, generally insoluble in 
water, and possessing a disagreeable odor 
resembling that of garlic. 

Alkylamin {al-MV '-am-in) . A body having 
the constitution of ammonia in which an alkyl 
replaces hydrogen; i, 2, or 3 hydrogen atoms 
of the ammonia molecule may suffer this 
replacement, thus yielding primary or mon- 
alkylamins, having the general formula NH 2 - 
(C n H 2n -)- 1 ); secondary or dialkylamins, having 
the general formula NH(C n H 2n+1 ) (CpH^+j); 
and tertiary or trialkylamins, of the general 
formula N(C n H 2n + 1 ) (CpH^+j) (C q H^+j)- 

Alkylate {al f -kil-at) . A compound derived 
from a monatomic alcohol by replacement of 
the hydroxyl hydrogen by a metal. 

Alkylation {al-kil-a' -shun) . The exchange 
of hydroxy lie hydrogen atoms for methyl 
groups. 

Alkylen {al'-ki-len). See Olefin. 

Allachesthesia {al-ah-kes-the' -ze-ah) [dXXax^, 
in another place; aZodyotc, sensation]. Er- 
roneous localization of tactile impressions, 
differing from allocheiria in the respect that 
the sensation is felt on the same side of the 
body, but in a different place from that in 
which the irritation occurs. 

Allantiasis {al-an-ti' -as-is) [dXX&c, a sausage]. 
Sausage-poisoning, due to the ingestion of 
sausages in which putrefactive changes have 
taken place. 

Allantoic {al - an - to' - ik) [dXXdg, a sausage; 
eldoc, resemblance]. Pertaining to the al- 
lantois. 

Allantoid {al-an' -toid) [see Allantoic]. 1. Re- 
sembling a sausage. 2. Relating to the allan- 
tois. A. Liquid. See Liquor amnii spu- 
rius. 

Allantoides {al-an-to-i'-dez). 1. Allantoid. 2. 
A sausage. 3. The great toe. 4. The al- 
lantois. 

Allantoin {al-an' -to-in) [see Allantoic], C 4 H 6 - 
N 4 3 . A crystalline substance occurring in 
traces in normal urine, and prepared from uric 
acid by oxidation. Also the characteristic 
constituent of the allantoic fluid, and likewise 
found in fetal urine and amniotic fluid. 

Allantois {al-an' -to-is) [see Allantoic]. One of 
the fetal membranes derived from the meso- 
blastic and hypoblastic layers. Its function is 
to convey the blood-vessels to the chorion. 



The lower part finally becomes the bladder, 
the upper, the urachus. 

Allantotoxicon {al-an-to-toks' -ik-on) [dXXac, a 
sausage; to^ckov, a poison]. A poisonous 
substance, probably a ptomain, that develops 
during the putrefactive fermentation of sau- 
sage. 

Allen's (Charles W.) Iodin Test. See under 
Tinea versicolor. 

Allen's Reaction for Phenol. Add to one or 
two drops of the liquid to be tested a few 
drops of hydrochloric acid and then one drop 
of nitric acid. A cherry-red coloration is 
produced. 

Allene {al-en'), CH 2 =C=CH 2 . An isomer of 
allylene. Syn., fi-Allylene; Isoallylene. 

Allesthesia {al-es-the' -ze-ah) [aXXoc, other; 
a'iad-qocc, feeling]. Synonym of Allocheiria. 

Alleviator {al-e' -ve-a-tor) [allevare, to lighten]. 
A device for raising or lifting a sick person 
from the bed. 

Alliaceous {al-e-a'-shus) [allium, garlic]. 
Resembling garlic, or pertaining to the 
same. 

Allingham's Painful Ulcer. Anal fissure. 

Allis' Sign. Relaxation of the fascia lata be- 
tween the iliac crest and the trochanter major 
is indicative of fracture of the neck of the 
femur. 

Alliteration {al-it-er-a'-shun) [ad, to; liter a, 
letter]. A form of dysphrasia in which the 
patient arranges his words according to the 
sound. 

Allium {al'-e-um) [L.]. Garlic. The undried 
bulb of A. sativum. It contains a pungent, 
volatile oil that is found also in the leek and the 
onion. In small amounts garlic acts as a con- 
diment and aids in the digestion and absorp- 
tion of food. In chronic bronchitis garlic ap- 
plied as a poultice to the chest and internally 
in boiled milk is beneficial. Poultices of gar- 
He applied to the spine are recommended in 
infantile convulsions and may be applied over 
the abdomen in gastrointestinal catarrh. A. 
cepa, the common onion, and A. porrum, the 
leek, have similar qualities. A., Syrup of 
{syrupus allii), contains fresh garlic, 20 Gm.; 
sugar, 80 Gm.; dilute acetic acid, a sufficient 
quantity to make 100 Cc. Dose 1-4 dr. (4- 
16 Cc). Unof. 

Alio-. A prefix used in chemistry to designate 
a body which has been rendered more stable 
by heat; also used to represent isomerism 
when there is "relative asymmetry." 

Allocheiria, Allochiria {al-o-ki'-re-ah) [aXXoc, 
other; %£(p, hand]. A peculiar disturb- 
ance of sensation in w r hich, if one extrem- 
ity is pricked, the patient locates the sensa- 
tion in the corresponding part on the other 
side. 

Allochesthesia {al-ok-es-the' -ze-ah) . Same as 
Allocheiria. 

Allochroism {al-ok'-ro-izm) [aXXof, other; XP^- 
[ia, color]. 1 . Variation in color. 2. A change 
of color. 

Allogotrophia {al-o-go-tro' -je-ah) [alios; xpkfatv, 
to nourish]. The nourishment of one part 



ALLOLALIA 



44 



ALLYL 



of the body at the expense of some other 
part. 

Allolalia {al-o-la' -le-ah) [alios; XaXe7v,to speak]. 
Any perversion of the faculty of speech. 
See Alalia. 

Allopathy {al-op' -a-the) [alios; naOoc, affec- 
tion]. According to Hahnemann, the in- 
ventor of the term, that method of the treat- 
ment of disease consisting in the use of medi- 
cines the action of which upon the body in 
health produces morbid phenomena different 
from those of the disease treated; erroneously 
used of the regular medical profession; op- 
posed to homeopathy. 

Allorrhythmia (al-or-rith' '-me-ah) [alios; pod- 
p.bc, rhythm]. Variation in intervals of the 
pulse. 

Allotherm {aV -o-therm) [alios; dip/mrj, heat]. 
An organism whose temperature is directly 
dependent on its culture-medium. 

Allotoxin {al-o-toks' -in) [alios; to^ckov, poison]. 
Any substance, produced by tissue-metamor- 
phosis within the organism, that tends to shield 
the body by destroying microorganisms or 
toxins that are inimical to it. 

Allotriodontia (al-ot-re-o-dori-she-ah) [dXXb- 
rpcoc, strange; odoug, tooth], i. The trans- 
planting of teeth from one person to another. 
2. The existence of teeth in abnormal situa- 
tions, as in tumors. 

Allotriogeustia (al-ot-re-o-gus' -te-ah) [allotrios; 
yeuocg, taste]. Perversion of the sense of 
taste; abnormity of the appetite. 

Allotriophagy {al-ot-re-oft'-a-je) [allotrios; 
(frayew, to eat]. Depraved or unnatural 
appetite. 

Allotropic {al-o-trop'-ik) [aXXoc, other; rpoTzog, 
turn], i. Characterized by allotropism. 2. 
Relating to or marked by isomerism. 

Allotropism {al-ot'-rop-izm) [see Allotropic]. 

1. The term expresses the fact of certain ele- 
ments existing in two or more conditions with 
differences of physical properties; thus, car- 
bon illustrates allotropism by existing in the 
forms of charcoal, plumbago, and the diamond. 

2 . Appearance in an unusual or abnormal form. 
Alloxamid (al-oks' -am-id) [alloxan; ammonia]. 

A substance, C 8 H 4 N 4 4 , obtained from al- 
loxan by the action of ammonia. 

Alloxan {al-oks'-an) [allantoin; oxalic], C 4 H 2 - 
N 2 4 . A crystalline substance produced by 
the oxidation of uric acid. 

Alloxantin (al-oks-an'-tin) [alloxan], C 8 H 4 N 4 7 
+ 3H 2 0. A substance obtained by reducing 
alloxan with SnCl 2 , zinc, and HC1, or H 2 S 
in the cold. It occurs in small, hard, color- 
less prisms that turn red when treated with 
ammonia. 

Alloxin {al-oks' -in) [allantoin]. Any of a series 
of xanthin bases, the result of the splitting- 
up of chromatin, and which on oxidation 
produce uric acid. 

Alloxur, Alloxuric {al-oks'-ur, al-oks-u'-rik) 
[aXXoc, other; o$uc, sharp]. A term applied by 
Kossel and Kriiger to the xanthin bases, from 
the fact that these, like uric acid, contain all- 
oxan and urea groups. A. Bases, A. Bodies, 



xanthin, hypoxanthin, guanin, paraxanthin, 
adenin. 

Alloxuremia {al-oks-u-re' -me-ah) [alloxur; ure- 
mia]. Toxemia due to the resorption of the 
xanthin or alloxur bases. 

Alloxuria ial-oks-u' -re-ah) [alloxur; ohpov, urine]. 
The pathologic secretion of alloxur bodies 
(uric acid, xanthin, hypoxanthin, paraxanthin, 
adenin, carnin, etc.) in the urine. 

Alloy {al-oi') [from the French aloi, a contrac- 
tion of a la lot]. 1 . A compound of two or more 
metals by fusion. 2. The least valuable of 
two or more metals that are fused together. 

Allspice {awl'-spls). The fruit of Eugenia pi- 
menta. A., Carolina, the leaves of Caly can- 
thus -floridus, having the properties of an aro- 
matic stimulant. See Pimenta. 

Alius (al'-us) [L.]. The great toe. A. pollex, 
the thumb. 

Allyl {al'-il) [allium, garlic], C 3 H 5 . A univalent 
alcohol radicle. Syn., Allylum; A cry I. A. 
Acetate: 1. C 3 H 5 . C 2 H 3 0, an aromatic 
liquid with sharp taste, boiling at 103 - 
104 C. 2. A salt of . allylacetic acid. A. 
Alcohol, C3H5HO. A colorless, inflammable 
liquid, with pungent odor, boiling at 97° C. 
A. Aldehyd, C 3 H 4 0. A synonym of Acro- 
lein. A. Borate, (C 3 H 5 ) 3 B0 3 , a liquid giving 
off pungent, irritating vapors which cause a 
flow of tears; it boils at i68°-i75° C. A. 
Bromid, C 3 H 5 Br, a liquid with pungent 
odor; sp. gr., 1.436 at 15 C; soluble in 
alcohol and ether; boils at 7o°-7i° C. Syn., 
Br omo propylene. A. Carbamin, CN . C 3 H 5 , 
a liquid obtained by heating allyl iodid with 
silver cyanid; it has an extremely foul and 
penetrating odor; boils at 96°-io6° C. Syn., 
Allyl cyanid; Allyl isocyanid. A. Carbimid, 
CO . NC 3 H 5 , a foul liquid causing flow of 
tears, formed by the action of potassium 
pseudocyanate upon allyl iodid. Syn., Allyl 
isocyanate; Allyl carboxylamin; Allyl pseudo- 
cyanate. A. Chlorid, C 3 H 5 C1, a pungent 
liquid; sp. gr., 0.937 at 20 C; boils at 
45 C. Syn., Chlorotritylen. A. Cyanamid. 
See Sinamin. A. Dioxid, C 6 H 16 O s , a color- 
less liquid obtained from allyl alcohol by 
action of glycerol and oxalic acid; sp. gr., 
1. 16 at 16 C; boils at I7i°-i72° C; sol- 
uble in water, alcohol, and chloroform. Syn., 
Diallyl oxid. A. Iodid, C 3 H 5 I, a pungent 
liquid; sp. gr., 1.848 at 12 C.; soluble in 
alcohol; boils at ioo°-io2° C. It is a re- 
action-product of phosphorus, iodin, and 
allyl alcohol. A. Mustard Oil, CS . N .- 
C 3 H 5 . The principal constituent of ordinary 
mustard oil. Syn., Allyl pseudosulfocyanate; 
Allyl pseudothiocyanate; Allyl isothiocyanate; 
Allyl isosulfocyanate ; Allyl thiocarbimid. 
A. Nitrate, C 3 H 5 . NO s , a mobile liquid 
of pungent odor, boiling at 106 C, 
formed from silver nitrate by action of allyl 
bromid. A. Phenol, C 9 H 10 O, a body obtained 
from anisic aldehyd by action of potash; it 
forms laminar crystals . A . Sulfate , C 3 H 5 HS 4 , 
a substance acting as a monobasic acid and 
forming salts called allyl sulfates. Syn., Allyl- 






ALLYLAMIN 



45 



ALOIN 



sulfuric acid; Allyl and hydrogen sulfate. A. 
Sulfid, (C 3 H 5 ) 2 S, the essential oil of garlic. 
It is stomachic and sedative. Dose i table- 
spoonful of a i : 600 mixture every £ hour. 
It is also used as an enema in cholera and 
subcutaneously in 0.5 % solution in sterilized 
olive oil in tuberculosis. A. Thiocyanate, 
NC . SC 3 H 5 , a colorless, strongly refracting, 
oily liquid, with odor of garlic and hydro- 
cyanic acid, isomeric with allyl mustard oil 
and producing headache, nervous excitement, 
and nausea when inhaled. Syn., Artificial 
oil of mustard; Allyl sulfocyanid. A. Tri- 
bromid, C 3 H 5 Br 3 , a colorless liquid used as 
an antispasmodic. Dose 5 drops. Unof. 

Allylamin {al-il'-am-iri) [allium; ammonia], 
NH 2 (C :i H 5 ). Ammonia in which a hydrogen 
atom is replaced by allyl. It is a caustic 
liquid. 

Allylene (al'-il-en), CH 3 . C=CH. A gas 
with strong odor, taking fire readily and 
burning with a smoky flame; was first ob- 
tained by Markownikow by heating pro- 
pylene bromid with alcoholic potash. Syn., 
Propine; Methylacetylene. 

Almen's Reagent for Blood. A liquid con- 
taining blood or blood-coloring matters, if 
well shaken with a mixture of equal parts of 
tincture of guaiacum and oil of turpentine, 
becomes blue. A.'s Test for Glucose, 
heat the liquid with a solution of bismuth 
subnitrate dissolved in caustic soda and ro- 
chelle salts; if it contains glucose, the liquid 
becomes cloudy, dark brown, or nearly black 
in color, and finally a black deposit appears. 

Almond {ah'-mond) [ME., almonde]. See 
Amygdala. A. -bread, a variety of bread 
made from almond flour, for use in diabetes 
as a substitute for ordinary bread. A.-eyed, 
applied to the Mongolian race on account of 
the peculiar elliptic form and slanting ap- 
pearance of the eyelids. A. of the Ear, A. 
of the Throat, the tonsil. A. Mixture. See 
under Amygdala. A. Oil, oleum amygdalae. 
See Amygdala. A. Oil, Bitter, oleum amyg- 
dalae amarae. See under A my gdala. A. -paste, 
a magma of bitter almonds, alcohol, white of 
egg, and rose-water, used to soften the skin and 
prevent the hands and lips from chapping. 

Alnus {al'-nus) [L.]. 1. Alder-bark. 2. A 
genus of shrubs and trees of the order 
CupulifercB. A. glutinosa, common Euro- 
pean alder, has astringent bark and leaves, 
which are used in intermittent fever and as 
an application in wounds and ulcers. A. 
serrulata contains tannic acid. The decoc- 
tion of bark and leaves is astringent and 
used as a gargle and as a lotion for wounds 
and ulcers. Dose of powdered bark 10 gr. 
(0.65 Gm.); of the fluidextract 30-60 min. 
(2-4 Cc). A. incana has qualities similar 
to A. serrulata. It is recommended as a 
hemostatic. 

Alochia {ah-lo r -ke-ah) [d, priv.; Xoxca, the 
lochia]. Absence of the lochia. 

Aloe {al'-o). A genus of liliaceous plants. 
See Aloes. A, americana. See Agave. A,- 



resin, an amorphous resinous constituent of 
aloes obtained as a deposit from a hot aque- 
ous solution of aloes on cooling. 

Aloeretin (al-o-e-re'-tin). See Aloe-resin. 

Aloes (al'-oz) [dkorj, the aloe]. The inspissated 
juice of several species of aloe, of which 
Aloe socotrina, A. barbadensis, and A. capen- 
sis are most commonly used. Its properties 
are due to a glucosid, aloin, C 17 H 18 7 . It 
is a tonic astringent, useful in amenorrhea, 
chronic constipation, and atonic dyspepsia. 
It is also an emmenagog and anthelmintic. 
Dose 2-5 gr. (0.13-0.32 Gm.). A. -bitter, a 
bitter principle obtained from aloes by evap- 
oration of the aqueous extract from which 
the aloe-resin has been extracted. A.-bitter, 
Artificial, a body obtained from aloes by 
action of nitric acid. A., Decoctum, Compo- 
situm (B. P.), Socotrine aloes, myrrh, and saff- 
ron, of each, 2 parts; potassium carbonate, 4 
parts; licorice-juice, 24 parts; water, 768 
parts; reduce by boiling to 642 parts 
and add 192 parts of compound tincture of 
cardamom. Dose ^-2 gr. (0.032-0.13 Gm.). 
A., Enema (B.P.), aloes, potassium carbon- 
ate, and mucilage of starch. A. et Asafcet- 
idae, Pilulag (B.P.), aloes and asafetida, of 
each, i£ gr. (0.1 Gm.). A. et Ferri, Pilulae 
(U. S. P., B. P.), contain 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.) 
each of aloes, ferrous sulfate, and aromatic 

• powder, incorporated with confection of roses. 
A. et Mastiches, Pilulae (U. S. P., B. P.), 
"Lady Webster's pills," contain aloes, 2 gr. 
(0.13 Gm.); mastic and red rose, h gr. (0.032 
Gm.). A. et Myrrhae, Pilulae (U. S. P., B. 
P.), each contains aloes, 2 gr. (0.13 Gm.); 
myrrh, 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.); aromatic powder, 
\ gr. (0.032 Gm.), mixed with syrup. A. et 
Myrrhae, Tinctura (U. S. P., B. P.), aloes, 
10; myrrh, 10; alcohol, 100 parts. Dose §- 
2 dr. (2-8 Cc). A., Extractum (U. S. P.). 
Dose 2 gr. (0.12 Gm.). A., Extractum, 
Aquosum, prepared by mixing aloes 1 part 
with 10 parts boiling water, straining and 
evaporating. Dose J-5 gr. (0.032-0.32 Gm.). 
A., Hepatic, dark, liver-colored aloes, mostly 
Barbadian. A., Pilulae (U. S. P., B. P.), 
aloes and soap, of each, 2 gr. (0.13 Gm.). A. 
purificata (U. S. P.), the common drug pur- 
ified by solution in alcohol and evaporation. 
Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gm.). A. Soco- 
trinae, Pilula (B. P.), contains Socotrine 
aloes, hard soap, oil of nutmeg, and confec- 
tion of roses. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). 
A., Tinctura (U. S. P., B. P.), consists of 
aloes, 10; licorice, 10; dilute alcohol, 100 parts. 
Dose \-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). A., Vinum (B. P.), 
has aloes, 6; cardamom, 1; ginger, 1; white 
wine, 100 parts. Dose 1-4 dr. (4-16 Cc). 

Aloetic (al-o-ef '-ik) [aloes]. Containing or per- 
taining to aloes. 

Aloetin (al-o-e'-tin). 1. Aloe-resin. 2. A yellow, 
crystalline principle obtainable from aloes. 

Aloin {al'-o-in) [aloes]. A bitter principle 
found in aloes. It forms fine needles, pos- 
sesses a very bitter taste, and acts as a strong 
purgative. Several glucosids of this name 



ALOPECIA 



46 



ALTERNATE 



are described, as, barbaloin, nataloin, zan- 
aloin, socaloin. Dose J-2 gr. (0.032-0.13 
Gm.). 

Alopecia {al-o-pe' -she-ah) [aXumen'ca, a disease 
of foxes resembling mange]. Deficient hair; 
baldness. It may be universal or partial, 
congenital or acquired. It follows a large 
number of systemic affections. Syn., Lapsus 
capillorum; Defluxio capillorum; Vulpis mor- 
bus. A. adnata. See A., Congenital. A. 
areata, that condition in which, suddenly or 
slowly, one or several, usually asymmetrically 
distributed, patches of baldness appear upon 
the hairy regions of the body, more often 
upon the scalp and parts covered by the 
beard. Syn., Area celsi; Tinea decalvans; 
Porrigo decalvans; Alopecia circumscripta. 
A., Cachectic, that due to general malnutri- 
tion. A. circumscripta. See A. areata. 
A., Congenital, a rare form, seldom com- 
plete, due to absence of hair-bulbs. A. fur- 
furacea, a form of baldness associated with 
a disorder of the scalp, marked by hyper- 
emia, itching, and exfoliation of dry or fatty 
scales from its surface. It may be acute or 
chronic, and produce a dryness, brittleness, 
and lack of luster in the hair. Syn., Alopecia 
pityroides capillitii; Pityriasis capitis; Sebor- 
rhoea capillitii ;• Pityriasis simplex. A. 
localis, that form occurring in one or 
more patches at the site of an injury or in 
the course of a nerve. Syn., Alopecia neuritica. 
A. neurotica, a name given to baldness 
of trophoneurotic origin. A. orbicularis. 
Same as A. circumscripta. A. pityroides 
capillitii. See A. furfuracea. A. pity- 
roides universalis, a rapid and general de- 
nudation of hair occurring in debilitated 
states, preceded by abundant desquamation 
of fatty scales. A. senilis, that occurring in 
old age. A. simplex, the idiopathic prema- 
ture baldness of young adults. It is most com- 
mon in males, and is often associated with 
premature grayness. A. syphilitica, that due 
to syphilis. A. unguis, A. unguium, the 

' falling-off of the nails. Syn., Onychoptosis. 
A. universalis, that in which there is a 
general falling-out of the hairs of the body. 

Aloxanthin (al-oks-an f -thin), Ci 5 H 10 O 6 . A yel- 
low substance obtained from barbaloin and 
socaloin by the action of potassium dichro- 
mate. 

Alpenstich (alp'-en-stik) [Ger.]. A form of 
severe pleurisy or pleuropneumonia with ty- 
phoid symptoms peculiar to mountainous 
regions. It occurred as an epidemic in the 
Swiss Alps in 1771 and in North Germany 
in 1832. 

Alpha (al'-fah) [aA(f>a, the first letter of the 
Greek alphabet]. The Greek letter a, used 
in combination with many chemic terms to 
indicate the first of a series of isomeric 
bodies, as alphanaphthol. A.-eigon, a com- 
pound of iodin and albumin containing 15 % 
of iodin and soluble in water. A. -leukocyte, 
one disintegrating during blood-coagulation. 

Alphenols (al' -fe-nolz) . A class of compounds 



having the characteristics of both alcohols 
and phenols. 

Alphodeopsoriasis (al-fo-de-o-so-ri 1 '-a-sis) [dX<f>- 
cooTjc, leprous; <l>copiaoc<;, psoriasis]. A form 
of psoriasis resembling leprosy. 

Alphodermia (al-fo-der' -me-ah) [dX<f)6c, white; 
dipfia, the skin]. Achromatosis ; any disease 
marked by lack of pigmentation. 

Alphol (al'-Jol), C 17 H 12 Cy The salicylic ether 
of alphanaphthol, a white, crystalline powder, 
soluble in alcohol, in ether, and in fatty 
oils, and insoluble in water; melts at 83 ° 
C. It is an internal antiseptic. Dose 8-15 
gr. (0.52-1.0 Gm.) 3 times daily. Syn., 
Betol. 

Alphos (al'-jos) [dX(f>6c, vitiligo]. 1. An old 
name for leprosy. 2. Psoriasis. 

Alphosis (al-fo'-sis) [see Alphos]. Albinism; 
leukoderma. 

Alphus (al'-fus). 1. See Alphos. 2. A scrofulous 
pustular disease of the skin attended with the 
formation of white crusts. A. confertus, 
a scrofulous form of impetigo with clustered 
lesions attended with formation of white crusts. 
A. leuce, Plenck's name for a skin disease 
marked by white spots, which penetrate the 
skin deeply and involve the hairs, and if 
pricked, a milky fluid exudes. Syn., Vitiligo 
leuce; Leuce. A. simplex, Plenck's name 
for a skin disease marked by white patches 
not involving the hairs and' wandering from 
one part to the other, with roughening of 
the skin. A. sparsus, a scrofulous dissemi- 
nated ecthyma attended with formation of 
white crusts. 

Alpinia (al-pin' -e-ah) [Alpinus, an Italian 
botanist of the sixteenth century]. A genus 
of zingiberaceous tropical plants. A. chin- 
ensis, A. officinarum, and other species fur- 
nish galangal. 

Alsace Gum (al-sas'). See Dextrin. 

Alstonia (al-sto'-ne-ah). A genus of apocyna- 
ceous trees and shrubs. A. conslricta, the 
Australian fever-tree, yields the alkaloid al- 
stonin. The bark is tonic, antiperiodic, and 
antipyretic, and is used in intermittent fevers. 
Dose of fluidexlract 30-60 min. (2-4 Cc). A. 
scholaris, the devil-tree, a native of the East 
Indies, furnishes dita-bark; it is tonic, as- 
tringent, antiperiodic, and anthelmintic. 

Alstonidin {al-ston f - id - in) . An amorphous 
substance contained in a variety of dita-bark. 

Alstonin {al-sto' -nin) . 1. An amorphous sub- 
stance contained in a variety of dita-bark. 
2. A crystalline alkaloid, C 21 H 20 N 2 O 4 , obtained 
from Alstonia conslricta. 

Alter (awl'-ter). To castrate or spay. 

Alterant (awl'-ter -ant). Same as Alterative. 

Alterative (awV -ter-a-tiv) [alterativus]. 1. A 
medicine that alters the processes of nu- 
trition, restoring, in some unknown way, 
the normal functions of an organ or of the 
system. The most important alteratives are 
arsenic, iodin, the iodids, mercury, and gold. 
2. Changing; alterant; reestablishing healthy 
nutritive processes. 

Alternate (awl'-ter-ndt) [altemare f to do by 



ALTERNATING 



47 



ALUMINIUM 



turns]. Occurring successively in space or 
time. A. Hemiplegia. See Hemiplegia. 

Alternating {awV -ter-na-ting) [see Alternate]. 
Occurring successively. A. Currents, electric 
currents the direction of which is constantly 
changing. A. Insanity, a form of insanity in 
which there are regular cycles of exaltation 
and depression. 

Alternation {awl-ter-na' -shun) [see Alternate]. 
Repeated transition from one state to another. 

Alternator iawV-ter-na-tor). An apparatus for 
converting the direct dynamo current into 
an alternating current. 

Althaus' Oil. An oil made as follows: Metallic 
mercury, i part; pure lanolin, 4 parts; 2 % 
phenol, 5 parts. It is used in the treatment 
of syphilis in injections of 5 min. (0.3 Cc.) at 
a dose. 

Althea, Althaea {al-the'-ah) [L.]. Marshmal- 
low. The peeled root of Althcea officinalis, 
a plant of the mallow family. It consists 
of about one -third of vegetable mucus and 
starch, together with the alkaloids asparagin 
and althein (latterly regarded as identical). 
Its decoction is employed as a mucilaginous 
drink. A., Ointment of {unguentum althcece), 
an ointment composed of marshmallow root, 
2 parts; turmeric, flaxseed, and fenugreek, 
each, 1 part; water, 70 parts; lard, 44 
parts; yellow wax, 6 parts. Unof. A., 
Syrup of (syrupus althceae), contains 4 % 
althea. Dose indefinite. A sparagin possesses 
sedative and diuretic properties, and is useful 
in ascites and gout. Dose 2-3 gr. (0.13- 
0.19 Gra.). 

Altitude {al'-ti-tud) [altitudo, height]. The ele- 
vation of a place above the sea-level. 

Altmann's Granules. Round bodies staining 
readily with carbolfuchsin, and regarded as 
cell-derivatives which have grown through 
the assimilation of fat. They are probably 
allied to Russell's bodies. 

Alum (al'-um) [alumen, alum]. Any one of 
a class of double sulfates formed by the 
union of one of the sulfates of certain non- 
alkaline metals with a sulfate of some al- 
kaline metal. The standard (or common 
commercial) alum, the official alumen (U. S. 
P.), is the aluminium-and-potassium sulfate, 
AlK(S0 4 ) 2 +i2H 2 0. It is a powerful as- 
tringent and styptic, and is also exten- 
sively used in the arts. A., Alumina-, a 
mixture of alum and aluminium sulfate. A., 
Aluminium-, an alum composed of a double 
sulfate of aluminium and another radicle. 
A., Ammonia, the same as the standard, 
except that the potassium is replaced by 
ammonium. It is official in Great Britain, 
and is extensively used on account of its 
cheapness. What is known as concentrated 
or patent alum is the normal aluminium 
sulfate {alumini sulphas, U. S. P.), which is 
not a true alum. A., Ammonioferric (ferri 
et ammonii sulphas, U. S. P.), is strongly 
styptic, and is useful in leukorrhea. Dose 
5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). A., Burnt, alum 
dried by heat; a spongy, pulverizable sub- 



stance. It is used as an astringent and on 
fungous growths. Dose 5-30 gr. (0.333- 
2.0 Gm.). Syn., Calcined alum; Alumen 
exsiccatum; Alumen ustum. A., Feather, 
A., Feathered. 1. Alum occurring in a 
fibrous form. 2. Asbestos. A. -hematoxy- 
lin, a purple stain for tissues, obtained from 
an alcoholic solution of hematoxylin by ad- 
dition of an aqueous solution of potash 
alum. A., Potash, A., Potassa, A., Po- 
tassic, A., Potassium, an alum containing 
potassium, particularly ordinary alum, or 
aluminium-and-potassium sulfate. A., Po- 
tassioferric, is similar to ammonioferric 
alum. A., Soda, double sulfate of sodium 
and aluminium; it is too soluble for ordinary 
uses. A. -whey, a preparation obtained by 
boiling 2 dr. of alum in a pint of milk and 
straining. It is used as an astringent and 
internal hemostatic in wineglassful doses. 

Alumen (al-u'-men) [L., gen., aluminis]. See 
Alum. A. exsiccatum (U. S. P.), burnt or 
dehydrated alum. See Alum, Burnt. 

Alumil {al'-u-mil). Alumina in combination 
with acids. 

Alumina {al-u' -min-ah) [L.], A1 2 3 . Alumin- 
ium oxid; the principal ingredient of clay 
and of many stones, earths, and minerals. 

Aluminate {al-u'-min-dt) [alumina]. A basic 
salt of alumina. 

Aluminated Copper. See Lapis divinus. 

Aluminic, Aluminicus {al-u-min'-ik, -us). 
Relating to or having the nature of alum. 

Aluminiferous (al-u-min-if '-er-us) [alum; ferre, 
to bear]. Yielding alum. 

Aluminium {al-u-mhi' -i-um) [L.], Al = 27. 
Quantivalence n, iv. A silver-white metal 
distinguished by its low sp. gr. — about 2.6. 
It is largely used in the arts and for certain 
surgical instruments. A. Acetate, A1 2 . - 
4C 2 H 3 2 + 4H 2 0. Used as an internal 
and external disinfectant. Dose 5-10 gr. 
(0.3-0.6 Gm.) 3 times daily. A. Aceto- 
borate, antiseptic and disinfectant. A. 
Acetoglycerinate, glycerite of aluminium 
acetate. It has one-fifth the strength of 
aluminium acetotartrate; used in 50% solu- 
tion in diseases of the nose, throat, and ear. 
A. Acetotartrate, an energetic nontoxic dis- 
infectant and astringent. It is applied in 
0.5 to 2 % solutions in diseases of the air- 
passages; for chilblains, in 50% solution. 
A. Boroformate, prepared from freshly pre- 
cipitated aluminium hydroxid dissolved in 2 
parts of formic acid, 1 part of boric acid, 
and 7 parts of water. It is used as an as- 
tringent and antiseptic. A. Borotannate, a 
reaction-product from tannic acid with borax 
and aluminium sulfate, containing 76% tan- 
nin, 13.23% alumina, 10.71% boric acid; 
used as a disinfectant and astringent in skin 
diseases, applied pure or attenuated in oint- 
ment or dusting-powder. Syn., Cutal; Cutol. 
A. Borotannotartrate, a compound of 
aluminium borotannate and tartaric acid; 
is used externally in skin diseases and in 
gonorrhea in 0.5 to iq % solution. Syn., 



ALUMINOL 



48 



AMA 



Soluble cutal or cutol. A. Borotartrate, an 

energetic, astringent, nonirritant antiseptic, 
used externally in inflammatory diseases of 
the throat and nose, and applied in sub- 
stance or in solution with the addition of 
glycerol. Syn., Boral. A. Bromid, Al 2 Br 6 . 
In combination with aluminium chlorid it is 
used as a gargle in diphtheria or taken 
internally. A. Casemate, an intestinal as- 
tringent. Dose 4-5 gr. (0.25^0.3 Gm.). A. 
Chlorid, A1 2 C1 6 , colorless hexagonal plates 
which fume in moist air. It is astringent 
and antiseptic, and is also used in bleach- 
ing teeth. A. Gallate, Basic, a brown, anti- 
septic dusting-powder made by precipitating a 
solution of aluminium sulfate with a solution 
of gallic acid to which sodium hydroxid has 
been added. A. Hydroxid {alumini hydroxi- 
dum, U. S. P.), Al 2 (HO) 6 , a tasteless white pow- 
der, feebly astringent. Dose 3-20 gr. (0.2-1.3 
Gm.). Syn., Aluminium hydrate. A. Oleate, 
A1(C 18 H 33 2 ) 2 , ayellowish mass, soluble in alco- 
hol, in ether, in benzene, and in oleic acid. It 
is used as an antiseptic in skin diseases. A.- 
and-potassium Sulfate, A1K(S0 4 )^,+ i2H 2 0, 
a valuable astringent, used in catarrh, leu- 
korrhea, gonorrhea. Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 
Gm.). In teaspoonful doses it is an emetic. 
Syn., Alum. A.-and-potassium Sulfocar- 
bolate, A1 2 K 2 (C 6 H 4 HS0 4 ) 8 , an antiseptic, as- 
tringent, and styptic; it is used externally in a 
5 to 20 % aqueous solution in cases of cancer 
and putrid ulcerations, and as a mouth- 
wash. A. Salicylate, A1(C 7 H 5 3 ) 3 , a red- 
dish-white antiseptic powder used in nasal 
catarrh and ozena. Syn., Salumin. A. Sal- 
icylate, Ammoniated, a yellowish- white 
powder used as an antiseptic and astringent 
in inflammation of the nose and throat by 
dry insufflations or painting with a 20 % 
solution in 50 % of glycerol and 30 % of 
water. Syn., Soluble salumin. A.-and-so- 
dium Silicate, Na 2 Si0 3 Al 4 (Si0 4 ) 3 , obtained 
by adding aluminium hydroxid to a boiling 
solution of sodium silicate and sodium hy- 
droxid. It is used in surgical dressings. A. 
Sozoiodolate, is used as an antiseptic wash 
in 2 to 3 % solution. A. Sulfate {alumini 
sulphas, U. S. P.), A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 , an antiseptic 
and astringent used as a lotion in 5 % solu- 
tion. A. Sulfocarbolate, A1 2 (C ? H 4 HS0 4 ) 6 , 
white crystals, soluble in water, in glycerol, 
and in alcohol. It is recommended as an 
antiseptic in cystitis and suppurating sores. 
Syn., Sozal. A. Tannate, a compound of 
aluminium and tannic acid. A. Tannotar- 
trate, yellowish- white plates or powder, soluble 
in water; used as an astringent and antiseptic 
insufflation or gargle in laryngeal or catarrhal 
troubles. Syn., Soluble tannal. A.-and-zinc 
Sulfate, Al 2 (S0 4 ) 3 ZnS0 4 , a white, crystalline 
powder, soluble in water. It is used as a caustic. 
Aluminol, Alumnol {al-u'-min-ol, al-um'-nol) 
[aluminium]. An astringent and antiseptic 
sulfur compound of aluminium, used in 
gonorrhea, endometritis, and diseases of the 
ear, nose, skin, etc. Unof, 



Aluminous {al-u' -min-us) . Relating to or con- 
taining alum, alumina, or aluminium. A. 
Chalybeate, a term applied to mineral waters 
containing alum and iron. 

Alumroot. The root of Heuchera ameri- 
cana. Its properties are due to gallic and 
tannic acids. It is very astringent. Dose of 
the fluidextract 10-20 min. (0.65-1.3 Cc). 
Also the root of Geranium maculatum, a mild 
astringent. 

Alveated {al'-ve-a-ted) [alveatus, hollowed out 
like a trough]. Honeycombed; channeled; 
vaulted like a beehive. 

Alvegniat's Pump. A mercurial air-pump 
used in estimating the gaseous constituents 
of the blood. 

Alveola {al-ve' -o-lah) [alveolus, a small hollow]. 
A little depression. 

Alveolar {al-ve' -o-lar) [see Alveola]. Pertaining 
to an alveolus. A. Abscess, a gum-boil. A. 
Arch, the alveolar surface of the jaw. A. 
Artery, a branch of the internal maxillary 
artery. A. Border, the margin of the jaws. 
A. Index, in craniometry, the gnathic index; 
the ratio of the distance between the basion 
and alveolar point, to the distance be- 
tween the basion and the nasal point, 
multiplied by 100. (Sometimes the basilar 
index is called the alveolar index.) A. 
Passages, the ultimate division of the bron- 
chi, emptying into the infundibula. A. 
Points. See Craniomelric Points. A. Pro- 
cess, the border of the superior maxilla, 
in which the alveoli are placed. A. Sar- 
coma. See Sarcoma. 

Alveolitis {al-ve-o-W -tis) [alveolus; ncc, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the alveolus 
of a tooth. 

Alveolodental {al-ve' ' -o-lo-den-tal) [alveolus; 
dens, a tooth]. Pertaining to the teeth and 
their sockets. 

Alveolomaxillary {al-ve' -o-lo-maks-il-a-re) . 
The buccinator muscle. 

Alveolus {al-ve' -o-lus) [L.]. 1. The bony 
socket of a tooth. Syn., Phatne; Phatnia; 
Phatnion. 2. An air-cell of the lung. 3. A 
cavity, depression, pit, cell, or recess. A. of 
a Gland, the terminal lobule of a racemose 
gland. A. laryngeus. See Pouch, Laryngeal. 
A. of the Stomach, one of the honeycomb- 
like depressions found in the stomach. 

Alvine {al'-vin or al'-vln) [alvus, belly]. Per- 
taining to the belly. A. Concretion, an in- 
testinal calculus. A. Dejections, A. Dis- 
charges, the feces. A. Obstruction, con- 
stipation. 

Alvus {al'-vus) [L., pi. and gen., alvi]. 1. The 
belly or its contained viscera. 2. Diarrhea. 
A. adstricta, A. astricta, an extreme degree 
of constipation. A. dura, constipation. A. 
renis, the pelvis of the kidney. 

Alympnia {ah-lim}' -e-ah) [a, priv.; lympha, 
lymph]. A deficiency of lymph. 

Alyssus {al-is'-us) [a, priv.; XOooa, madness]. 
Preventing or curing rabies. 

Ama {ah' -ma) [a pur), a water-pail]. An enlarge- 
ment at the end opposite the ampulla of a 



AMACRINE 



49 



AMBLYOPIA 



bony canal of the labyrinth of the internal 
ear. 

Amacrine (am'-ak-ren) [d, priv.; fxanpoc, long; 
7c, a fiber]. Applied to nerve-cells entirely 
devoid of axis-cylinder processes. 

Amadou (am'-a-doo) [Fr., amadouer, to coax]. 
German tinder or touchwood; Boletus igni- 
arius, a fungus found on old tree-trunks, 
used to stanch local hemorrhage and as a 
dressing for wounds, etc. A. de Panama, a 
hemostatic prepared from the leaf-hairs of 
Micronia mucronata. 

Amalgam (am-aV -gam) {jxaXaypa, a soft mass]. 
i. A combination of mercury with any other 
metal. 2. Any soft alloy. A., Dental, com- 
pounds of a basal alloy of silver and tin 
with mercury, used for filling teeth. Gold, 
platinum, copper, zinc, or bismuth is fre- 
quently added as a third metal to the basal 
alloy. 

Amalgamation (am-al-gam-a'-shun) [see Amal- 
gam]. In metallurgy, the process of com- 
bining mercury with some other metal, as 
practised in separating silver and gold from 
ores. 

Amanitin (am-an'-it-in) [duavl-ac, a kind of 
fungi]. 1. A principle identical with cho- 
lin, obtained from the fly-agaric. 2. A poi- 
sonous glucosid obtainable from various spe- 
cies of agaric. 

Amara (am-a'-ra) [amarus, bitter]. 1. Bitters. 
2. The bitter alkaloids. 3. [d/iapa, a trench.] 
A sewer, drain, or stream. In the plural, 
amarce, the hollows of the outer ear. 

Amaril (am'-ar-il) [Sp., amarillo, yellow]. The 
poison induced by Bacillus icteroides. 

Amarin (am'-ar-in) [see Amara], C 21 H l8 N 2 , tri- 
phenyldihydroglyoxalin. It results from boil- 
ing hydrobenzamid with caustic potash. It 
has a poisonous effect on animals. 

Amaroids (am'-ah-roids). All distinctly bitter 
vegetable extractives of definite chemic com- 
position other than alkaloids and glucosids. 
Their names end in -in or -inum. Also 
called "bitter principles." 

Amarum (am-a'-rum) [see Amara]. 1. A 
bitter. 2. Magnesium sulfate. A., Genuine, 
magnesium sulfate. A. purum, any simple 
bitter. 

Amarylism (am' -ar-il-izm) [see Amaril]. Yel- 
low fever. 

Amasesis (ah-mas-e'-sis) [a, priv.; p.aoT)acc, 
chewing]. Inability to chew. 

Amastia (ah-mas' -ti-ah) [a, priv.; fiaoxbc, 
breast]. Absence of the mammas or nipples. 

Amativeness (am'-at-iv-nes) [amare, to love]. 
The sexual passion. 

Amaurosis (am-au-ro 1 -sis) [d/iavpoecv, to 
darken]. Blindness, especially that occurring 
without demonstrable lesion of the eye. Syn., 
Paropsis amaurosis; Gutta serena; Cataracta 
nigra. A., Albuminuric, that due to renal 
disease. A. atonica, that due to physical 
debility. A. centralis, that due to disorder 
of the central nervous system. A., Cere- 
bral, that due to disease of the brain. A. 
compressionis, cerebral amaurosis caused bv 
5 



pressure upon the optic nerve. A. conges- 
tiva, that due to cerebral congestion. A., 
Epileptiform, A., Epileptoid, sudden blind- 
ness not confined to epileptics, but considered 
by some to be epileptic in its nature. Dila- 
tion of the retinal veins has been noted, 
but no changes in the retinal arteries have 
been observed. Syn., Retinal epilepsy; Oph- 
thalmemicrania. A. ex haemorrhagia, A. ex 
hyperopsia, an incurable, inexplicable blind- 
ness occurring suddenly after hemorrhages, 
especially of the stomach. A. intermittens 
larvata, a blindness, often unilateral, occur- 
ring with mild intermittent fever, which is fre- 
quently followed by atrophy of the optic nerve. 
A., Intermittent, bilateral amaurosis occur- 
ring as a complication of intermittent fever. 
It usually begins with the chill and continues 
until the sweating stage. A., Progressive, 
the progressive atrophy of the intraocular 
optic nerve-endings. A., Reflex, that result- 
ing from a reflex action upon the optic nerve 
from some remote source of irritation. A., 
Saburral, sudden temporary blindness occur- 
ring in an attack of acute gastritis. A., 
Spasmodic, blindness due to convulsions. 
A., Spinal, that caused by atrophy of the 
optic nerve, due to lateral or multiple sclerosis. 
Syn., Rachialgic amaurosis. A. sympathica, 
A., Sympathetic, functional disorder of one 
eye from reflex transmission of disease of the 
other eye. 

Amaurotic (am-au-rot'-ik) [see Amaurosis]. 
Relating to or affected with amaurosis. A. 
Cat's-eye, a light-reflex through the pupil 
in suppurative choroiditis. 

Amazia (ah-ma'-ze-ah) [d, priv.; f.ia£oc, the 
breast]. Absence of the mammary gland. 

Amber (am'-ber). See Succinum. 

Ambergris (am' -her -gr is) [amber; Fr., gris, 
gray]. A substance excreted by the sperm- 
whale, Physeter macrocephalus. It is not 
known whether or not it is a pathologic 
product. It exhales a fragrant,~musky odor 
when warmed, and is used in adynamic 
fevers, chronic catarrh, and nervous diseases. 
Dose 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.2 Gm.). Unof. 

Ambidexter (am-bi-deks'-ier) [ambo, both; 
dexter, the right hand]. An ambidextrous 
person. 

Ambidextrous (am-bi-deks'-trus) [see Ambi- 
dexter]. Able to use both hands equally well. 

Ambiopia (am-bi-o'-pe-ah). See Diplopia. 

Ambitus (am'-bit-us) [ambire, to surround]. A 
circumference. A. cerebelli, Burdach's term 
for the cerebellum, pons, and oblongata 
taken together. 

Amblotic (am-blot' -ik) [dfL^XajxcKdc]. Abortifac- 
ient. 

Amblyopia (am-ble-o'-pe-ah) [dfifiXuc, dulled; 
u>(l>, eye]. Dimness of vision, especially that 
not due to refractive errors or organic dis- 
ease of the eye. It may be congenital or 
acquired, the acquired being due to the 
use of tobacco (amblyopia nicotinica), alco- 
hol, or other toxic influences; to trau- 
matism; or it may be hysteric. Nyctalopia 



AMBOCEPTOID 



50 



AMETRIA 



and hemeralopia are other forms; it may 
arise from entoptic phenomena, such as muscce 
volitantes, micropsia, megalopsia, metamor- 
phopsia, etc. It may take the form of con- 
tracted fields of vision, of color-blindness, or 
anesthesia 0} the retina. Syn., Obfuscatio; 
Offuscatio. A., Crossed, A. cruciata, am- 
blyopia occurring through lesion of the 
brain, in which a dimness of vision with 
contraction of the field of vision exists in 
the eye on the side opposite to the lesion. 
A. ex anopsia, amblyopia from disuse or 
from nonuse. 

Amboceptoid (am-bo-sep'-toid). A degener- 
ated amboceptor which has lost its binding 
group (haptophore) on the one hand for 
the cell, or, on the other hand, for the com- 
plement. 

Amboceptor (am-bo-sep'-tor) [ambo, both; 
capere, to receive]. In Ehrlich's lateral or 
side-chain theory, an immune body having 
two uniting processes. Syn., Intermediary 
body (Ehrlich); Copida (Miiller); Sensitizer; 
Substance sensibilisatrice (Bordet); Desmon 
(London); Philocytase; Hemotoxic sensitizer 
(Metchnikoff). 

Ambra {am' -bra) [L.]. 1. Amber. 2. Amber- 
gris. 3. Spermaceti. A. alba. 1. Sper- 
maceti. 2. A light-colored amber obtained in 
Brazil. A. atrum. See A. nigra. A. cin- 
eracea, A. cineraceus, A. cineria, A. cin- 
eritia. See Ambergris. A. flava, A. ful- 
vum. See Succinum. A. nigra, general 
name for any dark-colored amber or am- 
bergris or dark, resinous substance; also 
lignite and jet. 

Ambrosia (am-bro' -zhe-ah) [a^poa'ca, the food 
of the gods]. A genus of composite-flowered 
herbs. A. artemisice folia, common hog- 
weed of North America; stimulant, tonic, 
antiperiodic, and astringent. A. trifida has 
properties similar to A. artemisioefolia. The 
pollen of these plants is by some regarded as 
a cause of hay-fever. 

Ambulance (am' -bu-lans) [ambidare, to walk 
about]. In Europe the term is applied to 
the surgical staff and arrangements of an 
army in service. In the United States the 
word is restricted to a vehicle for the trans- 
ference of the sick or wounded from one 
place to another. 

Ambulant, Ambulating, Ambulatory (am r - 
bu-lant, am'-bu-la-ting, am' -bu-la-to-re). Re- 
lating to walking or changing location; not 
confined to bed. A. Blister, a blister that 
changes its location. A. Clinic, a clinic for 
patients that can walk. A. Erysipelas, ery- 
sipelas that shifts from place to place. A. 
Tumor, a pseudotumor. A. Typhoid, walk- 
ing typhoid; enteric fever in which the 
patient does not, or will not, take to his 
bed. 

Ambustion (am-bus'-chun) [ambustio, a barn]. 
A burn or scald. 

Ameba, Amoeba (am-e'-bah) [d/iotftrj, a 
change]. A colorless, single-celled, jelly-like, 
protoplasmic organism found in sea and 



fresh waters, constantly undergoing changes of 
form and nourishing itself by englobing sur- 
rounding objects. Amoeba coli, the ameba 
of dysentery. This is a protoplasmic mass, re- 
sembling the water ameba, 20 to 30 p. in 
diameter, and composed of a nucleus and a 
highly granular protoplasm containing vacu- 
oles. It is found in large numbers in the 
stools of certain forms of dysentery, in the 
intestinal mucous membrane, and at times in 
the socalled dysenteric abscess of the liver. 
Whether it is the real cause of the disease 
is not definitely established. A. -enteritis, 
chronic enteritis due to invasion of Amceba 
coli. 

Amebic (am-e'-bik) [see Ameba]. Pertaining 
to or characterized by amebas. A. Dysen- 
tery, dysentery associated with the presence 
in the bowel of Amceba coli. 

Amebism, Amoebism, Amebaism, Amoeba- 
ism (am'-e-bizm, am-e'-ba-izm) . A pathologic 
condition due to the invasion of the system 
by amebas. 

Ameboid (am-e'-boid) [ameba; sldoc, resem- 
blance]. Resembling an ameba in form or in 
movement, as the white blood-cells. 

Amebula, Amcebula (am-e'-bu-lah). E. Ray 
Lankester's name for the amebiform parasite 
which develops from the exotospore of the 
malaria parasite. 

Ameburia (am-e-bu' -re-ah) . The occurrence of 
amebas in the urine. 

Amelia (ah-me'-le-ah) [a, priv.; pkXoe, limb]. 
Absence of the limbs. 

Amelioration (am-el-yo-ra'-shun) [ad, to; 
melior, better]. Improvement. 

Ameloblast (am-eV -o-blast) [Anglo - French, 
amel, enamel; [IXaoxbc, a germ] An en- 
amel-cell, one of the cylindric cells cover- 
ing the papilla of the enamel organ of the 
teeth, and forming a beautifully regular epi- 
thelial layer that produces the enamel. 

Amelus (am'-el-us) [a, priv.; piXoc, limb]. A 
monstrosity without limbs. 

Amenia iah-me' -ne-ah) . See Amenorrhea. 

Amenorrhea (ah-men-or-e'-ah) [a, priv.; prjv, 
month; pe'cv, to flow]. Abnormal absence 
of menstruation. Syn., Paramenia obstruc- 
tions; Amenia. A., Ovarian, A. /Radical, 
that due to nonovulation. A., Physiologic, 
absence of menstruation during pregnancy. 
A., Primitive, a term applied to those cases 
in which the catamenia have not appeared 
at the proper time. A., Secondary, that 
in which the discharge has been arrested 
after it has existed during the reproductive 
period. 

Amenorrheal (ah-men-or-e'-al) [see Amenor- 
rhea]. Pertaining to amenorrhea. 

Amentia (ah-men' -she-ah) [a, priv.; mens, 
mind]. Defective intellect; idiocy. 

Ameristic (ah-mer-is'-tik) [a, priv.; pipoc, a 
part]. Not segmented. 

Amesiality (ah-me-ze-al' -it-e) . The throwing 
of a part, as the pelvis, to one side of the 
mesial line of the figure. 

Ametria (ah-mei' -re-ah) [a, priv.; prjrpa, 



AMETROMETER 



51 



AMMONIA 



womb], i. Absence of the uterus. 2. [d, 
priv.; (jthpov, a measure.] Immoderation; 
asymmetry. 

Ametrometer (ah-met-rom'-et-er) [a, priv.; 
pkxpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
measuring ametropia. 

Ametropia (ah-met-ro' -pe-ah) [a, priv.; {ikrpov, 
a measure; o<pcg, sight]. The condition 
when an imperfect image is formed upon the 
retina, due to defective refractive power of 
the media or to abnormities of form of the 
eye. In myopia the anteroposterior diam- 
eter is too great or the power of the refractive 
media is too great; hyperopia (or hypermet- 
ropia) is the exact reverse; astigmatism is 
due to imperfect curvature of the cornea 
or of the retina, or to inequality of refract- 
ing power in different parts of the lens; 
presbyopia is due to inelasticity of the lens, 
producing insufficient accommodation; apha- 
kia, or absence of the lens, produces both in- 
sufficient refracting power and loss of accom- 
modation. 

Ametropic (ah-met-rop'-ik) [see Ametropia]. 
Affected with or pertaining to ametropia. 

Ametrous {ah-mef -rus) [d, priv.; prjrpa, womb]. 
Lacking a uterus. 

Amianthinopsy {am-i-an-thin-op'-se). [a, 
priv.; cavdcvoc, violet-colored; o^cc, sight]. 
Violet-blindness; incapacity to distinguish 
violet rays. 

Amici's Disc, A.'s Stria. See Krause's Disc. 

Amid (am'-id) [ammonia]. A chemic com- 
pound produced by the substitution of an 
acid radicle for one or more of the hydrogen 
atoms of ammonia. The amids are primary, 
secondary, or tertiary, according as 1, 2, or 
3 hydrogen atoms have been so replaced. 
They are white, crystalline solids, often 
capable of combining with both acids and 
bases. A. Bases. See Amin, Primary. 

Amidin (am'-id-in) [Fr., amidon, starch]. 1. 
Starch altered by heat into a horny, transpa- 
rent mass; soluble starch; the part of starch 
that is soluble in water. 2. [ammonia .] 
One of a class of monacid bases produced 
from the nitrites by heating with ammonium 
chlorid. In the free condition they are quite 
unstable. They contain the group C . NH .- 
NH 2 . 

Amidoacetic Acid {am-id-o-as-e' -tik) . See 
Glycocoll and Glycin. 

Amidoacetophenetidin (am-id-o-as-et-o-fe-ne? - 
id-in). See Phenocoll. 

Amidoacid {am-id-o-as' -id) [ammonia; acetum, 
vinegar]. An acid containing the amido-group 
NH 2 . 

Amidocaffein (am-id-o-kaf'-e-in), C 8 H 9 (NH 2 )- 
N 4 0. Fine acicular crystals obtained by 
heating bromcaffein with alcoholic ammonia. 

Amidogen {am-id' -o-jen) [amid; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. The hypothetic radicle, NH 2 , regarded 
as an essential part of all amids. See 
Amid. 
Amidoguaiacol {am-id-o-gwi'-ak-ol). A pro- 
duct of acetoanisidin by nitration and re- 
duction. It melts at 184 C. The salts are 



employed in the preparation of colors and 
medicines. 

Amidosuccinamic Acid {am-id-o-suk-sin-am' '- 
ik). Same as A spar agin. 

Amidosulfonal {am-id-o-sul'-fon-al). Amido- 
acetone ethyldisulfon, a sedative. 

Amidulin {am-id' -u-lin) [see Amidin]. Soluble 
starch; prepared by the action of H 2 S0 4 
on starch, thus removing the starch-cellulose. 

Amimia {ah-mim' -i-ah) [a, priv.; pipoc, a 
mimic]. Loss of the power of imitation or 
of making gestures. 

Amin (am' -in) [ammonia]. The amins are 
chemic compounds produced by the substi- 
tution of a basic atom or radicle for one or 
more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia; or 
basic derivatives of carbon, containing ni- 
trogen and viewed as ammonia derivatives. 
In deportment they bear some similarity to 
ammonia. The lower members are gases with 
ammoniacal odor, and are readily soluble in 
water; they differ from ammonia in their 
combustibility. The highest members are 
liquids soluble in water; only the highest are 
sparingly soluble. They are called mon- 
amins, diamins, triamins, etc., according to 
the number of amidogen molecules, NH 2 , 
substituted for H. A., Primary, an amin 
in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by 
a univalent alkyl. A., Secondary, an 
amin in which two hydrogen atoms are re- 
placed by univalent alkyls. A., Tertiary, 
an amin in which three hydrogen atoms are 
replaced by univalent alkyls. 

Arninol {am'-in-ol) [amin]. A gaseous sub- 
stance derived from the methylamin of her- 
ring-brine mixed with milk of lime. It is 
disinfectant, and has been used in the puri- 
fication of sewage. 

Amitosis {ah-mit-o' -sis) [a, priv.; p'croc, a 
thread]. Cell-multiplication by direct divi- 
sion or simple cleavage. 

Amitotic {ah-mit-ot'-ik) [see Amitosis]. Of 
the nature of, or characterized by, amitosis. 
A. Cell-division, direct cell-division, as dis- 
tinguished from karyokinesis. 

Ammic {am'-ik). See Ammoniac. 

Ammonemia {am-o-ne' -me-ah) . The supposed 
presence of ammonium carbonate in the 
blood. 

Ammonia {am-o'-ni-ah) [from the name of 
Jupiter Amnion, from the neighborhood of 
whose temple in Libya ammonium chlorid 
was obtained]. A colorless, pungent gas, 
NH3, very soluble in water. The prepara- 
tions of ammonia are used as antacids and 
as gastric and cardiac stimulants, in head- 
ache, hysteria, etc. It is a stimulant to the 
heart, and, in its elimination through the 
lungs, stimulates and liquefies the bronchial 
secretion. Ammonia?, Aqua (U. S. P.), 
water of ammonia, a solution containing 10 % 
of the gas in water. Dose 5 min.-J dr. 
(0.3-2.0 Cc), well diluted. Ammonias, 
Aqua,Fortior (U. S. P.), contains 28% of 
the gas in solution. Ammonias, Linimen- 
tum (U. S. P.), ammonia-water, 35; cot- 



AMMONIAC 



52 



AMMONIUM 



ton-seed oil, 60; alcohol, 5%. Ammonias, 
Spiritus (U . S . P .) , a 1 o % solution of ammonia- 
water in alcohol. Dose 10 min.-i dr. (0.65- 
4.0 Cc), diluted. Ammoniae, Spiritus, Ar- 
omaticus (U. S. P.), aromatic spirit of am- 
monia, an alcoholic solution of ammonium 
carbonate flavored with lemon, lavender, and 
pimenta. Dose \-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). 

Ammoniac {am-o f -ne-ak) . See Ammoniacum. 

Ammoniacal {am-o-ni' -ak-al) [ammonia]. 
Containing or relating to ammonia. 

Ammoniacum {am-o-ni' -ak-um) [ammonia']. 
Ammoniac* A gum obtained from a Persian 
plant, Dorema ammoniacum. It is a stimulat- 
ing expectorant and laxative, resembling asafe- 
tida, employed in chronic bronchial affections. 
Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). Unof. Am- 
moniaci cum Hydrargyro, Emplastrum, 
ammoniac, 72; mercury, 18%, with sulfur, 
acetic acid, and oil, q. s. Unof. Ammoniaci, 
Emplastrum, 100 parts of ammoniac di- 
gested with 140 parts of acetic acid, diluted, 
strained, and evaporated. Unof. Ammon- 
iaci, Emulsum, a 4 % emulsion in water. 
Dose §-1 oz. (15-30 Cc). Unof. 

Ammoniameter {am-o-ni-am' -et-er) [ammonia; 
likxpov, a measure]. An instrument for test- 
ing the strength of ammonia solutions. 

Ammoniated {am-o f -ni-a-ted) [ammonia]. 
Combined with ammonia. 

Ammonium {am-o' -ni-um) [ammonia]. A 
hypothetic univalent alkaline base, having 
the composition NH 4 . It exists only in com- 
bination. A. Acetate, Liquor of {liquor 
ammonii acetatis, U. S. P.), spirit of min- 
dererus, dilute acetic acid neutralized with 
ammonia. Dose 1 dr.-i oz. (3.75-30.0 Cc). 
A. Anacardate, an ammonium compound of 
the resinous acids of cashew-nut. It is a 
doughy mass, soluble in alcohol, and used 
as a hair-dye. A. Arsenate, (NH 4 ) 2 HAs0 4 . 
It is used as an alterative in skin diseases. 
Dose \ gr. (0.03 Gm.), gradually increased, 
3 times daily. A. Benzoate {ammonii ben- 
zoas, U. S. P.), NH 4 C 7 H 5 2 . Dose 5-15 gr. 
(0.32-1.0 Gm.). A. Bisulfate, NH 4 HS0 4 . 
Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). A. Bisul- 
fite, NH 4 HS0 3 . It is antiseptic and used 
internally in fermentive dyspepsia, externally 
in skin diseases. Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 
Gm.). A. Bitartrate, NH 4 HC 4 H 4 6 , a white, 
crystalline acid powder. It is used in the 
manufacture of baking-powder. A. Borate, 
2 (NH 4 HB 2 4 ) + 3H 2 0, used in renal colic; in 
combination with codein it is used in tuberculo- 
sis of the lungs. Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 
Gm.) every hour in water with licorice. A. 
Borobenzoate, an intestinal antiseptic. A. 
Bromid {ammonii bromidum, U. S. P.), NH 4 Br, 
used in epilepsy, cough, and rheumatism. 
Dose 10 gr.-4 dr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). A. Car- 
bamate, NH 4 NH 2 C0 2 , a white, crystalline, 
volatile powder, stimulant, a reaction-pro- 
duct of carbon dioxid and ammonia gas. 
Syn., Ammonium carbonate anhydrid. A. Car- 
bazotate. See A. Picrate. A. Carbolate, 
C 6 H 5 . NH 4 , antiseptic and antipyretic 



Dose 2—6 gr. (o 13-0.4 Gm.). Syn., Ammoni- 
um phsnate; Ammonium phenylate. A. Car- 
bonate {ammonii carbonas, U. S. P.), C 2 H U - 
N 3 O s , a compound of ammonium and car- 
bonic acid. It is a stimulant expectorant 
and cardiac stimulant. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32- 
0.65 Gm.). A. Chlorid {ammonii chloridum, 
U. S. P.), NH 4 C1, sal ammoniac, is used in 
bronchitis, rheumatism, and liver disease. 
Dose 1-20 gr. (0.065-1.3 Gm.). A. Chlorid, 
Troches of {irochisci ammonii chloridi, U. 
S. P.), each lozenge contains 2 gr. (0.13 
Gm.) of the salt. A. Embelate, the am- 
monium salt of embellic acid, NH 4 C 9 Hi 3 2 . 
It is a teniacide. Dose for children 3 gr. 
(0.2 Gm.); for. adults 6 gr. (0.4 Gm.). A. 
Fluorid, used in enlargement of the spleen. 
Dose 2 1 ! - ! g r - (0.003-0.032 Gm.). It is 
recommended in dyspeptic flatulence, 16 
gr. (1 Gm.) dissolved in 10 oz. (300 Cc.) 
of distilled water; 1 tablespoonful after 
each meal. A. Formate, NH 4 CHO z , used 
in chronic paralvsis. Dose 5 gr. (0.32 Gm.). 
A. Glycerinophosphate, (NH 4 ) 2 P0 4 C 3 H 5 - 
(OH) 2 , soluble in water. It is used in neu- 
rasthenia, Addison's disease, etc. Dose 
3-4 gr. (0.2-0.26 Gm.) several times daily. 
A. Glycyrrhizate, an expectorant. Unof. 
A. Hypophosphite, NH 4 PH 2 2 + H 2 0, white, 
laminate crystals, soluble in water. Dose 10-30 
gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.) 3 times daily. A. lodid 
{ammonii iodidum, U. S. P.), NH 4 I. Dose 
2-10 gr. (0.13-0.65 Gm.). A. Nitrate, NH 4 - 
N0 3 , used in preparing nitrous oxid. A. 
Persulfate, (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 8 , colorless crystals, 
soluble in water with turbidity. It is a 
disinfectant and deodorizer. Application, 0.5 
to 2 % solution. A. Phosphate, (NH 4 ) 2 HP0 4 . 
Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). A. Phos- 
phate, Dibasic, (NH 4 ) 2 HP0 4 . Used in rheu- 
matism and gout. Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 
Gm.) 3 or 4 times daily in J oz. water. A. 
Picrate, C 6 H 2 (NH 4 )(N0 2 ) 3 0, a salt in yellow 
needles, of bitter taste; like other picrates, 
it is explosive, and must be handled with care. 
It is antipyretic and antiperiodic, and tends to 
correct gastric disturbances. Dose 5 gr. (0.32 
Gm.) in 24 hours. Syn., Ammonium car- 
bazotate. A. Salicylate {ammonii salicylas, 
U. S. P.), NH 4 C 7 H 5 3 , an antirheumatic, 
antipyretic germicide and expectorant. 
Dose 2-10 gr. (0.13-0.65 Gm.). A. Silico- 
fluorid, 2NH 4 F . SiF 4 , an energetic antisep- 
tic and reconstituent. It is used by inhal- 
ation in diseases of the nose and throat. 
A. Succinate, (NH 4 )C 4 H 4 4 ; recommended, 
1 part in 120 parts of water, as a specific 
in colic. Dose 1 tablespoonful every 15 
minutes. A. Sulfate, (NH 4 ),S0 4 , used in 
the preparation of other ammonium salts. 
A. Sulfite, (NH 4 ) 2 SO s , an antiseptic used 
in fermentive dyspepsia. Dose 5-20 gr. 
(0.3-1.3 Gm.). Applied externally in skin 
diseases, 1 part in 10 parts of water. A. 
Sulfocarbolate, NH 4 C 6 H 4 HS0 4 , antiseptic. 
Dose 1-5 gr. (0.06-0.3 Gm.). A. Sulfo- 
ricinate, brown, ointment-like masses, solu- 






AMMONIURIA 



53 



AMPHIASTER 



ble in alcohol and water. It is antiseptic 
and deodorant, and applied in 20% solution 
in skin diseases or on ulcerated mucous 
membranes. A. Tartrate, (NH 4 ) 2 C 4 H 4 6 , 
clear crystals, soluble in water. It is an 
expectorant. Dose 5-30 gr. (0.3-2.0 Gm.). 
A. Thiosulfate, (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 3 , soluble in water; 
antiseptic. Dose 5-30 gr. (0.3-2.0 Gm.) in 
water. A. Tungstate, fine white crystalline 
powder or needles, soluble in water. A. 
Urate, (NH 4 )C 5 H 3 N 4 ? , white crystalline 
powder, slightly soluble in water. It is anti- 
septic and used in 4 % ointment in chronic 
eczema. Ammonium urate occurs in alka- 
line urine and at times in urinary calculi. 
A. Valerate, NH 4 C 5 H 9 2 , is used as a sedative 
in hysteria. Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gm.). 
Ammoniuria {am-o-ni-u 1 '-re-ah) [ammonia; 
oupov, urine]. A condition marked by ex- 
cess of ammonia in the urine. 
Ammonol {am'-on-ol), C 6 H 5 NH 2 . A proprie- 
tary remedy said to be ammoniated phenyl- 
acetamid; pale-yellow crystals, said to be 
analgesic and antipyretic. Dose 5-20 gr. 
(0.3-1.3 Gm.). A. Salicylate, a remedy 
for headache. Dose 8 gr. (0.5 Gm.). 
Ammotherapy {am-o-ther'-a-pe) [d/ip.oc, sand; 
depaizeuetv, to heal]. The use of sand-baths in 
the treatment of disease. 
Amnesia {am-ne' -se-ah) [duvrjoca, forgetfulness]. 
Loss of memory, especially of the ideas repre- 
sented by words. A., Auditory, word-deaf- 
ness. A., Retroanterograde, a perversion 
of memory in which recent events are referred 
to a far-removed past, while the occurrences 
of the remote past seem recent. A., Retro- 
grade, loss of memory for incidents and events 
which occurred a shorter or longer time before 
the attack of the disease. Besides that which 
may result from severe infectious disease or 
from epilepsy, it may be due to trauma or to 
hysteria. A., Visual, word-blindness, or in- 
ability to recognize printed or written words. 
Amnesic {am-ne' -sik) . Relating to amnesia. 

A. Aphasia. See Amnesia. 
Amniochorial {am-ne-o-ko' '-re-al) [amnion; jo- 
pcov, a membrane]. Pertaining to both amnion 
and chorion. 
Amniocleptic, Amnioclepticous {am-ne-o- 
klep'-tik, -us) [amnion; kXztzteiv, to steal away]. 
Relating to the unmarked escape of the liquor 
amnii. 
Amnion {am'-ne-on) [dpj'tov , a young lamb]. 
The innermost of the fetal membranes; it is 
continuous with the fetal epidermis at the um- 
bilicus, forming a complete sheath for the 
umbilical cord and a sac or bag in which the 
fetus is inclosed. It contains one or two 
pints of liquor amnii. It is a double, non- 
vascular membrane, the inner layer or sac 
derived from the epiblast, the outer from the 
mesoblast. The cavity of the inner folds is 
called the true amnion, that of the outer, the 
false. Syn., Agnina membrana; Agnina pel- 
licula; Membrana agnina; Agnina tunica; 
Abgas; Abghas. A., Dropsy of, excessive 
secretion of liquor amnii. 



Amnionic {am-ne-on'-ik) [amnion]. Relating to 
the amnion. 

Amniorrhea {am-ne-o-re' -ah) [amnion; po'ca, 
a flow]. The discharge of the liquor amnii. 

Amniotic {am-ne-of -ik) [amnion]. Relating to 
the amnion. A. Cavity, the sac of the am- 
nion. A. Fluid, the liquor amnii. See Amnion. 

Amoeba {am-e'-bah). See Ameba. 

Amoeboid {am-e'-boid). See Ameboid. 

Amomum (am-o'-mum) [a/iojfiov, an Eastern 
spice plant]. A genus of scitaminaceous 
plants to which the cardamom (A. cardamo- 
mum) and "grains of paradise" {A. granum 
paradisi) belong. 

Amor {am' -or) [L.]. Love. A. insanus. See 
Erotomania. A. sui, love of self; vanity. 
A. veneris, Columbus' term for the clitoris. 

Amorpha (ah-mor j'-ah) [a, priv.; fiopcb-f), shape]. 
1. A cutaneous eruption having no definite 
form. 2. A macula. 3. Apparent diseases 
in which no lesions can be discovered. 4. 
Intertrigo. A. infantilis, A. lactantium, 
infantile intertrigo. A. vulgaris, intertrigo. 

Amorphia {ah-mor' -fe-ah) [see Amorpha]. 
Shapeless condition. 

Amorphism {ah-mor'-fizm) [see Amorpha]. 
The state of being amorphous or without 
shape; want of crystalline structure. 

Amorphous {ah-mor' -fus) [see Amorpha]. 
Formless; shapeless; not crystalline. 

Ampelotherapy (am-pel-o-ther'-a-pe) [a/xneX^oc, 
a grape-vine; OepaKsuecv, to heal]. The 
grape-cure {q. v.). 

Amperage (am-par'-ahj) [Ampere, a French 
physicist]. The number of amperes passing 
in a given circuit. 

Ampere {am' -par) [see Amperage]. A unit of 
measurement of an electric current. It is 
the electromotive force of one volt produced 
in a circuit having one ohm of resistance. 

Amperemeter {am-pdr' -me-ter) [ampere; p.h- 
pov, a measure]. An instrument for esti- 
mating the strength of the current of an elec- 
tric circuit in amperes. 

Amphemeros, Amphemerus {am-fem'-er-os, 
-tis). 1. Quotidian. 2. A quotidian fever. 

Amphiarkyochrome {am -fe-ar'-ke-o-krom) 
[d[irf>(, both; apuuc, net; xpaj[xa, color]. A term 
applied by Nissl to a nerve-cell the stainable 
portion of whose cell-body is in the form of 
a pale network, the nodal points of which are 
joined by an intensely staining network. 

Amphiarthrosis {am-fe-ar -thro' -sis) [am phi-; 
dpdpov, a joint]. A form of mixed articulation 
in which the surfaces of the bones are con- 
nected by broad discs of fibrocartilage or else 
are covered with fibro- 
cartilage and connected 
by external ligaments. It 
is distinguished by lim- 
ited flexion in every direc- 
tion, as, e.g., between the 
vertebras. 
Amphiaster {am'-fe-as-ter) 
[amphi-; darrjp, a star]. 
The figure formed in in- 

AMPHIASTER IN AN i- ^ ii j- • • 1 ,1 

Ovarian Egg. direct cell-division by the 




AMPHIBIA 



54 



AMPULLA 




achromatin threads and chromatin granules 
united to form the socalled nuclear spindle, 
together with the threads of cell-protoplasm 
radiating from a rounded clear space at 
each end of the spindle, known as the stars 
or suns. 
Amphibia (am-fib'-e-ah) [am phi-; p'coc, life]. A 
class of the Vertebrata, living both in the 
water and upon the land, as the frog, 
newt, etc. 
Amphibious (am-fib'-e-us) [see Amphibia]. 

Living both on land and in water. 
Amphiblastic (am-fe-blas'-iik) [am phi-; ftXaozoc, 
a germ]. Pertaining to that form of complete 
segmentation that gives rise to an amphi- 
blastula. 
Amphiblastula (am-fe-blas'-tu-lah) [am phi-; 
bias tula, dim. of fiAaaroc, a germ]. The 
mulberry -mass or morula-stage in the develop- 
ment of a holo- 
3, blastic egg. It 
follows the 
stage known as 
amphimorula. 
Amphibolia(awz- 
}e-bo'-le-ah) 
[ajK^cfioXca, un- 
certainty]. The 
vacillating pe- 
•L riod of a fever 
or disease. 
Amphibolic (aw- 
fe-bol'-ik) [see 
Amphib olia]. 
Uncertain; 
doubtful. Ap- 
plied to a pe- 
riod in the fe- 
brile process occurring between the fastigium 
and the defervescence, and marked by exa- 
cerbations and remissions. 
Amphicrania (am-fe-kra'-ne-ah) [amphi-; upav- 
cov, the skull]. Headache affecting both sides 
of the head. 
Amphicreatin {am-Je-kre' -at-in) [amphi-; Kpkag, 
flesh], C 7 H 19 X 7 4 . One of the muscle-leu- 
komains. It crystallizes in brilliant oblique 
prisms of a yellowish-white color, and is 
faintly basic. 
Amphicreatinin (am-fe-kre-at r -in-in) [see Am- 
phicreatin], C 9 H 10 X 7 Oj,. A member of the 
creatinin group of leukomains derived from 
muscle. 
Amphicroic {am-Je-kro'-ik) [amphi-; npouecv, to 
test]. Having the power to turn blue litmus- 
paper red and red litmus-paper blue. 
Amphidiarthrosis {am-je-di-ar-thro' -sis) [am- 
phi-; dcapdpojocc, articulation]. The articu- 
lation of the lower jaw, as it partakes of 
the nature both of ginglymus and of arth- 
rodia. 
Amphigony (am-fig'-o-ne) [amphi-; ybvoc, off- 
spring]. The sexual process in its broadest 
sense; gamogenesis. 
Amphimicrobian (am-fe-mi-hro'-be-an) [am- 
phi-; ptiKpof, small; ficoc, life]. Both aero- 
bian and anaerobian. 



Amphtblastula. — (A Her Balfour.) 
a. Granular cells which will form 
the epibla=t. b. Ciliated cells 
which become invaginated to form 
the hypoblast. 



Amphimixis {am-fi-miks' -is) [amphi-; /*Jc.'f, 
mixing]. The mingling of two individuals or 
their germs; sexual reproduction. 

Amphimorula (am -}e- mor'- u - lah) [amphi-; 
morula, a mulberry]. The morula, or globu- 
lar mass of cleavage cells resulting from un- 
equal segmentation, the cells of the hemi- 
spheres being unlike in size. 

Amphistoma (am-fis'-to-mah) [amphi-; arbp.a, 
mouth]. A genus of trematode worms, named 
from the mouth-like apparatus at either end. 
One species, A. hominis, has been found in 
the large intestine of man. 

Amphitrichous (am-fit'-rik-us) [amphi-; dp'cq, a 
hair]. Applied to the type of flagellation in 
bacteria in which there is a single flagellum 
at each pole. 

Amphodiplopia (am-}o-dip-lo'-pe-ah) [dp.(jiio, 
both; oc-Aooc, double; axp, eye]. Double 
vision affecting each of the eyes. 

Amphophil, Amphophilous (am'-fo-fil, am- 
fof'-il-us) [afx<f)a>, both; <pch~cv, to love]. 
Readily stainable alike with acid and with 
basic dyes. 

Amphoric (am-for' -ik) [amphora, a vase with 
two handles]. Resembling the sound pro- 
duced by blowing across the mouth of a 
bottle. A. Breathing, breath-sounds with 
musical quality heard in diseased conditions 
of the lung, especially in pulmonary tuber- 
culosis with cavity-formation. A. Reso- 
nance, in ■ auscultation, a metallic sound 
like that of blowing into a bottle, caused 
by the reverberation of sound in a cavity 
of the lung. A. Respiration. See A . Breath- 
ing. 

Amphorophony {am -for - of- o - ne) [amphora; 
(fxovj), a sound]. An amphoric resonance or 
sound. 

Amphoteric, Amphoterous {am-fo-ter'-ik, am- 
fot'-er-us) [dp.(J)6-£poi, both of two]. Double- 
sided; having the power of altering the 
color of both red and blue litmus test-paper; 
a condition sometimes presented by the 
urine. 

Amplification (am-plij-ik-a' -shwi) [amplificare, 
to enlarge]. In microscopy, increase of the 
visual area. 

Amplifier (am'-ple-fi-er) [see Amplification]. 
An apparatus used in microscopy for in- 
creasing the magnification. It consists of a 
diverging lens or combination placed be- 
tween the objective and the ocular, and 
gives to the image-forming rays from the 
objective an increased divergence. 

Amplitude (am r -ple-tud) [ampins, broad]. The 
range or extent, as of vibrations and un- 
dulations, the pulse-wave, etc. 

Ampulla {am-puV -alt) [L., "a Roman wine- 
jug"], i. The trumpet-mouthed or dilated 
extremity of a canal, as of the lacrimal canal, 
the receptaculum chyli, the fallopian tubes, 
mammary ducts, semicircular canals, vas de- 
ferens, etc. 2. A bulla or blister. A. chyli, 
the receptaculum chyli. A., Galen's, a dila- 
tion of the vena magna galeni, occurring 
in the middle of Bichat's fissure, between 



AMPULLACEOUS 

the splenium and the quadrigeminal bodies. 
It receives the two basilar and several small 
cerebral and cerebellar veins. A., Henle's. 
i. The fusiform dilation of the vas de- 
ferens near its junction with the seminal 
vesicle. 2. The expanded outer half of the 
fallopian tube. A., Lieberkuhn's, the cecal 
terminus of one of the lacteals in the villi 
of the intestine. A. lorenzini, the dilated 
internal end of Lorenzini's tubes. A. of 
Rectum, the portion above the perineal 
flexure. A. of Vater, a depression in the 
internal and posterior wall of the descend- 
ing portion of the duodenum, into which 
the ductus communis choledochus and the 
pancreatic duct open. 

Ampullaceous {am-pul-a'-shus). 1. Flask- 
shaped; big-bellied; gibbous. 2. Relating to 
an ampulla. 3. Attended with the forma- 
tion of bullas or blebs. 

Amputation (am-pu-ta'-shuri) [amputare, to 
cut away]. The removal of a limb or any 
projecting part of the body. Amputation 
may be by the knife, ligature, or other means, 
or it may be the result of pathologic processes, 
as gangrene, constriction {e. g., of the cord 
in the fetus). A., Accidental, the separa- 
tion of a limb by some form of accident. 
A., Bloodless, one in which there is but 
slight loss of blood, on account of the cir- 
culation being controlled by mechanic means. 
A., Central, one in which the scar is situ- 
ated at or near the center of the stump. 
A., Circular, that performed by making a 
single flap, by circular sweeps of a long knife, 
through skin and muscles, in a direction ver- 
tical to the long axis of the limb. A., Cir- 
cular Skin-flap, a modification of the cir- 
cular, in which the skin-flap is dissected up, 
and the muscles divided at a higher level. 
A., Coat-sleeve, a modification of the circular, 
in which the cutaneous flap is made very 
long, the end being closed by being gathered 
together by means of a tape. A., Congen- 
ital, amputation of fetal portions, due to 
constriction by bands of lymph. A., Con- 
secutive, an amputation during the period 
of suppuration or later. A. in the Con- 
tiguity, amputation at a joint. A. in the 
Continuity, amputation of a limb elsewhere 
than at a joint. A., Cutaneous, one in 
which the flaps are composed exclusively of 
the integuments. A., Diclastic, one in which 
the bone is broken with an osteoclast and 
the soft tissues divided by means of an ecra- 
seur. Its object is to avoid hemorrhage and 
purulent infection. A., Double Flap, one in 
which two flaps are formed from the soft 
tissues. A., Dry. See A., Bloodless. A., 
Eccentric, one in which the scar is situated 
away from the center of the stump. A., 
Elliptic, one that may be performed by a 
single sweep, as in the circular method; the 
wound, however, haying an elliptic outline, 
on account of the oblique direction of the 
incision. A. of Expediency, one performed 
for cosmetic effect. A., Flap, one in which 



55 



AMUSIA 



one or more flaps are made from the soft 
tissues, the division being made obliquely. 
A., Flapless, one in which, on account of 
destruction of the soft parts, flaps cannot be 
formed, the wound healing by granulation. 
A., Galvanocaustic, one in which the soft 
parts are divided with the galvanocautery, 
followed by division of the bone by the saw. 
A., Immediate, one done within 12 hours 
after the injury, during the period of shock. 
A., Intermediary, A., Intermediate, A., In- 
trapyretic, one performed during the period 
of reaction and before suppuration. A., In- 
trauterine. See A., Congenital. A., Major, 
amputation of an extremity above the wrist- 
or ankle-joint. A., Mediate. See A., Inter- 
mediary. A., Mediotarsal. 1. Chopart's 
amputation. See Operation, Chopart's. 2. 
An amputation through the tarsus, preserv- 
ing the scaphoid bone. A., Minor, am- 
putation of a small part, as a finger. A., 
Mixed, a combination of the circular and 
flap methods. A., Multiple, amputation of 
two or more members at the same time. 
A., Musculocutaneous, one in which the 
flaps consist of skin and muscle. A., Mus- 
culotegumentary. See A., Musculocuta- 
neous. A., Natural. See A., Congenital. A., 
Oblique. See A., Oval. A., Osteoplastic, 
one in which there are section and apposi- 
tion of portions of bone in addition to the 
amputation. A., Oval, a modification of the 
elliptic, in which the incision consists of two 
reversed spirals instead of the one oblique. 
A., Partial. 1. One in which but a portion 
of the extremity is removed. 2. An incom- 
plete congenital amputation. A., Patho- 
logic, one done for tumor or other diseased 
condition. A., Primary, one done after the 
period of shock and before the occurrence of 
inflammation. A., Racket, a variety of the 
oval amputation in which there is a single 
longitudinal incision continuous below with 
a spiral incision on either side of the limb. 
A., Secondary, one performed during the 
period of suppuration. A., Spontaneous. 
See A., Congenital. It also occurs in the 
disease, ainhum. A., Subastragalar, a par- 
tial amputation of the foot, leaving only the 
astragalus. A., Subperiosteal, one in the 
continuity, the cut end of the bone being 
covered by periosteal flaps. A., Supracon- 
dylar. See Operation, GrittVs. A., Syn- 
chronous. See A., Multiple. A., Tertiary, 
that performed after the inflammatory reaction 
stage has passed. A. by Transfixion, one 
done by thrusting a long knife completely 
through a limb and cutting the flaps from 
within out. 
Amusia (ah-mu 1 '-se-ah) [a, priv.; fiouoa, muse]. 
Loss of the ability to produce or compre- 
hend music or musical sounds; an abnor- 
mity as regards music analogous to aphasia 
as regards the faculty of speech. A., Motor, 
that in which music is understood, but the 
power of singing or otherwise reproducing 
music is lost. A., Sensory, musical deaf- 



AMUSSAT'S VALVES 



56 



AMYL 



ness, or the loss of the power of compre- 
hension of musical sounds. 

Amussat's Valves. See Heister's Valves. 

Arnussis {am-us'-is) [L., " a carpenter's rule or 
level"; pi., amusses]. One of two portions 
into which a median fissure divides the pos- 
terior commissure of the brain. 

Amyctic {am-ik'-tik) [duuKTinoc, mangling], i. 
Caustic; irritating. 2. A caustic or corrosive 
drug. 

Amyelencephalia {ah-mi-el-en-sef-a' -le-ah) [d, 
priv.; jiuskoc, marrow; /isfiaArj, the head]. 
Absence of both brain and spinal cord. 

Amyelia {ah-mi-e' -le-ah) [a, priv.; /xu£?<6<;, 
marrow]. Absence of the spinal cord. 

Amyelic {ah-mi-e' -lik) [see Amyelia]. Relat- 
ing to amyelia. 

Amyelinic {ah - mi - el - in' -ik). Without my- 
elin. 

Amyelonic {ah-mi-el-on' -ik) . 1. Amyelic. 2. 
Without marrow. 

Amyelotrophy {ah-mi-el-of -ro-fe) [a, priv.; 
fiueXoc, marrow; ~po<f>r), nourishment]. 
Atrophy of the spinal cord. 

Amyelus {ah-mi' -el-us) [d, priv.; jiueAoc, 
marrow]. A fetal monstrosity with partial 
or complete absence of the spinal cord. 



Amygdalitis (am-ig-dal-i' '-lis) [amygdala; tree, 
inflammation]. Tonsillitis. 

Amygdaloid {am - ig' - dal - oid) {amygdala; 
eldoc, form]. Resembling an almond. A. 
Fossa, the depression for the lodgment 
of the tonsil. A. Tubercle, a projection of 
gray matter at the end of the descending 
cornu of the lateral ventricle of the brain. 
It is attached to the temporal lobe, and 
appears to be nearly isolated by white sub- 
stance. 

Amygdalolith {am-ig-daV -o-liih) [amygdala; 
A'tdoc, a stone]. A concretion or calculus 
found in the tonsil. 

Amygdalopathy {am-ig-dal-op' -ath-e) [amyg- 
dala; Tiddoc, a disease]. Any disease of the 
tonsils. 

Amygdalotome {am-ig' -dal-o-tom) [amygdala; 
ripvecv, to cut]. An instrument used in cut- 
ting the tonsils. 

Amygdalotomy {am-ig-dal-of -o-me) [see Amyg- 
dalotome]. Tonsillotomy. 

Amygdophenin {am-ig-do}' -en-in), C 6 H 4 (OC 2 - 



H 5 )NH . OC . CH(OH)C 6 H 5 



gray 



ish- 



white, crystalline powder, derived from par- 
amidophenol. It is antirheumatic. Dose 15 
gr. (1 Gm.) from 1 to 6 times daily in pow- 
der. Syn., Phenyl ' glycol phenetidin. 

Scarifka- 



Amygdala {am-ig' -dal-ah) [dauyodX-q, almond]. 

1. The tonsil. 2. A small lobule on the Amygmus {am-ig' -mus) [dptuyfioc]. 

lower surface of each cerebellar hemisphere, tion. 

projecting into the fourth ventricle. 3. Al- Amyl {am' -il) [a/jtuXov, starch]. The radicle, 

mond. The seeds of A. amara and A. dul- C 5 H n , of amylic alcohol, the fifth member 

cis, containing the principle emulsin. The of the series of alcohol radicles, CnH^+j. 



former contains amygdalin. The expressed 
oil of the sweet almond is a demulcent and 
is useful in skin affections; in doses of 1-2 
dr. (4-8 Gm.), a mild laxative; that of A. 
amara is used in cosmetics. A. amara (U. S. 
P.), the bitter almond. A. dulcis (U. S. P.), 
the sweet almond. Amygdalae amarae, 
Aqua (U. S. P.), a 1: 1000 solution of the oil 
of bitter almonds in water. Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). 
Amygdalae amarae, Oleum (U. S. P.), con- 
tains 3-14 % of hydrocyanic acid and has 
similar uses. Dose \-i min. (0.016-0.065 
Cc). Amygdalae amarae, Spiritus (U. S. 
P.), the spirit of bitter almonds. Amygdalae, 
Emulsum (U. S. P.), oil of sweet almonds 6 %; 
sugar, water, and acacia q. s. Amygdalae 
Sxpressum, Oleum (U. S. P.), expressed oil 
of almonds. Dose 1 oz. (30 Cc). Amyg- 
dalae, Syrupus (TJ. S. P.), syrup of almond; 
demulcent and slightly sedative. Dose 1-2 dr. 

, (4-8 Cc). 

Amygdalectomy {am-ig-dal-ek' -to-me) [amyg- 
dala; iKTOfir), a cutting-out]. Excision of a 
tonsil. 

Amygdalin {am-ig' -dal-in) [see Amygdala], 
QqH^NOh + 3H 2 0. A glucosid formed 
in bitter almonds, in various plants, and 
in the leaves of the cherry-laurel. Under 
the influence of emulsin, contained in the 
almond, it splits up into glucose and hydro- 
cyanic acid. 

Amygdaline {am-ig' -dal-en) [see Amygdala]. 
1. Almond-like. 2. Pertaining to the ton- 
sil. 



A. -alcohol. See Amylic Alcohol. A. 
Bromid, C 5 H n Br, a transparent, colorless 
liquid, soluble in alcohol. It is antiseptic 
and germicidal. A. Colloid, a fluid prepa- 
ration consisting of amyl hydrid, 480 parts; 
aconitin, 1 part; veratrin, 6 parts; collodion, 
to 960 parts. It is painted on the skin in 
neuralgia, sciatica, etc. Syn., Anodyne col- 
loid. A. Hydrate. See Amylic Alcohol. A. 
Hydrid, a fractional product of petroleum 
ether; it is an antiseptic. Syn., Hydramyl; 
Pentylene; Pentylhydrid. A. Iodid, C 5 H n I, 
the reaction-product of isoamylic alcohol, 
iodin, and phosphorus. It is sedative and 
antiseptic, and is used as an inhalation in 
dyspnea. A. Nitrite, C 5 H u N0 2 , a clear, 
yellowish, volatile liquid, of a penetrating 
odor. It produces vascular dilation and 
stimulates the heart's action, and is useful 
in angina pectoris, respiratory neuroses, 
etc. Dose, internally, \-i min. (0.016- 
0.065 Cc) dissolved in alcohol; by inhala- 
tion, 2-5 min. (0.12-0.3 Cc). A. Nitrite, 
Carbureted, amyl nitrite saturated with car- 
bon monoxid. It is suggested as a sub- 
stitute for pure amyl nitrite, to obviate pres- 
sure in the head and other secondary ob- 
jectionable properties. A. Salicylate, a com- 
pound obtained from the action of chlorin 
on a saturated solution of salicylic acid in 
amylic alcohol. It is said to have the seda- 
tive properties of the amylic derivatives as 
well as antirheumatic qualities. Dose in 
acute rheumatism 10 capsules of 3 gr. Co. 2 



AMYLACEOUS 



57 



ANABOLERGY 



Gm.) each, daily. A. Valerate, A. Val- 
erianate, C 10 H 20 O 2 . It is a cholesterin sol- 
vent and is used as a sedative in gall-stone 
colic. Dose 2-3 gr. (0.13-0.2 Gm.). Syn., 
Apple oil. 

Amylaceous (am-il-a' -se-us) [see Amyl]. Con- 
taining starch; starch-like. 

Amylamin (am-iV -am-hi) . See Isoamylamin. 
A. Hydrochlorate, C 5 H 14 NC1, a reaction- 
product of amyl cyanate, potassium hydrate, 
and hydrochloric acid, occurring as deliques- 
cent scales or crystals. It is an antipyretic. 
Dose 7-15 gr. (0.45-1.0 Gm.). 

Amylate (am'-il-at). 1. A combination formed 
by the replacement of the hydrogen of the 
hydroxyl molecule in amylic alcohol with a 
metal or basic radicle. 2. A compound of 
starch with a radicle. 

Amylene (am' -il-en) [see Amyl], C 5 H 10 . 
A liquid hydrocarbon having anesthetic 
properties. See Anesthetic. A. -chloral, 
CCI3 . CH . OH . O . C. (CH 3 ) 2 C 2 H 5 , dimethyl- 
ethyl-carbinol-chloral. It is hypnotic. Syn., 
Dormiol. A. Hydrate, C 5 H 12 0, a tertiary 
alcohol used as a hypnotic. Dose 30 min.- 
1 dr. (2-4 Cc). Unof. 

Amylic (am-il'-ik) [see Amyl]. Pertaining 
to amyl. A. Alcohol, fusel oil; potato- 
starch alcohol; amyl hydrate. An alcohol 
having the composition C b H 12 0, produced in 
the continued distillation of fermented grain. 
It was formerly used to adulterate whisky. 
It is a solvent and reagent. 

Amylin (am'-il-in) [see Amyl]. The insoluble 
wall of the starch-grain. 

Amyloforrn (am-il'-o-form). An odorless white 
powder produced by the chemic combina- 
tion of starch with formaldehyd. It is non- 
toxic, quite insoluble, and is not decom- 
posed under 180 C. It is recommended 
as a surgical antiseptic. 

Amylogenic (am-il-o-jen' -ik) [amylon; yewdv, 
to produce]. Starch-producing. 

Amyloid (am'-il-oid) [amylon; stooc, form]. 
1. Starch-like. 2. A starchy substance. 
3. Glycogen. 4. Virchow's name for a 
waxy body found in animal tissue as a 
result of disease and resembling starch 
only in the one particular that it was stained 
by iodin. Cf. Amyloid Degeneration. A. 
Bodies, bodies resembling starch-grains, 
found in the nervous system, the prostate, 
etc. They are the result of a localized 
amyloid degeneration. A. Degeneration, 
waxy or lardaceous degeneration. A degen- 
eration characterized by the formation of 
an albuminous substance, resembling starch 
in its chemic reactions. The process affects 
primarily the connective tissue of the blood- 
vessels of various organs, and is connected 
with or due to chronic suppuration in the 
body. Amyloid substance gives a brown 
color with iodin, a red color with gentian- 
violet, and turns blue on being treated with 
iodin and sulfuric acid. A. Kidney. See 
Bright 's Disease. 

Amylolysis (am-il-ol'-is-is) [amylon; \uoic, so- 



lution]. The digestion of starch, or its con- 
version into sugar. 

Amylolytic (am-il-o-lit'-ik) [see Amylolysis]. 
Pertaining to or effecting the digestion of 
starch, as the ferments in the saliva and 
pancreatic juice that convert starch into 
sugar. 

Amylon (am'-il-on) [L.]. 1. Starch. 2. Gly- 
cogen. 3. A principle found in grape-juice. 

Amylophosphin (am-il-o-fos'-fin). A phosphin 
in which the hydrogen is replaced by 
amyl. 

Arnylopsin (am -il- op' -sin) [amylon; o^f, 
appearance]. A ferment found in the pan- 
creatic juice, which changes starch into 
sugar. 

Amylose (am'-il-os) [amylon]. Any one of the 
group of carbohydrates, comprising starch, 
glycogen, dextrin, inulin, gum, cellulose, and 
tunicin. 

Amylum (am'-il-um) [L.], C 6 H 10 O 5 . Starch. 
Amyli, Glyceritum (U.S. P.), contains starch, 
10; water, 10; glycerol, 80%; used for external 
application. A. iodatum, contains starch, 
95 %; iodin, 5 % ; triturated with distilled water 
and dried. Dose 1 dr.-J oz. (4-16 Gm.). 
Amyli, Mucilago (B. P.), used in making 
enemas. 

Amyocardia (am-i-o-kar'-de-ah) [a, priv.; jiuc, 
muscle; napoca, the heart]. Lack of mus- 
cular power in the heart's contractions. 

Amyostasia (am-i-os-ta'-ze-ah) [a, priv.; hoc, 
muscle; ozaocc, standing]. An abnormal 
trembling of the muscles while in use, often 
seen in locomotor ataxia. 

Amyosthenia (am-i-os-the'-ne-ah) [a, priv.; 
{.toe, muscle; odkvoc, force]. Deficient mus- 
cular power. 

Amyotrophia (am-i-o-tro' -je-ah) [a, priv.; fiuc, 
muscle; rpo<firj, nourishment]. Atrophy of a 
muscle. 

Amyotrophic (am-i-o-tro' '-fik) [see Amyotro- 
phia]. Characterized by muscular atrophy. 
A. Lateral Sclerosis, lateral sclerosis com- 
bined with muscular atrophy. The lesion 
is in the pyramidal tracts and in the gan- 
glion-cells of the anterior gray horns of the 
spinal cord. The disease has a marked 
tendency to involve the medulla. A. Para- 
lysis, that due to muscular atrophy. 

Amyxia (am-iks' '-i-ah) [a, priv.; p.u£a, mucus]. 
Absence or deficiency of mucous secretion. 

Amyxis (ah-miks' -is) [dptuooew, to scarify]. 
Scarification. 

Amyxodes (ah-miks-o'-dez). 1. Deficient in 
mucus; relating to amyxia. 2. Scarified; re- 
lating to amyxis. 

Anabasis (an-ab'-as-is) [avafia'cvscv, to go up]. 
The increasing stage of acute disease. 

Anabatic (an-ab-at'-ik) [see Anabasis]. In- 
creasing; growing more intense; as the ana- 
batic stage of a fever. 

Anabiosis (an-ab-i-o'-sis) [avafitbetv, to come 
to life again]. The reappearance of vitality 
in an apparently lifeless organism. 

Anabolergy (an-ab-ol'-er-je) [avaftaXXetv, to 
throw up; 'ipyov, work]. The force ex- 



ANABOLIC 



5$ 



ANALOG 



pended or work performed in anabolism or 
in anabolic processes. 

Anabolic (an-ab-oV '-ik) [dvaftdXXecv, to throw 
up]. Pertaining to or characterized by anab- 
olism. 

Anabolin (an-ab' -o-lin) [see Anabolic]. Any 
substance formed during the anabolic pro- 
cess. 

Anabolism (an-ab' -o-lizm) [see Anabolic]. Syn- 
thetic or constructive metabolism. Activity 
and repair of function; opposed to katabol- 
ism. 

Anacampsis (an-ah-kamp' -sis) [dvaKa/mreiv, to 
bend back]. A flexure. 

Anacamptic {an-ah-kamp' -tik) [see Anacamp- 
sis]. Reflected, as sound or light; pertain- 
ing to or causing a reflection. 

Anacamptometer (an-ah-kamp -torn 1 '-et-er) [dva- 
Ka[X7iz£cv, to bend back; [ikxpov, a measure]. 
An apparatus for measuring reflexes. 

Anacardium (an-ah-kar' -de-um) [dva, up; icap- 
d'ca, the heart, from its heart-shaped seeds]. 
i. A genus of tropical trees. A. occidentale 
yields cashew-gum and the cashew-nut. 2. 
The oil of the pericarp of the cashew-nut, 
known as cardol, and used as an escharotic. 
It is said to be of value in leprosy.. A., 
Ointment of, 1 part of the tar to 8 of lard 
or vaselin, used as a blistering ointment. 
Unof. A., Tincture of, 1 to 10 of rectified 
spirit. Dose 2-10 min. (0.12-0.6 Cc). 

Anachlorhydria (an-ah-klor-hi' -dre-ah) . The 
lack of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice. 

Anaclasis (an-ak'-las-is) [dvanXaocc, a break- 
ing-off or back]. 1. Reflection or refraction 
of light or sound. 2. A fracture; forcible 
flexion of a stiff joint. 

Anacrotic (an-ak-rot' -ik) [dva, up; Kpbxoc, a 
stroke]. Relating to or characterized by 
anacrotism. 

Anacrotism (an-ak' -ro-tizm) [see Anacrotic]. 
The condition in which there is # one or more 
notches on the ascending limb of the pulse - 
curve. 

Anacusia (an-ak-oo'-se-ah) [dv, priv.; duouetv, 
to hear]. Complete deafness. 

Anadenia (an-ad-e' -ne-ah) [dv, priv.; ddr^v, 
gland]. Insufficiency of glandular function. 
A. gastrica, Ewald's name for achylia gas- 
trica. A. ventriculi. See Achylia gastrica. 

Anadesma (an-ah-dez'-mah) [dvadea/xr], a fillet]. 
A band or fascia. 

Anadicrotic (an-ah-di-krot'-ik) [dva, up; die, 
twice; upozoc, a stroke]. Characterized by 
anadicrotism. 

Anadicrotism (an-ah-di' -krot-izm) [see Ana- 
dicrotic]. Dicrotism of the pulse-wave occur- 
ring in the upward stroke. 

Anadidymous (an-ad-id' -im-us) [dva, up; dido- 
p.oc, a twin]. Cleft upward into two, while 
single below — said of certain joined twins. 

Anadidymus (an-ad-id' -im-us) [see Anadidy- 
mous]. An anadidymous monster. 

Anadipsia (an-ah-dip' -se-ah) [dva, intensive; 
dicpa, thirst]. Intense thirst. 

Anadrome (an-ad'-ro-me) [dvadpoptrj, a running 
up]. 1. An upward determination of the 



blood. 2. A pain ascending from the lower 
to the higher portion of the body. 3. The 
ascent of sap in plants. 4. See Globus hys- 
tericus. 

Anaemia (an-e' -me-ah) . See Anemia. 

Anaerobe (an-a'-er-ob). See Anaerobion. 

Anaerobia (an-a-er-o'-be-ah) [dv, priv.; dr t p, 
air; ficoc, life]. Plural of anaerobion. Micro- 
organisms having the power of living without 
air or free oxygen. A., Facultative, applied 
to organisms normally or usually living in 
the presence of oxygen, but capable of be- 
coming anaerobic. 

Anaerobic (an-a-er-o' -bik) [see Anaerobia]. Liv- 
ing in the absence of the oxygen or air. 
See Aerobic. 

Anaerobion (an-a-er-o' -be-on) . See Anaerobia. 

Anaerobiosis (an-a-er-o -bi-o' '-sis) [see Anaero- 
bia]. Life sustained in the absence of free 
oxygen; the power of living where there is 
no free oxygen. 

Anaerobiotic, Anaerobious (an-a-er-o-bi-of -ik, 
an-a-er-o' -be-us) [see Anaerobia]. Capable 
of existing without free oxygen. 

Anaesthesia (an-es-the'-ze-ah). See Anesthesia. 

Anaesthetic (an-es-thet'-ik). See Anesthetic. 

Anagoge, Anagogia (an-a-go'-je, an-a-go'-je- 
ah) [dvaya)ji], a bringing up]. Vomiting. A. 
haematis, A. sanguinis, a rush of blood to 
the head. 

Anagraph (an'-a-graf) [dvaypa$r\, a writing 
out]. A physician's prescription or recipe. 

Anakusis (an-ak-oo'-sis). See Anacusia. 

Anal (a'-nal) [anus, the fundament]. Pertain- 
ing to the anus. 

Analdia (an-al'-de-ah). See Marasmus. 

Analepsia (an-al-ep' -se-ah) . See Analepsis. 

Anale-psis(an-al-ep'-sis) [see Analeptic]. 1. Re- 
covery of strength after disease. 2. Suspen- 
sion, as in a swing. 3. Epilepsy with gastric 
aura. 

Analeptic (an-al-ep' -tik) [dvaXynTiKce, restora- 
tive]. 1. Restorative. 2. Any agent restor- 
ing health after illness. 

Analgen (an-al'-jen) [dv, priv.; aXyoc, pain], 
C^H^NjO^ A white, tasteless, crystalline 
powder, almost insoluble in water, soluble 
with difficulty in cold alcohol, but more 
readily in hot alcohol and dilute acids. It 
melts at 406. 4 F. It is employed as an 
analgesic, antineuralgic, and antipyretic. 
Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). 

Analgesia (an-al-je'-ze-ah) [see Analgen]. In- 
sensibility to or absence of pain. A. panaris. 
Synonym of Morvan's disease. 

Analgesic (an-al-je'-sik) [see Analgen]. 1. Ano- 
dyne; relieving pain. 2. Affected with anal- 
gesia. 3. A remedy that relieves pain. 

Analgesin (an-al'-je-sin). See Antipyrin. 

Analgic (an-al'-jik) [see Analgen]. Analgesic. 

Analgin (an-al'-jin). Synonym of Creolin. 

Analog (an'-al-og) [dvdXojog, conformable]. 
A part or organ having the same function 
as another, but with a difference of struc- 
ture. The correlative term, homolog, denotes 
identity of structure with difference of func- 
tion. The wing of the butterfly and that 



ANALOGOUS 



59 



ANAPOPHYSIS 



of the bird are analogous, but the wing of 
a bird and the arm of a man are homolog- 
ous. 

Analogous {an-aV -o-gus) [see Analog]. Con- 
forming to, proportionate, answering to. 

Analysis (an-al' -is-is) [dvaXuetv, to unloose]. 
The resolution of a compound body into its 
constituent parts. A., Absorptiometric, the 
determination of the composition of gaseous 
bodies by observation of the amount of ab- 
sorption which occurs on exposure to a liquid 
in which the coefficient of absorption of dif- 
ferent gases is already known. A., Gaso- 
metric, the determination of the constituents 
of gaseous compounds, especially the determi- 
nation of the amount of oxygen in specimens 
of atmospheric air. A., Gravimetric, the 
quantitative determination, by weight, of the 
elements of a body. A., Indirect, a quan- 
titative estimation of the elements of a com- 
pound obtained not by isolating them, but 
by causing them to form new combinations 
and observing the relation of the molecular 
weight of these to that of the original body. 
A., Organic, the determination of the ele- 
ments of matter formed under the influence 
of life. The analysis of animal and vegetable 
tissues. A., Proximate, the determination of 
the simpler compound into which a substance 
may be resolved. A., Qualitative, the de- 
termination of the nature of the elements 
that compose a body. A., Quantitative, the 
determination of the proportionate parts of 
the various elements of a compound. A., 
Radiation, a method of analysis based upon 
discoveries of Becquerel and taking advantage 
of the comparative radioactivity of various 
metals. A., Spectral, the determination of 
the composition of a body by means of the 
spectroscope. A., Ultimate, the resolution 
of a compound into its ultimate elements. 
A., Volumetric, the quantitative determina- 
tion of a constituent by volume. A., Wet, 
analysis conducted by means of solutions and 
precipitations. 

Analyzer (an'-al-i-zer) [see analysis], i. An 
analyst. 2. In microscopy, the Nicol prism, 
which exhibits the properties of light after 
polarization. 3. An apparatus for recording 
the excursions of tremor movements. 

Anamid (an'-am-id) [a, priv.; amid]. A com- 
pound formed from an amid by abstracting 
the ammonia. 

Anamirta (an-am-er' -fa) . A genus of Menis- 
permacecB. A . paniculata, or Menispermum 
cocculus, is the source of cocculus indicus. 

Anamnesis (an-am-ne' -sis) [dvap-vrjacc, a re- 
calling to mind]. 1. The faculty of memory; 
recollection. 2. That which is remembered; 
information gained from the patient regard- 
ing the past history of a case. 

Anamnestic (an-am-ne s' -tik) [see Anamnesis]. 
1. Recalling to mind. 2. Restorative of the 
memory. 

Anamniotic (an-am-ne-of '-ik) [dv, priv.; dfxv'cov, 
amnion]. Without an amnion. 

Ananabasia (an-an-ab-a 1 '-ze-ah) [dv, priv.; 



dv&ftaocr, an ascending]. A form of abulia 
manifested by incapacity to ascend heights. 
Ananastasia (an-an-as-ta' '-ze-ah) [dv, priv.; 
dvdaxaocc, a rising up]. A form of abulia 
characterized by inability to rise from a 
sitting posture. 
Anandria (an-an r -dre-ah) [dv, priv.; dvi t p, 

man]. Lack of virility; impotence. 
Anapeiratic (an-ap -i-r at' -ik) [avowee pan 6 at, to 
do again]. A condition due to excessive use 
of certain parts, or of certain muscles, as in 
writers' and in telegraphers' cramp. 
Anaphases (an-aj-a'-sez) [dva, up; (paocc, a 
phase]. The phenomena of karyokinesis im- 
mediately preceding the formation of the 
daughter -stars, and up to the formation of 
the resting daughter-nuclei. 
Anaphia (an-a'-Je-ah) [dv, priv.; dcj)rj, touch]. 
1. Defect in the sense of touch. 2. A state 
of abnormal sensitiveness to the touch. 3. 
A state in which nothing can be learned 
by palpation. 
Anaphora (an -a f '-or -ah) [dva<f)opd, a bringing 
up]. 1. A bringing up, as by coughing. 2. 
Recovery from illness. 3. Rush of blood to 
the head. 4. A violent inspiration or respira- 
tion. 
Anaphoresis (an-af-or-e' -sis) [dv, priv.; <frkpeiv, 
to carry]. A diminution in the activity of 
the sweat-glands. 
Anaphoria (an-aj-o'-re-ah) [see Anaphoresis]. 
An upward tendency of the eyes and of the 
visual axes. 
Anaphrodisia (an-af-ro-diz'-e-ah) [dv, priv.; 
'A(f)podtTr}, Venus]. Absence or impairment 
of sexual appetite. 
Anaphrodisiac (an-af-ro-diz'-e-ak) [see Anaph- 
rodisia]. 1. Relating to, affected by, or caus- 
ing anaphrodisia. 2. An agent that allays 
the sexual desire. 
Anaphylactic (an-ah-fil-ak'-tik) [dv, priv. ; cJiuXa^ , 
a guardian]. 1. Having the property of 
diminishing immunity instead of reinforcing 
it. 2. A serum which diminishes immunity. 
Anaphylaxy (an-ah-fl-aks'-e) [see Anaphylac- 
tic]. Induction of disease; specifically, an 
intoxication resulting from the union of a 
foreign substance with antibodies produced 
by previous introduction of the same sub- 
stance; opposed to prophylaxy. 
Anaplastic (an-ap-las'-tik) [dvo.riXaooetv, to 
build up]. 1. Relating to anaplasty; restor- 
ing a lost or defective part. 2.. An agent 
that facilitates repair. 
Anaplasty (an' -ap-las-tc) [see Anaplastic]. An 
operation for the restoration of lost parts; 
plastic surgery. 
Anapnograph (an-ap' -no-graf) [dvanvo-i], respi- 
ration; -jfpa<j)£iv, to write]. An apparatus reg- 
istering the movements of inspiration and 
expiration, together with the quantity of air 
inhaled. 
Anapnoic (an-ap -no' -ik) [dva, against; anvoca, 

want of breath]. Relieving dyspnea. 
Anapophysis (an-ap-o)'-is-is) [dva, back ; dn- 
b<puot£, an offshoot]. An accessory process of 
a lumbar or dorsal vertebra, corresponding to 



ANARTHRIA 



60 



ANATRIPSIS 



the inferior tubercle of the transverse process 
of a typical dorsal vertebra. 

Anarthria (an-ar'-thre-ah) [dv, priv.; apdpov, 
articulation], i. Defective articulation. 2. 
Absence of vigor. A. centralis, partial 
aphasia due to central lesion. A. literalis, 
stammering. 

Anasarca (an-ah-sar'-kah) [ava, through; oap^, 
the flesh]. An accumulation of serum in the 
subcutaneous areolar tissues of the body. 
Syn., Catasarca; Episarcidium; Hydroder- 
mus; Inter ens; Hydrops cellularis. A., 
Acute, a form in which the flesh preserves 
its normal color and the depression made 
by the finger disappears quickly. A. a 
fluxu, that due to loss of body -fluids, as 
in diarrhea or diabetes. A. americana, a 
South American disease marked by sleepiness, 
headache, debility, and swelling of the ab- 
domen, said to be due to the ingestion of 
sea-crabs. A., Essential, that due to mal- 
nutrition. A. exanthematica, that attri- 
buted to the suppression of an exanthem, 
especially erysipelas. A. urinosa, that due 
to suppression of urine. Syn., Urinary leu- 
kophlegmasia. 

Anasarcin (an-ah-sar' -sin) . A remedy for 
dropsy, said to consist of the active prin- 
ciples of Oxydendron arboreum, Sambucus 
nigra, and Urginea scilla. 

Anasarcous (an-ah-sar' -kus) [see Anasarca]. 
Affected with anasarca. 

Anaspadias {an-as-pa' '-de-as) [ava, up; oxaecv, 
to draw]. A urethral opening upon the 
upper surface of the penis. 

Anaspasis (an-ah-spa'-sis) [see Anaspadias]. 

1. A contraction. 2. Revulsion. 
Anastaltic (an-as-taV '-tik) [dvaozaX-tnoc, check- 
ing; putting back]. 1. Strongly astringent. 

2. Centripetal; afferent. 

Anastasis (an-as' -tas -is) [dvdoraocc, a setting up]. 
1. Recovery; convalescence. 2. An upward 
afflux of the body humors. 3. Resuscitation 
of one apparently dead. 

Anastatic (an-as-taf -ik) [see Anastasis]. Tend- 
ing to recovery; restorative. 

Anastigmatic (an-ah-stig-mat'-ik). Free from 
astigmatism; said especially of photographic 
objectives which are corrected for astig- 
matism as well as for spheric and chromatic 
aberration. 

Anastole (an-as' -to -le) [dvaaroX^, retracted]. 
Retraction; shrinking away, as of the lips 
of a wound. 

Anastomosis (an-as -to -mo' -sis) [dvaorojioetv, to 
bring to a mouth]. 1. The intercommunica- 
tion of blood-vessels. 2. The establishment 
of a communication between two hollow 
parts or between two distinct portions of 
the same organ. See A., Intestinal. 3. A 
whetting of the appetite. A., Crucial, an 
arterial anastomosis in the upper part of the 
thigh, formed by the anastomotic branch of 
the sciatic, the first perforating, the internal 
circumflex, and the transverse branch of the 
external circumflex arteries. A., Entero-. 
See Enter oanastomosis. A., Hyrtl's, the 



transection of two arteries. Syn., Dehiscentia 
de'eussantium. A., Intestinal, an operation 
consisting in establishing a communication 
between two parts of the intestine. A., 
Jacobson's, the tympanic plexus. 

Anastomotic (an-as-to-mof -ik) [see Anasto- 
mosis]. 1. Pertaining to anastomosis. 2. 
Sharpening the appetite. 3. Aperient. 4. 
Causing dilation of the peripheral blood-ves- 
sels. 5. A communicating artery or vein. 
See under Artery and under Vein. 

Anastomotica (an-as-to-mof -ik-ah). 1. A com- 
municating artery or vein. 2. Tonic, 
aperient, or deobstruent medicines. A. 
magna. See under Artery. 

Anastomotris (an-as-to-mo'-tris) [L.; pi., anas- 
tomotrides]. Any kind of a dilating instru- 
ment. 

Anastrophe (an-as' -tro-je) [dvaorpi^eiv, to turn 
upside down]. Inversion, particularly of the 
viscera. 

Anatherapeusis (an-ath-er-ap-u' -sis) [dvd, up; 
dspa-euocc, medical treatment]. Treatment 
by increasing doses. 

Anatomic (an-at-om' -ik) [anatomy]. Pertaining 
to anatomy. A. Tubercle. See Verruca 
necrogenica. 

Anatomicopathologic, Anatornopathologic 
(an-at-om-ik-o-path-o-loj'-ik, an-at-om-o-path- 
o-loj'-ik). Pertaining to anatomy and path- 
ology. 

Anatomist (an-af -om-ist) [see anatomy]. One 
who is skilled in anatomy. 

Anatomy (an-af -o -me) [dvarofxca]. The science 
of the structure of organs or of organic bodies. 
A., Applied, anatomy as concerned in the 
diagnosis and treatment of pathologic condi- 
tions. A., Comparative, the investigation 
and comparison of the anatomy of different 
orders of animals or of plants, one with 
another. A., Descriptive, a study of the 
separate and individual portions of the body, 
apart from their relationship to surrounding 
parts. A., Gross, anatomy dealing with the 
naked-eye appearance of tissues. A., Homo- 
logic, the study of the correlations of the 
several parts of the body. A., Medical, the 
application of anatomy to a study of the 
causation and symptomatology of nonsurgical 
diseases. A., Microscopic, A., Minute, 
that studied under the microscope. A., 
Morbid, A., Pathologic, a study of diseased 
structures. A., Physiognomonic, the study 
of expressions depicted upon the exterior of 
the body, especially upon the face. A., 
Practical, dissection. A., Regional, a study 
of limited parts or regions of the body, the 
divisions of which are collectively or peculiarly 
affected by disease, injury, operations, etc. 
A., Surgical, the application of anatomy to 
surgery. A., Topographic, the anatomy of 
a part in its relation to other parts. A., 
Veterinary, the anatomy of domestic animals. 

Anatresis (an-at-re'-sis) [dvanzpav, to bore 
through]. Perforation; trephining. 

Anatripsis (an-at-rip'-sis) [dvaxpedec, a rub- 
bing]. 1. Rubbing; the removal of a part 



ANATRIPTIC 



61 



ANEMIA 



or growth by scraping or rubbing; inunction. 
2. An upward or centripetal movement in 
massage. 3. A crushing, as of calculi. 4. 
Itching; scratching to allay itching. 

Anatriptic {an-at-rip' -tik) [see Anatripsis]. A 
medicine to be applied by rubbing. 

Anaxon, Anaxone (an-aks'-on) [dv, priv.; axis]. 
A neuron devoid of axis-cylinder processes. 
Syn., Amacrine cell. 

Anazotic (an-az-ot'-ik) [dv, priv.; azotum, nitro- 
gen]. Without azote or nitrogen. 

Anazoturia {an-az-ot-u' -re-ah) [dv, priv.; azo- 
tum, nitrogen; o'bpov, urine]. A condition of 
deficient excretion, of nitrogen in the urine, 
the urea being chiefly diminished. 

Anchone {ang'-ko-ne) [ayxscv, to strangle]. A 
spasmodic constriction of the throat observed 
in hysteria. 

Anchoralis {an-ko-ra' -lis) [ancora, an anchor]. 
The coronoid process of the ulna. 

Anchusin (ang'-ku-siri) [dfxovoa, alkanet], C^- 
H^Og. The red coloring-matter found in 
alkanet-root. See Alkanet. 

Anchyloglossia {ang-kil-o-glos' -e-ah). See An- 
kyloglossia. 

Anchylosis {ang-kil-o'-sis). See Ankylosis. 

Anchylostomiasis {ang-kil-o-sto-mi' -as - is). 
See Ankylostomiasis. 

Anchylostomum {ang-kil- os' -to - mum) . See 
Ankylostoma. 

Ancipital {an-sip' -it-al) [anceps, double]. Two- 
edged. 

Ancistrum ian-sis' -trum) [dyKcorpov, a fish- 
hook]. A surgical hook. 

Anconagra {ang-kon-a' '-grah) [d-rncbv, the elbow; 
aypi, a seizure]. Arthritic pain at the 
elbow. 

Anconal, Anconeal {ang'-kon-al, ang-ko' -ne-at) 
[dfKcov, the elbow]. Pertaining to the elbow! 

Anconeus {ang-ko-ne' -us) . See under Muscle. 

Ancyroid {an' -sir -old) [dj-Kopa, anchor; slooc, 
form]. Shaped like an anchor. 

Andernach's Ossicles. See Wormian Bones. 

Andersen's Ganglion. The petrosal ganglion. 
A.'s Nerve. See Jacobson's Nerve. 

Anderson's Pill. The compound gamboge 
pill. A.'s Reaction for Distinguishing be- 
tween Quinolin and Pyridin Salts, the 
chloroplatinates of the latter, when boiled 
with water, are changed into insoluble double 
salts with the elimination of hydrogen chlorid, 
whereas the former remain in solution. 

Andral's Decubitus. The position usually 
assumed in the early stage of pleurisy by the 
patient, who seeks to alleviate the pain by 
lying on the sound side. 

Andreasch's Reaction for Cystein. To the 
hydrochloric acid solution add a few drops 
of dilute ferric chlorid solution and then am- 
monia. The liquid will become a dark pur- 
plish red. 

Androgalactozemia {an-dro-gal-ak-to-ze'-me- 
ah) [dvfjp, man; jd).a, milk; Crjiua, loss]. 
The oozing of milk from the male 
mamma. 

Androgyna {an - droj' '- in - ah) [aner; yovrj, 
woman]. A hermaphrodite; a female in 



whom the genital organs are similar to those 
of the male. 

Androgyneity {an-drof '-in-e-il-e) [see Andro- 
gyna]. Hermaphroditism. 

Androgynus {an-drof '-in-us) [see Androgyna]. 
A hermaphrodite. A male with genital organs 
similar to those of the female. 

Androlepsia {an-dro-lep' -si-ah) [dvopo^^ca, a 
seizure of men]. The process of fecundation 
in the female. 

Andrology {an-droV -o-]c) [dv^p, man; kbyoc, 
science]. 1. The science of man, especially 
of the male sex. 2. The science of the dis- 
eases of the male genitourinary organs. 

Andromania {an-dro-ma' -ne-ali) [aner; p.o.vca, 
madness]. Nymphomania. 

Androphobia {an-dro-jo' -be-ah) [aner; (froftoc, 
fear]. Fear or dislike of the male sex. 

Androsymphysia, Androsymphysis {an-dro- 
sim-f,z'-e-ah, an-dro-sim' -fiz-is) [aner; ouv, 
together; (f>u$tv, to grow]. 1. A monstrosity 
formed by the fusion of two male fetuses. 
2. The growing together of the male geni- 
talia. 

Anecpyetous {an-ek-pi-e' -tus) \aveKizuT)TO<f\. 1. 
Not suppurating. 2. Preventing suppura- 
tion; insuppurable. 

Anedeus {an-e' -de-us) [d, priv.; a'cdoca, the 
genitals]. Lacking genital organs. 

Anel's Operation for Aneurysm. Ligation 
on the cardiac side close to the aneurysm. 
A.'s Probe, A.'s Sound, a fine probe used 
in operations upon the lacrimal passages. 
A.'s Syringe, a syringe used in injecting 
fluids into the lacrimal passages. 

Anelectrode {an-el-ek' -trod) [dva, upward; 
electrode]. The positive pole of a galvanic 
battery. 

Anelectrotonic {an-el-ek-tro-ton' -ik) [dv, priv.; 
rjXsKrpov, electricity; ~bvoc, tension]. Relat- 
ing to anelectrotonus. 

Anelectro tonus {an-el-ek-trof -o-nus) [see An- 
electrotonic]. The decreased irritability that is 
present in a nerve in the neighborhood of the 
anode. 

Anemia {an -e f -me -ah) [dv, priv.; al/ia, blood]. 
Deficiency of blood as a whole, or deficiency 
of the number of the red corpuscles or of 
the hemoglobin. It may be general or local. 
Local anemia, or ischemia, is the result of 
mechanic interference with the circulation of 
the affected part. General anemia is either 
idiopathic or symptomatic. A., Addison's, 
A., Biermer's. See Pernicious Anemia. A., 
Cytogenic. Synonym of A., Idiopathic. A., 
Essential. Synonym of A., Idiopathic. A., 
Idiopathic, a form in which the lesion is in 
the blood or in the blood-making organs. A., 
Lymphatic. Synonym of Hodgkin , s dis- 
ease. See Lymph adenoma. A., Malignant. 
See Pernicious Anemia. A., Myelogenous, 
anemia attended with hyperplasia of myelog- 
enous tissue. A., Paludal, anemia associated 
with or caused by malaria. A., Pernicious. 
See Pernicious Anemia. A., Primary. See 
A., Idiopathic. A., Secondary, that due to 
a distinct cause, as hemorrhage, cancer, wast- 



ANEMIC 



62 



ANESTHETIC 



ing discharges, poisons, etc. Syn., Symptom- 
atic anemia. A., Splenic, chronic anemia 
with enlarged spleen, blood-changes, chlorane- 
mia, leukopenia, hemorrhages from the stom- 
ach, and pigmentation of the skin. 

Anemic (an-em'-ik) [see Anemia]. Pertaining 
to anemia. A. Infarct, a wedge-shaped area 
of coagulation-necrosis occurring in organs 
possessing terminal arteries. It is the result 
of the sudden stopping of such an artery by 
a thrombus or an embolus. A. Murmur, 
a murmur heard in anemic conditions, soft 
and blowing in character, and disappearing 
with the anemia. It is generally heard over 
the base of the heart. A. Necrosis, the co- 
agulation-necrosis of tissues resulting from 
the sudden stoppage of the supplying artery. 

Anemometer (an-em-om' -et-er) \avep.oc, wind; 
[xkzpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
measuring the velocity of the wind. 

Anemone (an-em'-o-ne) [dvsjiojvq, the wind- 
flower]. A genus of ranunculaceous herbs, 
most of which have active medicinal and 
poisonous qualities. See Pulsatilla. 

Anemonin (an-em' -o-nin) [see Anemone], 
C 15 H 12 6 . . The active principle of the ane- 
mone. It is given in bronchitis, asthma, and 
spasmodic cough. Dose \- f gr. (0.016-0.048 
Gm.) 4;wice daily. 

Anemopathy (an-em-op' -ath-e) [dvsfioc, wind; 
nddoc, disease]. Therapeutic treatment by 
inhalation. 

Anernydria, Ansemydria (an-em-id' -re-ah) [a, 
priv.; alfxa, blood; udcop, water]. Insuffi- 
ciency of the watery element in blood. 

Anencephalia (an-en-sef-a' -le-ah) [dv, priv.; 
ij-K£(f)aXoc, brain]. Absence of the brain. 

Anencephalic (an-en-sef-al'-ik) [see Anenceph- 
alia]. Pertaining to or characterized by anen- 
cephalia. 

Anencephalus (an-en-sef '-al-us) [see Anenceph- 
alia]. A species of single autositic monsters 
in which there is no trace of the brain. 

Anergia {an-er' -je-ah) [dy, priv.; 'ipyou, work]. 
Sluggishness; inactivity. 

Anergic (an-er' -jik) [see Anergia]. Character- 
ized by sluggishness; as, anergic dementia. 

Aneroid (a n'-er-oid) [d, priv.; vrjpog, wet; elooc, 
form]. Working without a fluid. A. Barom- 
eter. See Barometer. 

Anerythropsia (an-er -ith-r p' -se-ah) [dv, priv.; 
ipudpoc, red; cHpce, sight]. Impaired color- 
perception of red. 

Aneson (an-es-on). See Acetone Chloroform. 

Anesthecinesis, Ansestheeinesis (an-es-the-sin- 
e'-sis) [d, priv.; a'cod-qotc, feeling; n'cvqocc, 
movement]. A condition marked by loss of 
sensibility and motor capacity. 

Anesthesia, Anaesthesia (an-es-the' -ze-ah) [dva- 
cad-qaca, want of feeling]. A condition of 
total or partial insensibility, particularly to 
touch. A., Central, due to disease in the 
nerve-centers. A., Cerebral, that due to 
disease of the cerebrum. A., Crossed, 
anesthesia on one side of the body, due to 
a central lesion of the other side. A. dolo- 
rosa, severe pain experienced after the oc- 



currence- of complete motor and sensory par- 
alysis, a symptom observed in certain dis- 
eases of the spinal cord. A., Dolorous (of 
Liebreich), the transient but painful anes- 
thesia produced by the injection of water 
in sufficient quantity to edematize the papil- 
lary layer of the derm and subjacent layers. 
The pain is due to the inhibitory swelling 
of the cells. A., Efferent, that due to dis- 
order of the nerve-terminations, disturbing 
their conductivity. A., Electric, anesthesia 
caused by the passage of an electric cur- 
rent through a part. A., Facial, anesthesia 
of those parts to which the sensory branches 
of the fifth cranial nerve are distributed. 
A., General, anesthesia of the entire body, 
including the abolition of all perceptive power 
with consequent loss of consciousness. A., 
Girdle, a zone of anesthesia encircling the 
body, due to circumscribed disease of the 
spinal cord. A., Infiltration-, local anes- 
thesia effected by subcutaneous injections. 
A., Javanese, that produced by pressure 
upon the carotids. A., Korff's. See under 
Anesthetic. A., Local, that limited to a 
part of the body. A., Mixed, that partially 
produced and prolonged by the administra- 
tion of morphin or other cerebral anodyne 
before the anesthetic is given. A., Mus- 
cular, loss of the muscular sense. A., Peri- 
pheral, that depending upon changes in the 
peripheral nerves. A., Primary, a tempo- 
rary insensibility to slight pain occurring in 
the beginning of anesthesia and during which 
minor operations can be performed. A., 
Surgical, that induced by the surgeon by 
means of anesthetics for the purpose of pre- 
venting pain, producing relaxation of mus- 
cles, or for diagnostic purposes. 
Anesthesin (an-es-the' -sin) , 

C 6 H 4 <pQ^ ) p tt • E. Ritsert's name for 

paramidobenzoic acid ester; it is used as a 
local anesthetic. 
Anesthetic (an-es-thet'-ik) [see Anesthesia]. 1. 
Without feeling; insensible to touch or pain. 
2. A substance that produces insensibility to 
touch or to pain, diminished muscular action, 
and other phenomena. Anesthetics may be 
general, local, partial, and complete. A., 
General, one used for securing general anes- 
thesia. The following substances have been 
used for this purpose : Amylene, C 5 H l0 (pen- 
tat), a thin, colorless, translucent liquid; 
action rapid, producing partial anesthesia. 
It should not be brought near a flame. 
Carbon Tetrachlorid, not so irritating 
to the organs of respiration, but far more 
dangerous than chloroform. Chloral Hy- 
drate, action indirect and incomplete, and 
now rarely, if ever, used. Chloroform, by 
inhalation. Largely employed in general 
surgery. It seems to have a selective action 
upon the nervous system, and also exer- 
cises a direct influence upon the muscular 
tissues of the heart. It paralyzes the vaso- 
motor system, and death results from cardiac 



ANESTHETIC 



63 



ANESTHETIC 



paralysis. Chloroform should always be 
administered freely mixed with air. The 
Edinburgh Method of administering chloro- 
form consists in giving as little of the an- 
esthetic as will bring about rapid and com- 
plete narcosis, as evinced by lack of reflexes 
and muscular excitability. Franck-Rosen- 
berg's Method, the preliminary cocainization 
of the nares before the use of chloroform; 
same as Gersler's Method. The Lister 
Method, also known as the Scotch or Open 
Method, consists in pouring a small amount 
of the anesthetic upon a common towel 
arranged in a square of 6 folds, and hold- 
ing this as near to the face as can be borne 
without inconvenience. Wohlgemuth' s Method, 
the use of oxygen combined with chloro- 
form by means of a special apparatus; also 
called the chloroform - oxygen method. 
Ethene Chlorid, formerly called ethylene 
chlorid, Dutch liquid, chloric ether, closely 
resembles chloroform, but is less depressant 
to the heart, and is considered safer than 
chloroform. Death results from paralysis of 
the respiratory centers. Ether, by inhala- 
tion, is probably the safest known agent 
for the production of prolonged narcosis. Its 
action is directed largely to the nervous 
system, which becomes profoundly affected. 
It frequently causes spasmodic action and 
suspension of respiration. Death results 
from paralysis of respiration. It may be 
administered alone or in combination with 
nitrous oxid gas, in which case the patient 
is more rapidly narcotized. In Cole's Method 
of administering ether the anesthetic is 
preceded by inhalation of nitrous oxid 
gas. Kocher's Method; Poitou-Duplessy' s 
Method: the use of ethyl bromid as a 
preliminary to etherization. The Schleich 
Method for general anesthesia consists in 
the administration of small doses of chloro- 
form, petroleum ether, and sulfuric ether. 
Ethidene Chlorid is similar in its action 
to chloroform. Patients take a longer time 
to recover consciousness than when chloro- 
form is used, but they experience fewer 
after-effects. Anesthetization occurs in 
from 3 to 5 minutes. Hydrobromic Ether 
{ethyl bromid) produces unconsciousness 
and anesthesia in one minute, and com- 
plete muscular relaxation in 2 or 3 minutes. 
The heart's action is somewhat weakened. 
Return to consciousness after withdrawal of 
the ether is very prompt. Its use may be 
followed by vomiting. According to some 
observers, death results from cardiac failure, 
while others believe it kills by direct action 
upon the respiratory center. It is best ad- 
ministered by an Allis inhaler, and is of 
most service in minor surgery for short 
operations. Nitrous Oxid, by inhalation, 
is much used by dentists as an anesthetic 
in the extraction of teeth. The symptoms 
resemble those of asphyxia, hence it is more 
important to watch the respiration than the 
pulse. It may be employed in minor surgical 



operations. There are but few after-effects, 
those most often observed being headache 
and malaise. A. (General) Mixtures, con- 
tain combinations of substances for pro- 
ducing anesthesia. The following are the 
most important: A. C. E. Mixture: Al- 
cohol, sp. gr. 0.838, 1 part; chloroform, 
sp. gr. 1.497, 2 parts; ether, sp. gr-. 0.735, 
3 parts. Billroth's: Chloroform, 3 parts; 
alcohol and ether, each, 1 part. Linhart's: 
Alcohol, 1; chloroform, 4. It is administered 
similarly to chloroform. Martind ale's: A 
volumetric mixture, the ingredients of which 
evaporate almost uniformly; it consists of 
absolute alcohol, sp. gr. 0.795, * volume; 
chloroform, sp. gr. 1.498, 2 volumes; pure' 
ether, sp. gr. 0.720, 3 volumes. Medico- 
Chirurgical Society of London: Ether, 
3; chloroform, 2; alcohol, 1. Methylene 
or Methylene Bichlorid: A mixture of 
methylic alcohol 30% and chloroform 70%. 
The socalled "liquid of Regnault" con- 
sisted of 80 % chloroform, 20 % methylic 
alcohol. Methylene is not much used, 
several deaths from cardiac paralysis having 
occurred from its employment. M. S. Mix- 
ture: Ether, 57 parts; chloroform, 43 parts. 
Nussbaum's: Ether, 3; chloroform, 1; al- 
cohol, 1. Richardson's: Alcohol, 2; chloro- 
form, 2; ether, 3. Sanford's: The socalled 
"chloramyl" is a mixture of chloroform 
and amyl nitrite in the proportion of 2 
drams of the nitrite to the pound of chloro- 
form. It is a dangerous mixture, both drugs 
depressing the heart. Vienna General 
Hospital: Ether, 9; chloroform, 30; alco- 
hol, 9. Vienna Mixture: Ether, 3; chlo- 
roform, 1. Von Mering's: Chloroform, 1 
volume; dimethylacetal, 2 volumes. It is 
said not to produce failure of respiration 
or of heart nor lowering of the blood-pres- 
sure. Wachmuth's: One-fifth part of oil 
of turpentine is added to the chloroform. 
It is said to prevent any danger of heart- 
failure. A., Local, an anesthetic that, 
locally applied, produces absence of sensa- 
tion in the organ or tissue so treated. Al- 
cohol, locally, removes sensation to pain, 
while tactile sense persists. Cool the alco- 
hol to about io° below the freezing-point, 
by placing it in ice and salt, and place the 
part to be numbed in it. Chlorethyl, in va- 
por form, is useful in minor and dental surgery. 
Chlorid of Methyl, CH 3 C1, allowing the 
liquid chlorid to drop on the skin or mucous 
membrane. Unless kept carefully under con- 
trol, the vitality of the tissues may be affected 
by the substance. Cocain is used in subcu- 
taneous injections by painting over mucous 
or cutaneous surfaces, or, in the case of 
the eye, by instillation. As a paint, a 20% 
solution is used, weaker preparations being 
of little value over cutaneous surfaces; 
several coats are necessary. A 10 % solu- 
tion should be used on mucous surfaces; 
for the eye, a 2 to 4% solution will answer, 
and this solution is strong enough when 



ANESTHETIC 



64 



ANEURIC 



cocain is employed as a spray. Hypodermat- 
ically, 2-5 min. (0.12-0.3 Cc.) of a 10 to 20% 
solution are usually injected, and this may 
be repeated 2 or 3 times during the opera- 
tion. Disulfid of Carbon, by spray or 
irrigation, is a local anesthetic, but has a 
disgusting odor and is a powerful poison. 
Ether, in spray, is also a local anesthetic. 
The anesthesia thus produced is confined to 
the skin and is very transient. It may pro- 
duce a slough from excessive freezing. Hy- 
drogen Dioxid injected under the epider- 
mis is recommended for complete and im- 
mediate anesthesia. Isotonic Solution, in 
anesthesia, any solution of the same specific 
gravity and the same freezing-point as the 
normal tissue; it can be employed without 
causing pain from osmotic disturbances. 
Phenol painted over the skin — its action, 
however, is caustic. Rhigolene, in spray, 
is used in a manner similar to that of 
ether. Bernard's Method of local anes- 
thesia. Same as Nussbaum's Method. In 
Ceci's Mixed Morphin-cocain Method the 
local anesthetic action of an analgesic drug 
is preceded or supplemented by the action 
of morphin or other cerebral anodyne. The 
Coming-Bier Method consists in the injec- 
tion of a solution of cocain hydrochlorid 
into the subarachnoid space through a punc- 
ture made in the lumbar or lumbosacral 
region. Crile's Blocking Method is iden- 
tical in principle and technic with the Corn- 
ing-Bier method, except that it is applied 
at a higher level, by injecting the brachial 
plexus in the supraclavicular space. Cush- 
ing's Method, the morphin-cocain-chloroform 
anesthesia: in addition to a preliminary 
hypodermatic injection of morphin the local 
anesthetic action of cocain or other local 
analgesic is preceded or supplemented by 
the effects of a general inhalation-anesthetic, 
such as chloroform. Infiltration, Neural, 
Method, preliminary infiltration of the derm 
precedes the cocainization of the nerve- 
fibers which supply the area of the opera- 
tion. Intraneural Method, after preliminary 
anesthesia of the skin the large nerve-trunks 
that supply the region are brought to view 
by dissection and directly injected with the 
needle. Korff's Method, a modification of 
Schneiderlin's, in that the use of hypoder- 
matic injections of scopolamin hydrobromid, 
T¥T g r - (°-4 mg.), and morphin, \ gr. (0.9 eg.), 
is followed by the administration of a few 
drops of chloroform by the mask. Kro gin's 
Method. Same as Oberst's Method. Rum- 
mer's Method, the application of an elastic 
constrictor to intensify the action of ether 
spray. Oberst's Method, the injection of a 
weak solution of cocain along the nerve- 
trunks supplying the parts. Paraneural 
Method, the anesthetizing solution is in- 
jected in the vicinity of the nerve-trunk, or 
as closely as possible to the nerve supplying 
the area of operation. Schleich Infiltration 
Method, is produced by the hypodermatic 



injection of cocain combined with a weak 
salt solution, and by the addition of a little 
morphin the anesthetic action is prolonged. 
(Cocain hydrochlorid, 1 J gr. (0.097 Gin.); mor- 
phin hydrochlorid, \ gr. (0.02 Gm.); common 
salt, 3 gr. (0.19 Gm.), dissolved in 3 oz. and 3 
dr. (100 Cc.) of sterilized water.) Schneider- 
lin's Method, the use of a combination of sco- 
polamin hydrobromid (hyoscin hydrobromid) 
2^0 g r - (°-3. m g-)> and morphin, \ gr. (0.9 eg.). 
To be administered hypodermatically and re- 
peated after 1 or 2 hours. It is asserted to be 
absolutely free from danger to life. Scopolam- 
in-morphin. See Korff's Method. Spinal Sub- 
arachnoid Method. See Coming-Bier Method. 
Tait and Caglieri's Method, spinal cocainiza- 
tion by injection of cocain into the sixth cer- 
vical intervertebral space. Tujfier's Method. 
See Coming-Bier Method. A. (Local) Mix- 
tures : Bagot's Mixture, contains cocain 
hydrochlorid, 0.04; spartein sulfate, 0.05; 
this is dissolved in 1 or 2 Cc. of boiled water. 
Bonain's Mixture, for anesthesia of the 
external surface of the tympanic membrane: 
Phenol, menthol, cocain hydrochlorid, of 
each, 1.0; or phenol, 2.9; menthol, 0.5; 
cocain hydrochlorid, 1.0. Heinze and 
Braun's Solution for general infiltration: 
/?-eucain, 0.1; sodium chlorid, 0.8; distilled 
water, 100. Lohmann's (W.) Solution: 
4 % /?-eucain solution with 8 % of sodium 
chlorid. Luxenburger's Solution, a 2 % 
solution of nirvanin. Reclus' Solution, a 
2 % /?-eucain solution. 

Anesthetization {an-es-thet-iz-a' -shun) \av- 
o.'codi]Tog, insensible]. The act of placing un- 
der the influence of an anesthetic. 

Anesthetize {an-es' -thet-iz) [see Anesthetiza- 
tion]. To put under the influence of an an- 
esthetic. 

Anesthetizer {an-es 1 ' -thet-i-zer) [see Anestheti- 
zation]. One who administers an anesthetic. 

Anesthyl {an-es' -thiV) . A local anesthetic said 
to consist of ethyl chlorid, 5 parts; methyl 
chlorid, 1 part. 

Anethol {an' -eth-ol) \anethum; oleum, oil], C 10 - 
H 12 0. The chief constituent of the essen- 
tial oils of anise and fennel. It is employed 
in preparing the elixir anethi (N. F.), being 
more fragrant and agreeable than the anise 
oil. A., Liquid, an isomeric modification of 
anethol; it is an antiseptic, oil-like liquid. 
Syn., Isanethol. 

Anethum {an-e'-thum) [dva, up; aWetv, to burn, 
from the pungency of the seeds]. Dill; 
the dried fruit of Peucedanum graveolens, 
indigenous to southern Europe. It is aroma- 
tic, carminative, and stimulant. Dose of the 
oil {oleum anethi, B. P.) 1-4 min. (0.06-0.24 
Cc.).; of the water {aqua anethi, B. P.) 1-2 
oz. (30-60 Cc). 

Anetodermia {an-et-o-der' -me-ah) [dverSc, re- 
laxed; okpjia, skin]. Relaxation of the skin. 

Aneuria {ah-nu'-re-ah) [a, priv.; veupov, a 
nerve]. Lack of nervous power. 

Aneuric {ah-nu'-rik) [see Aneuria]. Character- 
ized by aneuria. 



ANEURYSM 



65 



ANEURYSM 




Aneurysm Laid Open. — (Moullin.) 



Aneurysm (an' -u-rizm) [dvsupuo/xa, a widen- 
ing]. A circumscribed dilation of the walls 
of an artery. The symptoms of aneurysm 
depend upon the location of the aneurysmal 
tumor. Expansive pulsation and a bruit are 
important; very significant are the socalled 
pressure-symptoms, which vary with the or- 
gan or part pressed upon. Syn., Abscessus 
spirit uosus . 
A., Abdomi- 
nal, an aneu- 
rysm of the ab- 
dominal aorta. 
A., Active, 
cardiac dila- 
tion with hy- 
pertrophy. 
A., Acute, an 
ulceration of 
the heart-wall 
which, by com- 
munic ating 
with one of the 
chambers of the heart, forms an aneurysmal 
pouch. A., Ampullary, a small saccular 
aneurysm; it is most common in the arteries 
of the brain. A. by Anastomosis, a dila- 
tion of a large number of vessels, — small 
arteries, veins, and capillaries, — the whole 
forming a pulsating tumor under the skin. 
This form of aneurysm is especially seen upon 
the scalp. A., 
Arteriovenous, 
the simultaneous 
rupture of an 
artery and a vein, 
the blood from 
both being poured 
out into the 
cellular tissue 
and forming a 
false aneurysm. 
A varicose aneu- 
rysm is produced 
by the rupture of 
an aneurysm into 
a vein. An aneu- 
rysmal varix re- 
sults from the 
establishment of 
a communication 
between an artery 
and a vein, the 
latter becoming 
dilated and pul- 
sating. A., 
Bell's, aneurys- 
mal varix. A., 
Berard's, a vari- 
cose aneurysm 
with the sac in 
the tissues immediately around the vein. A., 
Cardiac, an aneurysm of the heart. A., Cir- 
cumscribed, an aneurysm, either true or false, 
in which the contents are still within the 
artery though there may be rupture of one 
or two 6i its coats. A., Cirsoid, a tortuous 
6 




Aneurysmal Varix.- 
lin.) 



-(Moul- 



lengthening and dilation of a part of an 
artery. A., Compound, one in which one 
or several of the coats of the artery are rup- 
tured and the others merely dilated. A., 
Consecutive, A., Diffused, follows rupture 
of all the arterial coats, with infiltration of 
surrounding tissues with blood. A., Dis- 
secting, one in which the blood forces its 
way between the coats of an artery. A., 
Ectatic, an expansion of a portion of an 
artery due to yielding of all the coats. A., 
Endogenous, one formed by disease of the 
vessel-walls. A., Exogenous, one due to 
traumatism. A., External, i. One remote 
from the great body-cavities. 2. One in 
which the cavity of the tumor is entirely 
or chiefly outside of the inner coat of the 
artery. A., False, A., Spurious, one due 
to a rupture of all the coats of an artery, 




Cirsoid Aneurysm of Scalp. — {Moullin.) 

the effused blood being retained by the sur- 
rounding tissues. A., Fusiform, a spindle- 
shaped dilation of an artery. A., Hernial, 
one in which the internal coat of the artery, 
with or without the middle coat, forms the 
aneurysmal sac which has forced its way 
through an opening in the outer coat. A., 
Lateral, an aneurysm projecting^ on one side 
of a vessel, the rest of the circumference 
being intact. A., Miliary, a sac-like dila- 
tion of an arteriole, often the size of a 
pin's head. A., Osteoid, a pulsating tumor 
of a bone. A., Park's, a variety of ar- 
teriovenous aneurysm in which the arterial 
dilation communicates with two contiguous 
veins. A., Partial. 1. See A., Lateral. 2. 
An aneurysmal dilation of a portion of 
the heart. A., Passive, A., Passive Car- 
diac, cardiac dilation with thinning of 



ANEURYSMAL 



66 



ANGIOCHEILOSCOPE 



the heart-wall. A., Peripheral, A., Peri- 
pheric, one involving the whole circumfer- 
ence of an artery. A., Pott's. Same as 
Aneurysmal Varix. A., Racemose. See A., 
Cirsoid. A., Rasmussen's, dilation of an 
artery in a tuberculous cavity; its rupture 
is a frequent cause of hemorrhage. A., 
Rodrigues', a varicose aneurysm in which 
the sac is immediately contiguous to the 
artery. A., Sacculated, a sac -like dilation 
of an artery communicating with the main 
arterial trunk by an opening that is rela- 
tively small. A., Spurious. See A., False. 
A., Subclavicular, an aneurysm of the 
axillary artery at a point too high to ad- 
mit of ligation below the clavicle. A., Sur- 
gical. See A., External. A., True, one in 
which the sac is formed of one, two, or all of 
the arterial coats. A., Varicose. See under 
A., Arteriovenous. 

Aneurysmal {an-u-riz' -mat) [see Aneurysm]. 
Of the nature of or pertaining to an aneu- 
rysm. A. Varix. See under Aneurysm, Ar- 
teriovenous. 

Anex {an'-eks). An abbreviation of anode ex- 
citation. 

Angeio- {an-je-o-). See Angio-. 

Angelica {an-jeV -ik-ah) [L.]. The seeds and 
root of Angelica archangelica. It is an aro- 
matic stimulant and emmenagog. Dose of 
the seeds or roots 30 gr.-i dr. (2-4 Gm.). 

Angel's Wing {dn'-jelz wing). A deformity 
of the scapula in which it turns forward 
and then backward, giving the shoulder a 
peculiar dorsal bulge. 

Angi {an'-je). Inguinal buboes. 

Angiectasis {an-ji-ek' -tas-is) [ayje'cov, a vessel; 
eKzaacg, dilation]. Abnormal dilation of a 
vessel. 

Angiitis, Angeitis {an-je-V -tis) [ajyelov, a 
vessel; ncc, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of a lymph-vessel or of a blood-vessel. 

Angina {an'-jin-ah or an-ji'-nah) [angere, to 
strangle]. Any disease attended by a sense 
of choking or suffocation, particularly an 
affection of the fauces or pharynx presenting 
such symptoms. A. acuta, simple sore throat. 
Syn., Angina simplex. A. aphthosa, A., 
Aphthous, a form attended with the for- 
mation of aphthas in some part of the throat. 
A., Cardiac, angina pectoris. A. cruris, 
intermittent lameness. A. exsudativa, croup. 
A. externa. Synonym of Mumps. A., 
Fibrinous, a noninfectious disease of the 
throat simulating diphtheria, marked by the 
formation of a layer of fibrinous exudation 
which is chiefly confined to the tonsils. The 
constitutional symptoms are slight. A., Fol- 
licular, clergyman's sore throat. See Phar- 
yngitis, Granular. A., Herpetic, angina 
observed in connection with smallpox and 
herpes, marked by formation of vesicles 
in the throat which may be attended with 
patches of exudation. A. laryngea. Syn- 
onym of Laryngitis. A. lingualis. Same 
as Glossitis. A. ludovici, A., Ludwig's, 
acute suppurative inflammation of the con- 



nective tissue surrounding the submaxillary 
glands. A. maxillaris, mumps. A. mem- 
branacea. Synonym of Diphtheria. A. 
parotidea, the mumps, or parotitis. A. 
pectoris, a paroxysmal neurosis with in- 
tense pain and oppression about the heart. 
It usually occurs in the male after 40 years 
of age, and is generally associated with dis- 
eased conditions of the heart and aorta. 
There is a sense of impending death, and 
frequently there is a fatal termination. A. 
pectoris vasomotoria, a term given by 
Nothnagel and Landois to an angina as- 
sociated with vasomotor disturbances, cold- 
ness of the surface, etc. A., Phlegmonous. 
1. An inflammation of the mucous and sub- 
mucous tissues of the throat, with a tendency 
to extend more deeply, attended by edema- 
tous swelling. 2. Acute inflammation of the 
deep-seated structures of the throat, with a 
tendency to pus-formation. A., Pseudo-, a 
neurosis occurring in anemic females, simu- 
lating angina pectoris, but characterized by a 
less grave set of symptoms and never result- 
ing fatally. A., Pultaceous, an affection of 
the throat marked by the presence of whitish 
or grayish patches which are easily detached, 
as they are not true exudations. A., Rheu- 
matic, a form of catarrhal angina in rheu- 
matic persons, marked by sudden onset of 
intense pain on swallowing. A. serosa, A., 
Serous. 1. Catarrhal angina. 2. Edema of 
the glottis. A. simplex. See A. acuta. A., 
Thymic. 1. Laryngismus stridulus. 2. 
Bronchial asthma. A. tonsillans, quinsy. 
A. trachealis, croup. A., Ulceromem- 
branous. See Tonsillitis, Herpetic. A. 
varicosa, dyspnea due to enlarged tonsil- 
lar vessels. A. vera, A. vera et legitima, 
quinsy. A., Vincent's, diphtheroid angina 
(ulceromembranous angina) due to Bacillus 
pseudodiphthericB. 

Anginoid {an' -jin-oid) [see Angina]. Resemb- 
ling angina. 

Anginose {an'-jin-os) [see Angina]. Pertain- 
ing to angina; characterized by symptoms of 
suffocation. 

Angio- {an-je-o-). A prefix signifying relating 
to a vessel. 

Angioataxia {an -je-o-at- aks'-e - ah) [angio-; 
axa^ca, want of order]. An irregularity in 
the tension of the blood-vessels. 

Angioblast {an' -je-o-blast) [angio-, fiXaozoc-, a 
germ]. An embryonic cell developing into 
vascular tissue. 

Angiocardiokinetic {an-je-o-kar-de-o-kin-el'-ik) 
[angio-; napoca, heart; ntveiv, to move]. 1. 
Stimulating or affecting the action or move- 
ments of the heart and blood-vessels. 2. A 
drug which stimulates or affects the move- 
ments of the heart and blood-vessels. 

Angiocavernous {an-je-o -kav'-er-nus). Relat- 
ing to cavernous angioma. 

Angioceratodeitis. See Angiokeratoditis. 

Angiocheiloscope {an-je-o-ki'-lo-skop) [angio-; 
Xettof, a lip; okotceIv, to look]. An instru- 
ment by means of which the blood-circulation 



ANGIOCHOLITIS 



67 



ANGIOPLEROSIS 



in the capillaries of the mucosa of the lips is 
magnified for observation. 

Angiocholitis (an-je-o-ko-W -tis) [angio-; x°tf> 
bile; exec, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the biliary ducts. 

Angioderma pigmentosum (an-je-o-der' -mah 
pig-men-to' -sum) . See Atrophoderma. 

Angiofibroma (an-je-o- fi-bro f -mah). A fibrous 
degenerating angioma. 

Angiogenesis, Angiogeny (an-je-o-jen'-es-is, 
an-je-og'-en-e) [angio-; yevvdv, to produce]. 
The development of the vessels. 

Angioglioma (an-je-o-gli-o' -mah) [angio-; gli- 
oma]. A glioma rich in blood-vessels. 

Angiograph {an' -je-o-graf) [angio-; ypdejieev, to 
write]. A variety of sphygmograph. 

Angiography (an-je-o g f -ra-fe) [see Angiograph]. 
A description of the vessels; angiology. 

Angiokeratoditis (an - je-o - ker -at-o-di' ' - tis) 
[angio-; nkpac, cornea; exec, inflammation]. 
Vascular keratitis. 

Angiokeratoma (an-je-o -ker-at-o' '-mah) [angio-; 
Kepaf, horn; o/xa, tumor]. Lymphangiec- 
tasis; telangiectatic wart; a very rare dis- 
ease of the extremities, characterized by 
warty-looking growths that develop on di- 
lated vessels in persons with chilblains, etc. 
Dark vascular spots the size of pin-points or pin- 
heads develop as an attack of chilblains is 
subsiding. The disease is peculiar to child- 
hood. 

Angiokinesis (an-je-o-kin-e' -sis) [angio-; kcvs'cv, 
to move]. Excitation or action of the blood- 
vessels. 

Angioleucitis (an-je-o-lu-si' '-tis) [angio-; Xeunoc, 
white; neg, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the lymphatic vessels. 

Angioleukasia (an-je-o-lu-ka' '-zhe-ah) [angio-; 
hunog, white; luzaocc, dilation]. Dilation of 
the lymphatics. 

Angiolithic (an-je-o -lith' -ik) [angio-; a Woe, a 
stone]. A term applied to neoplasms in 
which crystalline or mineral deposits take 
place, with hyaline degeneration of the coats 
of the vessels. 

Angiology (an-je-oV -o-je) [angio-; Xoyoc, sci- 
ence]. The science of the blood-vessels and 
lymphatics. 

Angiolymphitis (an-je-o-limf-i'-tis). Same as 
Angioleucitis. 

Angiolymphoma (an-je-o-limf-o' '-mah) [angio-; 
lympha, lymph; ofxa, tumor]. A tumor formed 
of lymphatic vessels. 

Angioma (an-je-o' -mah) [angio-; bp.a, a tumor]. 
A tumor formed of blood-vessels. A., Cav- 
ernous, an angioma with communicating 
blood-spaces, like the cavernous tissue of 
the penis, originating chiefly from the dis- 
tended veins. Syn., Angioma cavernosum; 
Angioma circumscriptum. A., Fissural, Vir- 
chow's name for a nevus which he judged, 
from its location, corresponding to that of 
a fetal fissure, might be due to a disposi- 
tion to form anomalies on the part of the 
region adjacent to the fissures. A., Plexi- 
form, one consisting of enlarged, tortuous 
capillaries forming a patch varying in color 



from claret to steel-blue; if there is great 
increase of blood-vessels, the growth has the 
character of a tumor, and large examples 
of this variety are lobular in structure. A., 
Telangiectatic, an angioma composed of 
dilated blood-vessels. A., Tuberose, A., 
Tuberous, one occurring in subcutaneous 
tissue and presenting the appearance of a 
lipoma as it gradually replaces the adipose 
tissue, or it may be accompanied by a true 
fatty growth. 

Angiomalacia (an-je-o-mal-a' -she-ah) [angio-; 
[laXan'ca, a softening]. Softening of the blood- 
vessels. 

Angiometer (an-je-om' '-et-er) . See Sphygmo- 
graph. 

Angiomyces (an-je-o-mi'-sez) [angio^; [lOK-qc, a 
fungus; an excrescence]. A fungoid or 
spongy dilation of the capillaries. 

Angiomyocardiac (an-je-o-mi-o-kar' -de-ak) [an- 
gio-; fide, muscle; napd'ca, the heart]. Per- 
taining to the muscles of the vessels of the 
heart. 

Angiomyopathy (an-je-o-mi-op' -a-ihe) [angio-; 
p,uc, muscle; noBoc, disease]. Any affection 
of the vessels involving the musculature. 

Angiomyosarcoma (an-je-o-mi-o-sar-ko'-mah) . 
A tumor containing elements of angioma, 
myoma, and sarcoma. 

Angioneurectomy (an-je-o-nu-rek' -to-me) [an- 
gio-; veupov, nerve; e/cro/^, excision]. Resec- 
tion of all the cord-elements of the prostate 
except the vas, with its artery and vein. 

Angioneuroedema (an-je-o-nu-ro-e-de' -mah) . 
See Angioneurotic Edema. 

Angioneurosis (an-je-o-nu-ro' -sis) [angio-; neu- 
rosis]. A neurosis of the blood-vessels; a 
disturbance of the vasomotor system, either 
of the nature of a spasm of the blood- 
vessels (angiospasm) or of paralysis (angio- 
paralysis). 

Angioneurotic (an-je-o-nu-rof -ik) [see Angio- 
neurosis]. Pertaining to angioneurosis. A. 
Edema, an acute circumscribed swelling of 
the subcutaneous or submucous tissues, prob- 
ably due to vasomotor lesion. The disease 
often runs in families. It is at times peri- 
odic, and is associated with colic and gastric 
disturbances. 

Angiopancreatitis (an-je-o-pan-kre-at-i' -tis) . 
Inflammation of the vascular tissue of the 
pancreas. 

Angioparalysis (an-je-o-par-aV '-is-is) [angio-; 
xapaXuocc, paralysis]. Vasomotor paralysis. 

Angioparalytic (an-je-o-par-al-if -ik) [see An- 
gioparalysis]. Relating to or characterized 
by angioparalysis. 

Angioparesis (an-je-o-par' '-es-is) [angio-; %dpt- 
occ, paresis]. Partial paralysis of the vaso- 
motor apparatus. 

Angiopathy (an-je-op'-a-the) [angio-; nadoc, 
disease]. Any disease of the vascular sys- 
tem. 

Angiophorous (an-je-o J'-or-us) [angio-; (fropstv, 
to bear]. Applied to tissue which accom- 
panies and supports vessels. 

Angioplerosis (an -je-o- pier - o'- sis) [angio-; 



ANGIOPRESSURE 



68 



ANGLE 



nXripu)acc, a filling-up]. Engorgement of the 
vessels. 

Angiopressure (an-je-o-presh'-ur). The pro- 
duction of hemostasis by means of angio- 
tribe and forceps without ligation. 

Angiorhigosis (an-je-o-ri-go'-sis) [angio-; p'c-fog, 
cold]. Rigidity of the vessels. 

Angiorrhexis (an-je-or-eks'-is) [angio-; pr)£cc, a 
bursting]. Rupture of a blood-vessel. 

Angiosarcoma (an-je-o-sar-ko'-mah) [angio-; 
oap$, flesh; o/ia, a tumor]. A vascular sar- 
coma. 

Angiosclerosis (an-je-o-skle-ro'-sis) [angio-; 
okXtjpoc, hard]. The induration and thicken- 
ing of the walls of the blood-vessels. 

Angiosialitis (an-je-o-si-al-i' -tis) [angio-; o'caXov, 
saliva; exec, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the duct of a salivary gland. 

Angiosis (an- je-o' -sis) [dyjelov, a vessel]. Any 
disease of blood-vessels or of lymphatics. 

Angiospasm (an' -je-o-spazm) [angio-; oTzaojioc-, 
a spasm]. A vasomotor spasm. 

Angiospastic (an-je-o-spas'-tik) [see Angio- 
spasm]. Characterized by or of the nature 
of angiospasm. 

Angiostenosis (an -je-o- sten - o'- sis) [angio-; 
Gzkvojacc, a narrowing]. Narrowing of a ves- 
sel. 

Angiosteogenic, Angiosteogenous (an-je-o- 
ste-oj'-en-ik, -us) [angio-; ooriov, a bone; 
yevvav, to produce]. Relating to, producing, 
or produced by calcification of the vessels. 

Angiosymphysis (an -je-o- sim r - fiz - is) [angio-; 
adficfruacf, a growing together]. The growing 
together of vessels. 

Angiosynizesis (an -je -o- sin -e-ze f - sis) [angio-; 
ouvc^avetv, to collapse]. The collapse of the 
walls of a vessel and subsequent growing 
together. 

Angiotelectasia, Angiotelectasis (an je-o-tel- 
ek-ta'-ze-ah, an-je-o-tel-ek'-ta-sis). See Tel- 
angiectasis. 

Angiotenic (an- je-o -ten' -ik) [angio-; re'eveev, to 
stretch]. Due to or marked by distention of 
the blood-vessels. 

Angioteria (an-je-o-te' -re-ah) [angio-; xkpic, a 
wonder]. An abnormal development of the 
vascular system. 

Angio thlipsis (an-je-o-thlip'-sis) [angio-; Ol't- 
fteev, to rub; to gall]. The abrasion of a ves- 
sel. 

Angiotitis (an-je-o-ti' -tis) [angio-; otitis]. In- 
flammation of the blood-vessels of the ear. 

Angiotome (an' -je-o -torn) [angio-; rop.Tj, a cut- 
ting]. The vascular tissue of an embryonic 
metamere. 

Angiotomy (an-je-ot'-o-me) [see Angiotome]. 
i. Incision into a vessel. 2. That branch of 
anatomy relating to the vascular system. 

Angio tribe (an'-je-o-trib) [angio-; rpCjSsiv, to 
grind or bruise]. A clamp furnished with 
powerful jaws used by Turner to occlude 
arteries in vaginal hysterectomy. 

Angiotripsy (an-je-o-trip'-se) [see Angiotribe]. 
Vascular torsion and compression by means 
of the angiotribe. 

Angle, Angulus (ang'-gl, ang'-gu-lus) [an- 



gulus, an angle]. 1. A corner. 2. The de- 
gree of divergence of two lines or planes that 
meet each other; the space between two such 
lines. A. of Aberration. See A. of Devia- 
tion. A., Acromial, that formed between 
the head of the humerus and the clavicle. 
A., Alpha, in optics, that formed by the 
intersection of the visual line and optic 
axis. A., Alveolar, that formed between a 
line passing through a spot beneath the nasal 
spine and the most prominent point of the 
lower edge of the alveolar process of the 
superior maxilla and the cephalic horizontal 
line. A. of Aperture, in optics, that in- 
cluded between two lines joining the oppo- 
site points of the periphery of a lens and 
the focus. A., Biorbital, in optics, that 
formed by the intersection of the axes of 
the orbits. A., Costal, the angle formed by 
the meeting of ribs at the ensiform cartilage. 
A., Critical, that made by a beam of light 
passing from a rarer to a denser medium, 
with the perpendicular, without being en- 
tirely reflected. A. of Deviation. 1. In 
magnetism, the angle traversed by the 
needle when disturbed by some magnetic 
force. 2. In optics, that formed by a re- 
fracted ray and the prolongation of the inci- 
dent ray. A. of Elevation, in optics, that 
made by the visual plane with its primary 
position when moved upward or downward. 
A. of Incidence, in optics, the angle at 
which a ray of light strikes a denser medium 
and undergoes reflection or refraction. A. 
of Inclination (of Pelvic Canal) , in obstet- 
rics, that formed by the anterior wall of the 
pelvis with the conjugate diameter. A. of 
Inclination (of Pelvis), in obstetrics, that 
formed by the pelvis with the general line 
of the trunk, or that formed by the plane of 
the inferior strait with the horizon. A. of 
Jaw, the junction of the lower border of 
the ramus of the mandible with its posterior 
border. A., Limiting. , See A., Critical. 
A. of the Lips, that formed by the union 
of the lips at each extremity of the mouth. 
A., Louis', that between the manubrium 
and gladiolus of the sternum. A., Lud- 
wig's. See A., Louis'. A., Meter-, in 
optics, the degree of convergence of the 
eyes when centered on an object one meter 
distant from each. A., Optic, that in- 
cluded between lines joining the extremities 
of an object and the nodal point. The small- 
est is about 30 seconds. A. of Polarization, 
in optics, the angle of reflection at which 
light is most completely polarized. A. 
of the Pubes, that formed by the junction 
of the pubic bones at the symphysis. A. of 
Reflection, in optics, that which a reflected 
ray of light makes with a line drawn perpen- 
dicular to the point of incidence. A. of 
Refraction, in optics, that which exists 
between a refracted ray of light and a line 
drawn perpendicular to the point of inci- 
dence. A., Rolandic, the acute angle formed 
by the fissure of Rolando with the superior 



ANGLESEY LEG 69 

border of the cerebral hemisphere. A., 
Sacrovertebral, that which the sacrum forms 
with the last lumbar vertebra. A., Sterno- 
clavicular, that existing between the clavicle 
and the sternum. A., Subcostal. See A., 
Costal. A., Subpubic, that formed at the 
pubic arch. A., Sylvian, the angle formed 
by the posterior limb of the sylvian fissure 
with a line perpendicular to the superior 
border of the hemisphere. A., Visual. See 
A., Optic. A., Xiphoid, that formed by the 
sides of the xiphoid notch. 

Anglesey Leg {an'-gl-se) [so called after 
the Marquis of Anglesey], An artificial 
limb formed from a solid piece of wood hol- 
lowed out to receive the stump and provided 
with a steel joint at the knee. The 
ankle-joint was made of wood, to which 
motion was communicated by strong cat- 
gut strings posteriorly and a spiral spring 
anteriorly. 

Angophrasia {an-go-fra' -ze-ah) \p-TX^ cv ^ to 
choke; (ppaotc, utterance]. A speech-defect 
consisting of a choking, drawling utterance, 
occurring in paralytic dementia. 

Angor {an'-gor) [angor, a strangling]. Syn- 
onymous with Angina. A. animi, a sense 
of imminent dissolution. Afpectoris, angina 
pectoris. 

Anguillula {an-gwiV '-u-lah) [dim. of anguilla, 
an eel]. A genus of parasitic roundworms. 
A. stercoralis. See Threadworm. 

Angular (an'-gu-lar) [angulus, an angle]. Per- 
taining to an angle. A. Artery, the ter- 
minal branch of the facial artery. A. 
Gyrus, A. Convolution, a convolution of 
the brain. See Convolution. A. Move- 
ment, the movement between two bones that 
may take place forward and backward or 
inward and outward. A. Processes, the ex- 
ternal and internal extremities of the orbital 
arch of the frontal bone. 

Angulation {an-gu-la' -shun) . The formation 
of angular loops in the intestine. 

Angulus [an' -gu-lus) . [L.]. See Angle. 

Angustura {an-gus-tu f -rah) [Sp., Angostura, a 
S. A. town]. Cusparia bark. The bark of 
Galipea cusparia. It is a stimulant tonic and 
febrifuge, used in malignant bilious fever, 
intermittent fever, and dysentery. In large 
doses it is emetic. Dose of fluidextract 
10-30 min. (0.6-2.0 Cc); of the bark 
10-40 gr. (0.6-2.5 Gm.); of the infusion 
{infusum cusparice, B. P.) 1-2 oz. (30-60 
Cc). 

Anhalonin (an-hal-o 1 '-nin) [Anhalonium, a 
genus of cacti], C 12 H 15 N0 3 . A poisonous 
alkaloid from Anhalonium lewinii. It forms 
salts with the ordinary acids. A. Hydro- 
chlorate, C, 2 H 15 N0 3 HC1, is a cardiac and 
respiratory stimulant and is used as is strych- 
nin in angina pectoris, asthma, and pneu- 
mothorax. 

Anhelation {an-hel-a' -shun) [anhelare, to pant]. 
Shortness of breath; dyspnea. 

Anhelitus {an-heV -it-us) [L.]. 1. Respiration. 
2. Difficult respiration; asthma. 



ANIMAL 



Anhematosis {an-hem-at-o 1 '-sis) [dv, priv.; 
at/jtaroecv, to make bloody]. Defective for- 
mation of the blood. 

Anhidrosis {an-hid-ro' -sis) [dv, priv.; idpcoc, 
sweat]. Partial or complete absence of sweat 
secretion. 

Anhidrotic (an-hid-rof -ik) [see Anhidrosis], 
1. Tending to check sweating. 2. An agent 
that checks sweating. 

Anhydremia {an-hi-dre' -me-ah) [dv, priv.; 
00 cop, water; dlp.a, blood]. The opposite of 
hydremia. A diminution of the watery con- 
stituents of the blood. 

Anhydrid ian-hi' -drid) [dv, priv.'; uocop, 
water]. A chemic compound, particularly 
an acid, formed by the withdrawal of a mole- 
cule of water. Carbon dioxid and sulfur 
dioxid are examples. 

Anhydrite {an-hi f -drit) . Anhydrous calcium 
sulfate. 

Anhydrous (an-hi' '-dries) [see Anhydrid], In 
chemistry, a term used to denote the absence 
of water. 

Anianthinopsy {an-e-an-thin-op' -se) . See Ami- 
anthinopsy. 

Anideus {an-id' -e-us) [dv, priv.; e'edoc, form]. 
The lowest form of omphalosite, in which 
the parasitic fetus is reduced to a shapeless 
mass of flesh covered with skin. 

Anidrosis {an-id-ro'-sis). See Anhidrosis. 

Anidrotic {an-id-rot'-ik). See Anhidrotic. 

Anilid {an'-il-id) [Ar., al, the; nil, dark 
blue]. A compound formed by the action of 
acid chlorid or acid anhydrid upon anilin. 
The anilids are very stable derivatives. 

Anilidmetarsenite {an-il-id-met-ar' -sen-it) , C 6 - 
H 6 N0 2 ASC 6 H 5 NHAs0 2 . A white, odorless 
powder containing 37.69% of arsenic, about 
half as much as arsenic trioxid. It dissolves 
in water up to 20 %, and is used by sub- 
cutaneous injection in skin diseases. Dose 
f-3 gr. (0.05-0.2 Gm.) of 20 % solution a 
day. Syn., Atoxyl. 

Anilin (an'-il-in) [see Anilid], C 6 H 7 N. Amido- 
benzene; -formed in the dry distillation of 
bituminous coal, bones, indigo, isatin, and 
other nitrogenous substances. It is made 
by reducing nitrobenzene. It is a colorless 
liquid with a faint, peculiar odor, boiling 
at 183 ; its sp. gr. at o° is 1.036. When 
perfectly pure, it solidifies on cooling, and 
melts at — 8°. It is slightly soluble in 
water, but dissolves readily in alcohol and 
ether. Combined with chlorin, the chlorates, 
and hypochlorites, it yields . the various 
anilin dyes known by the names of a. purple, 
a. green, a. black, a. blue, etc. It is used in 
chorea and epilepsy in \ gr. (0.03 Gm.) doses. 
Unof. Syn., Phenylamin; Benzidam; Crystal- 
lin; Cyanol. 

Anilism {an' -il-izm) [anilin]. An acute or 
chronic disease produced in workmen in ani- 
lin factories by the poisonous fumes. The 
symptoms are debility, vertigo, gastrointesti- 
nal disturbance, and cyanosis. 

Animal ian'-i-mal) [anima, the spirit, breath, 
or life]. An organism capable of ingesting 






ANIMALCULE 



70 



ANITOL 



and digesting food. No sharp line of distinc- 
tion exists between the lowest animals and 
certain vegetables. The higher animals are 
distinguished by the power of locomotion and 
the possession of a nervous system. A. 
Charcoal, bone-black, ivory-black, etc., is 
the product of the calcining of bones in 
closed vessels. A. Chemistry, that con- 
cerned with the composition of animal 
bodies. A. Electricity, electricity gener- 
ated in the body. A. -gum, C^H^O^ + 2- 
H 2 0. A substance prepared from mucin by 
Landwehr, and so named on account of its 
resemblance to the gum of commerce. It 
occurs in many tissues of the body, is soluble 
in water, and in alkaline solution readily dis- 
solves cupric oxid, the solution not being re- 
duced on boiling. It yields no coloration 
with iodin, and is very feebly dextrorotatory. 
A. Heat, the normal temperature of the 
body in man — about 98. 5 F. (37 C). A. 
Magnetism, mesmerism; hypnotism. A. 
Starch. See Glycogen. 

Animalcule (an-im-aV -kul) [animalculum, a 
minute animal]. An animal organism so 
small as to require the microscope for its 
examination. 

Anime (an'-im-e) [Fr., anime, origin doubt- 
ful]. A name of various resins, especially 
that of Hymencea courbaril, a tree of tropical 
America; sometimes used in plaster, etc. 
Unof. 

Aniodol (an-i' -o-dol) . A glycerol solution of 
trioxymethylene, useful as an antiseptic in 
1 % solution. 

Anion (an'-i-on) [ana, up; Icbv, going]. In 
electrolysis, an electronegative element. 

Aniridia (an-i-rid'-e-ah) [dv, priv.; ipcc, the 
rainbow]. Absence or defect of the iris. 

Anisalol (an-is' -al-ol) , C 6 H 4 (OCH 3 )C0 2 C 6 H 5 . 
The phenyl ester of anisic acid, forming 
colorless crystals. It is antirheumatic and 
analgesic. Dose 8-15 gr. (0.52-1.0 Gm.). 

Anisalyl (an-is' -al-il) [anisic; alcohol], C 8 H 9 0. 
The univalent radicle of anisic alcohol. A. 
Hydrate, anisic alcohol. 

Anisamid (an-is' -am-id) , C 8 H 9 N0 2 . The amid 
of anisic acid; anisyl amid. 

Anisated (an'-is-a-ted) [anisum, anise]. Con- 
taining anise. 

Anise (an' -is). See Anisum. 

Aniseed (an'-i-sed). Anise-seed. The seed of 
Pimpinella anisum. See Anisum. 

Anisic Acid. See Acid, Anisic. 

Anisidin (an-is' -id-hi), N(C 7 H 7 0)H 2 . A base 
obtained from nitranisol by action of am- 
monium sulfid in alcoholic solution; with 
acids it forms crystalline compounds. Syn., 
M ethyl phenidin; Methylamido phenol. A. Ci- 
trate, an analgesic similar to phenetidin 
citrate. 

Anisin (an' -is -in) [anisum, anise], C 22 H 24 N 2 - 
3 . A crystalline alkaloid, a derivative of 
anise. 

Aniso chromatic (an-is -o-kro -mat' -ik) [avccoc, 
unequal; ypu)p.a, color]. Not having the 
same color throughout; said of solutions 



containing two pigments used in testing for 
color-blindness. 

Anisocoria (an - is -0 -ko 1 '-re -ah) [anisos; Kopr), 
pupil]. Inequality of the diameter of the 
pupils. 

Anisol (an' -is -of) [see Anisin], C 7 H s O. 
Methylphenyl ether, produced by heating 
phenol with potassium and methyl iodid 
or potassium methyl sulfate in alcoholic 
solution. It is an ethereal-smelling liquid, 
boiling at 15 2 ; its sp. gr. at 15 is 
0.991. 

Anisomelous (an - is - om' -el- us) [anisos; 
pekoe, a limb]. Having limbs of unequal 
length. 

Anisometropia (an-is-o-met-ro' -pe-ah) [anisos; 
fihpov, a measure; dxp, the eye]. A difference 
in the refraction of the two eyes. 

Anisometropic (an-is -0 -met -rop' -ik) [see 
Anisometropia]. Affected with anisomet- 
ropia. 

Anisopia (an-is -o r -pe-ah) [anisos; uxp, eye]. In- 
equality of visual power in the two eyes. 

Anisosthenic (an-is -0 -sthen' -ik) [anisos; odevbc, 
strength]. Not of equal power; used of 
pairs of muscles. 

Aniso tachys (an-is-ot f -a-kis) [anisos; ~aybc, 
quick]. Applied to an accelerated pulse of 
varying rapidity. 

Anisotropal, Anisotropic, Anisotropous (an- 
is -o-tr op' -al, an-is -o-trop'-ik, an-is -of -ro -pus) 
[anisos; rporcoc, turning]. Not possessing the 
same light-refracting properties in all direc- 
tions; a term applied to doubly refracting 
bodies. In biology, varying in irritability in 
different parts or organs. 

Anisotrophy (an-is-ot'-ro-fe) [see Anisotropal]. 
The quality of being doubly refractive or un- 
equally refractive in different directions; or 
of being unequally responsive to external in- 
fluences. 

Anisum (an'-is-um) [L.]. Anise. The fruit 
of Pimpinella anisum. Its properties are 
due to a volatile oil. It is slightly stimu- 
lant to the heart action. It liquefies bron- 
chial secretions, and is therefore a favorite 
ingredient in cough -mixtures. Dose 10-20 
gr. (0.65-1.3 Gm.).. Anisi, Aqua (U. S. P.), 
oil of anise, 1; water, 500 parts. Dose in- 
definite. Anisi, Essentia (B. P.). Dose 
10-20 min. (0.6-1.2 Cc). Anisi, Oleum 
(U. S. P.), an ingredient in tinctura opii cam- 
phorata. Dose 1-5 min. (0.06-0.3 Gm.). 
Anisi, Spiritus (U. S. P.), a 10% solution 
of the oil in alcohol. Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 
Cc). 

Anisyl (an'-is-il) [anisum], C 8 H 7 2 . A hypo- 
thetic radicle supposed to be found in anise 
and its derivatives. 

Anitin (an'-it-in). A brownish powder ob- 
tained from ichthyol. In 33 % aqueous 
solution it combines with phenols, etc., to 
form anitols. Syn., I chthyo sulfonic acid. 

Anitol (an'-it-ol). Any one of the soluble 
compounds formed by anitin with phenols, 
cresols, etc.; they possess germicidal proper- 
ties. 



ANITROGENOUS 



71 



ANKYLOSTOMA 



Anitrogenous {ah-ni-tro]' -en-us) [d, priv.; nitro- 
gen]. Nonnitrogenous. 

Ankle {ang'-kl) [ME., ancle]. The joint be- 
tween the leg and the foot. It is a gingly- 
mus joint, with three ligaments, the anterior, 
internal, and external. A. -bone, the astra- 
galus. A. -clonus, the succession of a num- 
ber of rhythmic muscular contractions in 




Posterior View of the Ankle-joint. — (Sappey.) 
Posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament. 2. Transverse 
ligament. 3. Posterior fasciculus of the external lateral 
ligament. 4, 6. Internal lateral ligament. 5. Exter- 
nal calcaneoastragalar ligament. 7. Middle fasciculus 
of external lateral ligament. 8. Tubercle on outer side 
of groove for flexor longus pollicis. 9. Posterior tuber- 
osity of os calcis. 10. Tubercle on inner side of groove 
for flexor longus pollicis. n. Groove on astragalus 
for flexor longus pollicis. 12. Posterior calcaneoas- 
tragalar ligament. 13. Point of insertion of achilles 
tendon. 




Vertical Section of Ankle-joint. — (Henle.) 
Tibialis posticus. 2. Flexor longus digitorum. 3. Flexor 
longus hallucis. 4. Astragalus. 5. Astragalocalcanean 
ligament. 6. Peroneus brevis. 7. Os calcis. 8. 
Peroneus longus. 



the calf of the leg when the foot is suddenly 
flexed by pressure upon the sole. It is a 
symptom of various diseases of the spinal 
cord, especially those involving the lateral 
pyramidal tracts. A. -jerk. See A. -clonus. 
A.-joint. See Ankle. A. Reflex. See A.- 
clonus. A., Tailors', a ganglion or synovial 
sac over the external malleolus in tailors, 
due to their constrained posture when at 
work. A. Valgus, a debilitated condition 
of the ankle-joint due to laxity of the in- 
ternal lateral ligament, permitting the foot 
to act as in talipes valgus. 

Ankola (an-ko'-lah) [Hind.]. The bitter, em- 
etic root-bark of Alangium lamarkii, a tree 
of tropical Asia and Africa. It is used in 
India in skin diseases and leprosy. 

Ankyla, Ankyle (ang'-kil-ah, -e) [dyKuXrj, any- 
thing bent]. 1. An angular part, particularly 
the elbow. 2. Ankylosis of a joint with 
flexion. 3. Abnormal adhesion of parts. 

Ankyloblepharon {ang-kil-o-blef'-ar-on) [an- 
kyle; ftXicfiapov, the eyelid]. The adhesion of 
the ciliary edges of the eyelids. 

Ankylocheilia, Ankylochilia {ang-kil-o-ki' -le- 
ak) [ankyle; ye'cAog, lip]. Adhesion of the 
lips. 

Ankylocolpos {ang-kil-o-kol'-pos) [ankyle; 
koItzoc, the vagina]. Atresia of the vagina 
or vulva. 

Ankylodeire, Ankylodere, Ankyloderis (ang- 
kil-o-di'-re, -de'-re, ang-kil-oaV -er-is) [ankyle; 
detpTj, the neck]. Wry-neck; torticollis. 

Ankyloglossia, Ankyloglossum (ang-kil-o- 
glos'-e-ah, ang-kil-o-glos' -um) [ankyle; yAwooa, 
the tongue]. Tongue-tie. 

Ankylomele (ang-kil-om'-el-e) [ankyle; fiiXoc, a 
limb]. The abnormal growing together of 
limbs (as of the fingers or toes). 

Ankylose (ang'-kil-os) [dy-KuXi), a loop]. To 
be, or to become, consolidated or firmly 
united. 

Ankylosis (ang - kil - 0' - sis) [see Ankylose]. 
Union of the bones forming an articulation, 
resulting in a stiff joint. A., Capsular, that 
due to cicatricial shrinking of the joint-cap- 
sule. A., Cartilaginous, a form observed as 
a sequel of subacute coxitis in the young, 
marked with great muscle tension and ab- 
sence of suppuration; the cartilages may 
remain intact for a long time, although the 
shrunken synovial membrane has ceased to 
secrete. A., Central, that due to causes 
present within the joint. A., Extracapsular, 
that due to rigidity of the parts external to 
the joint. A., False, A., Spurious, that 
due to the rigidity of surrounding parts. 
A., Generalized, ankylosis affecting many 
joints, or a tendency toward it. A., Intra- 
capsular, that due to rigidity of the struc- 
tures within a joint. A., Ligamentous, 
when the medium is fibrous. A., Muscular, 
that due to muscular contraction. A., True, 
A., Bony, that in which the connecting 
material is bone. 

Ankylostoma, Ankylostomum {ang-kil-os' -to- 
mah, -mum) [dyKuXoc, crooked; ozofxa, a 



ANKYLOSTOMIASIS 



72 



ANONA 



mouth]. A genus of nematode worms, one 
species of which, A. duodenale, is some- 
times found in the human intestine. It pro- 
duces a condition analogous to pernicious an- 
emia. 

Ankylostomiasis {ang-kil-os-to-mi' -as-is) [see 
Ankylo stoma]. The morbid condition pro- 
duced by the presence of the parasite An- 
kylostoma duodenale in the human intestine. 
It is especially prevalent among brickmakers 
and other workmen in Europe. Syn., Doch- 
miasis; Brickmakers' anemia; Tunnel anemia; 
Miners' cachexia; Egyptian chlorosis ; Un- 
cinariasis ; Hookworm disease. 

Ankylo tia {ang-kil-o' -she-ah) [dfKuX-q, a loop; 
ouc, ear]. Union of the walls of the meatus 
auditorius. 

Annatto {an-at'-o). See Annotto. 

Annectent ian-ek' '-tent) [ad, to; nectere, to 
bind]. Linking or binding together. A. 
Convolutions. See Convolution. 

Annidalin {an-id' -al-in) . i. Dithymoltriiodid. 
A substitute for iodoform and aristol. 2. 
See Aristol. 

Annotto {an-ot'-o) [native American]. A color- 
ing-matter obtained from the pellicles of the 
seeds of Bixa orellana. It is used to color 
plasters and as an artificial color for butter. 
Syn., Annatto; Arnotto. 

Annuens {an'-u-enz) [annuere, to nod]. The 
rectus capitis anticus minor muscle. 

Annular {an'-u-lar) [annulus, a ring]. Ring- 
like. A. Cartilage, the cricoid cartilage. 
A. Finger, the ring-finger. A. Ligament, 
the ligament surrounding the wrist and the 
ankle. A. Muscle of Muller, the circular 
fibers of the ciliary muscle. A. Process, 
A. Protuberance, the pons varolii. A. Re- 
flex (of macula), a ring-like reflection some- 
times seen with the ophthalmoscope around 
the macula. 

Annulus ian'-u-lus) [see Annular]. A ring- 
shaped or circular opening. A. abdomin- 
alis, the external or internal abdominal ring. 
A. abdominis, the inguinal ring. A. ciliaris, 
the boundary between the iris and the choroid. 
A. fibrosus. 1. The external part of the 
intervertebral discs. 2. Firm connective tis- 
sue containing elastic fibers surrounding the 
auriculoventricular openings of the heart. 
Syn., Annulus -fibrosus atrioventricular. 
A. inguinalis abdominalis, the internal 
abdominal ring. A. inguinalis cutaneus, 
the external abdominal ring. A. membranse 
tympani, an incomplete bony ring that 
forms the fetal auditory process of the tem- 
poral bone. A. migrans, a disease of the 
tongue marked by crescentic bands of a 
light -colored rash which spread over its 
dorsal surface and sometimes over the sides 
and under surface. Syn., Annulus errans. 
A. osseus, the tympanic plate. A. ovalis, 
the rounded or oval margin of the foramen 
ovale. A. tracheae, a tracheal ring. A. 
umbilicus, the umbilical ring. A. ventri- 
culi, the pylorus. 

Anoceliadelphous {an-o-se-le-ah-deV -jus) [avco, 



upward; KocX'ca, a cavity; aoe\(f)oc, a brother]. 
United by the thorax or upper part of the 
abdomen. 

Anocheiloschisis, Anochiloschisis ian-o- 
ki-los-ki' -sis) [avco, upward; %e!Xoc, a 
lip; 01't^s.tv, to split]. An operation of 
splitting the upper lip for reducing its 
size. 

Anococcygeal {an-o-kok-sij' -e-al) [anus, the 
fundament; kokku$, the coccyx]. Pertaining 
to the anus and the coccyx. A. Ligament, 
a ligament that connects the tip of the coccyx 
with the external sphincter ani muscle. 

Anodal ian'-o-dat) [dvd, up; bdbg, a way]. 
Relating to the anode; electropositive. A. 
Closure, the closure of an electric circuit 
with the anode placed in relation to the 
muscle or nerve which is to be affected. A. 
Closure Clonus, A. Closure Contraction. 
See Contraction, Anodal Closure. A. Dura- 
tion, the duration of an anodal closure con- 
traction. 

Anode {an'-od) [see Anodal], The positive 
pole of a galvanic battery. A., Soluble, 
Sprague's term for an anode formed of the 
metal which is deposited. 

Anodermous {an-o-der' -mus) [a, priv.; okpp.a, 
the skin]. Without the appearance of an 
epidermis. 

Anodinia {an -0 -din' -e -ah) [a, priv.; did eg, 
the pain of childbirth]. Absence of labor- 
pains. 

Anodontia {an-o -don' -she-ah) [dv, priv.; coouc, 
tooth]. Absence of the teeth. 

Anodyne (an'-o-din) [dv, priv.; douvq, pain]. 
A medicine that gives relief from pain. A., 
Hoffmann's. See under Ether. 

Anodynia (an-o-din'-e-ah) [see Anodyne]. 1. 
Freedom from pain. 2. Loss of sensation. 
Cf. Anodinia. 

Anoesia ian-o-e' -ze-ah) [dvorjola, a want of 
sense]. Want of understanding. 

Anoia (an-oi'-ah) [dvoca, idiocy]. Synonym 
of Idiocy. 

Anomalous (an-om'-al-us) [see Anomaly], 
Irregular; characterized by deviation from 
the common or normal order. 

Anomaly ian-om' -al-e) [dvcojiaXca, irregularity]. 
A marked deviation from the normal; an 
abnormal thing or occurrence. 

Anomous (an-o'-mus) [d, priv.; tofioc, the 
shoulder]. Without shoulders. 

Anona (an-o'-nah) [Malay, menona]. A genus 
of shrubs and trees of the order A.nonacece, 
native of tropical America. A. amboiay is 
a native of French Guiana. The bark is 
applied to malignant ulcers. A. glabra is 
a West Indian species. The juice of the 
unripe fruit is applied to ulcers. A. muri- 
cata, sour-sop, rough anona, is an American 
tree, but cultivated in all tropical countries, 
where the ripe fruit is a favorite food and 
used in a cooling drink for fevers. The 
astringent unripe fruit is used in intestinal 
atony. The bark is astringent and irritant; 
the root-bark is used in cases of disease 
resulting from ingestion of poisonous fish; 



ANONYMA 



73 



ANSA 



the leaf is anthelmintic and externally a 
suppurant. The edible fruit of A. obtusi- 
folia is used in South America and in the 
West Indies by the natives as a narcotic. 
A. reticulata, custard -apple, is a West In- 
dian tree, but cultivated throughout the 
tropics. The unripe dried fruit and seeds 
are used as an intestinal astringent; the 
kernels of the seeds are very poisonous; 
the leaves are anthelmintic. A. spinescens, 
of Brazil; the seeds are used to poison ver- 
min; the fruit as a poultice. A. squamosa, 
sweet-sop, bullock' s-heart, is an American 
tree cultivated throughout the tropics for its 
fruit, which is used medicinally as is A. muri- 
cata. The seeds are used to destroy insects; 
the bark is employed by the Malays and 
Chinese as a tonic. 

Anonyma {an-on f -im-ah) [dv, priv.; ovupa, 
name]. The innominate artery. 

Anonymos (an-on' '-im-us) [see Anonymd\. The 
cricoid cartilage. 

Anonymous (an -on' -im-us) [see Anony- 
ma]. Nameless. A. Bone. See Innomina- 
tum. 

Anoperineal {a-no-per-in-e'-al). Relating to 
the anus and the perineum. 

Anopheles {an-of -el-ez) [dvajfeArjc, harmful]. A 
genus of dipterous insects (mosquitos) founded 
by Meigen (1818), belonging to the family 
Culicidoe. A. christopherse, of India, har- 
bors sporozoits, and in districts where present 
the endemic index of malaria varies from 
40 to 72 %. A. maculipennis, is the com- 
mon form of northern and central Europe and 
America, and the common agent in the trans- 
mission of the malaria parasite. Syn., Ano- 
pheles quadrimaculatus . A. rossii, the most 
widely distributed species in India, breeding 
in foul water; does not carry the parasite 
of benign nor of malignant tertian fever, 
and in Calcutta, where this is the preva- 
lent species, the endemic index of malaria is 
zero. 

Anophthalmia (an-of-thal'-me-ah) [dv, priv.; 
6<j)daXpoc, eye]. Congenital absence of the 
eyes. A. cyclopica, a congenital malforma- 
tion in which the eye-socket is very ill-devel- 
oped and the orbit rudimentary or altogether 
absent. 

Anophthalmus (an-of-thal'-mus) [see Anoph- 
thalmia]. A person born without eyes. 

Anopia {an-o f -pe-ah) [dv, priv.; a><p, the eye]. 
Absence of sight, especially that due to de- 
fect of the eyes. 

Anopubic (a-no-pu'-bik). Relating to the anus 
and the pubes. 

Anorchia (an-or'-ke-ah). See Anorchism. 

Anorchism {an'-or-kizm) [dv, priv.; bpx^C, 
the testicle]. Absence of the testicles. 

Anorectal {a-no-rek' -tal) . Pertaining to the 
anus and the rectum. 

Anorexia ian-or-ek' -se-ah) [dv, priv.; bpe^cc, 
appetite]. Absence of appetite. A. nervosa - , 
a hysteric affection occurring chiefly in 
young neurotic females, and characterized 
by a great aversion to food. 



Anorrhorrhea {an-or-or-e'-ah) [dv, priv. ; dppoc, 
serum; po'ca, a flow]. A diminished or de- 
fective secretion of serous substance. 

Anorthography (an-or-thog r -ra-fe) [dv, priv.; 
opdoc, straight; ypdcjieiv, to write]. Inca- 
pacity to write correctly; motor agraphia. 

Anorthopia ian-or-tho' -pe-ah) [dv, priv. ; opdoc, 
straight; b<pcc, vision]. 1. A defect in vision 
in which straight lines do not seem straight, 
and parallelism or symmetry is not prop- 
erly perceived. 2. Squinting; obliquity of 
vision. 

Anorthosis {an-or-iho' -sis) [dv, priv.; bpdojacc, 
a making straight]. Absence or defect of 
erectility. 

Anoscope {a'-no-skop) [anus; okotzcIv, to look]. 
An instrument for examining the rectum. 

Anosmia (an-oz'-me-ah) [dv, priv.; oaprj, 
smell]. Absence of the sense of smell. A., 
Afferent, that due to the loss of the con- 
ductivity of the olfactory nerves. A., Cen- 
tral, that due to cerebral disease. A., Or- 
ganic, that due to disease of the nasal pitui- 
tary membrane. A., Peripheral, that due to 
disease of the peripheral ends of the ol- 
factory nerves. 

Anosphrasia {an-os-fra'-ze-ah). See Anos- 
mia. 

Anospinal {a-no-spi' -naT) [anus; spina, the back- 
bone]. Relating to the anus and the spinal 
cord. A. Center, a center that controls the 
anal sphincters. It is situated in the lumbar 
portion of the spinal cord. 

Anotus (an-o'-tus) [dv, priv.; ouc, the ear]. 
Destitute of , ears. 

Anovesical (a-no-ves'-ik-al) [anus; vesica, the 
bladder]. Pertaining conjointly to the anus 
and urinary bladder. 

Anoxoluin, Anoxolyin (an-oks-oV-u-in, -i-in) 
[a, priv.; o^uc, sharp; Xuecv, to dissolve]. 
The substance opposed to oxolyin, which, 
according to Le Conte, exists with it in 
fibrin, albumin, globulin, and casein, and 
which is not soluble in glacial acetic acid. 

Anozol (an'-o-zol). A combination of iodoform 
and thymol; deodorous iodoform. 

Ansa {an'-sah) [L., "a handle"]. A loop. A. 
atlantis, the uppermost cervical ansa. A. 
capitis, the zygomatic arch. A., Cervical, 
one of the intercommunicating branches of 
the anterior cervical nerves. A., Coccygeal. 
See A. sacralis. A., Galvanocaustic, the 
wire loop of a galvanic cautery. Syn., Liga- 
tura candens. A., Haller's, the loop formed 

' by the nerve joining the facial and glosso- 
pharyngeal nerves. A., Henle's. See 
Hen'le's Loop. A. hypoglossi, a loop formed 
at the side of the neck by the junction of 
the descendens noni nerve, with branches of 
the second and third cervical nerves. A, 
lenticularis, a bundle of fibers proceeding 
from the neural laminas between the divi- 
sions of the lenticular nucleus. Syn., Ansa 
lentiformis; Lenticular loop. A. lumbalis, 
A. lumbaris, one of the connecting rami- 
fications between the branches of the lum- 
bar nerves. A. sacralis, a loop joining the 



ANSERINE 



74 



ANTHECTIC 



ganglion impar with the sympathetic trunks 
of the two sides. A., Sternal, the intercla- 
vicular notch. A. subclavialis, A., Sub- 
clavian. See A. of Vieussens. A. supra- 
maxillaris, one of communication between 
the ventral and dorsal superior dental nerves. 
A. of Vieussens, a loop extending from the 
third cervical ganglion and surrounding the 
subclavian artery. A. of Wrisberg, the 
nerve joining the right great splanchnic and 
right pneumogastric nerves. 

Anserine {an'-ser-en) [anser, a goose]. Re- 
sembling a goose. A. Disease, a wasting 
of the muscles of the hands, rendering the 
tendons unduly prominent, and suggesting the 
appearance of a goose's foot. A. Skin, 
goose-skin. 

Ansiform {an' -si-form) [ansa, a handle; forma, 
shape]. Loop-shaped. 

Antacid {ant-as'-id) [anti, against; acidus, 
acid], i. Neutralizing acidity. 2. A sub- 
stance counteracting or neutralizing acid- 

{t y- ... 

Antacidin {ant-as' -id-in) . Saccharate of lime. 

Antagonism {an-tag' -on-izm) [see Antagonist]. 
Opposition; opposed action, as of two sets 
of muscles or of two remedial agents. 

Antagonist {an-tag' -o-nist) [avxayiovcoTTjc, coun- 
teracting]. A term applied to a drug that 
neutralizes the therapeutic effects of another. 
In anatomy, a muscle that acts in opposition 
to another. A., Associated, a name given 
to that muscle of a healthy eye that turns 
the globe in the same direction as the affected 
muscle of the opposite eye would, if normal, 
turn the eye to which it belongs. 

Antagonistic {an-tag-o-nis' -tik) [see Antagon- 
ist]. Opposing. 

Antalgic {ant-al'-jik) [anti-; aXyoc, pain]. 
1. Relieving pain. 2. A remedy that relieves 
pain. 

Antalkaline {ant-al'-kal-ln) [anti-; alkali]. 

1. Neutralizing alkalis. 2. An agent neutral- 
izing alkalis, as acids. 

Antanacathartic {ant-an-ah-kath-ar' -tik) [anti-; 
dva, up; Kad apace, purgation]. 1. Checking 
expectoration. 2. An agent which checks 
expectoration. 

Antaphrodisiac {ant-af-ro-diz' -e-ak). See 
Anaphrodisiac. 

Antapoplectic {ant-ap-o-plek' -tik) [anti-; oltzo- 
7cXf)$ia, apoplexy]. Efficient in preventing or 
treating apoplexy. 

Antarthritic {ant-ar-thrit'-ik) [anti-; apd pcxcK.bc, 
gouty]. 1. Relieving gout. 2. A medicine 
for the relief of gout. 

Antasphyctic {ant-as-fik'-tik) [anti-; ao<f)UKxoc, 
pulseless]. 1. Efficient in preventing as- 
phyxia. 2. An agent efficacious in prevent- 
ing asphyxia. 

Antasthenic {ant-as-then' -ik) [anti-; dadhsca, 
weakness]. Tending to correct debility and 
restore the strength. 

Antasthmatic {ant-az-mat'-ik) [anti-; aodfia, 
short-drawn breath]. 1. Relieving asthma. 

2. A medicine serving for the relief of 
asthma. 



Antebrachium {an-te-bra'-ke-um). See Anti- 
brachium. 

Antecurvature {an-te-kur' -va-lur) [ante, for- 
ward; curvatus, bent]. A forward curva- 
ture. 

Antefixatio uteri {an-te-fiks-a'-she-o u'-ter-i). 
The operative suturing of the uterus in retro- 
flexion. 

Anteflexion {an-te-flek'-shun) [ante, before; 
flectere, to bend]. A bending forward. A. 
of Uterus, a condition in which the fundus 
of the uterus is bent forward. 

Antemetic {ant-em-ef -ik) . See Antiemetic. 

Ante mortem {an'-te' mor'-tem) [L.]. Before 
death. A. partum, before delivery. 

Anteneasmum, Anteneasmus {an-ten-e-az 1 '- 
mum, -mus). P. Zacchias' term for a form 
of dementia marked by restlessness and a 
suicidal tendency. 

Antephialtic {ant-ef-e-al' -tik) [anti-; icfrcaXxye, 
nightmare]. Preventive of nightmare. 

Antepileptic {ant-ep-il-ep' -ti'k) [anti-; en'cXrj^ce, 
epilepsy]. Relieving epilepsy. 

Anteprostatic {an-te -pros -tat' -ik) [ante, be- 
fore; 7ipoazaTTjc, one who stands before]. Sit- 
uated before the prostate. A. Glands, 
certain small accessory glands sometimes 
found between Cowper's gland and the 
prostate. 

Antepyretic {an-te-pi-ref -ik) [ante; xupexoe, 
fever]. Prior to the development of fever. 

Antereisis . {ant-er-i'-sis) [dvxkpscoce, resist- 
ance]. The resistance opposed by a disloca- 
tion during its reduction. 

Anterior {an-te'-re-or) [L., "before"]. Situated 
before or in front of; pertaining to the part 
or organ situated toward the ventral aspect of 
the body. A. Poliomyelitis, inflammation 
of the anterior horns of the spinal cord, 
giving rise to a characteristic paralysis, com- 
mon in children. A. Rotation, the for- 
ward turning of the presenting part in labor. 

Antero- {an'-te-ro-) [anterior, before]. A pre- 
fix signifying position in front. 

Anteroinferior {an-te-ro-in-fe'-re-or) [an- 
tero-; inferior, lower]. Situated in front and 
below. 

Anterolateral {an-te-ro-laf -er-al) [antero-; latus, 
a side]. In front and to or on one side; 
from the front to one side. 

Anteroparietal {an-le-ro-par-i'-et-al) [antero-;- 
parietal]. Anterior and also parietal. A. 
Area, the anterior part of the parietal area 
of the cranium. 

Anteroposterior {an-te-ro-pos-te' -re-or) [antero-; 
posterior, backward]. Extending from before 
backward. 

Anterosuperior {an-te-ro-su-pe'-re-or) [an- 
tero-; superior, upper]. Situated in front and 
above. 

Anteversion {an-te-ver' -shun) [ante, forward; 
vertere, to turn]. A turning forward. A. of 
Uterus, a tilting forward of the uterus. 

Anthectic {an-thek' -tik) [anti-; Iktckoc, hectic]. 
1. Efficacious against tuberculosis. 2. An 
agent or remedy efficient against tubercu- 
losis. 



ANTHELIX 



75 



ANTHRAX 



Anthelix {an'-the-liks) [dvdkXc^, the inner curva- 
ture of the ear]. The ridge surrounding the 
concha of the external ear posteriorly. 

Anthelmintic {an-thel-min' -tik) \anti-; eXjicvc, 
a worm], i. Efficacious against worms. 2. A 
vermicide. 

Anthema {an' -the-mah) [aude'cv, to bloom]. An 
exanthem; a skin eruption. 

Anthemis (an' -them-is) [dvdep.cc, a flower]. 
Camomile The flower-heads of A. nobilis, 
the properties of which are due to a volatile 
oil, a camphor, and a bitter principle. It is 
useful in coughs and spasmodic infantile com- 
plaints, and is an excellent stomachic tonic. 
Infusion of 4 dr. to 1 pint, given in doses 
of 1-2 oz. (30-60 Cc). Anthemidis, Ex- 
traction (B. P.). Dose 2-10 gr. (0.13-0.65 
Gm.). Anthemidis, Infusum (B. P.). Dose 
1-4 oz. (30-120 Cc). Anthemidis, Oleum, 
the volatile oil of camomile. Dose 2-10 min. 
(0.12-0.6 Cc). 

Anthemorrhagic (ant -hem -or -a]' -ik) [anti-; 
alfia, blood; pay (a, a. bursting]. Checking 
or preventing hemorrhage. 

Anthocephalous, Anthocephalus (an-tho-sef- 
al-us) [avdoc, a flower; /a-cpaXrj, a head]. 
Having a flower-shaped head; e. g., Taenia 
anthocephala. 

Anthony's Fire, St. See Erysipelas. 

Anthracemia (an-thras-e' -me-ah) [anthrax; 
dlpa, blood]. 1. Woolsorter's disease; splenic 
fever of animals; a disease due to the pres- 
ence in the blood of Bacillus anthracis. 2. 
Asphyxia due to carbon monoxid poisoning. 

Anthracene (an' -thra-sen) [anthrax], C U H 10 . 
A hydrocarbon formed from many carbon 
compounds when they are exposed to a 
high heat; also from coal-tar. It crystal- 
lizes in colorless, monoclinic tables, show- 
ing a beautiful blue fluorescence; dissolves 
with difficulty in alcohol and ether, but easily 
in hot benzene; melts at 213 . It is the 
base from which artificial alizarin is pre- 
pared. 

Anthracia (an-thra' -se-ah) [anthrax]. A 
name for diseases characterized by the for- 
mation of carbuncles. A. pestis, the plague. 
A. rubula. Synonym of Frambesia. 

Anthracic (an' -thras-ik) [anthrax]. Pertaining 
to or of the nature of anthrax. 

Anthracin (an'-thras-in) [anthrax]. A toxic 
ptomain derived from pure cultures of the 
bacillus of anthrax. 

Anthracina (an-thras-e' -nah). Melanotic car- 
cinoma. 

Anthracion (an-thras'-e-on) [anthrax]. Con- 
tagious anthrax. 

Anthracoid (an' -thrak-oid) [anthrax; sldoc, like- 
ness]. Resembling carbon, anthrax, or the 
gem carbuncle. 

Anthracolemus, Anthracolcemus (an-thra- 
kol-e'-mus) [anthrax; Xocpbg, a plague]. Con- 
tagious anthrax. 

Anthracoma (an-thrak-o'-mah) [anthrax]. A 

carbuncle. 
Anthracometer (an-thrak-om'-et-er) [anthrax; 
fthpov, a measure]. An instrument for esti- 



mating the amount of carbon dioxid in the 
air. 

Anthraconecrosis (an-thrak-o-ne - kro' -sis) 
[anthrax; vkupiDotc;, death]. The necrotic 
transformation of a tissue into a black mass, 
as in dry gangrene. 

Anthracopestis (an-thrak-o-pes'-tis) [anthrax; 
pestis, a plague]. Malignant anthrax. 

Anthracophlyctis (an-thrak-o-flik'-tis) [anthrax; 
(bXuKx'cg, a pustule]. The same as Anthraco- 
pestis. 

Anthracosis (an-thrak-o' -sis) [anthrax; voaoc, 
disease]. 1. "Miners' lung." A diseased con- 
dition of the lung produced by the inhalation 
of coal-dust. It is a form of pneumokoniosis. 
2. A malignant or corroding ulcer; a car- 
buncle. 

Anthraflavon (an-thra-flav'-on) [anthracene; 
flavus, yellow], C 14 H 8 4 . A substance acting 
as a dibasic acid, forming yellow needles 
subliming without fusion at temperatures 
above 300 C. 

Anthrapurpurin (an-thra-pur' -pu-rin) [anthra- 
cene; purpurin], C 14 H 8 5 . A derivative of 
anthraflavic acid and an isomer of purpurin 
and of flavopurpurin, almost identical with 
the latter; it forms orange-colored needles. 
A. Acetate, A. Diacetate, a fine yellow, 
tasteless powder, freely soluble in glacial 
acetic acid and xylol, sparingly so in alcohol; 
insoluble in water. It is used as an aperient 
and laxative (it colors the urine red). Dose 
7§ g 1 "- (°-5 Gm.). Syn., Purgatin; Purgatol. 

Anthraquinolin (an-thra-kwin' -ol-in) [anthra- 
cene; quina, bark], C n H n N. A crystalline 
substance melting at 170 C, boiling at 
446 C; its solutions exhibit an intensely 
blue fluorescence. 

Anthraquinone (an-thra-kwin' -on) [anthracene; 
quinone], C 14 H 8 2 . A substance produced 
by oxidizing anthracene with HNO s . It sub- 
limes in yellow needles, melting at 277 C, 
and is soluble in hot benzene and HN0 3 . 

Anthrarobin (an-thra-ro'-bin), C 14 H l0 O 3 . A 
derivative of alizarin, similar to chrysarobin. 
It is a yellowish-white powder, insoluble in 
water, but soluble in alcohol and dilute alka- 
line solutions. It is useful in psoriasis, 
herpes, pityriasis versicolor. Unof. 

Anthrax (an'-thraks) [av0pa£, a coal or a car- 
buncle]. 1. A carbuncle. 2. An acute in- 
fectious disease due to Bacillus- anthracis. 
It is most common in cattle and sheep, but 
may occur in man. Infection in man may 
occur — (a) through a wound, the resulting 
lesion being a boil or carbuncle, whence the 
disease becomes disseminated through the 
blood, (b) Through the intestinal tract. In 
this case there are marked local lesions, either 
such as resemble the dermal boils or a hem- 
orrhagic infiltration of the mucous membrane. 
(c) Through the respiratory tract. The re- 
sults are inflammatory processes in the 
lungs and pleura. Syn., Milzbrand; Char- 
bon; Woolsorter's disease; Splenic fever; 
Splenic apoplexy; Siberian cattle plague; 
Plaga ignis; Acacanthrax; Mai de Chabert; 



ANTHROPO- 



76 



ANTICIPATING 



Abscessus gangrcenescens; Abscessus gan- 
granosus. A., Contagious, malignant an- 
thrax. A., Malignant. See Anthrax (2). 
A., Pulmonary, gangrene of the lungs. A., 
Symptomatic. See Black-leg. 

Anthropo- {an-thro-po-) [avd pojnog , a man; a 
human being]. A prefix signifying relating 
to man or to the human race. 

Anthropogenesis {an-thro-po-jen'-es-is) {an- 
thropo-; ykvsotg, generation]. The develop- 
ment of man, as a race {phylogenesis) and 
as an individual {ontogenesis). 

Anthropoglot {an'- thro -po- glot) [anthropo-; 
yXajooa, the tongue]. Human-tongued, as a 
parrot. 

Anthropography {an-thro-pog' -rq-fe) [anthropo-; 
ypafacv, to write]. A treatise upon the hu- 
man structure or organism. 

Anthropoid {an 1 ' -thfo-poid) [avOptoizoc;, a man; 
eldoc, like]. Man-like. 

Anthropology {an-thro-poV -o-je) [anthropo-; 
Aoyoc, discourse]. The science of man. 

Anthropometallism {an-thro-po-mef -al-izm) 
[anthropo-; metal]. Hypnotism or the like 
condition, induced by looking at a metallic 
disc. 

Anthropometry {an-thro-pom' -et-re) [anthropo-; 
[xkxpov, a measure]. The determination of 
the measurement, weight, strength, and pro- 
portions of the parts of the human body. 

Anthropomorphic {an-thro-po-mor' -fik) [an- 
thropo-; p.opcj)r), form]. Man-like. 

Anthropophagy {an-thro-pof -a-je) [anthropo-; 
<J>af£lv, to devour]. 1. Cannibalism. 2. Sex- 
ual perversion leading to rape, mutilation, 
and cannibalism. 

Anthropophobia {an-thro-po-fo'-be-ah) [anthro- 
po-; (f)6{3oc, fear]. A symptom of mental dis- 
ease consisting in fear of society. 

Anthropotoxin {an-thro-po-toks' -in) [anthropo-; 
xo^ckov, poison]. The toxic substance sup- 
posed to be excreted by the lungs of human 
beings. 

Anthydropic {ant -hi- drop' '-ik) [anti-; udpco(/>, 
dropsy]. Effective against dropsy. 

Anthypnotic {ant -hip- not' -ik) [anti-; uizvoz, 
sleep]. 1. Preventive of sleep. 2. An agent 
that tends to induce wakefulness. 

Anthysteric {ant-his-ter'-ik) [anti-; uaxipa, 
the womb]. Overcoming hysteria. 

Anti- {an-ti-) [dv-'c, against]. A prefix meaning 
against. 

Antiades {an-ti' -ad-ez) [pi. of dvxtcig, tonsil]. 
The tonsils. 

Antiagglutinin {an-te -a g-lu' -tin-in). A sub- 
stance opposed in action to an agglutinin. 

Antiaggressin {an-te-ah-gres' -in) [anti-; aggres- 
sin]. A hypothetic content of the serum of 
an animal immunized to aggressin-containing 
serous exudate produced in a second animal 
by bacterial, inoculation. 

Antialbumate {an-te-al' -bu-mat) [anti-; albumen, 
white of egg]. Parapeptone; a product of the 
imperfect digestion of albumin. It is changed 
by the pancreatic ferment into antipeptone. 

Antialbumin {an-te-al' -bu-min) [see Antialbu- 
mate]. One of the products of the action of 



the digestion of albumin; it is probably one 
of the preformed substances existing in the 
proteid molecule. 

Antialbumose {an-te-al' -bu-mos) [see Antialbu- 
mate]. One of the albumoses produced by 
the action of pancreatic juice on albumin. 
It resembles syntonin or acidalbumin, and is 
convertible into antipeptone. 

Antiaphrodisiac {an-te-af-ro-diz' -e-ak) . See 
A naphrodisiac. 

Antiarin {an-te' -ar -in) [Javanese, antiar or ant- 
jar], C 14 H 20 O 5 + 2H 2 0. The active prin- 
ciple of Antiaris toxicaria or Upas antiar, 
the Javanese poison-tree. It is intensely 
poisonous and is used as an arrow-poison. 
It is a cardiac depressant. Dose T qq gr. 
(0.00065 Cm.). Unof. 

Antiarthritic {an-te-ar-thrif -ik) . See Antar- 
thritic. 

Antiasthmatic {an-te-az-maf -ik) . See A ntasth - 
ma tic. 

Antibacterial {an- te-bak-te'- re -al) [anti-; bac- 
teria]. Acting against bacteria. 

Antibacterin {an-te-bak' -ter-in) . 1. A pale yel- 
low fluid said to consist of boric acid, 6.25 
parts; iron chlorid solution, 1.5 parts; ether 
chlorate, to make 100 parts. It is used by 
inhalation in tuberculosis, beginning with 150' 
gr. (10 Gm.) daily and increasing to 10 
times that quantity. 2. Crude aluminium 
sulfate mixed with soot. 

Antibiotic {an-te-bi-ot'-ik) [anti-; p'coc, life]. 
Tending to destroy life. 

Antiblennorrhagic {an-te-blen-or-aj'-ik) [anti-; 
ftXkvva, mucus; prffvuvac, to burst]. Efficient 
in preventing or curing gonorrhea. 

Antibodies {an-te-bod'-ez). Characteristic con- 
stituents of the blood and fluids of the im- 
mune animal; substances antagonistic to the 
harmful action of bacteria; e. g., antitoxins, 
agglutinins, precipitins, etc. They cause the 
envelop surrounding the bacterial bodies to 
swell, and on this account they are called 
by Gruber glabrificins . This swelling of the 
bacteria renders them amenable to the action 
of the alexins, through which their death en- 
sues. Cf. Antitoxin. 

Antibrachial {an-te-bra' -ke-al) [anti-; Ppa%iujv,. 
the arm]. Pertaining to the forearm. 

Antibrachium {an-te-bra' -ke-um) [see Anti- 
brachial]. The forearm. 

Anticardium {an-te-kar' -de-um) [anti-; napoca, 
the heart]. The scrobiculus cordis, or pit of 
the stomach; the infrasternal depression. 

Anticheirotonus, Antichirotonus {an-te-ki- 
rot'-o-nus) [anti-; yj'ip, hand; tgvoc, tension]. 
Forcible and steady inflection of the thumb, 
seen at times in or before attacks of epilepsy. 

■Antichlor {an' -te-klor) . 1. Sodium thiosulfate. 
2. Potassium sulfite. 

Anticholerin {an-te-kol'-er -in) [anti-; %oXkpa, 
cholera]. A product isolated by Klebs from 
cultures of cholera bacilli. Immunizing and 
curative properties have been ascribed to 
it. 

Anticipating {an-tis' -ip-a-ting) [anticipare, to 
take before]. Occurring before the regular 






ANTICLINAL 



77 



ANTIKATHODE 



or expected time, as an anticipating inter- 
mittent fever, one in which the paroxysms 
occur earlier on successive days. 

Anticlinal (an-te-kli'-nal) [anti-; kIIvzcv, to 
slope]. Sloping in opposite directions. A. 
Vertebra, in man, the tenth thoracic ver- 
tebra, where the thoracic vertebras begin 
to assume the characters of the lumbar. 

Anticnemion {an-tik-ne' -me-on) [anti-; Kvrjfir), 
leg]. The shin or front of the leg. 

Anticnesmatic {an-tik-nes-maf -ik) [anti-; 
KvfjOfjLOC, itching], i. Efficient against itching. 
2. A remedy for itching. 

Anticoagulant {an-te-ko-ag' -u-lant) [anti-; coag- 
ulum]. i. Opposed to or preventive of coag- 
ulation. 2. A substance preventing coagula- 
tion. 

Anticomplement {an-te-kom' -ple-ment) [anti-; 
complement]. A substance held by Ehrlich 
in his lateral-chain theory to enter into the 
composition of an antihemolysin (q. v.). Cf. 
Antiimmune Body under Body. 

AntiCope {an-tik'-op-e) [avrcKo-rj, a beating 
back]. Resonance; reaction; repercussion; 
counters troke. 

Anticrisis (an-le-kri'-sis) [anti-; crisis]. An 
agent or phenomenon preventing a crisis. 

Anticus {an-ti'-kus) [anticus, that in front]. 
Anterior; in front of. 

Anticyclic Acid. See Acid, Anticyclic. 

Antidiabeticum (an-te-di-a-bef -ik-um) . A 
preparation recommended for diabetes, said 
to consist of wheat starch, sugar of milk, 
sulfur, powdered senna leaves, and fennel. 
Syn., Glycosolveol; Glycosolvol. 

Antidiabetin (an-te-di-ab-ef '-in) . A mixture of 
saccharin and mannite,. used instead of 
sugar by diabetics. 

Antidiastole {an-te-di-as' -to-le) [dvxcocaozoXri, 
distinction]. Differential diagnosis. 

Antidinic {an-te-din' -ik) [anti-; o'tvoc, a whirl]. 
Curing or preventing vertigo. 

Antidiphtherin {an-te-dif -ther-in) . A solution 
containing cultures of Bacillus diphtheria 
with 0.2 % of orthocresol and some glycerol. 
It is used externally and subcutaneously in 
diphtheria. A., Klebs', a preparation ob- 
tained by precipitation with alcohol from the 
culture-fluid of Bacillus diphtheria after re- 
moval of the bacilli. 

Antidotal {an -te- do' -tat) [anti-; oo-Sf, given]. 
Having the nature of an antidote. 

Antidote {an'-te-dot) [see Antidotal]. An 
agent preventing or counteracting the action 
of a poison. A., Arsenical (G. Ph.), is 
prepared by dissolving ioo parts of the 
hydrated sulfate of iron in 250 parts of 
water, to which 15 parts of burnt magnesia 
and 250 parts of water are added. A., 
Chemic, one that changes the chemic nature 
of the poison so that it becomes insoluble 
or harmless. A., Mechanic, one that pre- 
vents absorption by holding the poison in 
mechanic suspension or by coating the stom- 
ach. A., Physiologic, one that counteracts 
the physiologic effects of a poison. A., 
Universal, a mixture of 1 part of dis- 



solved iron sulfate in 2 parts of magnesia 
water. 

Antidotism {ant'-id-o-tizm) [see Antidotal]. 
Therapeutic or physiologic antagonism; the 
possession of antidotal properties; the act of 
giving antidotes. 

Aritidynamic (an-te-di-nam'-ik) [anti-; duvapicc, 
force]. Weakening. ' 

Antidysenteric {an-te-dis-en- ter'- ik) [anti-; 
duaevrep'ca, dysentery]. 1. Serviceable against 
dysentery. 2. A remedy for dysentery. 

Antiemetic (an-te-em-et'-ik) [anti-; ifxexcKoc, 
causing vomit]. Preventing emesis; relieving 
nausea. 

Antifebrin {an-te-feb' -rin) [anti-; febris, a fever], 
C 6 H 5 . C 2 H 3 . NH. The proprietary name 
of acetanilid or phenylacetamid. A white, 
crystalline powder, insoluble in water, freely 
soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. It 
is antipyretic and analgesic. The drug's 
official name is acetanilidum. Dose 5-10 gr. 
(0.3-0.6 Gm.). 

Antiferment (an-te-fer' -ment) [anti-; fermentum, 
leaven]. An agent that prevents fermenta- 
tion. 

Antifermentative {an-te-fer-men' -ta-tiv) [anti- 
ferment]. Preventing fermentation. 

Antigalactic (an-te-gal-ak'-tik) [anti-; jala, 
milk]. 1. Lessening the secretion of milk. 
2. A drug that lessens the secretion of 
milk. 

Antigermin {an-te-jer'-min). A compound of 
copper and an acid, forming a yellowish- 
green, tenacious mass, soluble in 200 parts 
of water. It is said to be disinfectant, deo- 
dorant, and bactericidal. 

Antigerminal (an-te-jer' '-min-al) [anti-; germen, 
germ]. Relating to the pole of the ovum 
opposed to the germinal pole. 

Antihelix {an-te-he'-liks). See Anthelix. 

Antihemolysin {an-te-hem-o-W -sin) [anti-; alfia, 
blood; Xuocc, solution]. A complex substance 
developed in the blood-serum as the result of 
inoculations with hemolysins. It is com- 
posed of anticomplements and antiimmune 
bodies. 

Antihemo lytic (an-te-hem-o-lit'-ik). Relating 
to an antihemolysin; not capable of dis- 
solving blood-corpuscles. 

Antihidrotic (an-te-hi-drot'-ik) [anti-; (dpcbf, 
sweat]. 1. Diminishing the secretion of 
sweat. 2. An agent lessening the secretion 
of sweat. 

Antihydropin {an-te-hi'-dro-pin) [anti-; uocop, 
water]. A crystalline principle obtainable 
from the common cockroach, Blatta (Peri- 
planeta) orientalis, and said to be diuretic. 
Dose 10-20 gr. (0.6-1.3 Gm.). 

Antikamnia (an-te-kam' -ne-ali) [anti-; Kap.v£cv, 
to suffer pain]. A proprietary remedy said 
to be composed of sodium bicarbonate, 
acetanilid, and caffein. It is used as an 
analgesic in doses of 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 
Gm.). 

Antikathode (a?i-te-kath , -od) [anti-; kathode]. 
A piece of platinum foil so placed in a Crookes 
tube as to intercept the kathode rays; being 



ANTIKOL 



78 



ANTIPALUDEAN 



thus rendered fluorescent, it becomes a source 
of rontgen-rays. 
Antikol (an' -tik-ol) . A proprietary antipyretic 
mixture said to contain acetanilid, sodium 
bicarbonate, and tartaric acid. 
Antilemic, Antiloemic, Antiloimic (an-te-W - 
mik, an-te-loi' -mik) [and-; Xocixoc, the plague]. 
Efficacious against the plague or other pesti- 
lence. 

Antileptic (an-til-ep'-tik) [ovzcXthJjcc, a receiv- 
ing in return]. Revulsive. 

Antilithic (an-te-lith' -ik) [anti-; Xcdoc, a stone], 
i. Efficacious against calculus. 2. An agent 
preventing the deposit of urinary sedi- 
ment. 

Antiloemic (an-ti-le' '-mik) . See Antilemic. 

Antiluetic (an-te-lu-et'-ik) [anti^; hies, the 
plague; syphilis]. Efficacious against syph- 
ilis. 

Antilypyrin (an-te-le-pV '-rin) . An antipyretic 
and analgesic substance obtained by heat- 
ing acetanilid, 1 part, with antipyrin, 2 
parts. Dose 7-8 gr. (0.45-0.52 Gm.). 

Antilysin (an-te-W -sin) [anti-; Xuocc, a loosing]. 
A substance opposed to the activity of a 
lysin. 

Antilysis (an-tiV -is-is) . The condition due to 
the activity of antilysins. 

Antilyssic (an-te-lis' -ik) [anti-; Xuooa, rabies]. 
1. Tending to cure rabies. 2. A remedy for 
rabies. 

Antimetropia (an-te-met-ro 1 '-pe-ah) [anti-; metro- 
pia]. A condition characterized by opposing 
states of refraction in the two eyes, as, for 
example, the existence of myopia in one eye 
and of hyperopia in the other. 

Antimiasmatic (an-te-mi-as-mat'-ik) [anti-; 
fitao/Jta, exhalation]. Preventive of malaria. 

Antimonial (an-te-mo' -ne-aV) [antimonium, an- 
timony]. Containing antimony. 

Antimonic (an-te-mon' -ik) [see Antimonial]. 
A term applied to those compounds of anti- 
mony that correspond to its higher oxid. 

Antimonious (an-te-mo' -ne- us) [see Anti- 
monio.Q. A term denoting those compounds 
of antimony that correspond to its lower 
oxid. 

Antimonium (an-te-mo'-ne-um). See Anti- 
mony. 

Antimony (an'-te-mo-ne) [L., antimonium]. 
Sb = 122 ; quanti valence ill and v. A metallic, 
crystalline element possessing a bluish-white 
luster. The symbol Sb is derived from the 
old name, stibium. Antimony is found na- 
tive, as the sulfid, Sb 2 S 3 , as the oxid, and is 
a constituent of many minerals. It is used 
commercially chiefly for making alloys. 
Type-metal, Britannia metal, and Babbitt 
antifriction metal are alloys of antimony. 
In medicine antimonium salts are used less 
frequently than formerly. The salts are 
cardiac and arterial depressants, diaphoretic 
and emetic, and in large doses powerful 
gastrointestinal irritants, producing symptoms 
resembling those of Asiatic cholera. Antimony 
has been used as an antiphlogistic in sthenic 
inflammation, as a diaphoretic and expec- 



torant, and as an emetic. A. Arsenate, a 

heavy white powder; it is used in syphilitic 
affections of the skin. Dose -^ gr. (0.001 
Gm.) 4 times daily. A. Arsenite, a fine 
white powder; it is used in skin dis- 
eases. A. Chlorid, SbCl 3 , the "butter" 
of antimony; a strong caustic. A. Iodid, 
Sbl 3 , red crystals, decomposed by water, 
soluble in carbon disulnd; melts at 167 C. 
It is alterative. Dose ^-1 gr. (0.016-0.065 
Gm.) in pills. A. Oxychlorid, the "pow- 
der of algaroth"; now little used. A. Pent- 
oxid, Sb 2 5 , antimonic acid, combines with 
bases to form antimoniates. A., Pills of, 
Compound (piluloe antimonii compositce, B. 
P.), Plummer's pills, contain calomel and sul- 
fureted antimony, of each, | gr. (0.032 Gm.). 
A. and Potassium Tartrate (antimonii et 
potassii tartras, U. S. P.; antimonium tar- 
taratum, B.P.), 2 KSbOC 4 H 4 6 . H 2 0, "tartar 
emetic." Dose xg-J gr. (0.004-0.016 Gm.). 
A., Powder of (pulvis antimonialis, B. P.), 
antimonial powder, James' powder, con- 
sists of antimonious oxid 33, and calcium 
phosphate 67 parts, and is diaphoretic; in 
large doses, emetic and cathartic. Dose 
3-8 gr. (0.2-0.5 Gm.). A. Sulfid, Sb 2 S 3 , 
black sulfid of antimony. Dose f-i gr. 
(0.016-0.065 Gm.). A. Sulfid, . Golden, 
Sb 2 S 5 , a fine, odorless, orange-yellow powder, 
soluble in alkaline solutions. It is alterative, 
diaphoretic, emetic, and expectorant. Dose 
^-i| gr. (0.01-0.1 Gm.) several times daily. 
A., Sulfurated (antimonium sulphur atum, B. 
P.), the sulfid with a small but indefinite 
amount of the oxid. Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 
Gm.). A. Tartrate, (SbO) 2 C 4 H 4 O e + H 2 0, a 
white, crystalline powder. Used internally as 
a substitute for arsenic in affections of the 
skin. Dose T V gr. (0.0065 Gm.) 3 to 5 times 
daily. A. Trioxid, antimonious acid, Sb 2 - 
3 ; soluble in hydrochloric and tartaric acids. 
Dose 1-2 gr. (0.065-0.13 Gm.). It is an in- 
gredient of James' powder. A., Vegetable, 
boneset. A., Wine of (vinum antimonii, 
U. S. P.), boiling water, 60; tartar emetic, 4; 
stronger white wine, 1000 parts. It contains 
about 2 gr. of tartar emetic to the ounce. 
Dose 5-15 min. (0.3-1.0 Cc). 

Antimycotic (an-te-mi-kof -ik) [anti-; p-tfiais, a 
fungus]. Destructive to microorganisms. 

Antimydriatic (an-te-mid-re-at'-ik) [anti-; 
[ludpcaocc, mydriasis]. 1. Opposed to or ar- 
resting dilation of the pupils. 2. A drug 
efficacious against mydriasis. 

Antinarcotic (an-te-nar-kot'-ik) [anti-; vapnujoce, 
a benumbing]. Preventing narcosis. 

Antineuralgic (an-te-nu-ral' -jik) [anti-; vzvpov, 
a nerve; aXyoc, pain]. Overcoming neu- 
ralgia. 

Antinonnin (an-te-non' -in) , C 6 H 2 . (N0 2 ) 2 .CH 3 - 
OK, potassium orthodinitrocresylate. See Di- 
nitrocresol. 

Antiotomia, Antiotomy (an-te-o-to'-me-ah, an- 
te-ot'-om-e) [avxikc, a tonsil; xepivecv, to 
cut]. Excision of the tonsils. 

Antipaludean (an-te-pal-u' -de-an) [anti-; palus, 



ANTIPARASITIC 



79 



ANTIRHEUMATIN 



a marsh]. Efficient against malarial dis- 
eases. 

Antiparasitic (an-te-par-as-W -ik) [anti-; napaa- 
cxoc, a parasite]. i. Destroying parasites. 
2. An agent destroying parasites. 

Antiparastata (an -te - par - as'- tat - ah) [anti-; 
7iapaoxaxj)C, testicle]. Cowper's glands. 

Antipeptone {an-te-pep' -ton) [anti-; nknxecv, to 
cook; digest]. A variety of peptone not acted 
upon by trypsin. 

Antiperiodic (an-te-pe-ri-od' -ik) [anti-; nepcodoc, 
a going round], i. Preventing periodic at- 
tacks of a disease. 2. A remedy against 
periodic disease. A. Tincture. See War- 
burg's Tincture. 

Antiperistalsis (an-te-per-is-taV -sis) [anti-; nep'c, 
around; axaXa'cc, compression]. Reversed 
peristalsis. 

Antiperistaltic (an -te- per - is - tal' - tik) [see 
Antiperistalsis]. Relating to antiperistal- 
sis. 

Antiperonosporin (an-te-per -o-nos' '-por-in) . 
Topasol G. I, an antiseptic preparation of 
zinc and copper sulfates. 

Antiphlogistic (an-te-flo-jis' -tik) [anti-; (j>X6y- 
ojocc, inflammatory heat]. 1. Counteracting 
fever. 2. An agent subduing or reducing 
inflammation or fever. 3. Applied to the 
pneumatic theory of Lavoisier as having 
supplanted Stahl's phlogistic theory. A. 
Treatment, bloodletting, the application 
of cold, the administration of antipy- 
retics, etc. 

Antiphlogistin (an-te-flo-jis' '-tin) . A paste said 
to consist of kaolin, glycerol, and antisep- 
tics; it is a substitute for poultices. 

Antiphlogosis (an-te-flo-go' -sis) [see Antiphlo- 
gistic]. 1. The reduction of inflammation. 
2. Inflammation purposely excited to counter- 
act other inflammation. 

Antiphthisin (an-te-ti' -sin) . Dilute tuberculin, 
made from the slight residue after precipita- 
tion with sodium bismuth iodid. 

Antiplastic (an-te-plas' -tik) [anti-; nXaooecv, to 
form]. 1. Unfavorable to granulation or to 
the healing process. 2. An agent impover- 
ishing the blood. 3. Preventing or checking 
plastic exudation. 

Antipodal (an-tip' -od-al) [anti-; tiouc, a foot]. 
Situated directly opposite. A. Cells, a 
term applied to a group of four cells formed 
in the lower end of the embryo -sac op- 
posite to the cells constituting the egg- 
apparatus. A. Cone, the cone of astral rays 
opposite to the spindle -fibers. 

Antipraxia (an-te-praks' -e-ah) [anti-; npaooecv, 
to do]. Antagonism of functions or of 
symptoms. 

Antiprostatitis (an-te-pros-tat-i'-tis) [anti-; 
npooxaxa, the prostate; exec,' inflammation]. 
Inflammation of Cowper's glands. Syn., 
A ntiparastatitis. 
Antipruritic (an-te-pru-rif -ik) [anti-; pruritus, 
itching]. 1. Relieving the sensation of itch- 
ing. 2. A drug that relieves the sensation 
of itching. 
Antipsoric (an-tip-so'-rik) [anti-; (pebpa, the 



itch]. Effective against itching or the 
itch. 

Antipyresis (an -te- pi -re' -sis) [anti-; nupexdc, 
fever]. The reduction of fever by means of 
antipyretics. 

Antipyretic (an-te-pi-ref -ik) [see Antipyresis]. 
1. Cooling; lowering the temperature. 2. An 
agent reducing temperature. The most im- 
portant antipyretic agents are cold, diaphor- 
etics, and the newer remedies, many of which 
are coal-tar products, such as antipyrin, 
acetanilid, phenacetin, etc. 

Antipyrin (an-te-pi'-rin) [anti-; itbp, fever 
heat], C n n i2 N 2 0. Phenazon. The scien- 
tific name is dimethyloxychinicin-phenyldi- 
methylpyrazolon, or dihydrodimethylphenyl- 
pyrazin. An alkaloidal product of the de- 
structive distillation of coal-tar. It may be 
produced by heating acetoacetic ester with 
methylphenylhydrazin. It is a grayish or 
reddish-white, crystalline powder, slightly bit- 
ter, soluble in water, alcohol, and chloro- 
form, and crystallizes from an ethereal solution 
in shining leaflets melting at 113 . It reduces 
temperature, causes sweating, at times vomit- 
ing, peculiar eruptions, pruritus, coryza, etc. 
Not rarely a cyanotic condition of the face 
and hands is produced. Antipyrin is incom- 
patible with nitrous compounds. It is a 
powerful antipyretic and analgesic. Dose 
5-15 gr. (0.3-1.0 Gm.). A. Bichloral, 
a trituration-product of 94 parts of anti- 
pyrin with 165.5 parts of chloral hydrate; 
it is hypnotic and analgesic. Maximum 
dose 45 gr. (3 Gm.). Syn., Dichloralanti- 
pyrin. A. Mandelate, a crystalline com- 
pound of antipyrin and amygdalic acid, used 
as a remedy for whooping-cough. Dose f-8 
gr. (0.05-0.5 Gm.). Syn., Tussol; Phenyl- 
glycollate. A. Salicylate, A. Salol, a brown 
liquid obtained by fusing together equal 
parts of phenyl salicylate and antipyrin. It 
is recommended as an antiseptic, and as a 
hemostatic in uterine hemorrhage, applied 
by means of cotton tampons. Syn., Sali- 
pyrin. A., Test for. See Fieux. 

Antirabic (an-te-ra' -bik) [anti-; rabies, madness]. 
Preventing or curing rabies. 

Antirennene (an-te-ren'-en). Morgenroth's 
name for the principle which appears in 
the blood of an animal following the 
introduction of rennet. It has the power 
of impeding the action of rennet on 
milk. 

Antirheumatic (an-te-ru-maf -ik) [anti-; rheu- 
matism]. Preventing or curing rheuma- 
tism. 

Antirheumaticum (an-te-ru-maf -ik-um) . A 
compound of sodium salicylate and methyl- 
ene-blue. It occurs in blue, prismatic crys- 
tals, soluble in water and alcohol. Dose 
1-1^ gr. (0.06-0.09 Gm.). 

Antirheumatin (an-te-ru' -mat-in) . An oint- 
ment used in treatment of rheumatism, and 
said to contain fluorphenetol, 1 part; di- 
fluordiphenyl, 4 parts; vaselin, 10 parts; 
wool-fat, 85 parts. 



ANTIRRHINUM 



80 



ANTITOXIC 



Antirrhinum {an-te-ri' -num) [L.]. A genus 
of scrophulariaceous plants. A. linaria, 
called also Linaria vulgaris, toadflax, ram- 
sted, " butter-and-eggs, " is a herbaceous plant 
of Europe and North America; diuretic, 
cathartic, and irritant; used as a poultice 
and fomentation. 

Antiscorbutic {an-te-skor-bu' -tik) [anti-; scor- 
butus, scurvy]. i. Effective against scurvy. 
2. A remedy useful in scurvy. 

Antisensitizer (an-te-sen' '-sit-i-zer) . In Ehr- 
lich's side-chain theory, a substance antag- 
onistic in its action to that of the inter- 
mediary body or sensitizer. 

Antisepsin {an-te-sep' -sin) [and-; orj^cf, putre- 
faction], C 6 H 4 BrNHC 2 H 3 0. Asepsin; bro- 
mated acetanilid; soluble in alcohol and 
ether, insoluble in water. It is antipyretic, 
analgesic, and antiseptic. Dose 6-7 gr. 
(0.30-0.45 Gm.). 

Antisepsis {an-te-sep' -sis) [see Antisepsin]. Ex- 
clusion of the germs that cause putrefac- 
tion. 

Antiseptic ian-te-sep' '-tik) [see Antisepsin]. 1. 
Having power to prevent the growth of the 
bacteria upon which putrefaction depends. 
2. An agent that prevents development of 
bacteria. Among the principal antiseptics are 
mercuric chlorid, creolin, phenol, iodoform, 
thymol, salicylic acid, boric acid, formaldehyd, 
and potassium permanganate. A. Gauze, 
open cotton cloth charged with an antiseptic. 
A. Ligature, catgut or other material rendered 
aseptic by soaking in antiseptic solutions. A. 
Treatment of Wounds, this looks to thor- 
ough antisepsis as regards the wound, the 
instruments, the operator's hands, the dress- 
ings, etc. 

Antisepticism {an-te-sep' -tis-izm) [see Antisep- 
sin]. The theory or systematic employment 
of antiseptic methods. 

Antisepticize {an-te-sep' -tis-lz) [see Antisepsin]. 
To render antiseptic; to treat with anti- 
septics. 

Antiseptin {an-te-sep' -tin) [see Antisepsin]. 1. 
Zinc borothymoliodid. It consists of 85 parts 
zinc sulfate, 2.5 parts each of zinc iodid and 
thymol, and 10 parts boric acid. It is an 
antiseptic. 2. A proprietary preparation said 
to consist of sodium or potassium silicate, 
2 parts, and a 0.1 % solution of mercuric 
chlorid, 1 part. 

Antiseptol {an-te-sep' -tol) [see Antisepsin]. 
Cinchonin iodosulfate, an odorless and fairly 
effective substitute for iodoform. 

Antiserum Method. A method of differentiat- 
ing human from other blood; modified Uhlen- 
huth's antiserum method. Human blood- 
serum is injected into the peritoneal cavity of 
rabbits in doses of 10 Cc. every 8 or 10 days. 
After 6 injections their blood is collected and 
preserved on ice ; the serum is pipeted off after 
24 hours. Some rabbits, as control-animals, 
are not injected. The blood to be tested is, 
if dried, first dissolved, and then, as is fluid 
blood, diluted with ordinary water and salt 
solution. Several drops of the test-serum 



are added and the tubes placed at a tempera- 
ture of 35 . If the blood to be tested is 
human, a turbidity appears invariably; if 
not human, it remains clear. 

Antisialagog {an-te-si-aV -a-gog) [anti-; ocaXov, 
saliva; ayiDjbg, leading]. 1. Preventing or 
checking salivation. 2. A remedy that is 

.. effective against salivation. 

Antisialic {an-te-si-al'-ik) [anti-; a'caXov, 
saliva]. 1. Checking the flow of saliva. 
2. An agent that checks the secretion of 
saliva. 

Antisideric {an-te-sid-er'-ik) [anti-; owepoc, 
iron]. 1. Incompatible with iron and count- 
eracting its effects; impoverishing the blood. 
2. An agent or drug opposed to the 
action of iron; one which impoverishes the 
blood. 

Antispasmin {an-te-spaz'-min), C 23 H 26 N0 8 Na- 
+ 3NaC 7 H 6 3 . A compound of 1 molecule 
of narcein sodium united with 3 molecules 
of sodium salicylate, occurring as a white, 
slightly hygroscopic powder containing about 
50 % of narcein. It is sedative and hypnotic. 
Dose \-i\ gr. (0.01-0.1 Gm.). 

Antispasmodic {an-te-spaz-mod'-ik) [anti-; 
oxaofioc, a spasm]. 1. Tending to relieve 
spasm. 2. An agent relieving convulsions 
or spasmodic pains, as the narcotics, the 
nitrites, etc. 

Antispastic {an-te-s pas' -tik) [anti-; anaozcKoc, 
drawing]. 1. Revulsive; counterirritant. 2. 
Antispasmodic. 3. A revulsive agent. 

Antistaphylolysin {an-te-staf-il-o-li' -sin) [anti-; 
Staphylococci, a genus of bacteria; Xuocc, a 
loosing]. A substance antagonistic to the 
toxic products of staphylococci, contained 
in healthy blood -serum. 

Antistreptococcic {an -te- strep -to- kok'-sik) 
anti-; Streptococci, a genus of bacteria]. An- 
tagonistic to or preventing the action of 
streptococci. 

Antisudoral {an - te - su' - dor - at) [anti-; sudor, 
sweat]. Checking the secretion of sweat. 

Antisyphilitic {an-te-sif-il-it'-ik) [anti-; syph- 
ilis]. 1. Effective against syphilis. 2. A 
remedy used in the treatment of syphilis. 

Antithenar {an-tith' -en-ar) [anti-; dkvap, the 
flat of the hand or the sole of the foot]. 
1. Opposite to thenar. 2. A muscle that ex- 
tends the thumb or opposes it to the hand; 
an antithenar muscle. A. Eminence, the 
border of the palm of the hand from the base 
of the little finger to the wrist. A. Muscles, 
of the toe and of the thumb; the abductor 
pollicis pedis and the flexor brevis pollicis 
manus; also, the first dorsal interosseous 
muscle. 

Antithermic {an-.te-ther'-mik) [anti-; 6ipp.rj, 
heat]. Cooling; antipyretic. 

Antithermin {an-te-ther' -min) [see Antithermic], 
C n H ]4 2 N 2 . Phenylhydrazinlevulinic acid, a 
coal-tar derivative used as an antipyretic, an- 
algesic, and antiseptic. Dose 5 gr. (0.3 Gm.). 
Unof. 

Antitoxic {an-te-toks'-ik) [anti-; xo^ckov, poison]. 
Antidotal; counteracting poisons. 



ANTITOXIN 



81 



ANURESIS 



Antitoxin (an-te -to ks' -in) [see Antitoxic], i. 
A counterpoison or antidote elaborated by 
the body to counteract the toxins of bacteria. 
According to some authorities, antitoxins are, 
like the toxins, bacterial products. Antitoxins 
are used in the treatment of certain infectious 
diseases and also to confer immunity against 
these diseases. 2. The commercial name for 
a fine white powder said to be a coal-tar 
product and used as an analgesic and anti- 
pyretic. Dose 10-15 g r - (0.65-1.0 Gm.) 
in from 1 to 4 hours. A., Artificial, an anti- 
toxin prepared by passing an electric cur- 
rent through a toxic bouillon. A., Diph- 
theria, one prepared from the blood-serum 
of an animal inoculated with Bacillus diph- 
theria. A., Tetanus, one prepared from the 
blood-serum of an animal inoculated with 
Bacillus tetani. A. Unit, 10 times the 
amount of serum requisite to neutralize com- 
pletely 10 times the minimum fatal dose 
of diphtheria toxin in a half-grown guinea- 
pig; or the amount of antitoxin which, when 
inoculated into a guinea-pig of 250 Gm. 
weight, will neutralize 100 times the mini- 
mum fatal dose of ioxin of standard weight. 

Antitragic (an-te-traj'-ik) [anti-; ipajog, the 
tragus]. Pertaining to the antitragus. A. 
Muscle, a mere rudiment in man; it arises 
from the antitragus, and extends to the cauda 
of the helix. 

Antitragus (an-te-tra' -gus) [see Antitragic]. An 
eminence of the external ear opposite the 
tragus. 

Anti trismus (an-te-tris' -mus) [anti-; xpiap.bg, 
a creaking]. A condition in which the open 
mouth cannot be closed. 

Antitrope (an'-te-trop) [anti-; xpkrcscu, to turn]. 
Any organ set over against another to form 
a symmetric pair. Thus, the right eye is an 
antitrope to the left. 

Antityphoid (an-te-ti'-foid). Opposed to ty- 
phoid. A. Extract, a preparation obtained 
by injecting repeatedly cultures of typhoid 
bacilli of increasing virulence into the peri- 
toneal cavity of rabbits. The animals are 
killed as soon as they do not react to poi- 
sonous doses, and extracts are made of the 
thymus, spleen, bone-marrow, brain, and 
spinal cord, by soaking these organs in a 
solution of salt, glycerol, and alcohol, with 
the addition of some pepsin. The filtrate is 
injected in typhoid cases. 

Antitypic (an-te -tip' -ik) [anti-; xutzoc;, a type]. 
1. Efficient against the periodic recurrence 
of a paroxysm or fever. 2. Irregular; 
not conformable to a type. 3. An anti- 
periodic. 

Antiuratic (an-te-u-rat'-ik). 1. Effica- 
cious against the deposition of urates. 2. 
An agent that prevents the deposit of 
urates. 

Antivenin (an-te -ven'-in) [anti-; venenum, 
poison]. A serum perfected by Calmette 
by injecting cobra venom mixed with so- 
lutions of calcium hypochlorite into horses. 
It is used in doses of 2-3-5 ( ^ Lr - (10-20 Cc.) in 
7 



bites of venomous serpents. Syn., Anti- 
venene. 

Antivenomous (an-te-ven'-om-us). Antago- 
nistic to venom; a term applied to im- 
munized animals, to certain serums, and to 
antitoxins. 

Antivirulent (an-te -vir'-u-lent) [anti-; virus, a 
poison]. Effective against viruses. 

Antizymotic (an-te-zi-mot'-ik) [anti-; £upoj- 
oYf, fermentation]. 1. Preventing or check- 
ing fermentation. 2. An agent preventing 
the process of fermentation; an antifer- 
ment. 

Antocular (ant-ok' -u-lar) [ante, before; oculus, 
the eye]. Situated in front of the eye. 

Antorbital (ant -orb'- it -al) [ante, before; or- 
bita, the orbit]. Located in front of the 
orbit. 

Antracele (an'-tra-sel) [antrum; K-fjXrj, a tumor]. 
Dropsy of the antrum; an accumulation of 
fluid in the maxillary sinus. 

Antral (an'-tral) [antrum]. Relating to an 
antrum. 

Antrectomy (an-trek' '-to-me) [antrum; inxoprj, 
excision]. Surgical removal of the walls of 
the antrum. 

Antritis (an-tri'-tis) [antrum; exec, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of an antrum. 

Antronalgia (an-tron-aV -je-ah) [antrum; dXyog, 
pain]. Pain in the antrum. 

Antrophore (an'-tro-}or). Cacao-butter bou- 
gies, containing tannin, 5 %; resorcinol, 
5 %; thallin sulfate, 2 to 5%; zinc sulfate, 
0.5%. 

Antroscope (an'-tro-skdp) [antrum; okotzeiv, to 
look]. An instrument for examining the max- 
illary sinus. 

Antrotome (an'-tro-tom) [antrum; xepveiv, to 
cut]. An instrument for the performance of 
mastoid antrotomy. 

Antrotomy (an-trot'-o-me). Incision of an an- 
trum. 

Antrotympanic (an-tro-tim-pan'-ik) [antrum; 
xupnavov, a drum]. Relating to the cavity 
of the tympanum and to the tympanic 
antrum. 

Antrum (an'-trum) [L.]. A cavity or hollow 
space, especially in a bone. A., Cardiac, 
Luschka's name for a dilation sometimes 
found in the esophagus immediately above 
its passage through the diaphragm. A., 
Duodenal, the normal dilation presented 
by the duodenum near its origin. A. eth- 
moidale, the ethmoid sinus. A. highmor- 
ianum, antrum of Highmore, a cavity in 
the superior maxillary bone. Syn., Antrum 
gence. A. highmori testis. See Medi- 
astinum testis. A., Mastoid, the hollow space 
beneath the' roof of the mastoid process. 
A., Maxillary. See A. highmorianum. A. 
pylori cum willisii, the cavity of the pylorus. 
A. tubae, a sac-like dilation of the fallopian 
tube about an inch from the fimbriated ex- 
tremity, regarded by some as occurring only 
in pregnancy. 

Anuresis (an-u-re'-sis) [dv, priv.; oupov, urine]. 

" Anuria. 



ANURETIC 



82 



APEPTIC 



Anuretic (an-u-ret' -ik) [see Anuresis]. Pertain- 
ing to or affected with anuria. 

Anuria ian-u' -re-ah) [see Anuresis]. Suppres- 
sion of the urine. 

Anuric (an-u'-rik) [see Anuresis]. Pertaining 
to anuria. 

Anurous ian-u' -rus) [dv, priv.; oupa, a tail]. 
Without a tail. 

Anus {a' -nus) [L., "the fundament"]. The 
extremity of the rectum; the lower opening 
of the alimentary canal. A., Artificial, an 
opening established from the bowel to the ex- 
terior at a point above the normal anus, most 
commonly from the colon, either in the lum- 
bar or in the iliac region. A., Fissure of, 
a slight tear in the mucous membrane at 
the anus, usually due to passage of hard- 
ened feces. It is very painful. A., Fistula 
of, fistula in ano, a sinus opening from the 
rectum' into the connective tissue about the 
rectum or discharging externally. A., Im- 
perforate, absence of the anus, the natural 
opening being closed by a membranous sep- 
tum. A., Infundibuliform, a relaxed con- 
dition of the anus with destruction of the 
natural folds. A., Preternatural, an ab- 
normal aperture serving as an anus, whether 
congenital, made by operation, or due to 
disease or injury. Syn., Fecal fistula; Anus 
prceternaturalis. A., Preternatural Ileo- 
vaginal, A., Preternatural Vaginal, A. 
praeternaturalis vestibularis, the rare ab- 
normity of the rectum opening through 
the vulva. A,, Rusconi's, the blastopore. A., 
Umbilical, a preternatural anus located in 
the umbilical region. A. vulyo vaginalis, an 
anal opening communicating with the vulva. 

Anvil (an'-vit). See Incus. 

Anydremia,Anydrasmia (an-id-re' -me-ah). See 
Anhydremia. 

Anypnia (an-ip r -ne-ah) [di>, priv.; o-voc, sleep]. 
Sleeplessness. 

Anytol. See Anitol. 

Aorta {a-ort'-ah) [dopzrj, aorta]. The large 
vessel arising from the left ventricle and 
distributing, by its branches, arterial blood 
to every part of the body. It ends by 
bifurcating into the common iliacs at the 
fourth lumbar vertebra. The arch, that ex- 
tending from the heart to the third dorsal 
vertebra, is divided into an a scolding, a 
transverse, and a descending part. The 
thoracic portion extends to the diaphragm; 
the abdominal, to the bifurcation. A., Car- 
diac, that part of the embryonic vascular 
system giving rise to the aortic arches. A., 
Dorsal, i. The embryonic vessel formed by 
the junction of the two primitive aortas. Syn., 
Primordial aorta; Subvertebral aorta. 2. The 
thoracic aorta. A., Inferior, the abdominal 
aorta. A., Left, the embryonic division of 
the vascular system which finally becomes 
the aorta. A., Main, the embryonic vessel 
formed by the junction of the two primitive 
aortas. A., Pectoral, the thoracic aorta. 
A., Pelvic, the middle sacral artery. A., 
Pericardiac, the part of the aorta within 



the pericardial cavity. A., Primitive. 1. 
That part of the aorta extending from its 
origin to the point where it first branches. 
2. Two embryonic branches of the cardiac 
aorta extending through the first visceral 
arch and uniting to form the dorsal aorta. 
A., Right, the embryonic division of the 
aortic bulb which finally forms the pulmo- 
nary artery. A., Root of, the origin of 
the aorta at the heart. Syn., Radix aorta. 
A., Superior, the -thoracic aorta. A., Sys- 
temic. See A., Left. A., Thoracic. See 
under Aorta. 

Aortal (a-ort'-al) [see Aorta]. Relating to the 
aorta. 

Aortic (a-ort'-ik) [see Aorta], Pertaining to the 
aorta. A. Arch. See Aorta and Arch. A. 
Foramen. See A. Opening of Diaphragm. 
A. Murmur, a murmur produced by disease 
of the aortic valves. A. Opening of Dia- 
phragm, the aperture in, or really behind, the 
diaphragm, through which the aorta passes. 
A. Opening of Heart, the opening between 
the heart and the aorta. A. Plexus, the 
plexus of sympathetic nerves, situated on the 
front and sides of the aorta, between the 
origins of the superior and inferior mesenteric 
arteries . A . Sinus , a deep depression between 
the leaflets of the aortic valve and the aortic 
wall. A. Valve, the three semilunar valves 
closing the aortic opening during the cardiac 
diastole. 

Aortitis (a-ort-i' -tis) [aorta; crcc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the aorta. A., Nummular, 
.that characterized by white, circular patches 
in the inner coat. 

Aortoclasia, Aortoclasis (a-or-to-kla' '-ze-ah, 
-sis) [aorta; nXaocc, a breaking]. Rupture 
of the aorta. 

Aortolithia (a-or-to-lith' -e-ah) . A calcareous 
deposition in the aorta. 

Aortomalacia, Aortomalaxia {a-ort-o-mal-a' - 
se-ah, -aks'-e-ah) [aorta; p.olan'ta, softening]. 
Softening of the aorta. 

Aortosclerosis (a-ort-o-skle-ro' -sis) [aorta; okXtj- 
poc, hard]. Induration of the aorta. 

Aortostenosis (a-ort-o-sten-o' -sis) [aorta; orevdc, 
narrow]. Stenosis or narrowing of the aorta. 

Apatropin iap-at' -ro-pin) [dub, from; atropin], 
C l7 H 21 N0 2 . A compound derived from atro- 
pin by the action of nitric acid. It is said to 
produce peculiar convulsions. 

Ape (dp) [ME.]. A man-like monkey. A. Fis- 
sures, those fissures of the human brain that 
are also found in apes. A. -hand, a peculiar 
shape of the hand produced by the wasting 
of the thumb-muscles; it is seen in some 
cases of progressive muscular atrophy. 

Apellous (ah-pel'-us) [d, priv.; xkXla, skin]. 
Skinless. 

Apepsia (ah-pep' '-se-ah) [d, priv.; izinrecv, to 
digest]. Cessation or absence of the digestive 
function. A., Hysteric, apepsia due to hys- 
teria. Syn., Hysteric anorexia. A. nervosa. 
See Anorexia nervosa. 

Apeptic (ah-pep'-tik) [see Apepsia]. Affected 
with apepsia. 



APERIENT 



83 



APHLOGISTIC 



Aperient (ap-e'-ri-ent) [aperire, to open], i. 
Laxative; mildly purgative. 2. A mild pur- 
gative; a laxative. 

Aperistalsis (ah-per-is-taV -sis) [a, priv.; xepi, 
around; oxalate;, constriction]. Cessation of 
the peristaltic movements of the intestine. 

Apertometer (ap-ur-tom' -et-er) [aperture; /j.h- 
pov, a measure]. An optic device for deter- 
mining the angle of aperture of microscopic 
objectives. The apertometer of Abbe, which 
is mostly used, consists of a semicircular 
piece of thick glass with the straight edge 
beveled at 45 degrees. Light entering the 
curved edge is reflected upward by the bev- 
eled edge. This is received by the objec- 
tive of the microscope. By means of two 
metal slides moving on the curved edge 
the exact angle of the light required to fill 
the back lens of the objective is indicated 
on the curved edge and can be read off 
directly. 

Aperture (ap'-er-chur) [apertura, an opening]. 
An opening. A., Angular, in the micro- 
scope, the angle formed between a luminous 
point placed in focus and the most divergent 
rays that are capable of passing through 
the entire system of an objective. A., 
Numeric, the capacity of an objective for 
admitting rays from the object and trans- 
mitting them to the image. 

Apex (a'-peks) [L., "the extreme end of a thing"; 
pi., apices]. The summit or top of anything; 
the point or extremity of a cone. A. -beat, 
the impulse of the heart felt in the fifth inter- 
costal space, about 3! inches from the mid- 
dle of the sternum. A. of the Lung, the 
upper extremity of the lung behind the 
border of the first rib. A. Murmur, a mur- 
mur heard over the apex of the heart. 

Aphacia (ah-fa' -se-ah). See Aphakia. 

Aphacic (ah-fa' -sik). See Aphakic. 

Aphagia (ah-fa' -je-ah) [a, priv.; (fiayelv, to 
eat]. Inability to eat or to swallow. 

Aphakia {ah-fa' -ke-aK) [a, priv.; (fraKoc, a 
lentil; the crystalline lens]. The condition 
of an eye without the lens. 

Aphakic (ah-fa' -kik) [see Aphakia]. Not pos- 
sessing a crystalline lens. 

Aphasia (ah-fa' -ze-ah) [a, priv.; <f>6.occ, speech]. 
Partial or complete loss of the power of 
expressing ideas by means of speech or writ- 
ing. Aphasia may be either motor or sen- 
sory. Motor or ataxic aphasia consists in 
a loss of speech owing to inability to exe- 
cute the various movements of the mouth 
necessary to speech, the muscles not being 
properly coordinated, owing to disease of the 
cortical center. It is usually associated with 
agraphia, "aphasia of the hand," inability 
to write, and right-sided hemiplegia. Some 
aphasiacs can write, but are unable to articu- 
late words or sentences; this variety is vari- 
ously named aphemia, alalia, or anarthria, 
according as the impairment of speech is 
more or less marked. Charcot supposes the 
center for articulate language divided into 4 
subcenters — a visual center for words, an 



auditory center for words, a motor center 
of articulate language, and a motor center 
of written language. Lesions of one or more 
of these centers produce the characteristic 
forms of aphasia, all of which have clinical 
exemplifications. Sensory aphasia, or am- 
nesia, is the loss of memory for words, and 
may exist alone or in association with motor 
aphasia. Amnesia appears clinically in 3 
distinct forms: 1. Simple loss of memory of 
words. 2. Word-deafness, or inability to 
understand spoken words (there is usually 
some paraphasia connected with this form). 
3. Word-blindness, or inability to understand 
written or printed words. A., Broca's, 
motor aphasia. A., Conduction, such as is 
due to defect in some commissural connec- 
tion between centers. A., Cortical, A., Pic- 
torial, A., True, destruction of the function 
of the auditory speech-center. A . , Functional , 
that in which there is no manifest lesion, 
but it occurs as a result of excitement in 
hysteria or in severe constitutional disorders. 
A., Gibberish, a form of transcortical aphasia 
in which the speech is confused, words or 
syllables being transposed or jumbled to- 
gether, due to disruption of the tracts as- 
sociating cortical speech-centers. Syn., Jar- 
gon aphasia. A., Kussmaul's, voluntary 
mutism, simulating aphasia, which sometimes 
affects the insane, particularly paranoiacs, with 
mystic ideas. A., Mixed, combined motor 
and sensory aphasia. A., Optic, inability to 
give the names for objects seen, due to in- 
terrupted connection between the centers for 
vision and speech. A., Pure, A., Isolated, 
A., Subcortical, A., Subpictorial, aphasia 
arising from a lesion interrupting impulses 
' toward the afferent tracts proceeding to the 
auditory speech-center. A., Supracortical, 
A., Suprapictorial, that form of lesion com- 
pletely severing the connection of the auditory 
center with the cortical center, but not destroy- 
ing the auditory speech-center, the afferent 
tracts proceeding to it or the efferent tracts 
passing from it to the motor speech-center. 
A., Tactile, inability to recognize objects by 
the sense of touch, due to lesion in the cen- 
tral parietal lobule. A., Total, A. univer- 
salis, inability to utter a single word. A., 
Wernicke's, cortical sensory aphasia. 

Aphasiac (ah-fa' -ze-ak) [see Aphasia.] One 
who is aphasic. 

Aphasic (ah-fa'-zik) [see Aphasia]. Relating to 
or affected with aphasia. 

Aphemesthesia (ah -fem-es-the' ' -ze-ah) [a, priv.; 
(prjfir), voice; a'coOrjotc, sensation]. Word- 
blindness; word-deafness. 

Aphemia (ah-fe'-me-ah) [a, priv.; (f^WV^ voice]. 
Motor aphasia; inability to articulate words 
or sentences from centric and not from 
peripheral disease. See Aphasia. 

Aphemic (ah-fem'-ik) [see Aphemia.] Relating 
to or affected with aphemia. 

Aphlogistic (ah-flo-jist'-ik) [a, priv.; (f)M£, a 
flame]. 1. Noninflammable. .2. Burning 
without flame. 



APHONIA 



84 



APLASTIC 



Aphonia {ah- jo' -ne-ah) [a, priv.; (frcovfj, voice]. 
Loss of speech, due to some peripheral lesion, 
as in clergyman's sore throat; it may be 
due to hysteria. 

Aphonic (ah-fon'-ik) [see Aphonia]. Speech- 
less; voiceless. 

Aphorama, Aphorema {af-o-ra'-mah, -re'-mah) 
[acfropav, to have in full view]. The state of 
having projecting eyes, enabling one to see 
at a distance on each side without moving 
the head. 

Aphoria (ah-fo'-re-ah) [a, priv.; <jikpscv, to 
bear]. Sterility; unfruitfulness. A. imper- 
cita, that attributed to aversion. A. im- 
potens, that due to impairment of concep- 
tive power. A. incongrua, that attributed 
to nonresponsive condition of the conceptive 
power to the seminal fluid. A. paramenica, 
that due to menstrual disorder. A. poly- 
posa, that attributed to the existence of a 
uterine polyp. 

Aphrasia (ah-fra'-ze-ah) [a, priv.; cppa^soj, to 
utter]. Absence of the power to utter con- 
nected phrases. A., Paralytic, that due to 
paralysis of the ideation faculty. A., Su- 
perstitious, the voluntary avoidance of 
certain words from scruples of nicety or 
religion. 

Aphrodescin, Aphrodaescin (af-ro-des'-in) [&<f>- 
pcodrjc, foamy], C 52 H 82 23 . A glucosid con- 
stituent of the cotyledons of horse-chestnut. 
It is a colorless, amorphous powder, soluble 
in alcohol and water, its watery solution 
frothing like soap. 

Aphrodisia (af-ro-diz'-e-ah) ['Afipodhrj, Venus]. 
Sexual desire, especially when morbid or 
immoderate; sexual congress. 

Aphrodisiac {af-ro-diz'-e-ak) [see Aphrodisia]. 
i. Stimulating the sexual appetite; erotic. 
2. An agent stimulating the sexual passion. 

Aphtha (af'-tha) [a<pda, an eruption; pi., aph- 
tha]. A form of stomatitis characterized by 
the presence of small white vesicles in the 
mouth, occurring chiefly in children under 
3 years, and supposed to be due to a special 
microorganism. Syn., Acacos; Acacus; Oph- 
lyctis; Morbus aphthosus; Thrush; Sprue; 
Angina aphthosa; Aphthous stomatitis. A. 
anginosa, a form of sore throat attended by 
slight fever, redness, and enlargement of the 
fauces, with the formation of small whitish 
specks on the tongue and mucosa of the throat. 
It usually occurs in cold, damp weather and 
in women and children. Aphthae, Bednar's, 
two symmetrically placed ulcers seen at times 
on the hard palate of cachectic infants, one on 
each side of the mesial line. Aphthae, 
Cachectic, those appearing beneath the 
tongue, and associated with grave constitu- 
tional symptoms ; Riga's disease. Syn., Carda- 
relWs aphtha. A. epizootica. See Foot-and- 
mouth Disease. A. febrilis, ulceration of the 
mouth, extending to the esophagus and stom- 
ach, and accompanied by fever. A. serpens, 
Aphthae serpentes. See Cancrum oris. 
Aphthae tropicae, a disease of the tropics 
marked by epigastric fulness, pain, vomiting, 



diarrhea, and redness of the tongue, with the 
formation of small, white, painful spots on it. 
Syn., Tropical sprue; Psilosis; Gastroen- 
teritis aphthosa indica; Phlegmasia mem- 
brana mucosa gastropulmonalis. Aphthae, 
Valleix's. See Aphtha, Bednar's. 

Aphthoid {af'-thoid) [see Aphtha]. Resembling 
aphthae. 

Aphthongia (af-thon'-ge-ah) [d, priv.; (pdbjjoc, 
a sound]. A peculiar form of aphasia due to 
spasm of the muscles supplied by the hypo- 
glossal nerve. 

Aphthous {a}' -thus) [see Aphtha], i. Pertain- 
ing to or affected with aphthae. 2. Presenting 
the appearance of a surface covered with little 
ulcers. 

Apical {a'-pik-al) [apex, the top]. Pertaining 
to the apex. 

Apicifixed (a-pis'-e-fikl). Attached by the 
apex. 

Apiciform (a-pis'-e-form) [apex, the top; forma, 
form]. Sharp-pointed. 

Apicilar (a-pis' -il-ar) [apex, the top]. Attached 
to or located upon an apex. 

Apiin {ap'-e-in) [apium, parsley], C 27 H 32 O l6 . A 
glucosid obtained from the leaves, stems, and 
seeds of parsley, Apium petroselinum. It is a 
yellowish-white, crystalline powder, soluble in 
hot water and alcohol, slightly soluble in cold 
water, insoluble in ether. 

Apinoid {ah' -pin-oid) [a, priv.; nfaoc, dirt; 
eldoc, form]. Clean; not foul. A. Can- 
cer, scirrhus; so called from its cleanly 
section. 

Apiol (ap'-e-ol) [apium, parsley; oleum, oil], 
C 12 H 14 4 . A principle occurring in parsley- 
seeds; it crystallizes in long white needles, 
with a slight odor of parsley; melts at 30 C. 
(86° F.), and boils at 294 C. (572 F.). It is 
used in dysmenorrhea and in malaria. In 
large doses it produces ringing in the ears 
and frontal headache. Syn., Parsley- 
camphor. Dose 10-15 g r - (0.65-1.0 Gm.). 
A., Green, crude ethereal oil from seeds 
of parsley, Apium petroselinum. It is used 
as an emmenagog and antiperiodic. Dose, 
in dysmenorrhea, 5-10 min. (0.3-0.6 Cc.) 2 or 
3 times daily; in malaria, 15-30 min. (1-2 Cc). 
A., Liquid, an alcoholic extract of parsley- 
seeds. 

Aplacental (ah-plas-en'-tal) [a, priv.; placenta]. 
Destitute of placenta. 

Aplanatic (ah-plan-at'-ik) [a, priv.; TzXavaoQo.i, 
to wander]. Not wandering; rectilinear. A. 
Focus, that focus of a lens the rays from 
which do not undergo spheric aberration in 
their passage through the lens. A. Lens, a 
lens corrected for aberration of light and 
color; a rectilinear lens. 

Aplasia (ah-pla'-ze-ah) [a, priv.; nXaooecv, to 
form]. Incomplete or defective development. 
Syn., Agenesis. 

Aplastic (ah-plas' -tik) [see Aplasia]. 1. Struc- 
tureless; formless. 2. Incapable of forming 
new tissue. 3. Relating to aplasia. 4. Defec- 
tive in fibrin. 5. Applied to inflammations 
unattended with organizable exudation. A, 



APNEA 



85 



APOPLECTIC 



Lymph, a nonfibrinous material incapable of 
coagulation or organization. 

Apnea, Apnoea {ap-ne'-ah) [a, priv.; tzvs'cv, to 
breathe], i. A transient cessation of respira- 
tion from an overabundance of oxygen, as, 
e.g., after forcible respiration. 2. Asphyxia. 
A., Cardiac, the period of apnea in Cheyne- 
Stokes respiration. A., Nervous, that due to 
disorders of the centers of respiration. A., 
Placental, placental tuberculosis. A., 
Uterine, a form of dyspnea observed in hys- 
teric patients, due to no manifest disease. 
Syn., Uterine asthma. 

Apneumatosis {ap-nu-mat-o' -sis) [a, priv.; zis'j- 
adzojacc, inflation]. Collapse of the air-cells. 

Apoaconitin (ap-o-ak-on'-it-in) [and, from; 
aconitum, aconite], C^tL^NG^. An alkaloid 
prepared from aconitin by dehydration. 

Apoatropin {ap-o-at'-ro-pin) [dzo, from; atro- 
pin], C 17 H 21 X0 2 . An alkaloid obtained by 
the action of HN0 3 on atropin. 

Apocenosis (ap-o-sen'-o-sis) [drzoKsvoeiv, to 
drain]. 1. An increased flow or evacuation 
of blood or other humors. 2. A partial 
evacuation. In the plural, apocenoses, Cul- 
len and Swediaur's term for diseases marked 
by fluxes and unattended by fever. 

Apochromatic (ap-o-kro-mat'-ik) [d~6, away; 
ypJjaa, color]. Without color. A. Lens, a 
lens of a special variety of glass, corrected 
for spheric and chromatic aberration. 

Apocodein {ap-o-ko' -de -in) [d~6, from; codein], 
C l8 H 19 N0 2 . An alkaloid prepared from 
codein by dehydration. It is emetic and 
expectorant, with other qualities much 
like those of codein, and is recommended 
in chronic bronchitis. The hydrochlorate is 
generally used. Dose 3-4 gr. (0.2-0.25 
Gra.). Unof. 

Apocoptic {ap-o-ko p'-tik) [dzono-zscv, to cut 
off]. Affected by or occurring from the re- 
moval of a part. 

Apocynin {ap -os' -in -in) [see Apocynum]. 
The precipitate from a tincture of Apocy- 
num cannabinv.m; tonic, alterative, and ca- 
thartic. Dose J— 1 gr. (0.016-0.065 Gm.). 
Unof. 

Apocynum {ap-os'-in-nm) [apocynon, dogbane]. 
Canadian hemp. The root of A. cannabinum, 
the properties of which are due to apocynin. 
It is a good expectorant; in full doses it is 
emetic and cathartic. Dose 5-20 gr. (0.3-1.2 
Gm.); of tincture 5-40 min. (0.3-2.5 Cc). 
Another American species, A. androsccmi- 
folium, has similar properties. Unof. A., 
Fluidextract of {fluidextr actum apocyni, U. 
S. P.). Dose 5-20 min. (0.3-1.2 Cc). 

Apodia {ah-po' -de-ah) [d, priv.; tzouc, a foot]. 
Absence of feet. 

Apolar (ah-po'-lar) [d, priv.; ~6Xoc, the end 
of an axis]. Not possessing a pole. A. 
Cells, nerve-cells without processes. 

Apollinaris Water {ap-ol-in-a'-ris). A Ger- 
man alkaline mineral water, highly charged 
with carbonic acid, and largely used as a 
diluent in gout, rheumatism, etc. 

Apolysin {ap-ol'-is-in), C 6 H 4 (OC 2 H 6 )NH 8 C 6 6 . 



A compound of citric acid and phenetidin. 
It is antipyretic and analgesic. Dose 8-90 
gr. (0.5-5.0 Gm.) daily. Syn., Monoplieneti- 
din citric acid. 

Apomorphin {ap-o-?nor f -fin) [dr.6, from; Mor- 
pheus, the god of sleep], C 17 H 17 N0 2 . An 
artificial alkaloid, derived from morphin by 
the abstraction of a molecule of water. A. 
Hydrochlorid {apomorphince hydrochloridum, 
U. S. P.), is the salt used, and is a gray- 
ish, crystalline powder. It acts as a centric 
emetic. Dose oVtV S r - (0.003-0.0065 Gm.), 
hypodermatically, or jV~i g r - (0.0065-0.01 
Gm.) by the mouth. It is expectorant in 
small doses. 

Apomorphosis (ap-o-mor-Jo'-sis) [dszoiwpcboCv, to 
change the form]. A chemic change by which 
one substance acting upon another takes 
something away from it. 

Aponeurosis iap-o-nu-ro'-sis) [d~6, from; veu- 
pov, a tendon]. A fibrous, membranous ex- 
pansion of a tendon giving attachment to 
muscles or serving to inclose and bind down 
muscles. Important are the infraspinous, 
inclosing the infraspinous muscle; that 0} 
the deltoid muscle, of the external oblique or 
abdominal, of the forearm, of the leg, of the 
transversalis, of the head, etc. A. of Oc- 
cipitofrontalis Muscle, the aponeurosis that 
separates the two slips of the occipitofrontalis 
muscle. A. of Soft Palate, a thin, firm, 
fibrous layer, attached above to the hard 
palate, and becoming thinner toward the free 
margin of the velum. A., Subscapular, 
a thin membrane attached to the entire 
circumference of the subscapular fossa, and 
affording attachment by its inner surface 
to some of the fibers of the subscapularis 
muscle. A., Supraspinous, a thick and 
dense membranous layer that completes the 
osseofibrous case in which the supraspinatus 
muscle is contained, affording attachment by 
its inner surface to some of the fibers of the 
muscle. A., Vertebral, a thin aponeurotic 
lamina extending alcng the whole length of 
the back part of the thoracic region, serving 
to bind down the erector spinas, and separat- 
ing it from those muscles that unite the spine 
to the upper extremity. 

Aponeurositis (ap-on-u-ro-si' -tis) [aponeurosis; 
czee, inflammation]. Inflammation of an 
aponeurosis. 

Aponeurotic {ap-on-u-rot'-ik) [aponeurosis]. 
Pertaining to an aponeurosis. 

Apophysis {ap-of'-is-is) [d-d, from; <f>uocc, 
growth; pi., apophyses]. A process, outgrowth, 
or swelling of some part or organ, as of a bone. 
Apophyses, False. See Epiphyses. A. len- 
ticularis, the orbicular process of the tempo- 
ral bone. A. raviana, the processus gracilis 
of the malleus. Apophyses, True, those 
which have never been epiphyses. 

Apoplectic {ap-o-plek'-tik) [apoplexy]. Pertain- 
ing to or affected with apoplexy. A. Equiva- 
lents, a name given to the premonitory symp- 
toms of apoplexy, indicating that the brain 
is subject to alterations in blood-pressure. 



APOPLECTIFORM 



86 



APOZEM 



Apoplectiform (ap - o - plek' - tif - orm) [apo- 
plexy; forma, form]. Resembling apo- 
plexy. 

Apoplexy (ap'-o-pleks-e) [ano, off; nXijoaecv, to 
strike]. The symptom-complex resulting from 
hemorrhage or the plugging of a vessel in the 
brain or spinal cord. The term is sometimes 
also applied to the bursting of a vessel in the 
lungs, liver, etc. A., Asthenic, that due to 
vital depression. A., Atonic, that which 
comes on gradually and does not attain a high 
degree of development. Syn., Imperfect apo- 
plexy. A., Atrabilious, deep melancholy at- 
tributed to resorption of bile. A. , Bulbar, that 
due to hemorrhage into the substance of the 
oblongata, causing paralysis of one or both 
sides of the body, inability to swallow, diffi- 
culty in protruding the tongue, dyspnea, gastric 
disorders, and tumultuous action of the heart. 
A., Capillary, one resulting from rupture of 
capillaries. A., Consecutive, that due to 
the arrest of some habitual discharge or 
eruption. A., Cutaneous, i. See Purpura 
hemorrhagica. 2. A sudden effusion of blood 
to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. A., 
Dysarthritic, a form accompanying arthritic 
diseases, in which the pain disappears from- 
the joints, and vertigo, pain in the head, 
etc., appear. A., Epileptic, coma with epi- 
leptoid symptoms, sometimes observed in cere- 
bral and acute inflammatory diseases. A., 
Febrile, paroxysmal fever attended with deep 
sleep and stertor. Syn., Apoplexia febricosa. 
A., Fulminant, a sudden and fatal apoplexy. 
A., Ingravescent, a term applied to a form 
of apoplexy in which there is a slowly pro- 
gressive loss of consciousness, due to a 
gradual leakage of blood from a ruptured 
vessel. A., Muscular, an escape of blood 
into the muscular tissue. A., Nervous. 1. 
Acute anemia of the brain. 2. A condition 
marked by symptoms of cerebral congestion 
and hemorrhage which are due to functional 
disturbance of the nervous system. A. of the 
Ovary, A., Ovarian, hemorrhage into the 
stroma of the ovary, through the rupture of a 
follicle, converting the organ into a cyst or 
hematoma. The blood is gradually absorbed, 
though it gives rise to great pain; the cause is 
unknown. A., Phlegmonous, a condition 
attributed to inflammation of the brain and 
its membranes; it is marked by delirium, 
fever, severe headache, conjunctival injection, 
lacrimation, and a hard pulse. A., Pituit- 
ous, serous apoplexy. A., Placental, A., 
Placentary, escape of blood into the placental 
substance. A., Progressive, that in which 
there is a very gradual increase of the par- 
alysis and other symptoms. A., Pulmonary, 
escape of blood into the pulmonary par- 
enchyma. A., Pulmonary, Vascular, very 
acute and extensive congestion of the lungs, 
leading to apoplectic symptoms and a fatal 
termination. A., Sanguineous, hemorrhage 
into or upon the brain. A., Serous, that due 
to an effusion of serous matter into or upon 
the brain. A., Simple, the name given to 



those cases of death from coma in which 
no cerebral lesion is found. A., Spinal, 
rupture of a blood-vessel of the spinal cord. 
A., Suppurative, that due to purulent pro- 
cesses and fever. A., Symptomatic, that 
attributed to another disease or to the ar- 
rest of some habitual evacuation. A., 
Uterine, escape of blood into the muscular 
tissue of the uterus. A., Venous, that due 
to congestion of the veins. 

Apoquinamin (ap-o-kwin'-am-in), C 19 H 22 N 2 0. 
An artificial alkaloid occurring as a white, 
amorphous substance derived from quinamin, 
conquinamin, or quinamidin by action of 
hydrochloric acid. 

Aporetin (ap-o-re' -tin) [and, from; prjrhr), a 
resin]. A resinous substance found in rhu- 
barb. 

Aporocephalous (ap-o-ro-sef -al-us) [dnopoc, 
difficult to distinguish; aecfraArj, the head]. 
Having a head scarcely distinguishable. 

Apositia (ap-o-sif -e-ah) [and, from; o'cxoc, food]. 
Aversion to or loathing of food. 

Apostasis (ap-os'-tas-is) [anooxaocc, a standing 
away from]. 1. An abscess. 2. The end or 
the crisis of an attack of disease; termina- 
tion by crisis. 3. An exfoliation. 

Aposthia (ah-pos' -the-ah) [a, priv.; ~6odr), 
penis; prepuce]. Absence of the penis or 
of the prepuce. 

Apostoli's Method. The use of strong elec- 
trolytic or chemic galvanocaustic currents in 
the treatment of diseases of the female gen- 
erative organs, especially uterine fibroids. 

Apothecaries' Weight. A system of weights 
and measures used in compounding medi- 

, cines. The troy pound of 5760 grains is 
the standard. It is subdivided into 12 
ounces. The ounce is subdivided into 8 
drams, the dram into 3 scruples, and the 
scruple into 20 grains. For fluid measure 
the quart of 32 fluidounces is subdivided 
into 2 pints, the pint into 16 fluidounces, 
the ounce into 8 fluidrams, and the fluidram 
into 60 minims. The following symbols and 
abbreviations are used: 

IT], minim. 5, uncia, an ounce (480 

grains). 
3, scrupulus, a scruple ft, libra, a pound. 

(20 grains). O., octarius, a pint. 

5, drachma, a dram (60 gr., granum, a grain. 

grains). ss., semissis, one-half. 

See Weights and Measures. 

Apothem, Apothema (ap' '-o-them, ap-oth'-em- 
ah) [and, from; dkfia, a deposit]. A brown 
powder deposited from vegetable infusions 
or decoctions exposed to the air. 

Apothesis (ap-oth'-es-is) [dnodeocc, a putting 
back]. The reduction of a fracture or luxa- 
tion. 

Apotheter (ap-oth'-et-er). A navel-string re- 
positor devised by Braun, consisting of a 
staff with a sling attached in which the pro- 
lapsed funis is placed and carried up into 
the uterine cavity. 

Apozem, Apozema (ap'-o-zem, ap-oz'-em-ah) 
[and, away; £e?v, to boil]. A decoction, 
especially one to which medicines are added. 



APPARATUS 



87 



APRON 



Apparatus iap-ar-a'-tus) {apparatus, prepara- 
tion]. I. A collection of instruments or devices 
used for a special purpose. 2. Anatomically 
the word is ■ used to designate collectively the 
organs performing a certain function. 3. A 
collection of pathologic phenomena. A., 
Absorbent, the blood-vessels and lymphatics. 
A. ligamentosus colli, the occipitoaxoid 
ligament, a broad band at the front surface 
of the spinal canal that covers the odontoid 
process. 

Apparition (ap-ar-ish' -un) [apparitio, an ap- 
pearance]. 1. A visual delusion or hallucina- 
tion. 2. The sudden aggregation of scattered 
principles into an element or corpuscle. 

Appendage {ap-en'-ddj) [appendere, to weigh; 
hang]. Anything appended, usually some- 
thing of minor importance. A., Auricular. 
1. The projecting part of the cardiac au- 
ricle. 2. Virchow's name for a round or 
elongated cartilaginous prominence in front 
of the tragus. A.s, Cutaneous, A.s, Der- 
mal, the nails, hair, sebaceous glands, and 
sweat-glands. A.s, Epiploic. See Appendi- 
ces epiploic^ under Appendix. A.s of the 
Eye, the eyelashes, eyebrows, lacrimal gland, 
lacrimal sac and ducts, and conjunctiva. A.s, 
Fetal, the placenta, amnion, chorion, and 
umbilical cord. A., Ovarian, the parovar- 
ium. A., Pineal, the epiphysis. A., Pitu- 
itary, the hypophysis. A.s, Uterine, the 
ovaries and oviducts. 

Appendalgia {ap-end-al f -je-ah) [appendix; aX- 
yoc, pain]. Pain in the appendicular region. 

Appendectomy (ap-en-dek'-to-me). See Appen- 
dicectomy. 

Appendiceal, Appendicial (ap-en-di-se f -al, ap- 
en-di' -she-al) . See Appendicular. 

Appendicectomy (ap-en-dis-ek' -to-me) {appen- 
dix; iicTotirj, excision]. Excision of the ver- 
miform appendix. 

Appendicitis {ap-en-dis-i' -tis) [appendix; ctlc;, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the vermi- 
form appendix. Syn., Paratyplilitis; Epity- 
phlitis; A bscess of iliac form. A. , Gangrenous , 
that in which the vermiform appendix is found 
gangrenous and sloughing, usually with one 
or more perforations and free leakage, a 
large section of the right groin full of 
lemon-colored, septic fluid, a puddle of filth 
underneath the cecum and ileum, the omen- 
tum fixed with a cluster of bowel adhesions 
beneath. Syn., Green groin. A. larvata, 
an incipient or latent form of appendicitis. 
A. obliterans, an inflammation characterized 
by the progressive obliteration of the lumen 
of the appendix, by the disappearance of 
the epithelial lining and glandular structure. 
The symptoms are acute attacks of brief 
duration, moderate swelling at the seat of 
disease, and persistence of tenderness in the 
region of the appendix during the intermis- 
sions. 

Appendicular (ap-en-dik' -u-lar) [appendicular a 
small appendix]. Pertaining to the vermi- 
form appendix. A. Colic, a spasmodic 
colicky pain originating in the appendix. 



Appendiculate (ap-ew-dik'-u-lat). Having ap- 
pendages or protruding accessory parts. 

Appendix {ap-en'-diks) [appendere., to hang upon 
or to]. An appendage. A. auricularis. See 
Appendage, Auricidar (1). A. cerebri, the 
pituitary body. A., Ensiform. See Xi- 
phoid. A. epididymidis, the vas aber- 
rans. Appendices epiploicae, fatty projec- 
tions of the serous coat of the large intestine. 
A. lobularis, the flocculus. A., Supr^sphe- 
noid, A. ventriculi, the hypophysis. A., 
Vermiform, A. vermiformis, the small, blind 
gut projecting from the cecum. A., Xi- 
phoid. See Xiphoid. 

Apperception (ap-er-sep' '-shun) [appercipere, to 
perceive]. The conscious reception or per- 
ception of a sensory impression; the power 
of receiving and appreciating sensory im- 
pressions. 

Appetence, Appetency {ap'-e-tens, ap'-e-ten-sc) 
[appetentia, appetite]. An appetite or desire; 
the attraction of a living tissue for those 
materials that are appropriate for its nutri- 
tion. 

Appetite iap'-e-tii) [appetere, to desire]. The 
desire for food; also any natural desire; 
lust. A., Perverted, that for unnatural and 
indigestible things, frequent in disease and 
in pregnancy. 

Applanate (ap'-lan-dt) [ad, to; planus, flat]. 
Horizontally flattened. 

Applanatio, Applanation (ap-lan-a'-she-o, ap- 
lan-a'-shun) [L.]. A flattening. A. cornese, 
flattening of the entire surface of the cornea 
from disease. 

Apple (ap'-l) [AS., cep pel, an apple]. The fruit 
of the tree, Pyrus malus. A., Adam's. See 
Pomum adami. A. -brandy, an alcoholic 
spirit distilled from cider; cider-brandy. A. 
Extract. See Extractum ferri pomatum under 
Extract. A. Eye. Synonym of Exophthalmos. 
A. Head, a term for the broad, thick skull 
of dwarfs. A. Oil, amyl valerinate. 

Applicator (ap' ' -lilz-a-tor) [L.]. An instrument 
used in making applications. 

Apposition {ap-o-zish' -un) [apponere, to apply 
to]. 1. The act of fitting together; the state 
of being fitted together. 2. An addition of 
parts. 3. Development by accretion. 

Apraxia (ah-praks' '-e-ah) [a, priv.; xpaooetv, to 
do]. Soul-blindness; mind-blindness; ob- 
ject-blindness; an affection in which the 
memory for the uses of things is lost, as well 
as the understanding of the signs by which 
the things are expressed. 

Aproctia (ah-prok' -she-ah) [d, priv.; npajKroe, 
anus]. Absence of the anus. 

Apron {a'-pron) [ME., apern]. 1. A cloth or 
rubber covering to prevent the clothing from 
becoming soiled. 2. The omentum. A., 
Hottentot, artificially elongated labia minora. 
Syn., Pudendal apron. A., Masonic, a name 
sometimes given to a support, attached to 
the waist, for the penis and testicles in 
gonorrheal cases. A. of Succor, a canvas 
appliance borne by two men, and used for 
the transportation of wounded persons. 



APROSEXIA 



AQUEDUCT 



Aprosexia (ah-pro-seks'-e-ah) [a, priv.; np-q- 
ok%£iv, to give heed]. A mental disturbance 
consisting in inability to fix the attention upon 
a subject. An inability to think clearly and 
to comprehend readily what is read or heard; 
a condition sometimes observed in the course 
of chronic catarrh of the nose or of the nose 
and pharynx. 

Aprosopia (ah-pro-so' -pe-ah) [a, priv.; npboumov, 
the face]. A form of fetal monstrosity with 
absence of part or all of the face. 

Apselaphesia (ap-sel-af-e' '-ze-ah) [a, priv.; <prj- 
Xacf>f)occ, touch]. Loss of the tactile sense. 

Apsithyria, Apsithurea (ah-psith-i'-re-ah, -u'- 
re-ah) [a, priv.; ^cdupc^ecv, to whisper]. 
Hysteric aphonia, in which the patient loses 
the voice and is also unable to whisper. 

Apsychia (a-si' -ke-ah) [a, priv.; <pu%r], spirit]. 
Unconsciousness; a faint or swoon. 

Aptyalia, Aptyalism (ah-ti-a' -le-ah, ah-ti'-al- 
izm) [a, priv.; TcxuaXt^ecv, to spit], i. Defi- 
ciency or absence of saliva. 2. Psychic sali- 
vation; debility and general disorder from 
loss of oxydases due to excessive expectora- 
tion. 

Apyknomorphous (ah-pik-no-morf -us) [a, 
priv.; tzokvoc, compact; p.op(f)ij, form]. Ap- 
plied by Nissl to feebly staining cells, or 
those in which the stainable portions are 
not arranged in close proximity. 

Apyonin (ah-pi'-on-in) [a, priv.; tcuov, pus]. 
A remedy introduced as a substitute for py- 
oktanin in ophthalmic practice. It is said to 
be identical with yellow pyoktanin. Unof. 

Apyretic (ah-pi-ref -ik) [see A pyrexia]. With- 
out fever. 

Apyrexia (ah-pi-rek' -se -ah) [a, priv.; izuperog, 
fever]. Absence of fever. 

Apyrexial {ah-pi-rek' -se-al) [see Apyrexia]. 
Pertaining to, of the nature of, or char- 
acterized by apyrexia. 

Aqua (a'-kwah) [L.]. Water. An oxid of 
hydrogen, having the composition H 2 0. It is 
a solid below 32 , a liquid between 32 and 
212 , vaporizes at 212 at the sea-level (bar. 
760 mm.), giving off vapor of tension equal 
to that of the air. It covers four-fifths of the 
surface of the earth, but is never pure in nature, 
containing from a trace of soluble matter, in 
rain-water, to 26 % of soluble mineral salts, 
in the Dead Sea. Water is an essential con- 
stituent of all animal and vegetable tissues. 
In the human body it forms 2 % of the en- 
amel of the teeth, 77 % of the tissues, 
78 % of the blood, and 93 % of the urine. 
Water is a valuable antipyretic; internally, 
it is diuretic. It is the most useful of all 
the solvents. Aquce, in pharmacy, designates 
various medicated waters. A. ammoniae 
(U.S. P.), ammonia-water. Dose 10-30 min. 
(0.6-2.0 Cc). A. ammonias fortior (U. S. 
P.), stronger ammonia-water, used externally. 
A. amygdalae amarae (U. S. P.), bitter 
almond water. Dose 2 dr. (8 Cc). A. 
anethi (B. P.), dill-water. Dose §-2 oz. 
(15-60 Cc). A. anisi (U. S. P.), anise 
water. Dose \-2 oz. (15-60 Cc). A. 



aurantii fiorum (U. S. P.), orange-flower 
water. Dose \-2 oz. (15-60 Cc). A. aur- 
antii fiorum fortior (U. S. P.), triple orange- 
flower water. A. bulliens, boiling water. 
A. camphoras (U. S. P.), camphor-water. 
Dose |-i oz. (15-30 Cc). A. carbolisata, 
22 parts of liquefied phenol in 978 parts of 
distilled water. Dose 1 dr.-J oz. (4-16 Cc). 
A. chlori (liquor chlori composilus, U. S. P.), 
chlorin water. Dose 1-4 dr. (3.7-15.0 Cc). 
A. chloroformi (U. S. P), chloroform-water. 
Dose \-2 oz. (15-60 Cc). A. cinnamomi 
(U. S. P ), cinnamon-water. Dose ^-2 oz. 
(15-60 Cc). A. communis, common water. 
A. creosoti (U. S. P.), creasote-water. Dose 
1-4 dr. (3.7-15.0 Cc). A. destillata (U. S. 
P.), distilled water. A. ferrata, a chalybeate 
water. A. fervens, hot water. A. fiuvialis, 
river-water. A. fceniculi (U. S. P.), fennel- 
water. Dose 1-2 oz. (30-60 Cc). A. fon- 
tana, well- or spring-water. A. fortis. See 
Acid, Nitric. A. hamamelidis (U. S. P.), 
hamamelis water. Dose 2 dr. (8 Cc). A. 
hydrogenii dioxidi (U. S. P.), solution of hy- 
drogen dioxid, used chiefly locally. A. laby- 
rinthi, the clear fluid existing in the labyrinth 
of the ear. A. laurocerasi (B. P.), cherry- 
laurel water. Dose 5-30 min. (0.3-2.0 Cc). 
A. levico, water from springs at Levico in the 
Tyrol, containing arsenic, iron, and copper. 
A. marina, sea-water. A. menthae piperitae 
(U. S. P.), peppermint-water. Dose 1-2 oz. 
(30-60 Cc). A. menthae viridis (U. S. P.), 
spearmint water. Dose 1-2 oz. (30-60 Cc). A. 
oculi, the aqueous humor. A. omnium fior- 
um, a liquid distillation-product of cow-dung 
collected during the month of May; for- 
merly used in pulmonary tuberculosis. A. 
pimentae (B. P.), allspice water. Dose \-2 
oz. (15-60 Cc). A. pluvialis, rain-water. 
A. putealis, A. puteana, well-water. A. 
regia. See Acid, Nitrohydrochloric. A. 
rosae (U. S. P.), rose-water. Dose 1-2 oz. 
(30-60 Cc). A. rosae fortior (U. S. P.), used 
for making rose-water. A. vitae, brandy or 
spirit. 

Aquacapsulitis (a-kwah-kap-su-W -tis) [aqua; 
capsula; exec, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the membrane of Descemet; serous 
iritis. 

Aquaeductus (ak-we-duk'-tus). See Aqueduct. 

Aquapuncture (a-kwah-pungk' '-chiir) [aqua; 
punctura, a puncture]. 1. Counterirrita- 
tion by means of a very fine jet of water 
impinging upon the skin; it is useful in neu- 
ralgic disorders. 2. The hypodermatic injec- 
tion of water as a placebo. 

Aquatic (a - kwat' - ik) [aqua]. Pertaining to 
water. A. Cancer. Synonym of Cancrum 
oris. 

Aqueduct, Aquaeductus (ak' -we-dukt, ak-we- 
duk'-tus) [aqua; ductus, a leading]. A 
canal for the passage of fluid; any canal. 
Aquaeductus cerebri, the infundibulum. 
Aquaeductus cochleae, aqueduct of the 
cochlea. A., Communicating, Aquaeduc- 
tus communicationis, a small canal 






AQUEOUS 



89 



ARBORIZATION 



sometimes found at the junction of the mas- 
toid part of the temporal bone with the 
petrosa, which transmits a venous branch 
. to the end of the transverse sinus. A. of 
Cotunnius, the aqueduct of the vestibule, 
extending from the utricle to the posterior 
wall of the pyramid in the brain. Aquae- 
ductus fallopii. See under Fallopian. 
Aquaeductus sylvii, the aqueduct of Syl- 
vius, the passageway from the third to the 
fourth ventricle, the iter e tertio ad quartum 
ventriculum. Syn., Ventricular aqueduct. A., 
Temporal, an inconstant canal at the dorsal 
part of the superior angle of the petrosa, 
for passage of the squamosopetrosal sinus. 
Aquaeductus vestibuli, the aqueduct of the 
vestibule of the ear. 

Aqueous (a'-kioe-us) [aqua]. Watery. A. 
Chamber of the Eye, the space between 
the cornea and the lens; the iris divides it 
into an anterior and a posterior chamber. A. 
Extract, a solid preparation of a drug made 
by evaporation of its aqueous solution. A. 
Humor, the fluid filling the anterior chamber 
of the eye. 

Aquo capsulitis (a-kwo-kap-su-li'-tis). See 
Aquacapsulitis. 

Aquosity {a-kwos'-it-e) [aquosilas, watery]. The 
state or condition of being watery. 

Aquozon -(a&'-ioo-zcm). Ozonized, distilled, and 
sterilized water, containing 3 % by volume of 
ozone. 

Arabic Acid (ar'-ab-ik). See Arabin. A., 
Gum-. See Acacia. 

Arabia {ar'-ab-in) [arabic], (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) 2 + H 2 0. 
Arabic acid. A transparent, glassy, amor- 
phous mass, an exudate from many plants. 
It is soluble in water, and is the principal 
constituent of gum-arabic. 

Arabinose {ar'-ab-in-os) [arabic], C 6 H 12 6 . 
One of the glucoses made from gum-arabic 
on boiling with dilute H 2 S0 4 . It crystallizes 
in shining prisms that melt at ioo°; is 
slightly soluble in cold water, has a sweet 
taste, and reduces Fehling's solution, but is 
not fermented by yeast. 

Arabite {ar'-ab-it) [arabinose], C 5 H 12 5 . A 
substance formed from arabinose by the 
action of sodium amalgam. It crystallizes 
from hot alcohol in shining needles, melting 
at 102 . It has a sweet taste, but does not 
reduce Fehling's solution. 

Arachnitis (ar-ak-ni'-tps) [arachnoid; czcg, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the arach- 
noid membrane of the brain. Syn., Lepto- 
meningitis externa; Arachnodeitis; Arach- 
noiditis; Arachnoideitis; Arachnoids. A., 
Rachidian, A., Spinal, spinal meningitis. 

Arachnoid (ar-ak'-noid) [dpayvrj, a spider's web; 
ddog, form]. 1. Resembling a web. 2. 
The arachnoid membrane. Syn., Membrana 
media cerebri; Meningion; Meningium; 
Meninx arachnoidea; Meninx media; Men- 
inx serosa. 3. Pertaining to a membrane. 
4. Thready; feeble; said of the pulse. A. 
Membrane, the delicate membrane of the 
brain and cord between the dura and pia 



mater. It is separated from the pia by the 
subarachnoid space, and passes over the 
convolutions without dipping down into the 
fissures between them. 

Arachnoidal {ar -ak- noid' - al) [see Arach- 
noid]. Pertaining to the arachnoid mem- 
brane. 

Arachnolysin {ar-ak-no-W -sin) [dpayvrj, a 
spider; Xuacc, a loosing]. A very active 
hemolytic substance extracted from spiders. 
It is destroyed by heating to 70 or 72 C, 
and is probably identical with Robert's tox- 
albumin of spiders. 

Arack [ar'-ak). See Arrack. 

Araeometer {ar-e-om'-et-er). See Areometer. 

Aralia {ar-a f -le-ah) [L.]. A genus of plants, 
order Araliacece, embracing several species, 
having aromatic, diaphoretic, and resolvent 
properties. Ginseng, wild sarsaparilla, petty - 
morrel, and other plants esteemed in popular 
medicine belong here; few have active qual- 
ities of high value in any disease. 

Aran's Green Cancer. See under Cancer. 
A.'s Law, fractures of the base of the skull 
are the result of injury to the vault, the 
extension taking place by irradiation along the 
line of the shortest circle. The fractures of 
the base which occur by contre-coup are ex- 
ceptions to this law. 

Aran-Duchenne's Disease. Progressive mus- 
cular atrophy. 

Araneous {ar-a'-ne-us) [aranea, a spider's web]. 
1. Full of webs; resembling a cobweb. 2. 
Applied to a thready, feeble pulse. 3. Con- 
sisting of separate filaments. A. Membrane, 
the arachnoid membrane. 

Arantius, Bodies of. See Corpora arantii. 
A., Canal of, A., Duct of, the ductus 
venosus. The smaller of the two branches 
into which the umbilical vein divides after 
entering the abdomen; it empties into the 
ascending vena cava and becomes obliterated 
after birth. A., Ligament of, the obliter- 
ated ductus venosus of Arantius. A., Ven- 
tricle of, 'a small culdesac in the medulla 
oblongata, forming the lower termination 
of the fourth ventricle. 

Araroba (ar-ar-o'-bah) [Brazil]. Goa powder. 
An oxidation-product of the resin found 
deposited in the wood of the trunk of A. 
andira, of Brazil. Its active principle is chry- 
sarobin or chrysophanic acid. It is largely 
used in skin affections. 

Arbor (ar'-bor) [L.]. A tree. A name for the 
arbor vitae of the cerebellum. A. vitas. 1. 
A term applied to the arborescent appearance 
of a section of the cerebellum, and also to 
a similar appearance of the folds of the 
interior of the cervix uteri. 2. The Thuja 
occidentalis . 

Arborescent {ar-bor-es'-ent) [arbor]. Branching 
like a tree. 

Arborization {ar-bor-iz-a' -shun) [arbor]. A 
form of nerve-termination in which nerve- 
fiber is brought into contact with muscle- 
fiber by means of an expansion. A., Ter- 
minal. 1. A branched end of a sensory 



ARBUTIN 



90 



ARCH 



nerve. 2. A motor end-plate. A., Vascular, 
a tree-like branching of blood-vessels. 

Arbutin (ar'-bu-tin) [arbutus], C 12 H 15 7 . A 
bitter glucosid obtained from Arctostaphylos 
uva-ursi, or bearberry. It is neutral, crystal- 
line, and resolvable into glucose and hydro- 
quinon. It is diuretic. Dose 15-30 gr. (1- 
2 Gm.). See Uva ursi. 

Arbutus (ar-bu'-lus) [L.]. A genus of eri- 
caceous shrubs and trees. A. menziesii, 
the madrono of California, has an astringent 
bark, useful in diarrhea. Unof. A. unedo, 
the European arbutus, is astringent and nar- 
cotic. A., Trailing. See Epigcea. 

Arc (ark) [arcus, a bow]. A part of the cir- 
cumference of a circle; a more or less curved 
passageway. A., Bigonial (of lower jaw), 
a measurement around the anterior margin 
of the jaw. A., Binauricular, a measure- 
ment from the center of one auditory meatus 
to the other, directly upward across the top 
of the head. A., Bregmatolambdoid, a 
measurement along the sagittal suture. A., 
Diastaltic Nervous, Marshall Hall's term 
for the nerves concerned in a reflex action. 
A., Frontal, the measurement from the 
nasion to the bregma. A., Maximum 
Transverse, the measurement across the 
face from points just anterior to the ex- 
ternal auditory meati. A., Nasobregmatic, 
a line measured from the root of the nose 
to the bregma. A., Nasomalar, measure- 
ment between the outer margins of the orbits 
over the nasion. A., Nasooccipital, measure- 
ment from the root of the nose to the lowest 
occipital protuberance. A., Occipital, meas- 
urement from the lambda to the opisthion. 
A., Parietal, measurement from the bregma 
to the lambda. A., Reflex, the pathway for 
a reflex act, comprising the center, the af- 
ferent and efferent nerve. A., Voltaic, the 
band of light formed by the passage of a 
strong electric current between two adjacent 
carbon points. 

Arcade (ar-kad') [see Arc]. 1. A series of 
arches; an arch. 2. The bow of a pair 
of spectacles. A., Crural, Poupart's liga- 
ment. A., Flint's, the arteriovenous arch 
about the base of the renal pyramids. A., 
Temporal, A., Temporal, Inferior, the 
zygoma. A., Temporal, Superior, the or- 
bital arch. 

Arcanum (ar-ka'-nuni) [L., "a secret"]. A 
secret medicine. 

Arcate (ar'-kat) [arcatus, bow-shaped]. Bow- 
shaped; curved; arcuate. 

Arch (arch) [arcus, a bow]. 1. A structure 
having a curved outline resembling that of 
an arc or a bow. 2. A part of a circle. 
A., Abdominothoracic, the lower boundary 
of the front of the thorax. A., Alveolar, 
that marking the outlines of the alveolar 
processes of the jaw. A., Anastomotic, 
one uniting two veins or arteries. A., An- 
terior Hyoid, a general term which includes 
the tympanohyal, epihyal, stylohyal, and 
ceratohyal arches. A.s, Aortic, five pairs of 



vascular arches existing in the fetus. A.s, 
Axillary, twigs of the latissimus dorsi, some- 
times passing over the vessels and nerves 
to the anterior part of the axilla, where they 
disappear in the tissues. A.s, Branchial, the 
cartilaginous arches that support the gills 
of fishes. They are also present in the hu- 
man fetus. A.s, Cervical, the fourth and 
fifth postoral arches. A., Cortical, that por- 
tion of the renal substance which stretches 
from one column to another and surrounds 
the base of the pyramids. A., Costal, the 
arch of the ribs. A., Cotylosacral, one 
formed by the sacrum and the osseous 
structures extending to the coxofemoral 
joints. Syn., Standing arch. A., Crural, 
Poupart's ligament. A., Dental. 1. The 
parabolic curve formed by the cutting-edges 
and masticating surfaces of the teeth. 2. 
The alveolar arch. A., Epencephalic, the 
bones lying over the epencephalon, uniting 
in man to form the occipital bone. Syn., 
N euro occipital arch. A., Facial, the first 
postoral arch. A., Femoral. Same as A., 
Crural. A., Femoral, Deep, a band of 
fibers originating apparently in the trans- 
verse fascia, arching across the crural sheath 
and attached to the middle of Poupart's 
ligament and the pectineal line. Syn., Deep 
crural arch. A.s of the Foot, certain arches 
formed by the bones of the foot; the most 
distinct is the transverse in the line of the 
tarsometatarsal articulations. The inner 
longitudinal is composed of the os calcis, 
the astragalus, the navicular, the 3 cunei- 
forms, and the first 3 toes, and the outer 
longitudinal is made up of the os calcis, the 
cuboid, and the fourth and fifth toes. A., 
Gluteal, an opening in the gluteal fascia 
transmitting the gluteal vessels and nerves. 
A., Hemal, Owen's term for the inferior 
loop of the typical vertebra. It is so called 
because it surrounds the essential portion 
of the vascular system. It is formed dorsally 
by the centrum, laterally by the pleur- 
apophyses and hemapophyses, and inferiorly 
by the hemal spine. Syn., Infravertebral arch; 
Subcentral arch; Vertebral ventral arch. A., 
Hyoid, the second branchial arch of verte- 
brates. Syn., Lingual arch; Arch 0} tongue; 
Parietohemal arch. A., Inguinal, Poupart's 
ligament. A., Ischiopubic, that formed by 
the pubis and the ischiopubic branches. A., 
Ischiosacral, one formed by the sacrum, the 
descending branches of the ischiums, and 
the iliums lying between. Syn., Sitting arch. 
A., Laryngeal, Callender's term for one in 
the embryo composed of a membranous 
plate extending from the lower portion of 
the skull and developing into the inferior 
constrictor muscle, the cartilages of the 
larynx, the superior portion of the trachea, 
and the thyroid body. A.s, Lateral In- 
ferior (of the. skull), the bones encircling 
the mouth, nose, and larynx. A.s, Lateral 
Superior, the bones encircling the cerebrum, 
the cerebellum, and the oblongata. A., 



ARCH 



91 



ARCHIBLASTULA 



Mandibular, the first branchial arch, de- 
veloping into the lower jaw. Syn., Maxil- 
lary arch. A., Maxillary, i. See A., Man- 
dibular. 2. See A., Palatomaxillary. A., 
Mesencephalic, one formed by the basi- 
sphenoid, alisphenoid, parietal, and mastoid 
bones. Syn., Neuroparietal arch. A., Nasal, 
one uniting the two frontal veins. A., 
Neural, the superior loop of the typical 
vertebra inclosing the neural canal. Syn., 
Dorsal vertebral arch; Supravertebral arch. A., 
Occipitohemal. See Girdle, Shoulder-. Syn., 
Pectoral arch; Scapular arch; - Scapuloclavic- 
ular arch; Scapulocoracoid arch. A., Osteo- 
blastic, those formed imperfectly or com- 
pletely by the osteoblasts, arising from the 
bony trabeculas already developed and finally 
becoming bony. A., Palatal, the concavity 
of the hard palate when seen in transverse 
section. A. of the Palate, Posterior, that 
formed by the posterior pillars of the fauces. 
Syn., Palatopharyngeal arch. A., Palatine, 
that formed by the anterior pillars of the 
fauces. Syn., Anterior arch of the palate. 
A., Palatomaxillary", one formed by the 
palatine, maxillary, and premaxillary bones 
or their analogs; it is looked upon as the 
hemal arch of the nasal vertebra. Syn., Max- 
illary arch. A., Palmar, the arch formed 
by the radial artery and ulnar arteries in 
the palm of the hand; there are two — a 
superficial and a deep. Syn., Radial arch. 
A., Palmar, Superficial, the continuation of 
the ulnar artery across the palm. A., Pel- 
vic, the bones of the pelvis considered as 
the hemal arches of the sacral vertebras. 
A., Plantar, the arch made by the external 
plantar artery. A.s, Postoral, arches in the 
fetus, five in number, that develop into the 
lower jaw and throat. See A., Branchial. 
Syn., Cephalic, Poststernal, Skeletal, Sub- 
axial, Vascular, Visceral arches. A., 
Prosencephalic, one considered as the 
neural arch of the frontomandibular ver- 
tebra; it is .formed by the frontal, pre- 
sphenoid, and orbitosphenoid bones. Syn., 
Neurofrontal arch. A. of Pubes, that 
part of the pelvis formed by the con- 
vergence of the rami of the ischiums 
and pubes on each side. Syn., Subpubic 
arch. A., Radial. See A., Palmar. A., 
Rhinencephalic, the neural arch of the 
nasal vertebra, formed by the vomer and 
the prefrontal and nasal bones. Syn., Neu- 
ronasal arch. A., Riolan's, the arch of 
the mesentery which is attached to the trans- 
verse mesocolon. A., Stylohyoid, the hemal 
arch of the parietal vertebra formed by the 
stylohyal, epihyal, ceratohyal, basihyal, glosso- 
hyal, and urohyal bones. A., Supraorbital, 
the curved and prominent margin of the 
frontal bone that forms the upper boundary 
of the orbit. A.s, Tarsal, the arches of 
the palpebral arteries. A., Thyro cartilag- 
inous, a communicating branch between the 
superior thyroid arteries of the' two sides, 
lying at about the level of the angle of the 



thyroid cartilage. A., Thyrohyal, A., Thy- 
rohyoid, the third of the postoral arches; 
it develops into the hyoid body and the 
greater cornua of the hyoid bone. A., 
Tonsillar. See Isthmus of the Fauces. A., 
Trabecular, one formed by the junction of 
the middle trabeculas of the skull, contain- 
ing the hypophysis and the infundibulum. 
A. of a Vertebra, the part of a vertebra, 
formed of two pedicles and two laminas, in- 
closing the spinal foramen. A., Vertebral, 
i. A neural arch. 2. A hemal arch. A., 
Zygomatic, the arch formed by the malar 
and temporal bones. Syn., Snbocular arch; 
Suborbital arch; Temporal arch. 

Arch-, Archi [apx^, primitive]. Prefixes de- 
noting first, chief, or principal. 

Archameba (ark - am -e' -bah) [arch-; dfxo'.lSrj, 
change]. Haeckel's hypothetic progenitor of 
all amebas and of all higher forms of life. 

Archamphiaster, Archiamphiaster (ark-am- 
fe-as'-ter, ar-ke-am-Je-as'-ter) [arch-; ap.(f>(, 
around; dazrjp, star]. In biology, those am- 
phiasters concerned in the production of the 
polar globules. 

Archangelica (ark-an-jel' -ik-ah) [apyhxyzloc, 
archangel]. A genus of umbelliferous plants. 
See Angelica. 

Archebiosis (ar-ke-bi-o'-sis) [arch-; fi'toc, life]. 
Spontaneous generation. 

Archegenesis (ark-e-jen'-es-is). The same as 
Archebiosis. 

Archenteron (ark-en' -ter -on) [arch-; evzspov, 
intestine]. The embryonic alimentary cav- 
ity. 

Archetype (ar'-ke-tip) [arch-; zbr.oc, a type]. 
In comparative anatomy, an ideal type or 
form with which the individuals or classes 
may be compared. A standard type. 

Archiblast (ar'-ke-blast) [archi-; filaozoc, germ]. 
In embryology, the granular areola surround- 
ing the germinal vesicle. It is composed 
of three layers, the outer, or epiblast, from 
which the skin and its adnexa, the nervous 
system, and the terminal portions of the 
alimentary canal are formed; the middle, 
or mesoblast, from which the epithelium of 
the genitourinary organs and the smooth and 
striated muscle-tissue are derived; and the 
inner, or hypoblast, for the development of 
the' epithelium of the respiratory tract and of 
the alimentary canal. In pathology, the im- 
portant tissues of the body as contrasted 
with the parablast, or connective tissues. 

Archiblastic (ar-ke-blas' -tik) [see Archiblast]. 
Derived from the archiblast. The paren- 
chymatous tissues are regarded as archi- 
blastic. 

Archiblastoma (ar-ke-blas -to' '-mah) [archiblast; 
op.a, a tumor]. A tumor composed of archi- 
blastic tissue, such as myoma, neuroma, 
papilloma, adenoma, carcinoma, etc. 

Archiblastula (ar-ke-blas' -tu-lali) [see Archi- 
blast]. In embryology 7 , a ciliated, vesicular 
morula, resulting from complete and regular 
yelk-division and by invagination forming 
the archigastrula. 



ARCHICYTULA 



92 



AREA 



Archicytula (ar-ke-sif -u-lah) [archi-; kutoc, a 
cell]. A fertilized egg-cell in which the nu- 
cleus is discernible. 

Archigaster (ar-ke-gas' -ter) [archi-; yaorrjp, 
belly]. The primitive, perfectly simple intes- 
tine; archenteron. 

Archigastrula (ar-ke-gas' '-tru-lah) [see Archi- 
gaster]. The gastrula as it is observed in 
the most primitive types of animal develop- 
ment; called also bell-gas trula, from its 
shape. 

Archigenesis (ar-ke-jen' -es-is). See Archebio- 
sis. 

Archil (ar'-kil) [ME., orchell]. A coloring- 
matter similar to litmus, chiefly obtained 
from the lichen, Roccella tinctoria; used for 
staining animal tissues. 

Archiinonerula (ar-ke-mon-er' -u-laK) [archi-; 
fiovrjprjf, single; solitary]. In embryology, 
a special name given by Haeckel to the 
monerula stage of an egg undergoing prim- 
itive and total cleavage. 

Archimorula (ar-ke-mor' -u-lah) [archi-; p.bpov, 
a mulberry]. In embryology, the solid mass 
of cleavage cells, or mulberry mass, arising 
from the segmentation of an archicytula, 
and preceding the archiblastula and archi- 
gastrula. 

Archinephron (ar-ke-nef-ron) [archi-; ve<f)p6c, 
kidney]. The primitive or embryonic stage 
of the kidney or renal apparatus. 

Archineuron (ar-ke-nu' -ron) [archi-; vsupov, 
a nerve], i. A primitive neuron. 2. The 
neuron at* which the impulse starts in any 
physiologic act involving the nervous system. 

Archistome (ar'-kis-tom). See Blastopore. 

Archi tis (ar-ki'-tis) [dpxoc, anus; ctc£, inflam- 
mation]. Proctitis; inflammation of the 
anus. 

Archoplasm, Archoplasma (ar f -ko-plazm, ar- 
ko-plaz' -mah) [ap%ojv, a ruler; 7iXaop.a, a thing 
formed]. Boveri's term for the substance 
' from which the attraction-sphere, the astral 
rays, and the spindle -fibers of mitosis are 
derived and of which they consist. Syn., 
Kinoplasm. 

Arciform (ar'-se-form) [arcits, bow; arch; 
forma, form]. Arcuate; especially used to 
designate certain sets of fibers in the med- 
ulla oblongata. 

Arctation (ark-ta' -shuri) [arctatio, to drawclose 
together]. Contraction of an opening or 
canal. 

Arctium (ark'-she-um) [L.]. Burdock. See 
Lappa. 

Arcual (ar'-ku-al) [arcualis, arched]. Arched; 
bent or curved. 

Arcuate (ar'-ku-dt) [arcuatio, a bowing]. 
Arched; curved; bow-shaped. A. Fibers 
of the Cerebellum, associating fibers con- 
necting one lamina with another. A. Fibers 
of the Cerebrum, associating fibers con- 
necting adjacent convolutions. 

Arcuation (ar-ku-a'-shun) [arcuatio, a bowing]. 
Curvature, especially of a bone. 

Arcula (ark'-u-lah) [arcula, a casket]. The 
orbit. A. cordis, the pericardium. 



Arcus (ar'-kus) [L., "a bow"]. A bow or 
arch. A. dentalis, the dental arch. A. 
senilis, a ring of fatty degeneration seen 
about the periphery of the cornea in old 
persons. A. senilis lentis, an opaque ring 
in the equator of the crystalline lens; it 
sometimes occurs in the aged. A. vasculosi 
renales, arches at the bases of the mal- 
pighian pyramids, formed by anastomoses 
of tiny ramifications of the renal artery. 
They give off vessels supplying the cortex 
of the kidneys, the malpighian corpuscles, 
and the capillary plexuses about the urinif- 
erous tubules. Syn., Fornices vasculosi renum. 
A. zygomaticus, the zygomatic arch. 
Ardor (ar'-dor) [L., "heat"]. Violent heat; 
burning. A. urinae, burning pain in the 
inflamed urethra during micturition. 
Area (a'-re-ah) [L., "an open space"]. A 
limited extent of surface. A., Auditory, 
the cerebral center for hearing. A., Broca's. 
See under Broca. A. celsi. See Alopecia 
areata. A.s, Cohnheim's, certain clear-cut 
areas seen in a transverse section of 
muscle-fibers. A., Cord, that part of 
the cortex in which lesions would pro- 
duce degeneration of the spinal cord. A., 
Crural, a space at the base of the brain 
included between the pons and chiasm. A. 
diffluens, alopecia areata. A., Diffraction, 
a clear area seen in the microscopic image 
around all bodies of greater or less refrac- 
tive power, and which by Nageli and 
Schwendener was referred partly to the 
direct reflection of the incident light at 
the edge of the body in question, partly to 
the interference of this reflected light which 
comes through unreflected. A. germi- 
nativa, or embryonic spot, the oval ger- 
minating spot of the embryo. A., Marte- 
giani's, the slight widening of the hyaloid 
canal at its beginning in front of the optic 
disc. A.s, Motor, the convolutions on either 
side of the rolandic fissure, containing the 
centers for voluntary motion. A., Non- 
nucleated, one of the clear spaces found 
at times between the endothelial cells of 
blood-vessels; they have no nuclei, are 
smaller than endothelial cells, and are con- 
sidered to be due to the removal of parts 
of the surrounding endothelium. A. opaca, 
the opaque circle about the A. pellucida. 
A. pellucida, the light central portion of 
the A. germinativa. A., Rolandic, the ex- 
citomotor area of the cerebral hemispheres, 
comprising the ascending frontal and as- 
cending parietal convolutions. A., Septal, 
the inner surface of each of the laminas 
which make up the septum lucidum. A., 
Spencer's, a cortical area in the frontal lobe 
just outside of the olfactory tract and an- 
terior to the point where it joins the tem- 
porosphenoid lobe, as indicated by the cross- 
ing of the sylvian artery. Faradic stimu- 
lation of this area influences the respiratory 
movements, causing stoppage of the respira- 
tion when sufficiently intense. A. vasculosa, 



ARECANE 



93 



ARICIN 



the vascular area of the A. opaca. A.s, 
Viscerocutaneous, areas of skin and viscera 
corresponding to different spinal segments. 
A., Visual, the occipital lobe and the angu- 
lar gyrus. A., Vocal, the portion of the 
glottis lying between the vocal bands. 

Arecane, Arekane (ar'-ek-an). An oily and 
volatile basic substance obtainable from 
areca-nut; said to be a purgative and siala- 
gog, and to slow the pulse. 

Areca-nut {a-re'-kah-nut). See Betel. 

Arecin {ar'-es-in) [Sp., areca], C 23 H 26 N 2 CX i. 
An organic base isomeric with brucin, de- 
rived from cinchona-bark. 2. A brown-red 
coloring-matter obtained from areca-nuts. 
Syn., Areca red. 

Arecolin,(ar-e f -ko-lin) [areca], C 8 H 13 N0 2 . A 
liquid alkaloid isolated from the seeds of 
Areca catechu. It is a powerful poison, af- 
fecting the heart similarly to muscarin. It 
has anthelmintic properties. Dose tV~t& g r - 
(0.004-0.006 Gm.). A. Hydrobromate, is 
used as a miotic, applied in 1 % solution, and 
in the treatment of glaucoma. In veterin- 
ary practice it is used as a cathartic and 
anthelmintic. Injection for horse, J-i gr. 
(0.032-0.065 Gm.). 

Areola {ar-e' -o-lali) [dim. of area, an open 
space]. 1. The brownish space surrounding 
the nipple of the female breast. This is 
sometimes called areola papillaris. A second 
areola, surrounding this, occurs during preg- 
nancy. The pigmentation about the um- 
bilicus is called the umbilical areola. 2. Any 
interstice or minute space in a tissue. A., 
Primary, cell-spaces still containing carti- 
lage-cells in the matrix of ossifying cartilage - 
bone. Syn., Primary marrow cavities; Medul- 
lary spaces. 

Areolar {ar-e'-o-lar) [see Areola]. Relating to 
or characterized by areolas. A. Tissue, cel- 
lular tissue; loose connective tissue. 

Areometer {ar-e-om f -et-er) [dpicoc, rare; jikxpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for measuring 
specific gravity. 

Argentamin (ar-jen'-tam-in). A colorless al- 
kaline liquid consisting of an 8 % solution 
of silver phosphate in a 15 % aqueous solu- 
tion of ethylenediamid. It is applied in 
gonorrhea and conjunctivitis in 1 : 4000 solu- 
tion. Syr*., Ethylenediamid silver phosphate. 

Argentation (ar-jen-ta'-shun) [argentum]. 1. 
Staining with a preparation of silver. 2. 
The act of silvering. 3. The process of in- 
jecting mercury into the vessels of an ana- 
tomic specimen. 4. Argyria. 

Argentic (ar-jen'-tik). Containing silver. 

Argentine (ar r -jen-tin) . Containing or resemb- 
ling silver. 

Argentol (ar'-jen-tot), C 9 H 5 N . OH . S0 3 Ag. 
Silver quinaseptol, a yellow powder, spar- 
ingly soluble in water; used as a surgical 
antiseptic and astringent in ointment 1 : 100 
or 2 : 100, in solution 1 : 1000 to 3 : 1000. 

Argentum {ar-jen'-tum) [L.]. Silver. Ag = 
108; quantivalence, 1; specific gravity, 10.4 
to 10.5. A malleable and ductile metal of 



brilliant white luster. It tarnishes only in the 
presence of free sulfur, sulfur gases, and phos- 
phorus. Argenti cyanidum (U.S. P), AgCN, 
silver cyanid, is used in the preparation of 
diluted hydrocyanic acid. Argenti iodi- 
dum, Agl, sometimes used internally instead 
of argenti nitras. Dose \— 1 gr. (0.016-0.065 
Gm.). Argenti nitras (U. S. P.), AgNO s , 
silver nitrate, argentic nitrate, "lunar caustic," 
a powerful astringent and an escharotic of 
moderate strength. It stains skin and other 
tissues black. If too long administered, it 
leaves a slate-colored, insoluble deposit of 
silver under the skin {argyria). It is used 
in gastric catarrh, in gastric ulcer, in intestinal 
ulceration, and as an alterative in scleroses of 
the nervous system. Dose \-\ gr. (0.01-0.032 
Gm.). Argenti nitras fusus (U. S. P.), 
"stick caustic," contains 4 % of silver chlorid. 
It is used locally. Argenti nitras mitigatus 
(U. S. P.), the mitigated caustic, or diluted 
stick, is fused with an equal amount of potas- 
sium nitrate. Argenti oxidum (U. S. P.), 
Ag 2 0, explosive when treated with ammonia. 
Used internally for the same conditions in 
which the nitrate is used. Dose \-2 gr. 
(0.032-0.13 Gm.). Argenti vivum, an old 
name for mercury or quicksilver. 

Argilla {ar-jil'-ah) [apycXlog, potter's clay]. 
White or potter's clay; alumina. 

Argol {ar'-gol) [dpyog, white]. The impure tar- 
tar derived from wine. 

Argon {ar'-gon) [dpyoc, idle; inactive]. An 
inert gaseous element discovered in the at- 
mosphere by Lord Rayleigh and Wm. Ram- 
say (1894). Its symbol is A; atomic weight, 
19.7. Argon maybe obtained by freeing air, 
which has been deprived of its carbon dioxid 
and water, from oxygen by means of red- 
hot copper, and then absorbing the nitrogen 
by means of metallic magnesium. The re- 
sidual gas, the passage of the gases being 
repeated a number of times, is argon. Chem- 
ically, it is the most inert element known. 

Argyll Robertson Pupil. Loss of the pupil 
reflex to light; it is seen in tabes dorsalis, 
paretic dementia, in some cases of encephalo- 
malacia, senile brain atrophy, syphilis, hydro- 
cephalus, etc. 

Argyria (ar-ji'-re-ah) [argentum]. A form 
of discoloration of the skin and mucous 
membranes produced by the prolonged ad- 
ministration of silver, the granules of silver 
being deposited in much the same position 
as those of the natural pigment of the 
skin. 

Argyrol (ar'-jir-ol). A soluble silver salt ob- 
tained by combining a proteid of wheat 
. with 30 % of silver. It is used in gonorrhea. 
Syn., Silver vitellin. 

Argyrosis {ar-ji-ro'-sis). Same as Argyria 
(q. v.). 

Arica Bark. Calisaya bark exported from 
Arica, Chili. It contains the alkaloid, aricin. 

Aricin {ar'-is-in)[ Arica], C 23 H 2? N 2 4 . An alka- 
loid obtained from several varieties of cinchona- 
bark. 



ARISTOCARDIA 



94 



ARNOLD'S BUNDLE 



Aristocardia [ar-is-to-kar' -de-ah) [dpcozepoc, 
left; napoca, heart]. Deviation of the heart 
to the left side. 

Aristol (ar'-is-tol) [apcoroc, best], (C 6 H 2 CH 3 - 
OI . C 3 H 7 ) 2 . Dithymoliodid. It is also called 
annidalin, although this is dithymoltriiodid. 
An iodin compound used as a substitute 
for iodoform as an antiseptic dressing. It 
has the advantage of being odorless, and 
is used either in the powder form or as a 
5 to 10% ointment with vaselin or lanolin. 

Aristolochia (ar-is-to-lo' -ke -ah) [apcoroc, best; 
Xoye'ca, the lochia]. A genus of exogenous 
herbs, many species of which have active 
medicinal qualities. A. clematitis, of Eu- 
rope, has been used as a tonic, stimulant, 
and diaphoretic. A. cymbifera, of South 
America, furnishes a part of the drug called 
guaco, and is a good tonic and stimulant. 
A. rotunda, a species of southern Europe, 
with offensive odor and bitter taste, is em- 
ployed as an emmenagog and in gout. A. 
serpentaria, Virginia snakeroot, is at present 
more used in medicine than any other species. 
See Serpentaria. 

Aristolochin {ar-is-to-lo' -kin) [see Aristolochia]. 
A bitter principle found in Virginia snakeroot. 
See Serpentaria. 

Aristotle's Experiment. The eyes being 
closed, when a small spheric object is placed 
between two crossed fingers of one hand so 
that it touches the radial side of one and the 
ulnar side of the other, the sensation pro- 
duced is that of two objects. 

Arithmomania (ar-ith-mo-ma' -ne-ah) [dpcdptoc, 
a number; p.avia, madness]. An insane 
anxiety with regard to the number of things 
that fall under the observation. Sometimes 
it consists in constant or uncalled-for count- 
ing of objects, sometimes in the mere repeat- 
ing of consecutive numbers. 

Arkyochrome (ar'-ke-o-krom) [apuuc, a net; 
%pd)p.a, a color]. A somatochrome nerve-cell 
in which the stainable portion of the cell- 
body appears in the form of network. 

Arkyostichochrome (ar-ke-o-stik' '-o-krom) [ap- 
kuc, a net; otc^oc, a row or rank; %pcupia, a 
color]. Applied by Nissl to a nerve-cell in 
which the chromophilic particles of its cell- 
body present a combination of both the 
striated (stichochrome) and network (arkyo- 
chrome) arrangements, so that it is difficult 
to decide which dominates; e. % g., the Pur- 
kinje cells of the cerebral cortex. 

Arlt's Ointment. An ointment containing j% 
gr. (0.5 Gm.) of belladonna to i| dr. (5 Gm.) 
of blue ointment. A.'s Recess, A.'s Sinus, 
a small depression, directed forward and out- 
ward, in the lower portion of the lacrimal sac; 
it is not constant. A.'s Trachoma, granular 
conjunctivitis; trachoma. 

Arm [armare, to arm]. 1. The upper extremity 
from the shoulder to the wrist. 2. That portion 
of the stand connecting the body or tube of a 
microscope with the pillar. A. Center, the 
cortical center for the movement of the arm; 
it is situated in the middle third of the ascend- 



ing frontal and ascending parietal convolu- 
tions. 

Armanni-Ehrlich's Degeneration. See De- 
generation, Armanni-Ehrlich's. 

Armature (ar' -mat-chur) [armatura, equip- 
ment]. 1. A mass of soft iron at the extrem- 
ity of a magnet. Also, the core of iron around 
which coils of insulated wire are wound. 2. 
Any protective investment of an organism. 
3. A condenser. 

Army Itch. A distressing, chronic form of itch 
prevalent in the United States at the close of 
the civil war. The itching was intense. The 
eruption was seen especially on the arms fore- 
arms, chest, abdomen, and lower extremities, 
particularly on the ulnar side of the forearm 
and inner aspect of the thigh. It resembled 
prurigo associated with vesicles, pustules, and 
eczema. 

Arnica (ar'-nik-ah) [L.]. A genus of com- 
posite-flowered plants. The arnica of the U. 
S. P. is the dried flower-heads of the plant 
commonly known as "leopardsbane," A. 
montana. The root (arnicce radix) is official 
in the B. P. Its properties are probably due 
to an alkaloid, trimethylamin, C 3 H 9 N. In 
small doses it is a cardiac stimulant; in 
larger doses, a depressant. It is a popular 
remedy, when locally applied, for sprains, 
bruises, and surface wounds. Dose 15 gr. 
(1 Gm.). A., Infusion of (20 parts flowers, 
100 parts water), superior to the tincture for 
local use. A. Plaster, contains extract of 
root, 33; lead-plaster, 67 parts. A. Root, 
Extract of. Dose 3-5 gr. (0.2-0.3 Gm.). 
A. Root, Fluidextract of. Dose 5-10 
min. (0.3-0.065 Cc). A. Root, Tincture of, 
10%. Dose 5-30 min. (0.3-2.0 Cc). A., 
Tincture of (tinctura arnicce, U. S. P.), 20%. 
Dose 15-30 min. (1-2 Cc). 

Arnicin (ar'-nis-in) [arnica], C^H^C^. A 
brownish, bitter glucosid extracted from the 
root of Arnica montana. 

Arnold's Bundle. The fibers which form the 
inner third of the crusta of the cerebral pe- 
duncles. A.'s Canal, a small canal in the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone, trans- 
mitting Arnold's nerve. A.'s Fold. See 
Bemud' s Valve. A.'s Ganglion, the otic 
ganglion. A.'s Ground Plexus, a plexus 
formed by the axis-cylinders of nonmedul- 
lated nerve -fibers in smooth muscular tissue. 
A.'s Innominate Canal, a nonconstant canal 
in the base of the skull, internally to the 
foramen rotundum; it transmits the super- 
ficial and deep petrosal branches that have 
become fused into one nerve. A.'s Liga- 
ment, the ligament connecting the body of 
the incus with the roof of the tympanic 
cavity. A.'s Membrane, the pigmentary 
layer of the iris. A.'s Nerve, the auricular 
branch of the pneumogastric nerve. A.'s 
Operculum, the operculum of the island of 
Reil. A.'s Recurrent Nerve, a sensory 
branch of the ophthalmic division of the 
trigeminus that anastomoses with the tro- 
chlear nerve and is distributed to the ten- 



AROMA 



95 



ARSENIC 



torium cerebelli and the posterior part of 
the falx cerebri. A.'s Stratum Reticula- 
tum, the network formed by the fibers con- 
necting the occipital lobe with the optic 
thalamus before they enter the latter. 

Aroma {ar-o'-mah) [apcopa, spice]. The fra- 
grance or odor emanating from certain veg- 
etable substances, especially those used for 
food and drink. 

Aromatic {ar-o-mat'-ik) [see Aroma]. i. 
Having a spicy odor. 2. A substance char- 
acterized by a fragrant, spicy taste and odor, 
as cinnamon, ginger, the essential oils, etc. 
3. A qualification applied to any carbon 
compound originating from benzin, C 6 H 6 . 
Their stability is relatively great as com- 
pared with that of the fatty bodies. A. 
Acids, those derived from the benzin group 
of hydrocarbons. A. Compound, any ben- 
zyl derivative. A. Fluidextract, aromatic 
powder, 100; alcohol, sufficient to make 100 
Cc. A. Group, a series of hydrocarbons 
having the composition C 10 H 16 . A. Pow- 
der. See Cinnamomum. A. Sulfuric Acid. 
See Acid, Sulfuric. A. Vinegar, any mix- 
ture of aromatic oils in vinegar. A. Wine, a 
wine containing in each 100 parts 1 part 
each of lavender, origanum, peppermint, 
rosemary, sage, and wormwood. 

Aromin (ar-o'-mui) [see Aroma], An alka- 
loid obtainable from urine. When heated, it 
emits a fragrant odor. 

Arrack {ar'-ak) [Ind.]. A liquor distilled from 
malted rice. Any alcoholic liquor is called 
arrack in the East. 

Arrector {ar-ek'-tor) [L., "an erector "]. An erec- 
tor. A. pili, a fan-like arrangement of a 
layer of smooth muscular fibers surrounding 
the hair-follicle, the contraction of which 
erects the follicle and produces cutis an- 
serina, or "goose-skin." 

Arrhenal {ar'-en-al). A monomethyl sodium 
arsenate, recommended in treatment of tuber- 
culosis. Dose I gr. (0.05 Gm.) daily. 

Arrhinencephalia {ar-in-en-sef-aV -e-ah) [a, 
priv.; pec, nose; i-fuk^alov, the brain]. A 
form of partial anencephalia in which there 
is malformation of the nose. 

Arrhinia (ah-rin'-e-ah). Congenital absence 
of the nose. 

Arrhythmia {ah-rith' -me-ali) [a, priv.; pu0p.6c, 
rhythm]. Absence of rhythm. 

Arrhythmic (ah-rith' -mik) [see Arrhythmia]. 
Without rhythm; irregular. 

Arrosion {ar-o f -zhun) [arrodere, to gnaw]. The 
gnawing or destruction of vessel-walls by 
ulcerous processes. 

Arrow-poison (ar-o-poi'-zun). See Curara. 

Arrowroot (ar'-o-root) [ME., arow; roote]. A 
variety of starch derived from Maranta arun- 
dinacea of the West Indies, southern United 
States, etc. It is a popular remedy for diar- 
rhea, and is widely used as a food. Many 
other starchy preparations are sold as arrow- 
root. 

Arsenate, Arseniate (ar'-sen-at, ar-se'-ne-at) 
[arsenic]. Any salt of arsenic acid. A., 



Acid, a monohydric or dihydric arsenate. 
A., Basic, an arsenate combined with the 
oxid or hydrate of a base. A., Dihydric. 
1. An acid arsenate containing two atoms of 
hydrogen. 2. See Pyroarsenic Acid. A., 
Monohydric. 1. An acid arsenate contain- 
ing one atom of hydrogen. 2. Metarsenic acid, 
HAs0 3 , a crystalline substance obtained from 
arsenic trioxid by heating above 2 oo° C. A., 
Neutral. 1. A normal arsenate. 2. A pyro- 
arsenate. 

Arsenauro {ar-sen-aw r -ro). A double bromid 
of gold and arsenic; 10 min. contain ^ 
gr. each of gold and arsenic bromids. It 
is an alterative and a tonic. Dose 5-15 
min. (0.3-1.0 Cc.) in water three times 
daily. 

Arsenhemol (at ■-sen-hem 1 '-of) . A compound of 
hemol and 1 % of arsenic trioxid, forming 
a brown powder. It is used as a sub- 
stitute for arsenic as an alterative and 
hematinic. Dose 2 gr. (0.1 Gm.) 3 times 
daily. 

Arsenic, Arsenicum, Arsenum (ar'-sen-ik, 
ar-sen'-i-kum, ar-se'-num). 1. As = 75; 
quantivalence m, v. A brittle, crystalline 
metal, of a steel-gray color, tarnishing on 
exposure to the air. Sp. gr. 5.73. It sub- 
limes at 180 C, and gives off a garlicky 
odor. It forms two oxids: arsenous oxid, 
As 2 3 , and arsenic oxid, As 2 O s . The sulfids 
are used as pigments in the arts, rarely in 
medicine. Scheele's green is copper arsenite; 
Schweinfurth and paris-green likewise con- 
tain arsenic. Arsenic is also an ingredient 
of certain poisons used against rodents and 
insects. In medicine arsenic is used as an 
alterative in anemia, chronic malaria, asthma, 
pulmonary tuberculosis, as a gastric sedative, 
and in chorea. 2. Arsenic trioxid. 3. Per- 
taining to arsenic. A. Bromid, AsBr 3 , is 
used in diabetes. Dose yg- gr. (0.001 Gm.). 
A. Bromid, Solution of {liquor arsenii 
bromidi), Clemens' solution, a 1 % solution of 
arsenic bromid. Dose 1-4 min. (0.06-0.24 
Cc). A., Butter of. See A. Chlorid. A. 
Caseinate, a soluble arsenic compound for 
internal administration. A. Chlorid, AsCl 3 , 
a colorless, oily liquid decomposed by water. 
Dose g\p- Y5 gr. (0.001-0.004 Gm.). Syn., 
Butter 0} arsenic; Chlorid of caustic arsenic. 
A. Disulfid, As 2 S 2 , occurs native as realgar. 
Syn., Sandaraca; Red s id fid of arsenic; Red 
arsenic. An artificial disulfid of arsenic is 
prepared in the arsenic works- and contains 
about 15% of arsenic and 27% of sulfur. 
Syn., Red arsenic glass; Ruby sulfur; Red 
orpiment. A., Flowers of, a fine white pow- 
der, formed by the sublimation of arsenic 
trioxid. A. Glass, a term applied to the 
vitreous mass obtained either by heating 
arsenic pyrites with sulfurous ores, or by 
the resublimation of the "flowers of arsenic" 
obtained by subliming arsenic pyrites. Syn., 
White arsenic glass. A. Iodid (arseni iodi- 
dum, U. S. P.), arsenous iodid, Asl 3 . Dose 
2V" j g r - (0.003-0.008 Gm.). A. Iodid, 



ARSENICALISM 



96 



ARTERIODIALYSIS 



Solution of Mercuric and of {liquor ar- 
seni et hydrargyri iodidi, U. S. P.), Dono- 
van's solution; contains arsenous iodid, 10 
Gm.; red mercuric iodid, 10 Gm.; distilled 
water, q. s. to make iooo Gm. A., Test 
for. See Bettendorf, Marsh. A. Trioxid 
{arseni trioxidum, U. S. P.), As 2 3 ; arsen- 
ous acid; "ratsbane." Dose jo~to g r - 
(0.002-0.006 Gm.). Syn., White arsenic. 

A. Trioxid, Solution of {liquor acidi ar- 
senosi, U. S. P.; liquor arsenici hydrochloricus, 

B. P.), a 1 % solution of the trioxid in hydro- 
chloric acid and distilled water. Dose 2-5 
min. (0.12-0.3 Cc). A. Trisulfid, As 2 S 3 , 
translucent, lemon-colored, rhombic prisms, 
occurring in nature; sp. gr. 3.46; a cor- 
rosive and depilating agent recommended 
for removal of warts. Syn., Orpiment; 
Auri pigmentum; Yellow sulfid of arsenic; 
Arsenicum (Pliny); Arsenii sulphidum ci- 
trinum; King's yellow. A., White. See A. 
Trioxid. 

Arsenicalism, Arsenism {ar-sen' -ik-al-izm, 
ar r -sen-izm) [arsenic]. Chronic arsenic 
poisoning. 

Arseniophosphate {ar-seh-e-o-fos'-fat). A com- 
pound of a base with both arsenic and phos- 
phoric acids. 

Arsenite {ar' -sen-It) [arsenic]. Any salt of ar- 
senic trioxid. 

Arsenmethyl {ar-sen-meth'-il), As(CH 3 ). A 
bivalent or quadrivalent radicle. 

Arsenous {ar-se'-nus) [arsenic]. Containing 
arsenic. A. Acid. See Arsenic Trioxid. 

Arsins {ar'-sinz) [arsenic]. Peculiar volatile 
arsenic bases found by Selmi to be pro- 
duced by the contact of arsenic trioxid and 
albuminous substances. 

Arsinyl {ar'-sin-U). The proprietary name for 
disodium-methylarsenate, a nontoxic sub- 
stance allied to cacodyl and free from its gar- 
licky odor. It is said to be a powerful tonic. 
Dose J gr. (0.03 Gm.) twice daily. 

Arsonium {ar-so' '-ne-um) [arsenic; ammo- 
nium], AsH 4 . A univalent radicle in 
which arsenic replaces the nitrogen of am- 
monium. 

Arsonvalization {ar - son - vol - iz - a' - shun) 
[d'Arsonval, a French physiologist and physi- 
cist]. The therapeutic application of Tesla 
currents. 

Arsycodile {ar-sik-od'-il-e). A chemically pure 
cacodylate of sodium (sodium dimethyl 
arsenic), a nontoxic salt indicated in emaciat- 
ing diathesis. Dose \ gr. (0.03 Gm.) 4 
times daily. 

Artefact {ar' -te-fakt) [arte, by art; factum, 
made]. In microscopy and histology, a struc- 
ture that has 'been produced by mechanic, 
chemic, or other artificial means; a structure 
or tissue that has been changed from its 
natural state. 

Artemisia {ar-tem-iz 1 '-e-ah) ["ApTefKc, the 
goddess Diana]. A genus of plants of the 
order Composite. A. abrotanum, southern- 
wood, is stimulant; tonic, and vermifuge, and 
is popularly used as a vulnerary. It is simi- 



lar in properties to wormwood. Dose of 
fluidextract 10-20 min. (0.6-1.2 Cc). 
Unof. A. absinthium. See Absinthium. A. 
abyssinica, an African species yielding the 
drug zerechtit, applied to relieve cramps in 
the final stages of malaria. A. arborescens, 
of southern Europe, is stomachic and 
tonic, and is used as is A. absinthium. A. 
chinensis, of Asia, is employed by the 
Chinese as a tonic and emmenagog, and 
the down covering the leaf-surface in the 
preparation of moxa. A. frigida, wild 
sage, mountain sage, sierra salvia. An 
herb of western United States, introduced as 
a substitute for quinin in the treatment of 
periodic fevers. Also of service in diph- 
theria, rheumatism, and scarlatina. Dose of 
the fluidextract 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). Unof. A. 
maritima, affords pure wormseed. A. mexi- 
cana, an American species, is said to 
be a stimulant, emmenagog, and anthel- 
mintic. A. pontica, Roman wormwood; 
it grows in Europe and Asia, has a pleasant 
odor and taste, and is used as a tonic and 
stimulant; it is burned in Egypt during the 
plague to ward off contagion. A. santonica, 
a species of Persia and Tartary, a vari- 
ety of wormseed sometimes imported from 
Russia. A. spicata, an Alpine species with 
strong aromatic properties. A. tridentata, 
sage-brush, a shrub of the elevated portion 
of western North America, containing a 
pungent volatile oil. It is diaphoretic and 
stimulant. The Indians use an infusion of 
the plant as remedial for colds and head- 
ache and as a vermifuge. A. trifida, is 
found in the valleys of Utah and Wyoming, 
and has properties similar to A. tridentata. 
A. vulgaris, mug wort, a popular remedy in 
various diseases. 

Arteria {ar-te'-re-ali) [dprep'ca, trachea; artery]. 
A hollow tube. See Artery. 

Arterial [see Arteria]. Pertaining to an 
artery. 

Arterialization {ar-te-re-al-iz-a' -shun) [see 
Arteria]. The process of making or becom- 
ing arterial; the change from venous blood 
into arterial. 

Arteriasis {ar-te-ri-a'-sis) [see Arteria]. De- 
generation of an artery; it may be either 
calcareous or fatty. 

Arterin {ar'-ter-in) [see Arteria]. Hoppe- 
Seyler's term for the arterial blood-pigment 
contained in the red corpuscles. 

Arteriocapillary {ar - te - re-o - kap f -il -a - re) 
[arteria; capillus, a hair]. Pertaining to 
arteries and capillaries. A. Fibrosis, a 
chronic inflammatory process characterized 
by an overgrowth of connective tissue in the 
walls of the blood-vessels. It is known 
also as arteriocapillary fibrosis of Gull and 
Sutton. 

Arteriochalasis {ar-te-re-o-kal-a' -sis) [arteria; 
XaXaocc, a slackening]. Arterial atony. 

Arteriodialysis {ar-te-re-o-di-aV -is-is) [arteria; 
dtaXoocc, dissolution]. Attenuation of the 
arterial walls with or without rupture. 



ARTERIODIPLOPIESMUS 



97 



ARTERY 



Arteriodiplopiesmus (ar-te-re-o-dip-lo-pi-ez'- 
mus) [arteria; ocnXobc, twofold; Tzceap.bg, 
pressure]. D'Etiolles' procedure for obtain- 
ing rapid coagulation of the blood in that 
part of an artery lying between two points 
upon which simultaneous pressure is made. 

Arteriofibrosis (ar-te-re-o-fi-bro'-sis). See Arte- 
riocapillary Fibrosis. 

Arteriogram (ar-te' -re-o-gram) . See Sphyg- 
mogram. 

Arteriography (ar-le-re-og'-ra-fe) [arteria; 
TpacpJ], a writing]. i. A description of the 
arteries. 2. The graphic representation of 
the pulse-waves. 

Arteriole (ar-te' -re-ol) [arteriola]. A very 
small artery. A., Straight, the small blood- 
vessels that supply the medullary pyramids 
of the kidneys. 

Arteriolith (ar-te' -re-o-lith) [arteria; Xcdoc, 
a stone]. A calculus in an artery from calci- 
fication of a thrombus. 

Arteriology (ar -te -re - ol'-o - je) [arteria; 
Xojoc, science]. The science of the arteries; 
the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of 
the arteries. 

Arteriomalacia {ar -le-re-o - mal -a'-se - ah) 
[arteria; paXaKca, softness]. Softening of the 
wall of an artery. 

Arteriometer (ar -te-re- om'- et - er) [arteria; 
ptrpov, measure]. An instrument for measu- 
ring the changes in the caliber of a pulsating 
artery. 

Arterioperissia, Arterioperittia (ar-te-re-o- 
per-is'-e-ah, -it'-e-ah) [arteria; -epioabc, exces- 
sive]. Abnormal or excessive arterial de- 
velopment. Syn., Perittarteria; Perrissoar- 
teria. 

Arterioplegmus (ar-te-re-o-pleg' -mus) [arteria; 
Tihypa, anything twined or plaited]. Perpli- 
cation. Syn., Arterioplocc. 

Arteriosclerosis (ar - te -re -o - skle - ro'-sis) 
[arteria; okXtjpoc, hard]. A chronic inflam- 
mation of the arterial walls, especially of the 
intima. 

Arteriosclerotic (ar - te -re - - skle - rot' - ik) 
[see Arteriosclerosis]. Pertaining to arterio- 
sclerosis. A. Kidney, a kidney the seat of 
chronic interstitial inflammation affecting 
primarily the blood-vessels. 

Arteriosity (ar-te-re-os'-it-e) [arteria]. The 
quality of being arterial. 

Arteriosteogenesis (ar-tc-re-os-te-o-jen 1 '-e-sis) 
[arteria; oariov, a bone; yhea'cc, production]. 
Calcification of an artery. 

Arteriotomy (ar -te - re - of- o - me) [arteria; 
xkpvccv, to cut]. The cutting or opening of 
an artery for the purpose of bloodletting. 
The temporal artery is generally selected. 

Arteriovenous (ar-te-re-o-ve'-nus) [arteria; 
vena, vein]. Both arterial and venous; in- 
volving an artery and a vein, as an arterio- 
venous aneurysm. 

Arterioversion (ar-te-re-o-ver' -shun) [arteria; 
verier e, to turn]. Weber's method of arrest- 
ing hemorrhage by turning vessels inside 
out by means of an instrument called the 
arterioverter. 



Arterioverter (ar-te-re-o-ver' -ter). An instru- 
ment for performing arterioversion. • 

Arteritis (ar-te-ri'-tis) [arteria; c~c<;, inflam- 
mation]. 1. Inflammation of an artery. 2. 
Inflammation of the external coat of an 
artery. A. deformans. See Endarteritis, 
Chronic. A. obliterans. See Endarteritis 
obliterans. A. syphilitica, endarteritis de- 
formans caused by syphilis. A. umbilicalis, 
septic inflammation of the umbilical arteries 
in the newborn. 

Artery (ar'-ter-e) [see Arteria]. One of the 
tube -like vessels through which the blood is 
propelled by the heart to all parts of the body. 
Arteries end in arterioles and capillaries. 
They are composed of 3 coats : the outer, or 
tunica adventitia; the middle, or tunica media, 
the muscular coat; the internal, or intima, 
composed of endothelial cells, fibrous and elas- 
tic tissue. A., Abdominal. See A., Circum- 
flex Iliac, Deep. A., Abdominal, External 
or Subcutaneous. See A., Epigastric, Super- 
ficial; A., Pudic, External Superior. A., 
Abdominal, Posterior. See A., Epigastric, 
Deep. A., Acetabular, a branch of the 
internal circumflex artery distributed to the 
hip-joint. A., Acromiothoracic (Thoracic 
Axis), origin, second branch of first part of 
axillary; distribution, shoulder, arm, upper 
anterior part of chest, and mammary gland; 
branches, acromial, humeral, pectoral, clavi- 
cular. A., Alar Thoracic, origin, second part 
of axillary; distribution, lymphatic glands in 
axilla. A.s, Anastomotic, those which con- 
nect other arteries more or less remote from 
each other. A., Anastomotic (of External 
Plantar), origin, external plantar; distribu- 
tion, outer border of foot; it anastomoses with 
the tarsal and metatarsal branches of the 
dorsalis pedis. A., Anastomotic (of In- 
ternal Plantar), origin, internal plantar; 
distribution, inner side of foot; it anastomoses 
with internal tarsal branch of the dorsalis 
pedis. A., Anastomotica magna (of 
Brachial), origin, brachial; distribution, 
elbow; branches, posterior and anterior. 
A., Anastomotica magna (of Superficial 
Femoral), origin, superficial femoral (in 
Hunter's canal) ; distribution, knee; branches, 
superficial and deep. A., Angular, origin, 
the termination of the facial; distribution, 
lacrimal sac and lower part of orbicularis 
palpebrarum; it anastomoses with infraor- 
bital. Aorta, Abdominal, origin, thoracic 
aorta; distribution, two common iliacs; 
branches, phrenic (right and left), celiac 
axis, suprarenal or capsular (right and left), 
superior mesenteric, lumbar (4 pairs), renal 
(right and left), spermatic (right and left), 
inferior mesenteric, right and left common 
iliac, middle sacral. Aorta, Arch, origin, 
left ventricle of heart; distribution, thoracic 
aorta; branches, two coronary, innominate, 
left common carotid, left subclavian. Aorta, 
Primitive, that portion from the origin to 
the point at which the first branch is given 
off. Aorta, Thoracic, origin, arch of aorta; 



ARTERY 



ARTERY 



distribution, abdominal aorta; branches, 2 
or 3 pericardiac, 3 bronchial, 4 or 5 esopha- 
geal, 20 intercostal, subcostal (or twelfth 



A., Articular, Superior External (of 
Knee), origin, popliteal; distribution, crureus 
and knee. A., Articular, Superior Inter- 



TEMPORAL A 
POSTAURICULAR A 

OCCIPITAL A 

EXTERNAL CAROTID 

INTERNAL CARQTID 

SUP. THYROID 

VERTEBRAL A. 

ANASTOMOSIS AT 
SHOULDER 

CEPHAL CAVA 
BRACHIAL A 



INTEROSSEOUS A 
RADIAL A 



DEEP 
PALMAR ARCH 



SUPERFICIAL 
PALMAR ARCH 



PALMAR 
ANASTOMOSIS 



.INT.JUAC A., 
COMMON FEMORAL 

DEEP FEMORAL A. 
SUPERFICIAL FEMORAL 



PLANTAR ANASTOMOSIS 



TRANSVERSE FACIAL 
FACIAL A. 
COMMON CAROTID A. 
NF, THYROID A. 

THYROID AXIS 
SUBCLAVIAN A: 
ARCH OF AORTA 
AXILLARY A. 

RCUMFLEX ARTERIES 

SUPERIOR 

PROFUNDA A. 

BRACHIAL A. 

INFERIOR 

PROFUNDA A. 
ANASTOMOTICA 
MAGNA A. 

RADIAL 

RECURRENT A.. 
ULNAR 
RECURRENT 
ARTERIES 




DORSAL ARTERIAL ANASTOMOSIS 



Scheme of Arteries. — (Hewson.) 



dorsal), diaphragmatic, aberrans. A., Ar- nal, origin, popliteal; distribution, knee. 
ticular, Middle (of Knee), origin, popliteal; A., Auditory, External, a division of the 
distribution, crucial ligaments and joint. first part of the internal maxillary artery; 



ARTERY 



99 



ARTERY 



it enters the tympanum by the glaserian 
fissure and is distributed to the tympanum. 
A., Auricular, Posterior, origin, fifth 
branch of external carotid; distribution, 
back of auricle, scalp, and part of neck; 
branches, parotid, muscular, stylomastoid, 
anterior terminal or auricular, and posterior 
terminal or mastoid. A., Axillary, origin, 
subclavian; distribution, brachial and seven 
branches; branches, superior thoracic, acro- 
miothoracic, long thoracic, alar thoracic, 
subscapular, anterior and posterior circum- 
flex. A., Azygos (of the Tongue), a small 
artery formed by the junction of branches 
of the dorsal arteries of the tongue; it extends 
along the median line of the dorsum of the 
tongue. A., Basilar, origin, by confluence 
of right and left vertebral; distribution, 
brain; branches, transverse (or pontile), 
internal auditory, anterior cerebellar, superior 
cerebellar, two posterior cerebral. A., Brach- 
ial, origin, axillary; distribution, arm and 
forearm; branches, superior and inferior 
profunda, anastomotica magna, nutrient, 
muscular, radial, and ulnar. A., Cardiac, 
origin, gastric; distribution, cardiac end of 
stomach. A., Carotid, Common, origin, 
right side, innominate; left side, arch of 
aorta; distribution, external and internal caro- 
tid; branches, external and internal carotid. 
A., Carotid, External, origin, common 
carotid; distribution, anterior part of neck, 
face, side of head, integuments, and dura 
mater; branches, ascending pharyngeal, 
superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, 
posterior auricular, temporal, internal max- 
illary. A., Carotid, Internal, origin, com- 
mon carotid; distribution, greater part 
of brain, the orbit, internal ear, forehead, 
and nose; branches, tympanic, vidian, 
arteria receptaculi, pituitary, gasserian, men- 
ingeal, ophthalmic, posterior communi- 
cating, anterior choroid, anterior cerebral, 
middle cerebral. A., Carotid, Primitive. 
See A., Carotid, Common. A., Celiac, origin, 
abdominal aorta; distribution, stomach, 
duodenum, spleen, pancreas, liver, and 
gall-bladder; branches, gastric, hepatic, 
splenic. A., Central (of Retina), origin, 
ophthalmic; distribution, retina. A.s, Cen- 
tral System of, Heubner's and Duret's 
term for the primary or secondary branches 
of the circle of Willis; they are distributed 
to the central ganglions of the brain. A., 
Cerebellar, Anterior, origin, basilar; dis- 
tribution, anterior inferior surface of cere- 
bellum. A., Cerebellar, Inferior, origin, 
vertebral; distribution, vermiform process 
and cortex of cerebellum; branches, inferior 
vermiform and the hemispheral. A., Cere- 
bellar, Superior, origin, basilar; distribu- 
tion, superior vermiform process and cir- 
cumference of cerebellum ; branches, superior 
vermiform and hemispheral. A., Cerebral, 
Anterior, origin, internal carotid; distribu- 
tion, anterior portion of cerebrum; branches, 
anterior communicating, ganglionic (or cen- 



tral), commissural, hemispheral (or cortical). 
A., Cerebral, Middle, origin, internal 
carotid; distribution, middle portion of 
cerebrum; branches, ganglionic (or central), 
hemispheral (or cortical). A., Cerebral, 
Posterior, origin, basilar; distribution, tem- 
porosphenoid and occipital lobes; branches, 
ganglionic (or central) and hemispheral 
(or cortical). A., Cervical, origin, uterine; 
distribution, cervix uteri. A., Cervical, 
Ascending, origin, inferior thyroid; distri- 
bution, deep muscles of neck and spinal 
canal; branches, muscular, spinal, and 
phrenic. A., Cervical, Deep, origin, supe- 
rior intercostal; distribution, deep muscles 
of neck and spinal canal; branches, muscular, 
anastomotic, vertebral (or spinal). A., Cer- 
vical, Superficial, origin, transverse cervical; 
distribution, trapezius, levator anguli scapu- 
las, splenius muscles, and posterior chain of 
lymphatic glands. A., Cervical, Trans- 
verse (Transversalis colli), origin, thyroid 
axis; distribution, posterior cervical and 
scapular regions; branches, posterior scapular 
and superficial cervical. A., Circumflex, 
Anterior (of Axillary), origin, axillary; 
distribution, pectoralis major, biceps, and 
shoulder-joint; branches, bicipital and pec- 
toral. A., Circumflex Iliac, Deep, origin, 
external iliac; distribution, upper part of 
thigh and lower part of abdomen; branches, 
muscular and cutaneous. A., Circumflex, 
Posterior (of Axillary), origin, axillary; dis- 
tribution, deltoid, teres minor, triceps, and 
shoulder-joint; branches, nutrient, articular, 
acromial, muscular. A., Colic, Left, origin, 
inferior mesenteric; distribution, descending 
colon. A., Colic, Middle, origin, superior mes- 
enteric; distribution, transverse colon. A., 
Colic, Right, origin, superior mesenteric; 
distribution, ascending colon. A., Colic, 
Transverse, origin, colic, middle; distri- 
bution, transverse colon. A., Comes nervi 
phrenici. See A., Phrenic, Superior. A., 
Communicating, i. One establishing com- 
munication between two arteries. 2. An 
artery having as origin the dorsalis pedis; 
it enters into the formation of the plan- 
tar arch and has two digital branches. A., 
Communicating (or Perforating), origin, 
deep palmar arch; distribution, joins proximal 
ends of metacarpal and second and third dor- 
sal interosseous arteries. A., Communica- 
ting, Anterior, origin, anterior cerebral; it 
assists in formation of anterior boundary of 
Willis; sends branches to caudate nucleus. 
Syn., Communicans willisii. A., Com- 
municating, Posterior, origin, posterior 
cerebral; it enters into formation of circle 
of Willis; sends branches to uncinate con- 
volution and optic thalamus; branches, 
uncinate, middle thalamic. A. Compres- 
sor, A. Constrictor, an instrument for 
occluding an artery for the purpose of 
arresting or preventing hemorrhage. A., 
Coronary, Inferior, origin, facial; dis- 
tribution, lower lip. A., Coronary, Left, 



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origin, left anterior sinus of Valsalva; dis- 
tribution, heart; branches, left auricular, 
anterior interventricular, left marginal, ter- 
minal. A., Coronary, Right, origin, right 
anterior sinus of Valsalva; distribution, 
heart; branches, right auricular, preventricu- 
lar, right marginal, posterior interventricular, 
transverse. A., Coronary, Superior, origin, 
facial; distribution, upper lip. A.s, Cortical 
System of, Heubner and Duret's term for 
the arteries distributed to the cerebral cortex 
and the parts immediately beneath it. A., 
Diaphragmatic, origin, thoracic aorta; dis- 
tribution, diaphragm. A., Digital, origin, 
external plantar; distribution, outer side 
of the second and third, fourth, and fifth 
toes. A., Digital, Palmar, origin, super- 
ficial palmar arch; distribution, both sides 
of little, ring, and middle finger and ulnar 
side of index-finger. A., Dorsal (of Penis), 
origin, pudic; distribution, penis. A., 
Dorsalis hallucis, a continuation of dor- 
salis pedis; distribution, great and second 
toe. A., Dorsalis pedis, origin, continua- 
tion of anterior tibial; distribution, assists 
to form plantar arch; branches, tarsal, meta- 
tarsal, dorsalis hallucis, communicating. A., 
End, A., Terminal, an artery that does 
not anastomose with other arteries by means 
of large branches; there is usually a capillary 
anastomosis. A., Epigastric, Deep (or 
Inferior), origin, external iliac; distribu- 
tion, abdominal wall; branches, cremasteric, 
pubic, muscular, cutaneous, terminal. A., 
Epigastric, Superficial, origin, common 
femoral; distribution, inguinal glands, skin, 
superficial fascia, and abdominal wall. 
A., Epigastric, Superior, origin, internal 
mammary; distribution," abdominal wall 
and diaphragm, liver, and peritoneum; 
branches, phrenic, xiphoid, cutaneous, mus- 
cular, hepatic, and peritoneal. A., Epiploic, 
origin, right and left gastroepiploic; dis- 
tribution, omentum. A., Esophageal. i. 
Origin, gastric; distribution, esophagus. 2. 
Origin, inferior thyroid; distribution, esopha- 
gus. 3. Origin, left phrenic; distribution, 
esophagus. 4. (4 or 5.) Origin, thoracic 
aorta; distribution, esophagus. A., Esopha- 
geal, Inferior, origin, coronary (of stomach); 
distribution, esophagus. A., Facial, ori- 
gin, third branch of external carotid; dis- 
tribution, pharynx and face; branches, 
ascending, or inferior palatine, tonsillar, 
glandular, muscular, submental, masseteric, 
buccal, inferior labial, inferior and superior 
coronary, lateralis nasi, angular. A., Fem- 
oral, Common, origin, continuation of 
external iliac; distribution, lower part of 
abdominal wall, upper part of thigh and 
genitalia; branches, superficial epigastric, 
superficial circumflex iliac, superficial ex- 
ternal pudic, deep external pudic, profunda. 
A., Femoral, Deep. See A., Femoral, Pro- 
funda. A., Femoral, Profunda, origin, com- 
mon femoral; distribution, muscles of thigh; 
branches, external circumflex, internal cir- 



cumflex, and three perforating. A., Femoral, 
Superficial, origin, continuation of common 
femoral; distribution, muscles of thigh and 
knee-joint; branches, muscular, saphenous, 
anastomotica magna. A. Forceps, a forceps 
for Catching or twisting an artery; a hemostat. 
A., Frontal, a branch of the ophthalmic 
artery; it ascends the inner part of the 
orbital arch and supplies the periosteum, 
muscles, and integument of the middle fore- 
head. A., Gastric (or Coronary), origin, 
celiac axis; distribution, stomach, liver, and 
esophagus; branches, esophageal, cardiac, 
gastric, and hepatic. A., Gastroduodenal, 
a branch of the hepatic artery given off near 
the pyloric orifice of the stomach; branches, 
right gastroepiploic and superior pancreatico- 
duodenal. A., Gluteal, a branch of the inter- 
nal iliac which runs backward between the lum- 
bosacral cord and the first sacral nerve, turns 
around the upper margin of the great sacro- 
sciatic foramen, and divides opposite the 
interval between the gluteus medius and 
pyriformis muscles, into the deep and superfi- 
cial gluteal arteries. A., Gluteal, Deep, origin, 
gluteal; distribution, deep muscles of poste- 
rior gluteal region. A., Gluteal, Inferior, 
origin, sciatic; distribution, gluteus maximus. 
A., Gluteal, Superficial, origin, gluteal; dis- 
tribution, gluteus maximus and integument 
over sacrum. A., Gluteal, Superior, origin, 
deep gluteal; distribution, muscles adjacent. 
A.s,Helicine, the arteries found in cavernous 
tissue, as in the testicle, uterus, ovary, etc. 
A., Hemorrhoidal, Inferior (or External), 
origin, pudic; distribution, sphincter mus- 
cle, levator ani. A., Hemorrhoidal, Mid- 
dle, origin, internal iliac, anterior division; 
distribution, middle part of rectum. A., 
Hemorrhoidal, Superior, origin, inferior 
mesenteric; distribution, upper part of 
rectum. A., Hepatic, origin, celiac axis; 
distribution, liver, pancreas, part of duode- 
num, and stomach; branches, pancreatic, 
subpyloric, gastroduodenal, right and left 
terminal. A., Iliac, Common, origin, ter- 
minal branch of abdominal aorta; distribu- 
tion, peritoneum, subperitoneal fat, ureter, and 
terminates in external and internal iliac; 
branches, peritoneal, subperitoneal, ureteric, 
external and internal iliac. A., Iliac, Ex- 
ternal, origin, common iliac; distribution, 
lower limb; branches, deep epigastric, deep 
circumflex iliac, muscular, and continues as 
femoral. A., Iliac, Internal, origin, common 
iliac; distribution, pelvic and generative 
organs and inner side of thigh; branches, 
anterior and posterior trunk. A., Iliac, 
Internal (Anterior Trunk), origin, internal 
iliac; distribution, pelvic and generative 
organs and thigh; branches, hypogastric, 
superior, middle, and inferior vesical, mid- 
dle hemorrhoidal, uterine, vaginal, obturator, 
sciatic, internal pudic. A., Iliac, Internal 
(Posterior Trunk), origin, internal iliac; dis- 
tribution, muscles of hip and sacrum; branches, 
iliolumbar, lateral sacral and gluteal. A., 



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Innominate, origin, arch of aorta; distri- 
bution, right side of head and right arm; 
branches, right common carotid, right sub- 
clavian, occasionally thyroidea ima. A., 
Intercostal, Anterior, origin, internal mam- 
mary; distribution, intercostal muscles, ribs 
(upper five or six), and pectoralis major. 
A., Intercostal, Anterior, origin, musculo- 
phrenic; distribution, lower five or six inter- 
costal spaces. A., Intercostal, Superior, 
origin, subclavian; distribution, neck and 
upper part of thorax; branches, deep cervical, 
first intercostal, arteria aberrans. A., In- 
terosseous, Anterior, origin, interosseous 
(common); distribution, muscles of forearm. 
A., Interosseous, Common, origin, ulnar; 
distribution, interosseous membrane and deep 
muscles of the forearm; branches, anterior 
and posterior interosseous. A., Interosseous, 
Posterior, origin, ulnar; distribution, mus- 
cles of forearm. A., Labial, Superior. See 
A., Coronary, Superior. A., Laryngeal, Su- 
perior, origin, superior thyroid; distribution, 
intrinsic muscles and mucous membrane 
of larynx. A., Lenticulostriate, origin, 
middle cerebral; distribution, lenticular and 
caudate nuclei. A., Lingual, origin, exter- 
nal carotid; distribution, tongue; branches, 
hyoid, dorsalis linguae, sublingual, ranine. 
A., Mammary, External. See A., Thoracic, 
Long. A., Mammary, Internal, origin, 
subclavian; distribution, structures of thorax; 
branches, superior phrenic, mediastinal (or 
thymic), pericardiac, sternal, anterior inter- 
costal, perforating, lateral intercostal, supe- 
rior epigastric, internal mammary. A., 
Maxillary, External. See A., Facial. A., 
Maxillary, Internal (Maxillary Group), 
origin, external carotid; distribution, struc- 
tures indicated by names of branches; 
branches, deep auricular, tympanic, middle 
meningeal, mandibular, small meningeal. 
A., Maxillary, Internal (Pterygoid Group), 
origin, external carotid; distribution, struc- 
tures indicated by names of branches; 
branches, masseteric, posterior deep tem- 
poral, internal and external pterygoid, buccal, 
anterior deep temporal. A., Maxillary, 
Internal (Sphenomaxillary Group) , origin, 
external carotid; distribution, structures 
indicated by names of branches; branches, 
posterior dental (or alveolar), infraorbital, 
posterior (or descending) palatine, vidian, 
pterygopalatine, nasal, or sphenopalatine. 
A., Median (Arteria comes nervi me- 
diani), origin, anterior interosseous; dis- 
tribution, median nerve and superficial 
palmar arch. A., Mediastinal, Anterior 
(or Thymic), origin, internal mammary; 
distribution, connective tissue, fat, and lym- 
phatics in superior and anterior medias- 
tinums, thymus gland. A. s, Medullary, i. 
Those supplying the medullary substance 
of the brain. 2. The nutrient arteries. 
A., Meningeal. 1. Origin, ascending pharyn- 
geal; distribution, membranes of brain. 2. 
Origin, posterior ethmoid; distribution, dura 



mater. A., Meningeal, Anterior, origin, 
internal carotid; distribution, dura mater. 
A., Meningeal, Middle or Great, origin, 
internal maxillary; distribution, cranium and 
dura mater; branches, anterior and poster- 
ior. A., Meningeal, Posterior. 1. Origin, 
occipital; distribution, dura mater. 2. 
Origin, vertebral; distribution, dura mater. 
A., Meningeal, Small, origin, internal 
maxillary; distribution, gasserian ganglion, 
walls of cavernous sinus, and dura mater. 
A., Mesenteric, Inferior, origin, abdominal 
aorta; distribution, lower half of large 
intestine; branches, left colic, sigmoid, 
superior hemorrhoidal. A., Mesenteric, 
Superior, origin, abdominal aorta; distri- 
bution, whole of small intestine and upper 
half of large; branches, inferior pancreatico- 
duodenal, colica media, colica dextra, ileo- 
colic, vasa intestini tenuis. A., Musculo- 
phrenic, origin, internal mammary; dis- 
tribution, diaphragm, fifth and sixth lower 
intercostal spaces, oblique muscles of abdo- 
men; branches, phrenic, anterior inter- 
costals, muscular. A., Nasal, origin, oph- 
thalmic; distribution, lacrimal sac and in- 
teguments of nose; branches, lacrimal and 
transverse nasal. A., Nasopalatine. See 
A., Sphenopalatine. A., Obturator, origin, 
anterior division, internal iliac; distribution, 
pelvis and thigh; branches, iliac (or nutrient), 
vesical, pubic, external and internal pelvic. 
A., Obturator, External, origin, obturator; 
distribution, muscles about obturator fora- 
men. A., Occipital. 1. Origin, fourth 
branch of external carotid; distribution, 
muscles of neck and scalp; branches, 
sternomastoid, posterior meningeal, auricular, 
mastoid, princeps cervicis, communicating, 
muscular, terminal. 2. A branch of the 
posterior cerebral artery distributed to the 
occipital gyri and surrounding parts. A., 
Omphalomesenteric, origin, primitive aorta; 
distribution, subsequently becomes the um- 
bilical. A., Ophthalmic, origin, internal 
carotid; distribution, the eye, adjacent 
structures, portion of face; branches, lacri- 
mal, supraorbital, central artery of retina, 
muscular, ciliary, posterior and anterior 
ethmoid, palpebral, frontal, nasal. A., 
Ovarian, origin, abdominal aorta; distri- 
bution, ovary, ureter, fallopian tube, uterus; 
branches, ureteral, fallopian, uterine, liga- 
mentous. A., Palatine, origin, ascending 
pharyngeal; distribution, soft palate and 
its muscles. A., Palatine, Ascending (or 
Inferior), origin, first branch of facial; 
distribution, upper part of pharynx, palate, 
and tonsils; branches, palatine, tonsillar. 
A., Palatine, Descending, origin, internal 
maxillary; distribution, to soft and hard 
palate; branches, anterior and posterior. 
A., Palmar Arch, Deep, origin, radial and 
communicating of ulna; distribution, palm 
and fingers; branches, princeps pollicis, 
radialis indicis, palmar interosseous (3), 
recurrent carpal, posterior perforating. A., 



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Palmar Arch, Superficial, origin, ulnar 
and superficialis volae; distribution, palm 
and fingers; branches, digital (4), muscular, 
cutaneous. A., Pancreatic. 1. Origin, 
hepatic; distribution, pancreas. 2. Origin, 
splenic; distribution, pancreas. A., Pan- 
creaticoduodenal, Inferior, origin, su- 
perior mesenteric; distribution, pancreas 
and duodenum. A., Pancreaticoduo- 
denal, Superior, origin, gastroduodenal; 
distribution, duodenum and pancreas. A., 
Perforating (or Posterior Communicating) 
(3), origin, deep palmar arch; distribution, 
interosseous spaces. A.s, Pericardiaco- 
phrenic, the pericardiac divisions of the 
internal mammary artery connecting with 
sternal ramifications of the same artery and 
with branches of the superior phrenic, bron- 
chial, and intercostal arteries to form the 
subpleural mediastinal plexus. A., Pharyn- 
geal. 1. Origin, pterygopalatine; distribu- 
tion, roof of pharynx. 2. Origin, spheno- 
palatine; distribution, roof and contiguous por- 
tions of pharynx. A., Pharyngeal, Ascend- 
ing, origin, first branch external carotid; 
distribution, pharynx, soft palate, tympanum, 
posterior part of neck, and membranes of 
brain; branches, prevertebral, pharyngeal, 
palatine, tympanic, meningeal. A., Phrenic, 
origin, ascending cervical; distribution, phrenic 
nerve. A., Phrenic, Superior (Comes 
nervi phrenici), origin, internal mam- 
mary; distribution, pleura, pericardium, 
and diaphragm. A., Plantar Arch, origin, 
external plantar artery; distribution, anterior 
part of foot and toes; branches, articular 
and plantar digital. A., Plantar, Deep, 
origin, metatarsal; distribution, assists in 
formation of plantar arch. A., Plantar, 
External, origin, posterior tibial; distribu- 
tion, sole and toes; branches, muscular, 
calcaneal, cutaneous, anastomotic, posterior 
perforating, plantar arch. A., Plantar, 
Internal, origin, posterior tibial; distribu- 
tion, inner side of foot; branches, muscular, 
cutaneous, articular, anastomotic, superficial 
digital. A., Popliteal, origin, continuation 
of femoral; distribution, knee and leg; 
branches, cutaneous, muscular (superior 
and inferior) or sural, articular, superior 
and inferior external, superior and inferior 
internal and azygos, terminal (anterior and 
posterior tibial). A., Profunda (Deep 
Femoral), origin, femoral; distribution, 
thigh; branches, external and internal cir- 
cumflex, three perforating. A., Profunda, 
Inferior, origin, brachial; distribution, tri- 
ceps, elbow-joint. A., Profunda, Superior, 
origin, brachial; distribution, humerus, mus- 
cles and skin of arm; branches, ascending, 
cutaneous, articular, nutrient, muscular. 
A., Pterygopalatine (Pterygopharyn- 
geal), origin, internal maxillary; distribu- 
tion, pharynx, eustachian tubes, and sphe- 
noid cells; branches, pharyngeal, eustachian, 
sphenoid. A., Pudic, External, Deep 
(Inferior), origin, femoral, common; dis- 



tribution, skin of scrotum (or labium in 
female). A., Pudic, External, Superficial 
(Superior), origin, common femoral; dis- 
tribution, integument above pubes and ex- 
ternal genitalia. A., Pudic, Internal, ori- 
gin, internal iliac, anterior division; dis- 
tribution, generative organs; branches, ex- 
ternal (or inferior) hemorrhoidal, superficial 
perineal, muscular, arteries of bulb, crus, 
and dorsal of penis. A., Pulmonary, origin, 
right ventricle; distribution, lungs; branches, 
right and left. A., Pyloric, Inferior, ori- 
gin, gastroduodenal or right gastroepiploic; 
distribution, pyloric end of stomach. A., 
Pyloric, Superior, origin, hepatic; distri- 
bution, pyloric end of stomach. A., Radial, 
origin, brachial; distribution, forearm, wrist, 
hand; branches, radial recurrent, muscular, 
anterior and posterior carpal, superficial 
volar, metacarpal, dorsalis pollicis, dorsalis 
indicis, deep palmar arch. A., Ranine, 
origin, lingual; distribution, tongue and mu- 
cous membrane of mouth. A., Renal, ori- 
gin, abdominal aorta; distribution, kidney; 
branches, inferior suprarenal, capsular, ure- 
teral. A.s, Retinal, the central artery of 
the retina and the upper and lower arteries 
on the nasal side and on the temporal side 
of the optic nerve. A., Sacra media. See A., 
Sacral, Middle. A., Sacral, Middle, origin, 
continuation of aorta; distribution, sacrum 
and coccyx. A., Scapular, Dorsal, origin, 
subscapular; distribution, muscles of infra- 
spinous fossa; branches, infrascapular. A., 
Scapular, Posterior, origin, continuation 
of transverse cervical; distribution, muscles 
of scapular region; branches, supraspinous 
and infraspinous, subscapular, muscular. 
A., Sciatic, origin, internal iliac, anterior 
division; distribution, pelvic muscles and 
viscera, and branches; branches, coccygeal, 
inferior gluteal, muscular, anastomotic, ar- 
ticular cutaneous, comes nervi ischiadici, 
vesical, rectal, prostatic, etc. A., Spermatic, 
origin, abdominal aorta; distribution, scro- 
tum and testis; branches, ureteral, cremas- 
teric, epididymal, testicular. A., Spheno- 
palatine (Nasopalatine), origin, internal 
maxillary; distribution, pharynx, nose, 
and sphenoid cells; branches, pharyngeal, 
sphenoid, nasal, ascending septal. A., 
Spinal. 1. Origin, ascending cervical; 
distribution,* spinal canal. 2. Origin, inter- 
costals; distribution, spinal canal and spine. 
3. Origin, lateral sacral; distribution, 
spinal membranes and muscles and skin 
over sacrum. A., Spinal, Anterior, origin, 
vertebral; distribution, spinal cord. A., 
Spinal, Lateral, origin, vertebral; distribu- 
tion, vertebras and spinal canal. A., Spinal, 
Posterior, origin, vertebral; distribution, 
spine. A., Splenic. 1. Origin, celiac axis; 
distribution, spleen, pancreas, part of stom- 
ach, omentum; branches, small and large 
pancreatic, left gastroepiploic, vasa brevia, 
terminal. 2. Origin, left phrenic; distri- 
bution, spleen. A., Subclavian, origin, 



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ARTHRITIS 



right, innominate; left, arch of aorta; dis- 
tribution; neck, thorax, arms, brain, meninges, 
etc.; branches, vertebral, thyroid axis, in- 
ternal mammary, superior intercostal. A., 
Subscapular, origin, axillary; distribution, 
subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, 
serratus magnus, axillary glands; branches, 
dorsal and infrascapular. A., Suprascapu- 
lar (Transversalis humeri), origin, thy- 
roid axis; distribution, muscles of shoulder; 
branches, inferior sternomastoid, subclavian, 
nutrient, suprasternal, acromial, articular, 
subscapular, supraspinous, and infraspinous. 
A., Sylvian, the middle cerebral artery. 
A., Temporal, origin, external carotid; 
distribution, forehead, parotid gland, masse- 
ter muscle, ear; branches, parotid, articular, 
masseteric, anterior auricular, transverse 
facial, middle, anterior, and posterior tem- 
poral. A., Temporal, Deep, Anterior, 
origin, internal maxillary; distribution, an- 
terior part of temporal fossa. A., Termatic, 
origin, anterior communicating; distribution, 
lamina cinerea and corpus callosum. A., 
Thoracic, Acromial, origin, axillary; dis- 
tribution, muscles of shoulder, arm, and 
chest; branches, acromial, humeral, pecto- 
ral, clavicular. A., Thoracic, Alar, origin, 
axillary; distribution, axillary glands. A., 
Thoracic, External. See A., Thoracic, Long. 
A., Thoracic, Internal. See A., Mammary, 
Internal. A., Thoracic, Long (External 
Mammary), origin, axillary; distribution, 
pectoral muscles, serratus magnus, mammary 
and axillary glands. A., Thymic, origin, 
internal mammary; distribution, connective 
tissue, fat, and lymphatics of mediastinum 
and thymus. A. of the Thyroid Axis, ori- 
gin, subclavian; distribution, shoulder, neck, 
thorax, spine, cord; branches, inferior thyroid, 
suprascapular, and transverse cervical. A., 
Thyroid, Inferior, origin, thyroid axis; 
distribution, larynx, esophagus, and muscles 
of neck; branches, muscular, ascending 
cervical, esophageal, tracheal, and inferior 
laryngeal. A., Thyroid, Superior, origin, 
external carotid; distribution, omohyoid, 
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyroid gland; 
branches, hyoid, sternomastoid, superior lar- 
yngeal, cricothyroid. A., Thyroidea ima, ori- 
gin, innominate (usually); distribution, thy- 
roid body. A., Tibial, Anterior, origin, 
popliteal; distribution, leg; branches, pos- 
terior and anterior tibial recurrent, muscular, 
internal and external malleolar. A., Tibial, 
Posterior, origin, popliteal; distribution, 
leg, heel, and foot; branches, peroneal, 
muscular, medullary, cutaneous, communi- 
cating, malleolar, calcanean, internal and 
external plantar. A., Tonsillar, i. Origin, 
ascending palatine; distribution, tonsil and 
eustachian tube. 2. Origin, facial; distribu- 
tion, tonsil and root of tongue. A., Trans- 
versalis colli. See A., Cervical, Transverse. 
A., Ulnar, origin, brachial; distribution, 
forearm, wrist, and hand; branches, anterior 
and posterior ulnar, recurrent, common in- 



terosseous, muscular, nutrient, anterior and 
posterior ulnar, carpal, palmar arch. A., 
Uterine. 1. Origin, internal iliac, anterior 
branch; distribution, uterus; branches, cer- 
vical, vaginal, azygos. 2. Origin, ovarian; 
distribution, uterus. A., Vasa brevia, 
origin, splenic; distribution, stomach. A., 
Vertebral, origin, subclavian; distribution, 
neck and cerebrum; branches, lateral spinal, 
muscular, anastomotic, posterior meningeal, 
posterior and anterior spinal, posterior cere- 
bellar. A., Vesical, Inferior, origin, inter- 
nal iliac, anterior division; distribution, 
bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, and 
vagina (in female). A., Vesical, Middle, 
origin, superior vesical; distribution, bladder. 
A., Vesical, Superior, origin, internal iliac, 
anterior division; distribution, bladder; 
branches, deferentia, ureteric, middle vesical 
(occasionally). A., Vidian, origin, internal 
maxillary; distribution, roof of pharynx, 
eustachian tube, and tympanum; branches, 
pharyngeal, eustachian, tympanic. A., Vitel- 
line. See A., Omphalomesenteric. 

Arthragra (ar-thra'-grah) [arthron; ay pa, 
seizure]. Gout. 

Arthralgia (ar-thral f -je-ah) [arthron; alyoc, 
pain]. Neuralgic pain in a joint. Syn., 
Arthroneuralgia; Articular neuralgia. A. 
saturnina, pain in the joints and rigidity 
and cramps in the approximate muscles; 
it is symptomatic of lead-poisoning. 

Arthralgic {ar-thraV '-jik) [see Arthralgia]. 
Relating to arthralgia. 

Artnrectasia, Arthrectasis (ar-threk-ta' '-ze-ah, 
ar-threk' -ta-sis) [arthron; 'tuTaocc, dilation]. 
Dilation of a joint-cavity. 

Arthrectomy {ar-threk' -to-me) [arthron; iKzofirj, 
a cutting-out]. Excision of a joint. 

Arthrentasis {ar-thr en' -ta-sis) [arthron; 'ivraatf, 
distortion]. Distortion of the limbs due to 
gout. 

Arthric (ar'-thrik). See' Arthritic (2). 

Arthrifluent {ar-thrif'-lu-ent) [arthron; fluere, 
to flow]. Applied to abscesses proceeding 
from a diseased joint. 

Arthritic (ar-thrit'-ik) [arthritis]. 1. Relat- 
ing to arthritis or to gout. 2. Relating to a 
joint. 

Arthritis {ar-thrV -tis) [arthron; cue, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a joint. A., 
Acute, acute joint-inflammation, particu- 
larly that due to gout. Syn., Arthritis vera. 
A., Acute Serous, acute synovitis. A. 
arthrodynia, gout. A. asthmatica, a form 
observed in elderly persons subject to asthma, 
and mitigated by an attack of the latter. 
A., Atrophic. Synonym of Charcots joint 
disease. A., Blennorrhagic, gonorrheal 
rheumatism. A., Chronic, a form in which 
the joints are not so much affected as are 
other parts of the body. A. deformans, 
chronic inflammation of a joint with de- 
formity; rheumatoid arthritis. A., Dia- 
phragmatic, angina pectoris. A., Erratic, 
retrocedent or metastatic gout. A. fungosa, 
tuberculous disease of the joints; white 



ARTHRITISM 



104 



ARTHROSTENOSIS 



swelling. A., Gonorrheal, gonorrheal syno- 
vitis. A., Gouty, that due to gout. A. 
hiemalis, winter gout, a form occurring less 
frequently in summer than in other seasons. 
A., Internal. See A., Visceral. A., In- 
tervertebral. See Spondylarthritis. A. 
ischias, gout in the hip. A. larvata, A., 
Latent, a masked form not manifested by 
the usual symptoms. A. maxillaris, rheu- 
matoid arthritis of the temporomaxillary 
joint. A. nodosa. See Osteoarthritis. A. 
pauperum. Synonym of A ., Rheumatoid. 
A. podagra, gout in the feet. A., Prolif- 
erating. See A. deformans. A., Retro- 
grade, suppressed gout. A., Rheuma- 
toid, a chronic joint affection characterized 
by inflammatory overgrowth of the articular 
cartilages and synovial membranes, with 
destruction of those parts of the cartilages 
subject to intraarticular pressure; there is 
progressive deformity. The nature of the 
disease is unknown; by some it is considered 
a trophic disorder consequent upon spinal 
changes. It occurs in the young, in whom 
it is often acute, and in the old, in whom it 
is of a more mild form. The mildest type 
is known as Heberden's nodosities, in which 
small nodules appear at the sides of the 
distal phalange's of the fingers; in severer 
forms nearly every articulation may become 
ankylosed. Syn., Chronic rheumatoid arthri- 
tis; Osteoarthritis; Rheumatic gout; Nodular 
rheumatism; Arthritis deformans. A. sicca, 
rheumatoid arthritis. A., Strumous. See 
A. fungosa. A., Subdiarthrodial, a form of 
fungous arthritis in which fleshy granulations 
occur between the bone and the cartilage of 
the joint. A. syphilitica, gonorrheal rheu- 
matism; also the nocturnal pains of syphilis. 
A. typica, acute arthritis. A., Urethral, 
gonorrheal rheumatism. A. urica, gout 
attributed to excessive formation of uric acid. 
Syn., Arthritis urdtica; Panarthritis urica; 
Uarthritis. A. vertebralis, a breakdown of 
the intervertebral discs. A., Visceral, gout 
affecting an internal organ, with alternating 
attacks in the joints. 

Arthritism (ar' -thrit-izm) [arthron]. Gout or 
the gouty diathesis. 

Arthro- {ar-thro-) [arthron]. A prefix denoting 
relating to the joints. 

Arthrobacterium {ar-thro-bak-te' '-re-um) [ar- 
thro-; bacterium]. A bacterium forming 
arthrospores. See under Bacteria. 

Arthrocarcinoma {ar-thro-kar-sin-o' '-mah) [ar- 
thro-; carcinoma]. Carcinoma affecting a 
joint. 

Arthro cenchriasis {ar-thro-sen-kri' -as-is) [ar- 
thro-; kejxp'iu-c, like a grain of millet]. A 
miliary eruption occurring about a joint. 

Arthroclasia {ar - thro - kla r - se - ah) [arthro-; 
KXaecv, to break]. The breaking-down of 
ankyloses in order to produce free movement 
of a joint. 

Arthrodesis {ar-throd'-es-is) [arthro-; okacc, a 
binding]. Fixation of paralyzed joints. 

Arthrodia {ar-thro' '-de-ah) [dpdpojoca, a kind 



of articulation]. A form of joint admitting 
of a gliding movement. 

Arthrodynia {ar -thro -din' -e-aK). See Arthral- 
gia. 

Arthrography {ar-throg f -ra-fe) [arthro-; ypafytcv, 
to write]. The description of the joints. 

Arthrogryposis {ar-thro-grip-o' -sis) [arthro-; 
ypuTibc, curved], i. Persistent contracture of 
a joint. 2. Tetany or tetanilla. 

Arthrolith {ar'-thro-lith) [arthro-; Mdoc, a 
stone]. One of the free bodies which occur 
in joints, arising from the segmentation of 
warty outgrowths of joint cartilage or of 
synovial membrane. Syn., Arthrophyte; Ar- 
thremphyte; Joint-bodies; Joint-mice; Mures 
articulares; Corpora mobilia articulorum; Cor- 
pora libera articulorum; Tophus arthriticus; 
Arthrotophus. 

Arthrolithiasis {ar-thro-lith-i' -as-is) [see Ar- 
throlith]. Gout. 

Arthromeningitis {ar-thro-men-in-ji' -tis) [ar- 
thro-; firjvcr^, membrane; tree, inflammation]. 
Synovitis. 

Arthron {ar'-thron) [apdpov, a joint]. A joint 
or an articulation. 

Arthroneuralgia {ar - thro -nu - ral'-je - ah) [ar- 
thro-; veupov, nerve; dXyoc, pain]. Neuralgic 
pain in a joint. 

Arthropathy {ar-throp' -a-the) [arthro-; nadog, 
disease], i. Any joint disease. 2. A pecu- 
liar trophic disease of the joints, some- 
times occurring in locomotor ataxia and 
syringomyelia; rarely in general paralysis 
of the insane and in disseminated sclerosis. 
Syn., Charcot's joint. A., Vertebral, arthro- 
pathy with depressions and rugosities of the 
vertebras. 

Arthrophlysis {ar-thro f'-lis-is) [arthro-; (p\uoi£, 
an eruption]. Gout accompanied with a 
cutaneous eruption. A. cardiaca. See 
Miliaria arthritica. A. vulgaris. See Ec- 
zema arthriticum. 

Arthrophyma {ar-thro- fi' -mah) [arthro-; <f>u[xa, 
a swelling]. Swelling of a joint. 

Arthroplasty {ar'-thro-plas-te) [arthro-; nXaoaetv, 
to form]. The making of an artificial joint. 

Arthropodous {ar-throp' -o-dus) [arthro-; node, 
a foot]. _ In biology, having jointed legs. 

Arthropyosis {ar- thro - pi - o' - sis ) [ arthro-; 
TtuciJocc, suppuration]. Pus-formation in a 
joint. 

Arthrorrhagia ( ar - thro - ra'-je -ah) [ arthro-; 
prjyvuvat, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage into 
a joint. 

Arthrosia {ar-thro' -ze-ah) [arthron]. Painful 
inflammatory or other affection of a joint. 

Arthrosis {ar-thro' -sis) [dpdpbecv, to fasten by 
a joint]. Articulation or jointing. 

Arthrospore {ar'-thro-spor) [arthro-; onopoc, a 
seed]. A permanent form assumed by some 
bacteria, chiefly the cocci. It is analogous 
to a spore. 

Arthrosteitis {ar-thro-ste-i' -tis) [arthro-; oarkov. 
bone; ertc, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the bone about a joint. 

Arthrostenosis {ar - thro - sten - o' - sis) [arthro-; 
orivojoic, a narrowing]. Contraction of a joint. 



ARTHROSTEOPHYMA 



105 



ARTIFICIAL 



Arthrosteophyma (or - thro - ste-o -fi' - mah) 
[arthro-; dazkon, bone ; 4>up.a, tumor]. A 
tumor of the bone in a joint. 

Arthrotomy {ar-throf -o-me) [arthro-; zkp.vzcv, 
to cut]. Incision of a joint. 

Arthrotropia {ar-thro-tro' -pe-ah) [arthro-; 
rpo~r h a turning]. Torsion of a limb. 

Arthro typhoid iar-thro-ti'-joid). Typhoid fever 
with articular involvement. 

Arthroxerosis {ar -thro -zer-o' -sis) [arthro-; 
sipcootr, a dry state]. Chronic osteoarthri- 
tis. 

Artiad {ar'-te-ad) [apzcoc, even]. In chemistry, 
a term designating atoms having an even 
quantivalence, as oxygen, which is bival- 
ent. 

Articular (ar-tik f -u-lar) [articiilaris, of the 
joints]. Pertaining to an articulation or 
joint. 

Articulate (ar-tik 1 '-n-lat) [articalare, to divide 
in joints]. Divided into joints; distinct. A. 
Speech, the communication of ideas by 
spoken words. 

Articulation (ar-tik-u-la'-shuri) [articulus, a 
joint], i. A joint; a connection between 
two or more bones, whether or not allowing 
movement between them. The articulations 
are divided into: (i) Synarthroses, immov- 
able, subdivided into schindyleses, or grooved 
joints; gomphoses, in sockets, as the teeth; 
and suturas, as in the bones of the skull; (2) 
diarthroses, or movable joints, subdivided 
into the arthrodia, or gliding joints; the ging- 
lymus, or hinge-like; the enarthroses, or ball- 
and-socket joints; (3) amphiarthroses, or 
those of a mixed type. 2. The enunciation 
of spoken speech. 3. The articulating con- 
tact of the cusps in the positions of mastica- 
tion. A., False, one formed between the 
end of a dislocated bone and the contiguous 
parts or between the parts of a broken bone. 
Syn., Pseudar thro sis. A., Supplementary, 
a false articulation in which the ends of 
the fragments become rounded and covered 
with a fibrous capsule. 

Articulo mortis, In [ar-tik' -u-lo mor'-tis) [L.]. 
At the moment of death. In the act of 
dying. 

Articulus iar-tik' -u-lus) [dim. of artus, a joint; 
pi. and gen., articuli]. 1. A joint; a knuckle. 
2. A segment; apart; alimb. 3. A moment 
of time. 

Artifact {ar'-te-fakt). See Artefact. 

Artificial {ar-te-fish' -al) [artificialis]. Made or 
imitated by art. A. Anus, an opening in 
the abdomen or loin to give exit to the feces. 
A. Eye, a film of glass, celluloid, rubber, etc., 
made in imitation of the front part of the globe 
of the eye, and worn in the socket or over 
a blind eye for cosmetic reasons. A. Feeding, 
the feeding of an infant by other means than 
mother's milk. Various mixtures and foods 
are to be had, such as Meigs', Rotch's, Biedert's 
Mixtures, etc. See Table on p. 106. A. 
Leech. See Leech, Artificial. A. Palate. 
See Palate, Artificial. A. Pupil, the result 
of removal of a piece of the iris {iridectomy, 



iridodialysis, etc.) to allow the light to pass 
through the opening. A. Respiration, the 
aeration of the blood by artificial means — 
a method of inducing the normal function 
of respiration, as in asphyxia neonato- 
rum, drowning, etc. Bain's Method: A 
modification of Sylvester's method, the 
structures surrounding the axilla being 
seized so that traction is made directly 
upon the pectoral muscles. Byrd's (H. 
L.) Method: The physician's hands are 
placed under the middle portion of the 
child's back, with their ulnar borders in 
contact and at right angles to the spine. 
With the thumbs extended, the two extremi- 
ties of the trunk are carried forward by 
gentle but firm pressure, so that they form 
an angle of 45 degrees with each other in 
the diaphragmatic region. Then the angle 
is reversed by carrying backward the shoul- 
ders and the nates. Calliano's Method: A 
modification of Sylvester's: the arms are 
drawn up so as to expand the thorax, and 
then fixed above and behind the head by 
fastening the wrists together; pressing with 
the hands upon the thorax some 18 to 20 
times a minute to induce respiration. Dew's 
Method: The infant is grasped in the left 
hand, allowing the neck to rest between the 
thumb and forefinger, the head falling far 
over backward. The upper portion of the 
back and the scapulas rest in the palm of the 
hand, the other three fingers being inserted in 
the babe's left axilla, raising the arm upward 
and outward. The right hand grasps the 
knees, -and the lower portion of the body is 
depressed to favor inspiration. The move- 
ment is reversed to favor expiration, the 
head, shoulders, and chest being brought 
forward and the thighs pressed upon the 
abdomen. Forest's Method: The child is 
placed on its face, and quick, firm pressure 
is made on the back; then it is placed in a pail 
of hot water, and the hands carried upward 
until the child is suspended by its arms, and 
mouth-to-mouth insufflation is practised; the 
arms are then lowered and the body doubled 
forward; these movements are repeated at 
the rate of 40 a minute. Hall's Method: 
By turning the body alternately upon the side 
or face to compress the chest, and then upon 
the back to allow the lungs to expand. How- 
ard's Method: By pressure upon the lower 
ribs every few seconds. Laborde's Method: 
By rhythmic tractions of the tongue. Pacini's 
Method (for resuscitating asphyxiated in- 
fants) : The child lying on its back, the 
operator stands at its head and grasps the 
axillary structures, pulling the shoulders for- 
ward and upward to compress the thorax, and 
allowing them to fall in order to expand the 
chest. Rosenthal's Method: Compression of 
the knees, hips, and spine in rapid succession 
in order to induce expiration; inspiration 
is favored by stretching the body. Satter- 
thwaite's Method: Pressure upon the abdo- 
men alternating with relaxation to allow 



ARTISTOMIA 



106 



ASAFETIDA 



descent of the diaphragm. Schroeder 1 s 
Method: The babe while in a bath is sup- 
ported by the operator on the back, its head, 
arms, and pelvis being allowed to fall back- 
ward; a forceful expiration is then effected 
by bending up the body over the belly, thereby 
compressing the thorax. Schultze's Method: 
The child is seized from behind with both 
hands, by the shoulders, in such a way that 
the right index-finger of the operator is in 
the right axilla of the child from behind 
forward, and the left index -finger in the left 
axilla, the thumbs hanging loosely over the 
clavicles. The other three fingers hang diagon- 
ally downward along the back of the thorax. 
The operator stands with his feet apart and 
holds the child as above, practically hanging 
on the index-fingers in the first position, 
with the feet downward, the whole weight 
resting on the index-fingers in the axillas, 
the head being supported by the ulnar borders 
of the hands. At once the operator swings 
the child gently forward and upward. When 
the operator's hands are somewhat above 
the horizontal, the child is moved gently, so 
that the lower end of the body falls forward 
toward its head. The body is not flung over, 
but moved gently until the lower end rests 
on the chest. In this position the chest 
and upper end of the abdomen are com- 
pressed tightly. The child's thorax rests on 
the tips of the thumbs of the operator. As a 
result of this forcible expiration the fluids 
usually pour out of the nose and mouth of the 
infant. The child is allowed to rest in this 
position one or two seconds. The operator 
gradually lowers his arms, the child's body 
bends back, and he again holds the infant 
hanging on his index-fingers with its feet 
downward. These movements are repeated 
15 to 20 times in the minute. Sylvester's 
Method consists chiefly of movements of the 
arms. This method is valueless in asphyxia 
neonatorum, owing to nondevelopment of 
the pectoral muscles. 

ARTIFICIAL FEEDING OF INFANTS. 
Table of Quantity Required. 







(0 


X 


■* 






W p 


fc 2 


M 


w 



< 

> 


b«o 

^. 


h W z 
z b 3 


h H Oi 


a 


a z 


2*8 

2 Q u 


O Z P 




z 




Jofc 

< 


gs 






D z 


to 


< 


1st week .... 


2 hours. 


10 


I oz. 


10 oz. 


2d to 4th week . 


2 " 


9 


1% '.' 


135* " 


2d to 3d month . 


3 " 


6 


3 " 


18 " 


3d to 4th month . 


3 


6 


4 " 


24 " 


4th to 5th month 


3 


6 


4-4^ 


24-27 " 


6th month . . . 


3 


6 


5 " 


30 


8th month . . . 


3 " 


6 


6 " 


36 " 


10th month . . . 


3 


5 


8 " 


40 " 



Artistomia (ar-te-sto 1 '-me-ah) [apt', exactly; 
ozopLa, a mouth]. 1. Distinctness in utterance. 



2. The condition of an aperture, especially in 
surgical incisions, in which the size is per- 
fectly adapted to the purpose. 

Artiyls (ar'-te-ils) [apnoc, complete]. Lowig's 
name for hydrocarbons of the general formula 
CnH 2n . 

Artocarpus (ar-to-kar' -pus) [aproc, bread; 
naprzog, a fruit]. A genus of trees of the 
order Urticacece, including the breadfruit- 
tree, A. incisa. A. blumei is an East Indian 
species with an edible fruit, the oil of which 
is used in diarrhea; an ointment from the 
buds and leaves is applied to buboes. A. 
integrifolia, native in India, is prized for its 
wood; the root is used in diarrhea and as 
an external application in leprosy; the root- 
bark is used as a vermifuge. 

Aryepiglottic (ar-e-ep-e-glot f -ik). Same as 
A rytenoepiglottic. 

Arytenoepiglottic (ar-it-en-o-ep-e-glot r -ik) [dpu- 
xatva, a pitcher; eldoc, likeness; int, upon; 
yXajTzic, glottis]. Relating to an arytenoid 
cartilage and to the epiglottis; as the aryteno- 
epiglottic fold (or folds), consisting of a fold 
of mucous membrane that extends from each 
arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis. 

Arytenoid {ar-it'-en-oid) [apuzacva, a pitcher; 
eldoc, likeness]. 1. Resembling the mouth 
^of a pitcher. 2. Pertaining to the arytenoid 
cartilages. A. Cartilages, two cartilages of 
the larynx regulating, by means of the at- 
tached muscles, the tension of the vocal 
bands. A. Glands, muciparous glands, 
found in large numbers along the posterior 
margin of the arytenoepiglottic fold in front 
of the arytenoid cartilages. A. Muscle, 
a muscle arising from the posterior surface 
of one arytenoid cartilage and inserted into 
the corresponding parts of the other. It is 
composed of three planes of fibers, two ob- 
lique and one transverse. It draws the aryte- 
noid cartilages together. 

Arytenoidectomy (ar-e-ten-oid-ek' -to-me) [ary- 
tenoid; inTop.7), a cutting-out]. Removal 
of an arytenoid cartilage. 

Arytenoiditis (ar-e-ten-oid-i'-tis). Inflamma- 
tion of the arytenoid cartilage or muscles. 

Arythmia iar-ith' -me-ah). See Arrhythmia. 

Arythmic iar-ith' -mik). See Arrhythmic. 

Asab [Ar.]. An African venereal disease said 
to differ from syphilis. 

Asafetida, Asafcetida {as-a-fef -id-ah) [asa, 
gum; foetida, stinking]. A gum-resin ob- 
tained from the root of Ferula foetida. It 
is slightly soluble in alcohol and forms an 
emulsion with water. Its properties are due 
to a light volatile oil. It is antispasmodic, 
stimulating, expectorant, and is used in 
hysteria and in bronchial affections. Dose 
5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). A., Emulsion of 
{emulsum asafcetidce, U. S. P.), a 4% emulsion 
of asafetida. Dose §-2 oz. (15-60 Cc). 
Syn., Milk of asafetida. A., Pills of (pilules 
asafcetidce, U. S. P.), composed of asafetida, 
soap, and water. Dose 1-3. A., Tincture 
of (tinctura asafcetidce, U. S. P.), strength, 
20%. Dose 10-30 min. (0.6-2.0 Cc). 



ASAPHIA 



107 



ASCLEPIAS 



Dewees' carminative (mist lira magnesia et 
asafcetidce) is an unofficial preparation com- 
posed of magnesium carbonate, 5 ; tincture of 
asafetida, 7; tincture of opium, 1; sugar, 10; 
distilled water, sufficient to make 100 parts- 
Dose § dr.— J oz. (1-15 Co). 

Asaphia (as-a'-fe-ah) [doafica, indistinctness]. 
Indistinctness of utterance, especially that 
due to cleft palate. 

Asaprol (as'-ap-rol), CaC 20 H 14 S 2 O 8 + 3H 2 O. 
Calcium betanaphthol-a-monosulfonate, a 
substance readily soluble in water and alcohol, 
and recommended in asthma, tonsillitis, and 
acute articular rheumatism, in doses of from 
15-60 gr. (1-4 Gm.). 

Asarol (as'-ar-ol) [asarum; oleum, oil], C 10 H ls O. 
A camphor-like body derived from asarum. 

Asarum (as' -ar-um) [aoapov, asarabacca]. A 
genus of aristolochiaceous plants. A. cana- 
dense, called wild ginger, Canada snakeroot, 
with other North American species, is used 
chiefly in domestic practice. It is a fragrant, 
aromatic stimulant. Dose of fluidextract 15 
min.— I dr. (1-2 Co). A. europium has 
diaphoretic, emetic, purgative, and diuretic 
qualities, but is now little used except in 
veterinary practice. 

Asbestiform (as-best' -e-f or m) [asbestos]. Fibrous 
in structure. 

Asbestos (as-bes'-tos) [aofcoroc, unquenchable]. 
A soft fibrous mineral made up of flexible or 
elastic filaments, and the best nonconductor 
of heat known. Mixed with plaster it is used 
in mechanic dentistry as a substitute for sand 
to form the investment preparatory to solder- 
ing. It has also a limited use in surgery. 

Asbolic, Asbolicous, Asbolicus (as-bol'-i'k, -us) 
[avSoXoc, soot]. Sooty; due to soot; e. g., 
carcinoma scroti asbolicum. 

Asbolin (as'-bol-in) [see Asbolic]. A bitter, 
acrid, yellow oil extracted from soot; it is 
used in tuberculosis. 

Ascariasis (as-kar-i' -as-is) [ascaris]. The 
symptoms produced by the presence of ascar- 
ides in the gastrointestinal canal. 

Ascaricide (as-kar'-is-id) [ascaris; ccedere, to 
kill]. A medicine that kills ascarides. 

Ascaris (as'-kar-is) [aanapcc, a species of 
intestinal worm; pi., ascarides]. A genus of 
parasitic worms inhabiting the intestine of 
most animals. A. alata, a variety that has 
rarely been found in man. A. lumbricoides, 
a variety found in the ox, hog, and man. It 
inhabits the small intestine, especially of chil- 
dren. A. mystax, the roundworm of the cat, 
rarely found in man. A. vermicularis. Syn- 
onym of Oxyuris vermiaduris. 

Ascending (as-end'-ing) [ascendere, to rise]. 
Taking an upward course; rising (as parts 
of the aorta and colon, and as one of the 
vena? cavae). A. Current, in electricity, one 
going from the periphery to a nerve-center. 
A. Degeneration, a degeneration of the 
nen-e-fibers extending from the periphery 
to the center, or, in the spinal cord, from 
below upward toward the brain. A. Paral- 
ysis. See Paralysis, Ascending. A. Tracts, 



the centripetal tracts of the spinal cord, 
carrying afferent impulses. 

Ascherson's Vesicles. The peculiar small 
globules formed when oil and an albuminous 
fluid are agitated together; formerly thought 
to be cells. 

Ascia (ah'-se-ah or as'-ke-ah) [a, priv.; onca, 
shadow]. A spiral bandage applied without 
reverses, each turn of which overlaps the pre- 
ceding for about one-third of its width. Dola- 
bra repens is the same as the preceding, but the 
spirals are formed more obliquely and do 
not overlap each other, but are separated by 
a greater or less interval. Syn., Dolabra cur- 
rens; Fascia spiralis. 

Ascites (as-i'-tez) [doKh^c, a kind of dropsy; 
from donor, a bag]. An abnormal collection 
of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity; dropsy 
of the peritoneum. It is either local in origin 
or part of a general dropsy. The ascitic 
fluid is usually clear, yellow, and coagulates 
on standing. It may be turbid, blood-stained, 
and contain lymph-particles or shreds. There 
are uniform enlargement of the abdomen, 
fluctuation, percussion-dulness. Its usual 
cause is cirrhosis of the liver. Syn., Abdom- 
inal dropsy; Hydroperitoneiim; Hydrops per- 
itonei. See Duparque's Method for Detecting 
Ascites. A., Active, A., Acute, that in 
which there is a sudden large effusion due 
to exposure or cold. A. adiposus, ascites 
characterized by a fluid, milky appearance, 
due to the presence in it of numerous cells 
that have undergone fatty degeneration and 
solution. It is seen in certain cases of car- 
cinoma, tuberculosis, and other chronic in- 
flammations of the peritoneum. Syn., Ascites 
oleosus. A. chylosus, the presence of 
chyle in the peritoneal cavity. It follows 
rupture of a chyle-duct. A. intercus, an 
effusion occurring between the skin and the 
peritoneum. A. intermuscularis, edema of 
the abdominal muscles. A., Mechanic, A., 
Passive, that due to diseases which retard 
the blood-current in the portal vein. A. 
saccatus. 1. A form in which the effusion 
is prevented by adhesions or inflammatory 
exudate from entering the general peritoneal 
cavity. Syn., Encysted dropsy of the peri- 
toneum. 2. An ovarian cystoma. A. vagin- 
alis, a collection of liquid within the sheath 
of the rectus abdominis muscle. A. vul- 
gatior, a form apparently due to diseased 
kidneys, and preceded by scant}*, highly 
colored urine. 

Ascitic (as-it'-ik) [see Ascites]. Pertaining to 
or affected with ascites. 

Asclepiadin (as-kle-pi'-ad-in) [asclepias]. A 
bitter glucosid obtainable from various species 
of Asclepias. It is poisonous, and has emetic, 
purgative, and sudorific properties. Unof. 

Asclepias (as-kle'-pe-as) [doK/.^-idc]. 1. Pleu- 
risy-root. The root of Asclepias tuberosa. 
A popular remedy in the Southern States for 
pleurisy. It is diaphoretic, emetic, and ca- 
thartic. The infusion recommended has a 
strength of 1 oz. of the powdered root to 



ASCLEPIN 



108 



ASPERGILLIN 



32 oz. of water. Dose a teacupful every 
3 or 4 hours. 2. A genus of plants of the 
order Asclepiadacece. A. curassavica, blood- 
flower, is an herb common to tropical America; 
astringent, styptic, and anthelmintic against 
the tape-worm. Dose of fluidextract 20 
min.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 Cc). A. longifolia, 
of the western United States, is diaphoretic. 

Asclepin (as-kle'-pin) [asclepias]. 1. A poi- 
sonous principle obtainable from asclepiadin 
by the separation of glucose from the latter. 
2. The precipitate from a tincture of Asclepias 
tuberosa; alterative, evacuant, tonic, sedative. 
Dose 2-4 gr. (0.13-0.26 Gm.). Unof. 

Ascococcus (as-ko-kok'-us) [ascus; kokkoc, 
a kernel]. A genus of the family of 
Schizomycetes. The ascococci are micro- 
organisms made up of round or ovoid 
cells, united in massive colonies, and sur- 
rounded by tough, thick, gelatinous envelops. 
A. billrothii, a form found in putrid meat; its 
natural habitat is the air; it is probably not 
pathogenic. 

Ascoidium (as-ko-id' -e-um) [ascus; eldoc, like- 
ness]. A genus of Infusoria found in the 
urine and feces of typhoid fever patients, in 
sewage, in the excrement of cattle, and in 
the cecum of swine. 

Ascospore (as'-ko-spor) [ascus; oizopoc, spore]. 
A spore produced by or in an ascus. 

Ascus {as'-kus) [aonoc, a bag or bladder]. 
The characteristic spore-case of some fungi 
and lichens, usually consisting of a single 
terminal cell containing eight spores. 

Aselli's Pancreas. A group of lymphatic 
glands situated at the root of the mesentery. 

Asemasia (ah-sem-a'-ze-ah) [a, priv.; arjpLaom, 
a signaling]. Absence of the power to com- 
municate either by signs or by language. 

Asepsin {ah-sep' -sin) . See Antisepsin. 

Asepsis (ah-sep' -sis) [a, priv.; or)tycc, putrefac- 
tion]. Absence of pathogenic microorgan- 
isms. 

Aseptic (ah-sep' -tik) [a, priv.; or)7ixbg, sep- 
tic]. Free from pathogenic bacteria, as asep- 
tic wounds. A. Surgery, the mode of sur- 
gical practice in which everything that is 
used, as well as the wound, is in a germ-free 
condition. 

Asepticism (ah-sep' -tis-izm) [see Aseptic]. The 
doctrine or principles of aseptic surgery. 

Asepticize (ah-sep' -tis-iz) [see Aseptic]. To 
render aseptic. 

Aseptin (ah-sep' -tin) [see Aseptic]. A secret 
preparation containing boric acid, used for 
preserving articles of food. 

Aseptol (ah-sep' -tol) [see Aseptic], C 6 H 6 S0 4 . 
A reddish liquid, with an odor of phenol, 
recommended as a disinfectant and antiseptic. 
It is used externally (1 to 10% solution) and 
internally in about the same dose as phenol. 
Syn., Sozolic acid; Sulfocarbolic acid. 

Aseptolin (ah-sep' -tol-in). A preparation of 
pilocarpin (0.018%) in an aqueous solution 
of phenol (2.74%); it is used in tuberculosis 
and in malaria. Dose 50-70 min. (3-4 Cc.) 
daily, injected subcutaneously. 



Asexual (ah-seks'-u-al) [a, priv.; sexus, sex]. 
Without sex; nonsexual. 

Ash [ME., asch]. 1. The incombustible min- 
eral residue that remains when a substance 
is incinerated. 2. See Manna. A. Marina. 
See Manna. A., Prickly. See Xanthoxy- 
lum. 

Asialia (as-e-a'-le-ah) [d, priv.; o'caXov, spittle]. 
Deficiency or failure of the secretion of saliva. 

Asiatic (a-zhe-at'-ik) [Asia]. Pertaining or 
belonging to Asia. A. Cholera. See Cholera, 
Asiatic. A. Pill, a pill composed of arsenic 
trioxid, black pepper, powdered licorice, and 
mucilage. 

Asimina (as-im-e'-nah) [L.]. A genus of trees. 
A. triloba is the papaw tree of North 
America. 

Asitia (ah-sit'-e-ah) [a, priv.; a'cxog, food]. 
The want of food; also a loathing for food. 

Askelia (ah-ske'-le-ah) [a, priv.; onkXoc, leg]. 
Nondevelopment of the legs. 

Asoma (ah-so'-mah) [d, priv.; o<Jbp.a, body]. 
A species of omphalositic monster charac- 
terized by an absence of the trunk. The 
head is never well formed, and the ves- 
sels run from it to the placenta in the mem- 
branes. Beneath the head is a sac in which 
rudiments of body-organs may be found. 
This is the rarest form of omphalosites. 

Asonia (ah-so'-ne-ah) [a, priv. ; sonus, a sound]. 
Tone-deafness. 

Aspalasoma (as - pal -as - o'- mah) [dondXa^, 
mole; a(b\xa, body]. A variety of single auto- 
sitic monsters of the species Celosoma, in 
which there is a lateral or median eventra- 
tion occupying principally the lower portion 
of the abdomen, with the urinary apparatus, 
the genital apparatus, and the rectum opening 
externally by three distinct orifices. 

Asparagin (as -par' -aj -in) [asparagus], C 4 H 8 - 
N 2 3 . An alkaloid found in the seeds of 
many plants, in asparagus, beet-root, peas, 
and beans. It forms shining, four-sided, 
rhombic prisms, readily soluble in hot water, 
but not in alcohol or ether. It is an amid 
of aspartic acid, and forms compounds with 
both acids and bases. It is diuretic. As- 
paragin hydrargyrate has been used as an 
antisyphilitic, in doses of ^ gr. (0.01 Gm.) 
hypoderm atically . 

Asparaginic Acid. See Acid, Asparaginic. 

Asparagus (as-par'-ag-us) [danapayoc, aspara- 
gus]. 1. The green root of Asparagus officin- 
alis, a mild diuretic. Dose of fluidextract ^-1 
dr. (2-4 Cc). Unof. 2. A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Liliacece. A. acuti- 
}olius, a species of southern Europe, is said to 
be more efficient medicinally than A . officin- 
alis. A. racemosus and A. sarmentosus, 
of the old world tropics, are employed in the 
same manner as salep; an infusion of the 
root of A. sarmentosus is used to prevent the 
confluence of smallpox pustules. 

Aspartic Acid (as-par'-tik). See Acid, As- 
partic. 

Aspergillin (as - per - jil' - in) [aspergillus]. A 
pigment obtained by Linossier from the 



ASPERGILLOSIS 



109 



ASSIMILATION 



spores of Aspergillus niger. Syn., Vegetable 
he matin. 

Aspergillosis {as-per-jil-o'-sis). Pseudotuber- 
culosis; morbid lesions due to some species 
of Aspergillus. 

Aspergillus {as-per -jil' -us) [aspergere, to 
sprinkle]. A genus of fungi. A. auricularis, 
a fungus found in the wax of the ear. A. 
fumigatus, found in the ear, nose, and lungs. 
A. glaucus, the bluish mold found upon 
dried fruit. A. -keratitis, corneal inflamma- 
tion due to invasion by a fungus belonging 
to the genus Aspergillus. Syn., Keratomycosis 
aspergillina. A. mucoroides, a species 
found in tuberculous or gangrenous lung 
tissue. A. -mycosis. See Otomycosis. 

Aspermatic {ah-sper-maf '-ik) [a, priv.; o7iip/j.a, 
seed]. Affected with or relating to asper- 
matism. 

Aspermatism {ah-sper 1 '-mat-izm) [see Asper- 
matic]. Defective secretion of semen or lack 
of formation of spermatozoa. 

Aspermous {ah-sper' -mus) [see Aspermatic]. 
Without seed. 

Asperous {as'-per-us) [asper, rough]. Uneven; 
having a surface with distinct minute eleva- 
tions. 

Aspersion {as-per' -zhun) [aspergere, to sprinkle]. 
Treatment of disease by sprinkling the body 
or the affected part with a medicinal agent. 

Aspersus {as-per' -sus) [see Aspersion]. Covered 
with scattered dots or punctures. 

Asphalgesia {as-fal-je' -ze-ah) [aofa, their own; 
aXyt]occ, pain]. Pitres' term for a condition 
observed in hypnotism, in which intense pain 
follows the touching of certain articles, and 
prolonged contact produces convulsions. 

Asphyctic, Asphyctous {as-fik'-tik, -tus) [as- 
phyxia], i. Affected with asphyxia. 2. Pulse- 
less. 

Asphyxia {as-fiks'-e-ah) [a, priv.; ocf>u£cc, the 
pulse]. Suffocation; the suspension of vital 
phenomena resulting when the lungs are de- 
prived of oxygen. The excess of carbon dioxid 
in the blood at first stimulates, then paralyzes, 
the respiratory center of the medulla. Artificial 
respiration is therefore required in cases of 
asphyxia. A. cataphora, that with brief 
incomplete remissions. A., Lethargic, deep 
sleep accompanying mental and physical 
torpor. A., Local, that stage of Ray- 
naud's disease in which the affected parts 
are dusky red from intense congestion. 
A. neonatorum, the asphyxia of the new- 
born from any cause. A. sideratorum, loss 
of consciousness from lightning-stroke. A., 
Solar, A. Solaris, sunstroke. A., Syncopal, 
a form of asphyxia in which the heart-cavities 
are found vacant. A. valsalviana, syncope 
due to disturbance of cardiac functions. 

Asphyxiant {as-fiks'-e-ant) [see Asphyctic]. 1. 
Producing asphyxia. 2. An agent capable of 
producing asphyxia. 

Asphyxiate {as-fiks'-e-dt) [see Asphyctic]. To 
produce or cause asphyxia. 

Aspidiopsoriasis {as-pid-e-o-so-ri' -as-is) [da- 
Ti'cdcov, a little shield; psoriasis]. A form 



of psoriasis marked by the formation of 
scutiform scales. 
Aspidium {as-pid'-e-um) [L.; gen., aspidii]. 

1. A genus of ferns known as shield-ferns. 

2. The rhizome of Aspidium filix-mas and 
of A. marginale, or male-fern. Its proper- 
ties are due to a resin containing filicic acid. 
It is valuable chiefly against tape-worm. 
Dose £dr.-^ oz. (2-15 Cc). A., Liquid Ex- 
tract of {extr actum filicis liquidum, B. P.). 
Dose 15 min.-i dr. (1-4 Cc). A., Oleoresin 
of {oleoresina aspidii, U. S. P.), an ethereal 
extract. Dose §-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). 

Aspidosamin {as-pid-os'-am-in), CgatyS^Og. 
A basic principle from quebracho bark. It 
is emetic. Unof. 

Aspidosperma {as-pid-o-sper' -mah) [dan eg, a 
shield; onkpixa, a. seed]. A genus of apo- 
cynaceous trees, of which the quebracho is 
the most important. 

Aspidospermin {as-pid-o-sper' -min) [see Aspi- 
dosperma], C22H3QN202. An alkaloid extracted 
from quebracho {Aspidosperma quebracho). 
It is a respiratory stimulant and antispas- 
modic. Dose 1-2 gr. (0.065-0.13 Gm.). 

Aspiration {as-pir-a' -shun) [ad, to; spirare, 
to breathe]. 1. The act of sucking up or 
sucking in; inspiration; imbibition. 2. The 
act of using the aspirator. 3. A method 
of withdrawing the fluids and gases from a 
cavity. A. Pneumonia. See Pneumonia, 
Aspiration. 

Aspirator {as'-pir-a-tor) [see Aspiration]. An 
apparatus for withdrawing liquids from cavi- 
ties by means of suction. 

Aspirin {as'-pir-in). The acetic-acid ester of 
salicylic acid; small needles without color 
or taste, used as an antipyretic and analgesic, 
as is sodium salicylate. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). 
Syn., Acetyl salicylic acid. 

Asporogenic {ah-spor-o-jen'-ik) [d, priv.; 
oizbpoc;, seed; jevqc, producing]. Not repro- 
ducing by means of spores; not producing 
spores. 

Assault {as-awlt') [assalire, to assail]. An 
attack. A., Criminal, in medical jurispru- 
dence, the touching or attempting to touch, 
on the part of a male, any of the sexual 
organs (the breasts included) of a female 
against her will, even though they be covered 
by clothing. 

Assideration {as-id-er-a' -shun) [ad, intensive; 
sideratio, an evil influence]. In forensic 
medicine, infanticide by immersing in ice- 
cold water. 

Assimilable {as-im'-il-a-bl) [assimulare, to 
make like]. Capable of being assimilated; 
nutritious. 

Assimilation {as-im-il-a' -shun) [see Assimil- 
able]. The process of transforming food 
into so nutrient a condition that it is taken 
up by the circulatory system, to form an 
integral part of the economy; synthetic or 
constructive metabolism; anabolism. A., 
Mental, the mental reception of impressions 
and their assignment by the consciousness to 
their proper place. A., Primary, that con- 



ASSOCIATED 



110 



ASTHMA 



cerned in the conversion of food into chyle 
and blood. A., Secondary, that relating to 
the formation of the organized tissues of the 
body. 

Associated (as-o' '-se-a-ted) [associatus, united]. 
Joined. A. Movements, coincident or con- 
sensual movements of muscles other than 
the leading one, and which, by habit or 
unity of purpose, are involuntarily connected 
with its action: both eyeballs move alike 
in reading, though one be a blind eye. Move- 
ment of the normal arm will sometimes 
produce slight motion of the opposite para- 
lyzed arm. Uniformity of innervation is 
usually the cause of these movements. A. 
Paralysis, A. Spasm, a common paralysis 
or spasm of associated muscles. 

Assuetude (as'-we-tud). Habituation to dis- 
turbing influences; the condition of the 
organism in which it has acquired such tol- 
erance for a drug or poison that the effect it 
once had is lost. 

Assurin (as'-u-rin), C 4B H 94 N 2 P 2 9 . A name 
given by Thudichum to a complex substance 
occurring in brain tissue. 

Astasia (ah-sta' -se-ah) [a, priv.; axaacc, stand- 
ing]. Motor incoordination for standing. 
A. -abasia, a symptom consisting in inability 
to stand or walk in a normal manner. The 
person affected seems to collapse when 
attempting to walk. 

Asteatosis (as-te-at-o'-sis) [a, priv.; oxkap, 
tallow; tborjf, fulness], i. A deficiency or 
absence of the sebaceous secretion. 2. Any 
skin disease (as xeroderma) characterized by 
scantiness or lack of the sebaceous secretion. 
A. cutis, a condition of diminished sebace- 
ous secretion, as the result of which the skin 
becomes dry, scaly, and often fissured. 

Aster (as'-ter) [L., "a star"]. The stellate 
form assumed by the mitome of the nucleus 
when undergoing karyokinesis. 

Astereognosis (ah-ste-re-og-no'-sis) [a, priv.; 
oxzpeoc, solid; yvcbacc, knowledge]. Inability 
to recognize objects by the sense of touch, 
due to lesion in the central parietal lobule. 
Syn., Stereoagnosis. Cf., Aphasia, Tactile. 

Asterion (as-te' -re-on) [aster]. A point on 
the skull corresponding to the junction of 
the occipital, parietal, and temporal bones. 

Asternal (ah-ster' -not) [a, priv.; axkpvov, the 
breast-bone]. Not connected with the ster- 
num. A. Ribs, the five lower pairs, because 
not joined directly to the sternum. 

Asternia (ah-ster 1 '-ne-ah) [see Asternal]. Ab- 
sence of the sternum. 

Asteroid (as'-ter-oid) [aster; eldoc, likeness]. 
1. Stellate. 2. See Astrocyte. 

Asthenia (ah-sthen-e'-ah or ah-sthe' '-ne-ah) [a, 
priv.; ad hoc, strength]. Absence of strength; 
adynamia. Syn., Lipopsychia. 

Asthenic (ah-sthen' -ik) [see Asthenia]. Char- 
acterized by asthenia. 

Asthenogenia, Asthenogenesis (ah-sthen-o-je' '- 
ne-ah, ah-sthen-o-jen' -es-is) [asthenia ; yevvav, 
to produce]. The production of asthenia. 

Asthenometer (ah-sthen-om' -et-er) [asthenia; 



phpov, a measure]. An instrument for de- 
tecting and measuring asthenia; especially, a 
device for measuring muscular asthenopia. 

Asthenopia (ah-sthen-o' -pe-ah) [asthenia; 
tb<l>, eye]. Weakness of the ocular mus- 
cles or of visual power, due to errors 
of refraction, heterophoria, overuse, anemia, 
etc. A., Accommodative, that due to 
hyperopia, astigmatism, or a combination 
of the two, producing strain of the ciliary 
muscle. A., Muscular, that due to weakness, 
-incoordination (heterophoria), or strain of the 
external ocular muscles. A., Nervous, A., 
Retinal, a rare variety, caused by retinal 
hyperesthesia, anesthesia, or other abnor- 
mity, or by general nervous affections. 

Asthenopic (ah-sthen-o p' -ik) [see Asthenopia]. 
Characterized by asthenopia. 

Asthma (az'-mah) [&adp.a, panting]. A par- 
oxysmal affection of the bronchial tubes char- 
acterized by dyspnea, cough, and a feeling of 
constriction and suffocation. The disease is 
probably a neurosis, and is due to hyperemia 
and swelling of the bronchial mucous mem- 
brane, with a peculiar secretion of a mucin- 
like substance. The attacks may be caused 
by direct irritation of the bronchial mucous 
membrane or by indirect or reflex irritation, 
as from the nose, the stomach, the uterus. 
When dependent upon disease of the heart, 
the kidneys, stomach, thymus, etc., it has 
been designated cardiac, renal, peptic, 
thymic, etc. A., Arthritic. 1. That due to 
gout. 2. Angina pectoris. A., Bronchial. 
Same as Asthma. A., Cardiac, paroxysmal 
dyspnea due to heart disease. A., Cheyne- 
Stokes', dyspnea due to pulmonary conges- 
tion in an advanced stage of chronic myo- 
carditis. A. convulsivum. Synonym of 
Asthma. A. Crystals, acicular crys- 
tals (Charcot-Leyden crystals) contained 
in the sputum of asthmatic patients. They 
are generally associated with eosinophil 
cells. A. cultrariorum. See Fibroid Phthi- 
sis. A. dyspepticum, asthma due to 
nervous reflexes through the vagus. A., 
Fuller's, A. fullorum, a pulmonary affec- 
tion due to inhaling particles of wool and 
dust in the manufacture of cloth. A., 
Grinders'. See Fibroid Phthisis. A., 
Hay-. See Hay-fever. A., Heberden's, 
angina pectoris. A., Intrinsic, that due tp 
direct irritation of the lungs. A., Kopp's, 
spasm of the glottis. A., Marine. See 
Beriberi. A., Miller's. See Laryngis- 
mus stridulus. A., Miner's. See An- 
thracosis. A. nervosum. Synonym of 
Asthma. A., Organic, asthma of cardiac 
origin. A. -paper, niter-paper. A., Para- 
lytic Bronchial, a rare form attributed to a 
relaxed condition of the bronchioles. A., 
Pneumobulbar, See's term for a form 
attributed to pulmonary irritation trans- 
mitted to the bronchioles by reflexes through 
the vagus. A. purulentum, that due to 
an abscess in the respiratory passages. A., 
Renal, a paroxysmal dyspnea sometimes 



ASTHMATIC 



111 



ASYLUM 



occurring in the course of Bright's disease. 
A., Spasmodic. See Asthma. A., Thymic. 
Synonym of Laryngismus stridulus. A., 
Wichmann's. Same as A., Kopp's. A., 
Willis' Convulsive, asthma with sudden 
onset, attributed to an affection of the inter- 
costal nerves. 

Asthmatic {az-mat'-ik) [see Asthma]. Relat- 
ing to or affected with asthma. 

Asthmatorthopnea, Asthmorthopnea (az- 
mat-or-thop' -ne-ah, az-mor-thop' -ne-ah) [asth- 
ma; orthopnea]. Orthopnea due to asthma or 
respiratory obstruction located in the chest. 

Astigmatic (ah-stig -mat' ' -ik) [astigmatism]. 
Pertaining to or affected with astigmatism. 

Astigmatism (ah-stig' -mat-izm) [a, priv.; 
GTiy/xa, a point, because rays of light from a 
point are not brought to a point by the re- 
fractive media of the eye]. That condition of 
the eye in which rays of light from a point do 
not converge to a point on the retina. It is 
usually due to inequality of curvature of the 
different meridians of the cornea (corneal 
astigmatism), but may be caused by imperfec- 
tions of the lens (lenticular astigmatism), un- 
equal contraction of the ciliary muscle, or may 

• perhaps be due to retinal imperfection. It 
may be acquired or congenital, and may com- 
plicate hyperopia or myopia, producing either 
simple hyperopic astigmatism, in which one 
principal meridian is emmetropic, the other 




©" 



H Hf-U*«W«" 



Diagram Illustrating the Formation of Astigmatic 
Images. 

The figures below give the images corresponding to the 
positions of the perpendicular lines above. The verti- 
cal rays are brought to a focus anterior to the horizontal. 
V = vertical rays; H = horizontal. 

hyperopic, or compound hyperopic astigmatism, 
in which both meridians are hyperopic, but 
one more so than the other. Complicating 
myopia we may in the same way have 
simple myopic or compound myopic astigmatism. 
In mixed astigmatism one principal meridian 
is myopic, the other hyperopic. Regular astig- 
matism is when the two principal meridians 
are at right angles to each other; irregular 
astigmatism when different parts of a meridian 
have different refracting powers. 
Astigmatometer (ah-stig-mat-om' -et-er) [astig- 
matism; fikvpov, a measure]. An instru- 
ment for measuring the degree of astig- 
matism. 



Astigmia (ah-stig' -me-ah). See Astigmatism. 

Astigmometer (ah-stig-mom' -et-er) . See As- 
tigmatometer . 

Astigmometry (ah-stig-mom' -et-re) . The meas- 
urement of astigmatism. 

Astomia (ah-sto' -me-ah) [a, priv.; oxdp.a, a 
mouth]. The condition of having no mouth. 

Astragalectomy (as-trag-al-ek'-to-me) [astrag- 
alus; Ikto/jlt), excision]. Excision of the as- 
tragalus. 

Astragalo calcaneal (as-lrag-al-o-kal-ka'-ne-af). 
Relating to the astragalus and calcaneum. 

Astragaloscaphoid (as-trag-al-o-skaf'-oid) . 

Relating to the astragalus and the scaphoid 
bone. 

Astragalo tibial (as-trag-al-o-tib'-e-al). Relat- 
ing to the astragalus and the tibia. 

Astragalus (as-trag' -al-us) [daxpayaXoc, a 
die; the analogous bones of the sheep were 
used by the ancients as dice], i. The ankle- 
bone, upon which the tibia rests. 2. A 
genus of leguminous plants from some varie- 
ties of which gum tragacanth is derived. A. 
mollissimus is the loco-plant. The active prin- 
ciple of this plant has mydriatic properties. 
Unof. 

Astraphobia, Astrapaphobia (as-trah-fo'-be-ah, 
as -trap -a) -0' -be-ah) [doxpanrj, lightning; <f)6fto<;, 
fear]. Morbid fear of lightning. 

Astro- (as-tro-) [doxpov, a star]. A prefix mean- 
ing star or star-shaped. 

Astroblast (as'-tro-blast) [astro-; ftXaoxoc, a 
germ]. A variety of glia-cell less differen- 
tiated than the endymal cell and astrocytes. 

Astrocyte (as'-tro-sit) [astro-; kuxoc, cell]. 
1. One of the cells derived from the 
endyma of the embryonic cerebrospinal 
canal that, in the course of development, 
wander toward the periphery, undergo 
modification, and form one of the two chief 
divisions of glia-cells, the other divisions being 
the original endymal cells. Syn., Deiters' 
cells 2. A stellate bone-corpuscle. 

Astrokinetic (as-tro-kin-et' -ik) [astro-; kivs'cv, 
to move]. Applied to the phenomena of motion 
as exhibited by the centrosomes of cells. 

Astrosphere (as'-tro-sfer) [astro-; ocfralpa, 
sphere]. 1. The radially arranged proto- 
plasmic filaments surrounding the centro- 
some in a dividing cell. 2. The central 
mass of the aster, exclusive of the filaments 
or rays, in which the centrosome lies. 3. The 
entire aster exclusive of the centrosome. See 
Centrosphere and Sphere 0} Attraction. 

Astrostatic (as-tro-stat'-ik) [astro-; coxdvac, to 
stand]. Applied to the resting condition 
of the centrosomes of cells. 

Asturian (as-tu'-re-an). Relating to Asturia, 
an old province of Spain. A. Rose. 1. 
Pellagra. Syn., Rosa asturica; Rosa asturien- 
sis. 2. Leprosy. 

Astysia (ah-stiz'-e-ah) [a, priv.; oxuecv, to 
make erect]. Incomplete power to erect the 
penis. 

Asylum (as-i'-lum) [L., "a place of ref- 
uge"]. An institution for the support, safe- 
keeping, cure, or education of those incapa- 



ASYMBOLIA 



112 



ATELEIOSIS 



ble of caring for themselves, such as the 
insane, the blind, etc. A. Ear. See Hem- 
atoma auris under Hematoma. 

Asymbolia {ah-sim-bo' -le-ah) [a, priv.; aufi- 
[loXov, symbol]. The loss of all power of 
communication, even by signs or symbols. 

Asymmetry (ah-sim 1 '-et-re) [a, priv.; ouji- 
/xezpta, symmetry], i. Unlikeness of corre- 
sponding organs or parts of opposite sides of 
the body that are normally of the same size, 
etc., e. g., asymmetry of the two halves of 
the skull or brain. 2. The linking of carbon 
atoms to four different groups ; the combination 
of carbon atoms with different atoms or 
atomic groups. A., Meridional. See under 
Astigmatism. A., Unilateral. See Hemi- 
hypertrophy. 

Asynechia (ah-si-ne' '-ke-ah) [a, priv.; auv- 
k%ztv, to hold together]. Absence of continuity 
in structure. 

Asynergy {ah-sin' -er-je) [a, priv.; ouvzpy'ia, 
cooperation]. Faulty coordination of the 
different organs or muscles normally acting 
in unison. A. , Progressive Locomotor, A. , 
Motorial. See Ataxia, Locomotor. A., 
Verbal, defective coordination of speech, as 
in aphasia. ' A., Vocal, faulty coordination 
of the muscles of the larynx due to chorea. 

Asynesia {ah-sin-e' -ze-ali) [aoovzo'ta, stupidity]. 
Stupidity; loss or disorder of mental power. 

Asynodia (ah-sin-o' -de-ah) [d, priv.; oovooca, 
a traveling together]. Impotence. 

Asystole {ah-sis' -to-le) [a, priv.; ouoroXrj, a 
shortening]. Imperfect contraction of the 
ventricles of the heart. A., Cardiataxic, 
transitory asystole due to accelerated heart- 
action. A., Cardioplegic. See Amyo- 
cardia. 

Asystolic (ah-sis-toV-ik) [see Asystole]. Char- 
acterized by asystole. 

Atactic (at-ak'-tik) [dra/rroc, irregular]. Ir- 
regular; incoordinate. Pertaining to muscu- 
lar incoordination, especially in aphasia. 

Atavic (at'-av-ik) [atavus, a. forefather]. 
Relating to or characterized by atavism. 

Atavism (at'-av-izm) [see Atavic]. A variety 
of heredity characterized by the reappearance 
of a peculiarity in an individual whose more 
or less remote progenitors possessed the same 
peculiarity but whose immediate ancestors did 
not present it. 

Atavistic (at-av-is'-tik). Same as Atavic. 

Ataxaphasia (at-aks-a-fa'-ze-ah). Inability to 
arrange words synthetically into sentences. 

Ataxia {at-aks' -e-ali) [dragia, want of order]. 
Incoordination of muscular action. A., Bul- 
bar, tabes due to a lesion in the pons or 
oblongata. A., Cerebellar, A., Cerebral, 
A., Spinal, that due to disease of the cere- 

' bellum of the brain or of the spinal cord. 
A., Briquet's, a hysteric state marked by 
loss of sensation in the skin and in the leg- 
muscles. A. cordis. See Delirium cordis. 
A., Diphtheric, a sequel of diphtheria pre- 
ceding diphtheric paralysis, and in which the 
chief phenomena of locomotor ataxia are 
present. A., Family, A., Friedreich's, 



A., Hereditary. See Friedreich's Disease. 
A., Hereditary Cerebellar (of Marie), a form 
of ataxia that resembles Friedreich's disease 
in being hereditary, occurring in families; the 
gait, however, is not the staggering gait of 
tabes, but the reeling gait of cerebellar disease; 
the knee-jerk is increased instead of being 
diminished, and there are no deformities. A., 
Leyden's, pseudotabes. A., Locomotor, 
a disease of the posterior columns of the 
spinal cord, characterized by static and motor 
ataxia, by fulgurant pains, girdle-sensation, 

. Argyll Robertson pupil, disturbances of sen- 
sation and of the sphincters, and loss of the 
patellar reflex. Syn., Posterior spinal sclero- 
sis; Tabes dorsalis. A., Moral, the incon- 
stancy of ideas and will, attended with con- 
vulsions and pain, observed in hysteric sub- 
jects. A., Motor, inability to coordinate the 
muscles in walking. A., Paralytic, of the 
Heart, a condition marked by dyspnea, weak- 
ness of cardiac sounds, palpitation, edema, 
and dropsy, without any organic heart dis- 
ease. A., Sensory, a form regarded as due 
to disturbance of the nerve-tracts lying be- 
tween the periphery and the centers of co- 
ordination; its existence is denied by some 
authorities. A., Spinal. See A., Cerebellar. 
A., Static, the failure of muscular coordination 
in standing still, or in fixed positions of the 
limbs. A., Thermal, peculiar large and ir- 
regular fluctuations of the body-temperature, 
due to a condition of incoordination or a 
disordered or weakened thermotaxic mechan- 
ism. This may give rise to the socalled 
paradoxic or hysteric temperatures, rising oc- 
casionally to 108 or no° F., without grave 
or permanent injury. A., Vasomotor. See 
Vasomotor Ataxia. 

Ataxic (at-aks'-ik) [see Ataxia]. 1. Pertaining 
to or affected with ataxia. 2. A person 
affected with ataxia. A. Aphasia. See 
under Aphasia. A. Fever. See Typhus. 

Ataxoadynamy {at-aks-o-ah-din' -am-e) . Adyn- 
amia combined with ataxia. 

Ataxodynamy (at-aks-o-din'-am-e) [ataxia; 
duva[icg, power]. Abnormity in the move- 
ments of a part or organ. 

Ataxophemia {at-aks-o-fe' -me-ah) [ataxia; <j>fj/.u, 
to speak]. Lack of coordination in speech. 

Ataxospasmodic {at-aks-o-spas-mod'-ik). Af- 
fected with choreic ataxia or relating to it. 

Ataxy (at-aks'-e). See Ataxia. 

Atelectasis {at-el-ek'-tas-is) [d-£Xr t c, imperfect; 
eKxaacc, expansion]. Imperfect expansion or 
collapse of the air -vesicles of the lung. It 
may be present at birth, or may be acquired 
from diseases of the bronchi or lungs. A., 
Absorption, acquired atelectasis in which the 
air has been removed by absorption from 
within, resulting from the plugging of the 
bronchial tubes. 

Atelectatic (at-el-ek-tat'-ik) [see Atelectasis], 
Relating to or characterized by atelectasis. 

Ateleiosis (at-el-i-o' -sis) [dzetelojecc, not arriv- 
ing at perfection]. A disease first described 
by Schaaffhausen, of Bonn (1868), charac- 



ATELIA 



113 



ATMIOMETER 



terized by abrupt onset, the absence of any 
perceptible cause, conspicuous infantilism 
with retention of unimpaired intelligence, and 
marked tardiness in development of the sex- 
ual system. Cf. Progeria. 

Atelia (at-e' -le-ah) [drkkeca, imperfection]. Im- 
perfect development. The word is com- 
pounded with others to designate the part 
affected, as atelocardia, etc., imperfect de- 
velopment of the heart, etc. 

Atelo- (at-el-o-). A prefix signifying imperfect 
development. 

Atelocardia {at-el-o -kar' -de -ah) [atelo-; mpdca, 
heart]. An imperfect or undeveloped state 
of the heart. 

Atelocephalous (at-el-o-sef'-al-us) [atelo-; KefaXr], 
head]. Having the skull or head more or 
less incomplete. 

Atelocheilia (al-el-o-ki' -le-ah) [atelo-; x £C ^°C, 
lip]. Defective development of a lip. 

Atelocheiria (at-el-o - ki'- re - ah) [atelo-; 
X^'ip, hand]. Defective development of the 
hand. 

Ateloencephalia {at-el-o -en- sef - a'- le - ah) 
[atelo-; eynkcjiaXoc, brain]. Incomplete devel- 
opment of the brain. 

Ateloglossia (at-el-o-glos' -e-ah) [atelo-; yXibooa, 
tongue]. Congenital defect in the tongue. 

Atelognathia (at-el-o g-na' -the-ah) [atelo-; 
■fvadog, jaw]. Imperfect development of a 
jaw, especially of the lower jaw. 

Atelomyelia (at-el-o-mi-e' -le-ah) [atelo-; pozlbc, 
marrow]. Congenital defect of the spinal 
cord. 

Atelopodia (at-el-o-po' -de-ah) [atelo-; nobc, foot]. 
Defective development of the foot. 

Ateloprosopia (at-el-o-pro-so' -pe-ah) [atelo-; 
Trpdaconov, face]. Incomplete facial develop- 
ment. 

Atelorachidia (at-el-o-rak-id'-e-ah) [atelo-; 
pd%cc, spine]. Imperfect development of 
the spinal column, as in spina bifida. 

Atelostomia (at-el-o-sto' -me-ah) [atelo-; axbpa, 
mouth]. Incomplete development of the 
mouth,. 

Athermanous (ah-ther' -man-us) . Impervious 
to radiant heat. 

Athermic, Athermous (ah-ther' -mik, -mus). 
i. Without fever. 2. See Athermanous. 

Athermosystaltic (ah-ther -mo-sist-aV -till) [a, 
priv.; dip/XT), heat; ouoxaXxcuoc, drawing to- 
gether]. Applied to muscles which do not 
contract under the influence of heat. 

Atheroma (ath-er-o'-mah) [ddrjpr], gruel; bpa, 
tumor]. 1. A sebaceous cyst containing a 
cheesy material. Syn., Acne sebacea mollus- 
cum; Sebaceous cyst; Steatoma. 2. The fatty 
degeneration of the walls of the arteries in 
arteriosclerosis; by common usage the word 
is also applied to the whole process of ar- 
teriosclerosis. Arterial atheroma is also 
termed atherosis. A., Capillary, the forma- 
tion of fatty granules in the walls of the 
capillaries. 

Atheromasia (ath-er-o-ma' -ze-ah) [see Ather- 
oma]. Atheromatous degeneration; the con- 
dition of atheroma, 



Atheromatous (ath-er-o' -mat-us) [see Ather- 
oma]. Characterized by or affected with 
atheroma. A. Abscess. See Abscess, Athero- 
matous. A. Ulcer, an ulcer formed by the 
abscess breaking through the intima. 

Atherosis (ath-er-o' -sis) [dd-qp-q, gruel]. A 
synonym of Atheroma (2). 

Athetoid (ath'-et-oid) [athetosis]. Pertaining to 
or affected with athetosis. A. Spasm, a 
spasm in which the affected member per- 
forms athetoid movements. 

Athetosis (ath-et-o'-sis) [adexoc, unfixed; change- 
able]. A condition most frequently occurring 
in children, and characterized by continual 
slow change of position of the fingers and 
toes. It is usually due to a lesion of the 
brain. It is also called "posthemiplegic 
chorea," from its occurrence after hemiplegia. 
A., Double Congenital. See Paraplegia, 
Infantile Spasmodic. 

Athlete's Heart [ddXe'cv, to contend with]. A 
slight incompetency of the aortic valves, a 
condition sometimes found in athletes. 

Athrepsia (ah-threps'-e-ah) [a, priv.; xpkfocv, 
to nourish]. Malnutrition. 

Athymia (ah-thi' '-me-ah) [a, priv.; dupoc, 
spirit]. 1. Despondency. 2. Loss of con- 
sciousness. 3. Insanity. 

Athyrea, Athyria (ah-thi' -re-ah) [a, priv.; 
thyroid]. The condition arising from ab- 
sence of the thyroid gland or suppression of 
its function. Syn., Myxedema. Cf. Thyreo- 
privus. 

Athyreosis (ah-thi-re-o'-sis). Atrophy "or ab- 
sence of the thyroid gland and the patho- 
logic condition consequent upon elimination 
of its function. 

Athyroidea (ah-thi-roid'-e-ah). Absence of the 
thyroid gland. 

Athyroidemia (ah-thi-roid-e' -me-ah) . Davel's 
name for myxedema. 

Atlantoaxial (at-lant-o-aks'-e-al). See Atlo- 
axoid. 

Atlas (at'-las) [axXac, able]. The first of the 
cervical vertebras. It articulates with the 
occipital bone of the skull and with the 
axis. 

Atloaxoid (at-lo-aks'-oid). Relating to the 
bones termed the atlas and the axis. 

Atlodymus (at-lod' -im-us) [dxXac, able; d'cdu- 
fioc, double]. A monstrosity with two heads on 
one neck and a single body. 

Atmiatry (at-mi'-at-re) [drp.cc, vapor; laxpeca, 
medical treatment]. Treatment of diseases 
of the lungs or mucous membranes by in- 
halation, fumigation, or by directing a cur- 
rent of vapor or gas upon the part. 

Atmic (at' -mik) [dxpic, vapor]. Relating to, 
due to, or consisting of vapor. 

Atmidalbumin (at-mid-al' -bu-min) . A sub- 
stance standing between the albuminates and 
the albumoses, obtained by Neumeister at 
the same time with atmidalbumose. 

Atmidalbumose (at-mid-al' -bu-moz) . Neu- 
meister's name for a body obtained by the 
action of superheated steam on fibrin. 

Atmiometer (at-mi-om'-et-er). A closed cab* 



ATMO- 



114 



ATRETOLEMIA 



inet with apparatus for treating diseases by 
means of atmiatry. 

Atmo- {at-mo-) [dxp.dc, vapor; breath]. A pre- 
fix meaning vapor or breath. 

Atmocausia, Atmocausis (at-mo-kaw' 'se-ah, 
-sis) [atmo-; muotc, a burning]. Therapeutic 
cauterization with steam by means of an 
atmocautery. 

Atmocautery {at-mo -kaw'-ter-e). A double- 
channeled intrauterine catheter provided with 
fenestras in both tubes. 

Atmograph {at' -mo - graf) [atmo-; ypafecv, 
to record]. A form of self-registering res- 
pirometer. 

Atmolysis {at-mol'-is-is) [atmo-; Xuocc, loosing]. 
A method of separating the ingredients of 
mixed gases or vapors by means of their dif- 
ferent diffusibility through a porous substance. 

Atmometer, Atmidometer {at-mom' -et-er, at- 
mid-om' -et-er) [atmo-; pkxpov, a measure]. 
An instrument for measuring the amount 
of water exhaled by evaporation from a 
given surface in a given time, in order to 
determine the humidity of the atmosphere. 

Atmosphere {at' -mos-fer) [atmo-; o(f>alpa, a 
sphere], i. The air; the mixture of gases 
surrounding the earth to the height of 
about 200 miles. 2. The pressure exerted 
by the earth's atmosphere at the level of the 
sea; it is about 15 pounds to the square inch, 
or 1 kilogram to the square centimeter. 3. 
In chemistry, any special gaseous medium 
encircling a body. 4. The climatic state of 
a locality. 

Atmospheric {at-mos-fer'-ik) [see Atmosphere]. 
Pertaining to the atmosphere. A. Mois- 
ture, the vapor of water mingled with the 
atmosphere. It varies in quantity accord- 
ing to the temperature. A. Tension, the 
pressure of the air per square inch on 
the surface of a body. Normally, at the 
sea-level, it is about 15 pounds per square 
inch, or equal to that of a column of mercury 
about 30 inches in height. It decreases about 
Yo inch or ^ pound per square inch for every 
90 feet of altitude. Above 10,000 feet the 
rarity of the atmosphere is usually noticeable 
in quickened breathing and pulse-rate. 

Atmospherization {at - mos - fer - iz - a'- shun) . 
The conversion of venous into arterial blood 
by the absorption of oxygen. Cf . Dearte- 
rtalization. 

Atmotherapy {al-mo-ther'-ap-e) [atmo-; depa- 
nz'ca, therapy]. A name given by Pitres 
to the treatment of certain tics by methodic 
reduction of respiration. 

Atocia {at-o' -se-ah) [axonoc, barren]. Sterility 
of the female. 

Atom {at'-om) [d, priv.; xipvscv, to cut]. The 
ultimate unit of an element; that part of a 
substance incapable of further division, or the 
smallest part capable of entering into the for- 
mation of a chemic compound, or uniting 
with another to form a molecule — which last 
is the smallest quantity of a substance that 
can exist free or uncombined. 

Atomic {at-om'-ik) [see Atom). Pertaining to 



atoms. A. Heat, the specific heat of an 
atom of a chemic element as compared 
with that of an atom of hydrogen. A. 
Theory, the theory of Dalton that all matter 
is composed of atoms, the weight of each 
atom differing for the different elements. A. 
Valence, the saturating power of the atom of 
an element as compared with an atom of 
hydrogen. Syn., Equivalence. A. Weight, 
the weight of an atom of an element as com- 
pared with the weight of an atom of hydrogen. 

Atomicity {at-om-is' -it-e) [see Atom]. Chemic 
valence; quantivalence. 

Atomization {at - om -iz-a' - shun) [see Atom]. 
The mechanic process of breaking up a 
liquid into fine spray. 

Atomizer {at' -om-i-zer) [see Atom]. An in- 
strument for transforming a liquid into a 
spray. 

Atonic {at - on'- ik) [atony]. Relating to or 
characterized by atony. 

Atony {at'-o-ne) [dxov'ca, want of tone]. Want 
of power, especially of muscular power. 

Atoxogen {ah-toks'-o-jen) [d, priv.; xo^ckov, 
poison; ytvvdv, to produce]. A' defensive 
substance resembling the enzyms and chem- 
ically allied to toxins and antitoxins prepared 
from the adrenals and spleen of the horse. 

Atrabiliary {at-rah-biV -e-a-re) [atra, black; 
bilis, bile]. Pertaining to black bile. A. 
Capsules, an old name for the suprarenal 
capsules. 

Atrabilin {at-rah-bil'-in). A preparation of 
suprarenal capsule; it is used in eye diseases. 

Atrachelia {ah-trak-e' -le-ah) [d, priv.; xpaxykoc, 
the neck]. Absence or exceeding shortness of 
the neck. 

Atrachelocephalus {ah-trak-el-o-sef -al-us) [dx- 
paxyXoc, without a neck; tcefaXr], the head]. 
1. Affected with atrachelia. 2. A monster 
with no neck or an abnormally short one. 

Atractenchyma {ah-trakt-en' -ki-mah) [axpanxoc, 
a spindle; ifX £CV > to P our m ]- A tissue con- 
sisting of spindle-cells. 

Atractoid {ah-trakt'-oid). Spindle-shaped. 

Atremia {ah-tre'-me-ah) [d, priv.; xpkpecv, to 
tremble]. 1. An absence of tremor. 2. In- 
ability to walk, stand, or sit without general 
discomfort and paresthesia of the head and 
back, all movements being readily executed 
in the recumbent posture. Syn., NefteVs 
disease. 

Atresia {ah-tre' -ze-ah) [d, priv.; xpfjocc, per- 
foration]. Imperforation of a normal open- 
ing or canal, as of the anus, vagina, meatus 
auditorius, pupil, etc. 

Atresic {ah-tre'-zik) [see Atresia]. Characterized 
by atresia. 

Atreto- {ah-tre-to-) [axpyxoc, imperforate]. A 
prefix meaning imperforate. 

Atretocephalus {ah-tret-o-sef -al-us) [atreto-; 
Ke<paX-q, the head]. A monster with imper- 
forate nostrils or mouth. 

Atretogastria {ah-tret-o-gas' -tre-ah) [atreto-; 
yaax^p, stomach]. Imperforation of the car- 
diac or pyloric orifice of the stomach. 

Atretolemia {ah-tret-o-W -me-ah) [atreto-; Xacp.bc, 



ATRETORRHINIA 



115 



ATROPHY 



the gullet]. Imperforation of the esophagus 
or pharynx. 

Atretorrhinia (ah-tret-or-rin' -e-ah) [atreto-; pec, 
the nose]. Nasal atresia. 

Atretostomia (ah-tret-o-sto' -me-ah) [atreto-; 
ordfjia, the mouth]. Imperforation of the 
mouth. 

Atreturethria (ah-tret-u-re'-thre-ah) [atreto-; 
oup-qdpa, the urethra]. Imperforation of the 
urethra. 

Atrichia (ah-trik' -e-ah) [a, priv.; Opc$, hair]. 
Absence of the hair. 

Atrichosis (ah-trik-o f -sis) [see Atrichia]. A 
condition characterized by absence of hair. 

Atrioventricular (a-tre-o-ven-trik' -u-lar) [at- 
rium, hall; ventriculus, ventricle]. Relating 
both to the atrium (or auricle) and to the 
ventricle of the heart. 

Atrium (a'-tre-um) [L., "the forecourt or 
hall"], i. That part of the auricle of the 
heart into which the venous blood is poured. 
2. The part of the tympanic cavity of the 
ear below the head of the malleus. A., 
Infection-, the point of entrance of the bac- 
teria in an infectious disease. 

Atrolactyl (at-ro-lak' -til) , C 9 H 9 2 . The radicle 
of atrolactic acid. A.-tropein. See Acon- 
itin, British. 

Atropa (at'-ro-pah) ["Azponoc, "she who turns 
not"; undeviating; one of the three Fates who 
cut the thread of life — in allusion to the 
poisonous effects of the plant]. A genus of 
the natural order Solanacece. A . belladonna is 
the deadly nightshade, from which atropin is 
obtained. See Belladonna. 

Atrophia (at-ro'-fe-ah). See Atrophy. 

Atrophic (at-ro'-fik) [atrophy]. Pertaining to 
or affected with atrophy. 

Atrophoderma (at -ro-fo- der' - mah) . See 
Atrophy of the Skin. A. pigmentosum. See 
Xeroderma pigmentosum. 

Atrophodermatosis (at-ro-fo-der-mat-o'-sis) 
[atrophy; dipfia, the skin]. A class of skin 
diseases, including atrophoderma, ulodermi- 
tis, and scleroderma, characterized by atrophy 
of the cutis. 

Atrophy, Atrophia (at f -ro-fe, at-ro'-fe-ah) [axpo- 
(f>'ca, atrophy], i. Diminution in the size of a 
tissue, organ, or part, the result of degeneration 
of the cells or a decrease in the size of the cells. 
2. To become atrophied. A., Accidental, 
that of a part from compression or cutting 
off its blood-supply. A., Acute Yellow. 
See Icterus gravis. A., Angibromic, de- 
crease in the size of the lumen of the ali- 
mentary canal. A., Brown, a form of atrophy 
in which the normal pigment of the organ 
is retained, and in which there is also fre- 
quently the addition of new pigment. It oc- 
curs most frequently in the heart, muscles, 
and liver, and is caused by chronic con- 
gestion. Syn., Pigmented atrophy. Atrophia 
cachochymica, that due to indigestible food. 
A., Cardiac, atrophy of the heart following 
senile changes, or occurring in cachectic con- 
ditions, or as a result of pressure exerted 
by mediastinal tumors, etc. Syn., Atrophia 



cordis. A., Chronic Spinal Muscular. See 
A., Progressive Muscular. A., Concentric, 
that proceeding from without inward and tend- 
ing to lessen the capacity of a hollow organ. 
A., Correlated, an atrophy of certain por- 
tions of the body following the removal or 
destruction of other portions. Thus, ampu- 
tation of an arm will be followed by an 
atrophy of the scapula; of a leg, by atrophy of 
the corresponding os innominatum. A. , Cyan- 
otic (of the liver), atrophy of the parenchyma 
of the hepatic lobules due to stasis in the 
venous circulation, causing dilation and 
congestion of the central veins and adjacent 
capillaries. A., Degenerative, that due to 
degeneration of the cells. A., Eccentric, 
that proceeding from within toward the peri- 
phery. A., Granular, a form observed in 
the liver and kidneys, causing diminution 
in size and attended with excess in forma- 
tion of connective tissue, with copious supply 
of granular matter. A., Granuloproteic, 
that due to replacement of proper cell-struc- 
ture with fine granular masses. A., Gray, 
a degenerative change in the optic disc in 
which the latter assumes a grayish color. 
A., Halisteretic, atrophy of bone manifested 
only by gradual thinning of the lamellas of 
the spongy tissue. A., Idiopathic Muscu- 
lar, muscular wasting, beginning in various 
groups of muscles, usually progressive in 
character, and dependent on primary changes 
in the muscles themselves. There is a strong 
hereditary predisposition to the disease. A., 
Inanition, emaciation from diarrhea. Syn., 
Atrophia inanatorum. A., Individual, Char- 
cot's name for atrophy of individual muscles 
in different parts, the proximate muscles not 
being affected. A., Infantile, tabes mesen- 
terica (q. v.). Syn., Atrophia infantum; Atro- 
phia mesenterica. A., Muscular, atrophy 
affecting muscles; it may be hereditary or 
acquired, idiopathic, myelopathic, myopathic, 
neuropathic, primary, secondary, simple, or 
progressive. A. of the Nails, onychatrophia. 
Syn., Atrophia unguis. A., Necrobiotic, A., 
Numeric, atrophy of a part with destruction 
of some of its elements. Atrophia nervea, 
atrophy of the nerves. Atrophia nervosa, 
gradual emaciation, with loss of appetite, due to 
unwholesome and depressing environment. 
A., Pigmentary, A., Pigmented, a form of 
atrophy so called from a deposit of pigment 
(yellow or yellowish-brown) in the atrophied 
cells. Atrophia pilorum propria, atrophy of 
the hair, either symptomatic or idiopathic in 
origin. A., Progressive Facial, a condition 
characterized by progressive wasting of the 
skin of the face. Syn., Atrophia nova 
facialis. A., Progressive Muscular, a 
chronic disease characterized by progres- 
sive wasting of individual muscles or 
physiologic groups of muscles, and by an 
associated and proportional amount of par- 
alysis. It is due to a degeneration and 
atrophy of the multipolar cells in the an- 
terior gray horns of the cord, with consec- 



ATROPIN 



116 



ATTENDANT 



utive degeneration of the anterior nerve- 
roots and muscles. The right hand is usu- 
ally the part .first attacked, and takes on 
a peculiar claw-like form (main-en- gr iff e). 
The disease is most frequent in males of 
adult life, and follows excessive muscular exer- 
tion. Syn., Chronic anterior poliomyelitis; Wast- 
ing palsy. A., Progressive Nervous, Jac- 
coud's name for atrophy of the spinal nerve- 
roots due to pressure from a deposit of fibrous 
substance on the spinal arachnoid. A., Pro- 
gressive Unilateral Facial, a disease charac- 
terized by progressive wasting of the skin, 
connective tissue, fat, bone, and more rarely 
the muscles of one side of the face. It is most 
common in females; its course is slow and 
generally progressive. A., Qualitative, de- 
generation. A., Quantitative. See A., Sim- 
ple. A., Red, a form of atrophy due to 
chronic congestion, as seen in the liver in 
mitral and tricuspid valvular lesions. A., Scle- 
rotic, a name for connective tissue found at 
times deposited in the heart-substance after 
myocarditis. A., Senile, the physiologic atro- 
phy of advanced life. It affects the lungs, the 
sexual and other organs. A., Senile, of the 
Skin, an atrophy of the skin usually associated 
with general signs of senile degeneration. 
Syn., Atrophia cutis senilis; Senile atropho- 
derma. A., Serous, atrophy associated with 
an infiltration of fluid into the atrophic tissues. 
A., Simple, that due to a decrease in the size 
of individual cells. A., Simple Brown, a 
condition of the heart in which the muscle- 
fibers retain their striated appearance, but the 
muscle-cells are small and contain yellow 
granules of pigment. A. of the Skin, 
atrophy characterized by diminution or dis- 
appearance of certain of the elements of 
the skin: especially seen in advanced age. 
The skin becomes thin, loose* wrinkled, and 
discolored. Syn., Atrophia cutis; Atropho- 
derma. A,, Sympathetic, atrophy of the 
second member of a pair of organs, following 
that of the first. A., Trophoneurotic, that 
dependent upon abnormity of the nervous 
supply of an organ or tissue, best illustrated 
in muscular atrophy from disease of the an- 
terior horns of the spinal cord. Atrophia 
verminosa, emaciation due to intestinal 
worms. A., White, nerve atrophy, leaving 
only white connective tissue. 
Atropin, Atropina (at'-ro-pin, at-ro-pi' -nah) 
["ArpoKoc, one of the Fates who cut the thread 
of life], C 17 H ?3 N0 3 . The atropinaoi the V. S.P. 
is a crystalline alkaloid derived from Atropa 
belladonna. It is a mydriatic, antispasmodic, 
and anodyne; in small doses a cardiac, respira- 
tory, and spinal stimulant; in large doses a par- 
alyzant of the cardiac and respiratory centers, 
the spinal cord, motor nerves, and involuntary 
and voluntary muscles. It lessens all the se- 
cretions except the urine. In full doses it pro- 
duces dryness of the throat, flushing of the 
face, dilation of the pupils, a rise of tem- 
perature, and sometimes an erythematous 
rash. It is extensively used in ophthalmic 



practice to dilate the pupil, to paralyze accom- 
modation, and also in various corneal, iritic, 
and other ocular diseases. Its therapeutic use 
in general medicine is also manifold; e. g., in 
inflammatory affections and the pain of cere- 
bral and spinal hyperemia, atonic constipa- 
tion, cardiac failure, hypersecretions, especially 
of the sweat, to relieve local spasms, as in 
intestinal and biliary colic, in asthma, whoop- 
ing-cough, etc., and as a physiologic an- 
tagonist in opium -poisoning. A. Borate, 
(C 17 H 23 N0 3 ) 2 B 4 7 , is used in ophthalmic prac- 
tice. A. Hydrobromate, C 17 H 23 N0 3 HBr, 
white crystals, soluble in water and in alcohol. 
It is used as is atropin. A. Hydro chlorate, 
C 17 H 23 N0 3 HC1, white crystals, soluble in 
water and alcohol, slightly in ether. Used 
in the same manner as atropin. Dose x^o~ 
e 1 ^ gr. (0.0006-0.001 Gm.). A. Hydroio- 
date, C 17 H 23 NO . HI0 3 , is employed in 
ophthalmic practice in 0.5 to 1.5 % 
solution. A., Lamellas of (lamella atropince, 
B. P.), each contains 5 J 00 gr. (0.000013 Gm.) 
atropin. A. Oleate (oleatum atropince, U. S. 
P.), a 2% solution of atropin in oleic acid; 
it is a mydriatic, sedative, and anodyne, and is 
used as an inunction in cases in which remedies 
cannot be administered by the mouth. A. 
Salicylate, C 17 H 23 N0 3 C 7 H 6 2 , a colloidal 
mass, used as is atropin. A. Santonate, 
a compound of atropin and santonic acid, 
recommended as a mydriatic. A. San- 
toninate, C 17 H 23 O 3 C 15 H 20 O 4 , is used in oph- 
thalmic practice. A. Stearate, C ]7 H 23 N0 3 C 17 - 
H 35 CO . OH, fine white needles, greasy to the 
touch, melting at 120 C, beginning to de- 
compose at 170 C, and containing 50.43 % of 
atropin. It is soluble in ether and in alcohol. 
Applied in 1 : 500 oily solution as a substitute 
for oil of belladonna or oil of hyoscyamus. 
A. Sulfate (atropines sulphas, U. S. P.), 
the most frequently used preparation of 
atropin, is a white powder, of bitter taste and 
neutral reaction, and is soluble in water. 
Dose T | - - g 1 ^ gr. (0.00036-0.008 Gm). A. 
Sulfate, Solution of (liquor atropince sul- 
phatis, B. P.). Dose 1-6 min. (0.065-0.4 Cc). 
A. Tartrate, (C 17 H 23 N0 3 ) 2 C 4 H 6 6 , is used as 
is atropin. 

Atropinize (at'-ro-pin-iz) [atropin]. To bring 
under the influence of, or to treat with, 
atropin. 

Atroscin (at'-ros-in), C 17 H 21 N0 4 . An alkaloid 
isomeric with hyoscin, obtained from Scopolia 
carniolica. It has a higher rotatory power 
than hyoscin, and is from 2 to 4 times stronger 
in mydriatic action. Syn., Atrosia. 

Attar (at'-ar) [Ar., 'itr, perfume]. A general 
name for any of the volatile oils. A. of Rose, 
oil of rose. The volatile oil distilled from the 
fresh flowers of the Damascene rose. It comes 
mainly from eastern Rumelia, and is generally 
adulterated with other volatile oils. It is used 
as a perfume. 

Attendant (at-en' -dani) [attendere, to attend]. 
A nonprofessional attache of an asylum or hos- 
pital. 



ATTENUANT 



117 



AULA 



Attenuant (at-en'-u-ant) [attenuare, to make 
thin], i. A medicine or agent increasing the 
fluidity or thinness of the blood or other secre- 
tion. 2. Lessening the effect of an agent. 

Attenuating {at-en' -u-a-ting) [see Attenuant]. 
Making thin. 

Attenuation {at-cn-u-a! -shun) [see Attenuant]. 
The act of making thin; a thinning, narrow- 
ing, or reduction of the strength or size of a 
substance, especially the weakening of the 
pathogenic virulence of microorganisms by 
successive cultivation, by exposure to light, 
air, heat, or other agency, or by passing through 
certain animals, so that they may be used as 
a vaccine to confer immunity from future at- 
tacks of the disease. A., Sanderson's Meth- 
od of, the passing of virus through the system 
of another animal (e. g., the guinea-pig, in 
anthrax) so that it becomes modified in viru- 
lency. 

Attic {at'-ik) ['Attckoc, Attic]. Part of the 
tympanic cavity situated above the atrium. 
A. Disease, chronic suppurative inflammation 
of the attic of the tympanum. 

Atticoantrotomy {at-ik-o-an-trof -o-me) [attic; 
antrum; xe^vecv, to cut]. The opening of 
the attic and mastoid process. 

Atticomastoid (at-ik-o-mas f -toid) . Relating to 
the attic and the mastoid. 

Atticotomy {at-ik-of -om-e) [attic; rkuvetv, to 
cut]. Surgical incision of the attic. 

Attitude {at'-e-tud) [aptitudo, aptitude]. See 
Posture. A., Crucifixion, in hysteroepi- 
lepsy, a rigid state of the body, the arms 
stretched out at right angles. A., Frozen, 
a peculiar stiffness of the gait characteristic 
of disease of the spinal cord, especially of 
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A., Passion- 
ate, the assumption of a dramatic or theatric 
expression, a position assumed by some hys- 
teric patients. 

Attollens {at-ol'-enz) [attollere, to rise up]. 
Raising. A. auris, a muscle raising the 
external ear. 

Attraction (at-rak'-shun) [attrahere, to draw 
to]. The tendency of one particle of matter 
to approach another; affinity. As existing 
between masses, it is termed gravitation, 
while molecular attraction or cohesion ex- 
presses the force aggregating molecules. A., 
Capillary, the force that causes liquids to rise 
in fine tubes or between two closely approxi- 
mated surfaces, or on the sides of the contain- 
ing vessel. A., Chemic, the attraction of 
affinity, relates to the attraction of atoms of 
one element to those of others, resulting in 
chemic compounds. A., Electric, the ten- 
dency of bodies toward each other when 
charged with opposite electricities. A., Mag- 
netic, the influence of a magnet upon certain 
metallic substances, chiefly iron. 

Attrahens {at' -ra-lienz) [L., "drawing"]. 
Drawing forward, as attrahens aurem, a mus- 
cle drawing the ear forward and upward. 

Attrition {at-rish' -un) [atterere, to rub against]. 
Rubbing or friction. 

Atypic, Atypical (ah-tip'-ik, -al) [a, priv.; 



zu-koc, a type]. Irregular; not conformable 
to the type. A. Fever, an intermittent fever 
with irregularity of the paroxysm. 

Aubert's Phenomenon. An optic illusion by 
which, when the head is inclined to one side, 
a vertical line is made to appear oblique to- 
ward the opposite side. 

Audiometer (aw-de-om' -et-er) [audire, to hear; 
[ikxpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
measuring the acuteness of hearing. 

Audiphone (aw'-dif-on) [audire, to hear; (fxovq, 
a sound]. An instrument for improving the 
power of hearing by conveying sounds through 
the bones of the head to the labyrinth. 

Audition {aw-dish'-un) [audire, to hear]. The 
act of hearing. Syn., Acoesis; Acousia; Acu- 
sis. A. coloree, color-hearing, a peculiar 
association between the auditory and optic 
nerves, by which a certain sound or musical 
note will give rise to a subjective sensation of 
color, the same note in the same person being 
always associated with the same color. Syn., 
Chromatic audition. A. contre,the perception 
by one ear of the vibrations of a tuning-fork 
placed on the mastoid process on the other 
side. 

Auditory {aw' -dit-o-re) [see Audition]. Per- 
taining to the act or the organs of hearing. 
A. After-sensations, the sensations of sounds 
continuing or occurring after the cessation of 
the stimulus. A. Amnesia. See Mind- 
deafness. A. Area, the cerebral center for 
hearing, probably located in the temporo- 
sphenoid lobe. A. Aura, an auditory sensa- 
tion preceding an attack of epilepsy. A. 
Center. Same as A. Area. A. Eminence, 
the prominent part of the floor of the fourth 
ventricle, lying between the inferior and su- 
perior fovea. A. Hairs, the processes of the 
crista acustica. A. Meatus (external and 
internal), the external and internal canals or 
openings of the ear. A. Nerve, the eighth 
cranial nerve, supplying the internal ear; 
formerly the porlio mollis of the seventh pair 
of cranial nerves. A. Ossicles, the chain 
of small bones of the middle ear. A. Pit, 
the depression in the epiblast on both sides 
of the embryonic after-brain, destined to form 
the labyrinth of the ear. A. Vertigo, dizzi- 
ness due to pathologic conditions of the ear. 
See Meniere's Disease. 

Auenbrugger's Sign. Bulging of the epigastric 
region in cases of extensive pericardial effusion. 

Auerbach's Ganglions. The ganglionic nodes 
in Auerbach's plexus. A.'s Plexus, plexus 
myentericus, a nerve-plexus found between 
the circular and longitudinal muscular coats 
of the stomach and intestine, and consisting 
of a network of pale nerve -fibers, at the nodal 
points of which minute ganglions exist. 

Aufrecht's Sign. Short and feeble breathing 
heard just above the jugular fossa on placing 
the stethoscope over the trachea; it is noted 
in tracheal stenosis. 

Augnathus (aw-gna f -thus) [ay, besides; yyadoc, 
the jaw]. A monster with two lower jaws. 

Aula (aw'-lah) [aoXrj, a hall or open court]. The 



AURA 



118 



AURIST 



common mesal cavity of the cerebrum, it being 
also the anterior portion of the third ventricle. 

Aura (aw' -rah) [aupa, a breath]. A breath of 
wind; a soft vapor. The phenomenon pre- 
ceding an attack of epilepsy. It may be mo- 
tor, sensory, vasomotor, secretory, or psychic. 
It is also applied to the symptom preceding 
an attack of any disease or paroxysm, as the 
aura hysterica, aura vertiginosa, etc. A,, 
Epigastric, a localized epileptic aura. 

Aurade, Auradin (aw'-rad, aw'-rad-in). A 
fatty body obtained from oil of orange-flowers. 
It crystallizes in tasteless, pearly, odorless 
scales, melting at 13 1° F.; soluble in water, 
insoluble in alcohol. Syn., Neroli camphor. 

Aural (aw'-ral) [auris, the ear]. 1. Relating 
to the ear or to hearing. 2. [aura.] Relating 
to the air or to an aura. A. Vertigo. See 
Meniere's Disease. 

Auramin {aw' -ram-in) [aurum, gold; amin]. 
Yellow pyoktanin, a yellow anilin color used 
to some extent as an antiseptic. 

Aurantia (aw-ran 1 '-she-ah) [aurantium]. 1. An 
orange coal-tar dye; an ammonium salt of hexa- 
nitrodiphenylamin. 2. An orange or oranges. 

Aurantin {aw-ran' -tin). See Heptane. 

Aurantium (aw-ran' -she-um) [L. ; gen., aurantii]. 
Orange. The fruit of Citrus vulgaris and C. 
aurantium. Both the flowers and the rind of 
the fruit are employed in medicine. Au- 
rantii amari cortex (U. S. P.), bitter orange- 
peel. Aurantii amari, Fluidextracturn (U. 
S. P.), bitter orange-peel, alcohol, and water. 
It is used as a flavor. Dose §-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). 
Aurantii amari, Tinctura (U. S. P.), bitter 
orange-peel, 20; dilute alcohol, q. s. ad 100. 
Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). Aurantii corticis, 
Oleum (U. S. P.), the volatile oil expressed 
from the rind of the orange; it is aromatic 
and a mild tonic, but is used mainly as a 
flavor. Dose 1-5 drops. Aurantii dulcis 
cortex (U. S. P.), sweet orange-peel. Au- 
rantii dulcis, Tinctura (U. S. P.), sweet 
orange-peel, 20; dilute alcohol, q. s. ad 100. 
Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). Aurantii, Elixir, 
oil of orange-peel, 1; sugar, 100; alcohol and 
water, q. s. ad 300. Aurantii riorum, Aqua 
(U. S. P.), stronger orange-flower water and 
distilled water, of each, 1 volume. Aurantii 
riorum fortior, Aqua (U. S. P.), water satu- 
rated with the volatile oil of fresh orange- 
flowers. Aurantii riorum, Oleum, oil of ne- 
roli, a volatile oil distilled from fresh orange- 
flowers. Dose 1-5 drops. Aurantii norum, 
Syrupus (U. S. P.), sugar, 85; orange-flower 
water, sufficient to make 100 parts. A com- 
mon flavoring agent. Aurantii, Infusum (B. 
P.). Dose 1-2 oz. (30-60 Cc). Aurantii, 
Infusum, Compositum (B. P.). Dose 1-2 
oz. (30-60 Cc). Aurantii, Spiritus, oil of 
orange-peel, 5; deodorized alcohol, 95. Dose 
according to quantity of alcohol desired. Au- 
rantii, Spiritus, Compo situs (U. S. P.), oil of 
orange-peel, 20; oil of lemon, 5; oil of cori- 
ander, 2; oil of anise, 5; deodorized alcohol, 
sufficient to make 100 parts. Aurantii, Syr- 
upus (U. S. P.), tincture of sweet orange-peel, 



5; citric acid, 0.5; magnesium carbonate, 1; 
sugar, 82; water sufficient to make 100 parts. 
Aurantii, Tinctura (B. P.). Dose 1-2 dr. 
(4-8 Cc). Aurantii, Tinctura, recentis (B. 
P.), tincture of fresh orange-peel. Dose 1-2 
dr. (4-8 Cc). Aurantii, Vinum (B. P.), 
contains 1 2 % of alcohol. 

Aureola (aw-re'-o-lah). See Areola (1). 

Aureolin (aw-re'-o-lin) [aurum, gold]. A yellow 
pigment obtained by heating paratoluidin 
with sulfur and treating with fuming sulfuric 
acid. Syn., Carnotin; Polychromin; Primulin 
yellow; Sid fin; Thiochromogen. 

Auric (aw'-rik) [aurum, gold]. Pertaining to 
aurum or gold. A. Acid. See Acid, Auric. 

Auricle (aw'-rik-l) [auricula, the ear]. 1. The 
expanded portion or pinna of the ear. 2. 
One of the upper chambers of the heart receiv- 
ing the blood from the lungs (left auricle) or 
from the general circulation (right auricle). 
3. An ear-shaped appendage. 4. A kind of 
ear -trumpet. A., Cervical, congenital car- 
tilaginous remains of the neck, arising about 
the middle of the sternomastoid as symmetric 
bodies, occurring in man occasionally and 
almost constantly present in the goat. 

Auricoammonic (aw-rik-o-am-on'-ik). Con- 
taining gold and ammonium. 

Auricobarytic (aw-rik-o-bar-it'-ik). Contain- 
ing gold and barium. 

Auricular (aw-rik'-u-lar) [see Auricle]. 1. 
Relating to the auricle of the ear. 2. Per- 
taining to the auricles of the heart, as auricu- 
lar appendix. 3. Relating to the auricular 
nerve, arteries, veins, etc. A. Finger, the 
little finger. A. Point, the central point of 
the external auricular meatus. 

Auricularis (aw-rik-u-la'-ris) [see Auricle], 
1. Auricular. 2. The extensor minimi digiti. 
See under Muscle. A. magnus, a branch of 
the cervical plexus of nerves. 

Auriculo cranial (aw-rik-u-lo-kra'-ne-al). Per- 
taining to both the auricle and the cranium. 

Auriculotemporal (aw -rik-u-lo - tem'-po -rat) 
» [auricle; tempus, the temple]. Relating 
to the auricle and to the temporal re- 
gion. A. Nerve, a branch of the inferior 
maxillary, supplying superficial parts about 
the auricle and temple. 

Auriculoventricular (aw-rik-u-lo-ven-trik'-u- 
lar) [auricle; ventricidus, the ventricle]. 
Relating to an auricle and a ventricle of the 
heart. A. Opening, the opening between the 
auricles and the ventricles of the heart. 

Auriginous (aw-rij'-in-ous). 1. Having the 
color of gold. 2. Relating to jaundice. 

Aurinasal (aw-re-na'-sal) [auris; nasus, nose]. 
Pertaining to the ear and the nose. 

Auripuncture (aw'-re-punk-chur) [auris; punc- 
ture]. Puncture of the membrana tympani. 

Auris (aw'-ris) [L.]. The ear. 

Auriscope (aw'-ris-kop) [auris; okotzuv, to ex- 
amine]. An instrument for examining the 
ear, and especially the eustachian passage; 
an otoscope. 

Aurist (aw'-rist) [auris]. A specialist in dis- 
eases of the ear. 



AUROBROMID 



119 



AUTOINTOXICATION 



Aurobromid (aw-ro-bro' -mid) . Gold and po- 
tassium bromid. 

Aurum {aw' -rum) [L.; gen., auri]. Gold. Au 
= 196.7; quantivalence in. A brilliant yel- 
low metal, having a specific gravity of 19.3. 
It is soluble in a mixture of nitric and hydro- 
chloric acids. A. bromidum, AuBr 3 , used 
in epilepsy and migraine. Dose ^&-$ g 1 "- 
(0.003-0.01 Gm.). A. chloridum, goldchlo- 
rid. Dose £(, - $* g 1 "- (0.001-0.002 Gm.). 
Also used as a stain for nerve tissue. Auri et 
sodii chloridum (U.S. P.), the double chlorid 
of gold and sodium. It is used as an alter- 
ative in chronic inflammations, diabetes, in 
the treatment of the alcohol habit, etc. 
Dose to~to g r - (0.002-0.006 Gm.). , A. vege- 
tabile, saffron. 

Auscult, Auscultate (aws-kulf, aws' -kul-tat) 
[auscultare, to listen to]. To perform or prac- 
tise auscultation; to examine by ausculta- 
tion. 

Auscultation (aws-kul-ta' -shun) [see Aus- 
cult]. A method of investigation of the 
functions and conditions of the respiratory, 
circulatory, digestive, and other organs by the 
sounds they themselves give out or that are 
elicited by percussion. It is called immediate, 
when the ear is directly applied to the part, and 
mediate, if practised by the aid of the stetho- 
scope. Obstetric auscultation is practised in 
pregnancy to detect or study the fetal heart- 
sounds or the placental murmur. A. -tube, 
in otology, an instrument for listening to the 
forced passage of air through the ear of an- 
other. 

Auscultatory (aws-kuV '-ta-to-re) [see Ausctdt]. 
Relating to auscultation. A. Percussion, 
the practice of listening with the stethoscope 
to the sounds produced by percussing a 
part. 

Autechoscope (aw-tek'-o-skop) [auxoc, self; 
7?£oc, sound; oKoize'tv, to inspect]. A device 
for enabling a person to listen to sounds pro- 
duced within his own body. 

Autecious, Autcecious (aw-te' '-sluis) [auxoc, 
self; oIkoc, dwelling]. Applied to parasitic 
fungi that pass through all the stages of their 
existence in the same host. 

Autemesia (aw-tem-e' -zhe-ah) [auxoc, self; 
ifielv, to vomit]. Vomiting without manifest 
cause.* 

Auto- (aw-to-) [auxoc, self]. A prefix meaning 
self, of itself. 

Autoaudible (aw-to-awd'-i-U) [auto-; audire, 
to hear]. Applied to cardiac sounds audible 
to the patient. 

Autoblast (aw'-to-blast) [auto-; fiXaoxoc, a. germ]. 
An independent bioblast. 

Autochthon (aw-tok'-thon) [auxoydojv, sprung 
from the land]. An aboriginal inhabitant. 

Autochthonous (aw-tok'-thon-us) [see Autoch- 
thon]. Aboriginal; formed (as, e. g., a clot) 
in the place where it is found. 

Autocmesis(aw'-to-sin-e'-sis). See Autokinesis. 

Autocinetic (aw-to-sin-et'-ik). See Autokinetic. 

Autoclave (aw' -to-kldv) [auto-; clavis, a key]. 
1. Self -fastening; closing itself. 2. An appa- 



ratus for sterilizing objects by steam-heat at 
high pressure. 

Autoconduction (aw-to-kon-duk'-shun) [auto-; 
conduction]. A term used in electrotherapy 
for a method of using high-frequency cur- 
rents, by having the patient or part to be 
acted upon placed inside of the solenoid, with- 
out any direct connection with any part of the 
circuit. 

Autocystoplasty (aw -to -sis' ' -to-plas-te) [auto-; 
Kuoxcc, bladder; xXaooecv, to form]. Plas- 
tic surgery of the bladder with grafts from 
the patient's body. 

Autocytotoxins (aw-to-si-to-toks'-ins) [auto-; 
cytotoxin]. Cytotoxins produced in the body 
of the individual by abnormal retention 
and absorption of the products of degenerated 
and dead cells. 

Autodidact (aw r -to-di-dakt) [auto-; dcda/cxdc, 
taught]. One who is self-taught in his 
profession. 

Autodigestion (aw-to-di-jes' -chun) [aido-; 
digere, to digest]. Digestion of an organ by its 
own secretion. 

Autogenesis (aw-to-jen'-es-is) [auto-; ykv- 
eotc, production}. Spontaneous generation; 
self -production. 

Autogenetic (aw-to-jen-ef -ik) [see Autogen- 
esis]. Produced within the organism. 

Autogenous (aw-to]' -en-us) [see Autogenesis]. 
1. Pertaining to diseases or conditions self- 
produced within the body and not derived 
from external sources; applied to poisons 
generated in the body by its inherent pro- 
cesses. 2. Having a distinct center of devel- 
opment, as parts of bones. A. Hemor- 
rhage, hemorrhage due to causes residing 
within the body; not traumatic. 

Autogony (aw-tog'-o-ne) [auxoyovoc, self-pro- 
duced]. The rise of the simplest protoplasmic 
substance in a formative fluid. 

Autographism (aw'-to-graf-izm) [auto-; fpacf)- 
ecv, to write]. Dermographia. See Urticaria 
factitia. 

Autohypnotism (aw-to-hip' -not-izm) [auto-; 
u-voc, sleep]. Mental stupor induced by dwell- 
ing intensely upon some all-absorbing thought. 

Auto immunization (aw-to-im-u-ni-za' -shun) 
[aido-; immunization]. Immunization obtained 
by natural processes at work within the body. 

Autoinfection (aw-to-in-fek'-shun) [auto-; in- 
fection]. Infection by virus originating 
within the body or transferred from one part 
of the body to another. 

Autoinfusion (aw-to-in-fu'-shun) [auto-; in- 
fundere, to pour in]. Compulsion of the 
blood to the heart by bandaging the extrem- 
ities, compression of the abdominal aorta, etc. 

Autoinoculable (aw-to -in-ok f -u-la-bl) [auto-; 
inoculare, to implant]. Capable of being in- 
oculated upon the person already infected. 
Chancroid is autoinoculable. 

Autoinoculation (aw-to-in-ok-u-td'-shun) 

[see Autoinoculable]. Inoculation in one part 
of the body by virus present in another part; 
self-inoculation. 

Autointoxication (aw-to-in-toks-ik-a' -shun) 



AUTOISOLYSIN 



120 



AUTOTOXIN 



[auto-; xo^cnbv, a poison]. Poisoning by 
faulty metabolic products elaborated with- 
in the body; autoinfection. A., Endo- 
genous, that due to the action of excessive 
unneutralized or modified discharges from 
the cells of any tissue acting upon the other 
tissues without previous discharge from the 
body; or that due to the action of products 
of decomposition and necrosis of any tissue 
acting in a similar manner; or that due 
to microendoparasites or macroendoparasites. 
A., Exogenous, that due to the action of 
poisons entering the system from without, 
through the skin, the digestion, the respiratory 
or genitourinary tract, as by the absorption 
of retained excreta, or of decomposition- 
and fermentation-products developed in the 
external secretions through the action of 
those secretions. A., Indirect, that caused 
by the absorption of retained excrements. 

Autoisolysin {aw-to-is-oV -is-in) [auto-; 'hoc, 
equal; Xuacc, a loosing]. A serum which 
dissolves the corpuscles of the individual 
from which it was obtained and also 
those of another individual of the same 
species. 

Autokinesis {aw -to -kins' -sis) [auto-; tdvt]ctc, 
movement]. Voluntary movement. 

Autokinetic {aw-to-kin-ef -ik) [see Autokinesis]. 
Pertaining to, or of the nature of, auto- 
kinesis. 

Autolysin {aw!-to-li-sin) [auto-; Xuocg, a 
loosing]. A lysin capable of dissolving the red 
blood-corpuscles of the animal in the serum 
of which it circulates. 

Autolysis {aw-tol'-is-is) [see Autolysin]. i. 
Self-digestion of inflammatory exudates and 
necrotic material within the living body. 
2. The chemic splitting-up of the tissue of an 
organ by the action of an enzym peculiar 
to it; described by Mathes as occurring in 
the placenta. 3. The hemolytic action of the 
blood-serum of an animal upon its own 
corpuscles. 

Automatic {aw -to -mat' -ik) [auxopiaxc^ecv, to act 
spontaneously]. Performed without the in- 
fluence of the will. 

Automatism {aw-tom' -at-izm) [see Automatic]. 
The performance of acts without apparent 
volition, as seen in certain somnambulists 
and in some hysteric and epileptic patients. 
A., Epileptic. See Automatism. 

Automaton {aw-tom' -at-on) [auxoptaxoc, spon- 
taneous]. One who acts in an involuntary or 
mechanic manner. 

Autonomous {aw -ton' -om -us) [auto-; vbjioc, 
law]. Self -ruled; independent. 

Autonomy {aw -ton' -0 -me) [see Autonomous]. 
Independence. 

Autopepsia {aw-to-pep' -se-ah) [auto-; xbzxecv, 
to digest]. Autodigestion. 

Autophagia {aw-to-fa' -je-ah) [auto-; fyayftv, 
to eat]. Self -consumption; emaciation. 

Autophagy {aw-tof'-a-je). See Autophagia. 

Autophobia (aw -to -fo' -be -ah) [auto-; cj>6fioc, fear]. 
A morbid dread of one's self or of solitude. 

Autophonous {aw-to}' -on-us) [auto-; (j>ojvq, 



voice]. Having the character of autoph- 
ony. 

Autophony {aw-to}' -o-ne) [see Autophonous]. 
1. The auscultation of the physician's own 
voice through the patient's chest. 2. The 
condition in which one's own voice appears 
changed. It may be due to chronic inflam- 
mation of the ear or to other causes. 

Autophthalmoscopy {aw-to f-thal-mos'-ko-pe) 
[auto-; 6(pdaX/x6c, the eye; okotze'iv, to see]. 
Examination of one's own eye with the oph- 
thalmoscope. 

Autoplasty {aw'-to-plas-te) [auto-; Tilaoazcv, 
to form]. A method of repairing the effects 
of a wound or lesion involving loss of tissue by 
grafting or implanting fresh parts taken from 
other portions of the patient's body. 

Autopsy {aw'-top-se) [auto-; oipcc, a see- 
ing]. The postmortem examination. 

Autopsy chorrhythmia {aw-to-si-kor-rith' -me- 
an) [auto-; (pu^T), mind; pudp.dc, rhythm]. 
A morbid rhythmic activity of the brain; it 
is a symptom of grave insanity. 

Autoscope {aw'-to-skop) [auto-; okotzcIv, to 
see]. An instrument arranged for the exam- 
ination of one's own organs by one's self. 

Autoscopy {aw-tos' -ko-pe) [see Autoscope]. The 
examination of one's own organs by means of 
an autoscope. 

Autosite {aw'-to-slt) [auto-; o'cxoc, food]. 1. 
A monster capable of an independent ex- 
istence after birth. 2. That member of a 
double fetal monstrosity that nourishes itself 
by its own organs and also the other member, 
which is called the parasite. 

Autositic {aw -to -sit' -ik) [see Autosite]. Of the 
nature of an autosite. 

Autosterilization {aw-to-ster-il-iz-a'-shun) [au- 
to-; sterilization]. Sterilization effected by 
the normal fluids of the body. 

Autostethoscope {aw-to-steth' -o-skop) [auto-; 
oxfjdoc, the breast; anone'iv, to examine]. 
A stethoscope so arranged that by it one 
may listen to his own chest-sounds. 

Autosuggestion {aw-to-sug-jes' -chun) [auto-; 
suggestio, an intimation]. A peculiar men- 
tal condition," often developing after acci- 
dents, especially railway accidents; it is inti- 
mately associated with the hypnotic state. In 
both of these conditions the mental spontan- 
eity, the will, or the judgment is more or less 
suppressed or obscured, and suggestions be- 
come easy. Thus the slightest traumatic 
action directed to any member may become 
the occasion of a paralysis, of a contracture, 
or of an arthralgia. Syn., Traumatic sug- 
gestion. 

Autotherapy {aw-to-iher' -a-pe) [auto-; Oepa- 
Tieca, treatment]. The spontaneous or self- 
cure of a disease. 

Autotoxemia {aw-to-toks-e' -me-ah) [auto-; 
to$(kov, a poison; alpa, blood]. Toxe- 
mia from poisons derived from the organism 
itself. 

Autotoxin {aw-to-toks' -in) [auto-; xo^cubv, a 
poison]. Any poisonous product of tissue- 
metamorphosis. 



AUTOTRANSFUSION 



121 



AXILLARY 



Autotransfusion {aw-to-trans-fu' -zhun) [auto-; 
transfusio, a pouring-out or forth]. The 
transfer of the blood to the brain and other 
central organs by elevating the hips and legs 
and by the use of elastic bandages compressing 
the limbs. 

Autotyphization (aw-to-ti-fiz-a' -shun) [auto-; 
typhoid]. The production of a condition 
resembling typhoid fever from faulty elimina- 
tion of waste-material. 

Autovaccination (aw-to-vaks-in-a' 'shun) [auto-; 
vaccinare, to vaccinate]. The reinsertion of 
fresh vaccine lymph upon the same person 
from whom it is taken. 

Autumn Catarrh. Synonym of Hay-fever, 
since it occurs in August and the fall of the 
year. 

Autumnal {aw-tum' -nal) [autumn]. Pertaining 
to the fall of the year. A. Fever. Synonym 
of Typhoid fever. 

Auxanography (awks-an-og' '-ra-fe) . A method 
devised by Beyerinck for ascertaining the nu- 
trient mediums suitable for a growing microbe. 
Plate cultures of poor mediums {e.g., 10% 
gelatin or 2 % agar in distilled water) are stip- 
pled with drops of solutions the nutrient prop- 
erties of which are to be tested. The species 
of microbe under examination will then de- 
velop strong colonies only on those spots 
where the requisite pabulum is present. 

Auxanometer (awks-an-om' -et-er) [au^avetv, to 
grow; fxhpov, a measure]. An instrument used 
in biologic study for measuring the growth of 
young organisms. 

Auxiliary (awks-iV -e-a-re) [auxilium]. r. Aid- 
ing. 2. An adjuvant. Auxiliaries of Res- 
piration, those muscles brought into action 
in difficult respiration. 

Auxilium (awks-iV -e-um) [L., "help"]. A 
wheeled vehicle or ambulance with couch 
and mattresses, for use in the service of field 
military hospitals. 

Auxometer {awks-om' -et-er) [au^ecv, to grow; 
l±kxpov, a measure]. 1. A device for estimat- 
ing the magnifying power of lenses. 2. See 
Auxanometer. 3. A dynamometer. Syn., 
Auxemeter; Auxenometer; Auxesimeter ; Aux- 
iometer; Auzometer. 

Ava-kava [ah-vah-kah' -vah) . See Kava-kava. 

Avalanche Theory. Pfliiger's theory that 
nerve-energy gathers intensity as it passes to- 
ward the muscles. 

Avalvular {ah-vaV -vu-lar) [a, priv.; valvula, 

■ a valve]. Lacking valves. 

Avascular (ah-vas' '-ku-lar) [a, priv.; vas, a ves- 
sel]. Without blood; not possessing blood- 
vessels. 

Avellis* Symptom-complex. Paralysis of 
one-half of the soft palate, associated with a 
recurrent paralysis on the same side. 

Avena {av-e'-nah) [L.]. A genus of plants. 
Oats. Avenae farina, oatmeal. A. sativa, 
the embryo of the seed of the common oat- 
plant. It contains starch, gluten, a ferment 
called diastase, and a small amount of alkaline 
phosphates, and is a nutritious food. Dose of 
the concentrated tincture or fiuidextract 10 



min.-2 dr. (0.65-8.0 Cc). The pericarp con- 
tains an alkaloid possessed of slight narcotic 
powers. Unof. 

Avenin {av-e'-nin) [avena]. 1. A precipi- 
tate made from a tincture of Avena sativa, 
or the oat. It is a nerve -stimulant and tonic. 
Unof. 2. A nitrogenous principle obtained 
from the oat, and nearly identical with legu- 
min; the gluten-casein of oats. 

Avenious, Avenous {ah-ve'-ne-us, ah-ve' -nus) 
[a, priv.; vena, vein]. Lacking veins or 
nerves. 

Avenolith {av-en' -o-lith) [avena; X'cdoc, stone]. 
An intestinal calculus formed around a grain 
of oat. 

Aversion (av-ur' -shun) [avertere, to turn aside]. 
1. A turning aside, as in the displacement of 
an organ or in metastasis. 2. Nausea. 

Avogadro's Law. Equal volumes of all gases 
and vapors, at like temperature and pressure, 
contain an equal number of molecules. 

Avoirdupois Weight (av -or -du- pots'). See 
Weights and Measures. 

Avulsio, Avulsion {av-id'-se-o, -shun) [avellere, 
to tear away]. A tearing or wrenching away 
of a part, as a polyp, a limb, etc. A. bulbi, 
Avulsion of the Bulb, separation of the pu- 
pil from its attachments in consequence of 
complete or almost complete rupture of the 
tendons of the optic muscles and nerves. 

Axanthopsia (ah-zan-thop'-se-ah) [a, priv.; 
£avdoc, yellow; bipcc, vision]. Yellow-blind- 
ness. 

Axenf eld's Test for Albumin in Urine. 
Acidulate with formic acid and add, drop by 
drop, a 0.1% solution of gold chlorid, and 
warm. If albumin is present, the solution be- 
comes red, then purplish, and on the addition 
of more gold chlorid, blue. The blue color is 
also produced by glucose, starch, tyrosin, uric 
acid, urea, leucin, etc., but the red color is 
characteristic of albumin. 

Axial (aks'-e-al) [axis]. Pertaining to or sit- 
uated in an axis. A. Current, the column 
of red corpuscles which, by reason of the 
weight of the cells, occupies the center or 
axis of the blood-stream. A. Hyperopia. 
See Hyperopia, Axial. A. Stream. See A. 
Current. 

Axilemma (aks-il-em'-ah) [axis; Aifi/Jia, husk; 
skin]. An elastic sheath composed of neuro- 
keratin, inclosing the axis-cylinder of medul- 
lated nerve -fibers. 

Axilla (aks-il'-ah) [L.]. The armpit. 

Axillary (aks' -il-a-re) [axilla]. Pertaining to 
the axilla. A. Artery, the continuation 
of the subclavian artery, extending from the 
lower border of the first rib to the insertion 
of the pectoralis major muscle, where it 
becomes the brachial. See under Artery. A. 
Glands, the lymphatic glands in the axilla. 
A. Plexus, the brachial plexus, formed by the 
last three cervical and the first dorsal nerves. 
A. Space, the irregular conic space of the 
axilla. A. Vein, a continuation of the bra- 
chial vein, corresponding with the artery and 
terminating in the subclavian vein. 



AXIOPLASM 



122 



AZO-DYES 



Axioplasm {aks' ' -e-o-plazm) [axis; nXaafia, a 
thing molded]. Waldeyer's term for the 
delicate stroma of reticular substance holding 
together the fine fibrils of the axis-cylinders. 
Syn., Neuroplasm. 

Axis (aks' -is) [L., "axletree"]. i. An imag- 
inary line passing through the center of a body. 
2. The second cervical vertebra. 3. A short 
artery which breaks up into several branches, 
e. g., thyroid axis, celiac axis. See under Ar- 
tery. A.,Basicranial, in craniometry, a line 
drawn from the basion to the middle of the 
anterior border of the cerebral surface of the 
sphenoid bone. A., Basifacial, in crani- 
ometry, a line drawn from the anterior border 
of the cerebral surface of the sphenoid to the 
alveolar point. A., Binauricular, in crani- 
ometry, the imaginary line joining the two 
auricular points. A., Brain, the isthmus. 
A., Cerebrospinal, the central nervous system. 
A. -cord. See Primitive Streak. A. -corpuscle. 
See Corpuscle, Axile. A., Craniofacial, in 
comparative anatomy the bones making the 
floor of the cranial cavity. A. -cylinder, the 
conducting or essential part of a nerve. 
Syn., Axis-cylinder of Purkinje. A.-cylin- 
der Process, that one of the protoplas- 
mic processes of a nerve-cell which be- 
comes an axis-cylinder. A., Electric, a 
line connecting the two poles of an electric 
body. A., Frontal (of the eye), an imaginary 
line running through the eyeball from right to 
left, and corresponding with the movements of 
elevation and depression of the eyeball. A., 
Hemal, the aorta. A., Magnetic, a line con- 
necting the two poles of a magnet. A., Optic. 
1. The line from the center of the cornea to 
the macula lutea. 2. An imaginary line pass- 
ing from the center of the eye-piece of a micro- 
scope through the body, objective, stage, and 
substage, to the mirror. A., Pelvic, an imag- 
inary line passing through all the median ante- 
roposterior diameters of the pelvic canal at 
their centers. A., Sagittal (of the eye), an 
imaginary line running through the eyeball 
from before backward, and coinciding with 
the line of vision. A. -traction, traction on 
the fetus in the axis of the pelvis. A.- 
traction Forceps, a forceps for performing 
axis-traction. A. uteri. 1. The long diam- 
eter of the uterus. 2. A line imagined to pass 
transversely through the uterus near its junc- 
tion with the cervix, on which it is said to turn 
in retroversion. A., Visual, the line from the 
object through the nodal point to the macula. 

Axite {aks'-lt) [axis]. Gowers' name for the 
terminal filaments of the axis-cylinder. 

Axo- {aks-o-) [axis]. A prefix meaning axis. 

Axodendrite {aks-o-den' -drlt) [axo-; devdpov, a 
tree]. Lenhossek's term for a nonmedullated, 
axopetally conducting side fibril on the axons, 
as distinguished from a cytodendrite or one of 
the true medullated, cellulifugal collaterals. 

Axoid {aks r -oid) {axo-, stdoc, likeness]. 1. 
Shaped like a pivot. 2. Relating to the 
second cervical vertebra. 

Axon, Axone (aks'-on) [axis]. 1. The body- 



axis. 2. An unbranched nerve-cell pro- 
cess of the second order. 3. The cerebro- 
spinal axis. 4. Kolliker's term for neurite. 

Axoneuron {aks-o -nu' -r on) [axo-; veupov, 
nerve]. A neuron the cell-body (nerve-cell) of 
which lies in the interior of the brain or the 
spinal cord. The axoneurons are classified as 
rhizoneurons and the endaxoneurons. 

Axonometer (aks-o-nom' '-et-er) [axo-; jikrpov, 
a measure]. 1. An instrument used for locat- 
ing the axis of astigmatism. 2. An apparatus 
for determining the axis of a cylinder. 

Axungia {aks-un' -je-ah) [L.]. Fat; lard; 
adeps. Axungiae lunae, a variety of calcium 
carbonate. Axungiae vitri, salt of glass; a 
scum forming on the surface of molten glass. 
It is applied as a desiccative and detergent. 

Ayapana, Ayapano. The South American 
name for the leaves of the herb Eupatorium 
triplinerve, of tropical America. It is stimu- 
lant, diaphoretic, and tonic, and is used in 
infusion externally for wounds and abscesses, 
internally for gastric disorders, and is recom- 
mended as a substitute for tea, coffee, and 
cocoa. 

Azalein (az-a f -le-in). Same as Rosanilin. 

Azedarach {az-ed'-ar-ak) [Pers., azad, free; 
dirakht, a tree]. Pride of China, the bark of 
Melia azedarach, an Asiatic tree naturalized 
in the southern United States. It occurs in 
curved pieces or quills, having a sweetish 
taste. A decoction, ^ oz. to 1 pint, is used 
as an anthelmintic against the roundworm. 
Dose §-1 oz. (15-30 Cc). Dose of the flu' 
extract 1 dr. (4 Gm.) ; of the tincture, 1 to 
|-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). Unof. 

Azerin (az'-er-in) [a, priv.; $r)poc, dry]. A fer- j 
ment analogous to ptyalin and found in the 
digestive secretions of Drosera, Nepenthes, 
and probably all other insectivorous plants. 

Azoamyly {ah-zo-am! -il-e) [a, priv.; £tiov, ani- 
mal; ap.uXov, starch]. The inability of the cell 
(hepatic) to store up the normal amount of 
glycogen. 

Azobenzene (az-o-ben 1 '-zen) [azote, nitrogen; 
benzene], C 12 H 10 N 2 . A compound formed by 
the action of sodium amalgam upon the alco- 
holic solution of nitrobenzene. It forms 
orange-red, rhombic crystals, readily soluble 
in alcohol and ether, but sparingly soluble in 
water. It melts at 68° and distils at 293 . 

Azobenzoid {az-o-ben' -zo-id) f An amorphous 
white powder derived from oil of bitter 
almonds by action of ammonia. 

Azo-compounds. In chemistry, compounds 
intermediate between the nitro-compounds 
and the amido-compounds, and made from 
the former by partial reduction, or from the 
latter by partial oxidation. 

Azo-dyes. A well-defined group of the coal- 
tar colors, all containing the diatomic group 
— N = N — , bound on either side to a benzene 
radicle. They may be prepared by reduction 
of the nitro-compounds in alkaline solutions, 
or by acting on diazo-compounds with phe- 
nols or amins of the aromatic series. The azo- 
dyes are the amido-derivatives of simple azo- 



AZOIC 



123 



BACILLOL 



compounds, and distinguished as amidoazo- 
dyes and oxyazo-dyes. 

Azoic (ah-zo'-ik)[d,-priv.; £<orj, life], i. Destitute 
of living organisms. 2. Relating to nitrogen; 
azotic; nitric. 

Azolitmin {az-o-lif -min) [d, priv.; £(otj, life; 
litmus], C 7 H 7 N0 4 . A deep blood-red coloring- 
matter obtained from litmus. 

Azomethane {az-o-meth-an'). Hydrocyanic 
acid. 

Azoospermia {ah-zo-o-sper' -me-ah) [d, priv.; 
^co-fj, life; oiikpiia, seed]. Absence of, or de- 
ficient vitality of, the spermatozoa. 

Azoresorcin (az-o-rez-or'-sin) [d, priv.; £&"?> 
life; resorcinol], C 12 H 9 N0 4 . A derivative of re- 
sorcinol, occurring as dark -red and greenish 
crystals. 

Azoresortmn (az-a-rez-o-ru'-fin), C^H^N^. 
An amorphous reddish-brown powder or pris- 
matic crystals obtained from azoresorcin by 
action of sulfuric acid. With alkalis it gives a 
cinnabar-red color and is a very sensitive re- 
agent for alkalis. 



Azote (az'-ot) [a, priv.; £&)7?, life]. A syn- 
onym of Nitrogen. 

Azotemia {az-o-te' -me-ah) [azote; alfxa, blood]. 
The presence of nitrogenous compounds in 
the blood; uremia. 

Azotic Acid. Nitric acid. 

Azotid (az'-o-tid). 1. Anitrid. 2. Anamidoramin. 

Azotiodic {az-ot-i-o' -dik) . Containing nitrogen 
and iodin. 

Azotized (az'-ot-izd) [azote]. Nitrogenized; con- 
taining nitrogen. 

Azoturia {az-o-tu' -re-ah) [azote; oupov, urine]. 
An increase of the urea and urates in the urine. 

Azygos (az'-ig-os) [d, priv.; £u?-6u, a yoke]. 
Applied to parts that are single, not in pairs. 
A. uvulae, a small muscle of the uvula. A. 
Vein, a vein connecting the superior and in- 
ferior venae cavge. 

Azygous {az'-ig-us) [see Azygos]. Not paired. 

Azymia (ah-zi' -me-ah) [d, priv.; C^r?, a ^ er_ 
ment]. Absence of ferment. 

Azzle Teeth (az'-l) [E. dial., assal teeth]. A 
name given to the molar teeth. 



13 , The symbol of boron. 

. The chemic symbol of barium. 

_>abbitt Metal. See Antimony. 

Babes-Ernst's Bodies. Bodies found in bac- 
teria, especially those derived from animal 
bodies or secretions; they are supposed to be 
condensations of the enchromatic substances 
of the bodies of bacteria. 

Babinski's Phenomenon, B.'s Reflex. Ex- 
tension, instead of flexion, of the toes on ex- 
citing the sole of the foot; it is connected with 
a lesion of the pyramidal tract, and is found in 
organic, but not in hysteric, hemiplegia. Syn., 
Phenomene des orteils. B.'s Sign, diminu- 
tion or absence of the achilles tendon reflex in 
true sciatica as distinguished from hysteric 
sciatica. 

Bablabs, Bablah {bab'-labz, -lah). The pods 
of Acacia arabica and several other species; 
they are used in coughs; the seeds contain 
20 % of tannin. 

Babool, Babul Bark (ba-booV). The astringent, 
tonic bark of the babul tree, Acacia arabica, 
of India. 

Bacca (bak'-ka) [L.]. A berry. 

Baccelli's Method. 1. In echinococcus cysts of 
the liver: aspiration is done on several con- 
secutive days, and washings made with a 
1 : 1000 solution of mercury bichlorid and a 
1:100 salt solution. 2. In tetanus: hypo- 
dermatic injection of a solution of phenol. 
B.'s Sign, aphonic pectoriloquy. The whis- 
pered voice is transmitted through a serous, 
but not through a purulent, pleuritic exudate. 



Baccharis (bak'-ar-is) [fidKnapcc, a fragrant 
herb]. A genus of composite trees. B. hali- 
mifolia, the groundsel-tree, is a shrub of North 
America. A decoction of the leaves and bark 
is a popular demulcent and pectoral medicine. 
B. pilularis, kidney plant, a native of the 
Pacific coast of the United States, is used in 
cystitis. 

Bacciform {bak' -si-form) [bacca; forma, form]. 
Berry -shaped. 

Bach's Reagent for Hydrogen Dioxid. This 
consists of two solutions: (a) 0.03 potassium 
dichromate and 5 drops of anilin in 1 liter of 
water; (b) 5 % oxalic acid solution. Shake 
5 Cc. of the solution to be tested with 5 Cc. 
of solution a and 1 drop of solution b ; in the 
presence of hydrogen dioxid a violet-red color 
results. 

Bacillemia, Bacillaemia {bas-il-e' -me-ah) [ba- 
cillus; alfia, blood]. The presence of bacilli 
in the blood. 

Bacilliform {bas-il r -if-orm) [bacillus; forma, 
form]. Having the shape or appearance of a 
bacillus. 

Bacilliparous (bas-il-ip'-ar-us) [bacillus; pa- 
rere, to produce]. Producing bacilli. 

Bacillogenous ibas-il-oj' -en-us) [bacillus; gene- 
rare, to beget]. Due to bacilli; producing 
bacilli. 

Bacillol {bas f -il-ol) . A coal-tar distillation- 
product resembling lysol, its active property 
being due to cresols, of which it contains 52 %. 
It is an oily fluid, of faint alkaline reaction, 
dark -brown color, and odor of pitch, readily 



BACILLOSIS 



124 



BACTERIA 



soluble in water, with sp. gr. of i.ioo, and bac- 
tericidal in dilute solution. In veterinary 

practice it is used in 2 % solution. 
Bacillosis (bas-il-o'-sis) [bacillus]. The condi- 
tion caused by infection with bacilli. 
Bacilluria ibas-il-u' -re-ah) [bacillus; oupov, 

urine]. The presence of bacilli in the urine. 
Bacillus (bas-il'-us) [dim. of bacillum, a small 

staff; pi., bacilli]. 1. A genus of the Schizo- 

mycetes comprising the rod-shaped forms of 

bacteria. 2. An individual of the genus Bacil- 
lus. 3. A medicated rod or bougie. 4. Any 

rod-like body, or, specifically, one of the retinal 

rods. See Bacteria, Table of. 
Back (bak) [ME., bak]. Dorsum; posterior 

aspect. B. -airing, a term used in hygiene to 

designate the admission of fresh air to traps by 

means of a separate ventilating pipe of small 

diameter. B.-rest, a cloth-covered frame 

adjusted to any height by means of braces and 

ratchets, designed to relieve bedridden patients. 
Backset. A relapse of a disease. 
Bacony Infiltration (ba'-kon-e in-fil-tra' -shun) . 

Same as Amyloid Degeneration. 
Bacteremia (bak-ter-e' -me-ah) [bacteria; al/ia, 

blood]. The presence of bacteria in the blood. 
Bacteria (bak-te' -re-ah). Plural of bacterium 

(q. v.). 

TABLE OF BACTERIA.* 

Actinobacter polymorphus. See B. butyricus, 
Prazmowski. Actinomyces bovis, Harz. 
Syn., Cladothrix bovis; Cladothrix canis, 
Rabe(?). Found in actinomycosis. Occurs 
in grains the size of a poppy-seed; composed of 
radiating threads. Stains with anilin dyes; 
is not decolorized by Gram's method. Grows 
on egg-albumen, gelatin, potato, and bouillon. 
liqf., pg., chg. (sulfur-yellow). Anthrax 
Bacillus. See B. anthracis. Arthrobac- 
terium aceti, De Bary. See B. aceti. A. 
chlorinum, De Bary. See B. chlorinus. A. 
merismopoedioides, De Bary. See B. meris- 
mopcedioides. A. pastorianum, De Bary. 
See B. pasteurianus . A. viride, De Bary. 
See B. viridis. A. zopfii. See B. zopfii. 
Ascobacillus citreus, Unna and Tommasoli. 
Syn., Ascococcus citreus. On the skin, in cases 
of eczema seborrhoicum. aer., liqf., mot., 
chg. (lemon-yellow), npg. Ascobacterium 
ulvina, Van Tieghem. Short rods occurring 
in liquids containing decaying leguminous 
seeds. Ascococcus billrothii, Cohn. Lob- 
ulated masses, producing a viscous fermenta- 
tion of saccharine fluids and evolving butyric 
acid in solution of ammonium tartrate. A. 
johnei, Cohn. See Microc. botryo genes. A. 
mesenteroides, Cienkowski. See Leuco- 
nostoc mesenteroides. A. vibrans, Van Tie- 
ghem. Upon water containing Beggiatoa; 
distinguished from A . billrothii by the whirling 

* Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic. B. = bacillus. Bad. = bacterium, chg. = chromogenic. 
Dip. = diplococcus. jacan-aer. = facultative anaerobic. Uq}. = liquefactive. Microc. = micrococcus, monom. 
= monomorphic. mot. = motile. nliqf. = nonliquefactive. nmot. = nonmotile. npg. = nonpathogenic, obi. 
= obligate, oscl. = oscillating. pg. = pathogenic. phos. = phosphorescent. pleom. = pleomorphic. 5. — 
staphylococcus, sap. = saprophytic. sp. = spirillum. Str. = streptococcus. 



and oscillating of the cells. Bacilli of Bu- 
tyric-acid Fermentation. See B. butyricus, 
Hueppe and Prazmowski. Syn., Bacilli buty- 
licus, Fitz. B. of Fermentation of Carbo- 
hydrates. See B. acidi lactici, Hueppe; B. 
butyricus, Hueppe and Prazmowski; B. 
butylicus, Fitz; B. dysodes, Zopf; B. poly- 
mixa, Prazmowski. B. of Guillebeau (a, b, 
c), obtained from milk of cows with mastitis; 
give rise to a peculiar fermentation of cheese, 
(a) aer., facanaer., mot., nliqf.; (b) aer., 
facanaer., liqf., mot.; (c) aer., nliqf. Bacillus 
aceti, Kiitzing, Sommer. Syn., Arthrobacte- 
rium aceti, De Bary; Bacillus aceticus, Flugge; 
Bacterium aceti, Lanzi; Micrococcus aceti; My- 
coderma aceti, Pasteur; Ulvina aceti, Kiitzing. 
Found in air and vinegar; common. Large 
cylindric cells of varying size. Absorbs oxy- 
gen from air and oxidizes alcohol to acetic acid; 
produces vinegar; may, by further oxidation, 
convert this into carbon dioxid and water. 
aer., nliqf., mot., npg., pleom. B. aceticus, 
Flugge. See B. aceti, Kiitzing. B. acidi - 
formans, Sternberg. Obtained from the 
liver of a yellow-fever cadaver, aer., fac- 
anaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. B. acidi lactici, 
Hueppe. Syn., Bacterium lactis, Lister. Found 
in the air and in sour milk, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., nmot., npg. B. actinobacter, Du- 
claux. Syn., Actinobacter polymorphus. A 
minute, capsulated bacillus, rendering milk 
gelatinous and ropy, aer., nmot. See B. 
butyricus, Prazmowski. B. aerogenes, I, 
II, III, Miller. Syn., Bacterium aerogenes, 
Miller ; Helicobacter ium aerogenes, Miller. 
Three small bacilli from the alimentary tract 
of healthy persons, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. 
See B. lactis aerogenes, Escherich. B. aerog- 
enes capsulatus, Welch and Nuttall. Found 
in the blood-vessels in a case of thoracic an- 
eurysm, anaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. B. aero- 
philus, Liborius. Syn., Bacille aerophile, 
Ft.; Bac illus aeruginosum. Obtained from the 
air. aer., liqf., nmot., npg. See B. pyocya- 
neus .a, Gessard. B. albuminis, Bienstock. 
Found abundantly in feces. Decomposes 
albumin, hence its name, aer., mot., npg. B. 
albus, Becker, Eisenberg. The white bacil- 
lus of water, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. B. albus 
anaerobiescens, Vaughan. Found in water. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. B. albus 
cadaveris, Strassmann and Strieker. Found 
in blood of cadaver, aer., liqf., mot., pg. B. 
albus putridis, De Bary. Found in water. 
aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. allantoides, Klein. 
Not sufficiently studied. B. allii, Griffiths. 
Syn., Bacterium allii. Found on surface of de- 
caying onions, aer., chg. (green), npg. B.alvei, 
Cheshire and Cheyne. Syn., Bacillus preussii, 
Ciesielski; Bacillus melittopthorus, Cohn; Bacil- 
lus of foul brood. Obtained from bee larvas 
infected with "foul brood." aer., facanaer., 



BACTERIA 



125 



BACTERIA 



B. acidiformans (X iooo). 



B. capsulatus (X 1200). 



ss 



W 



B. acidi lactici (X 1000). B. cavicida havaniensis (X 1000). 



# 



B. erysipelatos suis (X 1000). 




B. gracilis cadaveris (X 1200). 




B. cedematis maligni (X 1000). 




B. anthracis (X 1200). 




/^v 



*& 



B. circulans (X 1200). 



m 



B. crassus sputigenus (X 1200)- 



f?4 



**£ 



B. granulosus (X 800). 
Those without granules represent ab- 
normal forms. 



*• »» 

B. havaniensis (X 1000). 



B. arborescens (X 1200). B cuniculicida havaniensis (X 1200). B. of Hog Cholera (X 1000). 







B. buccalis maximus (X 1000). B . cyanogenus (X 700). 



4 

B. buccalis minutus (X 1000). 



^ 



B. of Dantec (X 1000). 




B. butyricus (X 1000). 




B. cadaveris (X 1000). 



B. diffusus (X 1000). 
B. diphtheriee (X 1000). 






B. of influenza (X 1000). 



**- 



B. leprae (X 1200). 



m 



B. limosus (X 1000). 



B. mallei (X 1200). 



BACTERIA 



126 



BACTERIA 




megaterium (X 1200). 



<%) 



B. scissus (X 1200). 




B. thalassophilus (X 1000). 




'M 



B. mesentericus vulgatus (X 1200). 



B. septicaemiae hemorrhagica? 
(X 1200). 



B. tuberculosis (X 1000). 



B. neapolitanus (X 1000). 



AfflfS 



Nitrifying B. of Winogradsky 
(X900). 



B. of Symptomatic Anthrax 
(X 1000). 





B. typhi abdominalis (X 1200). 




B. of Symptomatic Anthrax B. typhi abdominalis, showing flagelle 
(flagellate form) (X 1000). (X 1200). 





B. pneumoniae friedlanderi (X 1000). 



m 

B. prodigiosus (X 1000). 



B. syphilidis (Lustgarten) (X 1000). B - ulna of Vignal (X 1000). 




(S^ 



B. vermicularis (X 1000). 



B. subtilis (X 1200). 




B. rhinoscleromatis (X 1400). 





B. tetani (X 1200). 



B. zopfii (various stages of growth) 
(X 1000). 



\v 



BACTERIA 



127 



BACTERIA 



liqf., mot., pg. Also pathogenic for mice and 
guinea-pigs. Cf. B. of Canestrini. B. an- 
aerobicus liquefaciens, Sternberg. Ob- 
tained from contents of intestine of yellow-fever 
cadaver, anaer., liqf., nmot. Pathogenesis not 
determined. B. anthracis, Pollender and Da- 
vaine. Syn., Bacterium anthracicum, Bollinger; 
Bacterium anthracis, Zopf ; Bacterium carbun- 
culare, Pollender, Brauell, Delafond, Davaine; 
Mettalacter anthracis, Trevisan; Bacille du 
charbon, Fr.; Milzbrand-bacillus, Ger. Found 
in the blood of animals and persons infected 
with anthrax, aer., facanaer., liqf., nmot., 
pg. B. aquaticus liquefaciens, Pokrow- 
sky. Found in river-water (Kura) and in hy- 
drant-water (Tiflis). B. aquatilis, Frank- 
land. Found in well-water in the chalk- 
formations of Kent, Eng. aer., liqf., mot., 
npg. B. aquatilis sulcatus, I, II, III, IV, 
V, Weichselbaum. Found in hydrant-water 
(Vienna), aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., npg.' 
B. arborescens, Frankland. Found in 
hydrant-water (London). B. argenteo- 
phosphorescens, I, II, III, Katz. Ob- 
tained respectively from sea-water, phospho- 
rescent pieces of fish, and cuttlefish (Sydney, 
N. S. W.). aer., nliqf., mot. (except II), 
phos., npg. B. argenteophosphorescens 
liquefaciens, Katz. Obtained from sea- 
water near Sydney, N. S. W. aer., facanaer., 
liqf., mot., phos., npg. B. aurantiacus, 
Frankland. Found in well-water, aer., nliqf., 
mot., chg. (orange), npg. B. aureus, Adam- 
etz. Found in water; also on the skin in 
cases of eczema seborrhoicum, Unna and Tom- 
masoli. aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (golden yellow). 
B. "b," Vignal. See B. buccalis, Vignal. 
B. "B," Hoffmann. Found in the larvas 
of Liparis monastia. The cause of flacherie, 
or "Schlafsucht." B. beriberi cus, Lacerda. 
Syn., Micrococcus of Beriberi, Lacerda; Neis- 
seria winkleri. Found by Lacerda, Pekel- 
haring, and Winkler in the blood of persons 
affected with beriberi. Negative results were 
obtained by Eykmann and Sternberg. See 
Beriberi. B. berolinensis indicus, Classen. 
Found in water of the Spree, aer., nliqf., 
mot., chg. (indigo-blue), npg. B. bienstockii, 
Bienstock. Found in human feces, mot., 
pg. B. botulinus, van Ermengem. Found 
in poisonous meat. pg. B. brassicag, 
Pommer. Found in infusions of cab- 
bage-leaves, aer., facanaer., liqf., nmot., 
npg. B . brunneus , Adametz and Weichmann. 
Found in water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., 
npg. B. buccalis, Vignal. Syn., Bacillus ulna, 
Vignal; Bacillus "a," Vignal; Bacillus "b" 
Vignal; Bacillus' 1 /," Vignal; Bacillus "g," Vig- 
nal; Bacillus "j," Vignal; Bacillus buccalis for- 
tuitus, Vignal ; Bacillus buccalis minutus, Vignal ; 
Leptothrix buccalis, Vignal. From the sali- 
vary secretions of healthy persons, aer., 
liqf., npg., chg. (golden yellow). B. buccalis 
maximus, Miller. Found in the mouth of 
man. Common. Biologic characters un- 
determined. B. buccalis minutus, Vignal. 
See B. buccalis, Vignal. B. butylicus, Fitz. 



Syn., Bacille butylique, Fr. See B. butyricus, 
Hueppe. B. butyricus, Botkin, Hueppe, 
Prazmowski. Obtained from milk, hydrant- 
water and well-water, old cheese, garden- 
earth, dust, etc. Syn., Actinobacter polymorphus, 
Duclaux; Amylobacter Clostridium, Trecul; Ba- 
cillus actinobacter , Duclaux; Bacillus amylobac- 
ter, Van Tieghem; Bacillus butylicus, Fitz; Bac- 
terium navicula, Reinke and Berthold; Clostri- 
dium butyricum, Prazmowski; Micrococcus amy- 
lovorus, Burrill; Vibrione butyrique, Pasteur; 
Bacillus of butyric-acid fermentation; Bacillus of 
fire-blight; Bacillus of pear -blight; Micrococcus 
of apple-blight; Micrococcus of pear -blight. One 
of the most widely diffused forms, exceed- 
ingly important and varied in its powers 
of decomposition. It is typically anaerobic, 
and the chief of all the ferments, giving rise to 
butyric acid as a primary product. It plays 
an important part in the human economy and 
in the destruction of plant cellulose. Botkin 
regards the form observed by him as distinct. 
aer., anaer., liqf., mot., npg., pleom. B. bu- 
tyri nuorescens, Lafar. Occurring in every 
sample of natural butter examined. See 
Bact. butyri colloideum, Lafar; B. melo- 
chloros, Winkler and Schroter. B. butyri 
viscosus, Lafar. Found in butter. aer., 
nliqf., npg. B. cadaveris, Sternberg. Ob- 
tained from yellow-fever cadavers. obi., 
anaer. (strict), nmot., pg. B. caeruleus, 
Smith. Found in river-water (Schuylkill). 
aer., liqf., chg. (blue), npg. B. canalis cap- 
sulatus, Mori. Found in sewer-water, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. (for mice; guinea- 
pigs and rabbits immune). B. canalis par- 
vus, Mori. Found in sewer-water, aer., 
nliqf., nmot., pg. (for mice and guinea-pigs). 
B. candicans, Frankland. Found in soil. 
aer., nliqf., nmot., npg. B. capsulatus, 
Pf eiff er . Obtained from the blood of a guinea- 
pig, aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. (for 
white mice and house mice, guinea-pigs, rab- 
bits, and pigeons (septicemia). B. capsu- 
latus mucosus, Fasching. Found in the 
nasal secretions of man in cases of influenza. 
aer., facanaer., nmot., nliqf., pg. (for white 
mice and field-mice), npg. (for rabbits and 
pigeons). B. capsulatus smithii, a, b, c, 
Theobald Smith. Syn., Capsule bacillus of 
Smith. Found in the intestine of swine. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. According 
to Smith, possibly identical with B. lactis aer- 
ogenes, Escherich. B. carabiformis, Kac- 
zynsky. Found in the stomach of meat-fed 
dogs, aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. carotarum, 
A. Koch. Obtained from cooked carrots and 
sugar beets, aer., liqf., nmot., npg. B. cat- 
enula, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix catenula. 
Found in cheese, anaer. (will, however, 
grow in air), nmot., npg. B. caucasicus, 
Kern. Syn., Bacterium caucasicum; Dispora 
caucasica, Kern. Used in the preparation of 
the peculiar milk-wine, kephir. aer., fac- 
anaer., nmot., npg. B. caviae fortuitus, 
Sternberg. Found in exudates of guinea-pig 
inoculated with liver from yellow-fever cada- 



BACTERIA 



128 



BACTERIA 



ver. aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., npg. B. 
cavicida, Brieger. See B. cavicidus, Brieger. 
B. cavicida havaniensis, Sternberg. Ob- 
tained from intestine of yellow-fever cadaver. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot. B. cavicidus, 
Brieger. Syn., Bacillus cavicida; Brieger' s bacil- 
lus. Obtained from Human feces, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., pg. (not for rabbits or mice). 
Perhaps identical with B. neapolitanus, Em- 
merich. B. chauvaei, Bollinger and Feser, 
Arloing, Cornevin, and Thomas. Syn., Bacillus 
of symptomatic anthrax; Bacille du charbon 
symptomatique; Rauschbrandbacillus; Clos- 
tridium of symptomatic anthrax, Neelsen and 
Ehlers. Found in tissues of cattle suffering 
from symptomatic anthrax, "black-leg," or 
"quarter-evil." anaer., liqf., mot., pg. B. 
chlorinus, Engelmann. Syn., Arthrobac- 
terium chlorinum, De Bary; Bacterium 
chlorinum, Engelmann. Found in infusions 
of decaying vegetable matter, aer., sap., chg. 
(green), npg. B. choleras asiaticae, Koch. See 
Sp. cholera asiaticce, Koch. B. cholerae gal- 
linarum, Fliigge. See B. septicemia hem- 
orrhagica, Sternberg. B. chromoaromati- 
cus, Galtier. Obtained from the carcass of 
a diseased pig. aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., pg. 
(for rabbits). B. circulans, Jordan. Found 
in the water of Merrimac River, aer., fac- 
anaer., liqf., mot., npg. B. citreus. See As- 
cobacillus citreus, Unna and Tommasoli. B. 
citreus cadaveris, Strassmann. Found in 
cadaver, aer., liqf., nmot., chg. (yellow). B. 
claviformis, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix clavi- 
formis, Duclaux. Found in fermenting 
casein, anaer., pg. B. cloacae, Jordan. 
One of the most common microbes in sewage. 
aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., npg. B. coli com- 
munis. See B. neapolitanus, Emmerich. 
B. coli similis, Sternberg. Obtained from 
human liver, aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., 
npg. B. constrictus, Zimmermann. Found 
in water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., chg. (cad- 
mium yellow), npg. B. coprogenes fceti- 
dus, Schottelius. Obtained from intestinal 
contents of pigs dead of malignant erysipelas. 
aer., nliqf., nmot., pg. B. coprogenes parvus. 
Obtained from human feces, aer., nliqf., 
nmot., pg. B. crassus, Van Tieghem. The 
broadest known bacterium, 4 fi. mot., npg. 
B. crassus sputigenus, Kreibohm. Syn., 
Bacillus sputigenus crassus. From the sputum 
and tongue of man. aer. , nliqf., nmot. ,pg. B. 
crystallosus, B. cuneatus. Syn., Bacterium 
cuneatum, Rivolta. Found in the blood and 
viscera of horses, cattle, and dogs dead of sep- 
tic processes, pg. B. cuniculicida, Koch. 
See B. septicamia hamorrhagica, Sternberg. 
B. cuniculicida havaniensis, Sternberg. 
Found in viscera of yellow-fever cadavers. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., pg. B. cuticularis, 
Tils. Found in water, aer., liqf., mot., chg. 
(yellow), npg. B. cyaneophosphorescens, 
Katz. Obtained from sea-water (Australia). 
aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., phos., chg. (greenish), 
npg. B. cyanofuscus, Beyerinck. Ob- 
tained from glue and Edam cheese, aer., chg. 



(green, changing to blue, brown, black), liqf., 
mot., npg. B. cyanogenus, Fuchs, Hueppe, 
Neelsen. Syn., Bacillus lactis cyanogenus; Bacil- 
lus syncyanum; Bacterium cyanogenum, Fuchs; 
Bacterium syncyanum, Ehrenberg, Schroter; 
Vibrio cyanogenus, Fuchs; Vibrio syncyanus, 
Ehrenberg; Bacillus of blue milk. Found in 
milk, aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (grayish blue), 
npg. B. cystiformis, Clado. Found in 
urine of patient with cystitis, aer., nliqf., 
mot., npg. B. delicatulus, Jordan. Found 
in hydrant-water (Lawrence, Mass.). aer., 
liqf., mot., npg. B. denitrificans, Giltay and 
Aberson. Obtained from the soil, air, and 
sewage, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. Cf. Bad. 
denitrificans, Gayon and Dupetit. B. den- 
talis viridans, Miller. Syn., Miller's bacillus. 
Found in carious dentin. aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., pg. B. devorans, Zimmermann. 
Found in well-water, aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., 
npg. B. diffusus, Frankland. Found in the 
soil, aer., liqf., npg. B. diphtherias, Klebs and 
Loffler. Syn., Bacillus diphtheritica; Bacillus 
diphtherittdis; Micrococcus diphtheritica, 
Cohn. Found in diphtheric false membranes. 
aer., nliqf., nmot., facanaer., pg. B. diph- 
therias columbarum, Loffler. From the 
pseudomembranes in the mouths of pigeons in- 
fected with pigeon diphtheria, aer., nliqf., 
nmot., pg. B. diphtherias vitulorum, Loffler. 
From the pseudomembranes in the mouths of 
calves infected with epidemic diphtheria; cul- 
ture experiments unsuccessful, pg. Rabbits 
and guinea-pigs immune. B. diphtheriticus, 
B. diphtheritidis, B. diphtheritis. See B. 
diphtheria, Klebs and Loffler. B. distortus, 
Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix distortus. Found 
in milk and cheese, aer., mot., npg. B. dys- 
enterias, Chantemesse and Widal. Found in 
the intestinal contents and viscera of dysen- 
tery cadavers, aer., nliqf., pg. B. dysen- 
teries, Shiga. Found in the feces of infants 
suffering from summer diarrhea. B. dysodes, 
Zopf. Syn., Bacterium dysodes. Found in yeast, 
inducing fermentative changes in bread, caus- 
ing it to smell disagreeably and to become 
greasy and unfit for use. B. Emmerich. See 
B. neapolitanus, Emmerich. B. emphysema- 
tis vaginas, Lindenthal. pg. Found in cases 
of cystic hyperplasia of the vagina. B. endo- 
carditidis capsulatus, Weichselbaum. From 
viscera of man who died of endocarditis with 
thrombi, aer., nliqf., pg. B. endocarditidis 
griseus, Weichselbaum. From the heart in 
a case of endocarditis recurrens ulcerosa, aer., 
nliqf., mot., pg. B. enteritidis, Gartner. 
Obtained from the tissues of a cow killed on 
account of sickness attended with mucous diar- 
rhea, and from the spleen of a man who died 
shortly after eating of the flesh of this cow. 
aer. nliqf., mot., pg. Dogs, cats, chickens, 
and sparrows are immune. B. epidermidis, 
Bizzozero. Syn., Leptothrix epidermidis; 
Microsporon minutissimum, Burchardt. From 
the epidermis between the toes. aer. nliqf., 
npg. B. epidermidis, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. 
See B. of Scheurlen, B., Epsilon, von Miller. 



BACTERIA 



129 



BACTERIA 



See Sp. finkleri. B. erysipelatos leporis, 
Koch. Bacillus of erysipelas in the rabbit. 
Found in the erysipelatous inflammation in a 
rabbit's ear caused by the injection of mouse's 
dung. B. erysipelatos suis, Koch, Loffler, 
Schutz, Pasteur. Syn., Bacillus erysipelatos ma- 
lignwrn; Bacillus minimus; Bacillus murisepti- 
cus, Fliigge; Bacillus septicus, Koch; Bacillus of 
mouse septicemia; Bacillus of hog erysipelas. 
First obtained by Koch by injecting putrefying 
flesh beneath the skin of mice, afterward by 
Loffler and Schutz from carcasses of swine 
dead of "rothlauf." aer., facanaer., nliqf., pg. 
B. erythrosporus, Eidam, Cohn, and Miflet. 
Found in putrefying albuminous fluids, water, 
etc. aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (greenish yellow, 
fluorescent), npg. B. ethaceticus, Frank- 
land. Cause of fermentation of arabinose. 
B. ex pneumoenteritide suis, E. Klein, 
' Schutz, Salmon, Cornil, Chantemesse, Selan- 
der. Bacillus of hog cholera. Found in the 
intestinal contents, blood, and viscera of 
swine dead of hog cholera, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., mot., pg. B. "f," Vignal. See B. 
buccalis, Vignal. B. facultatus, Sade- 
bach and E. Frankel. Found in nonmalig- 
nant pharyngeal mycosis. B. figurans, 
Crookshank. See B. mesentericus vulgatus. 
B. figurans, Vaughan. Found in water. 
aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. filiformis, Duclaux. 
Syn., Tyrothrix filiformis. Found in cheese 
and milk, aer., mot., npg. B. filiformis, 
Tils. Found in water, aer., liqf., oscl., npg. 
B. filiformis havaniensis, Sternberg. 
From the liver of a yellow-fever cadaver. 
anaer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. B. fitzi- 
anus, Zopf. See B. subtilis, Cohn. B. 
flavescens, Pohl. Found in swamp-water. 
aer., nliqf., chg. (yellow). B. flavocoria- 
ceus, Eisenberg. Syn., Sulfur -yellow bacil- 
lus, Adametz. Found in water, aer., nliqf., 
nmot., chg. (sulfur yellow), npg. B. flavus, 
Mace. Found in drinking-water, aer., liqf., 
chg. (golden yellow), nmot. B. fluorescens 
aureus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant- 
water (Chemnitz), aer., nliqf., mot., chg. 
(ocher yellow), npg. B. fluorescens lique- 
faciens, Fliigge. Common in water and 
putrefying infusions, aer., liqf., mot., chg. 
(greenish yellow), npg. Cf. B. viscosus, 
Frankland. B. fluorescens longus, Zimmer- 
mann. Found in hydrant-water (Chemnitz). 
aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (grayish yellow), npg. 
B. fluorescens minutissimus, Unna and 
Tommasoli. Found upon skin in cases of 
eczema seborrhoicum. aer., facanaer., liqf., 
mot., chg. (greenish yellow), npg. Pos- 
sibly identical with the preceding species 
B. fluorescens nivalis, Schmolck. Syn., 
Bacillus nivalis; Glacier bacillus. Found in 
snow and ice water from Norwegian glaciers. 
aer., liqf., mot., chg. (bluish green), npg. B. 
fluorescens nonliquefaciens, Schiller, B. 
fluorescens putidus, Fliigge. Found in 
water, aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (greenish), npg. 
B. fluorescens tenuis, Zimmermann. Found 
in hydrant -water (Chemnitz), aer., nliqf. 
10 



nmot., chg. (greenish yellow), npg. B. foeti- 
dus, Liborius. Syn., Bacterium fcetidum; Clos- 
tridium fcetidum, Liborius. Obtained from 
soil, anaer., liqf., mot. B. fcetidus, Passet. 
Syn., Bacterium fcetidum, Thin; Clostridium fce- 
tidum, Liborius; Corpuscles brillants. Found 
in cases of fetid sweating feet, in the exudations 
of mice inoculated with garden-earth, and in 
cases of malignant edema, anaer., liqf., mot., 
npg. B. fcetidus lactis, Jensen. Found 
in milk, aer., nliqf., npg. Resembles B. 
neapolitanus, Emmerich. B. fcetidus ozaenae, 
Hajek. Obtained from nasal secretions of 
patients with ozena, aer., facanaer., liqf., 
mot., pg. B. fulvus, Zimmermann. Found 
in hydrant-water (Chemnitz), aer., liqf., 
nmot., chg. (gamboge yellow), npg. B. fus- 
cus. Obtained from a putrefying infusion of 
maize, from the air, etc. Cf. Bad. brunneum, 
Schroter. B. fuscus limbatus, Scheiben- 
zuber. Obtained from rotten eggs, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., mot., chg. (brown), npg. B. 
gallinarum, Klein. Found in blood of 
chickens dead from a disease resembling 
chicken cholera, aer., nliqf., nmot., pg. B. 
gasoformans, Eisenberg. Found in water. 
aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., npg. B. gaytoni, 
Cheshire. The cause of a disease of honey- 
bees. Cf. B. alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. 
B. geniculatus, De Bary. Syn., Tyrothrix 
geniculatus, Duclaux; Bacterium en zigzag, Fr. 
Found in the contents of the stomach, aer., 
nliqf., mot., npg. B. gingivae, Miller. B. 
gingivae pyogenes, Miller. Found in a filthy 
mouth and in purulent dental pulp, aer., 
facanaer., liqf., pg. (for white mice, guinea- 
pigs, and rabbits). B. glaucus, Maschek. 
Found in water, aer., liqf., nmot., chg. (gray), 
npg. B. gliscrogenus. See Bad. gliscroge- 
num, Malerba. B. glycerinae, Buchner. 
See B. subtilis, Cohn. B. gracilis, Zimmer- 
mann. Found in hydrant-water (Chem- 
nitz), aer., facanaer., liqf., oscl., npg. B. 
gracilis anaerobiescens, Vaughan. Found 
in water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., npg. 
B. gracilis cadaveris, Sternberg. Obtained 
from human liver, aer., facanaer., nmot., 
nliqf., pg. B. granulosus, Russell. Found 
in mud (Bay of Naples), aer., facanaer., 
liqf., nmot. Pathogenesis not determined. 
B. graveolens, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Found 
on epidermis between the toes of man. aer., 
liqf., npg. B. guttatus, Zimmermann. 
Found in hydrant-water (Chemnitz), aer., 
facanaer., liqf., mot., npg. B. halophilus, 
Russell. Obtained from water and mud (Bay 
of Naples), aer., liqf., mot. Pathogenesis 
not determined. B. hansenii, Raspmussen. 
Found in various nutrient liquids, aer., mot., 
chg. (chrome yellow to yellowish brown). B. 
havaniensis, Sternberg. See Microc. ha- 
vaniensis ( ?), Sternberg. B. havaniensis 
liquefaciens, Sternberg. Obtained from the 
surface of the body of patients in the hos- 
pital at Havana, aer., nliqf., chg. (blood-red). 
B. helvolus, Zimmermann. Found in hy- 
drant-water (Chemnitz), aer., liqf., mot. 



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130 



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(rotary only), chg. (Naples yellow), npg. B. 
hemittecrobiophilus, Arloing. Found in a 
caseous lymphatic gland of a guinea-pig. aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. B. hepaticus 
fortuitus, Sternberg. Obtained from the 
exudations of a guinea-pig inoculated with 
liver from a yellow-fever patient, aer., nliqf., 
mot., npg. B. hessii, Guillebeau. See Bad. 
hessii. B. hominis capsulatus, Bordoni- 
Uffreduzzi. Syn., Proteus capsulatus septicus, 
Banti; Proteus homini capsulatus, Bordoni- 
Uff reduzzi ; Bacillus of rag-pickers' disease. Ob- 
tained from persons dead from rag-pickers' 
disease, aer., nliqf., nmot., pg. B. hya- 
cinthi septicus, Heinz. Found in diseased 
hyacinths, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., npg. 
Cf. Bad. hyacinthi, Wakker. B. hyalinus, 
Jordan. Found in hydrant-water (Lawrence, 
Mass.). aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., npg. 
Reduces nitrates rapidly. B. hydrophilus 
fusctis, Sanarelli. From the lymph of dis- 
eased frogs, aer., liqf., mot., pg. B. im- 
plexus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant- 
water (Chemnitz), aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. 
incanus, Pohl. Found in swamp-water. 
aer., liqf., mot. Not sufficiently studied. B. 
indicus, Koch. Syn., Bacillus indicus ruber, 
Koch; Micrococcus indicus, Koch. Found in 
the intestinal contents of a monkey, aer., fa- 
canaer., liqf., mot., chg. (brick-red),^, (for. 
rabbits). B. indigoferus, Classen. Found 
in river-water (Spree), aer., nliqf., mot., chg. 
(deep indigo-blue), npg. B. indigogenus, 
Alvarez. Found in an infusion of the leaves 
of the indigo plant {Indigofera tindoria). aer., 
mot., chg. (indigo-blue), pg. B. inflatus, A. 
Koch. Obtained from the air. aer., liqf., 
mot., npg. B. influenzae. See B. of Influenza. 
B. intestinus motilis, Sternberg. From the 
intestinal contents of yellow-fever cadavers. 
aer., facanaer,, nliqf., mot., npg. B. inunctus, 
Pohl. Found in swamp-water, aer., fac- 
anaer., nliqf., mot. Pathogenesis not deter- 
mined. B. invisibilis, Vaughan. Found in 
water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., npg. B. 
iodococcus vaginatus, Miller. See Iodo- 
coccus vaginatus. B. iris, Frick. aer., nliqf. 
nmot. (green), npg. B. janthinus, Zopf. Syn., 
Bacterium janthinus, Zopf. Violet bacillus 
found in sewage (Lawrence, Mass.). aer., 
liqf., mot., chg. (bluish violet), npg. B. kleb- 
sii. See B. syphilidis, Lustgarten. B. lac- 
ticus, Pasteur. See B. acidi ladici, Hueppe. 
B. lactis aerogenes, Escherich and Abelous. 
Syn., Bacillus aerogenes; Bacillus capsulatus, 
Smith; Bacterium lactis aerogenes, Escher- 
ich. Found in the stomach and intestine of 
healthy adults, aer.,, facanaer., nliqf., npg. 
B. lactis albus, Loffler. Found in milk, aer., 
liqf., mot., npg. B. lactis cyanogenus. See 
B. cyanogenus, Hueppe. B. lactis erythro- 
genes, Hueppe and Baginsky. Syn., Bacillus 
of red milk. Found in milk and the feces of a 
child, aer., liqf., nmot., chg. (yellow and red), 
npg. B. lactis pituitosi, Loffler. Syn., Ba- 
cillus lactis viscosus, Adametz. Found in milk. 
aer., nliqf., npg. B. lactis viscosus, Ad- 



ametz. Found in ropy milk, aer., nliqf., nmot., 
npg. Capsulated. B. latericeus, Eisenberg. 
Found in water, aer., nliqf., nmot., chg. (brick- 
red), npg. B.leiodermos, Loffler. Syn., Ba- 
cillus liodermos, Fliigge. Found in water and 
milk. B. leporis lethalis, Gibier and Stern- 
berg. From the intestinal contents of yellow- 
fever patients, aer., liqf., mot., pg. B. lepras, 
Armauer and Hansen. Found in leprous tuber- 
cles. Cannot be cultivated in ordinary medi- 
ums. Specific pathogenesis settled by inocula- 
tion of a condemned criminal. B. leptosporus, 
L. Klein. Obtained from the air. aer., mot., 
npg. B. lethalis, Babes. Syn., Proteus 
lethalis. Obtained from spleen and lung of 
patient dead of septicemia, aer., facanaer., 
liqf., mot., pg. B. limbatus acidi lactici, 
Marpmann. Found in cow's milk, aer., 
nliqf., nmot., npg. B. limosus, Russell. 
Obtained from mud (Bay of Naples), aer., 
liqf., mot. Pathogenesis not determined. B. 
lineola. See Bad. lineola, Cohn. B. lioder- 
mos, Fliigge. See B. leiodermos, Loffler. B. 
liquefaciens, Eisenberg. Found in water. 
aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. liquefaciens bovis, 
Arloing. Syn., Pneumobacillus liquefaciens 
bovis. From the lungs of a diseased ox. aer., 
facanaer., liqf., nmot., pg. B. liquefaciens 
communis, Sternberg. Obtained from the 
feces of yellow-fever patients, aer., facanaer., 
liqf., mot., npg. B. liquefaciens magnus, 
Liideritz. Found in the exudates of mice in- 
oculated with garden-earth, anaer., liqf., mot., 
npg. B. liquefaciens parvus, Liideritz. 
Source same as last, anaer., liqf., nmot., npg. 
B. liquidus, Frankland. Found in river- 
water (Thames). Common, aer., liqf., mot., 
npg. B. litoralis, Russell. Obtained from 
mud (Bay of Naples), aer., facanaer., liqf., 
mot. Pathogenesis not determined. B. liv- 
idus, Plagge and Proskauer. Found in 
hydrant-water (Berlin), aer., facanaer., liqf., 
mot., chg. (brick-red), npg. B. lucens, Van 
Tieghem. Syn., Bacterium lucens, Van Tieg- 
hem. Found on the surface of water, aer., 
nmot. Brilliant. B.luteus, Fliigge. Syn., Bac- 
terium luteum. Found in superficial layers of 
gelatin plate culture, aer., nmot., nliqf., chg. 
(yellow), npg. B. luteus suis, Salmon and 
Smith. Found in the perivisceral fluids of 
swine, aer., liqf., mot., chg. (yellow red). 
Smells like glue. B. lyssae, Pasteur. Syn., 
Coccobaderium lyssce, Rivolta; Lissophyton 
suspedum, Hallier. Cf. Bad. septicum sputi- 
genum, Frankel. Found in saliva of hydro- 
phobic patients and animals. Cf. B. 
septicus sputige-yus, Fliigge. B. maidis, 
Cuboni. From macerated corn and the feces 
of pellagra patients, aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. 
malandriae, Israel. See B. mallei, Loffler. 
B. malariae, Klebs and Tommasi-Crudeli. 
Bacillus of the blood. Obtained from the soil 
and air of the Campagna, from swamps, from 
the blood of malarial patients, etc. Patho- 
genesis disputed. B. mallei, Loffler. Syn., 
Bacillus malandrice, Israel. Found in the nasal 
discharges, nodules, etc., of animals with glan- 



BACTERIA 



131 



BACTERIA 



ders. aer., facanaer., mot. (strictly parasitic), 
pg. (proved by inoculation). B. martinez, 
Sternberg. Obtained from the liver of a 
yellow-fever cadaver, aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
nmot., npg. B. megatherium, De Bary. 
Found on the leaves of boiled cabbage, aer., 
liqf., mot., npg. B. melittopthorus. See 
B. alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. B. melo- 
chloros, Winkler and Schroter. Syn., Bacillus 
butyri fluorescens, Lafar. Obtained from the 
dejections of the larva in a wormy apple, aer., 
liqf., mot., dig. (emerald green), pg. (for rab- 
bits). B. membranaceus amethystinus, 
Eisenberg. Found in well-water (Spalato). 
aer., liqf., nmot., chg. (dark violet), npg. B. 
meningitidis purulentae, Naumann and 
Schaffer. Obtained from pus taken from be- 
neath the pia mater in a person dead of puru- 
lent meningitis, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., 
pg. B. merismopoedioides, Zopf. Syn., Ar- 
throbacterium or Bacterium merismopazdioid.es, 
De Bary. Obtained from sewage mud; the 
type of the socalled "tablet-cocci." B. mes- 
entericus fuscus, Flugge. Potato bacil- 
lus. Obtained from the air, hay-dust, water, 
etc. Common, aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. 
mesentericus ruber, Globig. Potato bacil- 
lus. Found upon potatoes, aer., liqf., mot., 
chg. (reddish yellow or pink), npg. B. mes- 
entericus vulgatus, Flugge. Syn., Bacillus 
figurans, Crookshank; Proteus vidgaris. 
Potato bacillus. Common. Found in pota- 
toes, water, milk, intestinal contents of man, 
etc. aer., liqf., npg. B. miniaceus. See 
B. ruber. B. minimus, Klebs. See B. ery- 
sipelatos stds, Koch, etc. B. mirabilis, 
Hauser. Syn., Proteus mirabilis. Obtained 
from decaying animal matter, aer., facanaer., 
liqf., mot., pg. B. mollusci, Domenico. 
Found in molluscum contagiosum; resembles 
somewhat B. leprae and B. malarice. Patho- 
genesis disputed, the disease being attributed 
by some to psorosperms. B. multipedicu- 
losus, Flugge. Found in air and water, aer., 
nliqf., nmot., npg. B. murisepticus, Flugge. 
See B. erysipelatos suis, Koch. B. muri- 
septicus pleomorphus, Karlinski Found 
in purulent uterine discharges, aer., fac- 
anaer., liqf., mot., pg. Probably identical 
with Proteus vulgaris, Hauser. B. mus- 
coides, Liborius. Found in soil, old cheese, 
cow-dung, etc. anaer., nliqf., mot., npg. B. 
mycoides, Fliigge. Common in soil and 
water, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. B. mycoides 
roseus, Scholl. Found in the soil, aer., liqf., 
chg. (red), npg. B. neapolitanus, Emmerich. 
Syn. , Bacillus coli communis; Bacterium coli com- 
mune, Escherich; Bacterium neapolitanum; Co- 
lon bacillus of Escherich; Bacillus of Booker, " a " 
to "n." -A normal inhabitant of the intestine 
of man; resembles the bacillus of typhoid fever, 
differing from it in producing gas, coagulat- 
ing milk, forming lactic acid in mediums con- 
taining lactose or glucose, in producing indol, 
in being nonmotile, and in giving a visible 
growth on potato. It is the cause of, certain 
forms of suppuration in the peritoneum, liver, 



pelvis of kidney, urethra, etc. aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., nmot., pg. B. necrophorus, Loftier. 
Obtained from rabbits after inoculation in the 
anterior chamber of the eye with portions of 
condyloma, aer., facanaer., nliqf., pleom., 
pg. B. nodosus parvus, Lustgarten. From 
the healthy urethra of man. aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., nmot., npg. B. cedematis aerobicus, 
Klein. A bacillus of malignant edema. 
Found in the exudates of guinea-pigs after in- 
oculating with garden-earth, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., mot., pg. B. cedematis maligni, Koch. 
Syn., Bacillus azdematis, Koch; Bacillus septicus, 
Pasteur; Bacillus of gangrene; Bacillus of gan- 
grenous septicemia; Pink bacillus of spread- 
ing edema, A. B. Harris. A widely scattered 
species, obtained from surface-soil, dust, pu- 
trefying matter, foul water, etc., and from the 
exudates produced by inoculating animals 
with garden-earth, anaer., liqf., mot., pg. 
B. of Afanassiew. See B. tussis convulsive. 
B. of Albuminous Decomposition. See 
B. putrificus coli. B. of Allantiasis, Muller, 
Hoppe-Seyler. See also Sarcina botidina, 
Van den Corput. Cf. B. of Choleraic Diarrhea 
from Meat-poisoning, Klein. Found in poi- 
sonous sausages, particularly in "Blunzen." 
aer., liqf., pg. B. of Alopecia areata, 
Kasauli. Found attached to the hairs from 
the diseased patches; easily cultivated. See 
Microc. of Alopecia areata and Microc. arei 
celsii. B. of Babes and Oprescu. Ob- 
tained from a case presenting symptoms of 
typhus fever, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. 
B. of Belfanti and Pascarola. Syn., Impf- 
tetanusbacillus, Ger. From the pus of 
wounds in a person dead of tetanus, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. B. of Beriberi, 
Eykmann. See B. beribericus, Lacerda. 
B. of Blue Milk. See B. cyanogenus, 
Hueppe. B. of Blue Pus. See B. pyo- 
cyaneus a, .Gessard. B. of Booker, a to n. 
Found in alvine discharges of children suffer- 
ing from cholera infantum ; probably varieties 
of B. neapolitanus, Emmerich. B. of Bovet. 
Obtained from the intestine of a woman dead 
of acute choleraic enteritis, aer., nliqf., mot., 
pg. B.ofBraxy. See B. anthracis, Pollender 
and Davaine. B. of Bronchitis, Lumnitzer. 
Syn., Bacillus of Lumnitzer. From the bron- 
chial secretions in cases of putrid bronchitis. 
aer., mot. Cf. Microc. of Bronchitis, Picchini. 
B. of Butyric-acid Fermentation. See B. 
butyricus, Prazmowski. B. of Canestrini. 
Found in larvas and bees suffering from a 
malady common among bees in certain parts 
of Italy, aer., liqf., mot., chg. (pink), pg. 
B. of Canon and Pielicke. See B. of 
Measles. B. of Carcinoma, Rappin and 
Scheurlen and Domingo Freire. See B. of 
Scheurlen. B. of Cattle Plague, Metchni- 
koff. See B. septicemia hemorrhagica, 
Sternberg. B. of Cazal and Vaillard. Ob- 
tained from cheesy nodules upon the perito- 
neum and in the pancreas, aer., facanaer., 
liqf., mot., pg. B. of Chancroid, Ducrey. 
Found in pustules developed upon the arm 



BACTERIA 



132 



BACTERIA 



from the inoculation of chancroidal virus; 
does not grow in artificial cultures. Cf. 
Microc. ulceris mollis. B. of Cheese. See 
Sp. tyrogenum, Denecke. B. of Chicken 
Cholera. See B. septicemia hemorrhagica, 
Sternberg. B. of Cholera. See Sp. cholera 
asiatica, Koch. B. of Cholera in Ducks, 
Cornil and Toupet. Obtained from the 
blood of ducks that had died of an epidemic 
disease characterized by choleraic symptoms. 
aer., nliqf., nmoL, pg. (for ducks, but not for 
chickens or pigeons). B. of Choleraic Diar- 
rhea from Meat-poisoning, Klein. Found 
in the blood and feces of persons poisoned with 
tainted meat. Cf. B. of Allantiasis, Miiller 
and Hoppe-Seyler. B. of Chyluria, Wilson. 
Found in the coagulum of chylous urine, aer., 
facanaer., mot. B. of Colomiatti. Obtained 
from cases of conjunctivitis and xerotic masses 
in the eye. aer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Cf. B. of 
Xerosis epithelialis conjunctiva, Leber. B. of 
Conjunctival Catarrh, Koch. Syn., Bacillus 
of conjunctivitis; Bacillus oj pink eye, Weeks. 
aer., nliqf., pg. Resembles B. xerosis. B. of 
Dantec. Syn., Bacille du rouge de morue, 
Fr. Obtained from salted codfish, to which 
it gives a red color, aer., liqf., mot., chg. (red), 
npg. B. of Davaine's Septicemia. See 
B. septicamia hemorrhagica, Sternberg. B. 
of Demme. Obtained from the contents of 
tumors and pustules and from the blood of 
patients suffering from erythema nodosum. 
aer., facanaer. (?), nliqf., pg. (for guinea-pigs; 
rabbits, dogs, and goats refractory). B. of 
Diphtheria in Calves. See B. diphtheria 
vitulorum, Loffier. B. of Diphtheria in 
Doves. See B. diphtheria columbarum, 
Loffier. B. of Diphtheria in Man. See B. 
diphtheria, Klebs and Loffier. B. of Doder- 
lein. See B. vaginalis, Doderlein. B. of 
Egyptian Catarrhal Conjunctivitis. See 
B. of Kartulis. B. of Endocarditis. See 
B. pyogenes fatidus, Frankel and Saenger. 
B. of Erysipelas in the Rabbit, Koch. See 
B. erysipelatos leporis, Koch. B. of False Hog 
Cholera. See B. parvus ovatus, Loffier. B. 
of False Tuberculosis in Rabbits. See B. 
of Pseudotuberculosis in Rabbits, Malassez and 
Vignal. B. of Fiocca. Found in the saliva 
of cats and dogs, aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
nmot., pg. (for rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats, mice). 
B. of Foot-sweat. See B. fatidus, B. saprog- 
enes, II, and B. graveolens. B. of Foul 
Brood of Bees. See B. alvei, Cheshire and 
Cheyne. B. of Fowl Cholera. See B. 
septicamia hamorrhagica, Sternberg. B. 
of Friedlander. See B. pneumonia 
friedldnderi. B. of Gangrene. See 
B. adematis maligni, Koch; B. sapro- 
genes, III, Rosenbach; B. of Senile 
Gangrene. B. of Gangrenous Septicemia. 
See B. adematis maligni, Koch. B. of Gess- 
ner. See Bad. tholoideum, Gessner. B. of 
Glanders. See B. mallei, Loffier. B. of 
Green Diarrhea in Children, Lesage. See 
B. of Lesage. B. of Green Pus. See B. 
fyocyaneus a f Gessard. B f of Grouse Disease, 



Klein. Obtained from the lungs and liver 
of grouse that had died of an epidemic disease. 
aer., nliqf., nmot., pg. (for mice, guinea-pigs, 
linnets, green finches, sparrows; chickens, ' 
pigeons, and rabbits immune). B. of Hay 
Infusions. See B. subtilis, Ehrenberg. B. 
of Hog Cholera, Salmon and Smith. See B. 
ex pneumoenteritide suis, Klein., B. of Hog 
Erysipelas. See B. erysipelatos suis, Koch, 
etc. B. of Horse-pox, Dieckerhoff and 
Grawitz. Syn., Bacillus of acne contagiosa of 
horses. Obtained from the pustules of horses 
suffering from acne contagiosa, aer., nliqf., 
pg. B. of Hydrophobia. See B. lyssa, 
Pasteur. B. of Icterus, Karlinsky and Du- 
camp. Found in the blood during an attack 
of infectious icterus. Did not thrive on or- 
dinary culture-mediums. B. of Influenza, 
Pfeiffer, Kitasato, and Canon. Influenza 
bacillus. Found in the purulent bronchial 
secretions and in the blood of persons suffering 
from epidemic influenza, aer., nmot., pg.- 
Cf. Microc. influenza, Letzerich. B. of 
Intestinal Diphtheria in Rabbits, Ribbert. 
Obtained from the viscera of rabbits dead of a 
disease characterized by a diphtheric inflam- 
mation of the intestinal mucous membrane. 
aer., nliqf., nmot. (?), pg. B. of Jeffries. A 
group (A, G, J, K, P, S, Z) of bacilli, resem- 
bling B. neapolitanus , Emmerich, and B. 
lactis aerogenes, Escherich. Found in the 
alvine discharges of children suffering from 
summer diarrhea, anaer., npg. B. of Je- 
quirity Ophthalmia, DeWecker and Sattler. 
Found in cases of jequirity ophthalmia and in 
infusions of jequirity seeds {A brus precatorius) , 
the supposed source of abrin. aer., liqf., 
mot., npg. The disease is now held to be 
caused by a soluble poison, jequiritin. B. of 
Karlinski. See B. murisepticus pleomorphus, 
Karlinski. B. of Kartulis, Koch and Kar- 
tulis. Obtained from the conjunctiva in 
cases of Egyptian catarrhal conjunctivitis. 
aer. Pathogenesis not well determined. 
B. of Koubasoff. Obtained from carcinom- 
atous growth in the human stomach, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. (for guinea-pigs and 
rabbits). Cf. B. of Scheurlen. B. of Lactic- 
aoid Fermentation. See B. acidi lactici, 
Hueppe. B. of Laser. Obtained from mice 
infected with an epidemic disease, aer., fac- 
anaer., nliqf., mot., pg. (for field-mice, guinea- 
pigs, rabbits, and pigeons). B. of Leprosy. 
See B. lepra, Hansen. B. of Lesage. Syn., 5a- 
cillus of green diarrhea in children. Obtained in 
the green alvine discharges of infants suffering 
from green diarrhea, aer. , nliqf., mot. , pg. Ac- 
cording to Baumgarten, identical with B. fluor- 
escens nonliquefaciens, Schiller. B. of Letz- 
erich. Obtained from the urine of children 
suffering from primary interstitial nephritis. 
aer., liqf., pg- B. of Liborius. See B. amy- 
lobacter, Prazmowski. B. of Lichen ruber, 
Laser. Found in the lymph-passages in cases 
of lichen ruber. B. of Lucet. Obtained 
from chickens and turkeys suffering from an 
infectious form, of septicemia characterized by 



BACTERIA 



133 



BACTERIA 



dysenteric discharges, aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
nmot.; pg. B. of Lumnitzer. See B. of 
Bronchitis. B. of Lupus. See B. tubercu- 
losis, Koch. B. of Lustgarten. See B. 
syphilidis, Lustgarten. B. of Lymph in 
Fishes, Oliver and Richet. Observed in the 
lymph of certain fishes, aer., mot., npg. B. 
of Malaria. See B. malarice, Klebs and 
Tommasi-Crudeli. B. of Malignant Edema. 
See B. cedematis maligni, Koch. B. of 
Measles, Canon and Pielicke. Syn., Bacillus 
of Canon and Pielicke. Found in the blood 
and in the secretions of the nose and conjunc- 
tiva of persons with measles. Cf. Microc. of 
Measles, Klebs and Keating. B. of Mouse 
Septicemia. See B. erysipelatos suis, Pas- 
teur. B. of Necrosis of the Liver in 
Badgers, Eberth. Found in the necrotic 
liver of a badger. B. of Necrosis of the 
Liver in Guinea-pigs, Eberth. Found in 
the necrotic liver of a guinea-pig. B. of Ne- 
phritis, Letzerich. See B. of Letzerich. B. 
of Nocard. Found in the superficial ab- 
scesses of cattle suffering from farcy, aer., 
nmot., pg. B. of Okada. Obtained from 
the dust between the boards of a floor, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. B. of Osteomy- 
elitis, Kraske and Becker. Found in cases of 
osteomyelitis, aer., liqf. (or in some forms 
nliqf.), mot., pleom., pg. Held by Pasteur as 
identical with the micrococcus of furuncle. 
B. of Phthisis. See B. tuberculosis, Koch. 
B. of Pink Eye, Weeks. See B. of Con- 
junctival Catarrh, Koch. B. of Potato Rot, 
Kramer. Obtained from potatoes affected 
with wet rot. aer., liqf., mot., npg. Putrefies 
the albuminous substances of potatoes. B. of 
Pseudotuberculosis in Rabbits, Eberth, 
Malassez and Vignal. Syn., Bacille de la 
tuberculose zoogleique; Bacille de la pseudo- 
tuberculose du lapin, Fr.; Bacillus der Pseudo- 
tuberculose der Kaninchen, Ger. Found in the 
nodular deposits characteristic of this disease. 
B. of Puerperal Fever. See B. puerperalis, 
Engel and Spillmann. B. of Purpura haem- 
orrhagica of Babes. Obtained from the 
viscera of a patient dead of purpura haemor- 
rhagica. aer., facanaer., liqf., nmot., pg. Re- 
sembles the next two forms. B. of Purpura 
haemorrhagica of Kolb. Obtained from 
the viscera of patients dead of purpura. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. B. of Pur- 
pura haemorrhagica of Tizzoni and Gio- 
vannini. Obtained from the blood of two 
children dead of purpura haemorrhagica. aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. B. of Pyemia, 
Beltzow. Two forms found in pyemia, one of 
which resembles B. cedematis maligni, Koch. 
B. of Rabbit Septicemia. See B. septice- 
mia hemorrhagica, Sternberg. B. of Rabies. 
See B. lyssce, Pasteur. B. of Rag-pickers' 
Disease. See B. hominis capsulatus, Bor- 
doni-Uffreduzzi. B. of Red Bread. See B. 
prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. B. of Red Milk. 
See B. lactis erythrogenes Hueppe; B. 
prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. B. of Rheuma- 
tism. See B. rheumarthritidis, Kussmaul. 



B. of Rhinoscleroma. See B. rhinoscler- 
omatis, Cornil and Alvarez. B. of Roth, I, 

II. Obtained from old rags, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf. nmot., pg. Resembles B. neapolitanus, 
Emmerich, and B. cavicidus, Burger. B. of 
Rouget. See B. erysipelatos suis, Koch, etc. 
B. of Scarlatina, Crooke. Found in the 
nasal mucus and tissues of the throat in a 
case of anginose scarlatina, mot. Resembles 
B. cedematis maligni, Koch, and the Proteus of 
Hauser. According to Doehle, the parasite of 
this disease is a protozoon. Cf. Microc. scar- 
latina. B.of Scheurlen, Scheurlen, Rapin, 
and Domingo Freire. Syn., Bacillus epidermi- 
dis, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. From cancerous tis- 
sues and from mammary epithelium of healthy 
persons. According to Mace, possibly iden- 
tical with a variety of B. mesentericus vulgatus, 
Fliigge. aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. of Schim- 
melbusch. Obtained from the necrotic tis- 
sues of a case of cancrum oris or noma, aer., 
nliqf., pg. B.ofSchou. See B. pneumonicus 
agilis, Schou. B. of Senile Gangrene, 
Tricomi. Syn., Bacillus of gangrene; Bacillus 
of Tricomi. Found in the blood, in the tis- 
sues along the line of demarcation, in the sub- 
cutaneous tissue and the lymph-spaces of the 
skin, and in the ichorous discharge, aer., liqf., 
nmot., pg. Cf. B. cedematis maligni, Koch, 
and B. saprogenes, III, Rosenbach. B. 
of Septicemia in Man, Klein. Found in 
the blood-vessels of . swollen lymph-glands 
in cases of septicemia. B. of Southern 
Cattle Plague, F. S. Billings. Syn., Bacillus 
of Texas fever in cattle. Found in the blood, 
viscera, and manure of cattle infected with 
cattle plague or Texas fever, and in their dis- 
charges; also in the ticks (Boophilus bovis, 
Curtice) infecting the cattle. The spread of 
the disease is largely due to the manure of the 
cattle and also indirectly to the ticks, aer., 
nliqf., mot., pleom., pg. Smith and Kilborn 
now attribute this disease to the psorosperm 
Pirosoma bigeminum. B. of Spontaneous 
Rabbit Septicemia, Eberth. See B. of 
Swine Plague, Marseilles. B. of Swine 
Pest, Selander. See B. ex pneumoenteritide 
suis, Klein. B. of Swine Plague, Reitsch 
and Jobert. Syn., Bacillus suis, Detmers; 
Bacillus of spontaneous rabbit septicemia; Bacil- 
lus of swine plague, Detmers and Billings; Bacil- 
lus of ferret disease. First obtained from swine 
attacked by a fatal epidemic disease in Mar- 
seilles, aer., nliqf., mot., pg. Caneva and 
others identify this with the bacillus of ferret 
disease and with that of American swine 
plague ; also with the bacillus of southern cat- 
tle plague, Billings; but this last seems to be a 
distinct species. See B. tardigradus. B. of 
Symptomatic Anthrax. See B. chauvai, 
Bollinger and Feser. B. of Syphilis. See B. 
syphilidis, Lustgarten. B. of Tetanus. See B. 
tetani, Nicolaier. B. of Texas Cattle Fever, 
F. S. Billings. See B. of Southern Cattle 
Plague. B. of the Blood, Hoffman. Found in 
the blood in health and disease ; probably iden- 
tical with B. malaria. B. of the Lungs of 



BACTERIA 



134 



BACTERIA 



Cattle, Liistig. Found in the lungs of healthy 
and diseased cattle, aer., liqf. B. of the Me- 
conium, Escherich. Found in the meco- 
nium. B. of the Pneumoenteritis of the 
Pig. See B. ex pneumoenteritide suis, Klein. 
B. of the Smegma. Found in the smegma 
of the male and female genitals. B. of Tom- 
masoli. Found on the hair in a case of syco- 
sis. B. of Tricomi. See B. of Senile Gan- 
grene. B. of Tuberculosis of Vines. Re- 
garded by Corvo as the cause of the diseased 
condition of vines usually attributed to Phyl- 
loxera vastatrix, Planchon. B. of Ulcer- 
ative Stomatitis of Cattle, Lingard and 
Batt. Found on the skin, the mucous mem- 
branes, and in the lungs of young cattle. Cf. 
Streptocytus of Eczema epizootica, Schottelius. 
B. of Ulcus molle, Krofting. Identical with 
that described by Ducrey as the bacillus of 
chancroid. B. of Utpadel, Utpadel and 
Gessner. Obtained from the stuffing of the 
bed-quilts in a military hospital (Augsburg), 
and from the intestinal contents of man. aer., 
nliqf., mot., pg. B. of Vagus Pneumonia. 
See B. pneumonicus agilis, Schou. B. of 
Verruga peruana, Izquierdo. Found in the 
intercellular spaces and blood-vessels in the 
nodules characteristic of Peruvian wart. B. 
of Vignal. See B. buccalis minutus, Vignal. 
B. of Whooping-cough. See B. tussis con- 
vulsive, Afanassiew. B. of Xerosis epitheli- 
alis conjunctivas, Leber, Kuschbert, Frankel, 
and Neisser. Syn., Bacillus xerosis, Frankel; 
Bacillus of Colomiatti; Bacillus of xerosis, 
Schreiber. Found in the white, fatty scales 
of the conjunctivas in cases of xerophthalmia. 
nmot. Does not grow on gelatin or potato. 
Pathogenesis not fully determined. B. of 
Yellow Fever. Found in the mucous mem- 
brane of the small intestine in two cases of 
yellow fever. Sternberg has found many 
forms in the intestinal contents and viscera of 
yellow-fever cadavers, the most frequent and 
abundant being B. neapolitanus, Emmer- 
ich; B. cadaveris, Sternberg; and B. " X," 
Sternberg. The last is held by Sternberg as 
being possiblv concerned in the etiology of 
yellow fever. ' B. of Yellow Milk. See B. 
synxanthus, Ehrenberg and Schroter. B. 
ovatus minutissimus, Unna. Found upon 
the skin in cases of eczema seborrhoicum. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. B. oxytocus 
perniciosus, Wyssokowitsch. Found in 
milk left standing a long time, aer., nliqf., 
pg. B. panificans, Laurent. Claimed as 
the active agent in the raising of bread. Found 
especially in black bread. Dunnenberger 
considers it a mere impurity and not concerned 
in the leavening processes. B., Paracolon, 
Gwyn. Found in the blood in an infection 
resembling typhoid, pg. B. parvus ova- 
tus, Loffler. Bacillus of false hog cholera. 
Found in the carcass of a pig dead of a disease 
resembling rouget. It resembles B. sepli- 
ccemice hemorrhagica, Sternberg. B. pas- 
teurianus, Hansen. Syn., Bacterium pasteur- 
ianum; Micrococcus pasleurianus. Found in 



beer-wort and beer, especially that poor in 
alcohol. Resembles B. aceti, Kutzing and 
Sommer. B. pestifer, Frankland. Found 
in the air. aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. phos- 
phorescens, Fischer. Syn., Bacillus phos- 
phor escens indicus, Fischer; Photobacterium 
indicum, Fischer. Found in sea-water (Gulf 
of Mexico), aer., liq}., mot., phos., npg. B. 
phosphorescens gelidus, Forster. See B. 
phosphoreus, Cohn. B. phosphorescens indi- 
cus, Fischer. See B. phosphorescens, Fischer. 
B. phosphorescens indigenus, Fischer. 
Found in sea-water (harbor of Kiel) and upon 
herring, aer., liqf., mot., phos., npg. B. 
phosphoreus, Cohn. Syn., Micrococcus 
phosphoreus, Cohn; Bacterium phospho- 
rescens, Hermes; Bacillus phosphorescens 
gelidus, Forster. Found on sea-fish, raw and 
cooked (cooked salmon, Cohn). aer., nliqf., 
phos., npg. B. plicatus, Zimmermann. 
Found in hydrant-water (Chemnitz), aer., 
liqf., nmot., chg. (grayish yellow), npg. B. 
pneumoniae, Fliigge. See B. pneumonia 
friedlanderi. B. pneumoniae friedlanderi. 
Syn., Bacillus pneumonice, Fliigge; Diplococ- 
cus pneumonice fibrinosce, Friedlander; Mi- 
crococcus pneumonice, infectioso?, Friedlander. 
Occasionally obtained from the exudates in 
the pulmonary alveoli in cases of croupous 
pneumonia, aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. 
B. pneumonicus agilis, Schou. Syn., Ba- 
cillus of Schou; Bacillus of vagus pneumonia. 
Obtained from rabbits suffering from pneu- 
monia induced by section of the vagi, aer., 
liq}., mot., pg. B. pneumosepticus, Babes. 
Obtained from the blood and tissues of a per- 
son dead of septic pneumonia, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., nmot., pg. B. polymyxa, Prazmow- 
ski. Syn., Claustridium polymyxa, Praz- 
mowski. Found in infusion of potatoes, lupin 
seeds, etc. aer., facanaer., npg. B. polypi- 
formis, Liborius. Found in cow-dung and 
in the exudates of mice inoculated with gar- 
den-earth, anaer., nliqf., mot., npg. B. 
preussii, Ciesielski. See B. alvei, Cheshire 
andCheyne. B.prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Syn., 
Bacteridium prodigiosum, Schroter; Bacterium 
prodigiosum; Micrococcus prodigiosus, Cohn; 
Micrococcus imetrophus, Trevisan; Monas 
prodigiosa, Ehrenberg; Palmella prodigiosa, 
Mont; Zoogalactina imetropa, Sette. Fre- 
quently found upon food-stuffs, boiled pota- 
toes, hard-boiled eggs, moist bread, etc. aer., 
facanaer., liq}., mot., chg. (red), npg. Acts as 
a protective to rabbits against anthrax. B. 
pseudoedema, Liborius. Syn., Bacillus 
pseudosepticus, Mace; Pseudo-cedembacillus, 
Ger. Obtained from the exudates of mice 
after inoculation with garden-earth, anaer., 
liqf-i Pg- Resembles B. azdematis maligni, 
Koch. B. pseudopneumonicus, Passet. 
Syn., Bacterium pseudopneumonicum. Found 
in pus. aer., nliqf., nmot., pg. Resembles 
Microc. pneumonice cruposce, Frankel. B. 
pseudosepticus, Mace. See B. pseudccdema, 
Liborius. B. pseudosepticus of Mice, 
Bienstock. Syn., Bacillus of pseudosepti- 



BACTERIA 



135 



BACTERIA 



cemia of mice. Found in feces, aer., nliq}., 
nmot., pg. Found after inoculation, mostly 
in the edematous fluid and not in the blood. 
B. pseudotuberculosis, Pfeiffer. Obtained 
from the viscera of a horse killed on suspicion 
of having glanders, aer., nliq}., nmot., pg. B. 
puerperaUs, Engel and Spillmann. Lepto- 
thrix of puerperal fever; bacillus of puerperal 
fever. Found in two cases of puerperal sep- 
sis, pg. (for mice and rabbits). Considered 
by Pasteur to be identical with B. anthracis. 
B. pulpae pyogenes, Miller. Obtained 
from gangrenous tooth-pulp, aer., facanaer., 
liqf-* Pg- B. punctatus, Zimmermann. 
Found in hydrant-water (Chemnitz), aer., 
liq}., npg. B. putrificus coli, Bienstock. 
Found in human feces, aer., facanaer., nliq}., 
mot., npg. B. pyocyaneus a, Gessard. 
Syn., Bacillus aeruginosum; Bacterium aerug- 
inosuin, Schroter; Micrococcus pyocyaneus, 
Gessard ; Bacillus of blue or green pus. A 
widely distributed form, found in purulent 
and serous wounds, in perspiration, and in 
the viscera of human cadavers, aer., facanaer., 
liq}., mot., dig., pg. Two pigments — one 
fluorescent green, the other blue, pyocyanin. 
B. pyocyaneus /?, Ernst. Found in pus from 
bandages stained green, aer., liq}., mot., chg. 
(yellowish green), npg. B. pyogenes fceti- 
dus, Passet. Syn., Bacille pyogene }etide, Fr. 
Obtained from an ischiorectal abscess, aer., 
nliq}., mot., pg. B. pyogenes soli, Bolton. 
Obtained from the exudates of a rat after inoc- 
ulation with garden-earth, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., nmot., npg. B. radiatus, Ltideritz. 
Obtained from the exudates of mice and 
guinea-pigs after inoculation with garden- 
earth, anaer., liqf., mot., npg. B. radiatus 
aquatilis, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant- 
water (Chemnitz), aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. 
ramosus, Eisenberg. Syn., Wurzelbacillus. 
Common in soil and water, aer., liqf., npg. 
B. ramosus liquefaciens. Obtained from 
the air. aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. reticularis, 
Jordan. Found in hydrant-water (Lawrence, 
Mass.). aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. rheum- 
arthritidis, Kussmaul. Syn., Bacillus rheum- 
arthritis; Micrococcus rheumarthritis, Ley- 
den. Found in the joint effusions in articular 
rheumatism. B. rhinoscleromatis, Cornil 
and Alvarez, von Frisch, Paltauf, von Eisels- 
berg, Dittrich, Stepanow, etc. Found in the 
newly formed tubercles of rhinoscleroma. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., usually nmot. (becomes 
motile on cultivation), pg. Etiologic rela- 
tions not established. Considered by many 
as identical with B. pneumonia friedlanderi. 
It is less virulent, gelatin cultures more trans- 
parent, and the capsules more persistent. B. 
rosaceum metalloides, Dowdeswell. B. 
rubefaciens, Zimmermann. Found in hy- 
drant-water (Chemnitz), aer., nliq}., mot., 
chg. (pale pink), npg. B. rubellus, Okada. 
Found in the exudates of guinea-pigs after in- 
oculation with street-dust, anaer., liq}., mot., 
chg. (red), npg. B. ruber, Frank, Cohn, and 
Becker. Syn., Bacillus miniaceus, Zimmer- 



mann; Bacillus (or Bacterium) rosaceum metal- 
loides, Dowdeswell. The red bacillus of 
water. Found in water and on boiled rice. 
aer., liq}., mot., chg. (magenta red), npg. B. 
ruber indicus. See B. indicus, Koch. B. 
rubescens, Jordan. Found in sewage (Law- 
rence, Mass.). aer., nliq}., mot., chg. (pale 
pink), npg. B. rubidus, Eisenberg. Found 
in water, aer., liq}., mot., chg. (brownish 
red), npg. (Lustig describes a red bacillus 
■from river-water which he claims to be 
different from this.) B. salivarius sep- 
ticus, Biondi.^. See B. septicus sputigenus, 
Fliigge. B. sanguinis typhi, Brannan and 
Cheesman. Obtained from the blood of 
typhus-fever patients, aer., facanaer., nmot. 
B. saprogenes, I, II, III, Rosenbach. Found 
in putrefying matter on fetid feet, the white 
plugs of the pharyngeal follicles, etc. aer., fac- 
anaer., pg. B. sCaber, Duclaux. Syn., 
Tyrothrix scaber. Found in cheese, aer., 
nliqf., mot. (in early stages becoming non- 
motile), npg. B. schafferi, Freudenreich. 
Obtained from cheese and fermenting potato 
infusion, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., npg. 
Closely resembles B. neapolitanus* Emmerich. 
B. scissus, Frankland. Found in the soil. 
aer., nliq., nmot., npg. B. septicaemias haemor- 
rhagicae, Sternberg. Syn., Bacillus cholera ' gal- 
linarum, Fliigge; BaciWus cuniculicida, Fliigge; 
Bacillus cuniculicidus , Koch; Bacterium septi- 
caemia, Koch; Bacterium morbilli, Laniz; 
Coccobacteria septica, Billroth; Micrococcus sep- 
ticus, Cohn; Micrococcus cholera gallinarum; 
Micrococcus gallicidus; Micros por on septicus, 
Klebs. Found in the blood in cases of septice- 
mia, pg. B. septicus, Koch. SeeB.erysipelatos 
suis, Koch. B. septicus, Pasteur. See B. cedema- 
tis maligni,'Koch. Cf. Proteus septicus. B. sep- 
ticus acuminatus, Babes. Obtained from the 
umbilical stump, blood, and viscera of a five- 
days-old child dead of septic infection, aer. 
(no growth on gelatin) , pg. (for rabbits and 
guinea-pigs, not for mice). B. septicus agri- 
genus, Nicolaier* Obtained from manured 
garden-soil, aer., nliqf. (?). Resembles B. 
seplicamia hamorrhagica, Sternberg. B. 
septicus from Sputum. See B. septicus 
sputi, I, II, Kreibohm. B. septicus kerato- 
malaciae, Babes. Obtained from the cor- 
neal tissues and viscera of a child that died 
of septicemia following keratomalacia. aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., pg. (for rabbits and mice, 
slightly for birds, not for guinea-pigs). B. 
septicus sputi, I, II, Kreibohm. Obtained 
from human buccal secretions. Does not 
grow in any known culture-medium. Re- 
sembles B. septicamia hamorrhagica, Stern- 
berg. B. septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. 
Syn., Bacterium sep'ticum sputigenum, Frankel; 
Micrococcus pneumonia cruposa, Frankel; 
Micrococcus pasteuri, Sternberg; Diplococcws 
pneumonia, Weichselbaum; Streptococcus 
lanceolatus pasteuri, Gamaleia; Micrococcus of 
sputum septicemia, Frankel; Lancet-shaped 
micrococcus, Talamon; Pneumococcus of 
Frankel. Found both in healthy and in pneu- 



BACTERIA 



136 



BACTERIA 



monic sputum, in the fibrinous exudate of 
croupous pneumonia, and in the pus of menin- 
gitis, in middle-ear disease, in certain forms 
of pleurisy, joint-disease, and endocarditis. 
aer., facanaer., nmot., nliqf., pg. Held to be 
the cause of croupous pneumonia in man, and 
by some to be identical with B. lysscB, Pasteur. 
B. septicus ulceris gangraenosi, Babes. 
Found in the blood and viscera of a boy dead 
of septicemia following gangrene of the skin. 
aer., liqf., mot., pg. B. septicus vesicae, 
Clado. Found in the urine of a patient with 
cystitis, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. B. 
sessilis, L. Klein. Found in the blood of a 
cow supposed to have died of anthrax, aer., 
mot. (convulsive jerking), npg. B. similis, 
Bienstock. See B. subtiliformis, I, II, 
Bienstock. B. smaragdinophosphorescens, 
Katz. Obtained from a herring in fish-mar- 
ket (Sydney, N. S. W.). aer., nliqf., nmot., 
phos. (emerald green), npg. Resembles Pho- 
tobacterium phosphorescens, Cohn, and Photo- 
bacterium pfliigeri, Ludwig. B. smaragdinus 
fcetidus, Reimann. Found in the nasal secre- 
tions in a case of ozena, aer., facanaer., liqf., pg. 
B. solidus,Luderitz. Found in the exudates of 
mice inoculated with garden-earth, aer., nliqf., 
mot., npg. B. spiniferus, Unna. Found upon 
the skin in cases of eczema seborrhoicum. aer., 
nliqf., chg. (grayish yellow), npg. B. sputige- 
nus crassus. See B. crassus sputigenus, Krei- 
bohm. B. stolonatus, Adametz. Found in 
water, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. B. stolonif- 
erus, Pohl. Found in swamp-water, aer., 
liqf., mot. Pathogenesis not determined. B. 
striatus albus, von Besser. Found in the 
nasal secretions of healthy persons, aer., 
nliqf., npg. B. striatus fiavus, von Besser. 
Occasionally found in nasal mucus, aer., 
nliqf., chg. (sulfur yellow), npg. B. sub- 
flavus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant- 
water (Chemnitz), aer., nliqf., mot., chg. 
(pale yellow), npg. B. subtiliformis, Bien- 
stock. Syn., Bacillus subtilis simulans, I, II, 
Bienstock; Bacillus similis, Bienstock. Found 
in human feces, aer., nliqf., nmot., npg. B. sub- 
tilis, Ehrenberg, Cohn, Brefeld, Prazmowski," 
andFitz. Syn., Bacillus glycerine, Fitz; Bacillus 
fitzianus, Zopf ; Bacterium subtile, Zopf ; Met- 
allacter subtile, Pertz; Vibrio subtilis, Ehren- 
berg; Bacillus of hay infusions. De Bary con- 
fines B. subtilis to the form described by 
Brefeld and Prazmowski. The relation of the 
starch fermentation species of Fitz remains 
doubtful. A common form found in the air, 
water, soil, and on plants, aer., liqf., oscl., npg. 
B.suis,Detmers. SeeB.tardigradus. B.sulph- 
hydrogenus, Miquel. Found in water. 
aer., mot. Decomposes albumin with evolu- 
tion of H 2 S. B. sulphureum, Holschewni- 
koff and Rosenheim. Two forms found in 
urine and in mud. B. superficialis, Jordan. 
Common in sewage, aer., liqf., mot., npg. 
B. synxanthus, Ehrenberg and Schroter. 
Syn., Bacillus xantho genus, Fuchs and Ehren- 
berg; Bacterium xanthinum, Schroter; Vibrio 
synxanthus, Ehrenberg; Vibrio xantho genus, 



Fuchs; Bacillus of yellow milk. Found in 
milk that has been boiled, aer., mot., chg. 
(golden yellow), npg. Precipitates the casein; 
renders the milk alkaline. B. syphilidis, 
Lustgarten. Syn., Bacillus of syphilis, Lust- 
garten; Bacillus of Lustgarten. Found in syph- 
ilitic newgrowths and secretions; does not 
develop in ordinary culture-mediums. In 
staining, reaction seems to be identical with 
that of the bacillus of the smegma. Doehle 
describes parasitic infusoria as the causative 
agents of syphilis. B. tardigradus. Syn., 
Bacillus suis, Detmers; Micrococcus suis, 
Burrill. Found in dew, water, and in the 
fluids of pigs affected with swine plague. 
aer., mot., npg. Cf. B. of Swine Plague, 
Reitsch and Jobert. B. tenuis, Duclaux. 
Syn., Tyrothrix tenuis, Duclaux. Found in 
decomposing albuminoid matter, cheese, etc. 
aer., facanaer. ( ?), mot., npg. Used in ripen- 
ing certain French cheeses. B. tenuis spu- 
tigenus, Pansini. Obtained from sputum. 
aer., nliqf., nmot., pg. B. termo, Dujardin 
and Ehrenberg. See Bad. termo, Cohn. B. 
tetani, Nicolaier. Syn., Bacillus tetani trau- 
matici, Rosenbach; Bacillus of tetanus. Found 
in garden-earth and in the wounds of persons 
suffering from tetanus. Spores form at one 
end and give bacillus a drumstick appearance. 
anaer., liqf., mot., pg. B. tetani traumatici. 
See B. tetani. B. thalassophilus, Rus- 
sell. Obtained from mud (Bay of Naples). 
anaer., liqf., mot. Pathogenesis not deter- 
mined. B. thermophilus, Miquel. Found 
in the intestinal tract of man and animals, in 
sewage, and in the soil, aer., nmot., npg. B. 
tremelloides, Schottelius. Found in hy- 
drant-water (Freiburg), aer., liqf., chg. 
(golden yellow), npg. B. tremulus, Koch. 
Syn., Metallacler tremulus, Trevisan. Found 
as a surface pellicle on decomposing plant in- 
fusions. Resembles B. subtilis, Ehrenberg. 
B. tuberculosis, Koch. Syn., Bacterium tuber- 
culosis, Zopf; Bacterium tuber culo sum; Bacillus 
tuber culi; Bacillus tuber culosus. Found in the 
sputum, in tuberculous organs, and elsewhere 
in persons and animals affected with tubercu- 
losis. Parasitic, aer., facanaer., nmot., pg. 
B. tuberculosis gallinarum, Maffucci. 
Obtained from cases of spontaneous tubercu- 
losis in fowls. This seems to be a distinct 
species, characterized by its staining reactions, 
etc., its growth in pure cultures, and its patho- 
genic qualities, Koch. B. tumescens, Zopf. 
Syn., Bacterium tumescens, Zopf. Found 
upon beets, aer., liqf., mot., npg. B. tur- 
gidus, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix turgidus, 
Duclaux. Found in cheese, aer. Produces 
alkaline reaction (carbonate and butyrate of 
ammonium) in milk. B. tussis convul- 
sivae, Afanassiew. Syn., Bacillus of Afanas- 
siew. Found in the sputum of persons af- 
fected with pertussis, aer., nliqf., mot., pg. B. 
typhi abdominalis, Eberth, Gaffky, Klebs, 
Eppinger, Brautlecht. Syn., Bacillus typho- 
sus; Bacterium typhosum. Found in water 
and in milk and in the feces and organs in 



BACTERIA 



137 



BACTERIA 



typhoid fever, aer., facanaer., nliq}., mot. B. 
typhi murium, Loffler. Obtained from 
mice affected with an epidemic disease, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., mot. B. typhosus. See 
B. typhi abdominalis, Eberth, etc. B. ubiq- 
uitus, Jordan. Found in air, water, sewage 
(Lawrence, Mass.). aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
nmot., npg. Resembles B. candicans, Frank- 
land. B. ulna, Cohn and Prazmowski. 
Syn., Vibrio " b," Ehrenberg; Bacterium ulna, 
Miller; Vibrio bacillus, Miiller, Ehrenberg. 
Found in egg-albumen. aer., mot., npg. 
B. ulna of Vignal. Found in saliva of 
healthy persons; perhaps identical with the 
preceding form, aer., liqf., npg. B. ureae, 
Miquel. Found in the air. aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., npg. Perhaps identical with the pre- 
ceding form. B. ureas, Leube. Three va- 
rieties found in old urine, aer., nliqf., npg. 
Converts urea into ammonium carbonate. 
B. urocephalus, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix 
urocephalus, Duclaux. One of the com- 
monest forms associated with putrefaction of 
animal matter, aer., facanaer., npg. B. 
vaginalis, Doderlein. Constantly found in 
the normal vaginal secretions of adults, aer., 
facanaer., nmot. (no growth in gelatin), npg. 
B.varicosus conjunctivae, Gombert. Found 
in the healthy conjunctival sac of man. aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. B. vasculosis, 
Sternberg. Obtained from the intestine and 
stomach of yellow-fever cadavers, aer., liqf., 
mot., npg. B. venenosus, Vaughan. Found 
in water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. B. 
venenosus brevis, Vaughan. Found in 
water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. B. 
venenosus invisibilis, Vaughan. Found in 
water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. B. 
venenosus liquefaciens, Vaughan. Found 
in water, aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., pg. B. 
ventriculi, Raczynssky. Obtained from the 
stomach of meat-fed dogs, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., mot., npg. B. vermicularis, Frank- 
land. Found in river -water, aer., liqf., oscl., 
npg. B. vermiculosus, Zimmermann. 
Found in water, aer., liqf., oscl., npg. B. 
violaceus, Becker. Found in river-water. 
aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., chg. (dark violet). 
B. violaceus laurentius, Jordan. Found in 
hydrant -water (Lawrence, Mass.). aer., fac- 
anaer., liqf., mot., npg. B. virens, Van 
Tieghem. Syn., Sporonema gracile. Found 
in stagnant water, aer., mot., chg. (green, held 
by some to be chlorophyll, but not sufficiently 
studied), npg. B. virescens, Frick. Found 
in green sputum, aer., nliqf., mot., chg. 
(green), npg. B. virgula. See Sp. cholera 
*asiaticce, Koch. B. virgula, Duclaux. 
Syn., Tyrothrix virgula, Duclaux. Found in 
albuminous solutions, aer., nmot., npg. B. 
viridis, Van Tieghem. Syn., Bacterium viride, 
Van Tieghem; Arthrobacterium viride, De 
Bary. Found in water collected in the hollow 
of a polyporous fungus, aer., chg. (green). 
Not thoroughly investigated. B. viridis 
flavus, Frick. Syn., Bacillus viridis pallescens, 
Frick. aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (yellowish- 



green), npg. Resembles B. virescens, Frick. 
B. viridis pallescens, Frick. See B. viridis 
flavus, Frick. B. viscosus, Frankland. 
Found in river-water, aer., liqf., mot., chg. 
(fluorescent green). Perhaps identical with 
B. fluorescens, Fliigge. B. viscosus, I, II, 
Van Laer. Found in ropy milk, aer., nliqf., 
npg. B. viscosus cerevisiae, Van Laer. 
Found in viscous beer and in milk, aer., liqf., 
npg. B. viscosus sacchari, Kramer. Found 
in viscous saccharine fluids, aer., liqf., npg. 
B. vulgaris, Hauser. Syn., Proteus vulgaris; 
Proteus sulphur eus, Holschenikoff; Proteus of 
Hauser. Commonly associated with putre- 
faction, aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., pg. This 
species is probably one of those formerly in- 
cluded under Bad. termo. B. "X," Stern- 
berg. Found in yellow-fever cadavers. Stern- 
berg thinks it possible that this form is con- 
cerned in the etiology of the fever, pg. (for 
rabbits). B. xanthogenus, Fuchs and Ehr- 
enberg. See B. synxanthus, Ehrenberg. 
B. xerosis, Frankel. Syn., Xerose bactl- 
lus. See B. of Xerosis epithelialis conjunc- 
tiva;, Leber. B. zenkeri, Hauser. Syn., 
Proteus zenkeri; Bacille de Hauser, Fr. 
Found in putrefying animal matter, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. B. zopfii. Syn., 
Bacterium zopfii, Kurth; Arthrobacterium 
zopfii, De Bary. Found in the intestinal tract 
of fowls, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. B. zurnianus, 
List. Found in water, aer., nliqf., nmot., npg. 
Bacteridium prodigiosum, Schroter. See B. 
prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bacterium aceti, 
Lanzi. See B. aceti, Kutzing. Bact. aegyp- 
ticum, Chester, path. The cause of an acute 
contagious form of conjunctivitis. Bact. aero- 
genes, Miller. See B. aerogenes, II, Miller. 
Bact. aeruginosum, Schroter. See B. pyocy- 
aneus a, Gessard. Bact. allii. See B. allii, 
Griffiths. Bact. anthracis, Zopf. See B. 
anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Bact. ar- 
ticulatum, Ehrenberg. See Bact. lineola, 
Cohn. Bact. aurantiacum, Trelease. A 
chromogenic form. Bact. bacillus, Pasteur. 
See Bact. termo, Davaine. Bact. brunneum, 
Schroter. Found in a putrid infusion of In- 
dian corn. chg. (brown). Perhaps identical 
with B. fuscus, Zimmermann. Bact. butyri 
colloideum, Lafar. Found in every sample 
of natural butter examined. Cf. B. butyri 
■fluorescens, Lafar. Bact. candidum, Tre- 
lease. A chromogenic form, identical with 
B. mesentericus fuscus, Fliigge. Bact. capi- 
tatum, Davaine. Found in an infusion of 
albuminous matter, aer., mot. Bact. car- 
bunculare, Pollender, Brauell, Delafond, and 
Davaine. See B. anthracis, Pollender and 
Davaine. Bact. carlsbergense, Hansen. 
Found in the air. Cf. Bact. kochii, Hansen. 
Bact. catenula, Dujardin. Has been ob- 
served especially in putrid wine and putrefying 
blood, generally in albuminous liquids in con- 
tact with air. Coze and Feltz found it in 
man in typhoid fever. It resembles B. acidi 
lactici, Davaine, Hueppe. Bact. caucasi- 
cum. See B. caucasicus. Kern. Bact. 



r 



BACTERIA 



chlorinum, Engelmann. Found in water. 
aer., chg. (green). Engelmann holds this to 
be chlorophyll, as a small amount of oxygen 
is given off, indicating the assimilation of 
carbon. Bact. coli commune, Escherich. 
See B. neapolitanus. Bact. commune, 
Pasteur. See Bact. termo, Dujardin. Bact. 
cuneatum, Rivolta. See B. cuneatus. Bact. 
cyanogenum, Fuchs. See B. cyano genus, 
Hueppe. Bact. denitrificans. See B. deni- 
trificans. Bact. dysodes, Zopf. See B. dyso- 
des. Bact. enchelys, Ehrenberg. Found in 
river-water. Bact. farinaceum, Wigand. 
Found in sour sponge or dough. Bact. fitzia- 
num, Zopf. See B. subtilis, Ehrenberg. Bact. 
fcetidum, Thin. SeeB.fcetidus, Passet. Bact. 
fusiforme, Warming. Found in sea-water. 
Bact. gingivae pyogenes, Miller. See B. 
gingiva pyogenes, Bact. gliscrogenum, 
Malerba. Syn., Bacillus gllscrogenus. Found 
in viscid acid urine, aer., nliq}., mot., npg. 
Bact. griseum, Warning. Syn., Micrococcus 
griseus, Winter, a doubtful form. Bact. 
gummis, Comes. The cause of the gum- 
mous disease of the fig, almond, and orange 
trees, and the mat nero of vines. Cf. Bact. 
putredinis, Davaine. Bact. gummosum, 
Ritsert. Found to produce the viscosity of 
infusions of digitalis. aer.,liqf., pleom. Bact. 
hessii, Guillebeau. One of the two forms 
found by Guillebeau to cause milk to be- 
come ropy. Thrives best in pasteurized milk. 
aer., liqf., mot., npg. Cf. Microc. freuden- 
reichii. Bact. hyacinthi, Wakker. Found 
in the bulbs and leaves of the hyacinth and 
causing the "yellows" of hyacinths. Cf. B. 
hyacinthi septicus, Heinz. Bact. janthinum, 
Zopf. Found on pieces of pig-bladder float- 
ing on water rich in lower organisms. In the 
air it forms a violet pigment soluble in al- 
cohol. Bact. kochii, Hansen. Found in the 
air of Carlsberg. Cf. Bact. carlsbergense, 
Hansen. Bact. lactis, Lister. See B. acidi 
lactici, Hueppe. Bact. lactis aerogenes, 
Escherich. See B. lactis aerogenes, Abelous. 
Bact. lineola, Miiller, Cohn. Syn., Bacte- 
rium punctum, Rivolta; Bacterium tremulans, 
Trevisan; Bacterium triloculare, Ehrenberg; 
Bacterium articulatum, Ehrenberg. Vibrio 
lineola (Miiller), Ehrenberg; Vibrio tremulans, 
Ehrenberg; Bacillus lineola. Found in well- 
water and other water, in infusions, in soil on 
vegetables, etc. aer., mot. (trembling and dart- 
ing back and forth), pleom., npg. Probably 
represents several species, or a developmental 
form of a spirillum. Bact. litoreum, Warm- 
ing. Found only in sea-water, aer., mot., 
npg. Bact. lucens, Van Tieghem. See B. 
lucens, Van Tieghem. Bact. luteum, Tre- 
lease. See B. luteus, Fliigge. Bact. maidis, 
Cuboni. See B. maidis, Cuboni. Bact. 
merismopcedioides, Zopf. See B. mer- 
ismopcedioides, Zopf. Bact. . morbilli, 

Lanzi. Found in the urine of persons with 
measles. Cf. B. septicamia hamorrhagica, 
Sternberg. Bact. navicula, Reinke and Ber- 
thold. See B. butyricus, Prazmowski. Bact. 



BACTERIA 

neapolitanum. See B. neapolitanus, Em- 
merich. Bact. oblongum, Boutroux. Syn., 
Micrococcus oblongus, Boutroux. Found in 
beer; the agent of gluconic fermentation. 
Bact. of Butyric-acid Fermentation. See 
B. butyricus, Prazmowski. Bact. of Diph- 
theria, Emmerich. Found in cases of diph- 
theria in man and doves. Bact. of Fire- 
blight. See B. butyricus, Prazmowski. 
Bact. of Infectious Pneumonia in the 
Horse. See Sir. coryzce contagiosa equo- 

rum, Schiitz. Bact. of Kephir. See B. cau- 
casicus, Kern. Bact. of Pear-blight. See 
B. butyricus, Prazmowski, and Microc. amylo- 
vorus, Burrill. Bact. of Sheep-pox. Found 
in cases of sheep-pox, or "Schafblattern." 
Bact. of Variola, Cose and Feltz. Found in 
the vesicles of smallpox; pathogenic for rab- 
bits. Bact. oleae, Arcangeli. Said to cause 
the socalled tuberculosis ("maladie de la 
loupe" ; ' 'rogner") of olives. Bact. ovatum, 
Lebert. See Nosema bombycis, Nageli. Bact. 
pasteurianum, Bact. pastorianum. See 
B. pasteurianus, Hansen. Bact. peri- 
planetae , Tichomirow. Found in the common 
cockroach (Periplaneta orientalis), and pro- 
ducing in it a specific disease. Bact. pflugeri, 
Ludwig. See Photobacterium pflugeri, Ludwig. 
Bact. phosphorescens, Hermes, Bact. phos- 
phorescens, Cohn. Syn., Photobacterium phos- 
phorescens. See B. phosphoreus, Cohn. Bact. 
photometricum, Engelmann. Found in 
water; motion dependent on light; possibly not 
a bacterium at all. Bact. pneumoniae, Bact. 
pneumoniae crouposae, Friedlander. See B. 
pneumonia jriedlanderi. Bact. porri, Tom- 
masi-Crudeli. Found in warts. Bact. prodigi- 
osum. See B. prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bact. 
pseudopneumonicum. See B. pseudopneu- 
monicus, Fliigge. Bact. punctum, Rivolta. 
See Bact. lineola, Miiller, Cohn. Bact. putred- 
inis, Davaine. Found in rapidly decaying 
plants. Cf. Bact. gummis, Comes. Bact. 
pyriforme, Hansen. Found in the air. Bact. 
radicicola, Prazmowski. Syn., Bacillus rad- 
icicola, Beyernick; Rhizobium legumino- 
sarum, Frank. Found in the soil, particu- 
larly in the roots of the Leguminosa, where it 
is held to stimulate the cells to unusual growth, 
affect nitrification, constitute the "bacteroids" 
of Woronin, and form the socalled "bacter- 
oid tissue." Bact. rosaceum metalloides, 
Dowdeswell. See B. ruber, Frank, Cohn. 
Bact. rubescens, Lankester. See Beggia- 
toa roseopersicina, Zopf. Bact. septicaemias, 
Koch. See B. septicamia hamorrhagica, 
Sternberg. Bact. septicum sputigenum. 
See B. septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Bact. 
subtile, Buchner. See B. subtilis, Ehren- 
berg. Bact. sulphuratum ; Bact. sulphur- 
atum, Warming. See Beggiatoa roseo- 
persicina, Zopf. Bact. sulphureum, Rosen- 
heim. Found in wine. nliq). Evolves H 2 S. 
Bact. syncyaneum, Ehrenberg, Schroter. 
See B. cyanogenus, Hueppe. Bact. synxan- 
thum, Schroter. See B. synkanthus. Bact. 
termo, Dujardin and Ehrenberg. Syn., 



BACTERIA 



139 



BACTERIA 



Bacillus termo, Davaine; Bacterium bacillus, 
Pasteur; Cryptococcus natans, Kiitzing; Cryp- 
iococcus nebidosus, Kiitzing; Micrococcus cre- 
puscidum, Cohn; Zooglcea termo; Monas termo, 
Muller. A collective species. Bact. termo, 
Vignal. Found in the saliva of healthy per- 
sons, aer., liqf., mot., chg. (yellowish gray), 
npg. Bact. tholoideum, Gessner. Syn., 
Bacillus of Gessner. Found in the intestinal 
contents of healthy persons. Resembles 
B. lactis aerogettes, Escherich. pg. (for mice 
and guinea-pigs). Bact. tremulans, Tre- 
visan. See Bact. lineola, Cohn. Bact. tril- 
oculare, Ehrenberg. See Bact. lineola, Cohn. 
Bact. tuberculosis, Zopf, Bact. tubercu- 
losum, Koch. See B. tuberculosis, Koch. 
Bact. tumescens, Zopf. See B. tumescens, 
Zopf. Bact. typhosum. See B. typhi 
abdominalis, Eberth and Gaffky. Bact. 
ulna. See B. ulna, Cohn. Bact. ureae, 
Cohn. See Microc. urea. Bact. ureae, 
Jaksch. Found in ammoniacal urine, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf. Not sufficiently investigated. 
Bact. vermiforme, Ward. Found in fer- 
mented ginger-beer. Bact. violaceum, Ber- 
gonzini. Syn., Chromobacterium violaceum, 
Bergonzini. Found in putrefying solutions of 
egg-albumen, chg. (violet). Bact. viride. 
See B. viridis, Van Tieghem. Bact. xan- 
thinum. See B. synxanthus, Ehrenberg and 
Schroter. Bact. xylinum, Brown. Found in 
solutions of carbohydrates, giving rise to acetic 
acid, and converting dextrose into gluconic acid, 
and mannitol into levulose. Bact. zopfii, 
Kurth. See B. zopfii. Bacteroides, Woronin. 
See under Bacterioid. Beggiatoa alba, Vau- 
cher. Syn., Beggiatoa punctata, Trevisan; Beg- 
giatoa leptomitiformis, Meneghi; Oscillaria 
alba, Vaucher; Hygrocrocis vandelli, Meneghi. 
Next to Cladothrix the most common bacterium 
of water, forming a superficial layer in the mud . 
Beggiatoa alba, var. marina, Cohn. Syn., 
Beggiatoa cerstedtii, Rabenhorst. See Beggi- 
atoa marina, Cohn. Beggiatoa arachnoidea, 
Agardh. Syn., Oscillaria arachnoidea, 
Agardh; Oscillaria versatilis, Kutz. Found 
in swamps and sulfur springs. Beggiatoa 
leptomitiformis, Meneghi and Trevisan. 
Syn., Oscillaria leptomitiformis, Meneghi. 
Found in sulfur springs. Beggiatoa marina, 
Cohn. Syn., Beggiatoa alba, var. marina, 
Cohn; Beggiatoa cerstedtii, Rabenhorst. 
Found in a salt-water aquarium, forming a 
whitish, slimy layer on dead fish. Beggia- 
toa minima, Warming. Found in sea- 
water; gray. Beggiatoa mirabilis, Cohn. 
Found in a salt-water aquarium; snow white. 
Beggiatoa multisepta. See Pragmidiothrix 
multisepta, Engler. Held by Zopf to be iden- 
tical with Beggiatoa alba, Vaucher. Beggia- 
toa nivea, Rabenhorst. Syn., Leptonema 
niveum; Symphiothrix nivea, Brugger. 
Found in sulfur springs. Beggiatoa nodosa, 
Van Tieghem. A doubtful form, character- 
ized by nodes in the filaments, which differs 
from other members of the genus in the 
absence of sulfur grains and of motion. 



Beggiatoa cerstedtii, Rabenhorst. See 
Beggiatoa marina, Cohn. Beggiatoa pellu- 
cida, Cohn. Found in a marine aquarium; 
sulfur grains few. Beggiatoa punctata, 
Trevisan. See Beggiatoa alba, Cohn. Beg- 
giatoa roseopersicina, Zopf. Syn., Bacte- 
rium rubescens, Lankester; Bact. sulfur - 
atum or Bact. sidphuratum, Warming; 
Clathrocystis roseopersicina, Cohn; Cohnia 
roseopersicina, Winter, Kiitzing; Microhaloa 
rosea, Kutz; Ophidiomonas san guinea, Ehr- 
enberg; Pleurococcus roseopersicina, Raben- 
horst. Peach-colored . bacterium. Morpho- 
logically identical with Beggiatoa alba, Vaucher. 
Forms rose-colored to violet pellicles on put- 
rid matter. Produces bacteriopurpurin. Beg- 
giatoa tigrina, Rabenhorst. Syn., Oscillaria 
tigrina, Roemer. Found in swamps on sub- 
merged wood. Forms a thin white layer. 
Bienstock's Putrefactive Bacillus, Bien- 
stock's Putrefactive Bacillus from the 
Feces. See B. putrificus coli, Bienstock. 
Brieger's Bacillus. See B. cavicidus, Brie- 
ger. Buff Bacillus of Spreading Edema, 
A. B. Harris, nliqf., aer., chg. (buff), pleom, 
Capsule Bacillus of Loeb. Obtained from 
a case of keratomalacia infantum, aer., fac- 
anaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. Resembles B. capsu- 
lars, Pfeiffer. Capsule Bacillus of Ozena, 
Marano. Found in the nasal secretions in ten 
cases of ozena. Resembles B. pneumoniae 
friedlanderi. Cf. Microc. loewenbcrgii. Cap- 
sule Bacillus of Smith. See B. capsulatus 
smithii. Cheese Spirillum. See Sp. tyrog- 
enum, Denecke. Chromobacterium vio- 
laceum, Bergonzini. See Bact. violaceum, 
Bergonzini. Cladothrix bovis. See Actino- 
myces bovis, Harz. Cladothrix canis. 
Held by Rabe to be very like Actinomyces 
bovis. Cladothrix dichotoma, Cohn and 
Zopf. Causes lesions of the skin in butchers, 
tanners, cooks, etc.; called by Rosenbach 
erysipeloid. See Leptothrix ochracea, Kiitz- 
ing; Myconostoc gregarium, Cohn. Clado- 
thrix fcersteri, Cohn. Syn., Crenothrix 
fcersteri; Streptothrix fcersteri, Cohn, Forms 
yellowish or grayish concretions in the human 
lacrimal ducts. Cladothrix intricata, Rus- 
sell. Obtained from sea-mud (bay of Naples). 
aer., liqf., mot. Clathrocystis roseopersi- 
cina, Cohn. See Beggiatoa roseopersicina, 
Zopf. Clostridium butyricum, Prazmow- 
ski. See B. butyricus, Prazmowski. Clos- 
tridium fcetidum, Liborius. See B. fcetidus, 
Passet. Clostridium of Symptomatic An- 
thrax (or Charbon), Neelsen and Ehlers. 
See B. chauvcei, Bollinger and Feser. Clos- 
tridium polymyxa, Prazmowski. See B. 
pdymyxa, Prazmowski. Coccidioides immi- 
tis pyogenes, Ophiils and Moffitt. Found in 
chronic suppurative processes. Coccobacillus 
pyogenes ureae, Rorsing. See Dip. pyogenes 
urece. Coccobacteria septica, Billroth. The 
single term under which Billroth includes all 
putrefactive bacteria. See B. septicamiaz 
hcemorrhagicce. Coccobacteria ureae, Ror- 
sing. See Dip. pyogenes urece. Coccobac- 



BACTERIA 



140 



BACTERIA 



terium lyssae, Rivolta. See B. lyssa. Coh- 
nia roseopersicina, Winter and Kutzing. 
See Beggiatoa roseopersicina, Zopf. Colon 
Bacillus of Escherich. See B. neapolitanus. 
Comma Bacillus, Comma Bacillus of 
Koch, Comma-shaped Bacillus, Waten. 
See Sp. cholera asiatica, Koch. Corpuscles 
brillants. See B. fcetidus, Passet. Coryza 
Diplococci. See Microc. cereus aureus, 
Schroter and Winkler. Crenothrix fcersteri, 
Cohn. See Cladothrix fcersteri. Crenothrix 
kiihniana, Saccardo and Rabenhorst. Syn., 
Crenothrix polyspora, Cohn; Hypaothrix 
kiihniana; Leptothrix kiihniana. Found in 
drinking-water, to which it imparts a dis- 
agreeable taste. Crenothrix polyspora, 
Cohn. See Crenothrix kiihniana, Saccardo 
and Rabenhorst. Cryptococcus alveareus. 
See B. alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Cryp- 
tococcus clava, Wedl. Found in the stom- 
achs of ruminants. Cryptococcus cere- 
visiae, Robin, Cryptococcus fermenta- 
tum, Kutzing. See Saccharomyces cerevisioe, 
Reess and Robin. Cryptococcus glutinis, 
Fersen. See Saccharomyces glutinis. Cryp- 
tococcus guttulatus, Robin. See Saccharo- 
myces guttulatus. Cryptococcus natans, 
Cryptococcus nebulosus, Kutzing. See 
Bad. termo, Dujardin and Davaine. Crypto- 
coccus of Yellow Fever. See Cryptococcus 
xanthogenicus, Freire. Cryptococcus xan- 
thogenicus, Domingo Freire. Considered 
by Freire to be the cause of yellow fever. 
Cf. B. of Yellow Fever. Denecke's Cheese 
Bacillus. See Sp. tyrogenum. Dengue Mi- 
crococci. See Scheutzia laughlini. Detio- 
nella ochracea, Saccardo. See Leptothrix 
ochracea, Kutzing. Diplococcus albicans 
amplus, Bumm. Grayish-white micrococcus. 
Found in mucus from the healthy vagina. 
aer., facanaer., liqf., npg. Dip. albicans 
tardissimus. Morphologically identical 
with the gonococcus, but more adherent, 
forming small masses. aer., nliqf., npg. 
Dip. albicans tardus, Unna and Tommasoli. 
Found in eczema, aer., nliqf., nmot. Dip. 
citreus conglomeratus, Bumm. Obtained 
from the air, in dust, and from gonorrheal pus. 
aer., facanaer., liqf., chg. (lemon-yellow), npg. 
Dip. citreus liquefaciens, Unna and Tom- 
masoli. Found on the skin in cases of ec- 
zema seborrhoicum. aer., liqf., nmot., chg. 
(lemon yellow), npg. Dip. coryzae, Klebs 
and Hajek. Obtained from the nasal secre- 
tions in cases of acute nasal catarrh, aer., 
nliqf., npg. Dip. flavus liquefaciens tar- 
dus, Unna and Tommasoli. Found on the 
skin in cases of eczema seborrhoicum. aer., 
facanaer., liqf., chg. (chrome yellow), npg. 
Dip. fluorescens foetidus, Klamann. Ob- 
tained from the posterior nares. aer., fac- 
anaer., liqf., chg. (grass-green to violet), npg. 
Dip. intracellularis meningitidis, Gold- 
schmidt and Weichselbaum. Found within 
the cells of the exudate in cerebrospinal men- 
ingitis, aer., nliqf., pg. Dip. lacteus favi- 
formis, Bumm. Found frequently in the 



vaginal secretions, aer., nliqf., npg. Dip. 
luteus, Adametz. Found in water, aer., 
liqf., mot., chg. (yellow), npg. Dip. of Gon- 
orrhea. See Microc. gonorrhoea, Neisser. 
Dip. of Orchitis, Hugounenq and Eraud. 
Syn., Orchiococcus. Frequently found in 
gonorrheal pus during the first few days, aer., 
nliqf., pg. Dip. of Ozena, Lowenberg. 
Found in the secretions in cases of ozena. 
Dip. of Pemphigus, Dip. of Pemphigus 
acutus, Demme. Syn., Micrococcus of 
Demme. Found in the bullas of pemphigus. 
aer., nliqf., pg. Resembles the gonococcus. 
Dip. of Pneumonia in Horses, Schiitz. Ob- 
tained from the lungs of a horse affected with 
acute pneumonia, aer., nliqf., pg. Dip. 
pneumoniae, Weichselbaum. Syn., Pneu- 
mococcus of Frankel. See B. septicus sputige- 
nus, Flugge. Dip. pneumoniae fibrinosae, 
Friedlander. See B. pneumonia friedlanderi. 
Dip. pyogenes ureae, Rorsing. Syn., Dip- 
lococcus urea, Rorsing; Coccobacillus pyog- 
enes urea, Rorsing; Coccobacterium urea, 
Rorsing. Found in purulent urine. Cf. 
Dip. urea trifoliatus, Rorsing; Microc. pyog- 
enes urea flavus, Rorsing. Dip. roseus, 
Bumm. Found in the air. aer., facanaer., 
liqf., chg. (pink), npg. Dip. ureae, Rorsing. 
See Dip. pyogenes urea, Rorsing. Dip. ureae 
trifoliatus, Rorsing. Found in purulent 
urine. Cf. Dip. pyogenes urea, Rorsing; 
Microc. pyogenes urea flavus, Rorsing. Dis- 
pora caucasica, Kern. See B. caucasicus, 
Kern. Drumstick Bacillus. See B. putri- 
ficus coli. Epsilon Bacillus. See Sp. fink- 
leri. Erythroconus litoralis, (Erstedt. See 
Sarcina litoralis. Feet-sweat Bacillus. See 
B. fatidus, B. sapro genes, II, and B. grave- 
olens. Finkle'r-Prior's Bacillus. See Sp. 
finkleri. Flesh-colored Bacillus, Tils, aer., 
liqf., mot., chg. (pink), npg. Flowers of 
Wine. See Saccharomyces mycoderma, Reess. 
Frankel' s Pneumobacillus. See B. septi- 
cus sputigenus, Flugge. Frog-spawn Bac- 
terium of Sugar -factories, Frog-spawn 
Fungus. See Leuconostoc mesenteroides. 
Gaffkya tetragenus, Saccardo. See Microc. 
tetragenus, Gaffky. Gas-forming Bacillus. 
See B. gasoformans, Eisenberg. Ginger- 
beer Plant, Marshall Ward. Forms jelly- 
like, semitransparent, yellowish-white, brain- 
like masses at the bottom of the fermentation; 
resembles Caucasian kephir grains; it is a sym- 
biotic association of Saccharomyces pyriformis 
and of Bact. vermiforme. Glacier Bacillus. 
See B. fluorescens nivalis, Schmolck. Glio- 
coccus. A micrococcus with a slimy capsule. 
Golden Staphylococcus. See 5 1 . pyogenes 
aureus, Ogston, Becker. Gray-white Mi- 
crococcus, Bumm. See Dip. albicans am- 
plus, Bumm. Haematococcus bovis, Babes, 
Zimmermann. Obtained from the blood and 
viscera of cattle dead of an epidemic infectious 
disease characterized by hemoglobinuria (in 
Rumania), aer., facanaer., nliqf., pg. Hay 
Bacillus. See B. subtilis, Ehrenberg. Heli- 
cobacterium aerogenes, Miller. See B. 



BACTERIA 



141 



BACTERIA 



aerogenes, III, Miller. Helicobacterium 

klebsii, Escherich. Found in the intestine of 
guinea-pigs, pleom. Helicomonas, Klebs. 
Syphilis fungus. Cf. B. syphilidis, Lustgar- 
ten. Hormiscium cerevisiae, Bonard, Hor- 
miscium vini, Hormiscium vini et cere- 
visiae, Bonard. See Saccharomyces myco- 
derma. Hueppe's Bacillus of Butyric-acid 
Fermentation. See B. butyricus, Hueppe. 
Hygrocrocis vandelli, Meneghi. See Beg- 
giatoa alba, Trevisan. Hypaeothrix kiihni- 
ana. See Crenothrix kuhniana. Influenza 
Bacillus. See B. of Influenza, Pfeiffer. 
Iodococcus vaginatus, Miller. Found in 
unclean mouths; gives peculiar reaction with 
iodin, the sheath being stained yellow, the 
cocci dark blue. Koch's Bacillus, K.'s 
Comma Bacillus, Comma Bacillus. See 
Sp. choleroe asiaticce, Koch. Lanceolate 
Coccus, Lancet-shaped Micrococcus, Tal- 
amon. See B. septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. 
Lepra Bacillus. See B. leprce, Hansen. 
Leptonema niveum. See Beggiatoa nivea, 
Rabenhorst. Leptothrix buccalis, Robin. 
Syn., Leptothrix gigantea, Miller; Leptothrix 
pulmonalis; Rasmussenia buccalis, Sac- 
cardo. Found in the mouth of man and ani- 
mals. Falsely considered the cause of dental 
caries. Leptothrix buccalis of Vignal. See 
B. buccalis (a), Vignal. Leptothrix epi- 
dermidis. Syn., Bacillus epidermidis, Bizzo- 
zero; Microsporon minutissimum, Burchardt. 
Found on the epidermis between the toes, and 
held by Bizzozero to be nonpathogenic, but by 
Boeck to be the cause of erythrasma. Lepto- 
thrix gigantea, Miller. Found on the teeth 
of dogs, sheep, cattle, and other animals 
affected with pyorrhoea alveolaris. Some 
consider it identical with Leptothrix buccalis, 
Robin. Leptothrix hyalina, Reinsch. 
Found on marine algae. Leptothrix innomi- 
nata, Miller. See Leptothrix buccalis, Robin. 
Leptothrix kuhniana. See Crenothrix kuh- 
niana, Saccardo. Leptothrix lacrimalis. 
See Cladothrix fcersteri, Cohn. Leptothrix 
lanugo, Kiitzing. Found on marine algae 
near Heligoland. Leptothrix maxima buc- 
calis, Miller. See B. buccalis maximus, Mil- 
ler. Leptothrix muralis, Kiitzing. See 
Leptothrix parasitica. Leptothrix natans. 
See Sphcerotilus natans, Saccardo. Lepto- 
thrix ochracea, Kiitzing. Syn., Detionella 
ochracea, Saccardo; Cladothrix dichotoma, ■ 
Zopf. According to Zopf, this represents fila- 
ments of cladothrix stained with iron oxid. 
Leptothrix of Puerperal Fever, Leptothrix 
puerperalis, Fettz. See B. puerperalis, En- 
gel and Spillmann. Leptothrix parasitica, 
Kiitzing. Parasitic on fresh-water alga?. 
Leptothrix pulmonalis. See Leptothrix 
buccalis, Robin. Leptothrix pusilla, Raben- 
horst. Found on fresh-water algae, also in the 
mouth, Klebs. Leptothrix symplacoides, 
Dickie. Found on marine alga?. Lepto- 
thrix vaginalis. Found in the vagina of 
animals and women. Leptothrix variabilis, 
Saccardo. Found in saliva of healthy persons. 



Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Van Tieghem. 
Syn., A scococcus mesenteroides, Cienkowski; 
Frog-spawn bacterium of sugar-factories; 
Frog-spawn fungus. A source of great loss to 
the manufacturers of beet-sugar, frequently 
and rapidly converting large quantities of 
the beet-juice into a mucilaginogelatinous 
mass. Liborius' Bacillus of Butyric-acid 
Fermentation. See B. butyricus, Prazmow- 
ski. Lissophyton suspectum, Hallier. See 
B. lyssce, Pasteur. Loffler's Bacillus. See 
B. diphtherias, Klebs and Loffler. Melunella 
flexuosa, Borg. See Sp. rugula, Miiller. 
Merismopoedia chondroidea, With, Meris- 
mopcedia glauca. See Sarcina renis, Hep- 
worth. Merismopoedia goodsirii. See Sar- 
cina ventriculi, Goodsir. Merismopoedia 
hyalina, Kiitzing. See Sarcina hyalina, Kiitz- 
ing. Merismopoedia litoralis, Rabenhorst. 
See Sarcina litoralis, (Erstedt. Merismo- 
poedia reitenbachii, Caspary. See Sarcina 
reitenbachii, Caspary. Merismopoedia uri- 
nae, Rabenhorst. See Sarcina urince, Welcker. 
Merismopoedia ventriculi, Husem. See 
Sarcina ventriculi, Goodsir. Merismopoedia 
violacea, Kiitzing. See Sarcina violacea, 
Kiitzing. Metallacter anthracis, Trevisan. 
See B. anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. 
Metallacter tremulus, Trevisan. See B. 
tremulus, Koch. Metallacter ulna, Trevi- 
san. See B. ulna, Cohn. Micrococcus aceti. 
See B. aceti, Kiitzing. Microc. acidi lactici, 
Marpmann. Found in milk; resembles in its 
action B. acidi lactici, Hueppe. aer., nliqf., 
nmot., npg. Cf. Sphcerococcus acidi lactici, 
Marpmann. Microc. acidi lactici lique- 
faciens, Kriiger. Found in butter and 
cheese, aer., facanaer., liqf., nmot. Microc. 
aerogenes, Miller. Found in the intestinal 
tract of man. aer., liqf., nmot., npg. Microc. 
agilis, Ali-Cohen. Found in drinking-water. 
aer., liqf., mot., npg. A motile coccus, pro- 
vided with a flagellum; described by Menge. 
Found' in water. Microc. agilis citreus, 
Menge. Microc. (Diplococcus) albicans 
amplus, Bumm. Syn., Neisseria albicans. 
Frequently found in the vaginal secretions. 
aer., liqf., npg. Microc. albicans tardissi- 
mus, Eisenberg, Bumm. Found in the vagi- 
nal secretions of puerperal women, aer., fac- 
anaer. nliqf., npg. Microc. (Diplococcus) 
albicans tardus, Unna and Tommasoli. 
Found in eczema, aer., nliqf., nmot. Mi- 
croc. albus urinae. See Microc. urinalbus. 
Microc. amylovorus, Burrill and Arthur. 
Syn., Micrococcus of apple-blight; Bacterium of 
pear-blight. Produces fermentation in saccha- 
rine fluids, aer., nliqf., mot., pg. (for apple and 
pear trees). Cf. B. butyricus, Prazmowski. 
Microc. aquatilis, Bolton. Found frequently 
in water, aer., nliqf., npg. Microc. arei 
celsii, Buchner and Sehlen. Syn., Bacte- 
rium decalvans, Thin. Found on the dis- 
eased hairs in alopecia areata. Cf. B. of 
Alopecia areata, Kasauli, and Microc. of 
Alopecia areata, Robinson. Microc. asco- 
formans, Johne. See Microc. botryo genes, 



BACTERIA 



142 



BACTERIA 



Rabe. Microc. aurantiacus, Cohn. Syn., 
Pediococcus aurantiacus. Found in water. 
aer., nliqf., chg. (orange-yellow), npg. Microc. 
biskrae. See Microc. of Heydenreich. Mi- 
croc. blennorrhoeus. See Microc. gonor- 
rhoea, Neisser. Microc. bombycis, Cohn, 
Bechamp. Syn., Streptococcus bombycis, Be- 
champ. Found in the intestinal tract of silk- 
worms and other Lepidoptera dead of the epi- 
demic disease known in France as la flacherie; 
etiologic relation demonstrated by Pasteur. 
Microc. botryogenes, Bollinger, Rabe. 
Syn., Bollingera equi, Saccardo; Ascococcus 
johnei, Cohn; Micrococcus ascoformans, Johne; 
Microc. of mykodesmoids of the horse. Found 
in colonies in the connective tissue of horses 
affected with "mykodesmoids." aer., liqf., 
pg. Microc. candicans, Flugge. Found 
abundantly in air and water, aer., nliqf., 
npg. Microc. candidus, Cohn. Found in 
water, aer., nliqf., npg. Microc. capil- 
lorum. Found on the scalp and said to alter 
the color of the hair, aer., chg. (reddish- 
yellow). Microc. carneus, Zimmermann. 
Found in water, aer., nliqf., chg. (red to vio- 
let), npg. Microc. cerasinus siccus, List. 
aer., nliqf., chg. (cherry-red), npg. Microc. 
cereus albus, Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus 
cereus albus, Passet. Found in the pus of acute 
abscesses, and by Tils in hydrant-water (Frei- 
burg), aer., nliqf., npg. Microc. cereus 
aureus, Schroter and Winkler. Syn., Staphy- 
lococcus cereus aureus, S. and W. Found in 
the thin secretions of coryza. aer., nliqf., chg. 
(orange-red), npg. Microc. cereus flavus, 
Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus cereus flavus, 
Passet; Staphylococcus passetii. Found in an 
acute abscess, aer., nliqf., chg. (lemon -yellow), 
npg. Microc. chlorinus. Occurs in zooglea 
masses, aer., chg. (greenish-yellow), npg. 
Microc. cholerae gallinarum, Pasteur. See 
B. septicamia hemorrhagica, Sternberg. 
Microc. cinnabareus, Flugge. Syn., Strep- 
tococcus cinnabareus, Flugge. Found in air 
and water, aer., nliqf., chg. (reddish-brown), 
npg. Microc. citreus, List. Syn., Staphy- 
lococcus citreus, List. Found in water, also 
by Lannelongue and Achard in the seat of an 
old osteomyelitis, aer., nliqf., chg. (pale- 
yellow), npg. Microc. citreus conglomer- 
atus, Bumm. See Dip. citreus conglomer- 
ate, Bumm. Microc. concentricus, Zim- 
mermann. Found in water, aer., nliqf., 
sap., npg. Microc. conglomerate, Weich- 
selbaum. Syn., Neisseria conglomerata, W. 
Microc. coronatus, Flugge. Syn., Strepto- 
coccus coronatus, Flugge. Found in the air. 
aer., liqf., npg. Microc. cremoides, Zim- 
mermann. Found in water, aer., liqf., chg. 
(yellowish-white), npg. Microc. crepuscu- 
lum, Cohn. See B. termo, Ehrenberg and Du- 
jardin. Microc. cumulatus tenuis, von 
Besser. Found in abundance in the nasal 
mucus of man. aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. 
Microc. cyaneus, Schroter. Obtained from 
the air on boiled potatoes, aer., chg. (cobalt 
blue, altered to carmin by acids, restored 



by alkalis). Microc. decalvans, Schroter. 
Syn., Bacterium decalvans, Saccardo. Cf. B. 
of Alopecia areata, Kasauli; Microc. arei 
celsii,- Buchner and Sehlen; Microc. of Alo- 
pecia areata, Robinson. Microc. diffluens, 
Schroter. Found in the air, dust, and in ex- 
crement; common, aer., nliqf., chg. (yellow, 
with a greenish fluorescence; not modified by 
acids). Resembles B. fluorescens putidus, 
Flugge. Microc. diphtheritica, Oertel, 
Cohn, Loffler. Syn., Streptococcus articu- 
lorum, Loffler. Found in the false mem- 
branes and in the tissues of diphtheria pa- 
tients; Cornil identifies this with Microc. 
pyogenes, Rosenbach. aer., nliqf., pg. Mi- 
croc. doyenii. See Microc. urine albus ole- 
arius, Doyen. Microc. endocarditicus. 
Syn., Streptococcus endocarditicus. Microc. 
endocarditidis rugatus, Weichselbaum. 
Found in a case of ulcerative endocarditis. 
aer., nliqf., pg. Microc. erysipelatis, Mi- 
croc. erysipelatos, Microc. erysipelatosus, 
Fehleisen. See Microc. pyogenes, Rosen- 
bach. Microc. fermenti. See Microc. 
viniperda. Microc. fervidosus, Adametz. 
Found in water, aer., liqf., npg. Microc. 
fickii. Found in healthy and diseased eyes. 
Microc. finlayensis, Sternberg. Obtained 
from the viscera of a yellow-fever cadaver. 
aer., liqf., chg. (pale yellow), npg. Microc. fla- 
vus. See Microc. flavus liquefaciens, Flugge. 
Microc. flavus desidens, Flugge. Found 
in air and water, aer., liqf., chg. (yellowish 
brown), npg. Microc. flavus liquefaciens, 
Flugge. Syn., Micrococcus flavus; Micrococ- 
cus liquefaciens. Found in air and water. 
aer., liqf., chg. (yellow), npg. Microc. flavus 
tardigradus, Flugge. Syn., Micrococcus tardi- 
gradus. Found in the air and water, aer., nliqf., 
chg. (dark olive-green), npg. Microc. foe- 
tidus, Klamann, Rosenbach. Found in the 
posterior nares of man. aer., liqf., npg. Mi- 
croc. freudenreichii, Guillebeau. One of the 
two forms found by Guillebeau to produce ropi- 
ness in*milk. aer., liqf., npg. Cf. Bad. hessii, 
Guillebeau. Microc. friedlanderi. See B. 
pneumonia friedlanderi. Microc. fulvus, 
Cohn. Syn., Staphylococcus fulvus. Found 
in horse and rabbit dung, aer., nmot., nliqf., 
chg. (rose), npg. Microc. fuscus, Maschek. 
Found in water, aer., nmot., liqf., chg. (sepia- 
brown), npg. Microc. gallicidus. See B. 
septicemia hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Mi- 
croc. gelatinosus. Found in milk, which it 
causes to coagulate at about 22 C. Microc. 
gingivae pyogenes, Miller. Found in the 
mouth of a man affected with alveolar abscess. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., pg. Microc. gonor- 
rhoeae, Neisser. Syn., Micrococcus blennor- 
rhoeus; Neisseria gonorrhea; Micrococcus 
gonococcus. Found in gonorrheal pus. aer. 
No growth on ordinary gelatin; has been 
grown on acid gelatin and human blood- 
serum, pg. Microc. griseus, Winter. 
See Bad. griseum, Warming. Microc. hae- 
matodes, Babes. Syn., Micrococcus of 
red sweat. Found in foul sweat from the 



BACTERIA 



143 



BACTERIA 



axilla. aer., chg. (red), npg. Microc. 
havaniensis, Sternberg. Syn., Bacillus 
havaniensis, Sternberg. Obtained by Stern- 
berg in his investigation of yellow fever, aer., 
nliqf., chg. (blood-red). Only found in the 
presence of free oxygen. Microc. imetro- 
phus, Trevisan. See B. prodigiosus, Ehren- 
berg. Microc. indicus, Koch. See B. indi- 
cus, Koch. Microc. influenzae, Letzerich. 
Syn., Streptococcus seiferti; Micrococcus of in- 
fluenza, Seifert. See B. of Influenza, Pfeiffer. 
Microc. insectorum, Burrill. Syn., Strep- 
tococcus insectorum. Found in the cecal 
appendages or pancreatic organs of the chinch- 
bug (Blissus leucopterus, Say) and the higher 
Hemiptera. Especially recommended as a 
remedy for the chinch-bug and for Halticus 
minutus, so damaging to the peanut. Mi- 
croc. intracellularis meningitidis, Neu- 
mann and Schaffer. Syn., Micrococcus men- 
ingitidis, Neumann; Neisseria weichsel- 
baumii. Found in the tissues of the brain and 
spinal cord in cases of cerebrospinal menin- 
gitis. Microc. lacteus faviformis, Bumm. 
Syn., Neisseria lactea. Frequently found in 
normal vaginal mucus, aer., nliqf., npg.. 
Microc. lactis viscosus, Conn. Syn., Mi- 
crococcus of bitter milk, Conn. The cause of 
the bitter taste of milk and cream, aer., liqf., 
nmot., npg. Microc. liquefaciens. See 
Microc. flavus liquefaciens, Flugge. Microc. 
liquefaciens, von Besser. Found in the 
nasal secretions of healthy persons. aer., 
facanaer., liqf., npg. Microc. loewenber- 
gii. Syn., Micrococcus of ozena. Found 
in the secretions in cases of ozena, aer., 
liqf., pg. Microc. luteus, Cohn. Found in 
water, the superficial soil, dust of bedrooms, 
moist foods, etc. aer., nliqf., chg. (yellow), 
npg. Microc. lyssae, Neisser. Syn., Neis- 
seria lyssce; Micrococcus of hydrophobia; 
Microc. of rabies, Fol. Found in the spinal 
cord of rabid animals. Cornil and Babes 
throw doubt on the culture experiments of Fol. 
Microc. major, Doyen. See Microc. urince 
major, Doyen. Microc. manfredii. Syn., 
Streptococcus manfredii; Micrococcus of pro- 
gressive granuloma formation. Found in the 
sputum in two cases of pneumonia follow- 
ing measles, aer., nliqf., pg. Microc. mas- 
tobius, Nocard, Mollereau, and Kitt. Syn., 
Streptococcus nocardi; Micrococcus of bovine 
mastitis, Kitt; Micrococcus of mastitis in 
cows; Streptococcus of mastitis in cows; 
Micrococcus of contagious mammitis; Mi- 
crococcus of gangrenous mastitis in sheep, 
Nocard. Obtained from the milk of cows and 
sheep affected with mastitis, aer., facanaer. 
The form found in cattle is said to be non- 
liquef active; that of sheep liquefies both gelatin 
and blood-serum. Sternberg recognizes three 
distinct forms producing mastitis. Microc. 
meningitidis, Neumann. See Microc. intra- 
cellularis meningitidis, Neumann and Schaf- 
fer. Microc. meningitidis purulentae, 
Heydenreich. Microc. morbillosus. See 
Microc. of Measles. Microc, nasalis, Hack. 



Found in the nasopharyngeal space, aer., 
mot., nliqf., npg. Microc. nitrificans, 
Van Tieghem. Found in water, aer., npg. 
Microc. oblongus. See Bact. oblongum, 
Boutroux. Microc. ochroleucus, Prove 
and Legrain. Syn., Streptococcus ochro- 
leucus. Found in urine, aer., nliqf., chg. 
(sulfur yellow), npg. Microc. of Acute 
Infectious Osteomyelitis. See Microc. py- 
ogenes aureus, Rosenbach. Microc. of Alo- 
pecia areata, von Sehlen, Robinson, Vail- 
lard, and Vincent. Found on the hairs 
from the diseased patches, aer., liqf., pg. 
Cf. B. of Alopecia areata and Microc. arei 
celsii. Microc. of Ammoniacal Urine. 
See Microc. urea, Cohn, and Microc. urece 
liquefaciens, Flugge. Microc. of Apple- 
blight. See B. butyricus, Botkin, Prazmow- 
ski, etc. Microc. of Beriberi, Lacerda. Syn., 
Bacillus beribericus, Lacerda; Micrococcus 
of biskra button. See Microc. of Heyden- 
reich. Microc. of Bitter Milk. See Mi- 
croc. lactis viscosus, Conn. Microc. of Bo- 
vine Mastitis, Kitt. See Microc. mastobius, 
Nocard, Mollereau, and Kitt. Microc. of 
Bovine Pneumonia, Poels and Nolen. Syn., 
Micrococcus of cattle pneumonia. Found in 
the lungs of cattle suffering from infectious 
pleuropneumonia, aer., nliqf., pg. Microc. 
of Bronchitis, Picchini. Three distinct 
forms, aer., liqf. Cf. B. of Bronchitis. Mi- 
croc. of Cerebrospinal Meningitis. See 
Microc. intracellularis meningitidis, Neu- 
mann and Schaffer. Microc. of Chicken- 
pox. See S. viridis flavescens, Guttmann. 
Microc. of Contagious Mammitis. See 
Microc. mastobius, Nocard, Mollereau, and 
Kitt. Microc. of Cow-pox. See Microc. 
variola et vaccinae, Cohn. Microc. of Dan- 
tec. Obtained from salted codfish which had 
turned red. aer., nliqf., chg. (yellow, chang- 
ing to deep red), npg. Microc. of Demme. 
See Dip. of Pemphigus acutus, Demme. Mi- 
croc. of Dengue, McLaughlin. See Scheutzia 
laughlini. Microc. of Dental Caries. 
See Leptothrix vulgaris, Robin; Leptothrix 
gigantea, Miller; Miller's Epsilon Bacillus, 
and Sp. dentium, Arnt. Microc. of Diph- 
theria. See Streptococcus articulorum, Lof- 
tier. Microc. of Disse and Taguchi. Ob- 
tained from the blood, the secretions of broad 
condyloma, as well as the primary indurations 
of syphilis. Etiologic relations not confirmed. 
Microc. of Drinking-water. See Microc. 
aquatilis, Bolton. Microc. of Egyptian 
Ophthalmia. See Microc. of Trachoma, 
Sattler and Michel. Microc. of Endocar- 
ditis. See Str. endocarditicus and Microc. en- 
docarditicus rugatus, Weichselbaum. Microc. 
of Erysipelas, Fehleisen. See Microc. pyoge- 
nes, Rosenbach. Microc. of Fischel, II. 
Found in the blood in two cases of influenza. 
aer., facanaer., liqf., pg. Microc. of Foot- 
and-mouth Disease. Syn., Streptocytus of 
Eczema epizootica, Schottelius; Streptococcus 
apthicola, Hallier. Found in the vesicular 
eruptions about the mouth and feet of cattle, 



BACTERIA 



144 



BACTERIA 



pigs, and sheep. Communicable to man. 
aer., facanaer. Pathogenesis not fully settled. 
Cf. B. of Ulcerative Stomatitis of Cattle. Mi- 
croc. of Forbes. Found in the bodies of 
larvas of the cabbage-butterfly, Pieris rapa, 
affected with an infectious disease. Microc. 
of Fowl Cholera. See B. septicamia hamor- 
rhagica, Sternberg. Microc. of Freire. See 
Cryptococcus xanthogenicus. Microc. of 
Furuncle. See Microc. pyogenes aureus. 
Microc. of Gangrenous Mastitis in Sheep, 
Microc. of Gangrenous Mammitis. See 
Microc. mastobius, Nocard, Mollereau, and 
Kitt. Microc. of Gonorrhea. See Microc. 
gonorrhoea, Neisser. Microc. of Gray Par- 
rot Disease. See Microc. psittaci, Eberth 
and Wolf. M. of Hepatitis enzootica of 
Hogs. See Microc. porcellorum. Microc. 
of Heydenreich. Syn., Streptococcus biskrce; 
Microc. of biskra button. Found in the tu- 
mors and ulcers characteristic of Aleppo boil 
or biskra button, aer., liqf., pg. Microc. of 
Hydrophobia. See Microc. lyssce, Pasteur. 
Microc. of Infectious Osteomyelitis. See 
Microc. pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach, and 
Microc. osteomyelitidis, Becker and Kraske. 
Microc. of Influenza, Seifert. Syn., Strep- 
tococcus seiferti. See Microc. influenza, Letz- 
erich. Microc. of Kirchner. Obtained from 
the sputum of patients suffering with in- 
fluenza, aer., pg. Microc. of Manfredi. 
See Microc. manfredii. Microc. of Mas- 
titis, Kitt. See Micrococcus mastobius, No- 
card and Mollereau. Microc. of Measles, 
Klebs and Keating. Syn., Streptococcus mor- 
billosus; Micrococcus morbillosus. Found in 
the blood and exudates of persons afflicted 
with measles. Fl'ugge considers it unim- 
portant. Microc. of Mykodesmoids of the 
Horse. See Microc. botryogenes, Rabe. Mi- 
croc. of Osteomyelitis. See Microc. py- 
ogenes aureus, Ogston. Microc. of Ozena. 
See Microc. loewenbergii. Microc. of Pear- 
blight, Burrill. See B. butyricus, Prazmow- 
ski. Microc. of Pebrine. See Nosema 
bombycis, Nageli. Microc. of Pneumonia.^ 
See B. pneumonia friedlanderi and Microc. 
septicus, Flugge. Microc. of Progressive 
Abscess Formation in Rabbits, Koch. 
Found in the exudates of rabbits inoculated 
with putrefying blood, pg. Microc. of 
Progressive Granuloma Formation. See 
Microc. manfredii. Microc. of Progressive 
Tissue Necrosis in Mice, Koch. Found in 
the exudates of mice inoculated with putrid 
blood, pg. Microc. of Pyemia in Rab- 
bits, Koch. Found in the exudates of rabbits 
inoculated with putrefying flesh infusion, pg. 
Microc. of Rabies^ Fol. See Microc. lyssa, 
Neisser. Microc. of Red Sweat. See Mi- 
croc. hamatodes, Babes. Microc. of S. Le 
M. Moore. See B. fatidus, Liborius. Mi- 
croc. of Salvioli. See B. septicus sputigen- 
us, Flugge. Microc. of Scarlatina, Pohl 
and Pincus. See Microc. scarlatina. Mi- 
croc. of Septicemia in Rabbits, Koch. 
Syn., Streptococcus kochii. Found in the ex- 



udates of rabbits inoculated with putrefying 
flesh infusion, pg. Microc. of Smallpox. 
See Microc. variola et vaccina, Cohn. Mi- 
croc. of Sputum Septicemia. See B. septi- 
cus sputigenus, Flugge. Microc. of Swine 
Plague or Hog Cholera. See B. of 
Swine Plague, Reitsch and Jobert, and B. 
ex pneumoenteritide suis, Klein. Microc. 
of Syphilis, Haberkorn and Marcus. 
Found in the white blood-corpuscles in 
cases of syphilis. aer., osc, chg. (red). 
Microc. of Trachoma, Sattler and Michel. 
Syn., Neisseria rebellis; Micrococcus of 
Egyptian ophthalmia. Found in the secre- 
tions and nodules of the conjunctiva in 
cases of trachoma, aer., nliqf., pg. Re- 
searches of Baumgarten and Kartulis go to 
show that this form has no etiologic relation 
to the diseases mentioned. Microc. of Vac- 
cinia. See Microc. variola et vaccina, Cohn. 
Microc. of Whooping-cough, Letzerich. 
Found in the sputum in cases of whooping- 
cough. See B. tussis convulsiva, Afanassiew. 
Microc. olearius. See Microc. urina flavus 
olearius. Microc. osteomyelitidis, Becker. 
Syn., Micrococcus of acute infectious osteo- 
myelitis. See Microc. pyogenes aureus, Rosen- 
bach. Microc. ovalis, Escherich. Found 
in the meconium and feces of infants, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., npg. Microc. ovatus. See 
Nosema bombycis. Microc. pasteuri, Stern- 
berg. See B. septicus sputigenus, Flugge. 
Microc. petechialis, Neisser. Syn., Neis- 
seria petechialis. Microc. pfliigeri, Ludwig. 
See Photobacterium pfliigeri, Ludwig. Mi- 
croc. phosphoreus, Cohn. See B. phos- 
phoreus, Cohn. Microc. plumosus, Brauti- 
gam. Found in water, aer., nliqf., npg. 
Microc. pneumoniae crouposae, Sternberg. 
See B. septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Microc. 
pneumoniae infectiosae, Friedlander. See 
B. pneumonia friedlanderi. Microc. porcel- 
lorum. Syn., Micrococcus of hepatitis en- 
zootica of hogs. Found in hogs affected with 
hepatitis (Russia), aer., liqf., pg. Microc. 
prodigiosus, Cohn. See B. prodigiosus, 
Ehrenberg. Microc. pseudocyaneus, Cohn. 
Found in boiled potatoes exposed to air. aer., 
chg. (verdigris green), npg. Microc. psittaci, 
.Wolf. Syn., Streptococcus perniciosus psit- 
tacorum, Eberth and Wolf; Micrococcus of 
gray parrot disease. The cause of a disease 
of parrots resembling fowl cholera; fatal to 
many of the parrots imported from Guinea 
into Europe. Microc. putridus. A form 
emitting a fetid gas from gelatin when mixed 
with iodoform. Microc. pyocyaneus, Ges- 
sard. . See B. pyocyaneus a, Gessard. Mi- 
croc. pyogenes, Rosenbach. Syn., Strepto- 
coccus pyogenes; Streptococcus erysipelatis; 
Streptococcus longus, von Lingelsheim; Micro- 
coccus erysipelatis (-tos) (-tosus); Streptococcus 
of pus; Micrococcus of erysipelas, Fehleisen. 
Found in the pus of acute abscesses and 
in the skin in cases of erysipelas, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., pg. Microc. pyogenes 
albus, Rosenbach. Syn., Staphylococcus 



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145 



BACTERIA 



pyogenes albus, Passet ; Staphylococcus epi- 
dermidis albus, Welch. Frequently found in 
company with Microc. pyogenes aureus. The 
cause of "stitch abscesses." aer., liqf., pg. 
Microc. pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach. Syn., 
Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus; Micrococcus 
of infectious osteomyelitis. The species most 
frequently found in pus. Obtained from 
various suppurations, boils, anthrax, . osteo- 
myelitis, ulcerative endocarditis, phlegmon, 
etc. aer., facanaer., liqf., chg. (brilliant 
golden yellow), pg. Microc. pyogenes cit- 
reus, Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus pyogenes 
citreus, Passet; Micrococcus pyogenes flavus. 
Found associated with the two preceding 
forms, in acute abscesses, aer., facanaer., 
liqf., chg. (lemon yellow), pg. Held by 
some to be but a variety of Microc. pyo- 
genes aureus. Microc. pyogenes tenuis, 
Rosenbach. Syn., Micrococcus rosenbachii. 
Found in pus. Culture thin, varnish -like; 
pathogenesis not settled. Cf. Microc. sep- 
ticus, Flugge. Microc. pyogenes ureae 
flavus, Rorsing. Found in purulent urine. 
Cf. Dip. pyogenes urecB, Rorsing; Dip. 
urea trifoliatus, Rorsing. Microc. pyosep- 
ticus, Richet. Syn., Staphylococcus pyosep- 
ticus, Hericourt and Richet. Obtained from 
a carcinomatous tumor in a dog. aer., liqf., 
pg.; resembles Microc. pyogenes albus, Rosen- 
bach. Microc. radiatus, Flugge. Syn., 
Streptococcus radiatus, Flugge. Found in air 
and water, aer., liqf., npg. Microc. rheum- 
arthritidis, Kussmaul. See B. rheutnarthri- 
tidis, Kussmaul. Microc. rosenbachii. 
See Microc. pyogeties tenuis, Rosenbach. 
Microc. rosettaceus, Zimmermann. Found 
in water, aer., nliqf., npg. Microc. roseus, 
Eisenberg. Found in the sputum of a person 
suffering from influenza, aer., facanaer., liqf., 
chg. (pink), npg. Microc. roseus, Bumm. 
See Dip. roseus, Bumm. Microc. roseus, 
Maggiora, Flugge. Syn., Neisseria rosea. 
Found on the skin, aer., npg. Microc. 
salivarius pyogenes, Biondi. Syn., Staphylo- 
coccus salivarius pyogenes, Biondi. Found 
in an abscess produced in a guinea-pig by 
inoculation with saliva from a child affected 
with anginose scarlatina. aer., liqf., pg. 
Microc. salivarius septicus, Biondi. Ob- 
tained from animals after inoculation with 
saliva from a person with puerperal septicemia. 
aer., nliqf., pg. Cf. Microc. sialo septicus. 
Microc. scarlatinae, Pohl and Pincus. See 
Microc. scarlatinosa. Microc. scarlatino- 
sa, Coze and Feltz. Syn., Perroncitoa scarla- 
tinosce ; Micrococcus of scarlatina, Pohl and 
Pincus. Found in the blood, on the desqua- 
mating skin, and on the palate of scarlatina 
patients; resembles Microc. septicus, Flugge. 
Cf. Sir. rubiginosus, Edington, and B. of Scarla- 
tina, Crooke. Microc. septicus, Cohn. See 
B. septicamia hamorrhagica, Sternberg. Mi- 
croc. septicus, Flugge; Syn., Streptococcus sep- 
ticus, Flugge. Streptococcus pyogenes, Saccar- 
do; Streptococcus pneumoniae, Weichselbaum. 
Found in soil, aer., nliqf., pg. Microc. 
Ji 



septopyaemicus. Syn., Streptococcus sep- 
topycemicus. Obtained from cases of phleg- 
monous angina and erysipelas of the larynx. 
aer., nliqf., pg. Resembles Microc. septicus, 
Flugge. Microc. sialosepticus. Found in 
the saliva in a case of puerperal septicemia. 
aer., nliqf., pg. Cf. Microc. salivarius sep- 
ticus, Biondi. Microc. subflavus, Flugge, 
Neisser. Syn., Neisseria subflava; Yel- 
lowish-white micrococcus or diplococcus, 
Bumm. Obtained from the lochia of puer- 
peral women and from vaginal mucus, aer., 
liqf-i Pg- Microc. *suis, Burrill. See B. 
tardigradus. Microc. tardigradus. See 
Microc. flavus tardigradus, Flugge. Mi- 
croc. tetragenus, Gaffky. Syn., Gaffkya 
tetragenus, Saccardo. Obtained from a 
cavity in the lung of a person with pul- 
monary tuberculosis, aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
pg. Microc. tetragenus, Marotta. Con- 
stantly found in smallpox vesicles and 
pustules, aer., liqf., Pg. Produces vaccinia 
in calves. Microc. tetragenus febris 
flavas, Finlay. Syn., Micrococcus tetragenus 
versatilis, Sternberg. Obtained from the 
excrement of mosquitos which had drawn 
blood from yellow-fever patients; also from 
the surface of the body in the same disease 
(Sternberg), aer., liqf., chg. (lemon yellow), 
npg. Microc. tetragenus mobilis ven- 
triculi, Mendosa. Found in the contents 
of the stomach of man. aer., nliqf., mot., 
npg. Microc. tetragenus subflavus, von 
Besser. Found in nasal mucus. aer., 
facanaer. (no growth in gelatin), npg. Microc. 
tetragenus versatilis, Sternberg. See Mi- 
croc. tetragenus febris flaw, Finlay. Microc. 
toxicatus, Burrill. Syn., Streptococcus 
toxicatus, Burrill. Found in the poison of 
the poison-ivy, Rhus toxicodendron. Microc. 
ulceris mollis. See B. of Chancroid, Du- 
crey. Microc. ureae, Cohn. Syn., Bacter- 
ium urece, Cohn; Streptococcus urea; Torida 
urea, Pasteur. Found in urine, in which 
it produces ammoniacal fermentation. Mi- 
croc. ureae, Pasteur and Van Tieghem. 
Found in the air and in ammoniacal urine. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. Possibly the 
last two forms and Bad. urea, Jaksch, 
are identical. Microc. ureae liquefaciens, 
Flugge. Syn., Streptococcus athebius. Found 
in ammoniacal urine, aer., facanaer., liqf., 
npg. Microc. urinae albus olearius, 
Doyen. Syn., Micrococcus doyenii. Found 
under the same conditions as the last form. 
aer., liqf. Microc. urinae flavus olearius, 
Doyen. Syn., Micrococcus olearius. Found 
in the urine in cystitis, with the two 
preceding forms. aer., liqf., chg. (golden 
yellow). Microc. urinae major, Doyen. 
Syn., Micrococcus major. Found in same 
conditions as the three preceding forms. 
Microc. urinalbus. Syn., Micrococcus 
albus urina. Found in the urine in cases 
of pyelonephritis and cystitis. Microc. 
variolae, Microc. variolae et vaccinae, Cohn. 
Syn., Streptococcus variola. Obtained by 



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146 



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Cohn, Guttmann, Marotta, Hlava, and others 
from the lymph of vaccine pustules in man 
and animals, from variola papules, and from 
the blood of persons affected with variola. 
Microc. versatilis. Found on the skin of 
healthy persons, also in the liver, spleen, and 
kidneys after death from yellow fever. Not 
sufficiently studied. Microc. versicolor, 
Flugge. Found in water, aer., nliq}., chg. 
(yellow), npg. Microc. viniperda. Syn., 
Micrococcus fermenti. Found in spoiled wine. 
Microc. violaceus, Cohn. Found in water. 
aer., nliq}., chg. (violet), npg. Microc. viridis 
flavescens, Guttmann. Found in the lymph 
of a varicella pustule. aer., nliqf., npg. 
Microc. viscosus, Pasteur. Found in the 
disease of wine known as la graisse. Microc. 
viticulosus, Flugge, Katz. Found in air 
and water. aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. 
Microc. xanthogenicus. Syn., Cryptococcus 
xanthogenicus, Freire. Found in cases of 
yellow fever. Microhaloa rosea, Kutzing. 
See Beggiatoa roseopersicina, Zopf. Micro- 
sporon minutissimum, Burchardt. See 
B. epidermidis, Bizzozero. Micro sporon 
septicum, Klebs. See B. septicemia hcemor- 
rhagicce, Sternberg. Microzyma bombycis, 
Bechamp. See Microc. bombycis, Cohn, 
Beck. Milk-white Micrococcus, Bumm. 
See Microc. albicans tardissimus, Eisenberg. 
Milk Yeast. See Saccharomyces lactis, 
Adametz. Miller's Bacillus. See B. 
dentalis viridans, Miller, and Sp. of Miller. 
Miller's Bacillus of the Intestine. See 
B. aerogenes, I, II, III, Miller. Miller's 
Epsilon Bacillus. See Epsilon Bacillus, 
Miller. Milzbrandbacillus. SeeB.anthracis, 
Pollender and Davaine. Monas prodigiosa, 
Ehrenberg. See B. prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. 
Monas termo, Miiller. See B. termo, Du- 
jardin. Mycoderma aceti. See B. aceti, 
Kutzing. Mycoderma cerevisiae, Trecul. 
See Saccharomyces mycoderma, Reess. Myco- 
derma vini, Pasteur. See Saccharomyces 
mycoderma, Reess. Myconostoc gregarium, 
Cohn. A spiral or crumpled condition of a 
filamentous schizomycete, perhaps Cladothrix 
dichotoma, Cohn. Neisseria albicans. See 
Microc. albicans amplus, Bumm. Neisseria 
citrea. See Microc. citreus conglomerate, 
Bumm. Neisseria conglomerata. See 
Microc. conglomerate, Weichselbaum. Neis- 
seria gonorrhoeae. See Microc. gonorrhoeae, 
Neisser. Neisseria lactea. See Microc. 
lacteus faviformis, Bumm. Neisseria lyssae. 
See Microc. lyssce, Neisser. Neisseria pe- 
techialis. See Microc. petechialis, Neisser. 
Neisseria rebellis. See Microc. of Trachoma, 
Sattler. Neisseria rosea. See Microc. 
roseus, Maggiora. Neisseria subnava. See 
Microc. subflavus, Flugge. Neisseria tar- 
dissima. See Microc. albicans tardissimus, 
Bumm. Neisseria weichselbaumii. See 
Microc. intracellular is meningitidis, Neumann 
and Schaffer. Neisseria winkleri. See 
B. beribericus, Lacerda. Nitrifying Bacillus 
of Winogradsky, Nitromonas of Wino- 



gradsky. Found in the soil; no growth 
on ordinary culture-mediums; one of the 
very few nitrifying ferments. Nosema bom- 
bycis, Nageli. Syn., Micrococcus ovatus. It 
is found in the organs and the blood of silk- 
worms suffering from pebrine. Ophidomo- 
nas jenensis, Ophidomonas sanguinea, 
Ehrenberg. See Beggiatoa roseopersicina, 
Zopf. Orchiococcus. See Dip. of Orchitis, 
Hugounenq and Eraud. Oscillaria alba, 
Vaucher. See Beggiatoa alba, Trevisan. 
Oscillaria arachnoidea, Agardh. See Beg- 
giatoa arachnoidea, Trevisan. Oscillaria 
leptomitiformis, Meneghi. See Beggiatoa 
leptomitiformis, Trevisan. Oscillaria tigrina. 
See Beggiatoa tigrina, Rabenhorst. Oscil- 
laria versatilis, Kutzing. See Beggiatoa 
arachnoidea, Trevisan. Palmella infu- 
sionum, Ehrenberg. See B. termo, Dujardin. 
Palmella prodigiosa, Mont. See B. 
prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Palmellina capil- 
lorum, Radlkoffer, Buhl. Syn., Zooglcea 
capillorum, Buhl. Found in the epidermis 
of the head; supposed to affect the color 
of the hair. Panhystophyton o varum. 
Syn., Nosema bombycis. Passet's Putre- 
fying Bacillus of Pus. See B. pyogenes 
fcetidus, Passet. Peach-colored Bacterium, 
Lankester. See Beggiatoa roseopersicina, 
Zopf. Pediococcus acidi lactici, Lindner. 
Found in hay infusion and in mash from 
malt, aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. Pedio- 
coccus albus, Lindner. Found in well- 
water, aer., liqf., npg. Pediococcus au- 
rantiacus, Cohn. See Microc. aurantiacus, 
Cohn. Pediococcus cerevisiae, Balcke. 
Syn., Sarcina cerevisia, Lindner. Found in 
beer and in the air of breweries, aer., 
facanaer., nliq}., npg. Perroncitoa scarla- 
tinosa? . See Microc. scarlatina 7 -, Pohl and 
Pincus. Pfeiff er's Bacillus. See B. capsula- 
rs, Pfeiffer. Photobacterium balticum, 
Fischer. Found in the waters of the Baltic. 
aer., liqf., phos., npg. Cf. B. phosphorescens 
indigenus, Fischer. Photobacterium fisch- 
eri, Katz. Found in the waters of the 
Baltic, aer., liqf., phos., npg. Photo- 
bacterium indicum, Fischer. See B. 
phosphorescens, Fischer. Photobacterium 
luminosum, Beyerinck. Found on many 
of the phosphorescent animals, crustaceous 
s polyps, infusoria, of the North Sea. aer., 
liqf., phos., npg. Photobacterium pfliigeri, 
Ludwig. Syn., Bacterium pfliigeri; Microc- 
occus pfliigeri. Found upon butcher's meat 
and upon market fish. The most phosphor- 
escent of all light -producing bacteria, aer., 
liqf., phos., npg. Photobacterium phos- 
phorescens, Fischer. See B. phosphoreus, 
Cohn. Photobacterium phosphorescens, 
Cohn. See B. phosphoreus, Cohn. Pink 
Bacillus of Spreading Edema, A. B. 
Harris. aer., nliqf., pleom., chg. (pink), 
npg. Cf.B.cedematis maligni, ~KLoch. Pleuro- 
coccus roseopersicina, Rabenhorst. See 
Beggiatoa roseopersicina, Zopf. Pneumo- 
bacillus friedlanderi. See B. pneumoniae 



BACTERIA 



147 



BACTERIA 



friedlanderi. Pneumobacillus liquefaciens 
bovis. See B. liquefaciens bovis, Arlo- 
ing. Pneumococcus, Friedlander's, Pneu- 
moniacoccus of Friedlander, Sternberg. 
See B. pneumonia friedlanderi. Potato 
Bacillus. Applied to B. mesentericus fuscus, 
Fliigge; B. mesentericus vulgatus, Fliigge; 
Bad. mesentericum rubrum, Globig. Prag- 
midiothrix multisepta, Engler. Syn., 
Beggiatoa multisepta. Found in sea-water 
upon crustaceans (Kieler Bucht). It is 
distinguished from Beggiatoa by the absence 
of sulfur grains. Prazmowski's Bacillus 
of Butyric-acid Fermentation. See B. 
but yr kits, Botkin, Prazmowski. Proteus 
capsulatus septicus, Proteus hominis 
capsulatus. See B. hominis capsulatus, 
Banti, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Proteus leth- 
alis. See B. lethalis, Babes. Proteus 
mirabilis. See B. mirabilis, Hauser. Pro- 
teus of Karlinski. See B. murisepticus 
pleomorphus, Karlinski. Proteus septicus. 
See B. septicus, Pasteur. Proteus sul- 
phureus. See B. sulphur eus, Lindenborn. 
Proteus sulphureus of Holochenikoff, 
Proteus vulgaris, Hauser. See B. vulgaris, 
Hauser. Proteus zenkeri. See B. zenkeri, 
Hauser. Pseudodiphtheria Bacillus, 
Loftier, von Hoffmann, Roux, Yersin, and 
Abbott. Found in the mucus from the 
pharynx and tonsils of children suffering 
from nondiphtheric throat affections. Pseu- 
dodiplococcus pneumoniae, Bonome. Ob- 
tained from the serofibrinous exudate of 
a person dead of cerebrospinal meningitis. 
aer., nliqf., pg. Cf. Microc. meningitidis, 
Neumann, and B. meningitidis puridentce, 
Neumann. Rasmussenia buccalis, Sac- 
cardo. See Leptothrix buccalis, Robin. 
Rauschbrand-bacillus. See B. chauvcei, 
Bollinger and Feser. Red Bacillus of 
Water. See B. ruber, Frank and Becker. 
Saccharomyces albicans, Robin. Syn., 
Oidium albicans, Robin. The cause of thrush. 
Saccharomyces apiculatus, Reess. Occurs 
in fermented wine and beer, and, in the hot 
seasons, on sweet succulent fruits; in winter, 
in the soil beneath the trees that bear these 
fruits. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Reess 
and Robin. Syn., Cryptococcus cerevisice, 
Kiitzing; Cryptococcus fermentatum; Torula 
cerevisice; Yeast-plant. Under this heading 
are included - a series . of different yeasts. 
Saccharomyces conglomeratus, Reess. As 
the result of Hansen's investigations this 
species has been discarded by recent writers. 
Saccharomyces ellipsoideus, I, II, Han- 
sen. A "wild" species of wine ferment. 
Saccharomyces exiguus, Hansen. Found 
in German yeast; acts toward sugar exactly 
as does Saccharomyces marxianus. Sac- 
charomyces glutinis. Syn., Cryptococcus 
glutinis, Fersen. A pullulating yeast that 
forms beautiful rose-colored patches on 
cooked potatoes. Saccharomyces guttu- 
latus, Robin. Syn., Cryptococcus guttulatus, 
Robin, Winter. Found in the esophagus, 



stomach, and intestine of mammals, birds, 
and reptiles. The feces of patients suffering 
from tunnel anemia or ankylostomiasis fre- 
quently contain this species of saccharomy- 
ces. Saccharomyces lactis, Adametz. 
Syn., Milk-yeast. Found in milk, of which 
it ferments the milk-sugar. Saccharomy- 
ces marxianus. Found in wine; acts 
vigorously on saccharose, inverting and fer- 
menting it with great activity; it also acts 
on dextrose. Saccharomyces membrani- 
faciens. Forms a bright yellow, tough scum 
on beer-wort; liquefies gelatin; has no fer- 
mentative action on ordinary carbohydrates, 
and does not invert cane-sugar. Saccharo- 
myces minor, Engel. According to En- 
gel, this is the cause of fermentation in bread. 
Saccharomyces mycoderma, Reess. Syn., 
Mycoderma mesentericum, Pers; Mycoderma 
cerevisice et vini, Desm; Hormiscium vini 
et cerevisice, Bonard; Mycoderma vini, Pas- 
teur; Mycoderma cerevisice, Trecul. Found 
on the surface of wine and beer, forming the 
socalled "flowers of wine." Saccharomyces 
pasteurianus, Reess. According to Han- 
sen, this represents a group of three forms that 
cause changes in beer and wine. Saccharo- 
myces pyriformis, Ward. Found in the 
fermentation of ginger-beer. A yeast which 
develops much C0 2 , but little alcohol; it 
inverts cane-sugar and ferments the products; 
does not ferment milk-sugar, aer., facanaer. 
Saccharomyces ruber, Demme. Found 
in milk and cheese, forming red spots in 
the latter and red sediment in the former. 
nliqf. Saccharomyces vaccinaei, Pfeiffer. 
Found in the lymph of a vaccinia pustule; 
nothing is known of its action. Sarcina 
alba, Eisenberg. Found in air and water. 
aer., liqf., npg. Sarcina aurantiaca. Syn., 
Orange sarcina, Koch. Found in air and 
water, aer., liqf., chg. (orange yellow), npg. 
Sarcina aurea, Mace. Found in the pul- 
monary exudates of a person dead of a pneu- 
monia complicated with purulent pleurisy. 
aer., liqf., chg. (brilliant golden yellow). 
Sarcina botulina, Van den Corput. Found 
in cases of poisoning with tainted sausage 
{botulismus), and believed to be the active 
agent. Cf. B. of Allantiasis. Sarcina 
Candida, Reinke. Found in the air of 
breweries, aer., liqf., npg. Sarcina cere- 
visiae, Lindner. Syn., Pediococcus cerevisice, 
Balcke. Found in beer and the air of brew- 
eries, aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. Sarcina 
flava, De Bary. Found in beer. aer., 
liqf., chg. (yellow), npg. Sarcina fusces- 
cens, Falkenheim. Found in the human 
stomach. Sarcina hyalina, Kiitzing. Syn., 
Merismopedia hyalina, Kiitzing. Found in 
swamps. Sarcina intestinalis, Zopf. Found 
in the intestine of chickens and turkeys, 
principally in the cecum. Sarcina litoralis, 
(Erstedt. Syn., Merismopcedia litoralis, Ra- 
benhorst; Erythroconis litoralis, (Erstedt. 
Found in sea-water; forms a thin, reddish 
layer between decomposing algae on the 



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148 



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shore. Sarcina lutea, Schroter. Found 
in the air and in fungus cultures, aer., liqf., 
chg. (yellow), npg. Sarcina minuta, De 
Bary. Occurred spontaneously in a culture 
of sour milk on a microscopic slide; resem- 
bles Sarcina welckeri. Sarcina mobilis, 
Maurea. Found in old ascitic fluid, aer., 
liqf., mot., chg. (brick-red). Sarcina mor- 
rhuae. Obtained from codfish. Sarcina 
of the Lungs. See Sarcina pulmonum, 
Hauser. Sarcina of the Urine. See 
Sarcina urina, Welcker. Sarcina palu- 
dosa, Schroter. Found in bog-water. 
Sarcina pulmonum, Hauser. Syn., Sar- 
cina of the lungs. Found in sputum, aer., 
nliqf., npg. Sarcina reitenbachii, Caspary. 
Syn., Merismopcedia reitenbachii. Found in 
fresh water on decaying plants. Sarcina 
renis, Hep worth. Found in the lungs of 
persons dead of pulmonary tuberculosis. 
Sarcina rosea, Menge. Found in milk 
and other food-stuffs. Held to be distinct 
from the form described by Schroter. aer., 
liqf., chg. (rose-red), npg. Sarcina rosea, 
Schroter. Found in the air. aer., liqf., 
chg. (intense red, giving same reaction as the 
pigment of Sarcina aurantiaca), npg. Sar- 
cina urinae, Welcker. Syn., Merismopcedia 
urinoe, Rabenhorst. Found in the bladder; 
appears to be destitute of zymotic action. 
Sarcina ventriculi, Goodsir. Common in 
the stomach of man and animals. aer., 
nliqf., npg. Sarcina welckeri, Rossmann. 
Repeatedly found in the human bladder 
and voided for months at a time in the urine, 
which is usually abnormally rich in phos- 
phates, the patient retaining good health. 
Scheutzia laughlini. Syn., Micrococcus 
of dengue; Staphylococcus of dengue; 
Dengue micrococcus. Found in the blood 
of patients suffering from dengue. Patho- 
genetic relations not determined. Schweine- 
rothlaufbacillus. See B. erysipelatos suis, 
Koch. Shiga's Bacillus. See B. dysenterice, 
Shiga. Smegma Bacillus. See B. of the 
Smegma. Sphaerococcus acidi lactici, 
Marpmann. Found in fresh cow's milk. 
aer., nliqf., npg. Sphaerotilus natans, 
Kutzing, Saccardo. Syn., Leptothrix natans. 
Found in running and stagnant water. Old 
portions yellowish, younger portions color- 
less. Spirillum amyliferum, Van Tieghem. 
Found in water. Forms granulose at certain 
developmental stages; gives the blue reaction 
with iodin. Cf. B. butyricus, Prazmowski. 
Sp. anserum. Syn., Spirochete anserina, 
Sakharoff. Found in the blood of geese 
affected with a fatal form of septicemia 
due to this microbe. A disease prevalent 
in the swampy regions of Caucasia, aer., 
mot., pg. (not for chickens). Sp. a of Weibel. 
See Sp. saprophiles a of Weibel. Sp. at- 
tenuatum, Warming. Found in sea-water. 
Sp. aureum. Syn., Vibrio aureus, Weibel. 
Found in the air and slime of sewers, aer., 
nliqf., nmot., chg. (golden yellow), npg. 
Sp. /? of Weibel. See Sp. saprophiles /? 



of Weibel. Sp. cholerae asiaticae, Koch. 

Syn., Spirillum cholera; Spirillum of cholera; 
Bacillus of cholera; Comma bacillus of Koch. 
Found in the discharges of cholera patients 
and in the intestine of cholera cadavers. 
aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., pg. Sp. concen- 
tricum, Kitasato. Found in putrefying 
blood, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. Sp. denticola, 
Miller. Sp. dentium, Arnt. Syn., Spiro- 
chcete denticola; Spirochcete dentium. Found 
under the margins of the gums in the mouths 
of healthy persons; biologic characters un- 
known, as it does not thrive in culture-fluids. 
Sp. endoparagogicum, Sorokin. Found 
in a glairy liquid exuding from a poplar tree. 
Sp. finkleri, Sp. of Finkler-Prior. Syn., 
Vibrio proteus; Bacillus of Finkler-Prior. 
Found in the feces of persons affected with 
cholera nostras, after allowing the discharge 
to stand for some time, aer., facanaer., 
liqf., mot. Pathogenetic relation not con- 
firmed. Sp. flavescens. Syn., Vibrio 
flavescens, Weibel. Found in the slime of 
sewers, aer., nliqf., nmot., chg. (yellowish 
green), npg. Sp. flavum. Syn., Vibrio 
flavescens, Weibel. Found in the slime of 
sewers, aer., nliqf., nmot., chg. (ocher yel- 
low), npg. Sp. jenensis, Ehrenberg. Syn., 
Ophidomonas jenensis, Ehrenberg. A doubt- 
ful species. Sp. leukomelaenum, Perty. 
Found in water containing decaying algae. 
Sp. linguae. Syn., Vibrio lingualis. Found 
in the deposit on the tongue of a mouse 
after inoculation, aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
nmot., npg. (for mice). Sp. litorale, Warm- 
ing. Syn., Vibrio spirillum, Muller; Melu- 
nella spirillum, Borg. Found in bog-water. 
Sp. metchnikovi. Syn., Vibrio metchni- 
kovi, Gamaleia. Found in the intestinal 
contents of chickens affected with an epidemic 
infectious disease resembling fowl cholera. 
aer., facanaer. ( ?), liqf., mot., pg. Sp. nasale. 
Syn., Vibrio nasale, Weibel. Found in nasal 
mucus, aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. 
Sp. obermeieri, Cohn. Syn., Spirochcete 
obermeieri; Spirillum of relapsing fever. 
Found in the blood of persons affected with 
relapsing fever. aer., mot. (efforts to cul- 
tivate thus far unsuccessful), pg. Sp. of 
Asiatic Cholera. Spirillum of cholera. 
See Sp. cholera asiaticce, Koch. Sp. of 
Denecke. See Sp. tyrogenum, Denecke. 
Sp. of Finkler and Prior. See Sp. finkleri. 
Sp. of Miller. Syn., Miller's bacillus. 
Found in carious teeth. aer., facanaer., 
liqf., mot., npg. Sp. of Relapsing Fever. 
See Sp. obermeieri, Cohn. Sp. of Smith. 
Found in the intestine of swine. aer., 
nliqf., mot., npg. Sp. plicatile, Dujardin. 
Syn., Spirochcete plicatilis, Ehrenberg; Spi- 
rulina plicatilis, Cohn. Found in water 
containing decomposing alga?. Biologic 
characters undetermined. Sp. rosaceum. 
Observed upon excrement in water, aer., 
chg. (red), npg. Sp. rosenbergii, Warming. 
Found in brackish water. Contains re- 
fractive sulfur grains, aer., mot. Sp. ro- 



BACTERIA 



149 



BACTERIA 



seum, Mace. Found in a tube culture of 
blennorrhagic pus. aer., nliqf., mot., chg. 
(rose red), npg. Sp. rubrum, von Esmarch. 
Obtained from the putrefying body of a 
mouse. aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., chg. 
(pink), npg. Sp. rufum, Perty. Found in 
cistern-water. aer., mot., chg. (rose red), 
npg. Sp. rugula, Miiller. Syn., Vibrio 
rugula. Found in swamp-water and fre- 
quently in the alimentary canal, on the 
teeth, etc. aer., facanaer., mot., npg. Ac- 
cording to Prazmowski, this species gives 
rise to decomposition of cellulose. Sp. 
sanguineum. See Beggiatoa roseopersicina, 
Zopf. Sp. saprophiles a of Weibel. Syn., 
Vibrio saprophiles a of Weibel. Found in 
rotting hay infusion and in the slime of 
sewers, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. Sp. sapro- 
philes /? of Weibel. Syn., Vibrio saprophiles 
/?, Weibel. Found in rotting hay infusion. 
aer., nliqf., mot., npg. Sp. saprophiles r 
of Weibel. Syn., Vibrio saprophiles y, 
Weibel. Found in the slime of sewers, aer., 
nliqf., mot., npg. Sp. serpens, Miiller. 
Syn., Vibrio serpens, Miiller. Found 

in stagnant water containing decaying 
plants, etc. Biologic characters not deter- 
mined. Sp. sputigenum, Miller. Common 
in the neglected mouths of healthy persons. 
Does not grow on culture -mediums. Sp. 
tenue, Ehrenberg. Found in putrefying 
plant infusions. Biologic characters unde- 
termined. Sp. tyrogenum, Denecke. Syn., 
Sprillum of Denecke; Bacillus of cheese; 
•Denecke's cheese spirillum. Found in old 
cheese, aer., facanaer., liqf. mot., pg. (for 
guinea-pigs). Sp. undula, Cohn, Miiller. 
Syn., Vibrio undula, Miiller; Vibrio prolifer, 
Ehrenberg. Found in zooglea masses in 
swamp-water, vegetable infusions, etc. aer., 
mot., npg. Sp. violaceum, Warming. 
Found in brackish water; cell-contents vio- 
let, with a few sulfur grains. Sp. volutans, 
Ehrenberg. Syn., Vibrio spirillum, Miiller; 
Melunella spirillum, Borg. Found in infu- 
sions and in bog-water. Biologic characters 
undetermined." Spirochaete anserina, Sak- 
haroff. See Sp. anserum. Spirochaete 
denticola, Miller, Spirochaete dentium, 
Arnt. See Sp. dentium. Spirochaete ober- 
meieri. See Sp. obermeieri, Cohn. Spiro- 
chaete plicatilis, Ehrenberg. See Sp. 
plicatile, Dujardin. Spiromonas cohnii, 
Warming. Found in foul water. Spiro- 
monas volubilis, Pertz. Found in putre- 
fying infusions and in bog-water. Sporo- 
nema gracile. See B. virens, Van 

Tieghem. Staphylococcus albus liquefa- 
ciens, Escherich. Syn., White liquefying 
staphylococcus. Found in the alvine dis- 
charges of healthy infants, aer., liqf., npg. 
S. biskrae. See Microc. of Heydenreich. S. 
cereus albus, Passet. See Microc. cereus 
albus, Passet. S. cereus aureus, Schroter 
and Winkler. See Microc. cereus aureus, 
S. and W. S. cereus flavus, Passet. See 
Microc. cereus flavus, Passet. S. citreus. 



See Microc. citreus, List. S. epidermidis 
albus, Welch. See Microc. pyogenes albus, 
Rosenbach. S. of Dengue, McLaughlin. 
See Scheutzia laughlini. S. of Pemphigus, 
De Michele. Obtained from the skin, kidney, 
and spleen in a case of pemphigus chronica. 
S. passetii. See Microc. cereus flavus, 
Passet. S. pyogenes albus, Rosenbach. 
See Microc. pyogenes albus, Rosenbach. 
S. pyogenes aureus, Ogston, Becker. See 
Microc. pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach. S. 
pyogenes citreus, Passet. See Microc. 
pyogenes citreus, Passet. S. pyosepticus, 
Hericourt and Richet. See Microc. pyo- 
septicus, Richet. S. salivarius pyogenes, 
Biondi. See Microc. salivarius pyogenes, 
Biondi. S. viridis flavescens, Guttmann. 
Syn., Micrococcus of chicken-pox. Found in 
the vesicles of varicella, aer., nliqf., chg. 
(greenish yellow), npg. Streptococcus acidi 
lactici, Grotenfeldt. Found in coagulated 
milk in Finland, anaer. (not strictly), nliqf., 
npg. Str. aethebius. See Microc. urece 
liquefaciens, Fliigge. Str. albus, Maschek. 
Found in hydrant-water (Freiburg), aer., 
liqf., npg. Str. apthicola, Hallier. See 
Streptocytus of Eczema epizootica, Schottelius. 
Str. articulorum, Lomer. Syn., Micro- 
coccus of diphtheria. Obtained from the 
affected mucous membrane in cases of 
diphtheria. Possibly a variety of Microc. 
pyogenes, pg. (for mice). Str. bombycis, 
Bechamp. See Microc. bombycis, Cohn. Str. 
brevis, von Lingelsheim. Obtained from 
normal human saliva. aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
npg. Str. cadaveris, Sternberg. Found 
in the liver of a yellow-fever cadaver, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., npg. Str. cinnabareus. 
See Microc. cinnabareus, Fliigge. Str. coli 
gracilis, Escherich. Found in the feces 
of healthy children living on a meat diet. 
aer., facanaer., liqf., npg. Str. conglomer- 
ate, Kurth. Obtained from cases of scar- 
latina, pg. (for mice). Str. coronatus, 
Fliigge. See Microc. coronatus, Fliigge. 
Str. coryza contagiosae equorum, Schiitz. 
Found in the pus from affected lymphatic 
glands in horses suffering with the disease 
known in Germany as Druse des Pferdes. 
aer., facanaer., pg. (for horses and mice), 
npg. (for rabbits, guinea-pigs, and pigeons). 
Str. endocarditicus. See Microc. endo- 
carditicus rugatus, Weichselbaum. Str. 
erysipelatis (erysipelatos), Fehleisen. See 
Microc. pyogenes, Rosenbach. Str. fer- 
menti. See Microc. viniperda. Str. gigan- 
teus urethrae, Lustgarten and Mannaberg. 
Found in the healthy human urethra, aer., 
npg. Str. havaniensis, Sternberg. Found 
in the acid vomit of a yellow-fever patient. 
Biologic characters undetermined. Str. in- 
sectorum, Burrill. See Microc. insectorum, 
Burrill. Str. kochii. See Microc. of Sep- 
ticemia in Rabbits, Koch. Str. lanceolatus 
pasteuri, Gamaleia. See B. septicus spu- 
tigenus, Fliigge. Str. liquefaciens, Stern- 
berg. Obtained from the intestine and 



BACTERIA 



150 



BACTERIA 



livers of yellow-fever cadavers . aer . , facanaer., 
liq}., npg. Str. longus, von Lingelsheim. 
See Microc. pyogenes, Rosenbach. Str. lucae. 
See Microc. ulceris mollis. Str. manfredii. 
See Microc. manfredii. Str. meningitidis. 
See Microc. intracellular is meningitidis, Neu- 
mann and Schaffer. Str. monomorphus, 
Bujwid, Heryng. Found in benign pharyn- 
geal ulcers, npg. Str. morbillosus. See 
Microc. of Measles. Str. nocardi. See 
Microc. mastobius, Nocard. Str. ochro- 
leucus. See Microc. ochroleucus, Prove 
and Legrain. Str. of Bonome. Obtained 
from the exudations in the cerebrospinal 
meninges and from hemorrhagic extravasa- 
tions in the lungs in cases of epidemic cere- 
brospinal meningitis, pg. (for white mice 
and rabbits). Str. of Granuloma fun- 
goides, Rindfleisch and Auspetz. See Str. 
of Mycosis fungoides. Str. of Mannaberg. 
Obtained from the urine in cases of acute 
nephritis. aer., facanaer., nliqf., pg. (for 
dogs and rabbits). Str. of Mastitis in 
Cows. See Microc. mastobius, Nocard and 
Mollereau. Str. of Mycosis fungoides. 
Syn., Streptococcus of Granuloma fungoides, 
Rindfleisch and Auspetz. Found in the 
capillaries and subcutaneous tissue in the 
parts affected by this disease. Not • suffi- 
ciently investigated. Str. of Pus. See 
Microc. septicus, Fliigge. Str. perniciosus 
psittacorum, Eberth and Wolf. See Microc. 
psittaci, Wolf. Str. pneumoniae, Weich- 
selbaum. See Microc. pyogenes, Fliigge. 
Str. putrefaciens. Syn., Micrococcus of 
putrefaction. Refers to any one of the many 
micrococci found in putrefying substances. 
Str. pyogenes, Rosenbach. See Microc. 
pyogenes, Rosenbach. Str. pyogenes, Sac- 
cardo. See Microc. septicus, Fliigge. Str. 
pyogenes maligni, Krause and Fliigge. 
Found in- necrotic masses in a leukemic 
spleen, pg. (for mice and rabbits). Str. 
pyogenes ureas, Rorsing. Found in purulent 
urine. Cf. Microc. pyogenes urea flavus, 
Rorsing. Str. radiatus. See Microc. 
radiatus, Fliigge. Str. rubiginosus, Eding- 
ton. Found in cases of scarlatina. npg. 
Does not appear until late in the disease. 
Str. seiferti. See Microc. influenza, Let- 
zerich. Str. septicus, Fliigge. See Microc. 
septicus, Fliigge. Str. septicus liquefaciens, 
Babes. Obtained from the blood and 
viscera of a child that died of septicemia 
following scarlatina, aer., liqf., pg. (for mice 
and rabbits). Str. septopyaemicus. See 
Microc. septopy amicus. Str. toxicatus. 
See Microc. toxicatus, Burrill. Str. ureae. 
See Microc. urea, Cohn. Str. ureae rugosus, 
Rorsing. Found in urine. Str. vermifor- 
mis, Maschek. Found in hydrant -water 
(Freiburg), aer., liqf., npg. Streptocytus 
of Eczema epizootica, Schottelius. Syn., 
Streptococcus apthicola, Hallier; Micrococcus 
of Foot-and-mouth Disease. Found in vesic- 
ular eruptions about the mouth and feet 
of cattle, pigs, and sheep. Communicable 



to man. aer., facanaer. Pathogenesis not 
fully settled. Cf. B. of Ulcerative Stoma- 
titis of Cattle. Streptothrix foersteri, 
Cohn. See Cladothrix farsleri, Cohn. 
Swine Plague Schizophyte, Detmers. 
See B. of Swine Plague, Reitsch and 
Jobert. Syphilis Bacillus. See B. syphil- 
idis, Lustgarten. Syphilis Bacillus of 
Eve and Lingard. Obtained from the 
blood and diseased tissues of syphilitic per- 
sons who have not undergone mercurial 
treatment, aer., chg. (pale yellow or brown). 
Pathogenetic relations not settled. Not 
stained by Lustgarten's method; capable 
of development on blood-serum. Tetanus 
Bacillus. See B. tetani, Nicolaier. Thio- 
thrix nivea. See Beggiatoa nivea, Raben- 
horst. Thiothrix tenuis, Winogradsky. 
Found in sulfur springs. Thiothrix tenuis- 
sima, Winogradsky. Found in sulfur 
springs. Torula cerevisiae. See Saccharo- 
myces cerevisia, Reess and Robin. Torula 
ureae', Pasteur. See Microc. urea, Cohn. 
Tubercle Bacillus. See B. tuberculosis, 
Koch. Typhus Bacillus. See B. typhi 
abdominalis, Eberth. Tyrothrix catenula, 
T. claviformis, T. distortus, T. filiformis, 
T. geniculatus, T. scaber, T. tenuis, 
T. turgidus, T. urocephalus, T. virgiila. 
See the corresponding terms under Bacillus. 
Ulvina aceti, Kiitzing. See B. aceti, 
Kiitzing. Urobacillus duclauxi, Miquel. 
Found in sewage and river-water. aer., 
facanaer., mot., liqf. Pathogenesis not de- 
termined. Urobacillus freudenreichii, 
Miquel. Obtained from air, dust, sewage. 
aer., liqf., mot. Pathogenesis not determined. 
Urobacillus maddoxi, Miquel. Obtained 
from sewage and river-water. aer., liqf., 
mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Uro- 
bacillus pasteuri, Miquel. Obtained from 
decomposing urine, aer., liqf., mot. Patho- 
genesis not determined. Urobacillus 
schutzenbergii, Miquel. Obtained from 
sewage and river-water. aer., liqf., mot. 
Pathogenesis not determined. Vibrio aureus, 
Weibel. See Sp. aureum. Vibrio Bacillus, 
Miiller, Ehrenberg. See B. ulna, Cohn. 
Vibrio cholerae. See Sp. cholera asiatica, 
Koch. Vibrio cyanogenus, Ehrenberg. 
See B. cyanogenus, Fuchs. Vibrio flaves- 
cens, Weibel. See Sp. flavescens, Weibel. 
Vibrio flavus, Weibel. See Sp. flavum, 
Weibel. Vibrio lineola, Miiller and Ehren- 
berg. See Bact. lineola, Cohn. Vibrio 
lingualis. See Sp. lingua, Weibel. Vibrio 
metchnikovi, Gamaleia. See Sp. metch- 
nikovi, Gamaleia. Vibrio nasalis, Wei- 
bel. See Sp. nasale, Weibel. Vibrio proteus. 
See Sp. finkleri. Vibrio rugula, Miiller. 
See Sp. rugula, Miiller. Vibrio saprophiles 
a, Weibel. See Sp. saprophiles a, Weibel. 
Vibrio saprophiles /?, Weibel. See Sp. 
saprophiles /?, Weibel. Vibrio saprophiles 
j, Weibel. See Sp. saprophiles y, Weibel. 
Vibrio serpens, Miiller. See Sp. serpens, 
Miiller. Vibrio, syncyanus, Ehrenberg. 



BACTERIACE^E 



151 



(VON) BAER'S LAW 



See B. cyanogenus, Fuchs. Vibrio synxan- 
thus, Ehrenberg. See B. synxanthus, Ehren- 
berg and Schroter. Vibrio tremulans, 
Ehrenberg. See Bad. lineola, Cohn. Vibrio 
undula, Miiller. See Sp. undula, Miiller. 
Vibrio xanthogenus, Fuchs. See B. synxan- 
thus, Ehrenberg and Schroter. Violet Bacil- 
lus. See B. janthinus, Zopf. Zoogalactina 
imetropa, Sette. See B. prodigiosus, Ehren- 
berg. Zoogloea capillorum, Buhl. See 
Palmellina capillorum, Radlkoffer. Zoogloea 
ramigera. A tree-like variety of Cladothrix 
dichotoma. Zoogloea termo, Miiller, Cohn. 
See B. termo, Dujardin. 

Bacteriaceae (bak-te-re-a'-se-e) [bacteria]. The 
Schizomycetes. 

Bacterial (bak-te' -re-al). Resembling, of the 
nature of, or derived from bacteria. 

Bactericidal (bak-te-ris-i'-dal) [bacteria; cce- 
dere, to kill]. Destructive to bacteria. 

Bactericide (bak-te' '-ris-ld) . i. Destructive to 
bacteria. 2. An agent that destroys bacteria. 

Bacteridium (bak-ter-id'-e-um) [fianx-qpcov, a 
little -stick]. According to Davaine, a genus 
of BacteriacecB characterized by immobility 
of the elements at all periods of their exist- 
ence. The distinction does not now obtain. 
See under Bacteria. 

Bacteriform (bak-te' -re-form) [bacterium; for- 
ma, form]. Shaped like a bacterium. 

Bacterio- (bak-te-re-o-) [bacterium]. A prefix 
meaning relating to bacteria. 

Bacteriogenic {bak-te-re-o -fen' -ilz) [bacterio-; 
generare, to produce]. Caused by bacteria. 

Bacteriohemagglutinin (bak-te-re-o-hem-ag- 
lu' -tin-in). A hemagglutinin produced in 
the body by the action of bacteria; it is very 
unstable, being destroyed at 5 8° C. 

Bacteriohemolysin (bak-te-re-o-hem-o-li'-sin) . 
A very unstable hemolysin formed in the 
body by the action of bacteria; it is destroyed 
at 58° C. 

Bacterioid (bak-te' -re-oid) [bacteria-; eldoc, 
form]. Applied to certain microorganisms 
nourishing in and around the roots of legumi- 
nous plants, assisting in the accumulation of 
nitrogen, and giving rise to tubercles. They 
may be cultivated in artificial mediums like 
ordinary bacteria. 

Bacteriologist (bak-te-re-ol' -o-jist) [bacteriology]. 
One who makes a special study of bacteriol- 
ogy- 
Bacteriology (bak-te-re-ol' -o-je) [bacterio-; 
Xoyoc, science]. The science concerned with 
the study of bacteria. 

Bacteriolysin (bak-te-re-o-li'-sin). A complex 
substance containing a peptic ferment com- 
bined with a bacterial derivative. 

Bacteriolysis (bak-te-re-ol' '-is-is) [bacterio-; 
Xuaig, a loosing]. A fermentative process, 
discovered by Pfeiffer (1894), in which 
specific ferments act only on certain cells, 
just as certain yeasts act only on sugars of 
certain definite constitution. Syn., Pfeiffer's 
phenomenon. 

Bacteriolytic (bak-te-re-o-lit'-ik). Possessing 
a disintegrating action upon living bacteria. 



Bacteriopathology (bak-te-re-o-path-oV '-o-je) 
[bacterio-; pathology]. The science of dis- 
eases due to bacteria. 

Bacteriophytoma (bak-te-re-o- fi-to'-mah) [bacte- 
rio-; (f>urov, a growth]. A newgrowth caused 
by bacteria. 

Bacterioplasmin (bak-te-re-o-plaz f -min) [bac- 
terio-; izXaajxa, anything formed or molded]. 
One of several toxic principles or toxalbumins 
extracted from pathogenic organisms, as of 
cholera or typhoid fever, by pressure. 

Bacterioprotein (bak-te-re-o-pro' -te-in) [bacte- 
rio-; npihxoQ, first]. A protein contained in 
bacteria. 

Bacteriopurpurin (bak-te-re-o-pur' '-pu-rin) [bac- 
terio-; purpura, purple]. A peach-colored 
pigment found by Lankester in the protoplasm 
of Beggiatoa roseopersicina. It is insoluble in 
water, alcohol, chloroform, ammonia, acetic 
acid, and sulfuric acid. 

Bacterioscopic (bak-te-re-o-skop'-ik) [bacterios- 
copy]. Pertaining to bacterioscopy. 

Bacterioscopy (bak-te-re-os'-ko-pe) [bacterio-; 
oKoxelv, to view]. The microscopic study of 
bacteria. 

Bacteriosis (bak-te-re-o' -sis) [bacterium]. The 
action of bacteria in the system; infection by 
bacteria. 

Bacteriotherapy (bak-te-re-o-ther'-ap-e) [bac- 
terio-; depanela, treatment]. The treatment 
of disease by the introduction of bacteria into 
the system. 

Bacterium (bak-te' -re-um) [fianz-qpcov, a little 
stick; pi., bacteria]. 1. A synonym of 
Schizomyces ox Microorganism. 2. The word 
was formerly restricted to a genus of schizo- 
mycetous fungi established by Ehrenberg 
(1838) and Dujardin (1841), characterized 
by short, linear, inflexible, rod-like forms, 
without tendency to unite into chains or 
filaments. Morphologically, bacteria are 
spheric (cocci); in the form of straight rods 
(bacilli) ; or of twisted rods (spirilla). Bac- 
teria are either aerobic, requiring free oxygen, 
or anaerobic, not requiring free oxygen. 
Again, certain forms appear to possess the 
ability to flourish in either condition, and are 
known as facultative aerobic or facultative 
anaerobic. Bacteria are either motile or 
nonmotile; they may exist as saprophytes, 
facultative parasites, strict, obligate, or true 
parasites. Those that produce pigment are 
known as chromogenic; those that produce 
fermentation, as zymogenic; those that affect 
adversely the health of plants or animals, 
as pathogenic. See Bacteria, Table of, and 
special terms under appropriate headings. 

Bacteriuria (bak-te -re-u'-re-ah) [bacterium; 
obpov, urine]. The presence of bacteria in 
the urine. 

Baculiform (bak'-u-le-form) [baculum, a stick; 
forma, form]. Rod-shaped. 

Bael (ba'-el). See Bel. 

Baelz's Disease. Progressive ulceration and 
ultimate destruction of the mucous glands of 
the lips. 

(von) Baer's Law. The more special forms 



BAEYER'S REACTION 



152 



BALLOTTEMENT 



of structure arise out of the more general, and 
that by a gradual change. B.'s Vesicle, 
the ovule. 

Baeyer's Reaction for Glucose. Indigo is 
formed on boiling a glucose solution with 
orthonitrophenyl-propiolic acid and sodium 
carbonate. When the glucose is in excess, 
this blue is converted into indigo white. B.'s 
Reaction for Indol, a watery solution of 
indol to which have been added 2 or 3 drops 
of fuming nitric acid and then a 2 % solution 
of potassium nitrite drop by drop, yields a 
red liquid and then a red precipitate of nitro- 
soindol nitrate, C 16 H 13 (NO)N 21 HNO s . 

Bag [AS., bcelg]. 1. A sac. 2. The scro- 
tum. B., Barnes', a rubber bag, shaped 
somewhat like a lyre, used for dilating 
the cervical canal. B., Intragastric, an 
elastic rubber bag which, when folded 
over a tube which runs through it, occupies 
less space than an ordinary stomach-tube, 
and which has the exact shape of the stomach 
when it is inflated within that organ. It is 
employed to obtain the contents of the 
duodenum. B., Politzer's, a soft-rubber 
bag for inflating the middle ear. B. of 
Waters, the fetal membranes inclosing the 
liquor amnii and projecting through the os 
uteri early in labor. The sac usually rup- 
tures when the cervix is dilated. 

Bagnio (ban'-yo) [It., bagno]. 1. A house 
of prostitution. 2. A bath-house. 

Baillarger's Layer. A layer of short, delicate 
fibers in the cerebral cortex, parallel to the 
surface; it is visible to the naked eye in the 
region surrounding the calcarine fissure, 
and is there known as Vicq d'Azyr's band. 
B.'s Sign, pupillary inequality in paralytic 
dementia. 

Baker's Cyst. See Cyst, Baker's. 

Bakers' Itch. An eczematous affection of the 
hands, caused by the irritation of the yeast. 
B.'s Leg, knock-knee, or genu valgum. B.'s 
Salt. A synonym of Smelling-salts or Am- 
monium carbonate; it is sometimes used 
by bakers in leavening cakes. B.'s Stigmata, 
corns on the fingers from kneading dough. 

Balance (bal'-ans) [L., bilanx, having two 
scales]. 1. An instrument for weighing. 
2. The harmonious adjustment of related 
parts. B., Electromagnetic, an apparatus 
for estimating the intensity of electric cur- 
rents. B., Thermic. See Bolometer. B., 
Torsion, an instrument for estimating mag- 
netic attraction and repulsion. 

Balanic (bal'-an-ik) [ft&Xavoc, the glans 
penis]. Pertaining to the glans of the penis 
or of the clitoris. 

Balanitis (bal-an-i' '-tis) [ftaXavoc, the glans 
penis; txig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the glans penis. 

Balano- (bal-an-o-) [ftaXavoc, the glans penis]. A 
prefix meaning relating to the glans penis. 

Balanoblennorrhea (bal-an-o-blen-or-e'-ah) 
[balano-; (HXhva, mucus ; po'ca, a flow]. 
Gonorrheal balanitis. 

Balanocele ibal-an' -o -set) [balano-; /ojAtj, a 



hernia]. The protrusion of the glans through 
an opening in the prepuce, as occurs in gan- 
grenous phimosis. 

Balanoplasty ibal-an' -o-plas-te) [balano-; nXaa- 
oecv, to form]. Plastic surgery of the glans 
penis. 

Balanoposthitis (bal-an-o-pos-thi'-tis) [bal- 
ano-; 7c6o6t), prepuce; ncc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the glans penis and of the 
prepuce. 

Balanopreputial ibal-an-o-pre-pu' -she-al) [bal- 
ano-; praputium, prepuce]. Relating to the 
glans penis and the prepuce. 

Balantidium {bal-an-tid' -e-um) [ftaXavr'cdcov, 
dim. of fiaXavzcov, a bag]. A genus of pro- 
tozoa. B. coli, a protozoan parasite that 
inhabits the intestine of the pig. 

Balata (bal-at'-ah) [native Guiana]. The 
dried milky juice of the bully-tree, Mimu- 
sops balata, and of several other sapotaceous 
trees of Guiana. It is intermediate between 
caoutchouc and guttapercha, and is used 
chiefly in England as a substitute for these. 

Balatin (bal'-at-in). The creamy sap from a 
South American tree, Mimusops kauki; it 
is used as a varnish and vehicle in skin 
diseases. 

Balbuties (bal-bu 1 '-she-ez) [balbutire, to stam- 
mer]. Stammering. 

Baldness (bawld'-nes) [ME., balde, bald]. Loss 
of hair; alopecia. 

Balfour ' s Disease . A fatal disease of childhood, 
with postmortem findings of greenish-yellow 
or greenish-gray fibrosarcomas in various parts 
of the body, especially the periosteum. Syn., 
Chloroma; Chlorosarcoma. 

Ball (bawl) [ME., bal]. 1. An object having 
a round or spheric shape. 2. In anatomy, 
any globular part. B., Bichat's Fat-, the 
buccal fat-pad, a mass of fat lying in the 
space between the buccinator and the anterior 
border of the masseter; is especially well 
developed in infants. B., Gascoigne's, 
pulverized Oriental bezoar formed into balls. 
B., Martial, balls made of 2 parts of cream 
of tartar and 1 part of iron filings; they 
were used in the preparation of ferruginous 
baths. Syn., Boli martis; Globuli mar tis. 
B.-and-socket Joint. See Diarthrosis and 
Enar thro sis. 

Ballet's Sign. Ophthalmoplegia externa, 
characterized by the loss of all voluntary 
movements of the eyeball, with preservation 
of the automatic movements and integrity 
of the movements of the pupil. It is seen 
in hysteria and exophthalmic goiter. 

Ballingal's Disease. Mycetoma. 

Balloon ibal-oon') [Mod. E., baloon, a large 
bag]. 1. In chemistry, a spheric glass re- 
ceiver with a short neck. 2. To distend a 
body-cavity by means of air-bags or water- 
bags. B. Sickness, an abnormal condition 
due to the breathing of an insufficient amount 
of oxygen. 

Ballottement (bal-of -mon(g) ) [Fr., ballotte- 
ment, tossing; shaking about]. A method of 
diagnosticating pregnancy from the fourth 



BALM 



153 BAMBERGER'S BULBAR PULSE 






to the eighth month. A push is given the 
uterus by the finger inserted into the vagina, 
and if the fetus is present, it will rise and 
fall again like a heavy body in water. B., 
Cephalic, the rebound of the fetal head 
against the hand when depressed through 
the abdominal wall. B., Ocular, the falling 
of opaque particles in a fluid vitreous humor 
after movements of the eyeball. 

Balm (bahm) [balsamum, a balsam], i. A 

. popular synonym of Balsam. 2. Any sooth- 
ing application or ointment. B. of Gilead, 
the balm of the Old Testament; an oleoresin 
obtained from the Balsamodendron gileadense. 

Balneal (baV-ne-al). Relating to baths. 

Balneography (bal-ne-og'-ra-}e) [balneum ; 
Ypa(f)7], a writing]. A treatise on bathing and 
baths. 

Balneology (bal-ne-oV -o-je) {balneum; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science of baths and their 
effects upon the system. 

Balneophysiology (bal-ne-o-fiz-e-ol'-o-je) [bal- 
neum; physiology]. The physiology of bath- 
ing; the science of the effects of baths upon 
the system. 

Balneotherapy (bal-ne-o-ther' -ap-e) [balneum ; 
depaneca, treatment]. Systematic bathing for 
therapeutic purposes, or the treatment of dis- 
ease by baths. 

Balneum (baV-ne-um) [L.]. A bath. See 
Bath. B. arenae, a sand-bath. See Ammo- 
therapy. B. lacteum, a milk-bath. B. 
luteum, a mud-bath. B. pneumaticum, 
an air-bath. 

Balsam (bawl'-sam) [ftaXoaiiov, the resin of 
the balsam-tree]. The resinous, volatile, 
aromatic substance, liquid or solid, obtained 
from certain trees by natural exudation or 
by artificial extraction. Balsams are divided 
into two classes — those with, and those with- 
out, benzoic and cinnamic acids. In general 
they are mixtures of various essential oils, 
resins, and acids. B. -apple, the plant 
Momordica balsamina, and its warty, gourd- 
like fruit. It is purgative, but its tincture 
is used in domestic medicine chiefly as a 
vulnerary. B., Bengue's Anodyne, a com- 
pound consisting of menthol, 2\ drams; 
methyl salicylate, 2§ drams; wool-fat, 3 
drams. B.-bog, a singular stone-like, woody, 
umbelliferous plant, Bolax, or Azorella 
glebaria, of the Falkland Islands and Pata- 
gonia. Its aromatic gum is locally prized as 
a vulnerary, desiccative, and antigonorrheal 
remedy. B., Canada, a turpentine gathered 
from the natural blisters of the bark of Abies 
balsamea. It is used as a mounting-medium 
by microscopists. See under Turpentine. B. 
of Copaiba. See Copaiba. B. of Fir. Same 
as B., Canada. B., Friars'. See Benzoin. 
B.,Houmiri, B.,Humiri, the fragrant exu- 
date from the trees Humiria balsamifera 
and H. floribunda, natives of South Amer- 
ica. It is used as an expectorant and 
vermifuge. Syn., Umire. B. of Peru 
(balsamum peruvianum, U. S. P.), the bal- 
sam obtained from Toluifera pereira; an- 



tiseptic, stimulant to the circulation, and 
sedative to the nervous system, tonic and 
expectorant. Applied locally, it is useful in 
chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Dose 
of the emulsion 10—25 m i n - (°-6-i-5 Cc). 
B.-root, a popular, name for certain com- 
posite-flowered plants of the genus Bal- 
samorrhiza. B. hookerii, B. macrophylla, and 
B. sagittata are common in the Pacific States 
and abound in a resinous balsam. B., 
Samaritan, a mixture of equal parts of 
oil and wine, heated together, and a tenth 
part of rosemary leaves. B., Stimulant, a 
mixture of 8 parts of turpentine and 1 part 
of mustard flour. B., Sulfur, a mixture of 
8 parts of olive oil and 1 part of sublimed 
sulfur heated together. B., Tagulaway, 
B., Tagulavay, a yellow oil prepared in 
the Philippines by boiling the bark and 
twigs of the cebu, Parameria vulneraria, 
in cocoanut oil; it is used as a vulnerary 
and in skin diseases. Syn., Cebur; Jagula- 
way balsam. B. of Tolu, B. of Tolutan 
(balsamum tolutanum, U. S. P.), obtained 
from Toluifera balsamum. Its properties 
are due to a volatile oil, toluene. It 
possesses an agreeable odor, and is a basis 
for many cough-mixtures. It is expector- 
ant. See also Tolu. 

Balsamation (bawl-sam-a' -shun) [see Bal- 
sam]. Embalmment with balsamic or aro- 
matic spices. 

Balsamic (bawl-sam r -ik) . Having the nature 
or qualities of a balsam. 

Balsamodendron (bawl-sam-o-den'-dron). See 
Bdellium and Myrrh. 

Balsamum (bawl' -sam-um) [balsam]. A balsam. 
B. dipterocarpi. See Gurjun Balsam. 

Baker's Fat-necrosis. An acute disease of 
the pancreas with areas of fat-necrosis in 
the interlobular tissue of that organ, in the 
omentum and mesentery, at times also in the 
pericardial fat and bone-marrow. 

Bamberger's Bulbar Pulse. Pulsation of 
the jugular vein, — the bulbus venae jugularis, 
— synchronous with the systole, in tricuspid 
insufficiency. B.'s Disease, saltatory spasm. 
B.'s Fluid, an albuminous mercuric com- 
pound used in the treatment of syphilis. 
It is made as follows: To 100 Cc. of a fil- 
tered solution of white of egg (containing 
40 Cc. of albumin and 60 Cc. of water) there 
are added 60 Cc. of a solution of mercuric 
chlorid (containing 5 %, or 3 Gm., of mercuric 
chlorid) and 60 Cc. of a solution of sodium 
chlorid (containing 20 %); finally, 80 Cc. 
of distilled water is added, which brings 
the bulk of the solution up to 300, containing 
0.0 10 mercuric chlorid in every cubic centi- 
meter. B.'s Hematogenic Albuminuria, 
albuminuria occurring during the later stages 
of severe anemia. B.'s Sign, allocheiria; 
perception of a stimulus applied to the skin 
of one extremity at the corresponding place 
on the other extremity. B.'s Type of Hyper- 
trophic Pulmonary Osteopathy, a form 
in which painful thickenings of the long 



BAMBOO 



154 



BANYAN 



bones, especially of the forearm and leg, are 
a prominent symptom. 

Bamboo (bam-boo') [E. Ind., bambu], A 
popular name for many tree-like, woody- 
stemmed grasses, especially those of the 
genus Bambusa. Bambusa arundinacea is 
employed as an alterative, anthelmintic, and 
depurative. Unof. B. -brier, the root of 
Smilax sarsaparilla, habitat, southern United 
States. Its properties are identical with 
those of sarsaparilla. Dose of the fluid- 
extract %-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). Unof. 

Banana (ban-an'-ah) [Sp.]. The fruit of the 
common banana, Musa sapientum, said to 
be a valuable alterative, and useful in stru- 
mous affections. Dose of the fluidextract 
10-30 min. (0.6-2.0 Cc). Unof. 

Bananina (ban-an-in' -ah) . Banana flour, plan- 
tain flour; the fruit of Musa sapientium, 
dried and pulverized. 

Band [ME., bande]. That which binds. 
A stripe. A ligament. B.s, Amniotic, 
bands formed by drawn-out adhesions be- 
tween the fetus and the amnion where the 
cavity has become distended through the 
accumulation of fluid. Syn., Simonarfs 
bands. B., Anogenital, the rudiment of 
the perineum; a transverse band of integu- 
ment completing the division of the cloaca 
in the embryo. B., Axis, the primitive 
streak. B., Belly-, a flannel band wound 
around the abdomen. B. of the Colon, 
Inner, a band-like thickening of the mus- 
cular coat running alone the inner surface 
of the ascending and descending colon 
and the inferior aspect of the transverse 
colon. B.s, Fetoamniotic, amniotic 
bands producing deformities or intrauterine 
amputation. B., Furrowed, a small band of 
cinerea uniting the uvula cerebelli with the 
cerebellar tonsils. B., Head-, a strap for 
securing a mirror to the forehead. B., 
Horny (of Tarinus), the fore part of the 
taenia semicircularis. B., Kramer's Frontal, 
a head-band with appliances to hold a 
eustachian catheter in place so that the 
surgeon's hands may be free. B., Meso- 
blastic, a band of mesoblastic cells which 
extends the entire length of the embryo. 
B., Moderator. See B., ReiVs. B., Reil's, 
a fibromuscular fillet that frequently extends 
across the right ventricle of the heart. 
Syn., Moderator band. B. of Remak. See 
Fiber, Axial; also Purkinje, Axis -cylinder of. 
B.s, Supraorbital, the embryonal thicken- 
ings above the eyes and to the outer side 
of them. B. of Tarinus. See B., Horny 
(of Tarinus). 

Bandage (ban'-daj) [Fr., bande, a strip]. 
Bandages are usually strips of muslin or 
Other material, of varying widths and lengths, 
used in surgery for the purpose of protecting, 
compressing, etc., a part, or for the retention 
of dressings and applications. A simple 
bandage or roller consists of one piece; a 
compound, of two or more pieces. Starch, 
plaster -of -par is, silica, dextrin, tripolith, etc., 



are used for making stiff and immovable 
dressings or bandages. According to their 
direction, bandages are classed as: 1. Circu- 
lar, circular turns about the part. 2. Figure- 
of-8, the turns crossing one another like the 
figure 8. 3. Oblique, covering the part by 
oblique turns. 4. Recurrent, the turns re- 
turning successively to the point of origin. 
5. Spica, the turns resembling the arrange- 
ment of the husks of an ear of corn. 6. 
Spiral, each turn covering one-half of the 
preceding. 7. Spiral reverse, the bandage is 
reversed in order better to adapt it to the 
part. Bandages are also classed according 
to the part to which they are applied. (See 
illustrations on pp. 155-158.) B., Abdomi- 
nal. See Binder. B., Borsch's, a band- 
age for one eye. B., Esmarch's, an elas- 
tic rubber bandage to prevent hemorrhage 
in amputations. B., Genga's. See B., 
Theden's. B., Heliodorus', the T-bandage. 
B., Hueter's, a spica bandage for the peri- 
neum. B., Langier's, a many -tailed paper 
bandage. B., Larrey's, a form of many- 
tailed bandage, the edges being glued to- 
gether. B., Maisonneuve's, a variety of 
plaster -of -paris bandage formed from cloths 
folded, these being supported by other band- 
ages. B., Martin's, an india-rubber band- 
age for varicose veins. B., Recurrent, a 
bandage used after amputations, to support 
the flaps of the stump. B., Ribble's, the 
spica bandage for the instep. B., Richet's, 
a form of plaster-of-paris bandage to which 
a small amount of gelatin has been added. 
B. of Scultetus, a compound bandage, 
similar to a spiral reverse in appearance and 
action, used in compound fractures, so that 
the short pieces of which it is composed may 
be removed without motion of the limb. 
B., Startin's, a bandage impregnated with 
a mixture of paraffin and stearin. B.s, T-, 
bandages shaped like the letter T. B., The- 
den's, a form of roller bandage applied from 
below upward over a graduated compress, to 
control hemorrhage from a limb. 

Bandl's Ring.. The line of depression some- 
times felt on digital pressure just above the 
pubes during labor-pains; it corresponds to 
the site of the internal os uteri. 

Baneberry (bdn'-ber-e). See Actcea. 

Bang, Bhang, Bangue (bang). See Cannabis 
indica. 

Banian (ban f -yan) [Ar., banyan, a trader]. 
A South Asiatic fig-tree, Ficus bengalensis, 
remarkable for the development of roots and 
secondary trunks from its branches. The 
bark and seeds are tonic, diuretic, and anti- 
pyretic. 

Banti's Disease. Enlargement of the spleen 
with progressive anemia, followed by hepatic 
cirrhosis. 

Banting Cure. A method for the reduction 
of corpulence by abstinence from saccharine, 
fatty, and farinaceous foods, and the use of 
red meats. 

Banyan (ban'-yan). See Banian. 



BANDAGES 



155 



BANDAGES 





Crossed Bandage of Both Eyes. 



Barton's Bandage. 





T-BANDAGE OF THE EYE. 



The Six-tailed Bandage of Galen. 




Recurrent Bandage of the Head. — (Moullin.) 




Transverse Recurrent Bandage of the Head. 
(MouTlin.) 





Four-tailed Bandage of the Head. 



Agnew's Bandage. — (Moullin.) 





Four-tailed Bandage of the Head. 



Gibson's Bandage. — (Moullin.) 



BANDAGES 



156 



BANDAGES 






Anterior Figure-of-8 Bandage of the Chest. Posterior Figure-of-8 Bandage of the Chest. 




Suspensory and Compressor Bandage of the 
Breast. 



Spica Bandage of Shoulder. 





Spiral Bandage of the Chest. 



Velpeau's Bandage. 





Desault's Bandage. 



Double Spica Bandage of the Groins. 



BANDAGES 



157 



BANDAGES 





Eight-tailed Bandage of the Abdomen. — (Moullin.) Ascending Spica Bandage of the Groin. — (Moullin.) 




Figure-of-8 Bandage of the Elbow. — (Moullin.) 





Gantlet Bandage. 



Spiral Bandage of the Finger. 





Spica Bandage of the Thumb. — (Horwitz.) 



Demigantlet Bandage, 



BANDAGES 



158 



BANDAGES 





Recurrent Bandage of Stump. 



Modified Figure-of-8 Bandage of the Lower 
Extremity. — (Moullin.) 




Spiral Reversed Bandage of the Forearm (or 
Leg). — (Moullin.) 





Spica Bandage of the Foot. — (Moullin.) 




Figure-of-8 Bandage of Ankle. — (Horwitz.) 



Esmarch's Bandage. — (Horwitz.) 



BAOBAB TREE 



159 



BARIUM 



Baobab Tree. See Adansonia digitata. 

Baptin (bap'-tin) [baptisia]. A purgative glu- 
cosid, obtainable from Baptisia tinctoria. 

Baptisia {bap -Hz 1 '-e-ah) [fianxcocc, a dipping]. 
Wild indigo. The root-bark of B. tinctoria, 
the properties of which are due to an impure 
glucosid, the socalled baptism. It is laxative 
and stimulant in moderate doses, emetic and 
cathartic in large doses, and is used in amen- 
orrhea, typhus and typhoid fevers, and as 
a local application to indolent ulcers and 
gangrenous sores. Dose of the resin 1—5 gr. 
(0.065-0.32 Gm.). B., Extract of . Dose 1-10 
gr. (0.065-0.65 Gm.). B., Fluidextract of. 
Dose 2-20 min. (0.13-1.3 Cc). B., Tincture 
of. Dose 5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). All 
unof. 

Baptisin {bap f -tiz-in) [baptisia]. 1 . A precip- 
itate from the tincture of Baptisia tinctoria; 
antiseptic, purgative, ecbolic, resolvent. 
Dose 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.2 Gm.). Unof. 
2. A bitter glucosid obtainable from the 
plant Baptisia tinctoria; it has little medi- 
cinal activity. 

Bar [OF., barre]. 1. A band or stripe. 2. The 
part of the upper jaw of a horse destitute of 
teeth. 3. An arch. 4. A prominence of the 
symphysis pubis projecting into the pelvic 
cavity. B.s, Hyoid, the pair of cartilaginous 
plates forming the second visceral arch. B., 
Interureteric. See B., Mercier's. B., 
Mercier's, the transverse curved ridge join- 
ing the openings of the ureters on the inner 
surface of the bladder; it forms the posterior 
boundary of the trigone. Syn., Bar of the 
bladder; Interureteric bar; Plica ureterica. 

Barba (bar f -bah) [L.]. The beard. 

Barbados Aloes {bar-ba'-doz aV-oz). See Aloes. 
B. Distemper. Synonym of Yellow fever. 
B. Leg. See Elephantiasis arabum. B. Nut. 
See Purging Nut. 

Barbaloin {bar-bal'-o-in) [Barbados; dXor), 
aloe], C 17 H 20 O 7 . The aloin derived from 
Barbados aloes. 

Barbel (bar'-bel) [barba, a beard]. The fish 
Cyprinus barbus; the roe is used as a purga- 
tive in some countries, and causes vomiting 
and purging if eaten to excess. B. Cholera, 
an epidemic of fish-poisoning from eating 
diseased barbels. The symptoms are iden- 
tical with those of cholera nostras, and 
are due to a ptomain. Syn., Gastric ichthyo- 
toxism. 

Barberry {bar'-ber-e). See Berberis. B. 
Gum, a commercial name of certain varie- 
ties of gum-arabic. 

Barber's Itch. Sycosis parasitaria. 

Bard's Sign. To differentiate between or- 
ganic and congenital nystagmus. In the 
former the oscillations of the eyeball increase 
when the patient follows the physician's 
finger, moved before his eye alternately from 
right to left and from left to right. In the 
latter the oscillations disappear under these 
conditions. 

Bardana {bar-da'-nah) [L.]. The burdock. 
See Lappa. 



Bardinet's Ligament. The posterior fasci- 
culus of the internal lateral ligament of 
the elbow-joint; it is attached above to 
the „ posteroinferior portion of the internal 
condyle, and below, by its expanded bor- 
der, to the inner side of the olecranon 
process. 

Bareggi's Reaction. Twenty or 30 drops 
of blood collected in a small test-tube and 
allowed to stand for 24 hours will show a 
nonretracted clot and a small amount of 
serum if the blood has been taken from a 
typhoid-fever patient. In tuberculosis, on 
the other hand, the clot will retract and an 
abundance of serum will be formed. 

Baregin {bar-a'-zhin). See Glairin. 

Baresthesiometer (bar-es-the-ze-om' '-et-er) 

[flapoc, weight; a'ceOrjotc, perception; p.kxpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for estimating 
the sense of weight or pressure. 

Barfoed's Reagent for Dextrose. One part 
copper acetate dissolved in 15 parts of water; 
5 Cc. of acetic acid containing 38 % of glacial 
acetic acid, added to 200 Cc. of this solution. 
Heat this reagent with a dextrose solution, 
and a reduction of copper suboxid is pro- 
duced, but not when heated with lactose or 
maltose. 

Baric (ba'-rik) [barium]. Pertaining to or 
containing barium. 

Barilla {bar-il'-ah) [Fr., barille, impure 
soda]. The ashes obtained by burning vari- 
ous chenopodiaceous plants of the genera 
Salicornia and Salsola. They contain 
about 30 % of sodium carbonate. 

Barium {ba'-re-um) [ftapoc, weight]. Ba = 
136.8; quanti valence II. A metal of the 
group of alkaline earths, of pale yellow 
color, characterized by a strong affinity 
for oxygen. The salts are poisonous. B. 
Arsenate, Ba 3 (As0 4 ) 2 , a white powder, 
almost insoluble in water. It is used in 
tuberculosis and in skin diseases. Dose 
rs—i gr. (0.004-0.016 Gm.). B. Benzoate, 
Ba(C 7 H 5 2 ) 2 + 2H 2 0, small, colorless plates; 
it is used instead of digitalis as a heart-stimu- 
lant. B. Carbonate, BaCO s , used in the 
preparation of the chlorid. B. Chlorid, 
BaCl 2 . 2H 2 0, soluble, used as a test for 
sulfates, which it precipitates as barium 
sulfate, and also as a cardiac and vasomotor 
stimulant. Dose £-5 gr. (0.032-0.32 Gm.). 
B. Chroma te, BaCr0 4 , yellow crystals, 
insoluble in water; it is used as a pigment. 
Syn., Yellow ultramarine. B. Hydrate, B. 
Hydroxid, Ba(OH) 2 , caustic baryta; a crys- 
talline substance, soluble in water, and used 
as a test for sulfates, which it precipitates 
as barium sulfate. B. Iodid, formerly used 
as an alterative. Dose § gr. (0.008 Gm.). 
It is employed in ointments. B. Man- 
ganate, BaMn0 4 , emerald-green powder of 
microscopic prisms or six-sided plates; it 
has been used as a pigment. B. Meconate, 
a compound of barium and meconic acid; 
it is used as an anthelmintic. B. Oxid, 
BaO, baryta. B. Sulfate, BaS0 4 . B. 



BARK 



160 



BARTHOLINIAN ABSCESS 



Sulfid, BaS, a white, phosphorescent powder, 
soluble in water; it is used as an alterant. 
Dose 2~i gr. (0.032-0.065 Gm.) in keratin- 
coated pills. B. Sulfocarbolate, Ba(C 6 H5- 
S0 4 ) 2 , colorless crystals, soluble in water; it 
is antiseptic. 

Bark [ME., barke]. 1. The cortex or cover- 
ing surrounding the wood of exogenous 
trees. 2. Synonym of Cinchona or Calisaya 
bark. B., Peruvian. See Cinchona. (For 
other barks, see the names of the plants or 
trees that produce them.) 

Barkow's Ligament. Ligamentous bundles 
lying in the fatty tissue of the olecranon 
fossa; they pass from the upper border of 
the fossa vertically downward to join the 
deeper fibers of the posterior ligament of 
the elbow-joint. 

Barley (bar'-le) [ME., barly]. A cereal be- 
longing to the order Graminea; the most 
common variety, Hordeum distichon, is used 
as a food, and also in the preparation of 
malt. B., Decoction of. See B. -water. 
B., Pearl-, the decorticated grain, rounded 
and polished. B. -water (decoctum hordei, 
B. P.), a decoction consisting of 2 ounces 
of pearl-barley boiled in if pints of water 
and afterward strained. It is used as a 
demulcent and food in the diarrheas of 
children. Dose 1-4 oz. (30-120 Cc). 

Barlow's Disease. Infantile scurvy, generally 
associated with rickets, and characterized by 
subperiosteal hemorrhages, especially of the 
long bones, with painful swellings. 

Barnes' Cervical Zone. The lowest fourth 
of the internal surface of the uterus. B.'s 
Curve, in obstetrics, the segment of a circle, 
having for its center the sacral promontory, its 
concavity looking backward. B.'s Dilators, 
graduated rubber bags used for dilating the 
cervix uteri in the induction of abortion or 
premature labor. 

Baro- (ba-ro-) [ftapoc, weight]. A prefix imply- 
ing heaviness. 

Baroelectroesthesiometer (bar-o-e-lek-tro-es- 
the-ze-om' -et-er) [baro-; yXenrpov, amber; 
a'lodrjoic, perception; ptirpov, a measure]. 
An apparatus to determine the amount of 
pressure when electric sensibility to pain is felt. 

Barograph {bar'-o-gra}) [baro-; yphfecv, to 
record]. A self -registering barometer. 

Barometer {bar ■-om' '-et-er) [baro-; fierpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for determ- 
ining the weight and tension of the at- 
mosphere. It consists essentially of a glass 
tube, about 36 inches long, closed at one 
end, filled with mercury, and inverted in a 
basin of mercury. The mercury will sink 
in the tube until it rests at a height of about 
30 inches (760 mm.) at the sea-level, the 
height varying as the atmospheric pressure 
increases or diminishes. B., Air, a barome- 
ter with air or gas imprisoned above the 
column of liquid; .the variations of atmos- 
pheric pressure are indicated by the changes 
in the volume of this air. B., Aneroid, a 
metallic box from which the air has been 



exhausted, the tension being indicated by the 
collapsing or bulging of the thin, corrugated 
cover, which is connected with a movable 
index. B., Boiling-point, an instrument 
for determining the atmospheric pressure 
through observation of the boiling-point of 
water. Syn., Barothermometer ; Hypsometer; 
Thermobarometer. B. -maker's Disease, a 
form of chronic mercurial poisoning among 
the workmen who make barometers. It is 
due to the inhalation of the fumes of mercury. 

Barometrograph (bar-o-met'-ro-graf). See 
Barograph. 

Barometry ibar-om'-et-re). The science of 
atmospheric pressure and the use of the 
barometer. 

Baroscope {bar' -o-skop) [baro-; oKonelv, to 
observe]. An instrument used for determin- 
ing the loss of weight of a body in air, com- 
pared with its weight in a vacuum. A form 
of baroscope has been invented by Esbach 
for the quantitative determination of urea. 

Barosma (bar-oz'-mah) [baro-; daptrj, smell]. 
A plant of the order Rutacece, native 
to the Cape of Good Hope and vicinity, 
several species of which yield the buchu of 
commerce. 

Barosmin {bar-oz'-min) [barosma]. A precip- 
itate from the tincture of Barosma crenu- 
lata. Dose 2-3 gr. (0.13-0.2 Gm.). Unof. 

Barral's Test for Albumin and Bile-pig- 
ments. Cover the urine in a test-tube with 
a layer , of 20 % solution of aseptol (ortho- 
phenolsulfonic acid), and in the presence 
of albumin a white ring will form at the 
zone of contact of the two fluids; j of a grain 
of albumin in 1 liter of urine may be thus 
detected. Mucin causes a similar appearance, 
but it disappears on boiling. A green ring 
will indicate the presence of bile-pigments. 
This is much more sensitive than the color 
test with fuming nitric acid. 

Barringtonia {bar-ing-to'-ne-ah) [D. Barring- 
ton, an English naturalist]. A genus of 
plants of the order Myrtacece. B. acutan- 
gula is a tree growing in Australia and 
India. The juice from the leaves mixed 
with oil is used in skin diseases; the root is 
bitter, cooling, and aperient, and is said to 
be similar to cinchona; the seeds,* prepared 
with sago and butter, are used in diarrhea. 
B. butonica is a tree of Australia and 
India. The outer portion of the fruit is 
used to stupefy fish. B. racemosa has 
properties similar to B. acutangula. 

Barsati {bar-sat-e'). A disease affecting horses, 
considered analogous to cancer. Syn., Atro- 
phic carcinoma. 

Bartholin, Duct of (bar' -tho-lin) . See Duct 
of Bartholin. B., Foramen of, the obturator 
foramen. B., Glands of, the vulvovaginal 
glands, a pair of glands situated at the en- 
trance of the vagina, one on each side, and 
corresponding to Cowper's glands in the 
male. 

Bartholinian Abscess. An abscess of Bar- 
tholin's glands, 



BARTON'S BANDAGE 



161 



BASILOPHARYNGEAL 



Barton's Bandage. A bandage for the lower 
jaw. B.'s Fracture, the separation of the 
posterior portion of the lower articular surface 
of the radius. 

Baruch's Sign. The resistance of the rectal tem- 
perature to a bath of 75 for 15 minutes, with 
friction; it is pathognomonic of typhoid fever. 

Baruria (bar-u'-re-ah) [fiapuc, heavy; obpov, 
urine]. The passage of urine having a high 
specific gravity; also the condition of the 
body associated therewith. 

Bary- (bar-e-) [fiapuc, heavy]. A prefix mean- 
ing heavy, dull, or hard* 

Baryencephalia (bar-e-en-sef-a' -le-ah) [bary-; 
ij-K£(f)aXoc, brain]. Dulness of intellect. 

Baryglossia {bar-e-glos' -e-ah) [bary-; ykujooa, 
tongue]. Thick, slow utterance. 

Barylalia {bar -e-la' -le-ah) [bary-; XaXca, speech]. 
Thickness of speech. 

Baryta, Barytes (bar-i'-tah, bar-i'-tes) [barium]. 
Barium oxid. B., Caustic. See Barium 
Hydrate. B., Synthetic. See Barium Sulfate. 

Barythymia (bar-e-thi' -me-ah) [bary-; dup.6c, 
mind]. A melancholy, gloomy, or sullen 
state of mind. 

Baryticoargentic {bar -it -ik-o -ar - jen'-tik) 
[baryta; argentum]. Containing baryta and 
silver. 

Baryticosodic (bar-it-ik-o-so' '-dik) [baryta; so- 
dium]. Containing baryta and sodium. 

Barytin {bar' -it-in) . Native barium sulfate. 

Basal (ba'-sal) [fiaocc, a foundation]. Pertain- 
ing to or located at the base. B. Ganglions, 
the optic thalamus and corpus striatum of 
the brain. 

Basalia (ba-sa' '-le-ah) [basis], Huxley's term for 
the metacarpal bones. 

Bascule Movement (bas'-kul) [Ft., bascule, a 
swing]. The recoil of the heart in its systolic 
motion. 

Base (bas) [basis]. The lowest part of a 
body or the foundation upon which any- 
thing rests. In chemistry, an element or 
radicle that combines with an acid to form 
a salt. The electropositive molecule or 
radicle of a compound. In pharmacy, the 
most important part of a prescription. B., 
Acid-forming, B., Acidifiable, one which 
forms an acid by uniting with water. B., Al- 
dehyd. See Aldin. B., Animal, a ptomain. 

Basedow's Disease. Exophthalmic goiter or 
Graves' disease. See Goiter, Exophthalmic. 

Basella (bas-el'-ah) [Malabar name]. A genus 
of plants of the order Chenopodiacece. B. 
rubra, Malabar nightshade, is an esculent 
herb cultivated throughout India, where the 
juice of the leaves is given in infantile catarrh 
and an infusion of the leaves is used as tea. 

Basement (bds'-ment) [Fr., bassement]. The 
fundamental portion. B. -membrane. See 
Membrane, Basement-. 

Bas-fond (bah-fond') [Fr.]. The floor or 
lowest portion of the urinary bladder. 

Basham's Mixture. A mixture of iron and 
ammonium acetate. 

Basi- (ba-si-) [basis]. A prefix meaning basis or 
base. 
12 



Basial (ba'-ze-al) [basis]. Relating to a base 
or to the basion. 

Basic (ba'-sik). Having properties of a base; 
i. e., capable of neutralizing acids. 

Basichromatin (bas-e-kro' -mat-in) [basi-; 
Zpwfxa, color]. According to Heidenhain, 
that portion of the nuclear reticulum stained 
by basic anilin dyes. 

Basicity (bas - is' -it-e). 1 . The quality of 
being basic. 2. The combining power of 
an acid. 

Basicranial (ba-se-kra' -ne-al) [basi-; Kpav'cov, 
the skull]. Relating to the base of the skull. 
B. Axis, a line running from a point mid- 
way between the occipital condyles through 
the median plane to the junction of the 
ethmoid and presphenoid. 

Basidiomycetes (bas-id-e-o-mi-se' -tez) [basid- 
ium; fiUfcyc, a fungus]. A division of fungi 
comprising genera which produce spores upon 
basidia. 

Basidium (bas-id' -e-um) [dim. of fiaocc, a 
base; pi., basidia]. In biology, a large cell 
in the higher fungi, borne on the hymenium 
and producing spores at its free end. 

Basifacial (ba-se-fa'-shal) [basi-; fades, face]. 
Pertaining to the lower portion of the face. 
B. Axis, in craniometry, a line from the 
anterior point of the premaxilla to the an- 
terior point of the basicranial axis. 

Basifier (ba f -sif-i-er) [basi-; facere, to make]. 
A substance capable of converting a body 
into a base. 

Basigenic (ba-se-jen'-ik) [basi-; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. Producing bases. 

Basihyal (ba-se-hi' -at) [basi-; uoecdr/c, shaped 
like the letter u, upsilon]. Either one of the 
two bones, one on each side, that form the 
principal part of the body of the hyoid 
arch. 

Basihyoid (ba-se-hi f -oid). See Basihyal. 

Basilar (bas'-il-ar) [basis]. Pertaining to the 
base. B. Artery. See under Artery. B. 
Membrane, a membrar^ms division-wall 
separating the scala vestibuli from the scala 
tympani, extending from the base to the apex 
of the cochlea, and supporting the organ of 
Corti. B. Process, a strong quadrilateral 
plate of bone in front of the foramen mag- 
num. B. Suture, the suture formed by the 
junction of the basilar process of the occi- 
pital bone with the posterior surface of the 
body of the sphenoid. 

Basilateral (bas-e-lat'-er-al) [basi-; latus, side]. 
Both basilar and lateral. 

Basilemma (bas-il-em'-ah) [basi-; tefifia, a 
husk]. A basement-membrane. 

Basilic (ba-siV-ik) [(jaadinoc, royal]. Impor- 
tant; prominent; said of a structure or a 
drug.- B. Vein, a large vein of the arm on 
the inner side of the biceps. 

Basilicon Ointment (bas-il' '-ik-on oini'-ment). 
Rosin cerate. It consists of rosin, 35 Gm.; 
yellow wax, 15 Gm.; lard, 50 Gm. 

Basilopharyngeal (bas-il-o-far-in'-je-al), Re- 
lating to the basilar process of the occipital 
bone and to the pharynx. 



BASILOSUBNASAL 



162 



BATH 



Basilosubnasal (bas-il-o-sub-na'-zal). Relating 
to the basion and the nasion. 

Basilysis (has 4V -is -is) [basi-; Xoacg, a loosening]. 
The breaking-up of the fetal skull in crani- 
otomy. 

Basilyst {bas' -il-ist) [see Basilysis]. An instru- 
ment for use in perforating the cranial vault 
and breaking up the base of the skull. 

Basin {ba'-sin) [ME.], i. The third ventricle 
of the brain. 2. The pelvis. B.-trap, a 
trap or seat in the outlet of the basin of a 
water-closet, placed there to prevent the 
escape into the apartment of noxious and 
offensive vapors and gases. 

Basinasal {bas-e-na r -sal) [basion; nasus, the 
nose]. Relating to the basion and the nasion. 

Basioccipital (bas-e-ok-sip'-it-al) [basi-; occi- 
put, the back of the head]. A bone, separate 
in many of the lower vertebrate animals, 
forming the central axis of the skull. In 
adult human life it is the basilar process 
of the occipital bone. 

Basioglossus (bas-e-o-glos'-us) [basi-; yXcbooa, 
the tongue]. That part of the hyoglossus 
muscle that is attached to the base of the 
hyoid bone. 

Basion (ba'-se-on) [basis]. A point located 
at the middle of the anterior margin of the 
foramen magnum. * 

Basiotribe (bas f -e-o-trib) [basion; rpcfietv, to 
grind or crush]. An instrument used for per- 
forating or crushing the fetal head. 

Basiotripsy {bas-e-of -rip-se) [see Basiotribe], 
The operation of crushing the fetal head. 

Basipresphenoid {bas-e-pre-sfe r -noid) . 1. Re- 
lating to the basisphenoid and presphenoid 
bones. 2. The basipresphenoid bone. 

Basirrhinal (bas-e-ri' '-not) [basi-; pec, nose]. 
Relating to the base of the brain and to 
the nose. Applied to a cerebral fissure lo- 
cated at the base of the olfactory lobe. 

Basis (ba f -sis) [ftaotc, foundation]. Base. 

Basisphenoid {bas-e-sje f -noid) [basi-; o<fir)v, 
wedge; eldoc, %)rm]. The lower part of 
the sphenoid bone. 

Basisylvian (bas-e-sil 1 '-ve-an) [basi-; Sylvius, 
an anatomist]. Applied to the trans- 
verse basilar portion or stem of the sylvian 
fissure. 

Basitemporal (bas-e-tem' -po-ral) [basi-; tem- 
pora, the temples]. Relating to the base or 
lower part of the temporal bone. 

Basivertebral ibas-e-ver' -te-bral) [basi-; verte- 
bra, a joint]. Relating to the basis or centrum 
of a vertebra. 

Basophil (bas f -o-fil) [basis; (ficXelv, to love]. 
Cells and tissue elements showing an affinity 
for basic rather than for acid dyes. 

Basophilia (bas-o-fil'-e-ah) [basophil]. Increase 
in the number of basophils in the circulating 
blood. 

Basophilic (bas-o-fil' -ik) [basophil]. 1. Com- 
bining readily with bases; stainable by 
means of basic dyes. 2. Any histologic 
structure which stains with basic dyes. 

Basophilous {bas-of'-il-us) [basophil]. Stained 
by basic rather than by acid dyes. 



Basophobia {bas-o-fo' -be-ah) [basis; 4>6ftoe, fear]. 
Complete loss of the ability to walk or 
stand erect, due to emotional causes, al- 
though the muscles concerned are not appre- 
ciably impaired. 

Bass-deafness (bets' -de-f-nes) [Fr.. basse, fern, 
of bas, low; ME., dee]]. Deafness to certain 
bass-notes, the perception of the higher notes 
being retained. 

Bassia (bas'-e-ah) [Bassi, an Italian physi- 
cian]. A genus of plants of the order Sapo- 
tacece. B. butyracea, the Indian butter-tree, 
furnishes from its seeds a pure vegetable 
butter called choorie, esteemed as an appli- 
cation in rheumatism, as an emollient for 
the hands, as a dressing for the hair, and to 
adulterate ghee; it is also used for soap- 
making and for illumination. The fruit is 
edible, and the flowers furnish a sugar 
, equal, if not superior, to date-sugar. B. la- 
tifolia is the mahwa-tree of central India, 
where the flowers are eaten by the natives 
and an intoxicating liquor is distilled from 
them. The seeds yield a concrete oil in 
large quantities, which is used for illuminat- 
ing and to adulterate ghee; the seeds also 
yield stearic acid on saponification. B. 
longifolia, a tree of India, yields from the 
bark a gummy exudate which is employed 
in rheumatism; the bark is astringent and 
emollient. An oil is expressed from the ripe 
fruit. B. oleifera is an African species 
the seeds of which furnish an oil used 
in the Gaboon region as a food and 
an application for rheumatism. B. serica 
is a Java species yielding a kind of gutta- 
percha. 

Bassorin {bas'-o-rin) [Bassora, an Asiatic 
town], C 6 H 10 O 5 , or 2C 6 H 10 O 5 . 1. A tasteless, 
odorless, vegetable mucilage, insoluble in 
cold water, but rendered soluble by alkalis; 
it is found in gum tragacanth (of Bassora) 
and in cherry and plum gums. 2. A term 
for all vegetable mucilages. 

Bast [AS., bcBst, a lime-tree]. The inner 
bark of exogenous plants. The fibrous 
parts of the bark are used in making cordage, 
and have a limited use in surgery. 

Bastard {bas'-tard) [OF., fils de bas, son of a 
bast or of a pack -saddle]. 1. An illegitimate 
child. 2. Illegitimate. 3. A hybrid species. 
4. The name given to an impure sugar pro- 
cured by concentrating molasses and allowing 
it to crystallize slowly in molds. 

Basyl {ba'-sil) [fiaoic, foundation]. The 
electropositive constituent of a compound. 

Basylous (bas' -il-us) . See Basigenic. 

Bateman's Disease. Molluscum contagio- 
sum. B.'s Drops, the tinctura pectoralis, a 
weak tincture of opium, camphor, and cate- 
chu; a popular remedy in coughs. 

Bath [AS., bath]. 1. A bathing-place 
or room. 2. The medium in which the 
body is wholly or partly immersed. As 
therapeutic agents, baths are classified ac- 
cording as water, vapor, air, etc., is used; 
according to the temperature, as hot, temper- 



BATH 



163 



BATH 



ate, cold, etc.; according to the end desired, 
as nutritional, medicinal, stimulant, etc. 
Special forms of bath are the moor, peat, 
mud-, slime, pine-leaf, herb (hay, gentian, 
camomile, juniper, marjoram, etc.), brine, 
sand, tan, bran, malt, glue, soup, milk, whey, 
blood, wine, guano, starch, soap, acid, iron, 
sulfur, carbonic acid, compressed air, mus- 
tard, electric, etc. 3. A medium, such as 
sand, water, oil, or other substance, inter- 
posed between the fire and the vessel to be 
heated, in chemic manipulations. B., Acid, 
add 1 1 oz. of nitric acid and 1 to 3 oz. of 
hydrochloric acid to 30 gallons of warm 
water in a wooden or earthenware vessel, 
and immerse the patient in this for from 10 
to 20 minutes. For a foot-bath, add J oz. 
of nitric acid and 1 oz. of hydrochloric acid 
to 4 gallons of warm water. This is said 
to be useful in cases of dyspepsia with slug- 
gish liver and constipation. B.s, Acrato- 
thermal, baths prepared from natural 
mineral waters of high temperature, but in 
which the gaseous and saline constituents are 
small in quantity and of feeble therapeutic 
action. Syn., Indifferent thermal baths; 
Simple thermal baths; Unmixed thermal 
baths. B., Air-, a bath in which but little 
water is employe'd, the body being exposed 
freely to the air. It is employed in those 
cases in which there is a tendency to catch 
cold on slight exposure. B., Alcohol, one 
in dilute alcohol, used to reduce temperature 
in fever. B., Alkaline, add 3 oz. of potas- 
sium carbonate, or 6 of sodium carbonate, 
to 25 or 30 gallons of hot water. It is used 
in chronic squamous skin diseases, chronic 
rheumatism, and lithemia. It should be 
taken in a wooden, earthenware, or enameled 
tub. B., Animal. 1. One prepared from 
dung of cattle or the contents of the first 
stomach of a freshly slaughtered ox. 2. The 
introduction of the whole body or the part 
affected with rheumatism into the body- 
cavity of an animal just slaughtered. B., 
Antimonial, one containing 1-2 oz. of 
tartar emetic; it is used in skin diseases. 
B., Antirheumatic, one containing, in suffi- 
cient water for the purpose, 100 Gm. of oil 
of turpentine, 10 Gm. of oil of rosemary, 
50 Gm. of sodium carbonate. B., Anti- 
syphilitic, a solution of 15 Gm. of mercury 
bichlorid in 500 Gm. of water, to be added 
to the bath at the time of using. B., Astrin- 
gent, one prepared with tannin or other 
astringents, to control sweating or in the treat- 
ment of skin diseases. B., Astringent, 
Most's, a bath for extensive burns, consisting 
of a solution of 200 Gm. of alum in 6 to 8 
pailfuls of cold water and 1 pailful of curdled 
milk. B., Balsamic, one containing tar, 
turpentine, or the buds and bark of terebinth- 
aceous plants. B., Bog-, a bath made by 
mixing bog-earth (produced by the decompo- 
sition of plants in the presence of water and 
found at iron and sulfur springs) with warm 
water to form a pulpy or mushy consistence. 



This is used as a mud-bath. B., Borax, 
borax, 4 oz.; glycerol, 3 oz.; water, 30 gal- 
lons. It is used in the same class of cases 
as the bran-bath. B., Bran-, boil 1 pound 
of bran in 1 gallon of water, strain, and add 
30 gallons of water. This is a soothing and 
emollient bath, and is of service in squamous 
and irritable conditions of the skin. B. 
Buff-, one in which the bather is nude. B., 
Chemic, in chemistry, an apparatus for 
regulating the temperature of chemic pro- 
cesses by surrounding the substance with 
water, sand, oil, or mercury, through which 
the heat is communicated. B., Cold, a bath 
of cold water, the temperature of the latter 
varying from 32°-7o° F. (o°-2i° C.). It is 
used to reduce fever and as a general 
stimulant. B., Dipolar, a hydroelectric 
bath in which the patient does not come in 
contact with either of the electrodes, but 
these are immersed in the water at each 
end of the tub. B., Effervescent, a liquid 
bath containing a free gas, which is given 
off with effervescence. B., Egyptian, a 
modification of the Turkish bath, with rise 
of temperature to the maximum point, fol- 
lowed by lowering of temperature to the 
initial point. B., Electric. 1. One in which 
the medium of the bath and the bather's 
person are included in the circuit of a gal- 
vanic current. 2. A bath in which an 
electric current is generated by the decom- 
position of the chemic constituents of the 
medium. B., Electrothermal, a hot bath 
combined with exposure to the influence of 
electricity. B., Foot-, a bath for the feet, 
used as a derivative agent in cases of cold, 
etc. B., Fucus-, one containing seaweed, 
or a decoction of it, imparting sodium chlorid 
and a small percentage of iodin. B., Full, 
one in which the patient's body is entirely 
covered by water, so that his chin just clears it. 
B., Gas-, one in which a gas is applied to 
the entire body or an affected part by 
means of a closed cabinet. B., Graduated, 
one in which the temperature of the water 
is gradually lowered by the addition of cold 
or iced water. B., Herb-, made by using 
the extract of pine-needles or of some aro- 
matic herbs; used as a tonic. B., Hip-. 
See B., Sitz-. B., Hot, one in which the 
temperature of the water ranges from 104 
to no° F. (40°-43.3° C). It acts upon the 
skin, producing free perspiration, and ac- 
celerates the pulse and respiration. B., 
Hot-air, a Turkish bath. A bath in hot air. 
It is useful as a diaphoretic, and in catarrhal, 
neuralgic, and rheumatic conditions, but is 
contraindicated in fatty degeneration of the 
heart. B., Hydroelectric, a water-bath 
charged with electricity. B., Hydrostatic, 
a variety of permanent water-bath in which 
the patient is supported without total im- 
mersion. B., Indian, massage in combina- 
tion with a Turkish bath. B., Internal, 
lavage of the stomach or rectum. B., 
Iodin-, one to which is added a solution of 



BATH 



164 



BATHMOTROPIC 



8 Gm. of iodin and 16 Gm. of potassium 
iodid in 600 Gm. of water. B., Kineto- 
therapeutic, a water-bath in which specified 
movements are carried out. B., Light-. 
1. See - B., Sun-. 2. Exposure of affected 
parts to rays of light by means of various 
apparatus; also of the whole body for in- 
ducing perspiration. B., Lime-, a bath 
to which slaked lime is added at the 
time of using; it is used in gout and 
in treatment of itch. B., Medicated, a bath 
in which medicinal substances, as mineral 
salts, sulfur, etc., are dissolved or held in 
suspension. B., Mercurial, a bath for 
the treatment of syphilis, given in the vapor 
of mercury, usually prepared by vaporizing 
calomel over an alcohol lamp. B., Milk-, 
a bath in milk, given for nutritive purposes. 
B., Mineral. 1. The water of a mineral 
spring used as the medium. 2. One to 
which a solution of mineral substances has 
been added. B., Monopolar, a hydroelec- 
tric bath in which the wall of the metal tub 
is utilized as a large electrode. The current 
entering here is conducted to the entire sur- 
face of the body in contact with the wate*-, 
and passes out by means of a large metal 
electrode the edges of which are covered 
by a rubber pillow so placed that the patient 
can lie upon it without coming in contact 
with the metal. Cf. B., Dipolar. B., 
Moor-, a bath in water mixed with the 
earth of moors. B., Mud-, a bath prepared 
by mixing well-seasoned earths, containing 
more or less mineral matter, with water con- 
taining the same substances. It is useful 
in chronic rheumatism. B., Mustard-, 
made by inclosing from 2 to 4 oz. of ordinary 
mustard in a piece of muslin or thin linen 
and hanging it in about four gallons of hot 
water until the latter becomes yellow, or 
simply by adding mustard to water. It is 
used as a general bath for infants in collapse, 
convulsions, or severe bronchitis, the child 
being left in until the skin becomes distinctly 
reddened. It is also used as is the foot-bath or 
sitz-bath in amenorrhea. B., Nauheim, a 
natural thermal effervescent (gaseous muri- 
ated) bath. B., Needle. See B., Rain-. B., 
Nutritive, one containing wine, milk, or any 
nutritive ingredient. B., Oxygen-, an inhala- 
tion of oxygen to correct inadequate aeration 
of the blood; also a local application of 
oxygen gas to gangrenous ulcers. B., Ozone-. 
See B., Fucus-. B., Pack-, one in which 
the body is wrapped in wet cloths. See B., 
Sheet-. B., Peat-, an application of bog- 
earth containing much vegetable matter 
and used in gout and rheumatism. 
B., Pine-, prepared by adding a decoction 
of pine-needles, or some pine-extract, to hot 
water. It is mildly stimulating, and is em- 
ployed in hysteria, gout, and rheumatism. 
B. of Plombieres, a bath to which a solution 
of 100 Gm. of powdered gelatin in hot 
water is first added and afterward a mixture 
of 100 Gm. of sodium carbonate, 20 Gm. 



each of sodium chlorid and sodium bicarbo- 
nate, anti 60 Gm. of sodium sulfate. B., 
Plunge-, a bath, hot or cold, into which the 
patient plunges. B., Rain-, consists of from 
four to six three-fourths circles of pipes secured 
together at a distance of 2 to 3 inches. Each 
pipe has three lines of fine perforations, from 
which the stream issues under pressure, 
striking the body of the patient at all points 
with considerable force. B., Russian, a 
vapor-bath, the vapor being generated by 
throwing water upon heated mineral or 
metallic substances. Syn., Vapor-bath. B., 
Sand-. 1. One in which the body of the 
patient is placed in a layer of dry sand that 
has been heated. 2. In chemistry, the im- 
mersion of a crucible, etc., containing a chemic 
compound, in a vessel containing fine sand, 
the latter being heated gradually to a high tem- 
perature. B., Seaweed. See B., Fucus-. 
B., Sheet- the application of cold water to the 
body through the medium of a wet sheet or 
towel placed upon the skin. It is used to 
reduce temperature. B., Shower-, a douche 
in which the water is delivered against the 
body from a nozle with numerous perfora- 
tions. B., Sitz-, one in which only the 
buttocks and hips are immersed in water. 
It is useful in pelvic inflammations, amenor- 
rhea, and retention of urine. B., Slime-, 
a bath in water mixed with the slimy deposit 
of organic matter found in rivers and ponds. 
B., Sponge-, one in which the patient's body 
is rubbed with a wet sponge. It is used 
to reduce temperature. B., Sulfur, potas- 
sium sulfid 4 to 8 oz. in 30 gallons of water; 
a little sulfuric acid may be added. It is 
used in certain skin diseases, scabies, lead 
colic, and lead palsy. B., Sun-, the ex- 
posure of the naked body to the sun's rays. 
B., Sweat-, B., Sweating, a bath to induce 
a free flow of perspiration; e. g., a Turkish 
bath. B., Tepid, the temperature of the 
water ranges from 85°-Q5° F. (20.4°-35° 
C.). It acts as a sedative, cleansing, and 
detergent agent; the pulse, respiration, ex- 
cretion, secretion, and temperature are 
practically unaffected. B., Turkish, one in 
which the bather is placed successively in 
rooms of higher temperature, then shampooed 
or rubbed, and finally stimulated by a 
douche of cold water. See B., Hot-air. B., 
Vacuum, the treatment of parts by sub- 
jecting them to a partial vaccuum. B., 
Vapor-. See B., Russian. B., Warm, a 
bath in water having a temperature of from 
oo°-ioo° F. ( 3 2.2 -38.5° C). It is used 
to calm the nervous system, produce sleep, 
and allay reflex irritability. B., Water-. 1. 
A bath of water. 2. In chemistry, a bath of 
water for- immersing vessels containing sub- 
stances that must not be heated above the 
boiling-point of water. B., Zinc-chlorid, a 
chemic bath of molten zinc chlorid for im- 
mersion of substances not to be heated 
beyond 700 C. 
Battimotropic {bath-mo-tro'-pik) \J3adji6f, 



BATHYESTHESIA 



165 



BATTERY 



threshold; -pkr.a^, to turn]. Applied by 
T. W. Engelmann to a supposed set of fibers 
in the cardiac nerves which affect the ex- 
citability of the cardiac muscle. Cf. Dro- 
motropic; Inotropic. 

Bathyesthesia (bath-e-es-the'-ze-ah) [3a6'Jc, 
deep; aladr^cc, sensation]. Oppenheirn's term 
for the muscle-sensations. 

Bathymetry (bath-i- -met-re) [3adi>c, deep; 
ftirpov, a measure]. The measurement of 
the depths of the sea or of any body -cavity, 
natural or abnormal. 

Batophobia (bat-o-jo'-be-ah) \3azoc, a height; 
cp63oc, fear], i. Acrophobia; dread of being 
at a great height. 2. Dread of high objects; 
fear of passing near a high building or of 
going through a deep valley. 

Batrachocephalus ibat - rak - o - sef - al - us) 
[3a.-zpa.yoc, a frog; Kecja/.r,, the head]. Hav- 
ing a frog-like head. 

Batracin (bat'-ra-sin) \Jla-payoc, a frog]. A 
poisonous secretion obtained from the cutane- 
ous pustules of toads. According to Calmeil, 
the poison of toads contains methyl-carbyl- 
amin and isocyanacetic acid. 

Batracosi ibah-tra-ko'-se) [It.]. See Ranida. 
B. sottolinguale, a form of diphtheria sup- 
posed to be contracted from fowls, and char- 
acterized bv swelling of the submaxillar}* and 
sublingual glands. 

Battarism I bct'-ar-izm) [Sa—apcaaoc, a stut- 
tering]. Stuttering or stammering. 

Battery (bat'-er-e) [batteria, a beating; batten - ]. 
A series of two or more pieces of apparatus 
arranged to produce increased effect, as 
battery of boilers, prisms, lenses, galvanic 
cells. It is usually applied to a series of 
cells producing electricity (voltaic or gal- 
vanic batten*); also, frequentiy, to a single 
cell. B., Cautery, a galvanic batten* with 
high electromotive force for heating a wire 
used as a cautery. B., Faradic, B., Fara- 
daic, one giving a faradic current. B., 
Galvanic, one giving a galvanic or cheniic 
current. B., Hare's, a batten* of cells 
marked by low resistance. Two large plates 
of zinc and copper, separated from each 
other by cloth or some indifferent sub- 
stance, are rolled on a wooden cylinder and 
immersed in acidulated water. See Dejlag- 
rator. B., Primary, the combination of a 
number of primary cells so as to form a 
single battery. B., Secondary, the com- 
bination of a number of storage-cells to form 
a single electric source. The following table 
shows the materials used in the more im- 
portant batteries, and the electromotive force 
(E.M.F.) in volts. Prlxclpal Batteries 
with Elements. Fluids, etc.: Beetz. — 
Positive element, zinc; negative element, cop- 
per; exciting agent, zinc sulfate in plaster- 
of-paris; depolarizing agent, copper sulfate 
in plaster - of -paris; E.M.F., 1.04 volts. 
Buxsex. — Positive element, zinc; negative ele- 
ment, carbon; exciting agent, dilute sulfuric 
acid: depolarizing agent, nitric acid: E.M.F., 
r. 75-1 .96 volts. Callaud. — Positive ele- 



ment, zinc; negative element, copper; exciting 
agent, solution of zinc sulfate; depolanz 
agent, cupric sulfate; E.M.F., 1.0-1.14 volts*. 
Daxlell. — Positive element, zinc; negative 
element, copper; exciting agent, zinc sulfate; 
depolarizing agent, cupric sulfate; E.M.F., 
1.0-1.14 volts. Edisox-Lelaxtje. — Positive 
element, zinc; negative element, cupric oxidand 
carbon; exciting agent, potassium hydroxid; 
depolarizing agent, cupric oxid; E.M.F., 0.75 
volt. Fuller. — Positive element, zinc; nega- 
tive elemeyit, carbon; exciting agent, zinc 
chlorid; depolarizing agent, potassium di- 
chromate and hydrochloric acid; E.MF., 
1.5 volts. Galtte. — Positive element, zinc: 
negative element, silver; exciting agent, zinc 
chlorid; depolarizing agent, silver chlorid; 
E.M.F., 1.02 volts. Gravity. — See Callaud. 
Grexet. — Positive element, zinc; negative 
element, carbon; exciting agent, sulfuric acid 
and potassium dichromate; depolarizing 
agent, chromium trioxid; E.M.F., 2 volts. 
Grove. — Positive element, zinc; negative ele- 
ment, platinum; exciting agent, dilute sulfuric 
acid; depolarizing agent, nitric acid; E.M.F., 
1. 94-1. 9 7 volts. Latimer-Clark. — Positive 
element, zinc; negative element, mercury; 
exciting agent, mercuric sulfate; depolarizing 
agent, mercuric sulfate: E.M.F., 1.436 
volts. Leclaxche. — Positive element, zinc; 
negative element, carbon: exciting agent, 
ammonium chlorid; depolarizing agent, 
manganese dioxid; E.M.F., 1.42 volts. Le- 
l.an*de-Chaperoxe. — Positive element, zinc; 
negative element, copper or iron: exciting 
agent, potassium hydroxid; depolarizing 
agent, cupric oxid; E.M.F., 0.98 volt. 
Maische. — Positive element, zinc scraps in 
a bath of mercury; negative element, platin- 
ized carbon; exciting agent, common salt 
solution; depolarizing agent, none separate; 
E.M.F., 1.25 volts. Marie -Davy. — Posi- 
tive element, zinc; negative element, carbon; 
exciting agent, sulfuric acid, dilute: de- 
polarizing agent, mercuric sulfate; E.M.F.. 
1.52 volts. Mayxooth. — Positive element, 
zinc; negative element, iron; exciting agent, 
sulfuric acid, dilute; depolarizing agent, 
nitric acid (strong). Xlaudet. — Positive 
element, zinc; negative element, carbon; 
exciting agent, common salt solution: de- 
polarizing agent, chlorinated lime: E.M.F.. 
1.63 volts. Poggexdorf. — Positive element, 
zinc; negative element, carbon; exciting 
agent, potassium dichromate and sulfuric 
acid: depolarizing agent, chromium trioxid; 
E.M.F., 1.98 volts. Schaxschieff. — Positive 
element, zinc; negative element, carbon; 
exciting agent, mercurial solution: depolariz- 
ing agent, none separate; E.M.F.. 1.56 volts. 
Scrtv ax*of:f. — Positive element, zinc: nega- 
tive element, silver; exciting agent, potassium 
hvdroxid; depolarizing agent, silver chlorid; 
E.M.F., 1.5 volts. Smee. — Positive element, 
zinc: negative element, platinized silver; 
exciting agent, sulfuric acid, dilute; de- 
polarizing agent, none; E.M.F., 0.5 to 1.0 



BATTEY'S OPERATION 



166 



BEAN 



volt. Walker. — Positive element, zinc; neg- 
ative element, platinized carbon; exciting 

' agent, sulfuric acid, dilute; depolarizing 
agent, none; E.M.F., 0.66 volt. Warren 
de la Rue. — Positive element, zinc; negative 
element, silver; exciting agent, ammonium 
chlorid; depolarizing agent, silver chlorid; 
E.M.F., 1.05 volts. 

Battey's Operation. Removal of the ovaries 
in order to eliminate their physiologic influ- 
ence. 

Battledore {bat' -el-dor) [ME., batyldoure, a 
bat for beating clothes]. An instrument 
shaped like a racket. B. Placenta, one in 
which there is a marginal insertion of the 
cord. 

Baudelocque's Diameter (bo'-del-ok). In 
obstetrics, the external conjugate diameter 
of the pelvis. 

Bauhin, Valve of (bo'-hin). The ileocecal 
valve. 

Bauhinia (bo - hin' - e - ah) . A genus of 
plants of the order Leguminosce. B. 
variegata is a tree of India; the bark 
is astringent and used as a tonic in fevers; 
the buds are used in diarrhea and as a ver- 
mifuge. 

Baumann's Coefficient. The ratio existing 
between the total sulfuric acid and the ether 
sulfuric acids of the urine; it amounts 
to 10%. B.'s Reaction for Dextrose, 
to an aqueous solution of grape-sugar add 
benzoyl chlorid and an excess -of sodi- 
um hydroxid and shake until the odor of 
benzoyl chlorid disappears. A precipitate 
of benzoic-acid ester of dextrose will be 
produced which is insoluble in water and 
alkalis. 

Baumann and Goldmann's Test for Cystin. 
If a solution of cystin is shaken in caustic 
soda with benzoyl chlorid, a voluminous 
precipitate of benzoyl cystin will be produced. 
The sodium salt occurs as silky plates, readily 
soluble in water, but nearly insoluble in an 
excess of caustic soda. 

Baunscheidtism (bown' - shi- tizm) [named 
from Baunscheidt, the inventor]. A mode 
of treating rheumatism and chronic neu- 
ralgias by counterirritation, the latter be- 
ing produced by pricking the exterior of 
the part affected with fine needles dipped 
in oil of mustard, formic acid, or other irri- 
tant. 

Bavarian Dressing, B. Splint. A variety of 
immovable dressing in which the plaster is 
applied between two flannel cloths. 

Bavarol (bav'-ar-ol). A proprietary brown, 
aromatic liquid used in 5 % solution as a 
disinfectant. 

Bawchan, Bauchee. Names given in India 
to the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, used as 
a tonic and in skin diseases. Syn., Bauchan; 
Bawchwan. 

Bay, Lacrimal. The depression at the inner 
canthus of the eye, holding the lacrimal canal- 
iculi. B., Oil of. See Myrcia. B.-rum. 
See Myrcia. B.-tree, the Laurus nobilis; 



also Prunus laurocerasus, commonly called 
the laurel or the cherry-laurel. 

Bayard's Ecchymoses. Small capillary hem- 
orrhages found in the pleura and pericardium 
of infants who, as the result of asphyxia, 
have made premature efforts at breathing 
in the uterus. 

Bayberry (ba'-ber-e) [ME., bay; bery]. 1. 
The berry of Laurus nobilis, bay, or noble 
laurel. 2. The wax-myrtle, Myrica ceri- 
fera, and its fruit. 3. The pimenta, or 
allspice. 

Bayle's Disease. Progressive general paral- 
ysis of the insane. B.'s Granulations, 
miliary tubercles. 

Bayonet-leg (ba'-on-et-leg). A backward dis- 
placement of the leg-bones. 

Bazin (ba'-zin). Synonym of Molluscum 
contagiosum. 

Bazin's Disease. 1. Psoriasis buccalis. 2. 
Scrofulous ulcer of the leg. B.'s Erythema, 
erythema induratum scrofulosorum, a form 
most commonly seen in strumous individuals; 
it attacks the calf, or the leg immediately be- 
low, more frequently than the front of the 
leg, occurring in diffuse, ill-defined patches or 
in nodules, bright red at first and gradually 
assuming a violet hue. The nodules may 
be superficial or deep, a quarter of an inch 
to an inch or more in diameter, and may be 
slowly absorbed, and necrose or slough out, 
leaving a very indolent ulcer. 

Bdella (del' -ah) [jSdiUa, a leech]. 1. A leech. 
2. A varicose vein. 

Bdellepithecium (del-ep-e-the' -se-um) [bdella; 
kncTcdhac, to put on]. A tube for applying 
leeches. 

Bdellium (deV-e-um) [Heb., b'dolakh]. A 
resinous gum exuding from various species 
of Balsamodendron. It resembles myrrh. 
B., Indian, has been recommended as an 
emmenagog. 

Beads, Rachitic. "Rachitic rosary"; the 
socalled "beading of the ribs" in rickets; 
a succession of visible and palpable swellings 
at the points where the ribs join their carti- 
lages. 

Beak (bek) [ME., beeke]. 1. The mandibular 
portion of a forceps. 2. The lower end of 
the calamus scriptorius. 3. The pad or 
splenium of the corpus callosum. B., Cora- 
coid, the beak of the coracoid process of 
the scapula. B. of the Encephalon. See 
Beak (3). B. of the Sphenoid Bone. See 
Rostrum sphenoidale. 

Beaker (be'-ker) [ME., biker]. A wide- 
mouthed glass vessel used in chemic labora- 
tories. B.-cell, the goblet-cell found in 
mucous membranes. 

Beale's Fiber. The fine spiral fiber surround- 
ing the process of some of the sympathetic 
ganglion-cells of the frog. 

Bean (ben) [ME., bene]. The seeds of several 
plants, mostly Leguminosce, especially that 
of the common bean, Faba vulgaris. B., 
Calabar. See Physostigma. B. of St. Ig- 
natius. See Ignatia. 



BEARBERRY 



167 



BEEF 



Bearberry. See Uva ursi. 

Beard's Disease. Nervous exhaustion; neu- 
rasthenia. 

Beard- Valleix's Points. See Valleix's 
Points douloureux. 

Bear's-foot. Leafcup. A composite-flowered 
plant, Polymnia uvedalia, of North America. 
A popular remedy for enlargement of the 
spleen or the "ague-cake" of malarious 
regions. 

Beat (bet) [ME., beten]. The pulsation of 
the arteries or the impulse of the heart. B., 
Apex-, the stroke of the heart-apex against 
the chest-wall. B., Heart-, a pulsation of 
the heart. B., Pulse-, an arterial pulsation 
which can be felt. 

Beatty-Bright's Friction-sound. The fric- 
tion-sound produced by inflammation of the 
pleura. 

Beau's Disease [bo]. Asystole; cardiac insuffi- 
ciency. B.'s Lines, the transverse rings 
seen on the finger-nails after convalescence 
from exhausting diseases. 

Beaumes' Sign (bo '-ma). Retrosternal pain in 
angina pectoris. 

Beaumes-Colles' Law. See Colles' Law. 

Beauperthuy's Method (bo'-per-thwe). A 
method of treating leprosy by good hygiene, 
bathing with olive oil, the internal adminis- 
tration of mercury bichlorid, and abstinence 
from salted meats. 

Beauvais' (Landre) Disease (bo'-vd). 
Chronic articular rheumatism. 

Beberin (be'-ber-in). See Nectandra. B. 
Hydrochlorate, C 19 H 21 NO s HCl, reddish- 
brown scales, soluble in alcohol and water, 
and used as an antipyretic and tonic. Dose 
T V-i^ gr. (0.005-0.097 Gm.) 3 or 4 times 
daily. B. Sulfate, (C 19 H 21 N0 3 ) 2 H 2 S0 4 , red- 
dish-brown scales, soluble in water and 
alcohol; uses and dose as in B. Hydro- 
chlorate. 

Beccaria's Sign (bek-kah'-re-ah). Painful 
pulsating sensations in the occipital region 
during pregnancy. 

Bechic (bek'-ik) [$$, a cough]. Relieving 
cough; a remedy against cough. 

Bechterew's Disease (bek'-ter-u). Ankylosis of 
the vertebral column, associated, as a rule, 
with muscular atrophy and sensory symptoms. 
B.'s Layer, the layer of fibers between 
and parallel to the tangential fibers and Bail- 
larger's layer in the cerebral cortex. B.'s 
Nucleus, the nucleus of the vestibular por- 
tion of the auditory nerve. B.'s Reaction, 
the minimum strength of the electric current 
necessary to provoke muscular contraction 
requires a gradual diminution at every inter- 
ruption of the current or change in density, 
to prevent tetanic contraction which will 
occur if the initial strength is maintained. It 
is observed in tetany. B.'s Sign, anesthesia 
of the popliteal space in tabes dorsalis. 
B.'s Tract, the central tract of the teg- 
mentum that passes betweerf the mesial 
side of the superior olivary body and the 
fillet. 



Becker's Reaction for Picrotoxin. The 

alkaloid reduces Fehling's solution upon the 
application of gentle heat. B.'s Sign, spon- 
taneous pulsation of the retinal arteries in 
exophthalmic goiter. 

Beclard's Hernia (bek'-lar). Hernia occurring 
through the saphenous opening. B.'s Nu- 
cleus, a vascular, bony nucleus, of lenticular 
shape, appearing in the cartilage of the lower 
epiphysis of the femur during the thirty- 
seventh week of fetal life. 

Becquerel's Disc, (bek'-er-el). See Disc, Bec- 
querel's. B.'s Pills, pills containing quinin, 
extract of digitalis, and colchicum seeds; 
they are used in gout. B.'s Rays. See Rays, 
Becquerel's. 

Bed [AS., bedd]. The couch or support on 
which the body may rest in sleep or in 
sickness; usually a mattress of straw, hair, 
or similar substance. B., Air-, a mattress 
of rubber or leather that can be inflated with 
air. B., Arnott's (Neil), a rubber mattress 
filled with water, designed to prevent bed- 
sores. B., Bandeloux's, an air-bed fur- 
nished with a vessel for urine and surmounted 
with a gauze-covered cradle. B., Fracture-, 
an especial device for the use of a patient 
confined with a fracture, composed of sections 
forming a double or triple inclined plane with 
an aperture to allow of the ejection of urine 
and feces. B. -hoist, a device for lifting a 
patient from bed. B.-pan, a large shallow 
vessel for receiving the alvine discharges of 
bedridden patients. B., Protection-, a bed 
arranged for the confinement of maniacs in a 
recumbent posture. B.-rest, an apparatus for 
propping up patients in bed. B.-sore, a sore 
produced on any part of the body by prolonged 
pressure against the bed or by trophic changes 
in paralyzed parts. B. -swing, an appli- 
ance like a hammock for swinging a patient 
clear of the bed. B., Water-, a rubber 
mattress containing water; it is used to 
prevent the formation of bed-sores. 

Bedbug {bed' -bug). An apterous insect, Cimex 
lectularius, that infests bedsteads, and at times 
is parasitic upon the human body. 

Bedlam {bed' -lam) [ME., bedlem, a corruption 
of Bethlehem]. An insane asylum. 

Bedlamism (bed' -lam-izm) [Bedlam]. In- 
sanity. 

Bedlamite (bed' -lam -It) [Bedlam]. A mad- 
man; an insane person. 

Bednar's Aphthae. See Aphtha, Bednar's^ 
under Aphtha. 

Bedridden (bed'-rid-n). Confined to bed; ap- 
plied especially to those who seem perma- 
nently so affected. 

Beef (bef) [ME., befe]. The flesh of domestic 
cattle. It consists of water, 73; fibrin, 15; 

. gelatin, 4; albumin, 3; fat and other 
substances, 5%. B. -extract, the soluble 
fibrin of lean meat partly desiccated. 
B. -measles. See Cysticercus bovis. B.-tea, 
the soluble extractive matter of beef, made 
by steeping finely cut lean beef in its 
weight of water and straining. 



BEELEY'S SQUARE 



168 



BELLITE 



Beeley's Square and Plumb-line. An in- 
strument to measure degrees of deformity. 

Beer (ber). See Malt Liquors. 

Beer's Cataract Knife (bar). A knife with a 
triangular-shaped blade, for making section 
of the cornea in the removal of the crystal- 
line lens. 

Beeswax (bez'-waks). Cera flava (U. S. P.), wax 
secreted by bees, of which their cells are 
constructed. It is used in making candles, 
ointments, and pomades. 

Beet (bet). The genus Beta, especially B. vul- 
garis, the common beet. 

Begbie's Disease, i. Exophthalmic goiter. 
2. Localized rhythmic chorea. 

Beggiatoa (bej-e-at-o'-ah) [after the Italian 
botanist, J. Beggiato]. A genus of bacteria 
described by Trevisan, consisting of swinging 
or gliding, milk-white, gray, rosy, or violet 
threads. They decompose sulfur compounds 
and store up sulfur granules in their proto- 
plasm. They are found in stagnant, fresh, 
or salt water, particularly in that contaminated 
with sewage or factory-waste. See under 
Bacteria. 

Behier-Hardy's Symptom (ba f -he-a). Apho- 
nia, an early symptom in pulmonary gangrene. 

Behring's Law (ba'-ring). The blood and 
blood-serum of an individual who has been 
artificially rendered immune against a cer- 
tain infectious disease may be transferred 
to another individual with the effect of 
rendering the other also immune. B.'s 
Serum, serum containing diphtheria-anti- 
toxin. 

Beigel's Disease (bi'-gel). Trichorrhexis no- 
dosa. 

Beissenhirtz's Reaction for Anilin. On 
the addition of a grain of potassium di- 
chromate to a solution of anilin in concen- 
trated sulfuric acid the solution becomes first 
red, then blue, the color gradually disap- 
pearing. 

Bel, Bela (be'-lah) [Hind.]. The dried, half -ripe 
fruit of Aigle marmelos, or Bengal quince. 
It is recommended as a remedy for chronic 
diarrhea and dysentery. The ripe fruit is 
slightly laxative. Dose J-i dr. (2-4 Gm.). 
B., Liquid Extract of (extr actum belce liqui- 
dum, B. P.). Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). 

Belching (belch'-ing) [ME., belchen]. The ex- 
pulsion of gas from the stomach through the 
mouth; eructation. 

Belemnoid (bel-em' -noid) [ftehfivov, a dart; 
eldoc, form]. 1. Dart-shaped; styloid. 2. 
The styloid process of the ulna or of the 
temporal bone. 

Bell (bel) [ME., bel]. A hollow, metallic, 
sounding instrument. B.-gastrula. See 
Archigastrula. B. -metal, an alloy of cop- 
per, zinc, tin, and antimony. B. Sound, B. 
Tympany, the sound produced in pneumo- 
thorax by striking a coin, placed flat upon the 
chest, with another coin. It can be heard 
through the stethoscope placed over the 
affected side. 
Bell's Aneurysm. See Aneurysm, Bell's. 



B.'s Disease. 1. See Bell's Mania. 2. 
See Bell's Paralysis. B.'s Law, the ante- 
rior spinal nerve-roots are motor; the poste- 
rior, sensory. B.'s Mania, acute delirium; 
acute periencephalitis. B.'s Muscle. See 
under Muscle. B.'s Nerves, the external 
and internal respiratory nerves— i. e., the pos- 
terior thoracic and phrenic nerves. B.'s Palsy, 
B.'s Paralysis, peripheral paralysis of the 
facial nerve. B.'s Phenomenon, upward 
and outward rolling of the eyeball when an 
attempt is made to close the eye of the affected 
side in peripheral facial paralysis. B.'s Res- 
piratory Nerve, the long thoracic nerve. 
B.'s Spasm, convulsive facial tic. 
Belladonna (bel-ah-don' -ah) [It., bella donna, 
beautiful lady]. Deadly nightshade. A 
perennial plant of the order Solanacece, indi- 
genous to southern Europe and Asia, and 
cultivated in the United States. Its proper- 
ties are due to the alkaloids a tropin and bel- 
ladonnin, the latter thought to be identical 
with hyoscyamin. Both leaves and root are 
employed. It is used as an antispasmodic, 
as a cardiac and respiratory stimulant, and 
to check secretions, as those of the sweat and 
milk. B. Leaves (belladonnce folia, U. S. P.), 
the dried leaves of Atropa belladonna. B. 
Leaves, Extract of (extractum belladonnce 
foliorum, U. S. P.). Dose \ gr. (0.01 Gm.). 
B. Leaves, Tincture of (tinctura belladonnce 
foliorum, U. S. P.), 15 %. Dose 1-30 min. 
(0.06-2.0 Cc). B. Liniment (linimentum 
belladonna, U. S. P.), made of camphor, 5; 
fluidextract of belladonna root, 95. B. Oint- 
ment (unguentum belladonnce, U. S. P.), con- 
tains extract of belladonna leaves, 10; diluted 
alcohol, 6; benzoinated lard, 65; hydrous 
wool -fat, 20. B. Plaster (emplastrum bella- 
donnce, U. S. P.), made of adhesive plaster and 
extract of belladonna leaves. B. Root (bella- 
donnce radix, U. S. P.), the dried root of Atropa 
belladonna. B. Root, Fluidextract of (fluid- 
extr actum belladonnce radicis, U. S. P.). Dose 
1-5 min. (0.065-0.3 Cc). 
Belladonnin (bel-ah-don' -in) [see Belladonna], 
C 17 H 23 N0 3 . An alkaloid found in bel- 
ladonna. It resembles atropin, hyoscy- 
amin, and hyoscin. It occurs with atropin, 
and is likewise decomposed into tropic acid 
and oxytropin, C 8 H 15 N0 2 . See Belladonna. 
Bell-Bernhardt's Phenomenon. See Bell's 

Phenomenon. 
Bellini's Duct (bel-e'-ne). One of the excretory 
ducts of the kidney. B.'s Ligament, a liga- 
mentous band extending from the capsule of 
the hip-joint to the greater trochanter of the 
femur. B.'s Tubes, the straight uriniferous 
tubules. 
Bellite (bel'-lt) [bellum, war]. An explosive 
employed both in war and in blasting. A 
principal element in its manufacture is nitro- 
benzol. The most prominent symptoms 
induced by its inhalation and absorption 
are headache, mental confusion, dyspnea, 
pallor, blueness of the lips, general lividity, 
coma, insensibility. 



^w 



BELL-MAGENDIE'S LAW 



169 



BENZENE 



JBell-Magendie's Law. See Bell's Law. 
Bellocq's Cannula (bel'-oks). An instrument 
used in plugging the nares. 




Application of Bellocq's Can- 
nula. — (Gould and Pyle's Cy- 
clopedia.) 



Bellonia (bel-o'-ne-ah) [Peter Belon (1499-1564), 
a French naturalist]. A genus of plants of the 
order Gesneracece. B. aspera is a shrub of the 
West Indies; the bark is used in intermittent 
fever and in dysentery. 

Bellows ibel'-oz) [ME., belowes]. An instru- 
ment for propelling air through a tube or 
small orifice. B., Richardson's, a double 
balloon with a connecting tube employed 
for the injection of vapors into the middle ear. 

Belly (bel'-e) [ME., bely]. 1. See Abdomen. 
2. Any belly -like enlargement of a part. B.- 
bound, a vulgar term for constipated. B.- 
button, the navel. 

Bellyache {bel-e-ak'). See Colic. 

Belonospasis (bel-on-os' -pa-sis) [^eXovq, a 
point; aizaoic, a drawing]. Irritation by 
means of needles or metallic tractors. 

Ben, Oil of, Benne Oil (ben, ben'-e). Oleum 
balatinum; it is obtained by expression from 
the seeds of the several species of Moringa. 
It is a colorless, odorless oil, not readily turn- 
ing rancid. It is used for extracting odors and 
for lubricating clocks and light machinery. 

Benario's Method (ben-ar'-e-o) . For the fixation 
of blood-films. It consists in the use of a 1 % 
alcoholic solution of formalin for one minute. 

Bence-Jones' Bodies. Peculiar bodies, con- 
sisting of albumose, found in the urine in 
certain affections of the bone-marrow, espe- 
cially neoplasms. B.-J.'s Cylinders. See 
Cylinders, Bence-Jo nes' . 

Bends (bendz) [ME., bend]. A term used by 
miners and caisson-laborers for a condition 
produced by too sudden reduction of the 
high air-pressure; it is indicated by swellings 
or small bubbles under the skin. 

Benedict's Test for HC1 in the Stomach. 
This consists in auscultation over the stomach 
after the patient has swallowed a small quan- 
tity of saturated solution of sodium bicarbo- 
nate. Normal hydrochloric acidity is indi- 
cated by a fine crepitation, superacidity by an 



earlier and louder sound, and in anacidity the 
crepitation is absent. 

Benedikt's Syndrome. Paralysis of the 
motor oculi of one side and tremor of the arm 
of the opposite side; attributed by Charcot 
to a lesion in the ventrointernal part of the 
crura cerebri. 

Bengalin (ben'-gawl-in) [Hind., Bengal]. A 
blue pigment derived from the benzene colors: 

Benign, Benignant (be-nln', be-nig' -nant) 
[benignus, kind]. Not endangering health 
or life; applied to certain tumors. 

Benincasa (ben-in-ka' '-zah) [Benincasa, an 
Italian nobleman]. A genus of plants of 
the order Cucurbitacece. B. cerifera is a 
perennial species of the East Indies, with 
large, greenish fruit, the seeds of which are 
used in dysuria and colic, the rind in tubercu- 
losis, asthma, and chills, and the plant in 
fevers, vertigo, etc. 

Bennett's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles, Ben- 
nett's. B.'s Fracture, a longitudinal fracture 
of the first metacarpal bone, extending into the 
carpometacarpal joint and complicated by 
subluxation. 

Benzacetin (ben-zas' -et-in) , C 6 H 3 (OC 2 H 5 ) - 
(NH . CH 3 CO)COOH. Colorless crystals, 
soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in water; 
melt at 205 C. It is used in neuralgia. 
Dose 8-15 gr. (0.52-0.07 Gm.). Syn., 
A cetamidomethyl-salicylic acid. 

Benzaconin (ben-zak' -on-in) . An alkaloid 
from aconite with action similar to aconitin, 
except that it lacks its antipyretic power and 
has little effect on the sensory nerves, while 
it depresses the motor group and also the 
muscle -fibers. 

Benzaldehyd (ben-zaV -de-hid) [benzoin; alde- 
hyd], C 7 H e O, benzaldehydum (U.S. P.). Bit- 
ter-almond oil; a compound that results from 
the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. 

Benzamid (ben'-zam-id) [benzoin; amid], C 7 H 7 - 
NO. A compound resulting from the action 
of benzoyl chlorid upon alcoholic ammonia. 

Benzamif (ben' -zam-il), 0,^A x ^O 2 . A distil- 
lation-product of oil of bitter almonds. 

Benzanalgen (ben-zan-al'-jen), C 9 H 6 OC 2 H 5 . - 
HNCO e CH 5 N. A derivative of chinolin. It 
is antiseptic, antipyretic, and antineuralgic, 
and has the power of dissolving uric acid. It 
is used in rheumatism, tabes dorsalis, and 
chronic gout. Dose 7^—45 gr. (0.5-3.0 Gm.). 

Benzanilid iben-zan' -il-id) [benzoin; anilin], 
Ci 3 H u NO. Benzoyl anilid, prepared by the 
action of benzoyl chlorid on anilin. It is used 
as an antipyretic in children in doses of 
3-8 gr. (0.2-0.5 Gm.). Unof. 

BenzsiUT'm (ben-zaw'-rin), C 19 H 1B 3 . Red crystals 
melting at ioo° C. Syn., Phenyldiphenolcar- 
binol. B. Anhydrid, a colorless substance dis- 
solving in alkaline solutions with a violet color. 

Benzene iben'-zen), C 6 H 6 . A hydrocarbon con- 
tained in coal-tar. It is formed by the dry 
distillation of all benzene acids. It is a 
mobile, ethereal-smelling liquid, of specific 
gravity 0.899 at °°- I* solidifies at about 
o°, melts at + 6°, boils at 580 , and 



BENZENYL 



170 



BENZONITRIL 



burns with a luminous flame. It readily 
dissolves resins, fats, sulfur, iodin, and phos- 
phorus. Anilin and the anilin colors are de- 
rived from it. Syn., Benzol; Phene; Phenyl 
hydrid. B. -sulfonic Acid, C 6 H 5 . S0 3 H, 
is prepared by boiling together equal parts 
of benzene and H 2 S0 4 . It occurs in small 
plates, readily soluble in alcohol and water, 
and which deliquesce in the air. 

Benzenyl (ben'-zen-il). See Phenyl. B.-amido- 
thiophenol, C 13 H 9 NS, acicular crystals with 
fragrance of roses, obtained from amido- 
phenylmercaptan by benzoic aldehyd and 
heat; it is soluble in alcohol, ether, carbon 
disulfid, and dilute hydrochloric acid. Syn., 
Benzenylamidophenylmercaptan. 

Benzhydrol (benz-hi'-drol), C 6 H S — CH(OH) — 
C 6 H 5 . An alcohol occurring as silky, acicular 
crystals, slightly soluble in water, obtained 
from an alcoholic solution of benzophenone 
by action of sodium amalgam. Syn., Diphenyl- 
carbinol. B. Acetate, a thick liquid ob- 
tained by heating benzhydrol with acetic acid. 

Benzil (benz'-il), C 14 H 10 O 2 . A compound pro- 
duced by the action of nitric acid on benzoin. 

Benzilimid (ben-zil'-im-id), C^tL^N^O,,. White 
silky needles obtained from an alcoholic solu- 
tion of benzil by action of dry ammoniacal gas. 

Benzimid {ben' -zim-id) [benzoyl; amid], 
C 23 H, 8 N 2 2 . A compound formed by the 
action of hydrocyanic acid on benzoyl hydrate. 
It occurs also in the resinous residue of the 
rectification of the oil of bitter almonds. 

Benzin, Benzinum (ben'-zin, -zi'-num). Petro- 
leum ether. The benzinum of the U.S. P. is a 
purified distillate from American petroleum, 
having a specific gravity of 0.77 to 0.79, 
boiling at 8o° to 90 C, colorless, of ethereal 
odor, and a slightly peppermint-like taste. It 
is a valuable solvent for oils, fats, resins, 
caoutchouc, and some alkaloids. It has been 
used against tape-worm. It should be dis- 
tinguished from benzene. Dose 5-10 min. 
(0.33-0.66 Cc.) on sugar or in mucilage. 
B., Coal-tar, benzin obtained as a by-pro- 
duct in preparing benzene and toluene from 
coal-tar oil by action of acids and alkalis. 
It differs chemically and physically from 
petroleum benzin, and is used as a cleansing 
fluid and as a solvent for resin, caoutchouc, etc. 

Benzinin (ben' '-zin-in) . A toxin extracted by 
Auclair from tubercle bacilli. Syn., Benzi- 
nobacillin. 

Benzinobacillin (ben-zin-o-bas'-il-in). See 
Benzinin. 

Benzite (ben'-zit). A solution of sulfur in two 
or three parts of hot coal-tar. 

Benzoate (ben'-zo-dt) [benzoin]. Any salt of ben- 
zoic acid. B.,Naphthol. SeeBenzonaphthol. 

Benzoated (ben'-zo-a-ted) [benzoin]. Im- 
pregnated with benzoin or with benzoic acid. 

Benzodiureid (ben-zo-di-u' -re-id), C 9 H 12 N 4 2 . 
Tiny needles obtained from benzoic aldehyd 
by action of urea. 

Benzoglycollate (ben-zo-gli'-kol-at). A salt of 
benzoglycollic acid. 

Benzohelicin {ben-zo-heV '-is-in), C 20 H 20 O 8 . A 



combination . of benzoyl and helicin. Syn., 
Benzoyl helicin. 

Benzoic (ben-zo f -ik) [benzoin]. Pertaining to or 
derived from benzoin. B. Acid. See Acid, 
Benzoic. 

Benzoin (ben'-zoin or -zo-in) [origin obscure]. 
i.Benzoinum (U.S. P.), a resin obtained from 
Styrax benzoin, a tree native to Sumatra and 
Siam. It is a ketone alcohol, C 14 H 12 2 , and 
may be produced by oxidizing hydrobenzoin 
with concentrated HN0 3 . It is sparingly 
soluble in water, cold alcohol, and ether, and 
crystallizes in shining prisms, melting at 134 
C. It yields benzoic and cinnamic acids, is 
antiseptic and disinfectant, and is used mainly 
as a stimulant expectorant in chronic bron- 
chitis. 2. C 14 H 12 2 , a reaction-product of an 
alcoholic solution of potassium cyanid on 
benzoic aldehyd, forming yellowish, fragrant 
prisms, soluble in hot alcohol, melting at 
i35°-i37° C. It is used as an external 
antiseptic, 1 part in 5 of lard. Syn., Bitter- 
almond oil camphor; Phenylbenzoyl carbinol. 
B., Flowers of, benzoic acid obtained by 
the sublimation of benzoin. B., Tincture of 
(tinctura benzoini, U. S.P.), 20 % of the resin 
in alcohol. Dose §-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). B., Tinc- 
ture of, Compound {tinctura benzoini compos- 
ita, U. S. P.), friars' balsam; Turlington's bal- 
sam; it consists of benzoin, 12; aloes, 2; sto- 
rax, 8; balsam of tolu, 4; alcohol, sufficient 
to make 100 parts. Dose §-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). 

Benzoinam (ben-zo' -in-am), C^H^NgO. A 
crystalline powder derived from benzoin by 
action of alcoholic solution of ammonia with 
heat. 

Benzoinated (ben-zo' -in-a-ted) . Combined or 
prepared with benzoin. 

Benzoinol (ben-zo' -in-ol). An oily liquid, 
said to consist of albolene with gum benzoin 
in solution; it is used as an excipient for 
menthol, camphor, etc., in diseases of the 
nose and throat. 

Benzoiodohydrin (ben -zo-i-o -do-hV -drin), 
(C 3 H 5 )C1I(C 7 H 5 2 ). A brownish-yellow, oily 
mass, soluble in alcohol, ether, and petroleum 
ether, insoluble in glycerol. It decomposes 
at ioo° C, iodin being liberated. It is a 
succedaneum for potassium iodid, and is given 
in the same doses. Syn., Chloroiodo-benzoic- 
glycerinester; Glycerylchloriodobenzoate. 

Benzol, Benzole, Benzoleum (ben'-zol, ben'- 
zol, ben-zol-e'-um). See Benzene. 

Benzolguaiacol (ben-zol-gwi'-ak-ol). See Ben- 
zosol. 

Benzolism (ben'-zol-izm). Benzol-poisoning, 
from inhaling the vapor or swallowing it. 
It is marked in light cases by dizziness, loss 
of consciousness, and anesthesia; in severer 
cases by hallucination, epileptic paroxysms, 
and coma. 

Benzonaphthol (ben-zo-naf -thol) [benzoin; 
naphthol], C 10 H 7 O(C 7 H 5 O). The benzoate of 
betanaphthol, used as an intestinal antiseptic 
in typhoid fever and other intestinal diseases. 
Dose 2-8 gr. (0.13-0.52 Gm.). 

Benzonitril (ben-zo-ni'-tril) [benzoin; nitrutn, 



BENZOPHENID 



171 ' BERGERON-HENOCH'S CHOREA 



niter], C 7 H 5 N. An oil obtained from benzene- 
sulfonic acid by distillation with potassium 
cyanid. It has an odor resembling that of 
oil of bitter almonds, and boils at 19 1° C; 
its specific gravity is 1.023 at o° C. 

Benzophenid (ben-zo-fen'-id). Phenyl benzoate. 

ISenzoj)yi'm(ben-zo-pi' -rin) . Antipyrin benzoate. 

Benzosol {ben' - zo-sol) [benzoin], C 14 H 12 3 . 
The benzoate of guaiacol; it contains 54 % 
of guaiacol. Its chief uses are as an intesti- 
nal antiseptic and in pulmonary tuberculosis. 
Dose 3-12 gr. (0.2-0.8 Gm.). 

Benzosulfate (ben-zo-sul'-fdt). A salt of benzo- 
sulfuric acid. 

Benzosulfinid (ben-zo-suV -fin-id). Benzosul- 
phinidum (U. S. P.); saccharin. 

Benzotrichlorid (ben-zo-tri-klo'-rid), C 7 H 5 C1 3 . 
A colorless, transparent, highly refractive 
liquid, with penetrating odor, obtained from 
boiling toluene by action of chlorin; sp. gr. 
1.38 at 14 C; boils at 2i3°-2i4° C. Syn., 
Benzenyl trichlorid. 

Benzoyl (ben'-zo-il) [benzoin], C 7 H s O. The 
radicle of benzoic acid, of oil of bitter almonds, 
and of an extensive series of compounds 
derived from this oil, or connected with it 
by certain relations. B.-acetylperoxid, 
C 9 H 8 4 , an oxidized product of the mixed 
anhydrid of acetic and benzoic acids, a 
crystalline body, slightly soluble in water and 
very unstable. To prevent explosion by 
sudden heating or grinding it is diluted with 
an equal quantity of inert absorbent powder 
and called acetozone. It is used as an intestinal 
antiseptic. Dose 4-5 gr. (0.26-0.32 Gm.) 3 
times daily. Syn., Acetyl-benzoyl peroxid. 
B. Chlorid, C 7 H 5 OCl, a transparent, color- 
less, pungent oil with a specific gravity of 
1. 2 1 at 1 9 C; it is soluble in ether and 
carbon disulfate; boils at i94°-i95° C. 
When acted on by alcoholic ammonia it gives 
dibenzylamin. It is used as a reagent in 
organic analysis and synthesis. Syn., Chloro- 
benzoyl chlorid. B.-ecgonin, C 16 H 18 N0 4 H, 
a substance intermediate in composition 
between cocain and ecgonin. B.-eugenol, 
C 17 H 16 3 , a substance forming large, trans- 
parent, colorless prisms or small white crys- 
tals, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and 
acetone; melts at 69°-7o.5° C. It is used 
in tuberculosis. Dose 7^—15 gr. (0.5-1.0 
Gm.). B.-glycocin, B.-glycocoll, hippuric 
acid. B. -guaiacol. See Benzosol. B. 
Hydrate, benzoic acid; also improperly 
applied to benzoic aldehyd. B. Peroxid, a 
bactericide and disinfectant substance. B.- 
phenylhydrazin, Ci 3 H 12 N 2 0, an antiseptic. 
B.-tropein, C 6 H 14 (C 6 H 5 CO)NO, silky, acicu- 
lar needles; it is a local anesthetic. 

Benzyl (ben'-zil) [benzoin], C 7 H 7 . A univalent 
hydrocarbon radicle that does not exist in 
the free state, but in combination forms a 
considerable number of compounds. B. 
Alcohol. See Alcohol, Benzyl. 

Benzylidene (ben-zil' -id-en) [benzoin], C 7 H 6 . 
A bivalent hydrocarbon radicle derived from 
benzoin compounds. 



Berard's Aneurysm (ba'-rar). A vari- 
cose aneurysm having its sac in the 
tissue immediately surrounding the vein. 

Beraud's Ligament (ba'-ro). The suspensory 
ligament of the pericardium that is attached to 
the third and fourth dorsal vertebras. B.'s 
Valve, a fold of mucous membrane found 
occasionally in the lacrimal sac, which it 
separates from the nasal duct. 

Berberin (ber'-ber-in) [berberis], C^H^NC^. 
An alkaloid found in the bark of Berberis 
and in many other plants. It is recommended 
as a tonic and antiperiodic, and is an ingre- 
dient of various lotions for mucous mem- 
branes; it is useful in nasal catarrh, etc. 
Dose 1-10 gr. (0.065-0.65 Gm.). B. Car- 
bonate, Q^H^NOj!, crystalline powder, sol- 
uble in hot water; it is antiperiodic, stom- 
achic, and tonic. Dose, antiperiodic, 8-15 gr. 
(0.52-1.0 Gm.); stomachic and tonic, J-i gr. 
(0.032-0.065 Gm.) 3 times daily. B. Hydro- 
chlorid, is used locally in gonorrhea. 

Berberis (ber'-ber-is) [L.J. Barberry. The 
berberis of the U. S. P. is the root of Ber- 
beris aquifolium and other species. Its prop- 
erties are due to an alkaloid, berberin,C 20 H 17 - 
N0 4 . It is an astringent, bitter tonic; in 
large doses, a cathartic. It has been used 
locally in conjunctivitis, and internally in 
malarial and typhoid fevers. B., Fluid- 
extract of (fluidextractum berberidis ,V . S. P.). 
Dose 5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). B., Tincture 
of. Dose 10 min.-i dr. (0.65-4.0 Cc). 

Bergamot, Oil of (bur' -gam-ot) [Bergamo, 
a town in Italy], C 10 H 16 . A volatile oil de- 
rived from the rind of the Citrus bergamia. 
It is used mainly as a perfume and as a 
clearing-agent in histologic work. 

Bergaptene {bur -gap' -ten), C 12 H 8 4 . A solid, 
greasy compound obtained from bergamot 
oil, being the lactone of burgaptenic acid. 
It melts at 188 C. Syn., Bergamilene; Ber- 
gamot camphor. 

Bergenin (bur' -jen-in) [Bergenia, a genus of 
plants], C 6 H 3 3 H 2 0. A bitter, crystalline 
substance, obtained from various species 
of saxifrage, melting at 140 C. It is said 
to be a nerve tonic, with action intermedi- 
ate between that of salicylic acid and of 
quinin. 

Berger's Paresthesia (bar'-ja). Paresthesia 
in youthful subjects, of one or both lower 
extremities, without objective symptoms, 
accompanied by weakness. B.'s Sign, an 
elliptic or irregular fehape of the pupil some- 
times seen in the early stage of tabes and 
paralytic dementia and in paralysis of the 
third cranial nerve. 

Bergeron's Disease (bar'-ja-ron). An affection 
characterized by abrupt, lightning-like, mus- 
cular contractions, independent of the will 
and limited ordinarily to the head and arms, 
involving at times the two extremities of 
one side. Like Dubini's disease, it is also 
known as "electric chorea." 

Bergeron-Henoch's Chorea. See Ber- 
geron's Disease. 



BERGMANN'S FIBERS 



172 



BETEL 



Bergmann's Fibers, B.-Deiters' Fibers 

(barg'-mon). The processes of certain super- 
ficial neuroglia cells of the cerebellum which 
radiate toward the surface and are connected 
with the pia. 

Beriberi (ber'-e-ber-e) [Singhalese, beri, weak- 
ness]. An infectious disease, endemic in 
various countries of Asia (Ceylon, India, 
China, Japan), Africa, and Australia, and 
presenting the features of a multiple neuritis. 
Bad food and defective hygienic conditions 
are predisposing causes; the true etiologic 
factor is probably a microorganism. Various 
types of the disease have been described, 
particularly an anasarcous form and an atro- 
phic form. The main symptoms are anesthe- 
sia, paralysis, wasting of the muscles, edema, 
changes in the electric reactions, dyspnea, 
and palpitation. The mortality is variable; 
often it is very great. True beriberi has 
been met in the seaport towns of the United 
States, introduced there by East Indian 
sailors, and an affection resembling it seems 
to occur among certain fishermen of New 
England. Syn., Kakke; Myelopathia tro- 
pica; Panneuritis epidemica. B., Drop- 
sical. See Uncinariasis. B., Pseudo-, 
Gibbs' name for a disease endemic in the 
Singapore Lunatic Asylum, prevailing during 
the wet season and attacking Asiatics only. 
It is not contagious, and is marked by slight 
anemia, considerable soft anasarca, and a 
tendency to sudden death from shock. The 
softness, of the edema, the lack of spastic and 
paralytic conditions, and the rapidity of 
recovery distinguish it from beriberi. The 
period of incubation is apparently from one to 
two days. B., Web, that marked by anemia 
and dropsy without paralysis. 

Berlin's Disease. Traumatic edema of the 
retina. Syn., "Berlin 'sche Triibung"; Com- 
motio retina. 

Bernard's Canal. The supplementary duct 
of the pancreas. B.'s Center, the "diabetic 
center" in the floor of the fourth ventricle. 
B.'s Granular Layer, the deep layer of 
cells lining the acini of the pancreas. It is 
granular in appearance and stains but slightly 
with carmin. B.'s Puncture, the puncture 
of a definite spot in the floor of the fourth 
cerebral ventricle for the production of arti- 
ficial diabetes. 

Bernhardt's Paresthesia {bum' -hart). Abnor- 
mal sensations, especially of numbness, with 
hypesthesia and pain on exertion, in the region 
supplied by the external cutaneous nerve of 
the thigh. 

Bernhardt-Roth's Symptom-complex. See 
Bernhardt' s Paresthesia. 

Bernheimer's Fibers {burn' -hl-mer) . A tract of 
nerve-fibers extending from the optic tract to 
Luys' body. 

Berry (ber'-e) [ME., bery). An indehiscent 
fruit with a pericarp that is succulent through- 
out, as the grape and gooseberry. 

Berthelot's Test for Phenol (bur'-thel-o). An 
ammoniacal solution of phenol treated with 



sodium hypochlorite produces a beautiful 
blue coloration. 

Berthollet's Law (bur'-thol-o). When two salts 
in solution can, by double decomposition, pro- 
duce a salt less soluble than either, this salt 
will be produced. 

Bertillonage (ber - til - Ion - a(h)j) [Bertillon, a 
French criminologist]. A system of care- 
fully recorded measurements and descriptions 
of criminals, for the purpose of future iden- 
tification, introduced into France by Bertil- 
lon and adopted by the police of many large 
cities of the United States. 

Bertin, Bones of. The sphenoid turbinated 
bones, partly closing the sphenoid sinuses. 
B., Column of, a cortical column of the 
kidney; the part separating the medullary 
pyramids. B., Ligament of, the iliofemoral 
ligament. 

Beryllium (ber-il'-e-um) [prjpuMoc, beryl]. 
A bivalent metal obtained from the beryl, 
whence its name. Syn., Glucinum. See 
Elements, Table of Chemic. 

Berzelius' Test for Albumin. All albumin- 
ous substances (except peptone) are precipi- 
tated from their aqueous solutions by meta- 
phosphoric acid in freshly prepared con- 
centrated solution. 

Besnier's Rheumatism. Simple chronic 
articular rheumatism; chronic arthrosynovitis. 

Bestiality (bes-te-aV -it-e) [bestia, a beast]. 
Unnatural intercourse with an animal. 

Bestucheff's Mixture, B.'s Tincture. The 
ethereal tincture of iron chlorid, used in 
erysipelas. It is made as follows: Tincture 
of iron chlorid, i part; spirit of nitrous 
ether, 4 parts. Mix and expose to the rays 
of the sun in well-closed bottles until the 
brownish color disappears. The dose is from 
1 to 2 teaspoonfuls every 3 hours. 

Beta (ba'-tah) [L.]. 1. The beet. 2. The 
second letter of the Greek alphabet, used in 
chemic nomenclature to indicate the second 
of two isomeric compounds. 

Betanaphthol {ba-tah-naf -thoT) . See Naph- 
thol. B. Bismuth, a preparation containing 
80% of bismuth oxid and 20% of betanaph- 
thol. It is a brown powder, insoluble in 
water, and decomposed into its component 
parts in the intestine, the betanaphthol being 
absorbed and discharged with the urine, while 
the bismuth is evacuated with the stools. It 
is an intestinal antiseptic. Dose 15-4S gr. 
(1-3 Gm.). B. Carbonate, CO(OC 10 H 7 ) ? , 
a dinaphthyl ester of carbonic acid obtained by 
the action of phosgene on betanaphthol sodi- 
um. It is used as an intestinal antiseptic. B. 
Lactate, lactol. 

Betel (be'-tel) [E. Ind.]. A masticatory used 
in the East. A few grains of the nut of the 
Catechu palm, Areca catechu, are rolled up 
with a small amount of quicklime in a leaf 
of Piper betel, and chewed. It is tonic, 
astringent, stimulant, and aphrodisiac, and 
seems to increase the powers of endurance. 
Dose of fluidextract 1-3 dr. (4-12 Cc). 
Unof. 



BETOL 



173 



BICIPITAL 



Betol (be'-tol), C n H 7 . C ? H 5 2 . A salicylic 
ether of naphthol, used in rheumatism and 
cystitis. It resembles salicylic acid in its 
properties. Dose 10-15 g r - (0.65-1.0 Gm.). 
Syn., Naphthalol; Salinaphthol. 

Bettendorf's Test for Arsenic. On heating 
a solution of stannous chlorid in concentrated 
hydrochloric acid, specific gravity 1.19, with 
a solution of arsenic or arsenous acids in strong 
hydrochloric acid, a brownish turbidity or pre- 
cipitate of metallic arsenic and tin is yielded. 

Betula (bet'-u-lah). See Birch. 

Betulase (bet'-u-ldz) [betula, the birch]. See 
Gaultherase. 

Betulin (be?-u-lin) [betula, birch], C^H^C^. 
Birch-resin, or birch-camphor, derived from 
the bark of the white birch. 

Betulol (bet'-u-lol). An application for the 
treatment of rheumatism, said to be more 
quickly absorbed than oil of wintergreen. 
Syn., Methyl-oleosalicylate. 

Betz's Giant-cells. Large ganglion-cells 
found in the deeper layers of the cortex, 
especially in the ascending frontal convolution 
and the paracentral lobule. They are usually 
arranged in small groups of from three to 
five that are known as Betz's nests. 

Bezoar (be'-zo-ar) [Pers., pddzahr, the bezoar- 
stone, a supposed antidote against poison]. 
A concretion found in the stomach or intes- 
tine of some animals (especially ruminants), 
formerly believed to be efficacious in prevent- 
ing the fatal effects of poison. B., Oriental, 
a hard, round concretion obtained from the 
intestine of the gazelle and other ruminants. 
It consists of concentric layers of resinous 
matter which burn with an agreeable odor; 
it is valued in the East for supposed medi- 
cinal properties. 

Bezold's Mastoiditis. See Mastoiditis, Bezold's. 
B.'s Symptom, the appearance of an in- 
flammatory swelling a short distance below 
the apex of the mastoid process is evidence 
of mastoid suppuration. See Mastoiditis, 
Bezold's. B.'s Ganglion, a ganglion in the 
interauricular septum of the frog's heart. 

Bhang (baiig). See Cannabis indica. 

Bhel {bet). See Bel. 

Bi-. A prefix meaning two, twice, double. 

Biacuminate (bi-ak-u' -min-dt) [bi-; acuminatus, 
pointed]. Having two diverging pointed ends. 

Bialate {bi-a'-ldt) [bi-; ala, a wing]. Fur- 
nished with two wings or wing-like appen- 
dages. 

Bialuminate (bi-al-i? -min-dt) [bi-; alumin- 
ium]. A salt of aluminium containing two 
equivalents of aluminium combined with one 
of acid. 

Biangulate (bi-ang f -u-ldt) [bi-; angulus, an 
angle]. With two angles. 

Biapiculate (bi-ap-ik' '-u-ldf) [bi-; apex, the 
summit]. With two summits. 

Biarsenate (bi-ar' '-sen-dt) [bi-; arsenic}. An 
acid arsenate containing two atoms of 
hydrogen. 
Biarticulate (bi-ar -tik'-u-ldt) [bi-; articulus, a 
joint]. Having a double joint. 



Biasteriac, Biasterial, Biasteric {bi-as-ter'- 
e-ak, bi-as-te'-re-al, bi-as-ter'-ik) [bi-; aste- 
rion, a craniometric point]. Relating to the 
asterion on each side of the skull; extend- 
ing between the two asterions. 

Biauricular (bi-aw-rik' -u-lar) [bi-; auricula, 
the ear]. Relating to two auricles or to two 
corresponding auricular points. 

Biaurite (bi-aw' -rit) [bi-; auris; the ear]. Fur- 
nished with two ears or ear-like projec- 
tions. 

Bib. A portion of a red blood-corpuscle 
adherent to the crescent bodies observed in 
the blood of remittent-fever patients. 

Bibasic (bi-ba'-sik) [bi-; basis, a base]. Having 
two hydrogen atoms replaceable by bases, 
as certain acids; dibasic. 

Biborate (bi-bo'-rdt). See Pyroborate. 

Bibromid (bi-bro'-mid). A compound of bro- 
min with a radicle or element, containing 
twice as much bromin as another similar 
compound. 

Bibulous (bib'-u-lus) [bibere, to drink]. Having 
the property of absorbing moisture, as 
bibulous paper. 

Bicalcarate (bi-kal r -kar-dt) [bi-; calcar, a spur]. 
Furnished with two spurs or spur-like pro- 
jections. 

Bicameral (bi-kan? -er-al) [bi-; camera, a vault]. 
Having two compartments. 

Bicapitate (bi-kap' -it-dt) [bi-; caput, a head]. 
Having two heads; bicephalous; dicepha- 
lous. 

Bicapsular (bi-kap' -su-lar) [bi-; capsula, a cap- 
sule]. Having two capsules. 

Bicarbonate (bi-kar'-bon-dt) [bi-; carbonate}. 
Any salt of carbonic acid that has two 
carbonic -acid equivalents for one of the 
base. 

Bicaudal, Bicaudate (bi-kaw'-dal, bi-kaw f - 
ddt) [bi-; cauda, tail]. Flaving two tails or 
appendages. 

Bicavitary (bi-kav' -it-a-re) [bi-; cavitas, a cav- 
ity]. Having two cavities. 

Bicellular (bi-se? -u-lar) [bi-; cella, a cell]. 
Composed of two cells. 

Biceps (bi f -seps) [bi-; caput, the head]. Hav- 
ing two heads, a term applied to several 
muscles, as B. brachii, B. extensor, B. flexor 
cruris. 

Bichat, Canal of (be'-shah). A canal which 
was supposed by Bichat to exist between the 
subarachnoid space and the third ventricle. 
B., Fat -ball of. See Ball, Bichat' s Fat-. B., 
Fissure of. See Fissure 0} Bichat. B., Fo- 
ramen of. See Foramen of Bichat. B . , Mem- 
brane of. See Henle's Fenestrated Membrani. 
B., Tunic of, the intima of the blood-vessels. 

Bichlorid (bi-klo'-rid) [bi- ; chlorin}. A salt 
containing two equivalents of chlorin. 

Bichromate (bi-kro'-mdt) [bi-; chromium}. A 
salt containing two equivalents of chromium 
trioxid. 

Bicinctus, Bicingulatus (bi-sink'-tus, bi-sin- 
gu-la'-tus) [bi-; cingere, to gird]. Having two 
zones or belts. 

Bicipital, Bicipitous (bi-sip r -it-al, -us) [biceps, 






r 



BICLAVATE 



174 



BILAMELLAR 



double-headed]. i. With two heads. 2. 
Relating to one of the.biceps muscles. 

Biclavate (bi-kld' '-vat) [bi-; clava, a club]. 
Clubbed at each end. B.-bihamate, with 
the two club-shaped ends bent toward each 
other. B.-cylindric, cylindric and with 
clubbed ends. 

Biconcave (bi-kon'-kdv). See Lens, Biconcave. 

Biconvex (bi-kon'-veks). See Lens, Biconvex. 

Bicorporal, Bicorporate, Bicorporated (bi- 
kor'-por-al, -at, -a-ted) [bi-; corpus, a body]. 
Consisting of two bodies. 

Bicrural {bi-kru'-ral) [bi-; crus, a leg]. Hav- 
ing two legs or leg-like processes. 

Bicuspid (bi-kus'-pid) [bi-; cuspis, the point 
of a spear]. Having two cusps, as bicus- 
pid teeth. B. Valve, the mitral valve of 
the heart. 

Bicyanate (bi-si' '-an-dt) [bi-; cyanogen]. A 
salt having two equivalents of cyanic acid 
and one of a base. 

Bicyanid (bi-si f -an-id) [see Bicyanate]. A 
cyanid containing twice as much cyanogen 
as the lower member of the cyanid series. 

Bicyanuret (bi-si-an'-u-ret). See Bicyanid. 

Bidacryc (bi-dak' -rik) [bi-; dacryon]. In crani- 
ometry, relating to the two dacryons. 

Bidder's Ganglions. See Ganglion, Bidder's. 

Bidental (bi-den' -tal) [bi-; dens, a tooth]. Hav- 
ing two teeth or tooth-like prominences. 

Bidet (be'-da) [Fr., "pony"]. A tub or basin 
with fixed attachments for the administering 
of injections; also for use as a sitz-bath or 
hip-bath. 

Bidigital (bi-dif-it-al) [bi-; digitus, a finger]. 
Referring to the tip of a finger of each 
hand. 

Bieber's Reagent. Equal volumes concen- 
trated sulfuric acid, red nitric acid, and water. 

Biedert's Cream Mixture {be'-ddr). An in- 
fant's food made by mixing 4 oz. of cream with 
12 oz. of warm water, and adding \ oz. of 
milk-sugar. It contains 1 % of casein, 2.5% 
of fat, and 3.8 % of sugar. As the child grows 
older a larger proportion of milk is added. 

Bieg's Entotic Test (beg). When words are 
audible only on being spoken, into an ear- 
trumpet connected with a catheter placed 
in the eustachian tube, but not through the 
ear-trumpet as ordinarily applied, there is a 
probable lesion of the malleus or incus which 
interferes with conduction. 

Biermer's Anemia (ber'-ynur). Pernicious ane- 
mia. B.'s Change of Pitch, in hydropneu- 
mothorax the tympanitic sound is lower in 
pitch when the patient is sitting than when 
he is lying down. 

Biernacki's Symptom (ber'-nak-e). Analgesia 
of the ulnar nerve at the elbow; it is observed in 
tabes dorsalis and paretic dementia. 

Biesiadecki's Fossa (be-es-e-ah-dek'-e). A peri- 
toneal recess which is bounded in front by a 
more or less well-defined fold, the inner sur- 
face of which looks upward over the psoas 
toward the root of the mesentery, the outer 
extending toward the crest of the ilium. 
Syn., Fossa iliacosubfascialis. 



Biett's Collar. A zone of lenticulopapular 
syphilid on the neck. 

Bifacial (bi-fa' -shal) [bi-; facies, a face]. Hav- 
ing the opposite surfaces similar. 

Bifarious (bi-fa' -re-us) [bifarius]. Twofold; 
arranged in two more or less regular series 
or rows. 

Bifli's Test for Bile. Acidify 150 to 200 Cc. 
of urine with sulfuric acid; add drop by drop 
a 5 % barium chlorid solution, using about 30 
drops to every 100 Cc. of urine. Pour off the 
liquid and collect the soft precipitate on 
absorbent cotton and spread evenly. Place 
a crystal of potassium dichromate upon the 
surface of the precipitate, and in the presence 
of bile a green ring will form around the crys- 
tal, changing to blue and then to red. A 
small amount of albumin will not interfere 
with the test, but if much is present, the use 
of a saturated solution of sodium sulfate is 
recommended instead of the sulfuric acid. 

Bifid (bi'-fid) [bi-; findere, to cleave]. Divided 
into two parts; cleft, as bifid uvula. 

Bifissile (bi-fis'-l) [bi-; findere, to split]. Part- 
ing naturally into halves. 

Bifistular, Bifistulous (bi-fis'-tu-lar, -lus) 
[bis; fistula, a pipe]. With two tubes. 

Biflagellate (bi-fiaj' -el-dt) [bi-; fiagellum, a 
whip]. Furnished with two flagellums. 

Bifocal (bi-fo'-kal) [bi-; focus, a point]. Hav- 
ing a double focus. Applied to a system 
of lenses or spectacle-glasses with two foci, 
chiefly used for the correction of presbyopia, 
when there is at the same time an error of 
refraction for distant vision. The distance 
lens is above that for near-work. These are 
sometimes called pantoscopic lenses, and also 
Franklin spectacles, because the device was 
first made by Benjamin Franklin. They are 
also called cement lenses, because now made 
by cementing the lower segment to the dis- 
tance lens. 

Bif orate {bi-fo'-rdt) [bi-; foratus, perforated]. 
Having two foramens. 

Biformity {bi-form'-it-e). The condition of 
being dimorphous. 

Biforous (bi'-Jor-us). 1. See Bif or ate. 2. Hav- 
ing two valves. 

Bifurcate (bi-fur' -kdt) [bi-; furca, a fork]. Di- 
vided into two, like a fork. 

Bifurcation (bi-fur -ka' -shun) [see Bifurcate]. 
Division into two branches, as of the trachea 
or of the aorta. 

Bigaster (bi-gas'-ter). See Biventer. 

Bigelow's Ligament. The Y-ligament of 
the hip-joint; iliofemoral ligament. B.'s 
Septum, the calcar femorale, a nearly vertical 
spur of compact tissue in the neck of the 
femur, a little in front of the lesser tro- 
chanter. 

Bigeminal, Bigeminous (bi-jem'-in-al, -us) 
[bi-; geminare, to double]. Occurring in two 
pairs. 

Bihastate, Bihastatus (bi-has'-tdt, bi-has-ta'- 
tus) [bi-; hasta, a lance]. With two lance- 
shaped processes. 

Bilamellar, Bilamellate, Bilamellated (bi- 



BILAMINAR 



175 



BILOCULAR 



lam-el'-ar, -at, -el-a'-ted) [bi-; lamella, a plate]. 
Consisting of two thin plates. 

Bilaminar, Bilaminate (bi-lam'-in-ar, -at) 
[bi-; lamina, a sheet]. Composed of two layers. 

Bilateral {bi-lat'-er-al) [bi-; latus, a side]. Re- 
lating to two sides; pertaining to or 
affecting both sides of the body. B. Sym- 
metry, the symmetry of right and left halves. 

Bilateralism (bi-laf -er-al-izm) [see Bilateral]. 
Bilateral symmetry. 

Bile (bil) [bilis, the bile]. The substance 
secreted by the liver. It is mucilaginous, 
golden-brown, and is composed of biliary 
salts, cholesterin, mucus, and certain pig- 
ments. The principal salts are the sodium 
salts of taurocholic acid (C 26 H 45 NOS 7 ) and 
glycocholic acid (CggH^NOg). The taste of 
bile is intensely bitter, its reaction feebly 
alkaline, and its density from 1026 to 1032. 
It exercises a diastatic action on starch, 
emulsifies fats, and precipitates soluble 
peptone; it is also the natural antiseptic of 
the intestine, and has an action on the intesti- 
nal mucous membrane through which ab- 
sorption is favored. Its composition varies, 
but according to Hoppe-Seyler, in 100 parts' 
bile there are of — 

I^oTanicmatter-:::: ! .' ! I }*■*«* 

Organic matter 8.32 " 

Mucus 1.29 " 

Sodium taurocholate .... 0.87 part. 

Sodium glycocholate 3.03 parts. 

Saponified fat 1.39 " 

Cholesterin 0.35 part. 

Lecithin 0.53 " 

Fat 0.73 " 

B. Acids, Tests for. See Drechsel, Mylius, 
Pettenkofer, Strassburg, v. Udransky. B., 
Crystallized, Plattner's name for sodium 
taurocholate . B . , Cystic , bile contained i n the 
gall-bladder as distinguished from that which 
is transmitted directly from the liver to the 
duodenum. B., Glastine, that of a bluish 
color, so called from glastum, or woad (Isatis 
tinctoria), used for dyeing blue. B., Hepatic, 
that which is transmitted directly from the 
liver to the duodenum without entering the 
gall-bladder. B. -pigments, the coloring- 
matters of the bile. See Barral, Capranica, 
Cunisset, Dragendorff, Dumontpallier , Fleischl, 
Gluzinski, Gmelin, Huppert, Jolles, Mare- 
chal, le Nobel, Rosenbach, Smith, Stokvis, 
Trousseau, Ultzmann, Vitalli. 

Bilharzia (bil-har' -ze-ah) [named after Theo- 
dor Bilharz, a physician of Cairo]. A genus 
of trematode worms, established by Cobbold, 
characterized by having the sexes separate. 
B. haematobia. See Distoma hcematobium. 

Bilharziosis (bil-har -ze-o' -sis) [Bilharzia]. The 
group of symptoms produced by the presence 
in the intestine of worms of the genus Bil- 
harzia. 
I Bili- [bile]. A prefix denoting relating to the bile. 

Biliary (biV -e-a-re) [bile]. Pertaining to 
the bile. B. Acids, glycocholic and tau- 
rocholic acids. B. Colic, colic produced by 
the passage of gall-stones. B. Diabetes, 



Hanot's disease, or hypertrophic cirrhosis of 
the liver with icterus. B. Ducts, the hepatic 
and cystic ducts and the ductus communis 
choledochus, together with the small ducts in 
the liver itself. 

Biliation (bil-e-a' -shun) [bile]. The excretion 
of bile. 

Bilicyanin (bil-e-si' -an-in) [bili-; /cuaveoc, blue]. 
A blue pigment obtained from bilirubin. 
Syn., Cholecyanin; Choleverdin. 

Bilification (bil-if-ik-a' -shun) [bili-; jacere, to 
make]. The formation of bile. 

Biliflavin (bil-e-fla'-vin) [bili-; flavus, yellow]. 
A ■yellow coloring-matter derivable from 
biliverdin. 

Bilifulvin (bil-e-ful f -vin) [bili-; fulvus, reddish 
yellow]. An impure form of bilirubin; also 
a yellow bile color from ox-gall, not normally 
present in human bile. 

Bilifuscin (bil-e-)us' -in) [bili-; fuscus, brown], 
C 16 H 20 N 2 C , 4- A pigment occurring in bile 
and in gall-stones. 

Biligulate, Biligulatus (bi-lig'-u-lat, bi-lig-u- 
la'-tus) [bi-; ligula, a little tongue]. Formed 
like two tongues or having two tongue-like 
processes. 

Bilihumin (bil-e-hu'-min) [bili-; humus, earth]. 
An insoluble residue left after treating gall- 
stones with various solvents. 

Bilin (bi'-lin) [bile]. A mixture of sodium tau- 
rocholate and glycocholate, forming a constit- 
uent of the bile. 

Bilineurin {bil-e-nu'-rin). Cholin. 

Bilious (bil'-yus) [biliosus, full of bile]. A term 
popularly applied to disorders supposed to 
arise from a too free secretion of bile. B. 
Fever, a remittent fever characterized by the 
vomiting of bile. 

Biliousness (bil' -yus-nes) [bilious]. A popular 
name for a condition characterized by ano- 
rexia, constipation, coated tongue, lassitude, 
and headache, and supposed to be due to 
an excessive secretion of bile. 

Biliprasin (bil-e-pra' -sin) [bili-; npaocvoc, leek- 
green], QgH^NaO,,. A pigment occurring in 
gall-stones, icteric urine, and bile. 

Bilirubin (bil-e-ru' -bin) [bili-; ruber, red], C 16 H 18 - 
N 2 3 . A red coloring-matter, the chief pig- 
ment of the bile, and also found in the 
urine in jaundice. It is insoluble in water, 
and almost so in ether and alcohol, but it is 
readily soluble in alkaline solutions. It crys- 
tallizes in rhombic plates or prisms. 

Biliverdin (bil-e-ver' -din) [bili-; viridis, green], 
C l2 H 20 N 2 O 5 , or C 8 NgN0 2 . A green pig- 
ment, the first product of the oxidation of 
bilirubin. It gives the characteristic color 
to the bile of herbivora, and occurs in the 
urine in jaundice and in gall-stones. 

Billroth's Disease (biV-rot). 1. Spurious men- 
ingocele. 2. Malignant lymphoma. B.'s 
Mixture. See under Anesthetic. 

Bilobate (bi-lo f -bat) [bi-; Xo^oc, a lobe]. With 
two lobes; divided into two lobes. 

Bilocular (bi-lok' -u-lar) [bi-; locidus, a little 
place]. Having two cells; divided into two 
compartments; biloculate. 



BIMACULATE 



176 



BIOMETRY 



Bimaculate (bi-mak' -u-ldt) [bi-; macula, a spot]. 
Marked with two spots. 

Bimalar (bi-ma' -lar) . Extending between the 
two malar bones. 

Bimalate (bi-mal'-dt). In a series of malates, 
that one which contains twice the amount of 
malic acid that the first one of the series does. 

Bimanual (bi-man' -u-al) [bi-; manus, a 
hand]. With both hands; two-handed. B. 
Palpation, palpation by means of both 
hands. 

Bimaxillary (bi-maks' -il-a-re) . Extending be- 
tween the two maxillas. 

Bimenibral (bi-mem' -bral) [bi-; membrum, a 
member]. With two limbs. 

Bimestral (bi-mes' -tral) [bi-; mensis, month]. 
Two months old; continuing two months. 

Bimolybdate (bi-mol' -ib-ddt) . A molybdate 
containing twice as much molybdic acid as 
the corresponding normal molybdate. 

Bimucous (bi-mu'-kus) [bi-; mucus, mucus]. 
Relating to two mucous surfaces. 

Bimuscular (bi-mus 1 '-ku-lar). Having two 
muscles. Syn., Dimyarious. 

Binary (bi'-nar-e) [binus, a couple]. In 
chemistry, compounded of two elements. 
In anatomy, separating into two branches. 

Binaural (bin-aw'-ral) [bi-; auris, ear]. Per- 
taining to or having two ears; used for 
both ears. B. Stethoscope, a stethoscope 
with two tubes, one for each ear. 

Binauricular (bin-aw-rik' -u-lar) . See Binaural. 

Binder '(bind'-er) [ME., byndere]. A wide 
bandage about the abdomen, worn by women 
after labor or after celiotomy, to support the 
abdominal walls. B., Mammary, a sling or 
suspensory for the mamma. 

Bing's Test. Let a vibrating tuning-fork be 
held on the vertex until it has ceased to be 
audible; then close either ear, and the fork 
will be heard again for a certain period. If 
this period of secondary perception is short- 
ened, there exists a lesion of the sound-con- 
ducting apparatus; if normal and yet deaf- 
ness is present, the perceptive apparatus is 
involved. 

Biniodid (bin-i'-o-did). Having two atoms of 
iodin in the molecule. 

Binocular (bin-ok' '-u-lar) [bi-; oculus,&n. eye]. 
Pertaining to both eyes. In optics, an in- 
strument with two eyepieces for use with 
both eyes at once. B. Vision, the faculty 
of using both eyes synchronously and with- 
out diplopia. 

Binotic (bin-of -ik) . See Binaural. 

Binoxid (bin-oks' -id) . See Dioxid. 

Bio- [fi'coc, life]. A prefix meaning life. 

Bioblast (bi'-o-Uast) [bio-; (HXaozbc, a germ]. 
A plastidule or formative cell; a corpuscle 
that has not yet become a cell. 

Bioblastic (bi-o-blast'-ik). Relating to bio- 
blasts. B. Theory, Altmann's, according 
to which leukocyte granules are considered 
as definite biologic entities, which affect, 
through oxygen-transmission, both reduction 
and oxygenation, and in this manner accom- 
plish the disunions and the syntheses of the 



economy without sacrificing their own indi- 
viduality. Cf. Color -analysis. 

Biochemics (bi-o - kem' - iks) [bio- ; y^pda, 
chemistry]. The chemistry of life. See 
Biochemy. 

Biochemistry (bi-o-kem' '-is-tre) [see Biochem- 
ics]. The chemistry of the living body or of 
fife. 

Biochemy (bi' - o - kem - e) [see Biochemics]. 
Chemic force as exhibited in living organisms. 

Bioculate, Bioculatus (bi-ok' -u-ldt, bi-ok-u- 
la'-tus) [see Binocular]. Marked by two spots 
of color different from the chief color. 

Biod (bi'-od) [ficoc, fife]. i. Animal magnet- 
ism. 2. See Protyl. 3. Vital force. 

Biodesmus (bi-od-ez'-mus) [bio-; deop.bc, a 
bond]. The vital principle regarded as a 
bond between organisms. 

Biodynamics (bi-o-di-nam'-iks) [bio-; ouvaficc, 
power]. The dynamics of life; dynamic bi- 
ology. See Bionomy. 

Biogen (bi'-o-jen) [bio-; yevvdv, to produce]. 
1. See Protyl. 2. See Bioplasm. 3. See 
Magnesium Dioxid. 

Biogenesis (bi - - jen f - es - is) [bio-; ykvtotc, 

• origin]. The doctrine that living things are 
produced only from living things — the reverse 
of abiogenesis. 

Biogenetic (bi-o-jen-et' -ik) [see Biogenesis]. 
Pertaining to biogenesis. B. Law, the fact 
that a certain tendency directs the drift or 
trend of development of a being along a 
line parallel with that of the series of forms 
ancestral to it. The being in the course of 
its development briefly recapitulates that of 
the ancestral series to which it belongs. Syn., 
Muller's law. 

Biogeny (bi-oj'-en-e) [see Biogenesis]. In biol- 
ogy, the evolution of organic forms, either 
considered individually (ontogeny) or tribally 
(phylogeny). 

Biologic (bi-o-loj'-ik) [see Biology]. Pertaining 
or belonging to biology. 

Biologist (bi-oV -o-jist) [see Biology]. One who 
is a student of biology. 

Biologos (bi-o-W-gos) [see Biology]. A designa- 
tion proposed for the intelligent living power 
displayed in cellular and organic action and 
reaction. 

Biology (bi-ol' -o-je) [bio-; Xbyoc, science]. The 
science embracing the structure, function, and 
organization of living forms. Syn., Organ- 
ology; Organomy; Somiology; Zoonomy. B., 
Dynamic. See Bionomy. B., Static. See 
Biostatics. 

Biometer (bi-om' -et-er) [bio-; jxkxpov, a measure]. 
1. A table of life expectancy, etc., upon which 
the science of life-insurance is based. 2. An 
instrument, of the nature of a tuning-fork, 
invented by Dr. Collongues for the reproduc- 
tion and increase of sounds of the body 
ordinarily perceived by auscultation. 

Biometrics (bi-o-met'-riks) [see Biometer]. The 
science of the body-sounds perceived by 
auscultation. 

Biometry (bi-om' -et-re) [see Biometer]. Life- 
measurement; the estimation of the prob- 



BION 



177 



BIRCH 



able duration of any given life-form — in 
the past or future. 

Bion (bi'-on) [fteoc, life]. A definite physi- 
ologic individual element or organism. Cf. 
Morphon. 

Biondi's Fluid. A staining medium used in 
histologic laboratories. It is a mixture of 
orange-G, methyl-green, and acid-fuchsin. 

Bionergy" (bi - on' - er - je) [bio-; 'ipyov, work]. 
Life-force; force exercised in the living or- 
ganism. 

Bionomics (bi-o-no'-miks) [bio-; vdfioc, law]. 
That branch of natural history which treats 
of the relations of organisms among them- 
selves and to their environment. 

Bionomy (bi-on'-o-me) [see Bionomics]. Dy- 
namic biology; biodynamics; the science of 
the laws of life. 

Biontic (bi-on'-tik) [bios]. Individual as opposed 
to phyletic. 

Bionuclein (bi - o - nu' - kle-in) [bio-; nuclein]. 
A term suggested by 'Sacharoff (1902) for 
the hypothetic substance composed of a com- 
bination of iron and nuclein which exists 
in all enzyms, holding that all vital processes 
depend upon decomposition of living sub- 
stance set up by them. 

Biophagous (bi-of '-ag-us) [bio-; (payslv, to eat]. 
Feeding upon living organisms or upon 
living tissue, as insectivorous plants. 

Biophilia (bi-o-fil' -e-ah) [bio-; <f>cXe'cv, to love]. 
The instinct for self-preservation. 

Biophysiography (bi-o-fiz-e-og'-ra-fe) [bio-; 
(fiuocc, nature; ypa<f>ecv, to write]. Descrip- 
tive or structural biology; organography, as 
distinguished from biophysiology. 

Biophysiology (bi-o-fiz-e-ol'-o-je) [bio-; <fiuotc, 
nature; Xoyoc, science]. The branch of biol- 
ogy including organogenesis, morphology, and 
physiology. 

Biophytum (bi-of'-it-um) [bio-; (fturov, plant]. 
A genus of plants of the order Geraniacece. 
B. sensitivum is a native of the East Indies, 
where the root is used in inflammations, in 
gonorrhea, and in pulmonary affections. 

Bioplasm (bi'-o-plazm) [bio-; nXao/xa, form]. 
Any living matter, but especially germinal or 
forming matter; matter possessing repro- 
ductive vitality. 

Bioplast (bi'-o-plast) [bioplasm]. A mass or 
cell of bioplasm that is a unit of living 
matter. 

Biopsia, Biopsy (bi-op'-se-ah, bi'-op-se) [bio-; 
o<J>cC, vision]. 1. Observation of the living 
subject; opposed to necropsy. 2. A name 
coined by Besnier for the excision, during 
life, of an eruptive lesion or fragment of a~ 
newgrowth to establish the diagnostic histol- 
ogy of a malady. 

Biorbital (bi-or' -bit-al) [bi-; orbita, a circle]. 
Relating to both orbits. 

Bioscope (bi'-o-skop) [bio-; okoksIv, to view]. 
An instrument used in bioscopy. 

Bioscopy (bi-os'-ko-pe) [see Bioscope]. Exam- 
ination of the body to ascertain whether 
life is present. B., Electro-, examination 
by the aid of the electric current. In about 
13 



two hours after death the muscular reaction 
is lost to faradic stimulation in the tongue; 
after three or four hours in the extremities ; 
after five or six hours in the trunk. The re- 
action to galvanism persists somewhat longer. 

Biosis (bi-o'-sis) [ficoc, life]. Life; vitality. 

Biostatics (bi - - stat' - iks) [bio-; ovari/coc, 
causing to stand]. Static biology; the science 
of the determinate parts of biology, includ- 
ing anatomy and the physics of the living 
body. 

Biot's Respiration (be f -o). Meningitic respira- 
tion: rapid, short breathing, interrupted by 
pauses lasting from several seconds to half a 
minute, sometimes observed in healthy sub- 
jects during sleep; most frequently in men- 
ingitis, in which it is an unfavorable prog- 
nostic sign. 

Biotic (bi-of -ik) [see Biotics]. Pertaining to life 
or to the laws of animal and vegetable prog- 
ress and evolution. 

Biotics (bi-ot'-iks) [fttortKoc, vital]. The 
science of vital functions and manifestations. 

Biotomy (bi-ot'-o-me) [bio-; xkp.v£cv, to cut]. 
Vivisection. 

Bipalatinoid (bi-pal-af '-in-oid) . A gelatin cap- 
sule with two compartments. 

Biparasitic (bi - par -as - it' - ik) [bi-; Ttapa- 
oczoc, a parasite]. Parasitic upon a para- 
site. 

Biparietal (bi-par-i'-et-al) [bi-; paries, a wall]. 
Relating to both parietal bones. B. Diam- 
eter, the distance from one parietal emi- 
nence of the cranium to the other. 

Biparous (bip'-ar-us) [bi-; parere, to bring 
forth]. Producing two at a birth. 

Bipartite (bi-par' -tit) [bi-; pars, a part]. In 
biology, composed of two parts or divisions. 

Bipartition (bi-par -tish'-un) [see Bipartite]. 
Separation into two parts. 

Biped (bi'-ped) [bi-; pes, a foot]. 1. Having 
two feet. 2. An animal with two feet. 

Biplumbic (bi-plum'-bik) [bi-; plumbum, lead]. 
Containing two atoms of lead. 

Bipocillated (bi-po' -sil-a-ted) [bi-; pocillum, a 
little cup]. Having two cup-like appendages. 

Bipolar (bi-po'-lar) [bi-; polus, a pole]. Hav- 
ing two poles. B. Nerve-cells, nerve- 
cells that have two prolongations of the 
cell-matter. They are found chiefly in the 
spinal ganglions. 

Bipolarity (bi-po-lar'-it-e) [see Bipolar]. The 
condition of having two processes from 
opposite poles, as a nerve-cell; or of having 
different electric properties existing at the 
two poles. 

Bipunctate (bi-punk' -tat) [bi-; punctum, a 
point]. Having two dots or points. 

Bipupillate (bi-pu' -pil-at) [bi- ; pupilla, pupil 
of the eye]. Marked with spots which con- 
tain two pupil-like dots. 

Biramose, Biramous (bi-ram'-oz, -us) [bi-; 
ramus, a branch]. Having two branches. 

Birch (berch) [AS., birce]. Any tree of the 
genus Betula. Birch-tar, or the tarry oil of 
Betula alba, is useful in certain skin dis- 
eases. The bark of B. lenta, the American 



BIRD'S FORMULA 



178 



BISMUTH 



black birch, yields a fragrant volatile oil, 
identical with that of Gaultheria procumbens, 
for which it is extensively substituted. B. 
Camphor. Same as B. -resin. B. -resin. 
See Betulin. 

Bird's Formula. The last two figures of the 
specific gravity of the urine roughly indicate 
the number of grains of solids to the ounce 
of urine. The same two figures multiplied 
by 2 (Trapp's factor) give the parts per 
iooo. B.'s Sign, a well-defined zone of 
,dulness with absence of the respiratory sound 
in hydatid cyst of the lung. 

Bird-lime. A viscous vegetable substance 
used in Japan as a local dressing for wounds. 

Birkett's Hernia. Intraperitoneal inguinal 
hernia; hernia into the vaginal process of 
the peritoneum. 

Birth (berth) [ME., byrth]. i. The delivery 
of a child; parturition. 2. That which is 
brought forth in parturition. B.-mark. See 
Ncevus pigmentosus. B. -palsy, any paralytic 
affection due to an injury received at birth; 
less correctly, a congenital paralytic affection 
due to a lesion that existed in the fetal state. 

Bisacromial (bis-ak-ro'-me-al) [bis, two; acro- 
mion]. Relating to the two acromions. 

Bisalt (bi'-salt). See Salt, Acid. 

Bische (bisk) [East Indian name]. Endemic 
dysentery. 

Bisexual (bi-seks' '-u-al) [bi-; sexus, sex]. Hav- 
ing the reproductive organs of both sexes; 
hermaphroditic. 

Bisferious (bis-fe'-re-us) [bis; ferire, to strike]. 
Having two beats; dicrotic. 

Bisiliac (bis-iV -e-ak) [bis; iliacus]. Relating 
to the two most distant points of the two 
iliac crests. 

Biskra Boil, B. Button. See Furunculus 
orientalis. 

Bismarck-brown. A brown, basic anilin dye, 
extensively used as a stain and counterstain 
in histology. 

Bismuth, Bismuthum (biz'-muth, biz-mu'- 
thum) [L.]. Bi = 210; quantivalence I, in, 
V. A pinkish-white, crystalline metal. Its 
commercial salts often contain arsenic. The 
insoluble salts of bismuth are feebly astrin- 
gent. The derivatives of bismuth are chiefly 
employed as astringents and sedatives to 
mucous membranes and as gastrointestinal 
antiseptics. The soluble salts are irritant in 
large doses. B. Albuminate, a powder con- 
taining 9% of bismuth; it is used in stom- 
achic or intestinal cramp. Dose 5-15 gr. 
(0.32-0.97 Gm.) 3 or 4 times daily. B. and 
Ammonium Citrate (bismuthi et ammonii 
citras, U. S. P.), soluble in water. Dose 
1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gm.). B. and Am- 
monium Citrate, Solution of (liquor bis- 
muthi et ammonice citratis, B. P.) . Dose J-i dr. 
(2-4 Cc). B. Benzoate, Bi(C 7 H 5 2 ) 3 , a 
white powder containing 27% of benzoic 
acid. It is an internal and external an- 
tiseptic. Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32-0.97 Gm.). 
B. Betanaphtholate, 2 Bi(C 10 H 7 O) 3 + Bi 2 3 
(Thomas), a light brown, odorless, insoluble 



powder, containing 80% bismuth trioxid. It 
is an intestinal antiseptic. Dose 15-30 gr. 
(0.97-1.94 Gm.). Syn., Betanaphtholate; 
Naphthol bismuth; Orphol. B. Bilactomo- 
notannate, an odorless yellow powder, used 
in the diarrhea of infants. Dose 30-45 gr. 
(2-3 Gm.). Syn., Lactanin. B. Borate, 
BiBo 3 , an intestinal antiseptic. Dose 5-40 
gr. (0.32-2.6 Gm.). B. Borophenate, 
Bi 2 3 B(C 6 H 5 )(C0 3 ) + 3 H 2 0. It is recom- 
mended as a surgical dressing used as a 
dusting-powder, or in burns or scalds applied 
as a paste (25 to 50 % in glycerol) on lint. Syn., 
Markasol. B. Carbolate, Bi(OH) 2 C 6 H 5 0, a 
grayish-white powder containing 80% of bis- 
muth oxid and 18 to 19 % of phenol. It is an 
intestinal antiseptic and is used externally as a 
substitute for iodoform. Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32- 
0.97 Gm.). Syn., Bismuth phenate; Bis- 
muth phenylate; Phenol bismuth. B. Car- 
bonate (bismuthi carbonas, B. P.), (Bi 2 - 
2 C0 3 ) 2 ,H 2 0. Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). 
B. and Cerium Salicylate, an antirheumatic 
and intestinal antiseptic. Dose 5-15 gr. 
(0.32-0.97 Gm.). B. Chrysophanate, Bi- 
(C 16 H 9 4 ) 2 Bi 2 3 , a yellow, amorphous pow- 
der, insoluble in ordinary solvents, but 
soluble in nitric or sulfuric acid; it is 
used as a siccative in psoriasis. Application, 
5 to 20% ointment. Syn., Dermol. B. 
Citrate (bismuthi citras, U. S. P.), BiC 6 - 
H 5 7 , soluble in water of ammonia. Dose 
2-5 gr. (0.13-0.32 Gm.). B. Creso- 
late, an odorless, tasteless, grayish-white 
powder, insoluble in water and alco- 
hol; it is an internal and external antisep- 
tic. B. Dithiosalicylate, a bulky yellow 
powder without odor, used as a wound anti- 
septic and in ophthalmic practice, in diseases 
of the nose and throat, and in dentistry. 
Syn., Thioform. B. Iodosubgallate, C 6 H 2 - 
(OH) 4 COOBiI, an antiseptic used as a dust- 
ing-powder on wounds. Syn., Airol; Bismuth 
oxyiodogallate. B. Lactate, BiH(C 3 H 4 3 ) 2 , 
an internal and external antiseptic. Dose 
5-15 gr. (0.32-0.97 Gm.). B. Loretinate, 
a combination of bismuth and loretin, used 
as a surgical and intestinal antiseptic and 
also in ophthalmology. Dose 7! gr. (0.5 
Gm.). B. Metacresol, an intestinal anti- 
septic consisting of a combination of 75 % 
of bismuth with 17.5% of metacresol. B. 
Methylenedigallate, 4C 15 H 12 O 10 + 3 Bi- 
(OH) 3 , an internal astringent. Dose 3-5 gr. 
(0.1-0.3 Gm.) every 3 hours. Syn., Bis- 
mal. B.-naphthalin Benzoate, an intes- 
tinal antiseptic. Dose 8-15 gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.). 
Syn., Intestin. B. Naphthoglycerite, a remedy 
for gonorrhea. B. Nitrate, Bi (N0 3 ) 3 + 5H 2 0, 
an astringent and antiseptic. Dose 5-10 gr. 
(0.32-0.65 Gm.). B. Oxid (bismuthi oxidi, B. 
P.), Bi 2 3 . Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32-1.0 Gm.). B. 
Oxybromid, BiOBr. It is recommended in 
the treatment of nervous dyspepsia and hys- 
teria accompanied by gastric pains and 
vomiting. Dose 5-6 gr. (0.3-0.4 Gm.) sev- 
eral times daily. B. Oxychlorid, pearl white. 



BISMUTH 



179 



BITOT'S SPOTS 



It is used as a cosmetic. B. Oxyiodid. 
See B. Subiodid. B. Oxyiodomethyl- 
gallol, C 6 H 2 COOCH 3 (OH) 2 . BiOH . I, a 
dark-gray powder containing 23.6% of iodin 
and 38.4% of bismuth, used as a -surgical 
antiseptic. Syn., lodogallicin. B. Oxyiodo- 
pyrogallate, B. Oxyiodopyrogallol, a com- 
bination of bismuth subiodid with pyrogal- 
lol. It is recommended as a surgical anti- 
septic. B. Oxyiodotannate, a wound anti- 
septic. Syn., Ibit. B., Pancreatinized, 
used in dyspepsia. Dose 15-75 g r - ( I- 5 
Gm.). B. Peptonate, B., Peptonized, used 
in dyspepsia and gastralgia. Dose 15-75 
gr. (1-5 Gm.). Syn., Bismuthated peptone. 
B. Permanganate, Bi(Mn0 4 ) 3 , a dry dust- 
ing-powder for wounds and ulcers. B. 
Phenate, B. Phenylate. See B. Carbolate. 
B., Phenol-, a compound of bismuth, 27.5 %, 
with phenol, 22%; it is used as an intes- 
tinal antiseptic. B. Phosphate, BiP0 4 , an 
intestinal disinfectant. Dose 3-8 gr. (0.2-0.5 
Gm.). B. Powder, Compound, Ferrier's 
snuff, contains 2 grains of morphin hydrochlo- 
rid in 1 ounce, with bismuth and acacia. 
It is used in the treatment of coryza. B. 
Pyrogallate, (C 6 H 3 [OH 2 ]0) 2 BiOH, an in- 
ternal antiseptic in doses of 5-15 gr. (0.32- 
0.97 Gm.). Applied in skin diseases in 
10 to 30% ointment or dusting-powder. 
Syn., Helcosol. B. Resorcinate, a yellow- 
ish-brown powder containing about 4% of 
bismuth trioxid. It is used in catarrh of 
the stomach. B. Salicylate, (C 7 H 6 3 ) 3 Bi 2 3 , 
a salt obtained by Thibault from bismuth 
oxid, instead of the hydroxid, as is custom- 
ary. It is used as an external and internal 
antiseptic. Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32-0.97 Gm.). 
B. Subbenzoate, basic benzoate of bismuth; 
used as a wound antiseptic. B. Subcar- 
bonate (bismuthi subcarbonas, U. S. P.), 
(BiO) 2 C0 3 .H 2 0, insoluble. Dose 10 gr.-i 
dr. (0.65-4.0 Cc); feebly astringent and' 
sedative. B. Subgallate (bismuthi subgallas, 
U. S. P.). See Dermatol. B. Subiodid, 
BiOI, used as an antiseptic dusting-powder, 
like iodoform. B. Subnitrate (bismuthi subni- 
tras, U. S. P.), Bi0N0 3 .H 2 0, the salt chiefly 
used in medicine as a sedative astringent to 
the gastrointestinal mucous membrane. Dose 
iogr.-idr. (0.65-4.0 Cc). B. Subsalicylate 
(bismuthi subsalicylas, U. S. P.), a white, amor- 
phous powder. Dose 4 gr. (0.25 Gm.). B. Sul- 
fite, a combination of sodium sulfite and bis- 
muth nitrate. It is an intestinal antiseptic. 
Dose 5-40 gr. (0.32-2.6 Gm.). B. Sulfophe- 
nylate, a general intestinal disinfectant. Dose 
3^-8 gr. (0.2-0.5 Gm.) 3 or 4 times daily. 
B. Tannate, an intestinal antiseptic. Dose 
10-30 gr. (0.65-1.94 Gm.). B. Tribrom- 
carbolate, B. Tribromphenate, Bi 2 3 (C 6 - 
H 2 Br 3 OH), an insoluble powder containing 
about 60% of Bi 2 O s . It is used as an 
antiseptic in cholera and intestinal dis- 
orders. Dose 8-15 gr. (0.52-0.97 Gm.); 
maximum dose a day 90 gr. (5.85 
Gm.). Syn., Xeroform. B. Trioxid, Bi 2 3 . 



It is incompatible with alkalis and water 
in excess. It is antiseptic and astringent. 
Dose 5-40 gr. (0.32-2.6 Gm.). Syn., Bis- 
muthous oxid. B. Troches (trochisci bismuthi, 
B. P.), each contains 2 gr. (0.13 Gm.). B. 
Valerianate, a white powder with the odor 
of valeric acid, soluble in dilute hydro- 
chloric or nitric acid, insoluble in water or 
alcohol; it is used as a sedative and anti- 
spasmodic in neuralgia, chorea, epilepsy, etc. 
Dose 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.194 Gm.). 

Bismuthal (biz' -mu-thal) . Containing bismuth. 

Bismuthate (biz' -mu-thdt) . A salt of bismuthic 
acid. 

Bismuthic (biz' -mu-thik) . Relating to bis- 
muth; containing bismuth in its higher 
valency. 

Bismuthosis (biz-mu-tho'-sis). Chronic bis- 
muth-poisoning; it may follow the use of the 
soluble salts. 

Bismuthous (biz-mu' -thus) . Containing bis- 
muth as a trivalent radicle. 

Bismuthyl (biz-mu' -thil), BiO. A univalent 
radicle. B. Bromid. See Bismuth Oxy- 
bromid. B. Chlorid. See Bismuth Oxy- 
chlorid. B. Iodid. See Bismuth Subiodid. 

Bismutose (biz'-mu-toz). A bismuth and al- 
bumin compound, equivalent in action to 
bismuth subnitrate. Useful in gastrointes- 
tinal affections of infectious character. For 
children under six months the dose is 15-30 
gr. (1-2 Gm.); for those over six months 
it may be given in 60 gr. (1 dr.) doses. 

Bisol (bi'-sol). Soluble bismuth phosphate 
containing about 20% of bismuth oxid. It 
is used in gastralgia. Dose 3-7 § gr. (0.19- 
0.5 Gm.). 

Bistoury (bis'-too-re) [Ft., bistouri\. A long, 
slender knife, straight or curved, used in 
surgery. 

Bistratal (bi-stra'-tal) [bis; stratum, layer]. 
Arranged in two layers. 

Bistriate (bi-stri'-dt) [bis; stria, a furrow]. 
Marked with two lines or streaks. 

Bisuccinamid (bi-suk-sin'-am-id), C 8 H 5 4 N. 
A crystalline substance obtained from suc- 
cinic acid by action of ammonia. 

Bisulfate (bi-sul'-}dt) [bi-; sulfur]. A sul- 
fate in which the base replaces but one 
of the two hydrogen atoms of the acid. Any 
acid sulfate having twice the amount of 
acid contained in the corresponding normal 
sulfate. 

Bitartrate (bi-tar'-trat) • [bi-; raprapov, tartar]. 
Any tartrate in which one replaceable hydro- 
gen atom has been replaced by a base. 

Bite (bit) [AS., bltan]. 1. The corrosion of a 
substance with an acid. 2. The more or 
less perfect coaptation of the upper and 
lower teeth. B., Open, that in which the 
upper and lower incisors do not close to- 
gether. B., Underhung, that in which the 
upper incisors overreach the lower. 

Bitemporal (bi-tem'-por-al) [bi-; tempora, the 
temples]. Pertaining to the two temples. 

Bitot's Spots (bi'-to). Xerosis conjunctivae. 
Silver-gray, shiny, triangular spots on both 



BITTER 



180 



BLACK 



sides of the cornea, within the region of 
the palpebral aperture, consisting of dried 
epithelium, flaky masses, and microorgan- 
isms. Observed in some cases of hemer- 
alopia. 

Bitter {bit'-er) [AS., bltan, to bite]. A pe- 
culiar, acrid, biting taste, of which that of 
quinin is an example; unpalatable. B. Al- 
mond, the nut of Amygdalum amarum. It 
contains hydrocyanic acid. B. -almond Oil, 
oleum amygdalae amarae. See Benzaldehyd. 
B. Apple, the fruit of the colocynth, a pur- 
gative remedy. B.-blain, a West Indian 
herb, Vandellia diffusa, employed in fevers 
and in hepatic disorders. Unof. B. Bugle- 
weed, the herb Lycopus europcBus, alterative 
and tonic. Dose of fluidextract £-1 oz. 
(16-32 Cc). Unof. B. Cucumber, colo- 
cynth. B. Cup. See Cup, Bitter. B. Purg- 
ing Salt, magnesium sulfate. B.-root, the 
root of Gentiana lutea, a tonic. B. Tincture, 
the tinctura amara (N. F.), prescribed also 
in the German pharmacy; it is a tincture 
of gentian, centaury, bitter orange-peel, 
orange-berries, and zedoary. Syn., Stomach- 
drops. B. Wine of Iron, a solution of white 
wine, syrup, iron citrate, and quinin. 

Bitters {bit'-ers) [see Bitter]. Medicines 
characterized by a bitter taste. B., Aro- 
matic, medicines that unite the proper- 
ties of aromatics with .those of simple bitters. 
B., Simple, medicines that stimulate the 
gastrointestinal tract without influencing the 
general system. B., Styptic, medicines 
that add styptic and astringent properties to 
those of bitterness. 

Bittersweet {bit'-er-swet). See Dulcamara. 

Bitumen (bit-u f -men) [L.]. Mineral pitch 
or oil, composed of various hydrocarbons. 
In the solid form it is usually called 
asphalt; in the liquid form, petroleum. An 
intermediate form is known as mineral tar 
or maltha. By distillation, bitumen yields 
benzol, naphtha, paraffin, and various other 
hydrocarbons, liquid and gaseous. 

Bituminization {bi-tu-min-iz-a' -shun) . Aeon- 
version into bitumen. 

Biurate {bi-u'-rat). An acid urate; a urate 
containing twice as much of the uric-acid 
constituent as an ordinary urate. 

Biuret ibi'-u-ret) [bi-; oupov, urine], C 2 H 5 N 3 - 
2 + H 2 0. A compound formed by ex- 
posing urea to a high temperature for a 
long time. It is readily soluble in water and 
in alcohol; it crystallizes with one molecule 
of water in the form of warts and needles. 
When anhydrous, biuret melts at ioo° C. with 
decomposition. B. Reaction for Proteids. 
See P io trow ski' s Reaction. B. Reaction for 
Urea, melt urea completely in a dry test- 
tube and continue the heat for some time. 
When cold, dissolve in water, add abundant 
caustic soda and a dilute solution of copper 
sulfate drop by drop. The solution becomes 
first pink, then reddish-violet, and, finally, 
bluish-violet, according to the amount of 
copper sulfate added. 



Bivalence {biv r -al-ens) [bi-; valens, having 
power]. In chemistry, a valence or satu- 
rating power double that of the hydrogen 
atom. 

Bivalent {biv f -al-ent) [see Bivalence]. In 
chemistry, applied to an element of which 
an atom can replace two atoms of hydro- 
gen or other univalent element, or to 
a radicle that has the same valence as such 
an element. 

Bivalve (bi'-valv) [bi-; valva, a valve]. 
Having two valves or shells, as a speculum. 

Biventer {bi-ven' -ter) [bi-; venter, a belly]. 
1. Having two bellies, as a muscle. 2. A 
digastric muscle. B. cervicis, the inner por- 
tion of the complexus muscle. B. maxillae, 
the digastric muscle. 

Biventral {bi-ven' -trat) [see Biventer]. Hav- 
ing two stomachs; having two bellies, as the 
digastric muscle. 

Bivittate {bi-vit'-dt) [bi-; vitta, a fillet]. 
Marked by two longitudinal stripes. 

Bixa (biks'-ah) [biche, Brazilian name]. A 
genus of plants of the order Bixacece. B. 
orellana is the annotto-tree, a native of 
South America and now dispersed through- 
out the tropics, furnishing from the pulp 
surrounding the seeds the annotto of com- 
merce. The pulp is used as a remedy for 
dysentery and the seeds are said to be as- 
tringent and antipyretic. 

Bixin (biks'-in) [Bixa], C l6 H 26 2 . An 
orange-red coloring-matter found in an- 
notto. 

Bizincic (bi-zink' -ik) . Containing two atoms 
of zinc. 

Bizygomatic (bi-zi-go-maf -ik) [bi-; ^■j-co/j.a, 
the zygomatic arch]. Relating to the most 
prominent points on the two zygomatic 
arches. 

Bizzozero's Blood-platelets. Small, round or 
elliptic, nonnucleated bodies found in the 
blood of mammals, including man. B.'s 
Corpuscles. See Neumann's Corpuscles. 
B.'s Crystals. See Charcot's Crystals. 

Black (blak) [AS., blac]. Characterized by 
an absence of color. The appearance of an 
object from the surface of which none of the 
spectrum colors is reflected. B. Alder. See 
Prinos. B. Antimony, antimony tersul- 
fid, SbS 3 . B. Ash, the bark of Fraxinus 
sambucifolia, a mild tonic and astringent. 
Dose of fluidextract §-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). 
Unof. B. Blood, venous blood. B. Co- 
hosh. See Cimicifuga. B.-damp, carbon 
dioxid gas, which is found in greater or less 
quantity in all collieries, being given off by 
many coals, either mixed with fire-damp or 
separately, or produced in various other ways, 
as by the exhalations of the miners, by 
fires, and by explosions of fire-damp. Syn., 
Choke-damp. B. Death. See Plague. B. 
Disease, a disease of malarial origin and 
pernicious course, characterized by extreme 
darkening of the skin, which may be brown 
or black in color. It occurs in the Garo 
Hills in Assam. B. Draught. See Senna. 



BLACKBAIN 



181 



BLASTEMA 



B.-drop. See Opium. B. Erysipelas. Syn- 
onym of Anthrax. B. Eye, livor (or sugil- 
latio) oculi; ecchymosis of the tissues about 
the eye, usually from injury. B. Haw. See 
Viburnum. B. Hellebore. See Hellebore. 
B. Jaundice, an excessive jaundice arising 
from obstruction of the gall-ducts. The 
color of the skin is greenish-black. B.- 
lead, a form of carbon properly known as 
the mineral graphite. B. Measles, rubeola 
nigra, a grave or malignant form of mea- 
sles. B. Pepper. See Piper nigrum. B. 
Phthisis. A synonym of Miner's phthisis. 
B. Sickness, cerebrospinal fever. B. Snake- 
root. See Cimicifuga. B. Spit. See Miner's 
Phthisis. B. Tongue, i. A name given to 
a condition characterized by the formation, 
upon the dorsum of the tongue, of a hair-like 
deposit that passes through various stages 
of coloration from yellow to brown and 
finally black, ultimately disappearing by 
desquamation as gradually as it came. Re- 
peated recurrence is the rule. It is prob- 
ably an undue proliferation of the epithe- 
lium, the result of irritation. 2. A term ap- 
plied to erysipelatous glossitis. B. Vomit, 
the coffee-ground vomit of yellow fever, etc. 
B. Walnut, the leaves of Juglans nigra, a 
tonic, alterative, and deobstruent. Dose 
of fluidextract 20—30 min. (1.3-2.0 Cc). 
Unof. B.-wash, lotto hydrargyri nigra (B. 
P.). B. Willow, the buds of Salix nigra, 
a bitter tonic with aphrodisiac properties. 
Dose of fluidextract 15 min.-i dr. (1-4 Cc). 
Unof. 

Blackbain [OE.]. Synonym of Anthrax. 

Blackberry (blak'-ber-e). See Rub us. B. Cor- 
dial, the cordiale rubi jructus (N. F.). Its 
formula is: blackberry juice, 3 pints; cinna- 
mon, in coarse powder, 2 troy oz.; cloves 
and nutmeg, in coarse powder, each, \ troy 
oz.; dilute alcohol, 2 pints; syrup, 3 pints. 

Blackhead iblak'-hed). See Comedo. 

Black-leg (blak'-leg). A febrile, generally fatal, 
disease, chiefly affecting cattle and sheep, 
which is characterized by the rapid appear- 
ance of irregular nodules in the skin and 
muscular tissues, that are at first tense and 
very painful, but rapidly become painless 
and crepitating. It is caused by Bacillus 
chauvcei, or the bacillus of symptomatic an- 
thrax. Syn., Symptomatic anthrax. 

Blackwater Fever. A very fatal infectious 
disease occurring especially on the low 
coasts of tropical Africa, but also in Sicily, 
Greece, Central and South America, Java, 
New Guinea, and the southern portions of 
the United States. The disease is almost ex- 
clusively confined to the white race, and is 
characterized by a chill, an irregular inter- 
mittent or remittent fever, vomiting, dyspnea, 
jaundice, and hemoglobinuria. An almost 
invariable complication is nephritis. Studies 
of the blood have revealed the presence of 
a small, annular, nonpigmented, intracellular 
parasite; also forms having a roset or cres- 
cent shape. 



Bladder {blad'-er) [AS., blceddre, a blister]. 

1. A membranous sac serving for the recep- 
tion of fluids or gases. 2. The hollow organ 
which serves as a reservoir for the urine. 
B., Atony of, inability to expel the urine, 
from deficient muscular power. B., Bi- 
lobed, B., Bilocular, a sacculated blad- 
der having two pouches. B., Brain-, 
the cerebral vesicle. B., Catarrh of. See 
Cystitis. B., Encysted, a urinary bladder 
with communicating cysts connected with 
it. B., Exstrophy of, B., Extroversion 
of. See Exstrophy 0} Bladder. B., Gall-. 
See Gall-bladder. B.-germ. See Blastula. 
B., Irritable, a condition characterized 
by constant desire to urinate. B., Multi- 
locular, a sacculated bladder having many 
pouches. B., Neck of, the constricted por- 
tion continuous with the urethra in front. 
B., Nervous, a condition in which there 
is a frequent desire to pass water, with in- 
ability at the same time to perform the act 
perfectly, and consequent slight dribbling at 
its close. B., Sacculated, a condition due 
to overextension, in which pouches are formed 
by the forcing out of its mucous coat between 
the hypertrophied muscular fibers, and in which 
urine may be held and become decomposed, 
and in which calculi may be retained. B.- 
stammering, Sir James Paget's name for 
that condition observed in young males who 
are unable to micturate when under ob- 
servation or surrounded by unusual condi- 
tions or objects. It is due to spasm of the 
compressor urethrae muscle. B. -stammer- 
ing, False, a condition in which there is 
some mechanic or pathologic interference 
with urination. B., Sterile, a hydatid cyst 
without secondary cysts, heads, or broad 
capsules. B., Supplementary, a diverticu- 
lum caused by sacculation of the urinary 
bladder. Syn., Parurocystis. B.-worm. 
See Worm, Bladder-. 

Blainville's Ears. Congenital asymmetry of 
the ears. 

Blancard's Pills (blang'-kard). Pills of iron 
iodid. 

Bland {bland) [blandus, mild]. Mild ; sooth- 
ing. 

Blandin's Ganglion. The sublingual gan- 
glion, a small gangliform enlargement lying 
between the lingual nerve and the sublingual 
gland. B.'s Gland, a muciparous gland sit- 
uated near the tip of the tongue in the me- 
dian line and opening by several ducts on the 
lower surface of the tongue. 

Blandin-Nuhn's Gland. See Blandin's Gland. 

Blasius' (Blaes') Duct. See Stenson's Duct. 

Blast (blast) [AS., bltzsi]. 1. See Exotospore. 

2. See Blight (2). 3. Inflammation. 4. A dis- 
ease of sheep. 

Blastema (blas-te'-mah) {fiXaoT-qfxa, from ftXaa- 
rav£(v, to germinate]. 1. The formative 
lymph or rudimentary tissue, from which, by 
differentiation, tissues and organs are de- 
veloped. 2. An undifferentiated protoplasmic 
layer in certain eggs or embryos. B., Ossi- 



BLASTICLE 



182 



BLEEDERS 



fie, B., Ossifying, B., Subperiosteal. See 

Osteo genetic Layer. B. pili, a hair-papilla. 

Blasticle {bias' -tik-l) . See Nucleus, Vitelline. 

Blastidium (blas-tid'-e-um) [fiXaoxoc, a germ]. 
An endospore or cell of endogenous origin. 

Blasto- (blas-to-) [ftXaozbc, a germ]. A prefix 
meaning germ. 

Blastocelis (bias -to -se' -lis) [blasto-; ktjX'cc, a 
spot]. Wagner's name for the germinal spot. 

Blastochyle (blas'-lo-kil) [blasto-; %oX6c, 
juice]. The colorless fluid in the blasto- 
dermic vesicles. 

Blastocyst, Blastocystinx (Mas' -to-sist, blas- 
to-sist' -inks) [blasto-; kuotcc, a bladder]. The 
germinal vesicle. 

Blastoderm (bias' -to-derm) [blasto-; dkpjia, 
the skin]. In embryology, the germinal 
membrane formed by the cells of the 
morula, lying on the internal surface of the 
vitelline membrane of the impregnated ovum. 
The whole hollow sphere, with its surround- 
ing cells, is called the blastodermic vesicle, 
and is formed about the tenth day. The 
ectoderm (or epiblast) and the endoderm (en- 
toderm or hypoblast) layers are simply due 
to a proliferation of the blastodermic cells 
about the germinal area, whereby the blasto- 
derm is doubled, thus forming these outer 
and inner layers. The mesoblast or middle 
layer is developed after the others, and prob- 
ably from the hypoblast. Syn., Blastodermic 
membrane; Germ membrane; Germinal mem- 
brane. B., Bilaminar, the blastoderm when 
it consists only of the ectoderm and the 
endoderm. B., Trilaminar, the blastoderm 
after the formation of the mesoblast. 

Blastodermic (blas-to-der'-mik) [see Blasto- 
derm]. Relating to the blastoderm. 

Blastodisc (Mas' -to-disk) [blasto-; d'coKog, disc]. 
A blastodermic disc; a mass or disc capping 
one pole of the yolk. 

Blastogenesis (blas-to-jen' -es-is) [blasto-; yive- 
occ, generation]. i. In biology, Weis- 
mann's theory of origin from germ-plasm, 
in contradistinction to Darwin's theory of 
pangenesis. 2. Reproduction by buds. 

Blastogeny (blas-toj' -en-e) [see Blastogenesis]. 
Haeckel's term for the germ-history of an 
individual organism; a division of ontogeny. 

Blastoma (blas-to' -mah) [blasto-; bfia, a tumor]. 
1 . A granular growth due to the presence of a 
germ or microorganism. 2. One of a peculiar 
group of true tumors which originate from 
embryonic cell-nests ; e. g., chondromas, glio- 
mas, etc. Syn., Enblastoma. 

Blastomere (Mas' -to-mer) [blasto-; fiepog, a part]. 
Any one of the nucleated cells or segments 
into which the fecundated vitellus divides. 

Blastomyces (blas-to-mi'-sez) [blasto-; [xuktjc, a 
fungus; pi., blastomycetes]. A genus of budding 
fungi usually referred to Torula or Saccharo- 
mycetes. Single -celled thallophytes, desti- 
tute of chlorophyl, which reproduce by yeast- 
like buds or by endogenous cell-formation. 
B. dermatidis (Gilchrist, 1894), a yeast-like 
organism producing a scrofuloderma in man. 
See Dermatitis, Blastomycetic. 



Blastomycosis (Mas-to-mi-ko'-sis). An af- 
fection due to budding fungi (Blasto- 
mycetes). Cf. Blastomyces; Saccharomyces; 
Torula. 

Blastoneuropore (blas-to-nu' -ro-por) [blasto-; 
veupov, a nerve; nopog, a pore]. In biology, 
the temporary aperture in certain embryos 
formed by the coalescence of the blastopore 
and neuropore. 

Blastophore (bias' -to- for) [blasto-; fapecv, 
to bear]. That part of a sperm-cell 
that does not become converted into sper- 
matozoa. 

Blastophyllum (blas-to-fil'-um) [blasto-; <f)6XXov, 
a leaf]. The endoderm or ectoderm; a 
primitive germ-layer. 

Blastophyly (blas-to f'-il-e) [blasto-; $uXr], a 
tribe]. The tribal history of individual 
organisms. 

Blastopore (blas'-to-por) [blasto-; nopoc, pass- 
age; pore]. The small opening leading into 
the notochordal canal, or, after the canal has 
fused with the yolk-cavity, leading into the 
archenteron. It is situated at the hind end 
of the primitive axis and is a small portion 
of the gastrula mouth. 

Blastostroma (blas-to-stro'-mah). See Em- 
bryonic Area. 

Blastous (blast' -us). .Relating to a blastema. 

Blastula (Mas' -tu-lah) [dim. of fiXaoxoc, a 
germ]. The blastodermic vesicle. 

Blastzellen (blast' -tsel-en) [Ger.]. Primi- 
tive cells from which are developed all 
other kinds of cells. They are seen in the 
embryo before any beginning of differen- 
tiation, and are characterized by their 
large size, richness in cytoplasm, and large 
nuclei. 

Blatta (Mat' -ah) [L., "blood-colored"]. 1. A 
genus of Blattidce. 2. A clot of blood. B. 
(Periplaneta) orientalis, the cockroach; the 
powdered body is a popular remedy for 
dropsy among the Russian peasants. Tinc- 
tura blattarum orientalium is used in whoop- 
ing-cough. Dose 1 or 2 drops in water 
at intervals of 2 hours. 

Blaud's Pill (Mo). A pill containing equal 
parts iron sulfate and potassium carbonate; 
for use in anemia, etc. 

Bleach (blech) [ME., blechen, to make white]. 
To make white or pale. 

Bleacher's Eczema (blech' -erz ek'-zem-ah). 
Eczema of the hands of bleachers, due to 
the use of hot water and strong lye. 

Bleaching Fluid. A fluid obtained by passing 
chlorin gas into an emulsion of calcium hy- 
drate. Syn., Eau de Javelle; Javelle water. 
B. Powder, chlorinated lime, a mixture of 
calcium chlorid and calcium hypochlorite, 
containing free chlorin gas. It is used as a 
disinfectant. 

Blear Eye (bler'-i). See Blepharitis ulcerosa. 

Bleb (bleb). See Bulla. 

Bleeders (ble'-derz) [AS., bledan, to bleed]. 
A popular term for those who are subjects 
of the hemorrhagic diathesis. Syn., Hemo- 
philiacs. B.'s Disease. See Hemophilia. 



BLENNISTHMIA 



183 



BLEPHAROPLAST 



Blennisthmia (blen-isth' -me-ah) \J3Xkvva, mucus; 
'coQuta, a throat]. Pharyngeal catarrh. 

Blenno- (blen-o-) [fiXevva, mucus]. A prefix 
meaning mucus. 

Blennocele (blen'-o-sel) [blenno-; n-qXr,, a tumor]. 
Gonorrheal epididymitis. 

Blennocystitis (blen-o -sis -ti' -tis) [blenno-; kooxcc, 
bladder; tree, inflammation]. Catarrh of the 
urinary bladder. 

Blennophlogisma, Blennophlogosis (blen-o- 
flo-jis'-mah, blen-o-flo-go'-sis) [blenno-; <f)X6y- 
ojocc, inflammation]. Inflammation of a 
mucosa. 

Blennorrhagia (blen-or-a'-je-ah) [blenno-; 
pyyvuvat, to burst forth], i. An excessive 
mucous discharge. 2. Gonorrhea. 

Blennorrhagic (blen-or-a'-jik) [see Blennorrha- 
gia]. Relating to blennorrhagia. 

Blennorrhea (blen-or-e'-ah) [blenno-; feia, a 
flow]. Same as Blennorrhagia. 

Blennorrheal, Blennorrhoic (blen-or-e'-al, -0'- 
ik) [see Blennorrhea]. Relating to blennorrhea. 

Blennostasin (blen-o -sta f -sin) . The proprietary 
name for a yellow solid body said to be 
cinchonidin hydrobromid, C 1? H 22 N 2 0(HBr) 2 , 
a nontoxic vasomotor constrictor and blen- 
nostatic. It is used in influenza, colds, 
night-sweats, etc. Dose 15-60 gr. (1-4 Gm.) 
hourly. 

Blennostatic (blen-o s -tat' '-ik) [blenno-; axhotg, 
a staying]. 1. Checking or suppressing 
mucous discharges. 2. An agent capable of 
suppressing mucous discharges. 

Blennostrumous (blen-o-stru' '-mus) . Relating 
to gonorrhea and to scrofula. 

Blennurethria (blen-u-re' '-thre-ah) [blenno-; 
ouprjdpa, the urethra]. Urethral gonorrhea. 

Blennymenerysipelas (blen-e-men-er-e-sip'-e- 
las) [ftXkvva, mucus; ufx^v, membrane; ery- 
sipelas]. Erysipelas atacking a mucosa. 

Blepharadenitis (blef-ar-ad-en-i'-tis) [blepharon; 
ddrjv, a gland; crcc, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the meibomian glands. B. 
tarsalis. See Hordeolum. 

Blepharis (blef'-ar-is) [fiXecfxipcc, an eyelash]. 
1. An eyelash. 2. A genus of plants of the 
order Acanthacece. B. capensis is a plant 
of South Africa used in blood-poisoning 
from anthrax and in treatment of snake-bites. 
Dose 3-4 oz. (90-118 Cc.) of a 1 : ioo.decoction. 

Blepharitis (blef-ar-i'-tis) [blepharon; crcc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the eyelids. 
B. ciliaris, B. marginalis, inflammation of 
the ciliary or marginal border of the lids. 
B. gangrenosa, carbuncle of the eyelids. 
B. glandularis, B. glandulosa, inflam- 
mation of the meibomian glands. B. 
internus, palpebral conjunctivitis. B. 
phlegmonosa, inflammation of the cellular 
tissue of the eyelid. B. scrofulosa. See 
B. simplex. B. simplex, mild inflam- 
mation of the borders of the eyelids 
with formation of moist yellow crusts on the 
ciliary margins, gluing together the eyelids. 
B. squamosa, that attended with the forma- 
tion of scabs. B. ulcerosa, an ulcerative 
inflammation of the eyelids. 



Blepharo- (blef-ar-o-) [blepharon]. A prefix 
meaning relating to the eyelid. 

Blepharoadenitis (blef-ar-o-ad-en-i'-tis). See 
Blepharadenitis. 

Blepharoadenoma (blef- ar- o-ad-en- o'-mah) 
[blepharo-; ddrjv, a gland; o[ia, a tumor]. 
An adenoma of the eyelid. 

Blepharoatheroma [blef -ar-o-ath-er-o' -mah) 
[blepharo-; atheroma] A sebaceous cyst of the 
eyelid. 

Blepharoblennorrhea (blef-ar-o -blen-or-e'-ah). 
See Ophthalmia, Purulent. Blepharoblen- 
norrhcea gonorrhoica, B. maligna, gon- 
orrheal ophthalmia. Blepharoblennorrhcea 
neonatorum, ophthalmia neonatorum. Ble- 
pharoblennorrheoea urethritica, gonor- 
rheal ophthalmia. 

Blepharocarcinoma (blef-ar-o-kar-sin-o'-mah) 
[blepharo-; carcinoma]. Carcinoma affecting 
the eyelid. ' 

Blepharochalasis (blef -ar-o-kal-a' -sis) [blepha- 
ro-; x&Aaocc, a slackening]. A method of 
treating trachoma by excising oval slices from 
the upper and lower palpebral conjunctiva, 
with incision of the outer canthus. 

Blepharochromidrosis (blef-ar-o-kro-mid-ro' - 
sis) [blepharo-; ip<j)\i.a, color; cdpwc, sweat]. 
Colored sweat of the eyelids, usually of a 
bluish tint. 

Blepharoclonus (Mef-ar-o-klo'-nus) [blepharo-; 
kXovoc, commotion]. Spasm of the orbicularis 
palpebrarum muscle. 

Blepharocoloboma (blef-ar-o-kol-o-bo' -mah) . 
See Coloboma palpebroe. 

Blepharohematidrosis (blef-ar-o-hem-at-id- 
ro'-sis) [blepharo-; alfia, blood; cdpojc, sweat]. 
The rare occurrence of sweating blood from 
the skin of the eyelid. 

Blepharomelasma (blef-ar-o-mel-az' -mah) 

[blepharo-; fiiXac, black]. Seborrhcea nigri- 
cans occurring on the eyelid. 

Blepharomelena (blef-ar-o-mel-e'-nah). See 
Blepharochromidrosis. 

Blepharon (blef -ar -on) [fihtyapov, the eyelid; 
pi., blephara]. The eyelid; palpebra. 

Blepharoncosis (blef-ar-ong-ko' -sis) [blepharon- 
cus]. The formation of a blepharoncus, or the 
condition of suffering due to such a growth. 

Blepharoncus (blef-ar-ong' '-kus) [blepharo-; 
byKoc, an enlargement]. A tumor or swelling 
of the eyelid. 

Blepharonysis (blef-ar-on-i'-sis) [blepharo-; 
vuooecv, to prick]. Operation for entropion 
by means of Gaillard's suture. 

Blepharophimosis (blef-ar-o-fi-mo'-sis) [ble- 
pharo-; (p(/j.cooic, a shutting-up]. Abnormal 
smallness of the palpebral aperture. 

Blepharophthalmia (blef -ar-of- thai' - me - ah) 
[blepharo-; 6cf>daXfi6c, eye]. Combined palpe- 
bral and ocular conjunctivitis. 

Blepharophthalmic (blef -ar-of -thai' '-mik). Re- 
lating to the eyelids and the globe of the 
eye, or to blepharophthalmia. 

Blepharophthalmostat (blef-ar-of-thal'-mo- 
stat). See Blepharostat. 

Blepharoplast (blef -ar-o-plast) [blepharo-; xXao- 
oecv, to form]. An individualized centrosome. 



BLEPHAROPLASTY 



184 



BLOOD 



Blepharoplasty (blef -ar-o-plas-te) [see Bleph- 
aro plast]. An operation for the restoration 
of any part of the eyelid. 

Blepharoplegia (blef-ar-o-ple' -je-ah) [blepharo-; 
tzXtjyt), a stroke]. Paralysis of an eyelid. 

Blepharoptosis (blef-ar-o-to' -sis) [blepharo-; 
nzcooic, a fall]. Drooping of the upper eyelid. 

Blepharorrhaphy (blef-ar-or'-a-fe) [blepharo-; 
pa(f)-q, a seam]. The stitching together of a 
portion of the edges of the lids. 

Blepharospasm (blef -ar-o-spazm) [blepharo-; 
onaafioc, a spasm]. Spasm of the orbicu- 
laris palpebrarum muscle; excessive winking. 

Blepharosphincterectomy (blef-ar-o-sfink-ter- 
ek'-to-me) [blepharo-; ocfxytcTyp, sphincter; 
iicTOfiT}, incision]. An operation to lessen 
the pressure of the upper lid upon the 
cornea; it consists in making an incision 
the entire length of the lid, about 2 mm. 
above the lid -border; by a second incision 
a small oval flap of skin, 2-4 mm. broad, 
is removed along with all the underlying 
muscle-fibers. The wound is closed with 
two or three sutures. 

Blepharostat (blef-ar-o-stat) [blepharo-; ora- 
xckoc, causing to stand]. An instrument for 
holding the eyelids apart while perform- 
ing operations upon the eyes or lids. 

Blepharostenosis (blef-ar-o-ste -no' -sis) [bleph- 
aro-; orevoc, narrow]. Diminution of the 
space between the eyelids. 

Blepharosynechia ' (blef-ar-o-sin-e' '-ke-ah) 

[blepharo-; euvkxeca, a holding together]. The 
adhesion or growing together of the eyelids. 

Blepharo tomy (ble)-ar-ot'-o-me) [blepharo-; 
xkjivecv, to cut]. Incision into the eyelid. 

Blepharydatis (blef-ar-id'-at-is) [blepharo-; 
udazcc, a vesicle]. A hydatid affecting 
the eyelid. 

Blessed Thistle. See Carduus. 

Blessig's Groove. The slight groove in the 
embryonic eye that marks off the fundus of 
the optic cup from the zone that surrounds 
the periphery of the lens and corresponds in 
position with the future ora serrata. 

Blight (blit) [origin unknown]. 1. A partial 
paralysis of certain facial nerves, arising 
from sudden or extreme cold. 2. A fungus- 
disease of plants. B. of the Eye, an ex- 
travasation of blood within the conjunctiva. 
B., Sandy, a form of ophthalmia attended 
with photophobia and a sensation of grittiness, 
due to the formation of pus in the openings 
of the meibomian glands. 

Blind (blind) [AS.]. Without sight; deprived of 
sight. B. Spot, that part of the fundus of 
the eye where the optic nerve enters. 

Blindness (blind'-nes). Want of vision. B., 
Bright's. See Bright' s Blindness. B., Color-, 
imperfect color-perception. This condition 
is found in about 4% of persons, is more 
frequent in men than in women, and is 
probably due to nonexercise of the color- 
sense. Complete color-blindness is very rare, 
the different colors probably appearing as 
different intensities or shades of white light. 
In partial color-blindness defective perception 



of red is the most frequent, green, blue, and 
yellow, respectively, being next in order. 
Tests for color-blindness usually consist in 
matching and classifying colored yarns. B., 
Cortical, blindness due to lesion of the 
cortical center of vision. B., Day-. See 
Nyctalopia. B., Electric-light, a condition 
similar to snow-blindness, due to exposure 
of the eyes to intense and prolonged electric 
illumination. B., Gold, a form of retinal 
asthenopia at times affecting dentists, owing 
to which there is inability to distinguish the 
filling from the tooth. B., Intellectual, B., 
Mental. See B., Psychic. B., Moon-, a 
rare condition of retinal anesthesia said to 
be due to exposure of the eyes to the moon's 
rays in sleeping. B., Nervous. See Amauro- 
sis. B., Night-. See Hemeralopia. B., 
Object-. See Apraxia. B., Psychic, loss 
of conscious visual sensation from destruction 
of the cerebral visual center; there is sight but 
not recognition. B., Snow-, photophobia and 
conjunctivitis due to exposure of the eyes to 
the glare of sunlight upon snow. B., Word-. 
See Aphasia. 

Blister (blis'-ter) [ME.]. A vesicle resulting 
from the exudation of serous fluid between 
the epidermis and true skin; also the agent 
by which the blister is produced. B., Fly-, 
a blister of cantharides. See Cantharides. 
B., Flying, a blister that remains long 
enough to produce redness of the skin and 
not vesication. 

Blistering {blis'-ter -ing). Forming a vesicle 
upon the skin. B. Collodion, a solution of 
cantharidin in collodion. B. Liquid. Same 
as B. Collodion. B. Paper, paper saturated 
with cantharides; used for producing vesica- 
tion. 

Block (blok) [ME., blok, a piece of wood]. 

1. In dentistry a mass of gold-foil for filling 
teeth, made by folding a tape of foil upon 
itself several times by means of pliers. 

2. To obstruct the path of all sensory im- 
pressions in the nerve-trunks and roots in 
the spinal cord which connect the area of 
surgical operation with the sensorium. 

Blocking (blok' -ing). F. Franck's term for 
the transitory sensory paralysis of the entire 
peripheral distribution of a nerve by *the 
infiltration of the sectional area of a nerve- 
trunk in any part of its course with cocain 
or a similar analgesic. 

Blocq's Disease. See Briquet's Ataxia. 

Blood (blud) [AS., Mod). The fluid that 
circulates through the heart, arteries, and 
veins, supplying nutritive material to all parts 
of the body. In the human being the blood 
of the arteries is bright red and dichroic ; that 
of the veins, dark red and monochroic. Blood 
consists of plasma and corpuscular elements, 
the latter being the red corpuscles, the white 
corpuscles, and the blood-plaques. In a 
cubic millimeter there are about 5,000,000 
red and 10,000 white corpuscles. The red 
color of the blood is due to the hemoglobin 
contained in the red corpuscles. The total 



BLOOD 



185 



BOCHDALEK'S CANAL 



amount of blood is estimated at y 1 ^ of the 
body-weight. When exposed to the air, 
blood coagulates, forming a red clot and a 
yellowish fluid called serum. Healthy blood 
consists of 78% of water and 22% of solids. 
See Almen, Bremer, Hay em, Hoppe-Seyler, 
Robert, Ladendorff, Pacini, Rubner, Sal- 
kowski, Struve, Van Deen, Wetzel, v. Zaleski. 
B. -casts, tube -casts to which red blood- 
corpuscles are attached. B. -coagulation. 
See Hammarsten, Lilienfeld. Pekelharing, 
Schmidt. B. -corpuscles, Red, circular, 
biconcave discs floating in the blood. Red 
corpuscles are circular in mammals (except 
the camel) and elliptic in birds and reptiles. 
In man they are about 32W i ncri (7 A 1 ) in 
diameter and TI ^ M inch thick. B. -cor- 
puscles, Granular, bodies described by 
Erb in blood of mammals and supposed to 
be transitional blood-corpuscles. B. -cor- 
puscles White, colorless corpuscles, about 
one-third larger in diameter than the red 
— 25V i ncri ( IO /-0- They exhibit move- 
ments similar to 
those of the ameba. 
B.-crasis, the mix- 
ture of the constitu- 
ents of the blood. 
When the blood- 
crasis is diseased or 
disordered, the con- 
dition is known as 
dyscrasia. B. -crys- 
tals, crystals of 
hematoidin. B., 

Defibrinated, blood 
from which the fibrin 
has been removed 
by agitating it with 
twigs. B. -disease. A synonym of Dyscra- 
sia. B.-dust. A synonym of Hemokonia. 
B. -fluke. See Bilharzia hcematobia. B.- 
islands, a term applied to the groups 
of corpuscles developed during the first 
days of embryonic life, within the large 
branched cells of the mesoblast. B. -pig- 
ments. See Hemoglobin, Hematin, and 
Hematocyanin. B. -plaque. See B .-platelets . 
B. -plasma, the liquor sanguinis, or fluid 
part of the blood. B. -platelets, circular or 
oval, light-gray bodies found in the blood. 
They are from 1 to 1.3 // in size, and number 
from 18,000 to 300,000 in the cubic milli- 
meter. Their function is not definitely known ; 
they are an important factor in thrombosis. 
B. -poisoning, a morbid state due to the 
circulation of bacteria or their products, 
or both, in the blood, as the result of a local 
infection. B. -pressure, the tension of the 
blood in the arteries. B.-root. See San- 
guinaria. B. -tumor. See Hematoma. 
Bloodless {blud'-les) [blood]. Without blood. 
B. Operations, surgical operations, such as 
amputations, in which the member is so band- 
aged by compresses and elastic bands that the 
blood is expelled and kept from the part to 
be operated upon. 




Human Colored Blood- 
corpuscles. 
1, On the flat; 2, on edge; 

3, rouleau of corpuscles. 

— (After lM.nd.ois.) 



Bloodletting (blud-let'-ing). The artificial 
abstraction of blood from the body. B., 
General, venesection or phlebotomy. B., 
Local, B., Topic, the removal of a small 
quantity of blood by cupping leeching, 
or scarification. B., Revulsive, that per- 
formed for arresting internal hemorrhage. 
B., Spoliative, bleeding to reduce the 
number of blood-corpuscles. 

Blue [ME., blew]. One of the colors of the 
spectrum. B. Baby, a child with con- 
genital cyanosis. B. -blindness, defective 
color-perception for blue. B. Cardinal- 
flower. Synonym of Lobelia syphilitica. B. 
Cohosh. See Caulophyllum. B. Disease, 
cyanosis of the newborn, usually due to con- 
genital disease of the heart. B. Edema, 
a puffed and bluish appearance of the limb 
sometimes seen in hysteric paralysis. B.- 
flag. See Iris. B. Gentian, the root of 
Gentiana catesbcei, tonic and stomachic. Dose 
of fluidextract 10-40 min. (0.65-2.65 Cc). 
Unof. B.-gum Tree. See Eucalyptus. B.- 
mass. See Mercury M ass. B., Methylene-. 
See Methylene -blue. B. Ointment, unguen- 
tum hydrargyri dilutum (U. S. P.). B., Prus- 
sian, ferric ferrocyanid, Fe.3Fe(C 2 N 3 ) 2 . B. 
Stick. Same as B. -stone. B. -stone, copper 
sulfate. B., Turnbull's, ferrous ferrocvanid, 
Fe 3 Fe 2 (C 3 N 3 ) f . B. Vitriol, copper sulfate. 

Bluebottle (blu'-bot-l). See Carduus. 

Blumenau's Nucleus (bloo'-men-o). The lateral 
nucleus of the cuneate nucleus. 

Blumenbach's Clivus {bloo f -men-bak). The 
inclined surface of the sphenoid bone which 
lies behind the posterior clinoid processes and 
is continuous with the basilar process of the 
occipital bone. B.'s Process, the uncinate 
process of the ethmoid bone. 

Blunt-hook {blunt' -hook). An obstetric in- 
strument, used mainlv in embrvotomy. 

Blythe's Test for Lead in Potable Water. 
On the addition of a 1 % alcoholic tincture 
of cochineal a precipitate is formed. 

Boas' Reagent. A solution of tropeolin or 
paper saturated with such a solution. B.'s 
Sign, the presence of lactic acid in the 
gastric contents in cases of cancer of the 
stomach. B.'s Test, in cases of intestinal 
atony a splashing sound can be obtained on 
pressure upon the abdominal wall after the 
injection of a small quantity (200—300 Cc.) 
of water into the bowel. B.'s Test for Hy- 
drochloric Acid in the Contents of the 
Stomach, in 100 Gm. dilute alcohol dissolve 
5 Gm. pure resorcinol and 5 Gm. white sugar. 
Spread a few drops of this reagent in a thin 
layer upon a porcelain dish and heat gently. 
If a glass rod dipped in the solution is applied 
to a drop of the filtrate from the stomach, a 
deep scarlet streak is produced. 

Bocconia (bok-o f -ne-ah) [Paolo Boccone, an 
Italian botanist (1 633-1 704)]. A genus of 
plants of the order Papaveracece. B. frutes- 
cens is a native of the West Indies; the juice 
is purgative and anthelmintic. 

Bochdalek's Canal. A minute canal passing 



BOCK'S PHARYNGEAL NERVE 



186 



BOILED OIL 



obliquely downward and outward through 
the membrana tympani from the upper edge 
of the inner surface of the latter to the umbo, 
where it opens on the outer surface. B.'s 
Ganglion. See Ganglion, Bochdalek's. B.'s 
Gap, the interval existing in the diaphragm 
between the costal and lumbar attachments 
of this muscle. B.'s Muscle, the triticeo- 
glossus muscle, a small muscle extending 
from the cartilago triticea in the thyrohyoid 
ligament upward and forward to the tongue, 
which it enters, together with the posterior 
part of the hyoglossus. B.'s Tubes, round 
or tubular cavities opening into the posterior 
portion of the thyroglossal duct; like the 
latter, they are inconstant after birth. B.'s 
Valve, a small fold of the lining membrane of 
the lacrimal duct, near the punctum lacrimale. 

Bock's Pharyngeal Nerve. The posterior 
efferent (pterygopalatine) branch of the 
sphenopalatine ganglion. 

Bockhart's Impetigo, Epidermic abscesses 
caused by pyogenic micrococci. 

Bodik. A Malay liquor made from rice. 

Body ibod'-e) [AS., bodig]. i. The animal 
frame with its organs; also a cadaver or 
corpse. 2. The important and largest part 
of an organ, as the body of the uterus. See 
also Corpus and Corpora. 3. A mass of 
matter. Bodies, Amylaceous, B., Amyloid, 
a term applied by Virchow (1856) to bodies 
found in the central nervous system of adults 
and young persons dying of various diseases 
(not alone of diseases of the nervous system). 
They are concentrically striated, stain deep 
brown with Lugol's solution, blue with iodin 
and sulfuric acid, and give the characteristic 
amyloid color with the anilin stains. B., 
Antiimmune, a substance held by Ehrlich 
in his lateral-chain theory to enter into the 
composition of an antihemolysin {q. v.). 
Cf. Anticomplement. Bodies, Arantius'. See 
Corpora arantii. Bodies, Bigeminal. See 
Corpora quadrigemina. Bodies, Buchner's 
Albuminoid, defensive proteids. B., Central. 
1. The nucleus. 2. In the plural, peculiar cor- 
puscles which are permanently present near 
the nucleus in protoplasm during cell-divi- 
sion. Bodies, Chromatin, bodies of various 
forms found in the reticulum of a cell under- 
going mitosis. Bodies, Direction, B., Di- 
rective, the minute abortive cells extruded 
by the egg-cell as the final phenomenon in 
the process of maturation; polar bodies. 
B., Immune, a name given -by Pfeiffer to 
one of the two substances of a hemolytic 
serum. It is thermostabile and has two 
affinities, a stronger one for the red blood- 
cell and a weaker one for the comple- 
ment. Having two uniting processes, it is 
an amboceptor. B., Intermediary, B., 
Intermediate. See B., Immune, and Am- 
boceptor. B., Intravertebral, the centrum 
of a vertebra. Bodies, Katalytic, the fer- 
ments. B., Laveran's. See Plasmodium 
malarice. B. -louse. See under Pediculus. 
Bodies, Nissl's. See Nissl's Bodies. Bodies, 



Parenchymal, the lobules of the lacrimal 
gland. B.-sarcode, the protoplasm of the 
cell-body. Bodies, Semilunar. See Cells, 
Demilune. Bodies,Winkler's, spheric bodies 
observed in lesions of syphilis. 

Boeck's Lotion (bek). For dry, itching, in- 
flammatory diseases. Talc and starch, each, 
50; glycerol, 20; lead-water, 100. The bottle 
to be well shaken; the lotion diluted with 
twice the volume of water and applied with 
a brush. B.'s Scabies, scabies crustosa; 
Norwegian itch. 

Boedeker's Reaction for Albumin (bo f -dek- 
er). Treat the liquid with acetic acid and 
add a solution of potassium ferrocyanid drop 
by drop. White precipitate of albumin will 
be formed. 

Boerhaave's Glands {bor'-hav). The sudor- 
iparous glands. The convoluted glands in 
the skin that secrete the sweat. 

Boernstein's Test for Saccharin. Extract the 
substance to be tested with ether; remove 
the ether and heat with resorcinol and sulfuric 
acid and next add an excess of soda solution. 
In the presence of saccharin a strong fluores- 
cence is produced. According to Hooker, 
other substances, e. g., succinic acid, also 
produce this reaction. 

Boettcher's Cells {bet'-cher). Dark -colored 
cells, with a basally situated nucleus, found 
between Claudius' cells. B.'s Crystals. See 
Crystals, Boettcher's. 

Boettcher-Cotugno's Space {ko-tun'-yo). The 
endolymphatic sac of the internal ear. 

Boettger's Test for Dextrose {bet'-ger). Take 
5 Gm. of basic bismuth nitrate, 5 Gm. of 
tartaric acid, and 30 Cc. of distilled water. 
Add to this slowly a strong solution of sodium 
hydroxid, stirring continually until a clear 
solution is obtained. To a small quantity 
of this add some solution of dextrose and 
boil. A black precipitate of metallic bis- 
muth is formed. Or the test may be per- 
formed in this way: Add some solid bismuth 
subnitrate to the liquid already rendered 
alkaline with sodium carbonate or potassium 
and boil. The existence of dextrose will 
be evinced by the darkening of the bismuth 
salt or a black precipitate. 

Bogros' Space {bo'-gro). A space between the 
peritoneum above and the fascia transversalis 
below, in which the lower portion of the exter- 
nal iliac artery can be reached without 
wounding the peritoneum. 

Bogrow's Fibers {bo'-gro). A tract of nerve- 
fibers passing from the optic tract to the optic 
thalamus. 

Boil {boil) [Mod. E., boile]. A furuncle; a 
localized inflammation of the skin and sub- 
cutaneous connective tissue attended by the 
formation of pus. See Furunculus. B., 
Aleppo, B., Delhi, a peculiar ulcerative 
affection endemic in India, due to a specific 
microorganism. See Furunculus orientalis. 

Boiled Oil. Linseed oil that has been heated 
to a high temperature (130 C. and upward), 
while a current of air is passed through or 



BOILERMAKERS' DEAFNESS 



187 



BONNET'S CAPSULE 



over the oil, and the temperature increased 
until the oil begins to effervesce from evolu- 
tion of products of decomposition. 

Boilermakers' Deafness. See Deafness, 
Boilermakers'. 

Boiling [ME., boilen, to stir]. The vaporiza- 
tion of a liquid when it gives off vapor having 
the same tension as the surrounding air. 

Bolbomelanosis (bol-bo-mel-an-o'-sis) \fioXfioe, 
a bulb; fieXdvajfia, blackness]. The process 
of formation of a melanoma. 

Boldin (bol'-din). See under Boldus. 

Boldo (bol'-do). See Boldus. 

Boldoglucin. An aromatic glucosid obtained 
from Peumns boldus and other species. It 
is a hvpnotic in doses of 20 gr.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 
Gm.).' Unof. 

Boldus (bol'-dus) [L.]. Boldo. The leaves 
and stems of an evergreen, Peumus boldus, 
native to Chili, sometimes used in anemia and 
general debility as a substitute for quinin. It 
contains a bitter alkaloid, boldin, a hypnotic in 
doses of 3 gr. (0.2 Gm.). Dose of the fluid- 
extract 1-4 min. (0.065-0.26 Cc); of the tinc- 
ture, which contains 20% of the drug, 5-8 
min. (0.32-0.52 Cc). 

Bole (bol) [fiiLAoc, a clod of earth]. A trans- 
lucent, soft variety of clay formerly much 
used in medicine — internally as an astringent, 
externally as an absorbent. Several varieties 
are used, as the Armenian bole, the Lemnian, 
and the French bole. 

Boletiform (bo-let'-e-form). Shaped like a 
mushroom. 

Boletus (bo-le'-tus) [j3a)kki)c, a kind of mush- 
room]. A genus of fungi, some species of which 
are edible while others are highly poisonous. 

Bolognini's Sign (bo-lo-ne'-ne). On pressing 
with the tips of the fingers of both hands 
alternately upon the right and left of the ab- 
domen of a patient who is lying on his back 
and whose abdominal muscles are relaxed by 
flexion of the thighs, a sensation of friction 
within the abdomen is perceived; it is noticed 
in the early stages of measles. 

Bolometer {bo-lom' -et-er) [ftoXr), a throw; 
fihpov, a measure]. A device for measuring 
minute differences in radiant heat. Syn., 
Thermic balance. 

Bolus (bo'-lus) [L.]. 1. A large pill. 2. 
The rounded mass of food prepared by the 
mouth for swallowing. 3. See Bole. 

Bonducella (bon-du-seV -ah) [L.]. Bonduc- 
seeds. The seeds of Ccesalpinia bonducella, 
a tropical plant. It is a bitter tonic and 
antiperiodic in intermittent fevers. Dose 
10-15 g r - (°-65-o.g7 Gm.). 

Bonducin (bon'-du-sin), C ]4 H 15 5 . A bitter 
principle from bonducella; a white powder, so- 
luble in alcohol, chloroform, fats, and oils, used 
as a febrifuge. Dose 1J-3 gr. (0.1-0.2 Gm.). 

Bone (bo n) [AS., ban]. A hard tissue that con- 
stitutes the framework or skeleton of the 
body. Bone usually consists of a compact 
outer mass covered with periosteum, sur- 
rounding a reticulated inner structure that 
incloses a central cavity filled with marrow. 



A transverse section of a long bone shows 
bone-tissue to be composed of a number of 
yearly circular zones, each having a central 
tube, the haversian canal, through which the 
blood circulates. Surrounding the haversian 
canal are concentrically arranged laminas, 
or layers of bone, between which are found 
irregular spaces called lacunas, containing 
bone-corpuscles and communicating with the 
haversian canal and each other by means 
of canaliculi, through which the nutrition is 
conveyed to all parts of the bone. B., Ankle-, 
the talus or astragalus. B., Articular, 
that element of the mandible or lower 
jaw which is formed from the condylar 
portion of the cartilaginous rudiment in 
Meckel's cartilage. Sym, Os articulare; 
Os condyloideum maxillce inferior is. B.-ash, 
the calcic phosphate remaining after' bones 
have been incinerated. B., Basilar. 1. 
The sphenoid and occipital bones regarded 
as one. 2. The sacrum. 3. The last lum- 
bar vertebra. 4. The basioccipital bone. 5. 
The basisphenoid bone in birds. B., Can- 
cellated, B., Cancellous, bone 'consisting 
chiefly of spongy tissue. B. -cartilage. 
See Ossein. B., Cheek-, the malar bone. 
B. -chips. See Senn's Bone-plates. B., 
Collar-, the clavicle. B. -conduction, the 
transmission of sound-waves to the auditory 
nerve by means of sonorous vibrations com- 
municated to the bones of the skull. B.- 
cyst, a tumor distending and thinning bone, 
and filled with serum or bloody fluid; in 
rare cases bone-cysts contain hydatids. B.s, 
Elongated, long bones, like the ribs, devoid 
of a medullar}' cavity. B., Endochondral, 
such true bone as originates from osteoblastic 
centers in fetal cartilage, and not from 
periosteum. B., Epipteric, a small wor- 
mian bone sometimes found between the 
great wing of the sphenoid and the an- 
terior inferior angle of the parietal bone. 
B., Exercise, an ossification in the left arm 
of soldiers due to constant pressure of a mus- 
ket. B., Flat, a bone more or less in the form 
of a plate. B. -gelatin. See Gelatin, Bone-. 
B., Intermaxillary. See Mesognathion. B., 
Long, one consisting of a narrow shaft and 
two expanded ends. B.s, Pneumatic, those 
containing many air-cells or air-sacs. B., 
Puboischiadic, B., Puboischiatic, the os 
pubis and the ischium taken as one. B., 
Rider's, an ossification of the lower tendon 
of the adductor longus or magnus from pres- 
sure. B., Sesamoid. See Sesamoid Bone. 
B., Short, one the three dimensions of which 
are approximately equal. B., Stirrup. See 
Stapes. B.s, Sutural, the wormian bones 
of the skull. B.s, Wormian, small bones 
in the sutures of the skull. See Bones, Table of. 

Boneset. See Eupatorium. 

Bonfils' Disease. See Hodgkin's Disease. 

Bonnet's Capsule (bon-a f ). See Tenon's Cap- 
side. B.'s Position, the position assumed by 
the thigh in coxitis: flexion, abduction, and 
outward rotation. 



BONES 



188 



BONES 




Atlas (Superior Surface). 
Tubercle of anterior arch. 2. Articular facet for 
odontoid process of axis. 3. Posterior arch and 
posterior tubercle. 4. Groove for vertebral artery 
and first cervical nerve. 5. Transverse process. 
6. Foramen for vertebral artery. 7. Superior 
articular process. 8. Tubercle for attachment 
of transverse ligament. 




Axis (Lateral Aspect). 
Body. 2. Odontoid process. 3. Facet for articu- 
lating with anterior arch of atlas. 4. Lamina. 
5. Spinous process. 6. Transverse process. 7. 
Superior articular process. 8. Inferior articular 
process. 




Axis (Posterosuperior View). 
1. Posterior surface of body. 2. Odontoid process. 
3, 3. Superior articular processes. 4, 4. Inferior 
articular processes. 5, 5. Transverse processes. 
6. Spinous process. 




Atlas and Axis (Anterior Surface). 
Lateral masses of atlas. 2, 2, 2, 2. Anterior arch of 
atlas, including odontoid process of axis. 3. Tu- 
bercle of anterior arch. 4, 4. Transverse processes 
of atlas. 5, 5. Inferior articular processes of 
atlas. 6, 6. Superior articular processes of atlas. 
7, 7. Inferior articular processes. 8, 8. Trans- 
verse processes. 9. Anterior surface of body of 
axis. 10. Apex of odontoid process. 




Seventh Cervical Vertebra (Posterosuperior View). 

1. Body. 2, 2. Transverse processes. 3, 3. Ante- 
rior or costal roots of transverse processes. 4, 
4. Foramens for vertebral arteries. 5,5- Superior 
articular processes. 6, 6. Inferior articular proc- 
esses. 7, 7. Laminas. 8. Spinous process. 9. 
Spinal foramen. 




Dorsal Vertebra (Anterosuperior View). 
Anterior surface. 2. Vertebral foramen. 3. Spin 
ous process. 4, 4. Transverse processes. 5 " 



Articular surfaces for tubercles of ribs. 6, 
Superior articular processes. 7, 7- Pedicles. 



BONES 189 

TABLE OF BONES. 


BONES 


Name. 


Principal Features. 


Articulations and 
Variety. 


.Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 


Anvil. 


See Incus. 






Astragalus. 


See Talus. 






Atlas [B. N. A.]. * 


First cervical vertebra; ring- 
like; anterior and posterior 
arches and tubercles; ar- 
ticular surfaces. 


Occipital bone — double ar- 

throdia. 
Epistropheus, four joints — 

diarthrodia rotatoria and 

double arthrodia. 


Longus colli {tubercle), rectus cap- 
itis posticus minor {spinous proc- 
ess). 


Axis. 


See Epistropheus. 






Calcaneus [B. N. A.] 
(calcaneum) (os calcis). 


The heel bone; irregularly 
cuboid; lesser process 
[sustentaculum tali], great- 
er process, peroneal ridge 
or spine, superior groove 
articular surfaces. 


Astragalus,"! 

Cuboid, > arthrodia. 

Scaphoid, J 


Tibialis posticus, tendo achillis, 
plantaris, abductor pollicis, ab- 
ductor minimi digiti, flexor 
brevis digitorum, flexor acces- 
sorius, extensor brevis digitor- 
um. 


Capitatum (os) [B. N. 
A.] (os magnum). 


Largest bone of carpus; oc- 
cupies center of wrist; head, 
neck, body; short bone. 


•j. e . c ™ d 'l Metacarpal— ar- 


Flexor brevis pollicis (part). 


Carpus [B. N. A.] (ossa 
carpi). 


Consists of os naviculare 
manus, os lunatum, os tri- 
quetrum, os pisiforme, os 
multangulum majus, os 
multangulum minus, os 
capitatum, os hamatum. 
See individual bones. 






Clavicula [B. N. A.] 
(clavicle). 


Collar-bone, resembles the 
italic "/",' conoid tubercle, 
deltoid tubercle, oblique 
line. 


BSE: YJt°- 

Cartilage of first rib, ) aia - 


Sternomastoid, trapezius, pector- 
alis major, deltoid, subclavius, 
sternohyoid, platysma. 


Coccygis (os) [B. N. A.] 
(coccyx). 


The last bone of the verte- 
bral column; resembles a 
cuckoo's beak; usually com- 
posed of four small seg- 
ments: base, apex, cornua. 


SacTum-^-amphiarthrodia . 


Coccygcus, gluteus maximus, ex- 
tensor coccygis, sphincter ani, 
levator ani. 


Concha nasalis inferior 
[B. N. A.] (inferior tur- 
binate bone). 


Situated on the outer wall of 
the nasal fossa; irregular 
bone. 


Ethmoid, ] 
Maxilla, I synarthro- 
Lacrimal, dia. 
Os palalinum, J 


None. 


Costa? [B. N. A.] (ribs). 


Twelve in number on each 
side; shaft, head, neck, tu- 
berosity, angle (anterior 
and posterior), anterior or 
sternal extremity; first, sec- 
ond, tenth, eleventh and 
twelfth are peculiar; flat 
bones. 


Vertebras — arthrodia. 

f First rib — syn- 
c . .„ J arthrodia. 
Sternum, others-a^™- 

t dia. 


Internal and external intercos- 
tals, scalenus anticus, medius 
and posticus, pectoralis minor, 
serratus magnus, obliquus ex- 
ternus, transversalis, quadratus 
lumborum, diaphragm, latissi- 
mus dorsi, serratus posticus 
superior and inferior, sacro- 
lumbalis, musculus accessorius 
ad sacrolumbalem, longissimus 
dorsi, cervicalis ascendens, leva- 
tores costarum, infracostales. 


Coxce (os) [B. N. A.] (in- 
nominate bone; os in- 
nominatum). 


Large, 3 parts; flat bone; 
with its fellow and sacrum 
and coccyx forms pelvis. 

Ilium — superior broad ex- 
panded portion, crest, su- 
perior, middle, and inferior 
curved lines, iliopectineal 
line, venter, auricular sur- 
face, anterior and posterior, 


f With its fellow of) „„,_ 
l_ Femur — enarthrodia. 


Ilium — tensor vagina; femoris, ex- 
ternal oblique, latissimus dorsi, 
iliacus, transversalis, quadratus 
lumborum, erector spinse, inter- 
nal oblique, gluteus maximus, 
medius, and minimus, rectus, 



* The abbreviation [B.N. A.] used throughout this table indicates that the term is in accordance with the Basel 
anatomical nomenclature. 



' 



BONES 190 

Table of Bones. — (Continued.) 



BONES 



Name. 


Principal Features. 


Articulations and 
Variety. 


Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 


Coxae (continued). 


superior and inferior spin- 
ous processes, § (about) of 
acetabulum. 

Ischium— lower and back 
portion, body,_ tuberosity 
and ramus, spine, greater 
and lesser sacrosciatic 
notches, external and inter- 
nal lips of tuberosity, lower 
boundary of obturator fora- 
men, -| (about) of acetabu- 
lum. 

Pubis — body, horizontal ra- 
mus, descending ramus, 
spine, iliopectineal line, 
angle, symphysis, obturator 
foramen (upper boun- 
dary), £ of acetabulum. 




pyriformis, multifidus spinae, 
sartorius. 

Ischium — obturator externus and 
internus, gracilis, levator ani, 
gemelli superior and inferior, 
coccygeus, biceps, semitendino- 
sus, semimembranosus, quad- 
ratus femoris, adductor magnus, 
transversus perinei, erector 
penis. 

Pubis — internal and external ob- 
lique, transversalis, rectus, py- 
ramidalis, psoas parvus, pectin- 
eus, adductor magnus, longus, 
and brevis, gracilis, external and 
internal obturator, levator ani, 
compressor urethra?, accelerator 
urinas. 


Cranium [B. N. A.]. 


Occipital, parietal (two), 
frontal, temporal (two), 
sphenoid, ethmoid. See 
individual bones. 






Cuboideum (os) [B. N. 
A.] (cuboid). 


Somewhat pyramidal; tuber- 
osity. 


Os calcis, 

External cunei- 
form, 

Fourth and fifth 
metatarsal 
bones, 


arthro- 
dia. 


Flexor brevis pollicis. 


Cuneiform (of carpus). 


See Triquetrum (os). 






Cuneiforme (os) primum 
[B. N. A.] (internal 
cuneiform). 


Irregularly wedge-shaped; 
the largest of the three. 


Os naviculare 
pedis, 

Cuneiforme se- 
cundum, 

First and second 
metatarsal 
bones, 


arthro- 
dia. 


Tibialis anticus and posticus. 


Cuneiforme (os) secun- 
dum [B. N. A.] (mid- 
dle cuneiform). 


Wedge-shaped; smallest of 
the three. 


Os naviculare 
pedis, 

Cuneiforme pri- 
mum, 

Cuneiforme ter- 
tium, 

Second metatar- 
sal, 


arthro- 
dia. 


Tibialis posticus. 


Cuneiforme (os) tertium 
[B. N. A.] (external 
cuneiform). 


Wedge-shaped. 


Os naviculare 
pedis, 

Cuneiforme se- 
cundum, 

Os cuboideum, 

Second, third, 
and fourth meta- 
tarsal bones, 


arthro- 
dia. 


Tibialis posticus, flexor brevis 
pollicis. 


Epistropheus [B. N. A.] 
(axis). 


Second cervical vertebra; 
body, odontoid process, 
pedicles, laminas, spinous 
process, transverse proc- 
esses, articular surfaces. 


First cervical vertebra — diar- 
throdia rotatoria and double 
arthrodia. 

Third cervical vertebra — 
double arthrodia. 


Longus colli, check ligaments. 


Ethmoidale (os) [B. N. 
A.] (ethmoid). 


Irregularly cubic; situated 
at anterior part of base of 
skull; horizontal or cribri- 
form plate, perpendicular 
plate, two lateral masses, 
crista galli. 


Os sphenoidale 
Two sphenoid — 

turbinated, 
Frontal, 
Two nasal, 
Two maxillary, 
Two lacrimal, 
Ossa palatinum, 
Conchse nasalis 

inferior, 
Vomer, 


synar- 
■ thro- 
dia. 


None. 



isi^ 



BONES 



191 



BONES 




First Dorsal Vertebra (Lateral View). 
Superior surface of body. 2, 2. Semilunar proc- 
esses. 3. Articular facet for head of first rib. 
4. Demifacet for head of second rib. 5. Supe- 
rior articular process. 6, 6. Inferior articular 
processes. 7. Transverse process. 8. Articular 
facet for tubercle of first rib. 9. Spinous process. 




Eleventh Dorsal Vertebra (Lateral View). 
Articular facet for head of eleventh rib. 2. Trans- 
verse process. 3. Superior tubercle of transverse 
process. 4. Inferior and anterior tubercle. 5. 
Inferior and posterior tubercle. 6. Superior artic- 
ular process. 7. Inferior articular process. 8. 
Spinous process. 




Twelfth Dorsal Vertebra (Lateral View). 
Articular facet for head of twelfth rib. 2. Trans- 
verse process. 3. Superior and posterior tuber- 
cle of transverse process. 4. Inferior and pos- 
terior tubercle. 5. Inferior and anterior tubercle. 
6. Superior articular process. 7, 7. Inferior ar- 
ticular processes. 8. Spinous process. 




Lumbar Vertebra (Posterosuperior View). 
1. Anterior surface of body. 2, 2. Transverse 
processes. 3. Spinous process. 4, 4. Superior 
articular processes. 5, 5. Inferior articular proc- 
esses. 





Sacrum (Posterior Aspect). 
1, 1, 1, 1. Spinous processes of sacral vertebras. 2, 2. 
Sacral groove. 3, 3, 3, 3. Posterior sacral fora- 
mens. 4, 4, 4, 4. Articular processes, united. 
S. 5. 5» 5- Transverse processes. 6, 6. Cribriform 
fossa. 7, 7. Auricular surface. 8, 8. Superior 
articular processes of first sacral vertebra. 9. 
Superior orifice of sacral canal. 10. Groove 
representing inferior orifice, n, n. Cornua. 12. 
Apex. 



Sacrum (Anterior Aspect). 
,i,i. Bodies of sacral vertebras with transverse 
lines of union. 2, 2, 2, 2. Anterior sacral foramens. 
3. Base. 4. Auricular surface of lateral aspect. 
5. Its inferior portion. 6. Articular surface of 
base. 7. Notch for formation of last lumbar 
intervertebral foramen. 8. Superior articular proc- 
ess of first sacral vertebra. 9. Apex of sacrum. 
10. Cornu. 11. Notch for transmission of fifth 
sacral nerve. 



BONES 



192 



BONES 




i. Base. 2, 2. Cor- 
nua. 3. Second 
coccygeal ver- 
tebra. 4. Third 
coccygeal verte- 
bra. 5. Fourth 
coccvgeal ver- 
tebra. 6. Fifth 
coccygeal ver- 
tebra. 



Coccyx (Ante- 
rior Aspect). 





Parietal, Temporal, and Sphenoid Bones (Posterior Aspect). 
1. Body of sphenoid bone. 2, 2. Sphenoid and temporal bones. 3, 3. Parietal 
bones. 4, 4. Mastoid processes. 5, 5. Jugular fossas. 6, 6. Notches enter- 
ing into formation of sphenoid fissures. 7, 7. Sphenoparietal sutures. 8, 
8. Sphenotemporal sutures. 9,9. Temporoparietal sutures. 



id, I5r 




Occipital Bone (Postero- 
inferior View). 

1. Basilar process. 2. Fora- 
men magnum. 3, 3. 
Posterior condyloid fora- 
mens. 4. Crest. 5. Ex- 
ternal occipital protuber- 
ance. 6, 6. Condyles. 7, 

7. Jugular processes. 8, 

8. Jugular fossas. 




i-7. 



Vertebral Column 
(Lateral Aspect). 



Cervical vertebras. 8-19. Dor- 
sal vertebras. 20-24. Lumbar 
vertebras. A, A. Spinous proc- 
esses. B, B. Articular facets 
of transverse processes of first 
ten dorsal vertebras. C. Auric- 
ular surface of sacrum. D. 
Foramens in transverse processes 
of cervical vertebras. 




Nasal Bones (External Aspect). 
1. The two nasal bones. 2, 2. 
Superior extremity. 3, 3. Infe- 
rior border. 4, 4. Internal bor- 
der. 5, 5, s, 5. External border. 



S^ 



BONES 193 BONES 

Table of Bones. — {Continued.) 



Name. 


Principal Features. 


Articulations and 
Variety. 


Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 


Femur [B. N. A.]. 


Cylindric; longest, largest, 
and strongest bone in the 
body; shaft and two ex- 
tremities, head, neck, 
greater and lesser trochan- 
ters, linea aspera, condyles; 
a long bone. 


Os coxae — enarthrodia. 
Tibia — ginglymus. 
Patella — arthrodia. 


Gluteus medius, gluteus mini- 
mus, pyriformis, obturator inter- 
nus, obturator externus, gemel- 
lus superior, gemellus inferior, 
quadratus femoris, psoas mag- 
nus, iliacus, vastus externus, glu- 
teus maximus, short head of the 
biceps, vastus internus, adductor 
magnus, pectineus, adductor 
brevis, adductor longus, crureus, 
subcrureus, gastrocnemius, plan- 
taris, popliteus. 


Fibula [B.N. A.]. 


Long bone; shaft, upper ex- 
tremity or head, lower ex- 
tremity or external malleo- 
lus. 


Tibia — arthrodia. 
Talus, with the tibia and 
fibula — ginglymus. 


Biceps, soleus, peroneus longus, 
extensor longus digitorum, pero- 
neus tertius, extensor proprius 
pollicis, tibialis posticus, flexor 
longus pollicis, peroneus brevis. 


Foot. 


Composed of tarsus, meta- 
tarsus, and phalanges (q. v.). 






Frontale (os) [B. N. A.] 
(frontal). 


The forehead bone; a flat 
bone; a frontal portion and 
an orbitonasal portion; 
frontal eminences, supercil- 
iary ridges, supraorbital 
arches, supraorbital 
notches or foramens, in- 
ternal and external angular 
processes, temporal ridges, 
nasal notch, nasal spine, 
nasal eminence or glabella. 


Two parietal, 
Sphenoid, 
Ethmoid, 
Two nasal, 
Two maxillary, 
Two lacrimal, 
Ossa zygomatica, 


synar- 

■ thro- 

dia. 


Corru gator supercilii, orbicularis 
palpebrarum, and temporal on 
each side. 


Hamatum (os) [B. N. A.] 
(unciform) . 


Wedge-shaped; hook-like 
process; in lower row of 
carpus; short bone. 


Os lunatum, 

Fourth and fifth 1 thrQ _ 

metacarpal, ^ 
Os tnquetrum, 
Os capitatum, J 


Flexor brevis minimi digiti, flexor 
ossis metacarpi minimi digiti, 
anterior annular ligament. 


Hand. 


Composed of carpus, meta- 
carpus, and phalanges (q. v.). 






Humerus [B. N. A.]. 


Largest bone of upper ex- 
tremity; long bone; a shaft 
'and two extremities." Up- 
per extremity presents a 
head, neck, and greater and 
lesser tuberosities. Lower 
extremity, trochlea, olecra- 
non fossa, coronoid fossa, 
external and internal con- 
dyles, supratrochlear fora- 
men, supracondyloid ridges. 


Scapula (glenoid cavity) — 
enarthrodia. 

Radius, } ginglymus. 


Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, 
teres minor, subscapularis, pec- 
toralis major, latissimus dorsi, 
deltoid, coracobrachialis, brachi- 
alis anticus, triceps, subanco- 
neus, pronator radii teres, flexor 
carpi radialis, palmaris longus, 
flexor digitorum sublimis, flexor 
carpi ulnaris, supinator longus, 
extensor carpi radialis longior, 
extensor carpi radialis brevior, 
extensor communis digitorum, 
extensor minimi digiti, extensor 
carpi ulnaris, supinator brevis, 
and anconeus. 


Hyoideum (os) [B. N. 
A.] (hyoid). 


A bony arch; irregular bone; 
a body, two greater and two 
lesser cornua. 


None. 


Sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, omo- 
hyoid, digastricus, stylohyoid, 
mylohyoid, geniohyoid, genio- 
hyoglossus, hyoglossus, middle 
constrictor of the pharynx. 


Ilium (os) [B. N. A.], 
(ilium). 


See Coxa (os). 






Incus [B. N. A.] (anvil). 


Resembles a bicuspid tooth 
with two roots, body, and 
two processes. The larg- 
est bone in the ear. 


Malleus — arthrodia (trigger- 
joint). 
Stapes — arthrodia. 


None. 


Inferior Maxillary. 


See M andibula. 






Inferior Turbinated. 


See Concha nasalis inferior. 






Innominate. 


See Coxa (os). 







14 



BONES 194 BONES 

Table of Bones. — (Continued.) 



Name. 


Principal Features. 


Articulations and 
Variety. 


Muscular and Ligamentous 

Attachments. 


Ischii (os) [B. N. A.] 


See Coxa (os). 






(ischium). 








Lacrimale (os) [B. N. A.] 


Small; situated at front part 


Frontal, "] 




Tensor tarsi. 


(lacrimal). 


of inner wall of orbit; re- 


Ethmoid, 








sembles finger-nail; crest, 
lacrimal groove; flat bone. 


Superior 
maxillary, 

Inferior 
turbinated, 


■ synarthrodia. 












Lingual. 


See Hyoideum (os). 






Lunatum (os) [B. N. A.] 


Upper row of carpus; four 


Radius — condyloid. 




(semilunar). 


surfaces, crescentic outline. 


Os capitatum, ] 
Os hamatum, 

Os triquetrum, > arthrodia. 
Os naviculare 
manus, J 




Magnum (os). 


See Capitatum (os). 






Malar. 


See Zygomaticum (os).' 






Malleus. 


Resembles a hammer; head, 


Incus — arthrodia (trigger- 


Tensor tympani 




neck, handle or manubrium, 


joint). 






processus gracilis, proces- 








sus brevis; irregular. The 








second largest bone of the 
ear. 






Mandibula [B. N. A.] 


Body and two rami; contains 


The two temporal bones — 
bilateral condyloid — diarth- 


Levator menti, depressor labii in- 


(inferior maxillary; 


the teeth of the lower jaw; 


ferioris, depressor anguli oris, 


mandible). 


symphysis, mental process, 


rodia. 


platysma myoides, buccinator, 




mental foramen, coronoid 




masseter, orbicularis oris, genio- 




and condyloid process, 




hyoglossus, geniohyoideus, my- 




head, neck, sigmoid notch; 




lohyoideus, digastric, superior 




irregular bone. 




constrictor, temporal, internal 
pterygoid, external pterygoid. 


Maxilla [B. N. A.] (su- 


Forms with its fellow the 


Frontal, 




Orbicularis palpebrarum, obli- 


perior maxillary). 


whole of the upper jaw; 


Ethmoid, 




quus inferior oculi, levator labii 




somewhat cuboidal ; body 


Nasal, 




superioris alaeque nasi, levator 




and malar, nasal, alveolar 


Os zygomati- 




labii superioris proprius, levator 




and palatine processes; hol- 


cum, 




anguli oris, compressor nasi, 




low (the antrum of High- 


Lacrimal, 


synar- 


depressor alae nasi, dilator naris 




more or maxillary sinus), 


Concha nasalis 


throdia. 


posterior, masseter, buccinator, 




incisive or myrtiform fossa, 


inferior, 




internal pterygoid, orbicularis 




canine fossa, canine emi- 


Palate, 




oris. 




nence, infraorbital fora- 


Vomer, 








men, posterior dental ca- 


Fellow of oppo- 








nals, maxillary tuberosity, 


site side, 








posterior palatine canal, 








infraorbital groove; irregu- 








lar bone. 






Metacarpalia (ossa) [B. 


Five in number; shaft, base, 


Second row of carpus — ar- 


To the thumb — flexor and exten- 


N. A.] (metacarpal). 


arid head; long bones. 


throdia. 


sor ossis metacarpi pollicis, first 




• 


Phalanges — condyloid. 


dorsal interosseous. 

Second metacarpal bone — flexor 
carpi radialis, extensor carpi 
radialis longior, first and second 
dorsal interosseous, first palmar 
interosseous, flexor brevis polli- 
cis (frequently). 

Third metacarpal — extensor carpi 
radialis brevior, flexor brevis 
pollicis, adductor pollicis, second 
and third dorsal interosseous. 

Fourth metacarpal — third and 
fourth dorsal and second palmar 
interosseous. 

Fifth metacarpal — extensor carpi 
ulnaris, flexor carpi ulnaris, 
flexor ossis metacarpi minimi 
digiti, fourth dorsal, and third 
palmar interosseous. 



BONES 



195 



BONES 




Lacrimal Bone. 
(External Aspect). 



i. Vertical crest, dividing external 
surface into two parts. 2. Spine, 
in which crest terminates. 3. 
Sulcus contributing to the forma- 
tion of lacrimal canal. 4. Con- 
tinuation of preceding, contribut- 
ing to formation of nasal canal. 5. 
Posterior division of external sur- 
face, contributing to formation of 
orbit. 6, 6. Anterior border. 7, 
7. Posterior border. 8. Superior 
extremity. 9. Portion of inferior 
border that articulates with lacri- 
mal process of inferior turbinated 
bone. 10. Portion that articu- 
lates with orbital plate of superior 
maxillary bone. 





Malar Bone (External Aspect). 
Orifice for malar nerve. 2, 2. Superior or orbital 
border. 3, 3. Inferior or zygomatic border. 4, 
4. Posterior or temporal border. 5, 5. Anterior 
or maxillary border. 6. Superior angle. 7. In- 
ferior angle. 8. Anterior angle. 9. Posterior angle. 



Palate Bone (External Aspect). 
External surface of orbital process. 2. Superior 
or orbital surface. 3. Anterior or maxillary sur- 
face. _ 4. Notch forming greater part of spheno- 
palatine foramen. 5. Sphenoid process. 6. 
Groove entering into formation of posterior pala- 
tine canal. 7. Surface that enters into the forma- 
tion of base of maxillary sinus. 8. External 
surface of pterygoid process. 9. Groove to receive 
posterior border of internal plate of pterygoid 
process. 




Inferior Turbinated Bone (Internal or Convex 
Aspect). 

1. Anteroposterior ridge, dividing the internal sur- 
face into two almost equal parts. 2, 2. Inferior 
border. 3, 3. Anterior portion of superior border, 
articulating with nasal process of superior maxil- 
lary bone. 4. Lacrimal process. 5. Ethmoid 
process. 6. Portion of superior border that 
articulates with palate bone. 7. Anterior extrem- 
ity, 8. Posterior extremity, 




Anterior aspect of pyramidal process, or canine fossa. 2. Incisive 
or myrtiform fossa. 3. Infraorbital foramen. 4. Summit of 
pyramidal process, or malar process. 5. Posterior aspect of pyram- 
idal process. 6. Inferior border of pyramidal process. 7. Pos- 
terior border, or maxillary tuberosity. 8. Nasal process. 9. Pos- 
terior border, grooved for lacrimal duct. 10. Anterior nasal spine. 
11. Infraorbital groove. 12. Summit of nasal process. 13. Pos- 
terior and superior angle. 14. Superior border. 15. Anterior 
border of nasal process. 16. Notch for anterior opening of nasal 



Superior Maxillary Bone (External Aspect). 



BONES 



196 



BONES 




Inferior Maxillary BoNE"(External Aspect). 
Body of bone and external oblique line. 2. Ramus. 
3. Symphysis. 4. Incisive fossa. 5. Mental fora- 
men. 6. Depression in inferior border for attach- 
ment of digastric muscle. 7. Depression for 
passage of facial artery. 8. Angle of jaw. 9. 
Posterior extremity of internal oblique line. 10. 
Coronoid process, n. Condyle. 12. Sigmoid 
notch. 13. Origin of inferior dental canal. 14. 
Mylohyoid groove. 15. Alveolar border, a. In- 
cisors, b. Bicuspids, c. Canines, m. Molars. 




Hyoid Bone (Anterior Aspect). 
1,1. Anterior or convex surface of body. 2,2. Greater 
cornua. 3, 3- Junction of greater cornua with 
body. 4, 4. Lesser cornua. 




Lateral Aspect of Skull. 
Frontal bone. 2. Parietal bone. 3. Occipital bone. 4. Temporal bone. 5. Greater wing of sphenoid bone. 6. 
Lambdoid suture. 7. Occipitoparietal suture. 8. Squamoparietal suture. 9. Mastoparietal suture. 10. Spheno- 
parietal suture, n. Sphenotemporal suture. 12. Sphenofrontal suture. 13, 13. Temporal ridge. 14. Malar 
bone. 15. Frontomalar suture. 16. Malotemporal suture. 17. Malomaxillary suture. 18. Superior maxillary 
bone. 19. Infraorbital foramen. 20. Nasal bone. 21. Nasomaxillary suture. 22. Nasofrontal suture. 23. 
Lacrimal groove, at the bottom of which may be seen the suture between the lacrimal and the superior maxillary 
bones. 24. Nasal eminence. 25. Inferior maxillary bone. 26. Mental foramen. 27. Angle of lower jaw. 28. 
Coronoid process. 29. Condyle. 30. Neck of condyle. 31. External auditory canal. 32. Styloid process; 33. 
Mastoid process. 34.JMastooccipital suture. 



BONES 197 

Table of Bones. — {Continued.) 



BONES 



Name. 



Principal Features. 



Articulations and 
Variety. 



Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 



Metatarsalia (ossa) [B 
N. A.] (metatarsal). 



Five in number; shaft, hi 
and head; long bones. 



Tarsus — arthrodia . 
Phalanges — condyloid. 



First — tibialis anticus (part), per- 
oneus longus, first dorsal inter- 
osseous. 

Second — adductor pollicis, first 
and second dorsal interosseous, 
tibialis posticus (part). 

Third — adductor pollicis, second 
and third dorsal and first plan- 
tar interosseous, tibialis posticus 
(part). 

Fourth — adductor pollicis, third 
and fourth dorsal and second 
plantar interosseous, tibialis pos- 
ticus (part). 

Fifth — peroneus brevis, peroneus 
tertius, flexor brevis minimi 
digiti, transversus pedis, fourth 
dorsal, and third plantar inter- 
osseous. 



Multangulum ma jus [B. 
N. A.] (trapezium). 



In lower row of carpus; very 
irregular; six surfaces, 
groove; short bone. 



Os naviculare ~| 

manus, 
Multangulum 

minus, 
First and second 

metacarpal, J 



arthro- 
dia. 



Adductor pollicis, flexor ossis 
metacarpi pollicis, flexor brevis 
pollicis (part). 



Multangulum minus [B. 
N. A.] (trapezoid). 



Smallest bone in second row 
of carpus; wedge-shaped; 
six surfaces; short bone. 



Os naviculare 
manus, 

Second metacar- 
pal, 

Multangulum 
majus, 

Os capitatum, 



Flexor brevis pollicis (part). 



arthro- 
dia. 



Nasale (os) [B. N. A.] 
(nasal). 



Oblong; forms with its fellow 
the bridge of the nose; nasal 
foramen, spine, crest; fiat 
bone. 



Frontal, 

Ethmoid, 

Nasal (opposite), 

Maxillary, 



synar- 
throdia 



Naviculare (os) manus 
[B. N. A.] (scaphoid of 
wrist). 



Largest bone of first row; 
boat-shaped; upper and 
outer part of carpus; four 
surfaces; tubercle; short 
bone. 



Radius — condyloid. 
Multangulum 

majus, 
Multangulum 

minus, 
Os capitatum, 
Os lunatum, 



External lateral ligament of wrist. 



arthrodia. 



Naviculare (os) pedis [B. 
N. A.] (scaphoid of 
ankle). 



Or navicular bone; boat- 
shaped; inner side of tarsus, 
four surfaces, tuberosity ; 
short bone. 



Talus, 
Cuneiform 

(three), 
Cuboid (occa 

sionally), J 



Tibialis posticus (part). 



arthrodia. 



Occipitale (os) [B. N. A.] 
(occipital). 



Back part and base of cran- 
ium; trapezoid in shape; 
outer and inner tables; ex- 
ternal protuberance, exter- 
nal occipital crest, superior 
and inferior curved lines, 
foramen magnum, condyles, 
jugular process, anterior 
and posterior condyloid 
foramens, basilar process, 
pharyngeal spine, 4 fossas 
on internal surface, internal 
occipital protuberance and 
crest, grooves for the cere- 
bral sinuses, torcular hero- 
phili, jugular foramen; flat 
bone. 



Parietal ~| 

(two), 
Temporal )■ synarthrodia. 

(two), 
Sphenoid, J 
Adas — double arthrodia. 



Twelve pairs — occipitofrontalis, 
trapezius, sternomastoid, com- 
plexus, bi venter cervicis, splen- 
ius capitis, superior oblique, 
rectus capitis posticus, major 
and minor, rectus lateralis, 
rectus capitis anticus, major and 
minor, superior constrictor of 
the pharynx. 



Palatinum (os) [B. N. A.] 
(palate). 



Back part of nasal fossa; 
helps to form floor and 
outer wall of nose, the roof 
of mouth and floor of orbit, 
also sphenomaxillary and 
pterygoid fossas and the 
sphenomaxillary fissure; Lr 
shaped; inferior or horizon- 
tal plate, superior or verti- 



Sphenoid, 
Ethmoid, 
Maxillary, 
Concha nasalis 
inferior, 
Vomer, 
Opposite palate, 



synar- 
throdia. 



Tensor palati, azygos uvula?, in- 
ternal and external pterygoid, 
superior constrictor of pharynx. 



BONES 198 

Table of Bones. — {Continued.) 



BONES 



Name. 



Principal Features. 



Articulations and 
Variety. 



Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 



Palatinum (continued). 



cal plate, posterior palatine 
canal, posterior nasal spine, 
inferior and superior turbi- 
nated crests, maxillary pro- 
cess, pterygoid process, ac- 
cessory descending palatine 
canals, orbital process, 
sphenoid process, spheno- 
palatine foramen. 



Parietale (os) [B. N. A.] 
(parietal). 



Form sides and roof of skull; 
irregular, quadrilateral; two 
surfaces, four borders, four 
angles, parietal eminence, 
temporal ridge, parietal for- 
amen, furrows for cerebral 
sinuses, depressions for pac- 
chionian bodies: flat bone. 



Opposite 
parietal, 
Occipital, 
Frontal, 
Temporal, 
Sphenoid, 



Temporal. 



- synarthrodia. 



Patella [B.N. A.]. 



Flat; triangular; sesamoid; 
anterior part of knee-joint; 
two surfaces, three borders, 
apex; flat bone. 



Condyles of femur — partly 
arthrodial. 



Rectus, crureus, vastus internus, 
vastus externus. 



Pelvis. 



Composed of two ossa coxae, 
os sacrum, and os coccygis 
(q. v.). 



Phalanges digitorum pe- 
dis [B. N. A.] (phalanges 
of foot). 



Two of great toe, three of 
each of the others; shaft, 
base, head; long bones. 



First row with metatarsal 

and second phalanges — 

condyloid. 
Second of great 

toe with first 

phalanx; of 

other toes, with I gingly- 

first and third |. mus. 

phalanges, 
Third row with 

second row, 



First — great toe — inner tendon ex- 
tensor brevis digitorum, abduc- 
tor pollicis, adductor pollicis, 
flexor brevis pollicis, transversus 
pedis. 

Second toe — first and second dor- 
sal interosseous, first lumbrical. 

Third toe — third dorsal and first 
plantar interosseous, second 
lumbrical. 

Fourth toe — fourth dorsal and 
second plantar interosseous, 
third lumbrical. 

Fifth toe — flexor brevis minimi 
digiti, abductor minimi digiti, 
third plantar interosseous, fourth 
lumbrical. 

Second — great toe — extensor lon- 
gus pollicis, flexor longus polli- 
cis. 

Other toes — flexor brevis digitor- 
um, one slip of common tendon 
of extensor longus and brevis 
digitorum. 

Third — two slips from the com- 
mon tendon of the extensor 
longus and extensor brevis digi- 
torum, and flexor longus digi- 
torum. 



Phalanges digitorum 
manus [B. N. A.] (pha- 
langes of hand). 



Fourteen in number, three 
for each finger and two for 
thumb; shaft, head, base; 
long bones. 



First row with metacarpal 
bones and second row of 
phalanges — condyloid. 

Second row with 1 

rows ^ thIrd ***** 
Third' row with [ mm - 
second row, j 



Thumb — extensor primi interno- 
dii pollicis, flexor brevis pollicis, 
abductor pollicis, adductor pol- 
licis, flexor longus pollicis, ex- 
tensor secundi internodii. 

First — index-finger — first dorsal 
and first palmar interosseous.^ 

Middle finger — second and third 
dorsal interosseous. 

Ring finger — fourth dorsal and 
second palmar interosseous. 

Little finger — third palmar inter- 
osseous, flexor brevis minimi 
digiti, abductor minimi digiti. 

Second — to all — flexor sublimis 
digitorum and extensor com- 
munis digitorum; in addition. _ 

To index-finger — extensor indicis ; 

To little finger — extensor minimi 
digiti. 

Third — flexor profundus^ digi- 
torum, extensor communis digi- 
torum. 



BONES 



199 



BONES 




Base of Skull. 
Median suture of palatine vault. 2. Inferior orifice of anterior palatine canal. 3, 3. Inferior openings of posterior 
palatine canals. 4. Posterior border of palatine vault; posterior nasal spine. 5. Posterior border of nasal septum. 
6. Hamular process of internal pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone. 7. Internal pterygoid plate. 8. External pterygoid 
plate. 9. Scaphoid fossa. 10. Oval or inferior maxillary foramen. 11. Foramen spinosum. 12. Foramen 
lacerum medium. 13. Zygomatic arch. 14. Sphenooccipital suture. 15. Glenoid cavity. 16. External auditory 
canal. 17. Mastoid process. 18, 18. Styloid process and stylomastoid foramen. 19. Inferior orifice of carotid 
canal. 20. Foramen lacerum posterius. 21,21. Occipital condyles. 22. Basilar process. 23. Foramen magnum. 
24. External occipital crest. 25, 25. Inferior curved lines of occipital bone. 




The Orbital Cavities. 
Anterior opening of the nasal fossa. 
2. Anterior extremity of inferior 
turbinated bone. _ 3. Malar bone. 
4, 4. Orbital cavities. 5. Lacrimal 
canal. 6. Os planum of ethmoid. 
7. Optic foramen. 8. Sphenoid 
fissure. 9. Sphenomaxillary fissure. 
10. Great wing of sphenoid. 1.1. 
Squamous portion of temporal. 12. 
Anteroinferior angle of parietal. _ 13- 
Portion of frontal entering into 
formation of temporal fossa. 14. 
Mastoid process. 15. Styloid proc- 
ess. 



BONES 



200 



BONES 





Clavicle (Inferior Aspect). 
Longitudinal depression for insertion of subclavius 
muscle. 2. Rough impression for attachment of 
costoclavicular ligament. 3, 3. For attachment 
of coracoclavicular ligaments. 4, 4. Posterior 
border. 5, 5. Anterior border. 6. Facet for ar- 
ticulation with sternum. 7. Facet for articulation 
with acromion. 



Thorax (Anterior View). 
Manubrium sterni. 2. Gladiolus. 3. Ensiform 
cartilage or xiphoid appendix. 4. Circumfer- 
ence of apex of thorax. 5. Circumference of base. 
6. First rib. 7. Second rib. 8, 8. Third, fourth, 
fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs. 9. Eighth, ninth, 
and tenth ribs. 10. Eleventh and twelfth ribs. 
11, 11. Costal cartilages. 




Ribs of Left Side 
(Posterior Aspect). 
2. Anterior extremities 
of 12 ribs of left side. 
13, 13. Internal sur- 
face. 14, 14. External 
surface. 15. Head of 
first rib. 16. Head of 
second rib. 17. Head 
of third rib. 18, 18. 
Heads of ribs from 
fourth to ninth. 19. 
Head of tenth rib. 20, 

20. Heads of eleventh 
and twelfth ribs. 21, 

21. Necks of ribs. 22. 
Tubercle of first rib. 

23. Articular facet of 
tubercle of second rib. 

24, 24. Articular facets 
of tubercles of ribs 
from third to ninth. 

25. Articular facet for 
tubercle of tenth rib. 

26, 26. Angles of ribs. 




Scapula (Posteroexternal Aspect). 
Supraspinous fossa. 2. Infraspinous 
fossa. 3. Superior or coracoid bor- 
der. 4. Coracoid or suprascapular 
notch. 5. Axillary or external bor- 
der. 6. Anterior angle and glenoid 
cavity. 7. Inferior angle. 8. Rough 
impression for long head of triceps. 
9. Internal or spinal or vertebral bor- 
der. 10. Spine. 11. Smooth surface 
over which trapezius muscle glides. 
12. Acromion. 13. Base of spine. 
14. Coracoid process. 



BONES 



201 



BONES 



Table of Bones. — {Continued.) 



Name. 


Principal Features. 


Articulations and 
Variety. 


Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 


Pisiforme (os) [B.N. A.] 
(pisiform). 


Anterior and inner side of 
carpus; small; spheric; 
one articular facet; short 
bone. 


Os triquetrum — arihrodia. 


Flexor carpi ulnaris, abductor 
minimi digiti, anterior annular 
ligament. 


Pubis. 


See Coxa (os). 






Pvramidale (os). 


See Triquetrum (os). 






Radius [B. N. A.]. 


Outer side of forearm; shaft, 
head, neck, tuberosity, 
lower extremity, oblique 
line, sigmoid cavity, styloid 
process. 


Humerus — ginglymus. 

f superior — diarthro- 
dia rotatoria. 
TT1 middle — membran- 
mna ' ous. 

inferior — diarthro- 
[ dia rotatoria. 
Os lunatum — condyloid. 


Biceps, _ supinator brevis, flexor 
sublimis digitorum, flexor longus 
pollicis, pronator quadratus, ex- 
tensor ossis metacarpi pollicis, 
extensor primi internodii pollicis, 
pronator radii teres, supinator 
longus. 


Ribs. 


See Costa. 






Sacrum (os) [B. N. A.]. 


Large triangular bone at 
lower part of vertebral col- 
umn and upper and back 
part of pelvic cavity; com- 
posed of five vertebras; base, 
promontory, four surfaces, 
apex, central canal, anterior 
and posterior sacral fora- 
mens, lateral masses, lami- 
nas, articular processes, 
sacral cornua, transverse 
processes, sacral groove, 
ala; irregular bone. 


Last lumbar "] 

Ossa coxae 
(two), J 


Pyriformis, coccygeus, iliacus, 
gluteus maximus, latissimus 
dorsi, multifidus spina?, erector 
spina;, extensor coccygis. 


Scaphoid of Carpus. 


See Naviculare (os) matins. 






Scaphoid of Tarsus. 


See Naviculare (os) pedis. 






Scapula[B.N.A.]. 


Back part of shoulder; trian- 
gular; posterior aspect and 
side of thorax; two surfaces, 
three borders, three angles, 
subscapular fossa, subscap- 
ular angle, dorsum, spine, 
supraspinous and infraspi- 
nous fossas, acromion pro- 
cess, glenoid cavity, neck, 
head, coracoid process; flat 
bone. 


Humerus — enartkrodia. 
Clavicle — arthrodia. 


Subscapulars, supraspinatus, in- 
fraspinatus, trapezius, deltoid, 
omohyoid, serratus magnus, lev- 
ator anguli scapulae, rhomboi- 
deus major and minor, triceps, 
teres major and minor, biceps, 
coracobrachialis, pectoralis min- 
or, platysma, latissimus dorsi. 


Semilunar. 


See Lunatum (os). 






Sesamoid [B. N. A.]. 


Small, rounded masses, car- 
tilaginous in early life, osse- 
ous in the adult; developed 
in tendons; inconstant, ex- 
cept patellas. 






Sphenoidale (os) [B. N. 
A.] (sphenoid). 


Anterior part of base of skull; 
bat-shaped, with wings ex- 
tended; body, two greater 
and two lesser wings, two 
pterygoid processes, eth- 
moid spine, optic groove, 
optic foramen, olivary pro- 
cess, pituitary fossa, anter- 
ior, middle, and posterior 
clinoid processes, sella tur- 
cica, carotid or cavernous 
groove, lingula, ethmoid 
crest, sphenoid cells or 
sinuses, sphenoid turbi- 
nated bones, rostrum, vagi- 
nal processes, pterygopala- 
tine canal, spinous pro- 
cesses, round foramen, oval 
foramen, foramen vesalii, 
foramen spinosum, ptery- 
goid ridge, external orbital 
foramens, vidian canal, 
pterygoid fossa, internal 
and external pterygoid 
plates, hamular process, 
scaphoid fossa. 


All the bones of "] 

Malabo), I *-»» 
Palate (two), | dm - 
Vomer, J 


Temporal, external and internal 
pterygoids, superior constrictor, 
tensor palati, levator tympani 
levator palpebral, obliquus su- 
perior, superior, inferior, inter- 
nal and external recti. 



BONES 202 

Table of Bones. — (Continued.) 



BONES 



Name. 


Principal Features. 


Articulations and 
Variety. 


Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 


Sphenoid Turbinated or 
Sphenoid Spongy Bones. 


Situated at anterior and in- 
ferior part of body of sphe- 
noid - , exist as separate 
pieces until puberty and 
occasionally are not joined 
in the adult. 


f^} synarthrodia. 


None. 


Stapes [B. N. A.]. 


Resembles a stirrup; one of 
the ossicles of the tympa- 
num; head, neck, two 
branches (crura), base; ir- 
regular bone. 


Incus — arthrodia. 


Stapedius. 


Sternum [B. N. A.]. 


The breast-bone; manu- 
brium, gladiolus, ensiform 
cartilage, or first, second, 
and third pieces, anterior 
and posterior surface, bor- 
ders. 


Clavicles (two) — arthrodia. 

Costal cartilages (seven on 
each side) first — synarthro- 
dia; others, arthrodia. 


Pectoralis major, sternomas- 
toid, sternohyoid, sternothy- 
roid, triangularis sterni, apo- 
neuroses of the obliquus and 
internus and transversalis mus- 
cles, rectus, diaphragm. 


Superior maxillary. 


See Maxilla. 






Talus [B. N. A.] (astra- 
galus). 


Irregularly cubic; forms the 
keystone of arch of foot; 
head, neck, six articular 
surfaces. 


Fibula, }singlymus. 
Calcaneus, ^ 
Os naviculare > arthrodia. 
pedis, J 


Internal and external lateral liga- 
ments. 


Tarsus[B.N.A.](ankle). 


Consist of calcaneus, or os 
calcis, talus, cuboid, navic- 
ular, internal, middle, and 
external cuneiform. See 
individual bones. 






Temporale (os) [B. N. A.] 
(temporal). 


Situated at side and base of 
skull; squamous, mastoid 
and petrous portions, tem- 
poral ridge, zygoma or zy- 
gomatic process, eminentia 
articularis, glaserian fis- 
sure, tubercle, glenoid fossa, 
postglenoid process, tym- 
panic plate, mastoid fora- 
men, digastric fossa, occi- 
pital groove, sigmoid fossa, 
mastoid cells, meatus audi- 
torius externus, hiatus fallo- 
pii, meatus auditorius in- 
ternus, lamina cribrosa, 
aquaeductus vestibuli, sty- 
loid process, stylomastoid 
foramen, auricular fissure; 
irregular bone. 


Occipital, 
Parietal, 
Sphenoid, 
Inferior maxil- 
lary, 
Malar, 


synarthro- 
dia. 


Temporal, masseter, occipito- 
frontalis, sternomastoid, splen- 
ius capitis, trachelomastoid, 
digastricus, retrahens aurem, 
stylopharyngeus, stylohyoideus, 
styloglossus, levator palati, ten- 
sor tympani, tensor palati, sta- 
pedius. 


Tibia [B. N. A.]. 


At front and inner side of 
leg; next to femur in length 
and size; prismoid in form; 
upper extremity or head, 
tuberosities, spinous pro- 
cess, tubercle, popliteal 
notch, shaft, crest (the shin), 
oblique line, internal malle- 
olus; long bone. 


Femur — 

Fibula, • 

Talus w 
mus. 


ginglymus. 
superior — arthro- 
dia. 
middle — mem- 
branous. 
inferior — arthro- 
. dia. 
ith fibula — gingly- 


Semimembranosus, tibialis anti- 
cus, extensor longus digitorum, 
biceps, sartorius, gracilis, semi- 
tendinosus, tibialis anticus, pop- 
liteus, soleus, flexor longus digi- 
torum, tibialis posticus, liga- 
mentum patellae. 


Trapezium. 


See Multangulum majus. 






Trapezoid. 


See Multangulum minus. 






Triquetral. 


See Wormian. 






Triquetrum (os) [B. N. 
A.] (cuneiform of car- 
pus). 


Pyramidal. 


Os lunatum, "] 
Pisiform, 

Os hamatum, > arthrodia. 
Interarticular 
fibrocartilage. J 




Turbinate, Inferior. 
Turbinate, Middle. 

Turbinate, Superior. 


See Concha nasalis inferior.^ 
The free convoluted margin 
of the thin lamella that de- 
scends from the under sur- 
face of the cribriform plate 
of the ethmoid bone. 
The thin curved plate of the 
ethmoid that bounds the 
superior meatus of the nose 
above. 







BONES 



203 



BONES 



ex- 
of 
F. 



Bones of Car- 
pus (Dorsal 
Aspect). 

R. Inferior ex- 
tremity of 
radius. U. 
Inferior 
tremity 
ulna. 
Interarticu- 
lar f i b r o- 
cartilage. S. 
Scaphoid. L. 
Semilunar. 
C. Cunei- 
form. P. 
Pisiform . T. 
Trapezium. 
T. Trape- 
zoid. M. 
Os magnum. 

U. Unciform. The numbers upon these bones 
indicate the number of others with which each 
articulates, i, 2, 3, 4, 5. Proximal extremities 
of first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpal 
bones. 





Foot (Plantar Aspect). 
Inferior surface of calcaneum. 2. Inner tuber- 
osity. 3. Outer tuberosity. 4. Angular depres- 
sion between these tuberosities. 5. Inferior por- 
tion of head of astragalus. 6. Plantar surface of 
cuboid, for attachment of inferior calcaneocuboid 
ligament. 7. Tuberosity of cuboid. 8. Scaphoid. 
9. Tuberosity of scaphoid. 10. Inferior portion 
of internal cuneiform, n. Apex of . middle cunei- 
form. 12. Apex of internal cuneiform. 13, 14, 
15, 16, 17. First, second, third, fourth, and fifth 
metatarsal bones. 18. Tuberosity of fifth metatar- 
sal bone. 19. Two sesamoid bones. 20. First 
phalanx of great toe. 21 Last phalanx of great 
toe. 22, 22. First phalanges of remaining toes. 
23, 23. Second and third phalanges of these toes. 




Hand (Palmar Surface). 
Scaphoid. 2. Semilunar. 3. Cuneiform. 4. Pisi- 
form. 5. Trapezium. 6. Groove for tendon of 
flexor carpi radialis. 7. Trapezoid. 8. Os mag- 
num. 9. Unciform. 10, 10. Metacarpal bones. 
11, 11. First phalanges of fingers. 12, 12. Second 
phalanges. 13, 13. Third phalanges. 14. First 
phalanx of thumb. 15. Second phalanx. 




Median Section of Pelvis, Plane and Axis of 
Superior Strait. 

1. Sacrovertebral angle. 2, 2. Median section of 
sacrum. 3. Median section of coccyx. 4. Junc- 
tion of sacrum and coccyx. 5,5. Sacral canal. 6. 
Median section of symphysis pubis. _7._ Antero- 
posterior or sacropubic diameter of pelvic inlet, b. 
Prolongation of this diameter. 8. Line perpendic- 
ular to this diameter at its middle. 9. Antero- 
posterior or coccipubic diameter of pelvic outlet. 
10. Horizontal line passing through inferior margin 
of symphysis pubis. 11. Line perpendicular to 
last. 12. Arc of angle between these two. 



BONES 



204 



BONES 



Humerus (Anterior Aspect). 
Diaphysis. 2. Humeral head. 3. 
Anatomic neck. 4. Greater or 
external tuberosity. 5. Lesser 
or anterior tuberosity. 6. Bicip- 
ital groove. 7. Ridge for attach- 
ment of coracobrachialis muscle. 
8. Anterior border of shaft. 9. 
External surface. 10. Orifice of 
nutrient canal. n. Lesser or 

radial head. 12. Trochlea. 13- 
External condyle or epicondyle. 
14. Internal condyle or epitroch- 
lea. 15. Inferior portion of ex- 
ternal border. 16. Inferior por- 
tion of internal border. 17. Cor- 
onoid fossa. 



Radius and Ulna (Anterior Aspect). 

1. Anterior surface of body of ulna. 
2. Greater sigmoid cavity. 3. 
Lesser sigmoid cavity. 4. Olec- 
ranon. 5. Coronoid process. 
6. Orifice of nutrient canal. 7. 
Interosseous space. 8. Head of 
ulna. 9. Styloid process. 10. 
Body of radius, n. Head. 12. 
Neck. 13. Bicipital tuberosity. 
14. Ridge for insertion of prona- 
tor radii teres. 15. Inferior ex- 
tremity of radius. 16. Styloid 
process. 



t , 




Femur (Posterior Aspect). 

:, 1. Linea aspera. 2, 2. 
Externa] division. 3. In- 
ternal division. 4, 4. In- 
ferior divisions. 5. Head. 

6. Depression for attach- 
ment of round ligament. 

7. Neck. 8. Great tro- 
chanter. 9. Digital or 
trochanteric fossa. 10. 
Lesser trochanter. n. 
Outer condyle. 12. In- 
ner condyle. 13. Inter- 
condyloid notch. 14. 
Outer tuberosity. 15. 
Inner tuberosity. 



Tibia and Fibula (Anterior Aspect). 

1. Shaft of tibia. 2. Internal tuber- 
osity. 3. External tuberosity. 4. 
Spine. 5. Tubercle. 6. Crest. 
7. Inferior extremity. 8. Inter- 
nal malleolus. 9. Shaft of fibula. 
10. Superior extremity. 11. In- 
ferior extremity and external mal- 
leolus. 



BONES 205 " EONES 

Table of Bones. — {Continued.) 



Name. 



Principal Features. 



Articulations and 
Variety. 



Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 



Tympanic. 



Ulna [B. N. A.]. 



Includes the incus, malleus, 
and stapes (q. v.). 



Inner side of forearm, paral- 
lel with radius; prismatic; 
shaft and two extremities, 
olecranon process, coronoid 
process, greater and lesser 
sigmoid cavities, oblique 
ridge, perpendicular line, 
head or lower extremity, 
styloid process; long bone. 



Humerus- 



Radius, 



-ginglymus. 

superior — diar- 
throdia rotato- 
ria. 

middle — mem- 
branous. 

inferior — diar- 
throdia rotato- 
ria. 



Triceps, anconeus, flexor carpi 
ulnaris, brachialis anticus, pro- 
nator radii teres, flexor sublimis 
digitorum, flexor profundus digi- 
torum, flexor longus pollicis (oc- 
casionally), pronator quadratus, 
supinator brevis, extensor ossis 
metacarpi pollicis, extensor se- 
cundi internodii pollicis, exten- 
sor indicis, extensor carpi ul- 
naris. 



Unciform. 



See Hamatum (os). 



Vertebra [B. N. A.] 



Vomer [B. N. A.]. 



Twenty-six; cervical seven, 
dorsal twelve, lumbar five, 
sacrum (composed of five), 
coccyx (composed of four; 
each has a body and an 
arch; latter has two pedi- 
cles, two laminas, and seven 
processes, viz.: four articu- 
lar, two transverse, one 
spinous) . Peculiar verte- 
bras, first, second, and 
seventh cervical; first, ninth, 
tenth; eleventh, and twelfth 
dorsal, sacrum, coccyx; ir- 
regular bones. 



Articulate with each other, 
and with occipital and inno- 
minate bones and ribs (q. 
v.). 

Intervertebral articulations, 
between the bodies — am- 
phiarthrodia. 

Between articular processes 
— arlhrodia. 



Attachment of muscles. — To the 
atlas are attached nine pairs: 
the longus colli, rectus anticus 
minor, rectus lateralis, rectus 
posticus minor, obliquus super- 
ior and inferior, splenius colli, 
levator anguli scapula;, and first 
intertransverse. 

To the axis are attached eleven 
pairs: the longus colli, obliquus 
inferior, rectus posticus major, 
semispinalis colli, multifidus 
spins, Tevator anguli scapulae, 
splenius colli, scalenus medius, 
transversalis colli, intertrans- 
versales, . interspinales. 

To the remaining vertebras gener- 
ally are attached thirty-five 
pairs and a single muscle : anter- 
iorly, the rectus anticus major 
longus colli, scalenus anticus 
medius, and posticus, psoas 
magnus, psoas parvus, quadra 
tus lumborum, diaphragm, ob 
liquus internusand transversalis, 
posteriorly, the trapezius, latis- 
simus dorsi, levator anguli 
scapulae, rhomboideus major 
and minor, serratus posticus 
superior and inferior, splenius, 
erector spinae, sacrolumbalis, 
longissimus dorsi, spinalis dorsi, 
cervicalis ascendens, transver- 
salis colli, trachelomastoid, 
complexus, biventer cervicis, 
semispinalis dorsi and colli, 
multifidus spinae, rotatores spinae 
interspinales, supraspinales, in- 
tertransversales, levatores costa- 
rum. 



Situated vertically at back 
part of nasal fossas; forms 
part of septum of nose; 
somewhat like a plowshare; 
two surfaces and four bor- 
ders. 



Sphenoid, 

Ethmoid, 

Superior maxil- 
lary (two), 

Palate (two), 

Cartilage of the 
septum, 



synar- 
throdia. 



Wormian. 



Supernumerary bones; irreg- 
ular, inconstant, isolated, 
interposed between the 
cranial bones, most fre- 
quently in the lambdoid 
suture. 



Zygomaticum (os) [B. N. 
A.] (os malee, the malar 
or cheek bone). 



Small; quadrangular; at up- 
per and outer part of face; 
forms prominence of cheek, 
part of outer wall and floor 
of orbit, part of temporal 
and zygomatic fossas; fron- 
tal, orbital, maxillary and 
zygomatic processes, malar 
foramen, four borders; ir- 
regular bone. 



Frontal, 
Maxillary, 



Levator labii superioris proprius, 
zygomaticus major and minor, 
masseter, temporal. 



BONES 



206 



BONES 




Right Innominate Bone (External Aspect). 
. Superior border, or crest. 2. Anterior superior iliac spine. 3. Posterior superior iliac spine. 4, 4, 4. Superior 
curved line. 5, 5. Inferior curved line. 6. Surface between inferior curved line and acetabulum. 7. Anterior 
inferior iliac spine. 8. Anterior interspinous notch. 9. Posterior inferior iliac spine. 10. Posterior interspinous 
notch. 11. Spine of ischium. 12. Great sacrosciatic notch. 13. Acetabulum. 14. Fundus of acetabulum. 15, 
15. Circumference of acetabulum. 16. Cotyloid notch. 17. Spine of pubes. 18. Horizontal branch of pubes. 
19. Descending branch of pubes. 20, 20. Ischium. 21. Groove for tendon of obturator externus muscle. 22. 
Obturator foramen. 




Pelvis (Anterosuperior View, Superior Strait). 
1. Internal iliac fossas. 2, 2. Iliac crests. 3, 3. Anterior superior iliac spines. 4, 4- Anterior inferior iliac spines. 
5, 5. Iliopectineal eminences. 6, 6. Horizontal branches of pubes. 7, 7. Bodies and symphysis of pubes. 8, 8. 
Acetabulums. 9,9. Tuberosities of ischiums. 10,10. Ascending rami of ischium. 11, 11. Descending rami of pubes. 
12, 12. Spines of ischiums. 13, 13. Posterior wall of pelvic cavity. 14, 14. Sacroiliac symphyses. 15. Sacrover- 
tebral angle. 16, 16. Superior strait. 



BOOT, JUNOD'S 



207 



BOSTON'S REACTION 



Boot, Junod's. See Junod's Boot. 

Boracic Acid (bo-ras f -ik) . See under Boron. 

Boracite (bo f -ras-it) . Native magnesium bo- 
rate. 

Boral (bo'-ral). See Aluminium Borotartrate. 

Borate (bo'-rat) [Ar., buraq, borax]. Any 
salt of boric acid. • 

Borated (bo f -ra-ted) . Containing boric acid. 

Borax (bo'-raks). See Boron. 

Borborygmus ibor-bor-ig' -mus) {J3op/3opuY/i6c, 
a rumbling]. A rumbling of the bowels. 

Border (bord'-er) [ME.]. In anatomy, the 
boundary of an area or surface. B., Basal, 
B., Cuticular, B., Striated. See Layer, 
Cuticular. B., Bright, the margin of a 
ciliated cell. B., Vermilion, the line of 
union of the mucosa of the lip with the 
skin. 

Bordet's Phenomenon (bor'-da). SeePfeiffer's 
Reaction, from which it differs only in the use 
of a small quantity of normal serum instead 
of fresh peritoneal fluid. B.'s Specific Test, 
for human blood: it is based upon the fact that 
the blood-serum of an animal subcutaneously 
injected with the blood of another animal 
of a different species rapidly develops the 
property of agglutinating and dissolving the 
erythrocytes similar to those injected, but has 
no effect upon blood derived from any other 
source. 

Bordier-Frankel's Sign. See Bell's Phe- 
nomenon. 

Boric (bo'-rik). Relating to boron; containing 
boron. B. Acid. See under Boron. B. An- 
hydrid, B. Oxid, B 2 O s , a transparent, brittle, 
hard glass obtained from boric acid by expul- 
sion of water by heat. 

Boricin (bo f -ris-in). A proprietary mixture of 
borax and boric acid used as an antiseptic 
on mucosas. 

Borid {bo' -rid). A compound of boron with a 
radicle or element. 

Borin (bo'-rin). i. A compound of i atom 
of boron and 3 atoms or 3 molecules of a 
univalent radicle. 2. A proprietary anti- 
septic said to contain boric acid and aro- 
matic stearoptens. 

Borism {bo'-rizm). Poisoning with boric acid. 

Borneene (bor f -ne-en), C 10 H 16 . A peculiar vola- 
tile oil, the chief constituent of oil of camphor. 
It is isomeric with oil of turpentine and 
holds in solution borneol and rosin. 

Borneo Camphor {bor'-ne-o kam'-jor). See 
Borneol. 

Borneol ibor'-ne-ol) [Borneo], C 10 H ]8 O. Borneo 
camphor; a substance that occurs in Dryo- 
balanops camphora, a tree growing in Borneo 
and Sumatra. It is artificially prepared by 
treating the alcoholic solution of common 
camphor with sodium. 

Borneyl (bor'-ne-il), C 10 H H . The radicle of 
borneol. 

Borocalcite {bo-ro-kal'-sif). Native calcium 
borate. 

Borocarbid (bo-ro-kar' -bid) . A compound of 
borax and carbon. 

Borocitrate (bo-ro-sit'-rdt). A compound of 



both citric and boric acid with an element 
or radicle. 

Borogen (bo r -ro-jen) . Boric-acid ethyl ester. 
It is used by inhalation in diseases of the 
air-passages. 

Boroglycerid (bo-ro-glis'-er-id). See Boroglyc- 
erin. 

Boroglycerin (bo-ro-glis r -er-in). A mixture of 
boric acid with glycerol. B., Glycerite of 
(glyceritum boroglycerini, U. S. P.), boroglyc- 
erin dissolved in glycerol by heating. Syn., 
Solution 0} Boroglycerin. 

Borol {bo'-rol). Potassium borosulfate. 

Boron (bo'-ron) [Ar., buraq, borax]. B = 11; 
quantivalence ni, v. A nonmetallic element 
occurring in two allotropic forms — as a powder 
and as a crystalline substance. It is the 
base of boric acid and of the mineral borax. 
Boracic or, more properly, boric acid, H 3 B0 3 , 
is a crystalline substance, found native in 
the volcanic lagoons of Tuscany. It occurs 
in white, transparent crystals, soluble in 
water and alcohol; it is antiseptic. Dose 
5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). Unguentum acidi 
borici (U. S. P., B.P.) contains hard paraffin, 2; 
soft paraffin, 4; boric acid, 1 ; it is used 
as an antiseptic and in dermatology. Borax, 
Na 2 B 4 7 + ioH 2 0, sodium borate, occurs 
as white, transparent crystals, soluble in 
water, alcohol, and glycerol ; it is used as 
an antiseptic. Dose 5-40 gr. (0.32-2.6 Gm.). 
Glycerinum boracis (B. P.) contains borax, 
glycerol, and distilled water; used as a local 
application. Mel boracis (B. P.), borax honey, 
contains borax, clarified honey, and glycerol 
(about 1 in 7); used as a local application. 

Borosalicyl, Borsalyl {bo-ro-saV-is-il, bor'- 
sal-il). Sodium borosalicylate. 

Borsieri's Line (bor-se-a'-re). In the early 
stage of scarlatina, a line drawn on the skin 
with the finger-nail leaves a white mark which 
quickly turns red and becomes smaller in size. 

Boss (bos) [ME., bos]. A wide, more or less 
circular protuberance, as on the skull or on 
a tumor. B., Parietal. See Eminence, 
Parietal. B., Pott's. See Curvature, Pott's. 
B., Sanguineous. 1. A swelling due to a 
contusion and containing extravasated blood. 
2. See Caput succedaneum. 

Bossed (bosd). Having a prominent center 
on a circular flat surface. 

Bosselated {bos' -el-a-ted) \boss]. Covered with 
bosses or small nodules. 

Bostock's Catarrh (bos f -tok). Hay -fever. 

Boston's Reaction for Bence-Jones' Albu- 
mose. It depends upon the presence in the 
albumose of loosely combined sulfur: (1) 15 
to 20 Cc. of filtered urine are placed in a test- 
tube and to it an equal quantity of saturated 
solution of sodium chlorid is added, and the 
whole shaken; (2) 2 or 3 Cc. of a 30 % solution 
of caustic soda are now added and shaken 
vigorously; (3) the upper one-fourth of the 
column of liquid is gradually heated over the 
flame of a Bunsen burner to the boiling-point, 
whereupon a solution of lead acetate (10%) 
is added, drop by drop, boiling the upper pre- 



BOT 



208 



BOURDONNEMENT 






viously heated stratum of liquid after each 
additional drop; (4) when the drop of lead 
acetate comes in contact with the liquid, a 
copious pearly or cream-colored cloud appears 
at the surface, which becomes less dense as 
the boiling-point is reached; and when boiling 
is prolonged for one-half to one minute, the 
upper stratum shows a slight browning, which 
deepens to a dull black. This lessens in 
intensity toward the bottom of the tube. After 
standing the reaction becomes intensified, 
and a black precipitate falls through the clear 
liquid and collects at the bottom of the tube. 

Bot {hot) [botus, a belly-worm]. The larva of 
certain species of flies of the genus CEstrus, 
which are conveyed into the stomach of man, 
where they hatch. Also the threadworm, 
Oxyuris vermicularis. 

BotaPs Duct, Botallo, Duct of {bo'-tal, bo- 
tal'-o). Ductus arteriosus botalli. A short 
vessel in the fetus between the main pulmon- 
ary artery and the aorta. B., Foramen of, 
the foramen ovale in the interauricular sep- 
tum of the fetal heart. B., Ligament of, the 
remains of Botal's duct. 

Botalismus {bot-al-iz' -mus) . See Botulism. 

Botany {bot'-an-e) \J3orav7), an herb]. The 
science of plants — their classification and 
structure. 

Bothrenchyma (both-ren' -ke-mah) [fiodp'cov, a 
pit; kjx^ elv 7 to pour in]. Pitted tissue. 

Bothriocephalus (both-re-o-sef -al-us) [both- 
rion; K£(f>aAr), a head]. A genus of tape- 
worms. B. latus, the fish tape-worm, a 
common parasite of man in certain European 
localities. It may reach 25 feet in length, 
with a breadth of three-fourths of an inch. 
Syn., Dibothrium latum; Tcenia lata. 

Bothrioid {both' -re-oid) [bothrion; eWoc, like- 
ness]. Pitted; foveolated; covered with pit- 
like markings. 

Botryoid (bof -re-oid) [fibrpuc, a bunch of 
grapes; eldoc, likeness]. Resembling in 
shape a bunch of grapes. 

Botryomyces {bot-re-o-mi'-sez) [ftorpuf, a bunch 
of grapes; fiUK7)c, a fungus; pi., botryomycetes]. 
A general term for those fungi which occur 
in grape-like clusters. 

Botryomycosis {bot-re-o-mi-W -sis) [see Bot- 
ryomyces]. A disease of horses in which fibro- 
matous nodules form in the lungs. It is 
supposed to be caused by a microorganism 
called Botryomyces, although Poncet and Dor 
(1897) credit it to Botryococcus, and Badin 
(1902) to Staphylococcus aureus. 

Botryophyma {bot-re-o-fi' '-mah) [ftorpuc, a bunch 
of grapes; 4>up.a, a growth]. A vascular, 
fungus-like growth from the skin. B. cseru- 
leum, a form having a blue coloration. 
B. rubrum, a form having a red color. 

Bottcher's Cells, B.'s Crystals. See under 
Boettcher. 

Bottger's Test. See Boettger's Test. 

Botulin (bot'-u-lin). See Botulismotoxin. 

Botulism, Botulismus {bot'-u-lizm, bot-u-liz f - 
mus) [botulus, a sausage]. Sausage-poison- 
ing. 



Botulismotoxin (bot-u-liz-mo-toks f -in). A 
toxic albumose of poisonous meat produced 
by Bacillus botulinus, van Ermengem. Syn., 
Botulin; Botulinic acid. 

Bouchard's Coefficient (boo-shar). The 
ratio existing between the amount of urea 
and the sum-total of the solids in the urine 
— approximately 50. B.'s Disease, dila- 
tion of the stomach due to deficient function 
of the gastric muscular fibers. B.'s Nodosi- 
ties, enlargement af the second phalangeal 
joints of the fingers, associated with dilation 
of the stomach. B.'s Treatment of Obe- 
sity, a daily diet of 1250 Gm. of milk and 
5 eggs divided into 5 meals. 

Bouchut's Tubes. A variety of tubes for 
intubation of the larynx. 

Boudin's Law. The poisons of malaria and 
tuberculosis are antagonistic. This law is 
not founded upon fact. 

Bougard's Paste. A caustic paste containing 
mercury bichlorid, zinc chlorid, arsenic, cin- 
nabar, starch, and wheat-flour. 

Bougie (boo'-zhe) [Fr., "a candle"]. 1. A slen- 
der cylindric instrument made of waxed silk, 
catgut, etc., for introduction into the urethra 
or other passage, for the purpose of dilation, 
exploration, etc. 2. A suppository. B. a. 
boule. See B., Bulbous. B. a. empreinte, 
one with a waxy substance adherent to its 
point, by means of which an impression of 
the stricture may be taken. B., Armed, a 
bougie with a piece of silver nitrate or other 
caustic attached to its extremity. B., Bul- 
bous, a bougie with a bulbous tip. B., 
Caustic, B., Cauterizant. See B., Armed. 
B., Emplastic. 1. See B. a empreinte. 2. 
A flexible bougie coated with a mixture of 
wax, diachylon, and olive-oil. B., Filiform, 
a whalebone or other bougie of very small di- 
ameter. B., Fusiform, one with a spindle- 
shaped shaft. B., Medicated. 1. A bougie 
charged with some medicament. 2. A 
medicated suppository. B., Rosary, a 
beaded bougie used in a strictured urethra. 
B., Soluble, a suppository composed of 
substances dissolving at body-temperature. 
B., Whip-, one with filiform end gradually 
increasing in thickness. 

Bouillaud's Disease {bweel-o'). Infective en- 
docarditis. B.'s Metallic Tinkling, a pecu- 
liar clink sometimes heard to the right of the 
apex-beat in cardiac hypertrophy. 

Bouillon (boo-e-yon(g)) [Fr.]. 1. A broth 
made by boiling meat, usually beef, in water. 
2. A liquid nutritive medium for the culture 
of microorganisms, prepared from finely 
chopped beef or beef-extract. , 

Boulton's Solution. A compound tinc- 
ture of iodin, phenol, glycerol, and dis- 
tilled water; it is used for spraying in 
rhinitis. 

Bourdin's Paste. An escharotic mixture of 
nitric acid with flowers of sulfur. 

Bourdonnement (boor-dun-mon(g)) [Fr., 
bourdonner, to buzz]. Any buzzing sound. 
The murmur that is heard when the stetho- 



BOUVERET'S DISEASE 



209 



BRACHYKERKIC 



scope is applied to any part of the body. It 
is thought to result from contraction of the 
muscular fibrils. 

Bouveret's Disease (boo'-ver-a). Paroxysmal 
tachycardia. B.'s Sign in Intestinal Ob- 
struction, this sign is applicable only to the 
large gut: great distention of the cecum and 
a large elevation in the right iliac fossa. 

Bovillae (bo-vil'-e) [L.]. Measles. 

Bovine (bo'-vin) [bovinus, of an ox]. Ox-like. 
B. Heart, the immensely hypertrophied 
heart of aortic valvular disease. 

Bovinine (bo'-vin-in) [see Bovine]. A pro- 
prietary preparation of beef used as a food 
for invalids and convalescents. 

Bovista {bo-vis' -tah) [L.]. i. A genus of 
fungi closely allied to Lycoperdon; some of 
the species are edible. 2. The Lycoperdon 
bovista, a fungus or puffball. When dry it 
is a good styptic, and its tincture has been 
used in nervous diseases. 

Bowdichia (bo-dich' -e-ah) [Edward Bowdich, 
an English naturalist]. A genus of plants 
of the order Leguminosce. B. virgilioides is 
a South American tree, of which the bark 
(alchornoque or alcornoque bark) is diaphor- 
etic, roborant, and antisyphilitic. 

Bowel (bow'-el) [OF., boel, from L., botellus, 
a sausage]. The intestine. 

Bow-leg [ME., bowe]. An arching outward 
of the lower limbs. See Genu var^um. 

Bowman's Capsule (bo'-man). The expanded 
portion forming the beginning of a uriniferous 
tubule. B.'s Discs, the products of a break- 
ing up of muscle-fibers in the direction of the 
transverse striations. B.'s Glands, glands 
found in the olfactory mucous membrane. 
B.'s Membrane, a thin, homogeneous mem- 
brane representing the uppermost layer of 
the stroma of the cornea, with which it is in- 
timately connected. B.'s Muscle. See under 
Muscle. B.'s Probe, a probe used in dila- 
ting strictures of the lacrimal duct. B.'s 
Sarcous Elements, muscle-caskets; the small 
elongated prisms of contractile substance 
that produce the appearance of dark stripes 
in voluntary muscle. B.'s Tubes, artificial 
tubes formed between the lamellas of the 
cornea by the injection of air or colored 
fluid. 

Bowman-Mueller's Capsule. See Bowman's 
Capsule. 

Boyer's Bursa (boy'-ur). The subhyoid bursa. 
B.'s Cyst. See Cyst, Boyer's. 

Boyle's Law (boil). See Law, Boyle's. 

Bozeman's Catheter (boz'-man). A double- 
current catheter. 

Bozzi's Foramen (bot'-tze). See Soemmer- 
ing' s Yellow Spot. 

Bozzolo's Sign (bot-tzo'-lo). Visible pulsation 
of the arteries of the nares, said to occur in 
some cases of aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. 

Bracelets (bras' -lets). Transverse lines across 
the anterior aspect of the wrist. 

Brachia (bra'-ke-ah). Plural of brachium. 

Brachial (bra'-ke-al) [brachium]. Pertain- 
ing to the arm. B. Artery, the continua- 
J 5 



tion of the axillary artery, extending along 
the inner side of the arm. See under 
Artery. B. Glands, the lymphatic glands 
of the arm. B. Plexus, the plexus of the 
fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth cervical and 
the first dorsal nerves. B. Veins, the veins 
of the arm that accompany the brachial artery 

Brachialgia (bra-ke-aV -je-ah) [brachium; aXyoc, 
pain]. Pain or neuralgia in the arm or 
in the brachial plexus. 

Brachiform (bra' -ke-form) [brachium; forma, 
form]. Arm-shaped. 

Brachinin (brak' -in-in) [ftpaxuc, short]. A 
substance obtained from the bombardier- 
beetle, Brachinus crepitans, of Europe. It 
is said to be efficacious against rheumatism. 

Brachio- (bra - he - o -) [brachium]. A prefix 
meaning pertaining to the brachium. 

Brachiocephalic (bra-ke-o-sef-al'-ik) [brachio-; 
ne^aXrj, head]. Pertaining to the arm and 
the head. B. Artery, B. Vein, the innomi- 
nate artery and vein. 

Brachio crural (bra-ke-o-kru'-ral) [brachio-; 
crus, the leg]. Pertaining to or affecting the 
arm and leg. 

Brachiocubital (bra-ke-o-ku'-bit-al) [brachio-; 
cubitus, forearm]. Relating to the arm and 
forearm, as, the brachiocubital ligament. 

Brachiofacial (bra-ke-o-ja'-shal). Pertaining 
to both arm and face. 

Brachiorachidian (brak - e - o - rak - id'-e-an) 
[brachio-; pax^C, the spinal column]. Relat- 
ing to the arm and the spinal cord. 

Brachium (bra'-ke-um) [jlpaxcwv, the arm; pi., 
brachia]. The arm, especially the upper arm; 
also, any arm -like object or structure. Bra- 
chia cerebelli, the peduncles of the cerebel- 
lum . Brachia cerebri , B. of Optic Lobes , the 
bands connecting the nates and testes with the 
optic thalamus. B. copulativum, the supe- 
rior peduncle of the cerebellum. B. pontis, 
the brachium of the pons, being also the 
middle peduncle of the cerebellum. 

Brach-Romberg's Sign. See Romberg's Sign. 

Brachy- (brak-c-) [ftpaxOc, short]. A prefix 
meaning short. 

Brachycardia (brak-e-kar'-de-ah). Same as 
Bradycardia. 

Brachycephalic, Brachycephalous (brak-e- 
se} - a I' - ik, brak -e- sef -al- us) [brachy -; 
K£<f)aXrj, a head]. 1. Applied to skulls of an 
egg-like shape, with the larger end behind. 
2. Having a skull the transverse diameter 
of which is more than eight-tenths of the 
long diameter. 

Brachycnemic, Brachyknemic (brak-e-ne'- 
mik) [brachy-; Kvfjfi-T), the leg]. A term 
applied by Sir W. Turner to a leg propor- 
tionately shorter than the thigh. 

Brachyglossal (brak-e-glos'-al) [brachy-; 
yXwooa, tongue]. Having a short tongue. 

Brachyhieric (brak-e-hi'-e-rik) [brachy-; hpov, 
sacrum]. Having a short sacrum. 

Brachykerkic (brak-e-kerk'-ik) [brachy-; 
KepKcc, a shuttle]. Having the forearm dis- 
proportionately short as compared with the 
upper arm. 



BRACHYMETR0P1A 



210 



BREAK 



Brachymetropia {brak - e - met - ro' - pe-ah). 
See Myopia. 

Brachynosis, Brachynsis {brak-in-o'-sis, 
brak-in'-sis) [brachy-; voooc, disease]. The 
contraction or shortening of an organ or 
part by disease. 

Brachystaphylic {brak-e-staj'-il-ik) [brachy-; 
ozacfxuXr), the palate]. Having a short alveo- 
lar arch. 

Bracket {brak'-et) [OF., braguette]. An appara- 
tus for supporting a joint or rendering it im- 
movable. 

Brady- {brad-e-) [fipaouc, slow]. A prefix mean- 
ing slow. 

Bradycardia {brad -e- kar' -de- ah) [brady- ; 
mpdia, heart]. Slowness of the heart-beat. 

Bradycausis {brad-e-kaw' -sis) [brady-; Kabacc, 
a burning]. A slow burning; the applica- 
tion of a slow caustic. 

Bradydiastole {brad-e-di-as'-to-le) [brady-; 
dcaaxoX-q, a drawing apart]. A prolonga- 
tion of the diastolic pause; it is generally 
associated with myocardial lesions. Syn., 
Bradydiastolia. 

Bradyesthesia {brad-e-es-the' -ze-ah) [brady- ; 
aiodt]ocg, perception]. Dulness of percep- 
tion. 

Bradyglossia {brad-e -glos'-e-ah). See Bradyla- 
lia. 

Bradylalia {brad-e-la f -le-ah) [brady-; XaXslv, 
to talk]. A slowness of utterance. 

Bradypepsia {brad - e - pep' - se - ah) [brady-; 
7ik4>c€, digestion]. Slow digestion. 

Bradyphasia {brad-e- fa' -ze-ah). See Bradylalia. 

Bradyphrasia {brad-e-fra' -ze-ah). See Brady- 
lalia. 

Bradyspermatism {brad-e-sper'-mat-izm) 
[brady-; onkpaa, seed]. Abnormally slow 
• emission of semen. 

Braidism {brad'-izm). The hypnotic state 
produced by fixation of the eyes upon a shin- 
ing object; described by James Braid in 1842. 

Brain {bran) [AS., brcegen]. That part of the 
central nervous system contained in the 
cranial cavity, and consisting of the cerebrum, 
the cerebellum, the pons, and the medulla 
oblongata. B., Abdominal, the solar plexus. 
B., After-. See Metencephalon. B.-axis, 
that portion of the brain-substance including 
the island of Reil, the basal ganglions, the 
crura, pons, medulla, and cerebellum. B.- 
bladder, a cerebral vesicle of the embryo. 
B. -fever. See Meningitis. B., Fore-. See 
Prosencephalon. B., Great, the cerebrum. 
B., Hind-. See Epencephalon. B., Mid-. 
See Mesencephalon. B., Railway-, a condi- 
tion analogous to railway spine, and character- 
ized by cerebral disturbance. See Erichsen's 
Disease. B.-sand. See Acervulus. B.-tire, 
a condition of brain exhaustion due to exces- 
sive functional activity. B., 'Twixt-. See 
Diencephalon and Thalamencephalon. {See 
illustrations on pp. 211, 2T2.) 

Bran {bran) [Breton, brenn]. The epidermis or 
outer covering of the seeds of most cereals. B.- 
bath. See Bath, Bran. B. Dressing, a dress- 
ing formerly used for compound fracture of the 



leg. The leg Was placed in a fracture-box 
and surrounded with clean bran. 

Branchiae {brang'-ke-e) [ftpa-f^ca, gills]. 
The gills of fishes. 

Branchial {brang' -ke-al) . Pertaining to the 
branchiae. B. Arches. See Arches, Bran- 
chial. B. Openings. See Clefts, Visceral. 

Branchiogenous {brang-ke-oj' -en-us) [bronchia ; 
yevvav, to produce]. Produced or developed 
from a branchial cleft. 

Brand Method. A system of baths employed 
in the treatment of typhoid fever. 

Brandy {bran' -de). See Spiritus vini gallici. 

Brassica {bras' -ik-ah) [AS.]. A genus of plants 
of the order CrucifercB, including the common 
cabbage. 

Brassy-eye. See Chalcitis. 

Braun's Canal. See Kowalezvsky's Canal. 
B.'s Reaction for Glucose, treat the glu- 
cose solution with caustic soda, and warm 
until it is yellow; then add a 'dilute solution 
of picric acid and heat to boiling. A deep 
red color will be produced. Creatinin gives 
the same reaction, even in the cold, and ace- 
tone also, though slightly. 

Braune's Canal. The continuous passage 
formed by the uterine cavity and the vagina 
during labor, after full dilation of the os. 
B.'s Os internum. See BandVs Ring. 

Bravais-Jackson's Epilepsy {brav'-a). See 
J acksonian Epilepsy. 

Brawn {brawn) [OF., braon, a .piece of 
flesh]. The flesh of a muscle; well-devel- 
oped muscles. 

Brawny {brawn' -e) [see Brawn]. Fleshy; mus- 
cular. B. Induration, pathologic hardening 
and thickening of the tissues. 

Braxton Hicks' Sign. See Hicks. 

Brayera {bra-ye'-rah). See Cusso. 

Bread {bred) [AS., bread]. A mixture of flour 
and water rendered porous by carbon dioxid, 
and baked. The flour may be of wheat, corn, 
oat, or rye. The carbon dioxid may be intro- 
duced by decomposing an alkaline carbonate 
(sodium or potassium) by an acid (cream 
of tartar), or by fermenting the starch with 
yeast. B., Brown, a kind of bread made 
from a mixture of corn, rye, and wheat flour. 
B., Graham, bread made from unbolted 
wheat flour; it contains more gluten, dias- 
tase, and mineral phosphates than ordinary 
bread. B. -paste, a culture-medium for bac- 
teria and molds. Stale, coarse bread is 
dried, ground to powder, and made into a 
paste with water. B. -poultice, a poultice 
made with bread-crumbs. B., White, bread 
made from bolted wheat flour, and therefore 
deficient in diastase, gluten, and mineral 
phosphates. Other kinds, such as rye (or 
black), corn, bran, barley, etc., indicate their 
composition by their name. 

Break {brak) [AS., brecan]. 1. In electricity, 
to open the circuit of a battery. 2. In 
surgery, a fracture. B. Shock, a term 
sometimes employed in electrotherapeutics for 
the physiologic shock produced on the open- 
ing or breaking of an electric circuit. 



BRAIN 



211 



BRAIN 




Superior Aspect, or Convexity 
of the Brain. 

i, i. Fissure of Rolando. 2, 2. As- 
cending frontal convolution. 3, 
3. Ascending and superior parie- 
tal convolutions. 4, 4. First 
frontal convolution. 5, 5. Second 
frontal. 6, 6. Third frontal. 7.7. 
First occipital. 8. 8. Second oc- 
cipital. 9. 9. Third occipital. 
10. Anterior extremity of corpus 
callosum. 11. Posterior extrem- 
ity. 



Inferior Aspect of the Brain. 

1. Anterior extremity of corpus cal- 
losum. 2. Optic chiasm. 3. 
Tuber cinereum and infundibu- 
lum. 4. Corpora albicantia, or 
mamillaria. 5. Pons varolii. 6. 
Third nerve. 7. Aqueduct of 
Sylvius. 8. Testes. 10. Infe- 
rior surface of frontal lobe, n, 
11. Convolution of the fissure 
of Sylvius. 12. Olfactory nerve. 

13, 13. Third convolution of 
inferior surface of frontal lobe. 

14, 14. Fourth convolution. 15. 

15, Third convolution of external 
surface of frontal lobe. 16. 16. 
External border of posterior lobe. 
1 7-, Sphenoid extremity. 18. Oc- 
cipital extremity. 19. Ffippo- 
campal convolution. 20. Exter- 
nal convolution of posterior lobe. 
21. Middle convoludon. 22. In- 
ternal convolution. 23. Gyrus 
fornicatus. 




BRAIN 



212 



BRAIN 




Medisection of Brain, Showing Important Sinuses. — {Holden.) 
Falx cerebri. 2, 2. Its convex border, with the great longitudinal sinus. 3. Its concave border. 4, 4. Inferior longi- 
tudinal sinus. 5. Base of falx cerebri. 6. Straight sinus. 7. Apex of falx cerebri 8. Right half of the tentorium, 
seen from below. 9. Right lateral sinus. 10. Superior petrosal sinus. 11. Inferior petrosal sinus. 12. Posterior 
occipital sinus. 13. Falx cerebelli. 14. Optic nerve. 15. Motor oculi. 16. Pathetic. 17. Trigeminus. 18. 
Abducens. 19. Facial and auditory nerves. 20. Glossopharyngeal, pneumogastric, and spinal accessory nerves. 
21. Hypoglossal nerve. 22. First cervical nerve. 23. Second cervical nerve. 24. Upper extremity of ligamentum 
denticulatum. 




BREAKBONE FEVER 



213 



BREATHING 



Breakbone Fever. See Dengue. 

Breast {brest) [ME., brest]. i. The anterior 
part of the chest. 2. The mamma. B.- 
bone, the sternum. B., Broken, abscess of 
the mammary gland. B., Chicken-, a de- 
formity marked by prominence of the sternal 
portion of the chest. Syn., Pectus carina- 
tum. B., Funnel-, a depression of the chest- 
walls at the sternum resembling the bowl of a 
funnel; it is like shoemaker's breast, only it 
may occur at any point. Syn., Funnel-chest. 
B., Gathered, mammary abscess. B., Hys- 
teric, a form of mastodynia due to hysteria. 
B., Irritable Tumor of, a name given by 
Astley Cooper to peculiar, sharply defined fibro- 
matous or neuromatous tumors of small size 
and extreme tenderness. B.-pang, angina pec- 
toris. B., Pigeon-. Same as B., Chicken-. 
B.-pump, a suction-apparatus for remov- 
ing the milk from the breast. B., Shoe- 
maker's, a depression of the sternum in 



shoemakers due to the pressure of tools against 
it and the xiphoid cartilage. 

Breath (breth) [AS., brceth]. The air exhaled 
from the lungs. B. -sounds, the respiratory 
sounds heard upon auscultation. See Table. 

Breathing. See Respiration. B., Abdomi- 
nal, breathing in which the abdominal walls 
move decidedly and in which the diaphragm 
is actively engaged. B., Cheyne-Stokes'. 
See Cheyne-Stokes' Respiration. B., Inter- 
rupted, B., Cog-wheel, B., Wavy, a broken 
or interrupted inspiratory sound produced 
by nervousness, irregular contraction of the 
muscles of respiration, or irregular expan- 
sion of the lung from disease. B., Mouth-, 
habitual respiration through the mouth. 
B., Puerile, the breathing normally heard 
in children, and heard in adults when the 
respiratory murmur is exaggerated. B., 
Suppressed, entire absence of breath-sounds, 
as in pleuritic effusion and certain solid con- 



TABLE OF BREATH-SOUNDS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
{Altered and enlarged from J. K. Fowler.) 



Vari- 
ety OF 
Breath- 
ing. 


Period. 


Pitch. 


Quality. 


Inter- 
val. 


Duration. 


Inten- 
sity. 


Where Heard. 


Condition 

IN WHICH 

Heard. 


Vesicu- 
lar. 


1. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Low. 
Lower. 


Vesicular. 
Blowing. 


None. 


Shorter 
than inspi- 
ration or 
absent. 


Variable. 

Faint or 
absent. 


Over the lungs 
in health. 


In health. 


Bron- 
chial. 


1. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


High. 
Higher. 


Tracheal. 
Tracheal. 


Dis- 
tinct. 


Equal to 
or longer 
than inspi- 
ration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


In health, in 
regions of seventh 
cervical spine. 
In disease, over 
areas of con- 
solidation. 


In health ; pul- 
monary tuber- 
culosis, lobar 

pneumonia, large 
pleuritic effu- 
sions, thoracic 

aneurysm, medi- 
astinal tumors. 


Broncho- 
vesicu- 
lar. 


1. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Higher 
than in 
vesicular 
breathing 
Higher 
than in 
vesicular 
breath- 
ing. 


More or 

less 
tracheal. 

More or 

less 
tracheal. 


Slight. 


About 

equal to 

inspiration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


In health, ant., 
over sternal por- 
tion of inf raclavic- 
ular region ; post., 

upper part of 
interscapular re- 
gion. In disease, 
over slight con- 
solidation. 


In health ; 
pneumonia, 

pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 


Am- 
phoric. 


1. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Low. 
Lower. 


Hollow and 

metallic. 
Both char- 
acters more 
marked. 


Dis- 
tinct. 


Longer 
than inspi- 
ration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


Over a large 
cavity communi- 
cating with an 
open bronchus. 


Pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 


Cavern- 
ous. 


1. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Low. 
Lower. 


Blowing 
and hollow. 
Both char- 
acters more 

marked. 


Dis- 
tinct. 


Longer 
than inspi- 
ration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


Over a cavity 

communicating 

with an open 

bronchus. 


Pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 


Tubular. 


1. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Higher 

than in 

bronchial 

breathing 

Higher. 


Laryngeal 
or whiffing. 

Laryngeal 
or whiffing. 


Dis- 
tinct. 


Equal to 
or longer 
than inspi- 
ration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


Over 

consolidated 
areas. 


Lobar 

pneumonia, 

pulmonary 

tuberculosis. 



BRECHT'S CARTILAGES 



214 



BROCA'S APHASIA 



ditions of the lung. B., Thoracic, respira- 
tion in which the thoracic walls are actively 
moved. 

Brecht's Cartilages. See Cartilages, BrechCs. 

Breech (brech) [ME., breech]. The buttocks. 
B. Presentation, presentation of the but- 
tocks of the child at the os uteri during 
labor. 

Bregenin {breg r -en-in) [Low Ger., bregen, 
brain], C 40 H 87 NO 5 . A name given by Thu- 
dichum to a viscous principle, soluble in 
and crystallizable from alcohol, by means of 
which it has been extracted from brain- 
tissue. It is fusible like a fat, but is miscible 
with water. 

Bregma {breg'-mah) [fipkyfia, the sinciput]. 
The part of the skull corresponding to the 
anterior fontanel. 

Bregmatic {breg-mat'-ik). Relating to the 
bregma. 

Brein {bre'-in). A glucosid isolated from 
Bryonia alba. It is a powerful stimulant 
to the arterioles and usefulin the treatment 
of postpartum hemorrhage and other met- 
rorrhagias. 

Breisky's Disease {bri'-ske). Kraurosis vulva?. 
B.'s Method, of measuring the dimensions of 
the pelvis at its outlet: it consists in measuring 
externally the distance between the tuberos- 
ities of the ischiums, and also in taking the 
distance from the junction of the sacrum 
and coccyx to the lower border of the arcuate 
ligament. 

Bremer's Color-test for Diabetic Urine (bra f - 
mur). See under Tests. B.'s Reaction for 
Diabetic Blood, the blood is prepared as in 
ordinary staining methods, and, after drying 
in a hot-air sterilizer, stained with methylene- 
blue and eosin. The red blood-corpuscles 
of diabetic blood are stained greenish-yellow, 
whereas in normal blood they assume a 
brownish color. 

Brenner's Formula {bren'-nur). i. With the 
same current strength the kathodal closing 
contraction is four times as strong as the kath- 
odal opening contraction. 2. The normal 
auditory nerve reacts to the kathodal closure 
by a sound sensation which immediately 
attains its maximum and then gradually 
diminishes; the anodal opening causes with 
the same current strength a somewhat weaker 
sound that is of short duration. 

Brephydrocephalus {bref-id-ro-sef'-al-us) [fipk- 
<f>oc, an infant; uopoKscfyaXoc, hydrocephalus]. 
Hydrocephalus in infants. 

Breschet's Canal, B.'s Veins {bresh'-a). The 
veins of the diploe. See under Canal. B.'s 
Helicotrema, the helicotrema, the foramen 
of communication between the scala vestibuli 
and the scala tympani. B.'s Sinus, the 
sphenoparietal sinus. 

Bretonneau's Diphtheria {bret'-on-o). Diph- 
theria of the pharynx. 

Brick-dust Deposit. A reddish sediment in 
the urine, consisting of urates. 

Bricklayers' Itch. Eczema due to irritation 
of lime-mortar. 



Brickmakers' Anemia. See Ankylosto- 
miasis. 

Bridge (brij) [ME., brigge]. 1. The upper 
ridge of the nose, formed by the union of 
the two nasal bones. 2. In electricity, an 
apparatus for measuring the resistance of 
a conductor. 

Bridle {bri'-dl) [AS., brldel]. A band or 
filament stretching across the lumen of a 
passage, or from side to side of an ulcer, 
scar, abscess, etc. B. Stricture, a stricture 
due to the presence of a delicate band stretched 
across the lumen of the urethra. 

Bright's Blindness. Partial or complete 
loss of sight, which may be temporary, inde- 
pendent of any change in the optic disc or 
retina; it occurs in uremia. B.'s Disease, 
a generic term for acute and chronic diffuse 
disease of the kidneys, usually associated 
with dropsy and albuminuria. B.'s Disease, 
Acute, an acute inflammation of the kidney; 
it may be parenchymatous, interstitial, or 
diffuse. B.'s Disease, Chronic, a chronic 
inflammation of the kidney, affecting the 
parenchyma, the connective tissue, or both. 
Amyloid degeneration is also considered 
a chronic form of Bright's disease. B.'s 
Friction-sound. See Beatty -Bright 's Fric- 
tion-sound. B.'s Granulations, the granu- 
lations of the large white kidney. 

Brightism (brit'-izm) [Bright, an English 
physician]. Chronic nephritis. 

Brim {brim) [ME.]. An edge or margin, as 
the brim of the pelvis. 

Brimstone {brim' -ston) . See Sulfur. B., 
Cane, sublimed sulfur molded into the form 
of solid cylinders about an inch in diameter. 
Sym, Roll-sulfur. B., Vegetable, the spores 
of Lycopodium clavatum. 

Brinton's Disease {brin'-ton). Linitis plastica; 
hypertrophy and sclerosis of the submucous 
connective tissue of the stomach. 

Briquet's Ataxia (bre-ka'). Hysteric ataxia; 
astasia-abasia. 

Brisement {brez-mon{g) ) [Fr.]. A breaking 
or rupture. B. force, the forcible breaking 
up of structures causing ankylosis of a joint. 

Brissaud-Marie's Syndrome {bre-so-mar-e'). 
Hysteric glossolabial hemispasm. 

Bristle-cell [AS., byrst, a bristle]. Any one 
of the ciliated cells at the terminations of 
the auditory nerve-filaments. 

British Gum. See Dextrin. 

Broad [AS., brad}. Wide; extensive. B. 
Ligament. See Ligament, Broad. B. Tape- 
worm. See Bothriocephalus latus. 

Broadbent's Sign {brawd' -bent) . A visible re- 
traction, synchronous with the cardiac sys- 
tole, of the left side and back in the region of 
the eleventh and twelfth ribs, in adherent 
pericardium. 

Broca's Aphasia {bro'-kah). Cortical motor 
aphasia. B.'s Area, the medial portion of the 
anterior olfactory lobe. Syn., Area parol fac- 
torial Gyrus olfactorius mcdialis. B.'s Cape, 
the dividing-point of the fossa sylvii. B.'s 
Center, the posterior part of the left third 



BRODIE'S ABSCESS 



215 



BROMIN 



frontal convolution; it is the center of speech. 
B.'s Convolution, the third frontal convolu- 
tion of the left hemisphere. B.'s Diagonal 
Band, a band of gray matter forming the 
posterior part of the anterior perforated space 
and extending from the gyrus subcallosus 
to the anterior end of the gyrus hippocampi. 
B.'s Fissure. See Fissure, Broca's. B.'s 
Olfactory Area, trigonum olfactorium; the 
posterior end of the gyrus rectus, lying 
anteriorly to the mesial root of the olfactory 
tract. B.'s Point, the auricular point, the 
center of the external auditory meatus. B.'s 
Pouch, a pear-shaped sac lying in the tissues 
of the labia majora; it is analogous in struc- 
ture to the dartos, but contains no muscular 
fibers. 

Brodie's Abscess (bro'-de). Chronic abscess 
of bone, most frequently of the head of the tibia. 
B.'s Disease, pulpy disease of a joint, more 
especially the knee-joint. B.'s Joint, hys- 
teric arthroneuralgia. B.'s Pain, the pain 
caused by lifting a fold of the skin in 
the neighborhood, of a joint in articular neu- 
ralgia. 

Broesike's Fossa (bres'-e-ka). The paraje- 
junal fossa; a recess in the peritoneal cavity 
which is situated in the first part of the meso- 
jejunum and behind the superior mesenteric 
artery. 

Brokaw Ring (brok'-aw). A ring used in 
intestinal anastomosis, made of segments of 
rubber drainage-tubing and threaded with 
catgut strands. 

Bromal (bro'-mal) [ftp&fioc, a stench; aldehyd], 
CBr 3 . CHO. Tribromaldehyd, analogous 
to chloral, and produced by the action of 
bromin on alcohol. It is a colorless, oily 
fluid, of a penetrating odor and sharp, burn- 
ing taste, boiling at i72°-i73° C; it has been 
used in medicine, having properties similar 
to those of chloral. B. Hydrate, CBr 3 . - ' 
CHO + H 2 0, a fluid of oily consistence, 
having a structure similar to that of chloral 
hydrate, but more irritating and narcotic than 
the latter. It is used as a hypnotic and in 
epilepsy. Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gra.). 

Bromalbacid (bro-mal'-bas-id). A compound 
of bromin and albumin used as a sedative. 
Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). 

Bromaldehyd (bro-maV '-de-hid). A compound 
of bromin and aldehyd. 

Bromalin (bro'-mal-in), C 6 H 12 N 4 C 2 H 3 Br. A 
substance occurring as a white, crystalline 
powder, soluble in water, melting at 200 C. 
It is a nerve-sedative and antiepileptic, used 
as a substitute for potassium bromid. Dose 
30-60 gr. (2-4 Gm.) several times a day. 
Syn., Bro methyl for min; Hexamethylenetetra- 
minbromethylate. 

Bromaloin {bro-mal'-o-in), C 17 H ]5 Br 3 7 . A 
derivative of barbaloin by the action of 
bromin. Syn., Tribromaloin. 

Bromamid {bro' -mam-id) [bromin; amid]. A 
bromin compound of the anilin group, with 
the formula C 6 H 2 Br 3 NH . HBr. It con- 
tains 75 % of bromin, and is used as an anti- 



pyretic in doses of 10-15 grains (0.65- 
1.0 Gm.). 

Bromargyrite (bro-mar'-pr-lt). Native silver 
bromid. 

Bromate (bro' -mat) [bromin]. A salt of bromic 
acid. 

Bromateccrisis* (bro-mat-ek'-ris-is) [ftpwua, 
food; luKpcocc, excrement]. The passage 
of undigested food. 

Bromated {bro' -ma-ted) . Impregnated with 
bromin. 

Bromatometry (bro-mat-om' -et-re). The esti- 
mation of the daily amount of food requisite 
for an individual. 

Bromatotoxicon (bro-mat-o-toks'-ik-on). A 
general term for the active agent in food- 
poisoning. 

Bromatotoxin (bro-mat-o-toks'-in). A basic 
poison generated in food by the growth of 
microorganisms. 

Brombenzoyl (brom-ben'-zo-il), C 7 H s O . Br. A 
crystalline substance obtained from oil of 
bitter almonds by action of bromin; it is 
soluble in alcohol and ether. Syn., Brom- 
benzoyl ic acid. 

Bromcaffein (brom-kaf-e'-in), C 8 H 9 BrN 4 2 . A 
compound obtained by mixing 1 part of 
caffein with 5 parts of bromin; melts at 
206 C. 

Bromelin (bro'-mel-in) [Bromelia, a genus 'of 
plants]. A digestive principle, allied to 
trypsin, found in the juice of pineapples. It 
will digest 1500 times its weight of proteids. 

Brometnyl (brom'-eth-il). See Ethyl Bromid 
under Bromin. 

Bromhemol (brom'-he-mol). A compound of 

• hemol and 2.7% of bromin. It is used 

when continued effect of bromin is desired. 

Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). Syn., Bromo- 

hemol. 

Bromhydrate (brom-hi'-drdt). See Hydro- 
bromate. 

Bromhydric ((brom-hi'-drik). See Hydro- 
bromic. B. Ether, hydrobromic ether. 

Bromic (bro'-mik). Containing or compounded 
with bromin. 

Bromid (bro'-mid) [bromin]. A salt of hydro- 
bromic acid; the bromids of calcium, iron, 
ammonium, potassium, and sodium are used 
in medicine. They allay nervous excitement 
and are employed as sedatives. B., Basic, a 
compound of a bromid with the oxid of the 
same base. ' B. of Ethyl. See Ethyl Bromid 
under Bromin. 

Bromidrosis (bro-mid-ro' -sis) [ftpcoptoc, a 
stench; copcbc, sweat]. Osmidrosis: an af- 
fection of the sweat-glands in which the 
sweat has an offensive odor. 

Bromin, Bro mum (bro' -min, -mum) [ftpw/ioc, 
a stench]. Br = 80; quantivalence 1. A 
reddish-brown liquid which, at ordinary 
temperatures, gives off a heavy-, suffocating 
vapor. It is a very active escharotic and 
disinfectant and internally a violent poison. 
The salts of bromin are cerebrospinal and 
cardiac depressants, and are employed as 
sedatives, particularly in epilepsy, eclampsia, 



BROMINATED 



216 



BRONCHIAL 



spasmodic affections, insomnia, hysteria, 
migraine, etc. The salts of the alkaline 
metals are those most commonly used. Bro- 
midum, Ammonii (U. S. P.), NH 4 Br. Dose 
5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). B. Blocks, porous 
blocks of diatomaceous earth incinerated with 
calcium saccharate and impregnated with 
three times their weight of bromin, which is 
gradually given off by them. They are 
used as disinfectants. Bromidum, Calcii 
(U. S. P.), CaBr 2 . Dose 5 gr.-i dr. (0.32- 
4.0 Gm.). B. Chlorid, BrCl (below io° 
C.), a reddish-yellow, mobile, very volatile 
liquid. It is used as an internal and ex- 
ternal caustic in cancer. Bromid, Ethyl, 
C 2 H 5 Br, useful in spasmodic coughs. Dose 
10 min.-i dr. (0.65-4.0 Cc). Bromidi, 
Ferri, Syrupus, contains 10% of the salt. 
Dose i-i dr. (2-4 Cc). B. Iodid, IBr 5 , a 
dark -brown liquid, soluble in water; it is 
used as a gargle in diphtheria, in 0.1% 
solution. Bromidum, Lithii (U. S. P.), LiBr. 
Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). Bromidum, 
Nickel. See Nickel. B. Pentachlorid, 
BrCl 5 , a caustic liquid. Bromidum, Potassii 
(U. S. P.), KBr. Dose 5 gr.-i dr. (0.32-4.0 
Gm). Bromidum, Sodii (U. S. P.), NaBr. 
Dose 5 gr.-i dr. (0.32-4.0 Gm.). Bro- 
midum, Strontii (U. S. P.), SrBr 2 . Dose 
15-20 gr. (1. 0-1.3 Cm.). Bromidum, Zinci 



(U. S. P.), ZnBr 2 . Dose 



■2 gr. (0.032- 



0.13 Gm.). 

Brominated, Brominized (bro' '-min-a-ted, 
-Izd). Combined with bromin. 

Brominism, Bromism (bro'-min-izm, bro'- 
mizm) [bromin]. Certain peculiar phenomena 
produced by the prolonged administration of 
the bromids. The most marked symptoms 
are headache, coldness of the extremities, 
feebleness of the heart's action, somnolence, 
apathy, anesthesia of the soft palate and 
pharynx, pallor of the skin, and a peculiar 
eruption of acne which is one of the ear- 
liest and most constant symptoms. There is 
also anorexia, and at times there are loss of 
sexual power and atrophy of the testes or 
mammas. 

Bromiodoform (bro-mi-o' -do-form), CHBr 2 I. 
A substitution-compound of bromin and 
iodoform. 

Bromipin {bro' -mi-pin). A liquid compound 
of bromin and sesame oil containing 10 % 
of bromin. It is used as a sedative in epi- 
lepsy. Dose 1-3 teaspoonfuls daily. 

Bromite (bro'-mlt). 1. Native silver bromid. 
2. A salt of bromous acid. 

Bromium (bro'-me-um). Bromin. 

Bromoalbumin (bro-mo-aV -bu-min). A com- 
pound of bromin (10 %) and albumin; it is used 
in epilepsy. Syn., Bromalbumin; Bromosin. 

Bromocamphor {bro -mo -ham'-) or). See Cam- 
phor, Monobromated. 

Bromocoll (bro'-mo-kol). A product of the 
condensation of bromin, tannin, and gelatin; 
a light-brown, odorless, almost tasteless 
powder, containing 20% of bromin, soluble 
in alcoholic fluids. It is indicated when 



other bromids are not well borne 
Dose 15-75 g r - ( z ~5 Gm.) a day; in 
epilepsy, 123 gr. (8 Gm.). Syn., Dibromo- 
tannic glue. 

Bromoform (bro' '-mo-form), CHBr 3 . A bromid 
having a structure like that of chloroform, 
CHC1 3 ; it is sedative and anesthetic and is 
used in whooping-cough and in seasickness 
in doses of 2-5 min. (0.13-0.32 Cc). 
Syn., Formobromid; Formylbromid; Methenyl 
tribromid; Tribromme thane. 

Bromohyperidrosis (bro-mo-hi-per-id-ro'-sis) 
[ftpoopLoc, a stench; unkp, over; 'iopojatc, a 
perspiring]. A condition marked by exces- 
sive and offensive perspiration. 

Bromol (bro'-mol), C 6 H 2 Br 3 OH. Tribromo- 
phenol; an antiseptic substance used in the 
form of a powder, solution (1 : 30 olive 
oil), or ointment (1 : 10). Internally it is 
used in cholera infantum and typhoid fever. 
Dose tV~ 3 gr- (0.006-0.02 Gm.). 

Bromolithia (bro-mo-lith' -e-ah) . A proprietary 
remedy for gout. 

Bromo mania (bro-mo-ma'-ne-ah). Insanity 
from excessive use of bromids. 

Bromomenorrhea (bro-mo-men-or-e f -ah) [flpto- 
fxoc, stench; jjltjv, month; pe'tv, to flow]. Dis- 
ordered menstruation marked by offensiveness 
of the flow. 

Bromophenol ibro-mo-fe'-nol). 1. See Bromol. 
2. C 6 H 4 BrOH. . A violet-colored liquid ob- 
tained from phenol by action of bromin. 
It is used in a 1 to 2 % ointment in treatment 
of erysipelas. Syn., Orthobromphenol. 

Bromopropylene (bro-mo-pro'-pil-en). See 
Allyl Bromid. 

Bromopyrin (bro-mo-pi'-rin). 1. C n H u Br- 
N 2 0, a substance used as is antipyrin, occur- 
ring in white needles, soluble in alcohol, 
chloroform, and hot water, melting at 114 C. 
Dose 5-15 gr. (0.3-1.0 Gm.). Syn., Mono- 
bromoanlipyrin* 2. A proprietary mixture 
said to consist of antipyrin, caffein, and 
sodium bromid. 

Bromoseltzer ibro-mo-selt'-zer). A proprietary 
headache remedy. 

Bromoserum (bro-mo-se'-rum). A solution of 
6 parts of sodium bromid and 1.5 parts of 
sodium chlorid in 1000 parts of water. It is 
used by injection as a substitute for bromids. 

Bromous (bro'-mus). Containing bromin united 
with oxygen in the same proportion as in the 
chlorous compounds. 

Bromphenols (brom-fe'-nolz). A series of bro- 
mated phenols occurring at times in the 
precipitates of tested urine. 

Bro mum (bro' -mum). See Bromin. 

Bromurated (bro f -mu-ra-ted) . Containing bro- 
min or a bromin salt. 

Broncheopyra (brong-ke-o-pi' -rah) [bronchus; 
nop, fire]. A suffocative cough. 

Bronchiadenoscirrhus (brong-ke-ad-en-o-skir' '- 
us) [bronchus; ad fy, a gland; ontppbc, hard]. 
Scirrhus of the bronchial glands. 

Bronchial (brong' -ke-al) [bronchus]. Relating 
to the bronchi. B. Arteries. See under Artery. 
B. Fluke. See Distoma ringeri. B. Glands, 



BRONCHIARCTIA 



217 



BRONCHOPLEURISY 



the chain of lymphatic glands running beside 
the bronchi. 

Bronchiarctia (brong-ke-ark'-she-ah). See 
Bronchostenosis. 

Bronchiectasis (brong-ke-ek' '-tas-is) [bronchus; 
'itczaotc, dilation]. Dilation of the walls of 
the bronchi. It occurs in chronic bronchitis, 
in fibroid pneumonia, and in tuberculosis of 
the lung. It may involve a tube uniformly, 
producing the cylindric form; or it may 
occur irregularly in sacs or pockets — the sac- 
culated form. The characteristic symptom 
of bronchiectasis is paroxysmal coughing, 
with the expectoration of large quantities of 
mucopurulent, often fetid, matter. Cavernous 
breathing may be heard over the dilated 
tubes. 

Bronchiocrisis (brong-ke-o-kri'-sis) [bronchus; 
crisis]. Paroxysmal coughing in tabes dor- 
salis. * 

Bronchiole (brong'-ke-ol) [dim. of bronchus]. 
One of the smallest subdivisions of the 
bronchi. 

Bronchiolectasis (brong-ke-o-lek f -ta-sis) [bron- 
chiole; iKzaacc, dilation]. A rare form 
of bronchiectasis diffused to all parts of the 
lung, making it appear as if riddled with 
small cavities. 

Bronchiolitis (brong-ke-o-li'-tis) [bronchiole, 
exec, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
bronchioles. B., Asthmatic. See B., Ex- 
udative. B., Exudative, B. exudativa, an 
inflammation of the bronchioles, with ex- 
udation, a condition by some held to be the 
cause of bronchial asthma. B. fibrosa 
obliterans, B. obliterans, B., Obliterating 
Fibrous, bronchiolitis resulting in obliteration 
of the finest bronchioles by connective -tissue 
plugs. 

Bronchismus ibrong-kiz'-mus). Suffocative 
bronchial spasm due to spinal paralysis. 

Bronchitic (brong-kit' -ik) [bronchitis]. Relating 
to, of the nature of, or affected with, 
bronchitis. 

Bronchitis (brong-ki'-tis) [bronchus; ntc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the mucous 
membrane of the bronchial tubes. Syn., 
Pleuritis bronchialis. B., Acute, is due to 
exposure to cold, to the inhalation of irritant 
vapors, to certain infectious agents, etc. It 
is characterized by fever, cough, substernal 
pain, and by dry rales in the early, and 
moist rales in the later, stages. B., Capil- 
lary, an acute bronchitis of the finer 
bronchioles; it is generally the result of 
a downward extension of an acute bron- 
chitis. Children are most frequently affected. 
Dyspnea, nervous depression, and cyanosis 
are prominent symptoms. Catarrhal pneu- 
monia is a common complication. B., 
Catarrhal, a form attended with profuse 
mucopurulent discharges. B., Chronic, a 
form of bronchitis usually occurring in middle 
or advanced life, characterized by cough and 
by dry and moist rales. It may be due 
to repeated attacks of acute bronchitis, to 
gout, rheumatism, or tuberculosis, or it may 



be secondary to cardiac and renal disease. 
B., Croupous, B., Fibrinous, B., Plastic, 

a rare variety attended with the expectoration 
of casts of the bronchial tubes, containing 
Charcot-Leyden crystals and eosinophil cells, 
after a paroxysm of dyspnea and violent cough- 
ing. B . , Dry , that unattended by expectoration. 
B., Mechanic, a form caused by the inhala- 
tion of dust, etc. B., Potter's. Same as B., 
Mechanic. B., Putrid, B., Fetid, a variety of 
chronic bronchitis characterized by the dis- 
charge of a copious, half-liquid, extremely 
offensive sputum. B., Suffocative, B. 
suffocans, acute capillary bronchitis. B., 
Summer, hay-fever. 

Broncho- (brong-ko-) [bronchus]. A prefix 
meaning relating to the bronchi. 

Bronchocavernous (brong-ko-kav' '-er-nus) . 

Both bronchial and cavernous; it is applied 
to respiration. 

Bronchocele (brong'-ko-sel or -se'-le) [bron- 
cho-; ktjXtj, a tumor]. Really a tumor 
of a bronchus, but generally signifying 
goiter. B., Aerial. See Aerocele. 

Bronchocephalitis (brong-ko-sef-al-i'-tis). 

Synonym of Whooping-cough. 

Bronchoconstrictor (brong-ko-kon-strik'-tor) . 
Constricting the caliber of the air-passages 
of the lungs. 

Bronchodilator (brong-ko-di-la'-tor). Dilating 
the caliber of the air-passages of the lungs. 

Bronchohemorrhagia (brong-ko-hem-or- 

a'-je-ah). Extravasation of blood from the 
lining membrane of the bronchial tubes. 

Broncholith (brong'-ko-lith) [broncho-; 

XlOog, a stone]. A calculus or concretion 
formed in a bronchial tube. 

Broncholithiasis (brong-ko-lith-i'-a-sis) [bron- 
cho-; lithiasis]. The formation of calculi 
in the bronchial apparatus. 

Bronchomotor (brong-ko-mo'-tor). Affecting 
the caliber of the bronchial apparatus. 

Bronchomycosis (brong-ko-mi-ko' '-sis) [bron- 
cho-; mycosis]. The growth or presence of 
fungi in a bronchial tube. 

Bronchopathy (brong-ko p'-a-the) [broncho-; 
nadoc, disease]. Any disease of a bronchus. 

Bronchophony (brong-koj'-o-ne) [bron- 

cho-; (jxovr), the voice]. The resonance 
of the voice within the bronchi as heard 
on auscultating the chest. It is normally 
present over the lower cervical spines, in the 
upper interscapular region, and over the 
sternal portion of the infraclavicular regions. 
The most frequent pathologic cause is con- 
solidation of the lung. B., Accidental, 
that due to disease. B., Pectoriloquous. 
See Pectoriloquy. B., Whispered, bron- 
chophony elicited by causing the patient to 
whisper. 

Bronchoplasty (brong' -ko-plas-te) [broncho-; 
7zXaooecv, to form]. The closure of a 
tracheal or bronchial fistula by operation. 

Bronchoplegia (brong-ko-ple 1 '-je-ah) [broncho-; 
nXrjyr), a blow]. Paralysis of the bronchial tubes. 

Bronchopleurisy (brong-ko-plu'-ris-e). Bron- 
chitis existing with pleurisy. 



BRONCHOPLEUROPNEUMONIA 218 



BRUCIN 



Bronchopleuropneumonia (brong-ko-plu-ro- 
nu-mo f -ne-ah) . Coexistent bronchitis, pleu- 
risy, and pneumonia. 

Bronchopneumonia (brong-ko-nu-mo' -ne-ah) 
[broncho-; pneumonia]. Lobular pneumonia, 
a term applied to inflammation of the lungs, 
which, beginning in the bronchi, finally in- 
volves the parenchyma of the lungs. This 
disease is most frequently encountered in 
children, but may occur in old age, and may 
be a simple catarrhal or a tuberculous pro- 
cess. Syn., Br onchio pneumonia; Broncho- 
alveolitis; Broncho pneumonitis; Catarrhal 
pneumonia ; Microbronchitis. 

Bronchorrhagia (brong-kor-a 1 '-je-ah) [broncho-; 
p-qyvuvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from 
the bronchial tubes. 

Bronchorrhea (brong-kor-e'-ah) [broncho-; 
pecv, to flow]. A form of bronchitis 
attended with profuse expectoration. Syn., 
Blennorrhagia pulmonum; Bronchoblennorrhea. 
B., Serous, a form in which the sputum 
is serous. 

Bronchorrhoncus {brong-kor-ong'-kus). A 
bronchial rale. 

Bronchoscope {brong'- ko-skop) [broncho-; 
oK07is.lv, to look]. An instrument em- 
ployed in bronchoscopy. 

Bronchoscopy (brong-kos'-ko-pe). Inspection 
of the bronchial tubes through a tracheal 
opening. 

Bronchostenosis (brong-ko-ste-no' -sis) [bron- 
cho-; azevoc, narrow]. Contraction of a 
bronchus. 

Bronchotome {brong' -ko-tom) [broncho-; 
vifivecv, to cut]. An instrument for cutting 
the larynx or trachea in the operation of 
bronchotomy. 

Bronchotomy (brong-kof '-o-me) [see Broncho- 
tome]. Incision into the larynx, trachea, or 
bronchus. 

Bronchotracheal (brong-ko-tra' -ke-al) [bron- 
cho-; rpa/sla, the windpipe]. Relating to 
a bronchus (or to both bronchi) and to the 
trachea. 

Bronchovesicular (brong-ko-ves-ik'-u-lar) 

[broncho-; vesicula, a vesicle]. Both bron- 
chial and vesicular. See Breath-sounds, Table 
of. 

Bronchus {brong' -hus) [ftpoyxoc, bronchus; 
pi., bronchi]. One of the primary divisions 
of the trachea. Bronchi, Eparterial, the 
bronchi situated above the pulmonary artery. 
Bronchi, Hyparterial, those situated below 
the pulmonary artery. 

Bronzed (bronzd) [bronzium, bronze]. Tanned; 
of a bronzed color. B. Skin, a symptom 
of Addison's disease. B.-skin Disease. 
See Addison's Disease. 

Broom. See Scoparius. 

Brossard's Type of Progressive Muscular 
Atrophy (bros-ar'-r). "Type femoral avec 
griffe des orteils" (femoral type with a claw- 
like appearance of the toes). See EichhorsVs 
Type. 

Broth. See Bouillon. 

Brow (brow) [AS., bru]. The forehead; the 



upper anterior portion of the head. B.- 
ague, neuralgia of the first division of the 
fifth cranial nerve, generally due to malaria. 
B.-pang. Synonym of Hemicrania. B. 
Presentation, presentation of the fetal 
brow in labor. 

Brown (broun) [AS. ; brun]. Having a dark 
color inclining toward red or yellow. B. 
Atrophy, an atrophy of a tissue associated 
with a deposit therein of a brown or yellow 
pigment. B., Bismarck-. See Bismarck- 
brown. B. Induration of Lung, a state of 
the lung due to long-continued congestion, 
usually arising from valvular heart disease. 
It is characterized by an increase in connec- 
tive tissue and an excess of pigment. B. 
Mixture, mistura glycyrrhizse composita. 
B. Ointment, the unguentum fuscum (N. F.); 
called also unguentum matris, or "mother's 
salve." It is composed of "brown plaster," 
2 parts; oil, i part; suet, i part. B. Plaster, 
the emplastrum fuscum camphoratum (N. F.); 
called also emplastrum matris camphoratum, 
or "camphorated mother's plaster"; official 
in German pharmacy. It is made of red 
oxid of lead, 30 parts; olive -oil, 60 parts; 
yellow wax, 15 parts; camphor, 1 part. 

Brown's Phenomenon. See Brownian Move- 
ment. 

Browne's (Crichton) Sign. Tremor of 
the labial commissures and outer angles 
of the eyes in the early stage of paralytic 
dementia. 

Brownian Movement. An oscillatory move- 
ment observed under the microscope in very 
fine granules, drops, etc., when suspended in 
a liquid. The movement is not locomotion, 
and is to be distinguished from that of the 
self-motility of living microorganisms. Its 
cause is not definitely known, but it may be 
due to heat, light, electricity, osmosis, etc. 
Same as Pedesis. 

Brown-Sequard's Paralysis (sa-kar'-r). Paral- 
ysis and hyperesthesia of one side and anes- 
thesia of the other side of the body. 

Brucea (bru-se'-ah) [Bruce, the Abyssinian 
explorer (1 730-1 794)]. A genus of plants 
of the order Simarubece. B. ferruginea is an 
Abyssinian species; the bark and root are 
used in dysentery. B. sumatrana is a species 
of the Asiatic tropics and of Australia; all 
parts of the plant are bitter, tonic, febrifuge, 
vermifuge, and antidysenteric. 

Bruch's Glands. Lymph-follicles found in 
the conjunctiva about the inner canthus of 
ruminants. B.'s Layer, B.'s Membrane, 
the lamina basalis which forms the inner 
boundary of the choroid. 

Brucin (bru'-sin) [Brucea], C 23 H 26 N 2 4 . A 
poisonous alkaloid found in Strychnos nux- 
vomica and in Strychnos ignatius. It 
crystallizes in prisms containing 4H 2 0, 
and melts at 178°-. Its taste is ex- 
ceedingly bitter and acrid. Its action on the 
animal economy is similar to, but much less 
powerful than, that of strychnin. Dose T V~§ 
gr. (0.005-0.03 Gm.); maximum dose f gr. 



BRUCK'S DISEASE 



219 



BRYANT'S AMPULLA 



(0.05 Gm.), single; 3 gr. (0.2 Gm.) a day. 
Antidotes: chloral, chloroform, tannic acid. 
Syn., Brucia; Brucinum; Brucium; Pseudo- 
angustin; Vomicin. B. Bromhydrate, B. 
Hydrobromate, C^H^NgCj . HBr, a sub- 
stitute for strychnin in ophthalmic surgery; 
it is 40 times less poisonous. B. Hydro- 
chlorate, C 23 H 26 N 2 4 . HC1, small white 
crystals, soluble in water; used as is brucin. 
B. Nitrate, C 23 H 26 N 2 4 . HN0 3 + 3H 2 0, 
white crystalline powder, soluble in water; 
used as is brucin. B. Phosphate, (C 23 H 26 N 2 - 
4 ) 2 H 3 P0 4 , white, crystalline powder, soluble 
in water; use and dose the same as those of 
brucin. B. Sulfate, (C^H^Npj^SC^-f- 
3§H 2 0, white, microscopic crystals, soluble in 
water and alcohol; use and dosage the same 
as those of brucin. 

Bruck's Disease. A syndrome described by 
Bruck as consisting of multiple fractures and 
marked deformity of bones, ankylosis of most 
of the joints, and muscular atrophy. 

Bruecke's Lines. The broad bands which 
alternate with Krause's membranes in the 
fibrils of striated muscles. B.'s Muscle. 
1. See Bowman's Muscle. 2. The muscu- 
laris mucosa? of the small and large intestine. 
B.'s Reagent for Proteids, saturate a 
boiling 10% solution of potassium iodid 
with freshly precipitated mercuric iodid. 
Filter when cool; the filtrate is used with 
hydrochloric acid as a precipitant for 
the proteids. B.'s Tunica nervea, the 
layers of the retina, exclusive of the rods 
and cones. 

Bruggiser's Hernia. See Kroenlein's Her- 
nia. 

Bruit (bru-e) [Fr., "a noise or report"]. An 
adventitious sound heard on auscultation. 
For kinds — amphoric, rotatory, etc. — see 
Murmur. B., Aneurysmal, the blowing 
murmur heard over an aneurysm. B. 
d'airain, the ringing note heard through 
the stethoscope applied to the chest-wall 
when a coin is struck against another pressed 
against the surface of the chest on the oppo- 
site side. It is pathognomonic of a col- 
lection of gas in the pleural cavity. B. 
de clapotement, a splashing sound often 
heard in cases of well-marked dilation of 
the stomach when pressure is made upon the 
abdominal walls. B. de cuir neuf, the 
creaking sound, like that of new leather, 
sometimes heard in pericarditis. B. de 
diable, a humming, rushing sound heard in 
the veins in anemia. B. de galop, a can- 
tering rhythm of the heart-sounds, in which, 
owing to a reduplication of the second sound, 
three sounds are heard. It occurs most fre- 
quently in mitral stenosis. B. de pot fele, 
the cracked-pot sound. B. de rappel, a 
sound resembling the double beat upon a 
drum. B. de soufflet, the bellows-murmur. 
B., Leudet's, a fine cracking sound in the 
ear, audible to both the observer and the 
patient, in catarrhal and nervous affections 
of the ear. It is attributed to spasm of the 



external peristaphylinus muscle. B., Pla- 
cental, the uterine souffle, a blowing sound 
heard over the uterus in pregnancy. B., 
Verstraeten's, a bruit heard over the lower 
border of the liver in some cachectic indi- 
viduals. 

Brun's Test for Uric Acid in Minute Particles. 
Examine the particle in naphthalin mono- 
bromid, the index of refraction of which is 
1.66. Compare this with indexes of refrac- 
tion of uric acid, 1.73; calcium oxalate, 1.60; 
calcium phosphate, 1.63. If on raising the 
tube of the microscope the crystal becomes 
brilliant, the substance under the micro- 
scope has a higher index than the fluid 
in which it is immersed; it becomes darker 
if the substance has a lower index than 
the fluid. 

Brunfelsia (brun-feV -se-ali) [O. Brunfels, a 
botanist of Metz (1464-1534)]. A genus of 
plants of the order Saponacece. A syrup 
made from the fruit of B. americana, a West 
Indian species, is used as a tonic in recovery 
from diarrhea. B. uniflora, of Brazil, is 
purgative, emetic, and emmenagog. Syn., 
Mercurio vegetal. 

Brunn's Cell-nests, B.'s Epithelial Nests. 
Branched or solid groups of flat epithelial 
cells occurring in all normal ureters. B.'s 
Glands. See Glands, Brunnefs. B.'s Layer, 
the stratum of more or less pyramidal epithe- 
lial cells forming the deep layer of the nasal 
mucous membrane. 

Brunner's Glands. See Glands, Brunner's. 

Brunonian Movement. See Brownian 
Movement. B. Theory, Brownism; a doc- 
trine, taught by Dr. J. Brown (1735-88), 
that both physiologic and pathologic phe- 
nomena are due to variations in a natural 
stimulus, its excess causing sthenic, and its 
deficiency producing asthenic, diseases. 

Brush [OF., broce]. An instrument con- 
sisting of a collection of some flexible 
material fastened to a handle. In medicine 
various forms of brushes are employed, as the 
acid brush, of glass threads; the electric 
brush, an electrode in the form of a brush; 
the laryngeal brush; the nasal, pharyngeal, 
and stomach brush. B.-burn, the injury 
produced by violent friction and the re- 
sulting heat; it often resembles a burn or 
scald. B., Terminal. See Motorial End- 
plate. 

Bryant's Ampulla. The apparent distention 
of an artery immediately above a ligature, 
due to the contraction of the vessel above the 
ampulla, where it is not completely filled by 
the clot. B.'s Iliofemoral Triangle, the 
rectangle formed by a vertical line dropped 
from the anterior superior iliac spine to the 
horizontal plane of the body; by a second 
line drawn from the anterior superior iliac 
spine to the tip of the trochanter, and by a 
third, the "test-line," which joins the two 
at a right angle to the vertical line. Short- 
ening of the neck of the femur will be indi- 
cated by a shortening of the test-line. B.'s 



BRYCE'S TEST 



220 



BUCKTHORN 



Line, the vertical line forming one of the 
boundaries of the iliofemoral triangle. 

Bryce's Test. For vaccinal infection: the 
inoculation is repeated at a certain period in 
the evolution of vaccinia, upon the theory 
that systemic infection does not take place 
at once, but only after the lapse of a number 
of days from the time of inoculation. 

Bryonia {bri-o' -ne-ah) [ftpucovta, bryony]. 
Bryony. The root of B. alba and B. dioica, 
indigenous to Europe. Its properties are 
due to an intensely bitter glucosid, bryonin, 
C 48 H 80 O 19 , which is a strong irritant when 
applied to the skin or mucous membrane, 
often producing vesication. It is used in 
pleurisy, pleuropneumonia, rheumatic fever, 
and colds. Dose of the powdered root 10-30 
gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.); of the infusion (1 : 16) 
\-2 oz. (15-60 Cc); of the tincture, a 10 % 
solution of the root in alcohol, 1-2 dr. 
(4-8 Cc). All unof. 

Bryonidin (bri-on' -id-in) . A glucosid iso- 
lated from Bryonia alba, more active than 
bryonin. 

Bryonin {bri'-o-nin). See under Bryonia. 

Bryony {bri'-o-ne). See Bryonia. 

Bryson's Sign. Diminished power of ex- 
pansion of the thorax during inspiration; 
occasionally observed in exophthalmic goiter 
and in neurasthenia. 

Bubo (bu'-bo) [ftouftwv, the groin]. Inflam- 
mation and swelling of a lymphatic gland, 
particularly of the groin, and usually fol- 
lowing chancroid, gonorrhea, or syphilitic 
infection. Syn., Adin; Inguinal adenitis; 
Sympathetic abscess. B., Absorption. 
See B., Virulent. B., Indolent, one with 
enlargement and hyperplasia without the 
formation of pus or any tendency to break 
down. Syn., Adenitis e blennorrhea; Adenitis 
e sclerosi. B., Parotid. See Parotitis. 
B., Pestilential, that associated with the 
plague. B., Primary, a slight adenitis of 
the groin due to mechanic irritation or other 
cause ; formerly supposed to be due to syphilis 
without a chancre having preceded. B., 
Rheumatic, a hard lump, occurring oftenest 
on the back of the neck, as a sequel of acute 
articular rheumatism. B., Serpiginous, an 
ulcerated bubo which changes its seat or 
in which the ulceration extends in one 
direction while healing in another. B., 
Simple. See B., Sympathetic. B., Stru- 
mous, hypertrophied glands forming a 
large indolent swelling in a scrofulous 
subject. B., Sympathetic, one caused by 
irritation, friction, injury, etc., and not 
arising from an infectious disease. B., 
Syphilitic, that which appears in syphilis 
a few days after the primary lesion. It 
runs a slow course of six months or more. 
Syn., Primitive syphilitic adenitis. B., Vene- 
real, that due to venereal disease. B., Viru- 
lent, an ulcerated, suppurating bubo due to 
absorption of the virus of a chancre. Syn., 
Chancrous adenitis. 

Bubon d'emblee [Fr.]. See Bubo, Primary. 



Bubonic {bu-bon'-ik) [see Bubo]. Relating 
to a bubo. B. Plague. Synonym of 
Plague. 

Bubonocele (bu-bon' '-o-sel) [fiouficov, the groin; 
KTjXfj, hernia]. Inguinal hernia when the gut 
does not extend beyond the inguinal canal. 

Buccal {buk'-al) [bucca, the cheek]. Pertain- 
ing to the cheek. 

Buccellation {buk-sel-a' -shun) [buccella, a 
morsel]. Hemostasis by a lint compress. 

Buccilingual (buk-se-ling' '-wal) [bucca; lingua, 
the tongue]. Relating to the cheek and the 
tongue. 

Buccinatolabialis {buk-sin-at-o-la-be-a' -lis) . 
The buccinator and orbicularis oris regarded 
as one. 

Buccinator ibuk' -sin-a-tor) [L., "a trumpeter"]. 
The thin, flat muscle of the cheek. 

Buccolingually (buk-o-lin' '-gwal-e) . From the 
cheek toward the tongue. 

Buccula (buk'-u-lah) [L., dim. of bucca]. 
The fleshy fold seen beneath the 
chin, and forming what is called a double 
chin. 

Buchner's Albuminoid Bodies. Defensive 
proteids. B.'s Humoral Theory. See under 
Immunity. 

Buchu {bu'-ku) [native African]. The leaves 
of several species of Barosma, yielding a 
volatile oil, to which its properties are proba- 
bly due, and a bitter extractive, barosmin 
Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gm.). It cause 
a sensation of glowing' warmth over the 
body, stimulates the appetite, and increases 
the circulation. It is useful in cystitis and 
other affections of the genitourinary mucous 
membrane. Dose of the leaves 15-30 gr. 
(1-2 Gm.). B., Fluidextract of (ftuidextract- 
um buchu, U. S. P.). Dose 10 min.-i dr. 
(0.65-4.0 Cc). B., Infusion of {infusum 
buchu, B. P.). Dose 1-4 oz. (30-120 Cc). 
B., Tincture of (linctura buchu, B. P.). Dose 
1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). 

Buchwald's Atrophy. Idiopathic, diffuse, pro- 
gressive atrophy of the skin. 

Buck's Extension. An apparatus consisting 
of a weight and pulley for applying extension 
to a limb. B.'s Fascia, the sheath of the 
corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongio- 
sum, which arises from the symphysis pubis 
by the suspensory ligament of the penis and 
is continuous with the deep layer of the 
superficial perineal fascia. 

Buck-bean (buk'-ben). Bog-bean. The rhi- 
zome of Menyanthes trijoliata, tonic, antiscor- 
butic, and emmenagog. It has been recom- 
mended as a vermifuge, and has been used 
in functional amenorrhea. Dose of fluidex- 
tract 5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). 

Buckeye Bark {buk'-i bark). The bark of 
JEsculus glabra, astringent and tonic, used 
in rectal irritation, prolapse, and various 
uterine derangements. Dose of fluidextract 
3-5 min. (0.2—0.32 Cc). 

Buckthorn (buk' -thorn). See Frangula and 
Rhamnus. B;, California. See Cascara 
sagrada. 



L 



BUCNEMIA 



221 



BULIMIA 



Bucnemia (buk-ne'-me-ah) [ftou, increase; 
Kvfjpir], the leg]. Inflammation of the leg, 
characterized by tenseness and swelling; 
elephantiasis; also phlegmasia dolens. B. 
tropica, elephantiasis arabum. 

Budd's Cirrhosis. See Cirrhosis, Budd's. 
B.'s Jaundice. See Rokitansky's Disease. 

Budding (bud'-ing) [ME., budden]. In 
biology, a form of reproduction or cell-divi- 
sion, occurring among the polyps and infu- 
sorians, in which a bud is given off by the 
parent and comes to resemble the latter. The 
process is also called gemmation. 

Budge's Center, i. The ciliospinal center 
in the cervical spinal cord. 2. The genito- 
spinal center in the lumbar spinal cord. 

Buehlmann's Fibers. Certain lines on de- 
cayed teeth. 

Buetschili's Nuclear Spindle ibet'-she-le). 
The spindle-shaped figure observed during 
karyokinesis. 

Buffy Coat (buf'-e). A grayish or buff- 
colored crust or layer sometimes seen upon a 
blood-clot, after phlebotomy, and once looked 
upon as a sign of inflammation. It is caused 
by the partial subsidence of the red blood- 
corpuscles. 

Bufotalin (bu-fo' '-tal-in) , C 119 H 171 25 . A toxic 
substance isolated by Phisalix and Bertrand 
from the parotid gland and skin of the 
common toad, Bufo vulgaris; it is a trans- 
parent resin, soluble in chloroform, alcohol, 
and acetone. It acts on the heart and does 
not affect the nervous centers. 

Bufotenin (bu-}o r -ten-in) . A toxic body found 
with bufotalin (q. v.); it exerts a powerfully 
paralyzing action on the nervous centers. 

Bugantia {bu-gan' -she-ah) [L.]. A chilblain. 

Buhl's Desquamative Pneumonia. Caseous 
pneumonia, in which the exudate consists 
chiefly of desquamated alveolar epithelium. 
B.'s Disease, acute fatty degeneration of the 
viscera of the newborn, with hemorrhages 
in various parts of the body. 

Buhl-Dittrich's Law. In every case of acute 
general miliary tuberculosis an old focus of 
caseation is to be found somewhere in the 
body. This law, being based upon the belief 
in the etiologic nonidentity of diffuse caseous 
and miliary tuberculosis, is not strictly in 
conformity with modern views. 

Bukardia (bu-kar' '-de-ah) [fiouKapd'ca, ox- 
heart]. Hypertrophy of the heart. 

Bulb [L., bulbus]. 1. An oval or circular 
expansion of a cylinder or tube. 2. The 
medulla oblongata. B., Arterial, the an- 
terior part ' of the embryonic heart from 
the division of which the aortic and pul- 
monary stems have their origin B., Bra- 
chial, B., Brachiorachidian, the expansion 
of the spinal cord at the place of distribution 
of the nerves forming the brachial plexus. 
B., Crural, the dilation of the spinal cord 
in the lumbar region. B.s, Four, the 
corpora quadrigemina. B., Hair-, the swell- 
ing at the root of a hair. B., Nerve-. 
See End-bud and Motorial End-plate. B., 



Olfactory, one of the two bulbs of the 
olfactory nerve situated on each side of 
the longitudinal fissure upon the under sur- 
face of each anterior lobe of the cerebrum. 
B., Rachidian, the oblongata. B.,Rouget's, 
the bulb of the ovary; a plexus of veins 
lying on the surface of the ovary and com- 
municating with the uterine and pampini- 
form plexuses. B. of Spinal Cord, B. of 
Spinal Marrow, the oblongata. B.s, 
Tonsillar, the lobules of the cerebellum. 
Syn., Bulbi tonsillares. B. of Urethra, the 
posterior expanded part of the corpus spon- 
giosum. B. of Vagina, a small body of 
erectile tissue on each side of the vestibule 
of the vagina, homologous to the bulb of 
the urethra of the male. B. of Vena jugu- 
laris, the dilation at the termination of 
the external jugular vein. 

Bulbar (bul'-bar). Bulbous. Pertaining to 
the medulla. B. Disease, B. Paralysis, a 
term applied to the progressive and symmetric 
paralysis of the muscles of the mouth, tongue, 
pharynx, and sometimes those of the larynx. 
This paralysis is due to a disease of the motor 
nuclei in the medulla oblongata; an acute and a 
chronic form are met. The acute form is 
due to hemorrhage or softening; the chronic, 
to degeneration. There is also a pseudobul- 
bar paralysis, due to symmetric lesions of the 
motor cerebral cortex. Syn., Labioglossolaryn- 
geal paralysis. 

Bulbi vestibuli (bul'-bi ves-tib'-u-li) [L.]. A 
name sometimes given to the glands of 
Bartholin. 

Bulbocavernosus (bid-bo-kav-ern-o'-sus) [bidb; 
caverna, a cavern]. The accelerator urinae 
muscle, corresponding to the sphincter vaginee 
of the female. 

Bulbonuclear {bul-bo-nu f -kle-ar). Relating to 
the oblongata and its nerve-nuclei. 

Bulbopetal {bul-bop'-et-al) [bulb; peter e, to 
seek]. Moving toward the bulb; said of 
nerve-impulses. 

Bulbourethral (bul-bo-u-rc' -thral) \bulb;oupifipa, 
the urethra]. Relating to the bulb of the 
urethra. 

Bulbous [bidb]. Terminating in a bulb. 

Bulbus (bul r -bus) [L.]. A bulb. B. arterio- 
sus, at a certain stage in the development 
of the heart the upper aortic enlargement 
is so called. B. cinereus. See Bidb, 
Olfactory. B. crinis, a hair-bulb. B. oculi, 
the globe of the eye. B. pili. Same as 
B. crinis. B. rhachidicus, the oblongata. 
B. urethrae. See Urethra. B. venae jugu- 
laris internae inferior, an enlargement 
of the jugular vein immediately above its 
union with the subclavian vein. B. vena^ 
jugularis internae superior, an enlarge- 
ment of the internal jugular vein at the 
point of exit from the jugular foramen. B. 
vestibuli, the bulb of the vagina. 

Bulesis (bu-le'-sis) [floulrjocc, the will]. The 
will, or an act of the will. 

Bulimia (bu-lim' '-e-ah) [ftou, increase; Xcp.dc, 
hunger]. Excessive, morbid hunger; it 



BULIMIC 



222 



BURSA 



sometimes occurs in idiots and insane per- 
sons, and it is also a symptom of diabetes 
mellitus and of certain cerebral lesions. Syn., 
Bulimiasis ; Bulimy. 

Bulimic (bu-lim'-ik) [see Bulimia]. Pertaining 
to or affected with bulimia. 

Bulla (bul'-ah) [L., "a bubble"]. A bleb or 
blister, consisting of a portion of the epider- 
mis detached from the skin by the infiltra- 
tion beneath it of watery fluid, the result 
of a liquefaction-necrosis. B. dolentissima, 
a small, very painful cutaneous ulcer, which 
persists for a long time. B. ethmoidalis, a 
rounded projection into the middle meatus 
of the nose, due to an enlarged ethmoid cell. 
B. a frigore, a blister from the effect of 
cold. Bullae gangraenosae, those occurring 
in moist gangrene of the skin. B. ossea, 
the inflated or dilated part of the bony 
external meatus of the ear. 

Bullation ibul-a' -shun) [bullare, to bubble], 
i. Inflation. 2. Division into small com- 
partments. 

Bullet Forceps. A forceps for extracting 
bullets. 

Bullous (buV-us) [bulla]. Marked by bullas; of 
the nature of a bulla. 

Bundle (bun'-dl) [AS., bindan, to bind]. In 
biology, a fascicular grouping of elementary 
tissues, as nerve-fibers or muscle-fibers. B., 
Hemispheral, the posterior one of the two 
bundles composing the anterior commissure. 
It originates in the pyramidal cells of the 
temporal lobe and amygdaloid nucleus, 
passes through the external capsule and 
lenticula, unites with the mesial -part of the 
commissure at the point of the decussation 
of its fibers, and radiates to the opposite 
temporal lobe. B., Krause's Respiratory, 
the solitary fascicle of the oblongata. B., 
Longitudinal, a bundle of fibers outside of 
the optic radiation, passing from the occipital 
to the temporal lobe. B., Primitive, B., 
Schwann's Primitive, a muscular fiber. B., 
Solitary, B., Trineural. See under Solitary. 

Bunge's Law. The epithelial cells of the 
mammary gland (of the rabbit, cat, and dog) 
select from the mineral salts of the blood- 
plasma all the inorganic substances exactly 
in the proportion in which they are necessary 
for the development of the offspring and for 
the building-up of the latter's organism. 

Bunioid (boo'-ne-oid) [ftouvoc, a hill; eldoc, like- 
ness]. Having a round form; applied to tumors. 

Bunion (bun'-yun) [origin uncertain]. A 
swelling of a bursa of the foot, especially of 
the great toe. 

Bunogaster (boon-o-gas'-ter) [ftouvoc, a little 
hill; yaoz^p, stomach]. Having a protruding 
abdomen. 

Bunsen Burner. See Burner, Bunsen. B. 
Cell. See under Battery. 

Buphane {bu'-fan-e) [L.] A genus of plants of 
the order AmaryllidecB. B. disticha is a native 
of the Cape of Good Hope; the juice of the 
bulb is used as an arrow-poison by the 
Hottentots. 



Buphthalmia, Buphthalmos {boof-thal'-me-ah, 
-mos). See Kerato globus. 

Bur, Burr [ME., burre]. 1. In botany, a rough, 
prickly shell or case. 2. In dentistry, an 
instrument with a rounded, pointed, cylin- 
dric or ovoid head and a cutting blade, 
used in the dental engine for excavating 
carious dentin and for other purposes. B., 
Surgical, an instrument similar in form to a 
dental bur, but larger, designed for surgical 
operations upon the bones. 

Burckhardt's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles, 
Burckhardt's. 

Burdach's Column. The posteroexternal 
column of the spinal cord. B.'s Fissure, a 
small fissure between the insula and the 
operculum. B.'s Nucleus, the cuneate nu- 
cleus, a small nucleus of gray matter in the 
funiculus cuneatus of the oblongata, forming 
the termination of the long fibers of Bur- 
dach's column. B.'s Operculum. See 
Arnold's Operculum. 

Burdock (ber'-dok). See Lappa. 

Buret {bu-ret') [Fr.]. A graduated tube designed 
for measuring small quantities of a reagent. 
It is usually held vertically in a stand and 
is provided with a stopcock. 

Burgundy Pitch. See under Pix. 

Burma Head. A disease of the Burmese 
territory marked by loss of memory, idiocy, 
homicidal mania, and inability to walk. 

Burn [ME., bernen, to burn]. 1. To become 
inflamed. 2. To char or scorch. 3. To 
have the sensation of heat. 4. An injury 
caused by fire or dry heat. 5. A disease in 
vegetables. 6. In chemistry, to oxygenize. 
7. In surgery, to cauterize. B., Brush-. 
See Brush-burn. 

Burner [see Burn]. A common name for 
a lamp or heating apparatus used in 
laboratories for chemic and pharmaceutic 
purposes. B., Argand, a burner that uses 
gas or oil, and contains an inner tube for 
supplying the flame with air. B., Bunsen, 
a form in which, before ignition, the gas is 
mixed with a sufficient quantity of air to 
produce complete oxidation. 

Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid. A strong 
solution of zinc chlorid with a little iron 
chlorid. 

Burns' Amaurosis. Postmarital amblyopia. 
Impaired vision caused by sexual excess. 
B.'s (Allan) Ligament. See Hey's Liga- 
ment. 

Burow's Vein. An inconstant venous trunk 
formed by branches of the inferior epigastric 
veins and joining the umbilical vein. 

Burrowing (bur f -o-ing) [ME., beorg, defense; 
heap; burrow]. The term given to the pass- 
age of pus through the tissues after the for- 
mation of an abscess. 

Bursa {bur'-sah) [L., "a purse"]. A small 
sac interposed between parts that move upon 
one another. B., Accidental, B., Adven- 
titious, one resembling a bursa mucosa, but 
due to friction or pressure. B., Acromial, 
External, one beneath the acromion, be- 



^ 



BURSALIS. 



223 



BYNIN 






tween the coracoid process, the deltoid 
muscle, and the capsular ligament. B., 
Acromial, Internal, one lying above the 
acromion, between the tendon of the infra- 
spinatus and the teres major. B., Gluteo- 
fascial, B., Gluteotrochanteric, one lying 
between the trochanter major and the gluteus 
maximus. B., Iliac, i. One lying between 
the tendon of the iliacus muscle and the tro- 
chanter minor. 2. One between the pelvic 
brim and the iliopsoas muscle. B. mu- 
cosa, a membranous sac secreting synovial 
fluid. B., Omental, B. omentalis, a large 
cavity formed by the peritoneum back of the 
stomach and in the great omentum. It is di- 
vided into the bursa of the great omentum and 
the bursa of the lesser omentum. B. patellae, 
B. patellaris, one lying between the patella 
and the skin. B. patellaris lateralis ex- 
terna, one lying between the patella and 
the external lateral dilation of the tendon 
of the quadriceps extensor cruris; it is 
rarely found. B. patellaris lateralis in- 
terna, one between the patella and the inner 
lateral dilation of the quadriceps extensor 
cruris; it may be either deep or superficial. 
B. pharyngea, a blind pouch projecting 
upward from the pharynx toward the occi- 
pital bone. B., Popliteal, a bursa situated 
in the popliteal space between the tendon 
of the semimembranosus and the tendon of 
the inner head of the gastrocnemius, where 
they rub against each other. B., Prepa- 
tellar, a bursa situated over the patella 
and the upper part of the patellar ligament. 
B. sacralis, one found in the aged over the 
sacrococcygeal articulation or over the spine 
of the fourth or fifth sacral vertebra. B ., Sub- 
hyoid. See Subhyoid Bursa. B., Synovial, 
one found between tendons and bony surfaces. 

Bursalis {bursa' -lis). The obturator internus 
muscle. 

Bursera (bur'-ser-ah) [Burser, a German 
botanist]. A genus of tropical trees, several 
species of which afford resinous gums. B. 
gummifera is a native of South America; 
the resin, chibou or cachibou, is used in 
plasters and salves and internally in diseases 
of the lungs and kidney. The leaves are 
vulnerary, the bark is anthelmintic and 
antigonorrheic, and the root is used in diar- 
rhea. 

Burserin (bur'-ser-in) [see Bursera]. A resin- 
ous constituent of opobalsamum. 

Bursin (bur' -sin). An alkaloid isolated from 
Cap sella bursa-pastoris. It is a yellow, deli- 
quescent powder, used as an astringent, tonic, 
and styptic instead of ergot, and hypodermat- 
ically in aqueous solution. 

Bursitis (bur-si' -tis) [bursa; exec, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of a bursa. 

Burton's Line. A blue line along the margins 
of the gums in chronic lead-poisoning. 

Butane (bu'-tan), C 4 . H 10 . An anesthetic sub- 
stance isolated from petroleum. Syn., Butyl 
hydrid. 

Butter of Cacao, See Cacao-butter. 



Butterin (but'-er-in) [butter). An artificial sub- 
stitute for butter, made principally of beef- 
fat. 

Buttocks (but'-uks) [dim. of butt, an end]. 
The nates. The fleshy part of the body 
posterior to the hip-joints, formed by the 
masses of the glutei muscles. 

Button (but'-un). See Furunculus orien- 
talis. B., Amboyna. See Frambesia. B., 
Belly-, the navel. B., Biskra. See 
Furunculus orientalis. B.-bush, the bark 
of Cephalanthus occidentalis, a tonic, 
febrifuge, and diuretic. Dose of fluidex- 
tract J-i dr. (2-4 Cc). Unof. B., Chlum- 
sky's, an intestinal button made of pure 
magnesium after the pattern of the Murphy 
button. It remains undissolved for four weeks, 
only the outer part becoming softer. B., 
Corrigan's, a steel, button-shaped cautery- 
iron, introduced by Sir J. C. Corrigan (1802- 
80). B. -makers' Chorea. See Chorea, 
Button-maker's. B., Murphy, a device used in 
gastroenterostomy or intestinal anastomosis. 
B.-snakeroot, the root of Liatris spicata 
and of Eryngium yucca) olium; a stimulant, 
tonic, diuretic, and emmenagog. Dose of 
fluidextract §— 1 dr. (2-4 Cc). Unof. 

Buttonhole, Mitral. An advanced degree 
of constriction of the mitral orifice of the 
heart. 

Butyl (bu'-til) [butyrum, butter], C 4 H Q . A 
hydrocarbon alcohol radicle. B. -chloral, 
B. -chloral Hydrate. See Chloral butylicum. 
B. Hydrid. See Butane. B.-hypnal, a 
combination of butyl-chloral and antipyrin. 
It is hypnotic and antipyretic. 

Butylamin (bu -til' -am -in) [butyl; amin\ 
C 4 H 9 NH 2 . A substance contained in cod- 
liver oil, possessing diuretic and diaphoretic 
properties. 

Butylene (bu'-til-en) [butyrum], C 4 H 8 . A hy- 
drocarbon belonging to the olefin series. "It 
exists in three isomeric forms, all of which are 
gases at ordinary temperatures. 

Butyphus (bu-ti'-fus) [ftouc, an ox; rO<f)oc, 
stupor]. The cattle-plague. Svn., Rinder- 
pest. 

Butyraceous (but-ir-a'-se-us) [butyrum]. Re- 
sembling or containing butter. 

Butyrin (bu'-tir-in) [butyrum], C 3 H 5 (C 4 H 7 2 ) 3 . 
A constant constituent of butter, together with 
olein, stearin, and other glycerids. It is a 
neutral, yellowish, liquid fat, having a sharp, 
bitter taste. 

Butyroid (bu'-tir-oid) [butyrum]. Buttery; 
having the consistence of butter. 

Bychowski's Test for Albumin. Put a drop 
or two of the urine into a test-tube filled with 
hot water and shake it; in the presence of al- 
bumin a whitish cloud is formed and is diffused 
through the liquid. Phosphates give the same 
result, but the cloud disappears on addition of 
a drop of acetic acid. 

Bynin (bin' -in) [3uvr, malt]. 1. A proteid, 
insoluble in water, found in malt. 2. A 
proprietary liquid extract of malt made in 
England. B. amara, a combination of 



BYNOL 



224 



CACTUS GRANDIFLORUS 



bynin (2) with the phosphates of iron, quinin, 
and strychnin. 
Bynol {bin'-ol). A combination of malt ex- 
tract and cod-liver oil. 



Byrolin {bir' -ol-in) . A proprietary remedy said 
to be a combination of boric acid, glycerol, 
and lanolin, and recommended for use in skin 
diseases. 



C. 1. The chemic symbol of carbon. 2. The 
abbreviation of centigrade, congius. 

Caballine Aloes (kab'-al-in al'-os). An 
inferior quality of aloes, known also as fetid 
or horse aloes. 

Cabanis' Pallet. A shovel-shaped instrument 
consisting of two plates of perforated silver, 
jointed and movable on each other; it is 
used to seize the extremity of the nasal probe 
in Mejean's operation for lacrimal fistula. 

Cabbage (kab'-dj). See Brassica. C.-rose. 
See Rose, Pale. C, Skunk-, a fetid plant 
of North America, Symplocarpus fcetidus. Its 
tincture and fluidextract are prescribed as an- 
tispasmodics and antasthmatics. 

Cacao (kak-a'-o). See Theobroma. C. -butter 
{oleum theobromatis, U. S. P.), is obtained 
from seeds or nibs of Theobroma cacao. It 
is a pure white fat, with a pleasant odor 
and taste; if fuses at 86° F. (30 C); its 
specific gravity is from 0.945 to 0.952. It 
is used in cosmetics and for pharmaceutic 
preparations. See also Theobroma. 

Cachectic (kak-ek f -tik) [see Cachexia]. Charac- 
terized by cachexia. 

Cachet (kash-a) [Ft.]. A pharmaceutic prepa- 
ration consisting of two concave pieces of 
wafer, varying in size from § to i| inches in 
diameter, round or oblong in shape, in one 
of which the powder to be administered is 
placed, and the other, having previously 
been moistened, is then laid over the powder 
and the two margins are pressed together, 
when they adhere and completely inclose 
the powder. 

Cachexia (kak-eks' -e-ah) [aa/coc, bad; ef^f, a 
habit]. A depraved condition of general 
nutrition, due to some serious disease, as 
syphilis, tuberculosis, carcinoma, etc. C, 
Cancerous, C, Carcinomatous, a condition 
marked by weakness, emaciation, and a 
muddy or brownish complexion, due to car- 
cinomatous disease. Syn., Cachexia cancer - 
atica; Cancerous diathesis. C, Lymphatic. 
Synonym of Hodgkin's disease. ' C, Miner's. 
See Uncinariasis. C, Osteal, profound 
cachexia seen in children and accompanied 
by painful swelling of one of the long bones, 
with hematinuria or extravasation of blood 
into a tissue, and often by rachitic phenomena. 
C, Pachydermic. See Myxedema. C, 
Paludal. See Malarial Cachexia. C, 
Periosteal. See C, Osteal. C. strumipriva, 
the condition allied to, if not identical with, 



myxedema, following the extirpation of the 
thyroid gland. C. thyreopriva. See Myx- 
edema. C. uteri, C. uterina, leukorrhea. C. 
venerea, syphilis. C. virginum, chlorosis. 

Cachibou (kash-i-boo') . See under Bursera. 

Caco- (kak-o-) [nanbc, bad]. A prefix meaning 
bad or diseased. 

Cacodiacol (kak-o-di'-ak-ol). Guaiacol caco- 
dylate. 

Cacodyl (kak' -o-dil) [KaKcbdyc, ill-smelling; uXf), 
matter], As(CH 3 ) 2 . Dimethylarsin; a radicle 
containing arsenic, hydrogen, and carbon. 
It is a colorless, heavy liquid, with an ex- 
tremely offensive odor; it is inflammable 
when exposed to air. Its protoxid is called 
alkarsin (q. v.). 

Cacodylate {kak-od'-il-at). A salt of cacodylic 
acid. 

Cacoethes (kak-o-e' -thez) [caco-; ydoc, a habit]. 
1. Any bad habit, disposition, or disorder. 2. 
A malignant ulcer. 

Cacoplasia (kak-o-pla'-ze-ah) [caco-; TzXacotcv, to 
form]. The formation of diseased structures. 

Cacoplastic (kak-o-plas'-tik) [see Cacoplasia]. 
1. Characterized by a low degree of organi- 
zation. 2. Relating to cacoplasia. 

Cacosmia (kak-oz' -me-ah) [caco-; do/xrj, smell]. 
A disgusting smell. 

Cacosplanchnia (kak-o-splangk'-ne-ah) [caco-; 
cmXafiva, the viscera]. A diseased condition 
of the digestive tract and consequent emacia- 
tion. 

Cacothesis (kak-oth'-es-is) [caco-; Okocc, a 
placing]. A faulty position of a part or of 
the entire organism. 

Cacotrophy (kak-of '-ro-fe) [caco-; xpocfyq, nour- 
ishment]. Disordered or defective nutrition. 

Cactina (kak-ti'-nah) [kclktoc, a prickly plant], 
A proprietary preparation said to be a 
proximate principle derived from night- 
blooming cereus (Cactus grandiflorus and C. 
mexicana). It is a cardiac stimulant, recom- 
mended as a substitute for digitalis. Unof. 

Cactus grandiflorus. A plant indigenous to 
the West Indies and cultivated in North 
America and Europe. It bears large white 
or straw-colored flowers which bloom only 
at night. The preparations of cactus are 
stimulant to the spinal cord, the vasomotor 
center, and the cardiac ganglions. They 
have been used as substitutes for digitalis. 
Dose of tincture 15-20 min. (1. 0-1.3 Cc); of 
■fluidextract 5-10 min. (0.32-0.65 Cc). Syn., 
Night-blooming cereus; Zerus grandiflorus. 



. 



C ACUMEN 



225 



CAFFEIN 



Cacumen (kak-u'-men) [L.; pi., cacumina}. 
i. The top, as of a plant. 2. The culmen 
of the vermis superior of the cerebellum. 

Cadaver {kad-av'-er or cad-a'-ver) [cadere, to fall]. 
A dead body, especially that of a human being. 

Cadaveric {kad-av'-er -ik) [cadaver]. Pertain- 
ing to the cadaver. C. Alkaloids, ptomains. 
C. Ecchymoses, C. Lividity, certain post- 
mortem stains, closely resembling in their 
general appearance the effects of bruises or 
contusions. They occur on the lowest and 
most dependent parts of the body. C. Spasm, 
the early, at times instantaneous, appearance 
of rigor mortis, seen after death from certain 
causes. It is also called instantaneous rigor 
and tetanic rigidity. 

Cadaverin (kad-av'-er -in) [cadaver], C 5 H U N 2 . 
A ptomain, occurring very frequently in 
decomposing animal tissues. It is obtained 
from human hearts, lungs, livers, etc., after 
three days' decomposition at ordinary tem- 
perature; also from horseflesh, from putrid 
mussel, from herring, and from haddock. 
It is a constant product of the growth of 
the comma bacillus. It is a thick, clear, 
syrupy liquid, having an exceedingly un- 
pleasant odor. 

Cade (kad) [a Languedoc name]. See Juni- 
per. C, Oil of (oleum cadinum, U. S. P.), 
a tarry oil from the wood of Juniper us oxyce- 
drus; it is used in skin diseases. 

Cadet's Fuming Liquid. See Alkarsin. 

Cadmium (kad'-me-um) [nadtica, calamin]. 
Cd = 112; quantivalence 11; sp. gr. 8.60- 
8.69. A bluish- white metal resembling zinc 
in its general properties. In its physiologic 
action it is escharotic and astringent; inter- 
nally, in large doses, it produces emesis and 
violent gastritis. C. Iodid, Cdl^, used as 
an ointment, 1 to 8 of lard. C. Salicylate, 
Cd(C 7 H 5 3 ) 2 , white needles, soluble in water 
and alcohol. It is used in purulent ophthal- 
mia, etc., and is said to be a more active 
antiseptic than other cadmium salts. C. 
Sulfate, CdS0 4 . 4H 2 0, an astringent in 
gonorrhea and in corneal opacities; used as 
a lotion in strength of ^ gr. or 4 to 1 oz. 
of water, or as an ointment in 1 : 40 of fresh 
lard. C. Sulfocarbolate, Cd(C 6 H 5 S0 4 ) 2 , 
white crystals, soluble in water; it is anti- 
septic and astringent. Syn., Cadmium sul- 
fopltenylate. 

Caecal (se'-kal). See Cecal. 

Caecitis (se-si'-tis). See Cecitis. 

Caecum (se'-kum). See Cecum. 

Caesalpinia (ses-al-pin'-e-ah) [L.]. A genus 
of tropical leguminous trees. C. bonducella is 
a prickly, trailing shrub of most tropical 
coasts. The seeds, Molucca beans, and the 
whole plant are anthelmintic and emmena- 
gog; the oil of the seeds is used in rheuma- 
tism. It contains bonducin. C. coriaria, 
American sumac, din-din, is a South American 
shrub cultivated in India, where the dried 
powdered pods are used as an antiperiodic. 
Dose 40-60 gr. (2.6-4.0 Gm.) A decoction 
of the pods is used as an injection in the 
16 



treatment of bleeding piles. C. echinata, 
a tree of Brazil, furnishes brazil-wood; the 
bark, rich in tannin, is used as an astringent, 
roborant, and febrifuge. C. sappanis, a tree 
of India; the brownish -red wood, sappan- 
wood, contains sappanin and is used as an 
astringent; it furnishes a red dye and the 
root a yellow dye. 

Caesarean Operation (se-sar'-e-an). See 
Cesarean Section. 

Caesium (se'-se-uin). See Cesium. 

Caffea (kaj'-e-ah) [L.]. The seeds of Coffea 
arabica. The dried and roasted seeds are 
almost universally used in infusion as a bev- 
erage, forming a cerebral stimulant and 
stomachic tonic. They are valuable in pro- 
moting digestion and allaying hunger and 
fatigue. The properties are due to an alka- 
loid, casein, identical with thcin. See Thca 
and Caffein. The fluidextract of Cafjea viri- 
dis is intended as a substitute for the fluid- 
extract of guarana. Dose \-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). 
Unof. See Guarana. 

Caffeic Acid (kaf-e'-ik). See Acid, Caffeic. 

Caffein (ka/'-e-in or kaf-en') [caffea], C 8 H 10 N 4 - 
O, 4- H 2 0. See under Caffea. An alkaloid 
found in the leaves and beans of the coffee-tree, 
in tea, in Paraguay tea, and in guarana, the 
roasted pulp of the fruit of Pcnlinia sorbilis. 
It occurs in long, silky needles, slightly 
soluble in cold water and alcohol, with a 
feebly bitter taste. It is a cerebrospinal, 
circulatory, and renal stimulant. Dose 1-3 
gr. (0.06-0.2 Gm.). Syn., Guaranin; Meihyl- 
theobromin; Psoralin; Thein; Trimethylxan- 
thin. C. Borocitrate, (C 8 H 10 X 4 O 2 ) 3 BO 3 , a 
white, crystalline powder, soluble in water, al- 
cohol, and chloroform; it decomposes in 
water. It has the effect of caffein combined 
with the antiseptic action of boric acid. C. 
Bromid. See C. Hydrobr -ornate. C. Car- 
bolate, C s H 10 N 4 O 2 . HOC 6 H 5 , a white, crys- 
talline mass, soluble in alcohol and water 
with decomposition. It is an antiseptic, 
diuretic, and stimulant, having the combined 
action of caffein and phenol, and is used 
subcutaneously. C. Chloral, C 8 H I0 N 4 Gy 
— CCI3COH, a molecular combination of 
caffein and chloral, occurring in soluble crys- 
tals. It is sedative and analgesic. Dose 3-5 
gr. (0.2-0.3 Gm.). C. Citrate (caffeina 
citrata, U. S. P.), (C 8 H 10 X 4 O 2 ) 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 , a true 
salt, forming a white, crystalline powder, 
used in the same manner as caffein. It is 
soluble in water and alcohol with decom- 
position. Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gm.). 
C, Citrated, this is improperly called caffein 
citrate and is prepared by dissolving equal 
weights of caffein and citric acid in double 
the quantity of hot distilled water. Dose 3-8 
gr. (0.2-0.52 Gm.). C, Citrated, Efferves- 
cent (caffeina citrata effervesce v. s, U. S. P.). 
Dose 60 gr. (4 Gm.). C. Citrosalicylate, 
(C^ 10 N 4 O 2 )sC 8 H 8 O7 + (C 8 H 10 N,O 2 . C 7 H 6 - 
03)3, a true salt occurring as a white, crystal- 
line powder, decomposing in water. It is 
antiseptic and is used as is caffein. C. Di- 



CAFFEINISM 



226 



CALCARATE 



iodid. See C. Triiodid. C. Hydrobromate, 

caffein bromid, a true salt, C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 HBr, 
occurring as large crystals, reddish or greenish 
on exposure, soluble in water on decomposi- 
tion. It is used as a diuretic in injections 
of 4-10 min. of a solution of 10 parts 
caffein hydrobromate, 1 part hydrobromic 
acid, and 3 parts distilled water. Caf- 
feinae, Injectio, Hypodermatica, 1 grain 
of caffein in 3 minims. Dose 1-6 min. 
(0.065-0.39 Cc). C. Salicylate, C 8 H 10 N 4 - 
2 . C 7 H O 3 , a true salt occurring as white, 
crystalline masses, soluble in water and 
alcohol with decomposition. It is used in- 
stead of caffein with salicylic acid. Dose 
as caffein. C. and Sodium Benzoate, a 
white powder containing 45.8% of caffein, 
soluble in 2 parts of water. It is used instead 
of caffein by subcutaneous injection. Dose 
about double that of caffein. Syn., Caffeinum 
rtatriobenzoicum. C. and Sodium Salicylate, 
a white powder, soluble in 2 parts of water, 
and containing 62.5% of caffein. It is used 
in rheumatism, etc., instead of caffein, by 
subcutaneous injection. Dose about double 
that of caffein. Syn., Caffeinum natrio- 
salicylicum. C. and Sodium Sulfonate, 
a diuretic. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). Syn., 
Symphorol. C. Tannate, a yellow powder, 
more astringent than caffein; uses and 
dosage as caffein. C. Triiodid, (C 8 H 10 N 4 - 
2 I 2 . HI) 2 + 3H 2 0, dark -green prisms, of a 
metallic luster, soluble in alcohol. It is a 
diuretic and alterative, used instead of po- 
tassium iodid, and said to be nondepressing. 
Dose 2-4 gr. (0.13-0.26 Gm.). Syn., Diiodo- 
caffein hydriodate. C. Valerianate, C 8 H 10 - 
N 4 2 . C 5 H 10 O 2 , small lustrous needles, solu- 
ble in alcohol with decomposition. It is 
used in nervous headache, whooping-cough, 
etc. Dose 2-5 gr. (0.13-0.3 Gm.) several 
times a day. 

Caffeinism {kaf '-e-in-izm or kaf-en'-izm) [caf- 
fein. Chronic coffee-poisoning; a train of mor- 
bid symptoms due to excess in the use of coffee. 

Caffeone {kaf'-e-on) [caffea], C 8 H 10 O 2 . A vola- 
tile aromatic oily principle (empyreumatic 
oil) produced by the roasting of coffee. 
Syn., Caffeol. 

Caincin {kah-in' -sin) [Cainca or Cahinca, 
the South American name for several species 
of Chiococca], C^H^O^. A glucosid from 
Chiococca racemosa and C. brachiata. In 
small doses it is diuretic and cathartic and 
in large doses emetic. It is used in dropsy. 
Dose, diuretic and cathartic, 2-4 gr. (0.13- 
0.26 Gm.): emetic, 8-15 gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.); 
maximum dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). Syn., Cain- 
cic acid. 

Caisson-disease (ka' ' -son-diz-ez) . Diver's dis- 
ease or tunnel disease, a morbid condition 
due to increased atmospheric pressure, some- 
times occurring in divers, caisson-workers, 
etc. Paraplegia, hemiplegia, anesthesia, and 
apoplectic attacks are common, coming on 
only after return to the normal atmosphere. 
The nature of the lesion is obscure. 



Cajal's (Ramon y) Cells. See Ramon y 
CajaVs Cells. 

Cajeput Oil {kaf '-e-put) [Malay, cajuputi, 
white wood; oleum, oil]. A volatile oil 
{oleum cajuputi, U. S. P.), distilled from the 
leaves of Melaleuca cajuputi. It resembles oil 
of turpentine. It is used in flatulent colic, 
hysteria, cutaneous disorders, and toothache. 
Dose 1-5 min. (0.065-0.32 Cc). C. Spirit 
{spiritus cajuputi, B. P.), contains 2 % of the 
oil. Dose |-i dr. (2-4 Cc). 

Cajeputol {kaj-e-pu'-tol) [see Cajeput Oil]. 
The more limpid part of cajeput oil; it is 
found also in some other fragrant volatile oils. 

Calabar Bean {kal'-ab-ar ben). See Physos- 
tigma. 

Calabarin {kal-ab'-ar-in). An alkaloid from 
Calabar bean. 

Calaguala {kah-lah-gwah' -la) [Peruvian]. The 
commercial name for several ferns of the 
order Polypodiacece, especially Polypodium 
calaguala, of Peru, which is esteemed an ex- 
cellent resolvent and diaphoretic. It is used 
in chronic affections of the air-passages and 
in whooping-cough in doses of 30-60 gr. 
(2-4 Gm.) daily. A decoction is used ex- 
ternally as a dressing for wounds. 

Calamin {kal'-am-in) [calamina, a corruption 
of cadmia]. Native zinc carbonate. Cala- 
mina prcBparata, the prepared calamin, 
washed and pulverized, is used mainly as an 
external exsiccant and astringent. 

Calamus {kaV-am-us) [L., "a reed"]. Sweet- 
flag. The rhizome of Acorus calamus. It 
contains a volatile oil and acorin, a bitter 
nitrogenous principle. The root is an aro- 
matic, stomachic tonic, and a common ingre- 
dient of many popular "bitters." C. draco is 
a species'of ratan palm that affords a part of 
the so-called dragon's-blood of commerce. 
C, Fluidextract of {fluidextt -actum calami, 
U. S. P.). Dose 15 min.-i dr. (1-4 Cc). C. 
scriptorius [a writing-pen or reed], the 
groove on the floor of the fourth ventricle, at 
the end of which is the ventricle of Arantius. 

Calaya {kal-a'-yah). A fluidextract of the fruit 
of Anneslea febrifuga (?), used in malaria. 
Dose 30 gr. (2 Gm.) every 2 hours. 

Calcaneoastragalar {kal-ka-ne-o-as- trag' - 
al-ar). Relating to the calcaneum and the 
astragalus = 

Calcaneotalar {kal-ka-ne-o-ta'-lar). See Cal- 
caneoastragalar. 

Calcaneotibial {kal-ka-ne-o-tib'-e-al) {calca- 
neum; tibia]. Relating to the calcaneum 
and tibia. 

Calcaneum, Calcaneus {kal-ka'-ne-um, -us). 
See Bones, Table of. 

Calcar {kaV-kar) [L., "a spur"]. 1. Any spur 
or spur-like point, as the hippocampus 
minor. 2. Ergot of rye. 3. The calcaneum. 
4. The styloid process of the temporalbone. 
C. avis, the hippocampus minor. C. fem- 
orale, a plate of hard tissue around the neck 
of the femur. 

Calcarate {kal' -kar-at) [calcar]. Spurred; fur- 
nished with spurs or spur-like processes. 



CALCAREA 



227 



CALCIUM 



Calcarea, Calcaria {kal-ka' -re-ah) [calx, lime- 
stone]. Lime. 

Calcareous (kal-ka 1 '-re-us) [calcarea]. i. Per- 
taining to or having the nature of lime- 
stone. 2. Having a chalky appearance or 
consistence. 3. Growing in chalk. 

Calcariform (kal-kar'-e-form) [calcar; forma, 
form]. Spur-shaped. 

Calcarine (kal'-kar-en) [calcar]. Spur -shaped; 
relating to the hippocampus minor. C. Fis- 
sure. See Fissure, Calcarine. 

Calcic (kal'-sik) [calx]. Of or pertaining to 
lime. 

Calcicosis (kal-sik-o' -sis) [calx]. Marble-cut- 
ter's phthisis; a chronic inflammation of 
the lung due to the inhalation of marble- 
dust. 

Calciferous (kal-sif'-er-us). Containing lime, 
chalk, or calcium. 

Calcific (kal-sif '-ik) [calx]. Forming lime. 

Calcification (kal-sif-ik-a'-shun) [calx; fiere, 
to become]. The deposit of calcareous mat- 
ter within the tissues of the body. C, 
Metastatic, that resulting from an excess 
of lime-salts in the blood, as occurs in the 
rapid breaking down of bones from osteo- 
malacia. 

Calcine (kal'-sin or kal-sin') [calcinare, to cal- 
cine]. To separate the inorganic elements 
of a substance by subjecting it to an intense 
heat. 

Calcium (kal'-se-um) [calx]. Ca = 40; quan- 
tivalence II. A brilliant, silver-white metal, 
the basis of limestone, characterized by strong 
affinity for oxygen, and isolated with great 
difficulty. It is best known in the form of 
calcium oxid, quicklime; calcium hydroxid, 
slaked lime; and calcium carbonate, limestone 
or chalk. C. Acetate, Ca(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 , a 
white, amorphous powder, soluble in water. 
It is used in tuberculosis and psoriasis. 
C. Albuminate, an alterative and nutrient 
used in rachitis. C. Benzoate, Ca(C 7 H 5 2 ) 2 , 
used in nephritis and albuminuria of preg- 
nancy. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). 
C. Bisulfite, Liquid, a solution of calcium 
sulfite (CaS0 3 ) in an aqueous solution of 
sulfurous acid. It is used, when diluted 
with 4 to 8 times its amount of water, as 
an antiseptic gargle or wash. C. Borate, 
a very light white powder. It is used as an 
antiseptic and astringent, internally in chil- 
dren's diarrhea and externally in fetid per- 
spiration and weeping eczema. Dose 1-5 
gr. (0.06-0.32 Gm.) 3 times daily. Applica- 
tion, 10 to 20% ointment or dusting-powder. 
C. Boroglycerid, an antiseptic substance 
prepared by heating together calcium borate 
and glycerol. It forms a transparent, hygro- 
scopic mass, soluble in water and alcohol. 
C. Bromid (calcii bromidum, U. S. P.), a nerve 
sedative. Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.) twice 
daily. C. Bromoiodid, Cal 2 + CaBr 2 , a mix- 
ture of calcium iodid and bromid in molecular 
proportions, forming a yellow powder soluble in 
water. It is alterative and sedative. Dose 
5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.) 3 times daily. 



C. Carbid, CaC 2 , obtained from lime with 
carbon, by the electric furnace. It occurs 
in gray to bluish-black irregular lumps, 
decomposing with water, evolving acetylene, 
and leaving a residue of slaked lime; sp. gr.' 
2.22. It is used in the palliative treatment 
of cancer of the vagina and uterus. C. Car- 
bolate, Ca(OC 6 H 5 ) 2 , a reddish, antiseptic 
powder, used as a disinfectant and internal and 
external antiseptic. Dose 2-5 gr. (0.13-0.32 
Gm.). C. Carbonate, Ca(OC 4 H 5 ) 2 , a reddish 
powder used as an internal and external anti- 
septic. Dose 2-5 gr. (0.13-0.32 Gm.). C. 
Carbonate, Precipitated {calcii carbonas prce- 
cipitatus, U. S. P.), CaCO s , a fine white powder, 
without odor or taste. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). C. 
Chlorid (calcii chloridum, U. S. P.), CaCl 2 , sol- 
uble in water; used internally to increase the 
coagulability of the blood. Dose 10-20 gr. 
(0.65-1.3 Gm.). C. Citrate, Ca 3 (C 6 H 5 7 ) 2 - 
+ 4H 2 0, a crystalline powder, soluble in 
1730 parts of water at 90 C; more soluble 
in cold water. A solution is recommended 
for the treatment of burns. C. Cresylate, 
a syrupy fluid obtained by treating calcium 
hydroxid with cresol. It is used as a disin- 
fectant instead of phenol. C. Eosolate, 
Ca 3 (C 9 H 7 S 2 12 ) 2 , a sulfosalt of aliphatic 
creasote esters containing 25 % of creasote 
and occurring as a gray powder soluble in 
10 parts of water. Dose 4-10 gr. (0.26-0.65 
Gm.) 4 or 5 times daily. C. Ferrophos- 
pholactate, used in the treatment of tubercu- 
losis and rachitis. Dose 3— 7J gr. (0.2-0.5 
Gm.). C. Glyceroarsenate, a crumbling 
white powder, insoluble in water and alcohol, 
freely soluble in mineral and organic acids, es- 
pecially in dilute citric acid. It is used in treat- 
ment of tuberculosis. Daily dose £ gr. (0.01 
Gm.). C. Glyceroborate, an antiseptic com- 
pound of equal parts of calcium borate and gly- 
cerol. C. Glycerophosphate, CaC 3 H 7 P0 6 , a 
white, crystalline powder, soluble in cold water, 
almost insoluble in boiling water; it is a 
nerve tonic. Dose 2-5 gr. (0.13-0.32 Gm.) 
3 times daily. In treatment of enuresis, 
dose, for adults, 8 gr. (0.5 Gm.) twice daily. 
C. Hippurate, Ca(C 9 H s N0 2 ) 2 , a white, crys- 
talline powder, slightly soluble in hot water. 
It is alterative. Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32-1.0 
Gm.). C. Hydrate. See C. Hydroxid. C. 
Hydroxid, slaked lime. C. Hypochlorite, 
Ca(C10) 2 , white cubes decomposing readily. 
It is an antiseptic and is used as a disinfectant 
and strong bleaching agent. C. Hypophos- 
phite (calcii hypophosphis, U. S. P.), Ca(PH 2 - 
2 ) 2 , a white, crystalline powder, lustrous 
scales, or transparent crystals, soluble in 7 parts 
of water, decomposing and giving out inflam- 
mable gas above 300 C. It is used in tubercu- 
losis, chlorosis, etc. Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 
Gm.). Svn., Calcium hypophosphorosum. C. 
Hyposulfite. SeeC. Thiosulfate. C. Iodate, 
Ca(I0 3 ) 2 + 6H 2 0, a white, crystalline pow- 
der, soluble in 400 parts of water, insoluble 
in alcohol. It is used internally in doses of 
4-5 gr. (0.26-0.32 Gm.) to check fermentation 



CALCIUM 



228 



CALCULUS 



and also as a succedaneum for iodoform. 
Syn., Calcinol. C. Iodid, Cal 2 , a white 
powder or yellowish-white hygroscopic mass, 
soluble in water and alcohol. It is an altera- 
tive used instead of potassium iodid. Dose 
2-5 gr. (0.13-0.32 Gm.) 3 times daily in 
syrup. Maximum' dose, daily, 15 gr. (1 
Gm.). C. and Iron Lactophosphate, a 
yellowish powder used in treatment of 
rachitis and tuberculosis. Dose 3-8 gr. 
(0.19-0.52 Gm.) several times daily. C. 
Lactate, Ca(C 3 H 5 3 ) 2 + 5H 2 0, white, 
opaque, granular masses, soluble in water 
and hot alcohol. It is used in treatment 
of rachitis and tuberculosis of children. 
Dose 3-10 gr. (0.19-0.65 Gm.) in syrup. C. 
Lactophosphate, a crystalline compound 
of calcium lactate and calcium phosphate 
containing 1 % of phosphorus; soluble in 
water. It is stimulant and nutrient. Dose 
3-10 gr. (0.19-0.65 Gm.) 3 times daily. C. 
Oxid (calx, U. S. P.), CaO, quicklime. C. 
Oxid, Chlorinated. See Lime, Chlorinated. 
C. Oxysulfid, a compound of calcium, oxygen, 
and sulfur, forming a yellowish powder; used 
in washing scrofulous ulcers. C. Perman- 
ganate, Ca(Mn0 4 ) 2 -f 5H 2 0, deliquescent, 
brown crystals with violet luster, soluble in 
water. It is used internally in diarrhea of 
children and externally as a mouth lotion. 
Dose f-2 gr. (0.05-0.13 Gm.). C. Peroxid, 
Ca0 2 + 4H 2 0, an antiseptic, used in acid dys- 
pepsia and summer diarrhea. Dose (children) 
f-2 gr. (0.05-0.13 Gm.). C. Phosphate, 
Antimoniated, a mixture of precipitated cal- 
cium phosphate (67 parts) and antimony oxid 
(33 parts), occurring as a dull white, gritty 
powder, without odor or taste, soluble in boil- 
ing water. It is alterative, purgative, and 
emetic, and is used in acute rheumatism and 
febrile diseases. Dose 3-8 gr. (0.19-0.52 
Gm.) 4 to 6 times daily. Syn., Antimonial 
powder; James' febrile powder. C. Phosphate, 
Dibasic, Ca(H 2 P0 4 ) 2 or CaHP0 4 , a white 
powder, soluble in acids, insoluble in water. It 
is used in diseases of bone, chlorosis, etc. Dose 
8-20 gr. (0.52-1.3 Gm.). Syn., Bicalcic phos- 
phate; Secondary calcium phosphate. C. Phos- 
phate, Monobasic, CaH 4 (P0 4 ) 2 + H . O, the 
chief constituent of the socalled "superphos- 
phate of lime," a decomposition-product of 
tricalcic or dicalcic phosphate and sulfuric 
acid, occurring as white, deliquescent, strongly 
acid crystals. C. Phosphate, Precipitated 
{calcii phosphas prcecipitatus , U. S. P.), Ca 3 - 
(P0 4 ) 2 , a bulky white powder, odorless and 
tasteless. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). C. Phosphate, 
Tribasic, Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 , a light, white, amorphous 
powder without odor or taste, soluble in acids, 
insoluble in water. It is used as is the dibasic. 
C. Propionate, Ca(C 3 H50 2 ) 2 , a white powder, 
soluble in water. C. Quinovate, a compound 
of calcium and quinovic acid used in malarial 
fever and dysentery as a tonic. Dose ^-| gr. 
(0.013-0.032 Gm.). C. Salicylate, CaC 7 H 4 - 
3 + H 2 0, a white, crystalline powder with al- 
kaline reaction, soluble with difficulty in water. 



It is used in intestinal diseases. Dose 8-20 
gr. (0.52-1.3 Gm.). C. Santonate, C. 
Santoninate, Ca(C 15 H 19 4 ) 2 , a white, odor- 
less, insipid powder, insoluble in water or 
chloroform. It is anthelmintic. Dose ^-i| 
gr. (0.03-0.1 Gm.). C. Sulfate, 2CaS0 4 + 
H 2 0, a fine white, odorless and tasteless pow- 
der, used in making plaster bandages for frac- 
tures. Syn., Gypsum; Plaster-of-paris. C. Sul- 
fate, Dried {calcii sulphas exsiccatus, U. S. 
P.), a fine white powder without odor or 
taste. C. Sulf hydrate, CaS . H 2 S, trans- 
parent crystals decomposing in the air; it 
is used as a depilatory. C. Sulfid, CaS, a 
compound of calcium and sulfur, a yellow- 
white substance with odor of hydrogen 
sulfid and forming a large percentage of 
calx sulphurata. It is recommended in 
treatment of influenza (dose 1 gr. (0.06 
Gm.) 4 times hourly) and in treatment of 
diphtheria (dose £ gr. (0.01 Gm.) every 
hour, under 1 year of age, every \ hour 
between the ages of 1 and 3, and every 
15 minutes between the ages of 3 and 5). 
Syn., Calcium monosulfid. C. Sulfid, Hy- 
drated, CaS; it is used as a depilatory. C. 
Sulfite, CaSO* 3 , a white powder, soluble in sul- 
furous acid and in 800 parts of water. It is 
antiseptic and is used in flatulent diarrhea. 
Dose tV~5 gr. (0.0065-0.32 Gm.). C. Sulfo- 
carbolate, Ca(C 6 H 5 S0 4 ) 2 + 6H z O, a white, 
odorless, astringent powder or scales, soluble 
in water. It is an internal antiseptic and 
astringent. Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32-1.0 Gm.) 
in 1% solution. C. Sulfophenate. See C. 
Sulfocarbolate. C. Thiosulfate, CaS 2 O s , 
white antiseptic crystals, soluble in water; 
it is an internal antiseptic. Dose 3-10 gr. 
(0.194-0.65 Gm.). 

Calcoglobulin (kal-ko-glob'-u-liri). A combi- 
nation of soluble calcium salts with an 
albuminous base. It has a distinct and 
definite form and is probably the basis of 
all the calcic tissues of the body. 

Calculous {kaV -ku-lus) [calculus]. Of the 
nature of a calculus. 

Calculus {kaV -ku-lus) [dim. of calx, chalk]. 
A calcareous or stone-like concretion found 
in the body, particularly in cavities. C, 
Alternating, one composed of alternate 
layers of the substances of which it is made 
up. C.j Arthritic, a gouty concretion. C, 
Articular. See C, Arthritic. C, Aural, 
hardened cerumen in the external auditory 
canal. C, Biliary, a gall-stone. C, Blood, 
a fibrinous calculus containing remains of 
blood-corpuscles. C, Bronchial, a concre- 
tion in an air-passage. C, Chalky, one 
made up mainly of calcium carbonate and 
calcium phosphate with small amounts of 
magnesium carbonate, water, and organic 
matter, and frequently having a foreign body 
as a nucleus. C., Cutaneous. See Milium. 
C, Cystic. 1. A vesical calculus. 2. A 
gall-stone. 3. One composed of cystin. C, 
Cystic-oxid, C, Cystin, a urinary calculus, 
rarely found, and composed largely of cystin. 



CALDANI'S LIGAMENT 



229 



CALLOSOMARGINAL 



C, Dental, tartar on the teeth or gums. C, 
Encysted, a vesical calculus which has 
become invested in a pouch springing from 
the wall of the bladder. C, Essential, one 
having its origin within the tissue of an organ 
and not due to a foreign body. C, Fatty, 
a vesical calculus having a nucleus of fat 
or saponaceous matter. C, Fibrinous, a 
vesical calculus made up of dried coagulated 
albumin. C, Fusible, a urinary calculus 
composed of phosphates of ammonium, 
calcium, and magnesium. C, Hemic, a 
concretion of coagulated blood. C, In- 
carcerated. See C, Encysted. C, Lacteal, 
C, Laminated, one made up of layers of 
different materials. C, Mammary, a cal- 
careous nodule sometimes obstructing the lac- 
tiferous ducts. C, Mulberry, the oxalate-of- 
lime variety, resembling a mulberry in shape 
and color. C, Nasal, one found in the 
nasal cavities. C, Organic, one with a 
nucleus formed of epithelium, blood, etc. 
C, Pineal, brain-sand. See Acervulus. C, 
Podagric. See C, Arthritic. C, Prostatic, 
one in the prostate gland. C, Renal, a cal- 
culus found in the kidney. C, Salivary, 
i. One formed in the ducts of the salivary 
glands. 2. The tartar deposited on teeth. 
C., Scrotal, i. A vesical or prostatic cal- 
culus which has made its way to the scrotum. 
2. One formed in the scrotum from calcareous 
degeneration. C, Secondary, a vesical 
calculus formed in consequence of a diseased 
condition of the mucosa of the urinary tract. 
C, Urinary, a concretion composed of 
concentric layers of crystallized substance 
cemented together by mucus or other organic 
material, occurring in the bladder. Urinary 
calculi (sand, gravel, or stones, according to 
size) maybe classified as follows: (i) Those 
containing a mixture of uric acid with urates, 
with either little or no phosphates; (2) mixed 
calculi, those containing more phosphates 
than uric acid; (3) calcium-oxalate calculi; (4) 
phosphatic calculi — composed of calcium phos- 
phate, triple phosphate, or a combination of 
calcium and magnesium phosphates; (5) cal- 
cium-carbonate calculi; (6) cystin calculi; (7) 
xanthin calculi; (8) fibrinous calculi, con- 
sisting of fibrin or inspissated albumin. C, 
Uterine, an intrauterine concretion; a 
womb-stone; formed mainly by calcareous 
degeneration of a tumor. C, Vesical, a 
calculus found in the urinary bladder. 

CaldanPs Ligament. A fibrous band ex- 
tending from the inner border of the coracoid 
process to the lower border of the clavicle and 
upper border of the first rib, where it unites 
with the tendon of the subclavius muscle. 

Calendula {kal-en' -du-lah) [calendce, the first 
day of the month]. Marigold. The flowering 
plant known as the garden-marigold, C. 
officinalis. C, Tincture of {tinctura calen- 
dula, U. S. P.), contains 20% of the leaves 
and stems. It is used as a local application 
to wounds, bruises, and ulcers, and has been 
vaunted as a cure for carcinoma. 



Calendulin {kal-en' '-du-lin) [calendula]. An 
amorphous principle obtainable from calen- 
dula. 

Calentura {kal-en-tu'-rah). 1. See Calenture (1). 
2. Applied to an epidemic disease of horses 
in the Philippines. It is caused by a species 
of Spirillum. C. amarilla, C. vomito 
negro, yellow fever. 

Calenture {kaV -en-tur) [Sp., calentura, heat; 
L., calere, to be hot]. 1. A tropical remittent 
fever with delirium; formerly, a supposed fever 
of this kind that attacked mariners, leading 
them to leap into the sea. 2. Sunstroke. 

Calf {kahf) [Icel., kdlfr]. The thick, fleshy 
part of the back of the leg, formed by the 
gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. 

Calibrate {kal'-ib-rdt) [Fr., calibre, the bore 
of a gun]. 1. To estimate the exact size of 
an opening, as of intestines to be united 
by anastomosis. 2. To graduate the tubes 
of a thermometer so that it will indicate the 
temperature correctly, or to determine the 
errors of the gradation when made; also, to 
determine the indication of the reading after 
the correction of the errors. 

Calibrator {kal'-e -bra-tor). An instrument for 
determining the exact diameter of the lumen 
of an opening, as of the urethra. It may 
consist of a truncated cone supplied with a 
scale or some form of dilating blades. 

Caliche {kah-W -che) [S. A., "a flake of lime 
from a wall"]. The South American name 
for crude sodium nitrate; Chili saltpeter. 

California Buckthorn. See Cascara sagrada. 

Calipers {kal'-ip-erz) [corruption of caliber]. 
Compasses with curved legs. 

Calisaya (kal-is-a' '-yah) [S. A.]. Cinchona bark, 
especially that of Cinchona calisaya. See 
Cinchona. 

Calisayin {kal-e-sa'-yen). An amorphous base 
consisting mostly of quinin obtained from 
cinchona bark. 

Calisthenics, Callisthenics {kal-is-then'-iks), 
[fcaXSf, beautiful; ad hoc, strength]. The 
practice of various rhythmic movements of 
the body, intended to develop the muscles 
and produce gracefulness of carriage; light 
gymnastics, especially designed for the use 
of girls and young women. 

Calix {ka'-liks). See Calyx. 

Callaway's Test. In dislocation of the 
humerus the circumference of the affected 
shoulder, measured over the acromion and 
through the axilla, is greater than that of the 
sound side. 

Callisection (kal-e-sek' '-shun) [callus; sectio, a 
cutting]. Vivisection of anesthetized animals. 

Callosal {kal-o'-sal) [callosum]. Pertaining to 
the corpus callosum. 

Callositas {kal-os' -it-as) . See Callosity. 

Callosity {kal-os' -it-e) [callus]. A hard, thick- 
ened patch on the skin produced by excessive 
accumulation of the horny layers. Syn., Cal- 
lositas; Keratoma; Tyloma; Tylosis. 

Calloso marginal {kal-o-so-mar'-jin-al) [cal- 
losum; margo, margin]. Relating to the cal- 
losal and marginal gyri of the brain. 



CALLOSOSERRATE 



230 



CAMP FEVER 



Callososerrate (kal-o-so-ser'-at) [callus; serratus, 
saw-shaped]. Having serrated callous projec- 
tions. 

Callosum (kal-o' -sum) . Same as Corpus 
callosum. 

Callous (kal'-us) [callus]. Hard; tough, like 
callus. 

Callus {kal'-us) [L.]. i. A callosity; hardened 
and thickened skin. 2. The new growth of 
incomplete osseous tissue that surrounds the 
ends of a fractured bone during the process 
of repair. C, Interior, C, Internal, pro- 
visional callus of a fractured bone deposited 
in its medullary canal. C, Permanent, 
the permanent bond of bony union after 
reabsorption of the provisional callus, or 
cartilage-like, plastic material first thrown 
out. C. of Skin, induration and thickening 
of the skin. 

Calmative {kah'-ma-tiv) [OF., calme, still]. 
Calming; sedative. 

Calmin (kal'-min). A compound of antipyrin 
and heroin; it is used in asthma. 

Calomel (kal'-o-mel) [/caAoc, fair; jieXac, black]. 
Mercurous chlorid. 

Calor (ka'-lor) [L.]. 1. Heat. 2. Moderate 
fever-heat; less than fervor and ardor. C. 
animalis, animal heat. C. febrilis, fever- 
heat. C. fervens, boiling heat. C. innatus, 
natural or normal heat. C. internus, 
inward fever: fever not appreciable on the 
surface of the body. C. mordax, C. mordi- 
cans, biting or pungent heat. C. nativus, 
native or animal heat; blood-heat; normal 
heat. 

Calorie (kal'-or-e). See Calory. 

Calorifacient (kal-or-if-a' -she-ent) [calor; facere, 
to make]. Heat-producing (applied to certain 
foods). 

Calorimeter (kal-or -im' -et-er) [calor; p.kxpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
amount of heat that bodies produce or ab- 
sorb. C, Respiration (Atwater's), an appa- 
ratus used to determine the caloric values of 
various foods and their effect on meta- 
bolism. 

Calorimetric Equivalent. The amount of 
heat necessary to raise the temperature of 
the calorimeter i° C. 

Calorimetry (kal-or -im'-et-re). The estimation 
of the heat-units by the calorimeter. C, Di- 
rect, a method of estimating the amount of 
heat produced and given off by an animal in- 
cased in a ventilated cabinet, and inclosed in 
another cabinet filled with air or water, by 
gaging the amount imparted to the air or 
water in the second cabinet. C, Indirect, 
that arrived at by an estimation of the calorific 
value of a known quantity of food ingested 
by an animal in a given time. 

Calory (kal'-or-e) [Fr., calorie]. A heat-unit. 
C, Great, the amount of heat required to 
raise the temperature of one kilogram of 
water one degree centigrade. C, Small, 
the amount of heat required to raise the 
temperature of one gram of water one degree 
centigrade. 



Calot's Method. See under Treatment. 

Calumba (kal-um'-bah) [native Mozambique, 
kalumb]. Columbo. The root of J ateorrhiza 
calumba, native to South Africa and parts 
of the East Indies. It is an excellent example 
of a simple bitter, and contains a bitter 
principle, calumbin, C 21 H 22 7 , of which the 
dose is 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.2 Gm.). It is not 
astringent, and may be prescribed with salts 
of iron. It is useful in atonic dyspepsia, 
and as a mild, appetizing tonic in convales- 
cence. C, Extract of (extractum calumbce, 

B. P.). Dose 2-10 gr. (0.13-0.65 Gm.). C, 
Fluidextract of (fluidextr actum calumbce, U. 
S. P.). Dose 5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). C, 
Infusion of (infusum colombce, B. P.). Dose 
1-2 oz. (30-60 Cc). C, Tincture of (tinc- 
tura calumbce, U. S. P.), contains 10% of 
calumba. Dose \-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). 

Calvaria, Calvarium (kal-va'-re-ah, -urn) [calva, 
the scalp]. The upper part of the skull. 

Calvities (kal-vish'-e-ez) [calvus, bald] 
Baldness. 

Calvous (kal'-vus) [calvus]. Bald. 

Calx (kalks) [L.]. 1. The heel. 2. Calcium oxid. 

C. chlorinata (U. S. P., B. P.), chlorinated 
lime. C. sulphurata (U. S. P., B. P.), con- 
sists largely of calcium sulfid; used extern-" 
ally and internally in skin diseases. Dose 
jo gr. (0.006 Gm.). 

Calyciform (kal-is' -e-form) [calyx; forma, 
shape]. Cup-shaped; resembling a calyx. 

Calyx (ka'-liks) [L.; pi., calices]. A cup; espe- 
cially one of the cup-like divisions of the 
pelvis of the kidney into which the pyramids 
project. 

Camara (kam'-ar-ah). 1. An arched or vaulted 
chamber. 2. The fornix of the brain. 3. The 
hollow of the external ear. 

Cambodia, ikam-bo' -de-ah). See Cambogia. 

Cambogia (kam - bo' - je - ah) [Camboja, or 
Cambodia, in Siam]. Gamboge. A resin- 
ous gum from Garcinia hanburii, a tree 
native to southern Asia. Its properties are 
due to gambogic acid. It is a drastic, 
hydragog cathartic, decidedly diuretic. C, 
Compound Pill of (pilula cambogia com- 
posita, B. P.), contains cambogia, aloes, 
hard soap, compound powder of cinnamon, 
and syrup. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). 
It is also officially a constituent of com- 
pound cathartic pills. 

Camera (kam'-er-ah) [i<a/mpa, an arched roof 
or chamber]. 1. See Camara. 2. In optics, 
the chamber or dark -box of the apparatus 
used for photography. C. lucida, an optic 
device for superimposing or combining two 
fields of view in one eye, invented by the 
chemist, Wollaston. C. septi lucidi, the 
fifth ventricle of the brain. 

Camisia foetus (kam-is'-e-ah). The chorion. 

Camisole (kam-is-oV) [Fr.]. The strait-jacket, 
formerly used for the restraint of violently 
insane persons. 

Camomile, Chamomile (kam'-o-mll). See 
Anthemis and Matricaria. 

Camp Fever. Synonym of Typhus fever. 



CAMPER'S CHIASM 



231 



CANADA BALSAM 



Camper's Chiasm. The crossing of the inner 
fibers of the tendons of the flexor sublimis 
digitorum (see under Muscle) after they have 
separated to give passage to the tendons 
of the deep flexor. C.'s Ligament, triangu- 
lar ligament; the deep perineal fascia. C.'s 
Line, a line running from the external audi- 
tory meatus to a point just below the nasal 
spine. 

Camphenes (kam'-fenz) [camphor]. The vola- 
tile oils or hydrocarbons having the general 
formula C 10 H 16 , isomeric with oil of turpentine. 
Many camphenes, as oil of cloves, etc., exist 
ready formed in plants. They are liquid 
at ordinary temperatures. 

Camphenol (kam'-Je-nol). A compound of 
camphor, cresols, and phenols; it is a dis- 
infectant. 

Camphin (kam'-fin), C 10 H S . A colorless oil 
obtained by the distillation of camphor with 
iodin. 

Camphol (kam'-fol). See Borneol. 

Camphophenique (kam-fo-}en-ek f ) [Fr.]. A 
proprietary preparation combining camphor 
and phenol; it is recommended as an anti- 
septic and local stimulant. 

Camphor (kam'-for) [camphora, camphor], 
C 10 H 16 O. A solid, volatile oil obtained from 
Cinnamomum camphora, a tree indigenous 
to eastern Asia. It yields camphoric and 
camphonic acids, also camphor cymol when 
exposed to a high heat in close vessels. It 
is antispasmodic, anodyne, diaphoretic, and 
stimulant. Applied locally, it is rubefacient. 
It is used in cholera, vomiting, the typhoid 
state, headache, diarrhea with pain, etc., 
cardiac depression, and affections requiring 
an antispasmodic. C, Artificial, C 10 H 16 HC1, 
a terpene hydrochlorate obtained from oil 
of turpentine by action of hydrochloric acid; 
it is a solid very similar to camphor. C.-ball, 
an English preparation used as an application 
to chapped skin. Its composition is sperma- 
ceti, 4; white wax, 12; oil of almonds, 5; 
melt in a water-bath, and add flowers of 
camphor 4; dissolve, and when nearly cold 
pour into boxes or mold in gallipots. C, 
Borneo. See Borneol. C, Carbolated, a 
mixture of 2 h parts of camphor with 1 each 
of phenol and alcohol; it is a good antiseptic 
dressing for wounds. C. Cerate (ceratum 
camphora, U. S. P.), consists of camphor 
liniment, 3; olive-oil, 12; simple cerate, 
85. It is used for itching skin affections. 
C, Chloral, a fluid prepared by mixing 
equal parts of camphor and chloral. It is 
an excellent solvent for many alkaloids, 
and is used externally as a sedative applica- 
tion. C, Citrated, a compound of citric acid 
and camphor; a white powder, antiseptic, 
antispasmodic, and stimulant. Dose 3-10 
gr. (0.2-0.65 Gm.) several times daily. C, 
Flowers of, powdered camphor obtained by 
condensing sublimed camphor. C.-ice, a 
cosmetic preparation made by melting 16 
parts of white wax with 48 parts of benzoated 
suet, and then adding 8 parts of camphor and 



1 part of oil of lavender. C, Japan, the com- 
mercial variety brought from Japan; it is also 
called tub camphor, from the receptacle in 
which it comes, or Dutch camphor, from its 
introduction into the market by that people. 
C. Liniment {linimentum camphor ce, U. S. 
P.), a preparation consisting of camphor, 20 
parts; cotton-seed oil, 80 parts. C. Liniment, 
Compound {linimentum camphora composita, 

B. P.), contains camphor and oil of laven- 
der dissolved in rectified spirit, and strong 
solution of ammonia added. C, Liquid, oil 
of camphor. C, Liquid Artificial, Ci Hi 6 - 
HC1, a liquid isomer of solid artificial cam- 
phor obtained from oil of turpentine by action 
of gaseous hydrochloric acid at high tempera- 
tures. C, Monobromated (camphora mono- 
bromata, U. S. P.), C 10 H 15 BrO, camphor in 
which one atom of hydrogen has been replaced 
by an atom of bromin. It resembles the bro- 
mids in therapeutic action. Dose 1-10 gr. 
(0.065-0.65 Gm.). C, Neroli. See Aurade. 
C. -resin, C 2 oH so 2 , a yellow, resinous body 
obtained from camphor by heating it with 
an alcoholic solution of caustic potash. C. 
Salicylate, prepared by heating together 14 
parts of camphor and 11 of salicylic acid. 
It is used as an ointment. C. Spirit of 
(spiritus camphora, U. S. P.), contains cam- 
phor, 10; alcohol, 90 parts. Dose 5-20 
min. (0.3-1.2 Cc). C., Tincture of, Com- 
pound (tinctura camphora composita, B. 
P.), contains opium, benzoic acid, camphor, 
oil of anise, and proof spirit. Dose 15 min.-i 
dr. (1-4 Cc). C, Tincture of, Rubini's, 
a saturated solution of camphor in alcohol. 
Dose 2-5 min. (0.12-0.3 Cc). C. -water 
{aqua camphora, U. S. P.), consists of cam- 
phor, 8; alcohol, 5; distilled water, suf- 
ficient to make 1000 parts. Dose 1-4 dr. 
(4-16 Cc). 

Camphoraceous {kam-for-a'-sJuis). Resem- 
bling or containing camphor. Syn., Cam- 
phoroid; Camphorous. 

Camphorate {kam'-}or-at). A basic salt of 
camphoric acid. 

Camphorated (kam' -Jor-a-ted) [camphor]. Im- 
pregnated with camphor. 

Camphoric {kam-for' -ik) . Relating to camphor. 

C. Acid. See Acid, Camphoric. C.-acid 
Phenetidin, a compound of camphoric acid 
and paraphenetidin. C. Anhydrid, C n H 14 3 , 
the anhydrid of camphoric acid, a sticky mass 
obtained by heating the crude acid. 

Camphorism (kam'-}or-izm). Camphor-poi- 
soning: a condition marked by gastritis, coma, 
and convulsions, due to excessive doses and 
enemas of camphor and its preparations. 

Camphoroxol (kam-for-oks'-ol). A 3% solu- 
tion of hydrogen dioxid containing 32 % of 
alcohol and 1 % of camphor. 

Camphyl (kam'-fil). The hypothetic radicle of 
borneol, C 10 H 17 . C. Alcohol, borneol. 

Campimeter {kam-pim' '-et-er) . See Perime- 
ter. 

Canada Balsam {kan f -a-dah) . See Balsam, 
Canada. C. Hemp. See Apocynum. 



CAN AD IN 



232 



CANAL 



Canadin {kan'-ad-hi), C 21 H 21 N0 4 . An alkaloid 
from the rhizome of Hydrastis canadensis, 
occurring in pure white needles, soluble in 
alcohol and melting at i32°-i35° C. 

Canadol (kan'-ad-ol). A transparent volatile 
liquid resembling benzene in smell. It is a 
local anesthetic used in minor surgical oper- 
ations. Unof. 

Canal, Canalis (kan-aV, kan-a'-lis) [L., canalis]. 
A tubular channel or passage. C., Abdom- 
inal. See C, Inguinal. C, Alcock's. See 
Alcock's Canal. C., Alimentary, the whole 
digestive tube from the mouth to the anus. C, 
Alisphenoid, in comparative anatomy, a 
canal in the alisphenoid bone, opening an- 
teriorly into the foramen rotundum, and 
transmitting the external carotid artery. 
C, Alveolar, Anterior, one located in the 
superior maxilla; it transmits the anterior 
superior dental nerve. C, Alveolar, In- 
ferior, the inferior dental canal. C, Alveo- 
lar, Median, one located in the superior 
maxilla and transmitting the middle superior 
dental nerve. C, Alveolar, Posterior, one 
situated in the superior maxilla; it transmits 
the posterior superior dental nerve. C, 
Alveolodental, any of the dental canals. C, 
Arachnoid, a space formed beneath the 
arachnoid membrane of the brain; it trans- 
mits the venae magnae galeni. C. of Arantius, 
the ductus venosus. C, Archinephric, the 
duct of the archinephron or primitive kidney. 
C, Arnold's Innominate. See Arnold's 
Canal. C, Arterial. See Ductus arteriosus. 
C, Atrial, the cavity of the atrium. C, 
Audtory, External, that from the auricle to 
the tympanic membrane. C, Auditory, 
Internal, that beginning on the posterior 
surface of the petrous bone, and extending 
outward and backward -for a distance of 
about four lines; it transmits the auditor} 7 ' and 
facial nerves and the auditory artery. C, 
Auricular, i. See C, Auditory, External. 
2. The constriction between the auricular 
and ventricular portions of the fetal heart. 
C, Avant-, the anterior portion of the male 
urethra. C, Bartholin's, the duct of Bar- 
tholin's gland. C, Bernard's. See Bernard's 
Canal. C, Bichat's. See Bichat's Canal. 
C, Biliary. See C, Hepatic. C, Blas- 
toporic. See C, Neurenteric. C, Boch- 
dalek's. See Bochdalek's Canal. C. of 
Bone, a canaliculus of bone. C, Braun's. 
See C., Neurentgric. C, Braune's. See 
Braune' s Canal. C, Breschet's. See C.s of 
Diploe. C, Bullular. See C. of Petit. C, 
Caroticotympanic, two or three short canals 
extending from the carotid canal to the 
tympanum; they transmit branches of the 
carotid plexus. C, Carotid, one in the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone; it 
transmits the internal carotid artery. C.S 
of Cartilage, the canals in ossifying cartilage 
during its vascularization, intended to receive 
prolongations of the osteogenetic layer of the 
periosteum. They radiate in all directions 
from the center of ossification. C, Central 



(of the Modiolus), a canal running from 
the base to the apex of the cochlea. C, 
Central (of Spinal Cord), the small canal 
that extends through the center of the spinal 
cord from the conus medullaris to the lower 
part of the fourth ventricle. It represents 
the embryonic ectodermal canal. C, Cere- 
brospinal, i. The neural or craniovertebral 
canal formed by the skull and the spine, 
and containing the brain and spinal marrow. 
2. The primitive continuous cavity of the 
brain and spinal cord, not infrequently more 
or less extensively obliterated in the cord, 
but in the brain modified in the form of 
the several ventricles and other cavities. 
C, Cervical. See C. of Cervix uteri. C, 
Cervicouterine. See C., Uterine. C. of 
Cervix uteri, that portion of the uterine 
canal that extends between the internal and 
the external os. Canalis choledochus, the 
common bile-duct. C. of Chorda tympani, a 
small canal in the temporal bone, between 
its squamous and petrous portions, parallel 
with the glaserian fissure; it transmits the 
chorda tympani nerve. C, Ciliary. See 
C. of Fontana. C, Circumpeduncular, the 
lateral ventricles of the brain. C. of Cloquet. 
See C, Hyaloid. C, Cochlear, the spiral 
and snail-like cavity of the cochlea, 28 to 
30 mm. long. The base is turned inward 
toward the internal auditor}' meatus, and 
the apex outward toward the tympanum. 
C, Connecting, the arched or coiled portion 
of a uriniferous tubule, joining with a col- 
lecting tubule. C. of Corti, the triangular 
canal formed by the pillars of Corti, the base 
of which corresponds to the membrana 
basilaris. It extends over the entire length 
of the lamina spiralis. C, Cotugno's, 
C. of Cotunnius. See Aqueduct of Cotun- 
-nius. C, Craniopharyngeal, a fetal canal 
perforating the posterior part of the sphenoid 
bone and extending from the pharynx to 
the hypophysis and the epiphysis; it some- 
times persists in infancy. C, Craniover- 
tebral. See C, Cerebrospinal, and C, 
Vertebral. C, Crural. See C, Femoral. 
C.s of Cuvier. See Cuvier's Canals. C, 
Cystic, the cystic duct. C, Deferent, the 
vas deferens. C.s, Demicircular. See C.s, 
Semicircular. C, Dental, Anterior, one 
extending into the facial portion of the 
superior maxilla; it transmits the anterior 
dental vessels and nerves. C, Dental, In- 
ferior, the dental canal of the inferior 
maxilla; it transmits the inferior dental nerve 
and vessels. C.s, Dental, Posterior, two 
canals in the superior maxilla. They transmit 
the superior posterior dental vessels and nerves. 
C.S, Dentinal, the minute canals in dentin, 
extending approximately at right angles to 
the surface of a tooth from the pulp-cavity, 
into which they open, to the cementum and 
enamel. C.s of Derivation, anastomotic 
venous branches extending from deep to 
superficial veins. C, Digestive. See C, 
Alimentary. C.s of Diploe, canals in the 



CANAL 



233 



CANAL 



diploe of the cranium transmitting Breschet's 
veins. C, Ejaculatory. See Duct, Ejacu- 
latory. C. of Epididymis, a convoluted 
tube, about 20 feet "long when straightened, 
forming the epididymis and continuous with 
the vas deferens. C, Ethmoid, Anterior, 
one between the ethmoid and frontal bones; 
it transmits the nasal branch of the ophthal- 
mic nerve and the anterior ethmoid vessels. 
C, Ethmoid, Posterior. See C, Orbital, 
Posterior Internal. C, Eustachian, one in 
the petrous portion of the temporal bone, 
containing a portion of the eustachian tube. 
C, Facial, the aqueduct of Fallopius; it 
transmits the facial nerve. C, Fallopian. 
See C, Facial. C. of the Fallopian Tube. 
See Aquceductus fallopii. C, Femoral. 1. 
The inner compartment of the sheath of 
the femoral vessels behind Poupart's liga- 
ment. 2. See C, Hunter's. C. of Ferrein, 
a triangular channel, supposed to exist 
between the free edges of the eyelids when 
they are closed, and to serve for conducting 
the tears toward the puncta lacrimalia 
during sleep. C. of Fontana, a series of 
small spaces formed by the interlacing of the 
connective-tissue fibers of the framework of 
the peripheral processes of the iris, situated 
in the angle of the anterior chamber, and 
serving as a medium for the transudation of 
the aqueous humor from the posterior to the 
anterior chamber of the eye. Syn., Canal 0} 
Hovins; Ciliary canal; Fontana' s spaces. C.S, 
Galactophorous, the lactiferous tubules of 
the mammary gland. Canalis ganglionaris, 
the spinal canal of the modiolus. C. of 
Gartner, in the female, the remains of 
the main portion of the wolffian duct 
of the embryo; it is a tube extending 
transversely along the broad ligament, and 
is the homolog of the vas deferens. C, 
Genital, in comparative anatomy, any canal 
designed for copulation or for the discharge 
of ova. C. of Guidi. See C, Vidian. C, 
Hannover's, the artificial passage produced 
between the anterior and posterior fibers of 
the zonules of Zinn by the injection of a 
viscous fluid. C.s of Havers. See C.s, 
Haversian. C.s, Haversian, canals in the 
compact substance of bone forming a wide- 
meshed network, and establishing communi- 
cation between the medullary cavity and the 
surface of the bone. Their average diameter 
is 5-5-0 inch, and they are lined by a continu- 
ation of the endosteum; they transmit blood- 
vessels, lymph-vessels, and nerves. C, 
Hemal, the ventral of the two canals, of 
which, according to R. Owen, the vertebrate 
animal is composed. It contains the heart 
and the other viscera, while the neural canal 
incloses the central nervous system. C. of 
Henle, a portion of the uriniferous tubules. 
C, Hensen's, the short vertical tube (1 mm. 
long and 0.5 mm. wide) connecting the blind 
extremity of the cochlear canal with the 
saccule. Syn., Canalis reunkns. C, He- 
patic. 1. The excretory duct of the liver. 



2. The radicles of the hepatic duct. C, 
Hernial, one transmitting a hernia. C, 
His', the thyroglossal duct of the fetus, of 
which the cecal foramen of the tongue is 
the vestige and which may persist during 
postnatal life. C. of Hovius. See C. 0} 
Fontana. C. of Huguier. See C. of 
Chorda tympani. C, Hunter's, a triangular 
canal formed in the adductor magnus muscle 
of the thigh; it transmits the femoral artery 
and vein and internal saphenous nerve. C. 
of Huschke, one formed by the junction 
of the tubercles of the annulus tympanicus. 
This is generally obliterated after the fifth 
year, but may persist through life. C, 
Hyaloid, a canal running anteroposteriorly 
through the vitreous body, through which, 
in the fetus, the hyaloid artery passes, to 
ramify on the posterior surface of the crys- 
talline lens. C. of the Hypoglossus, the 
anterior condylar foramen. C, Incisor, a 
canal that opens into the mouth by an aper- 
ture just behind the incisor teeth of the upper 
jaw; it is formed by a groove on the adjoining 
surfaces of the superior maxillas, and has 
two branches that open into the nasal fossas. 
C, Infraorbital, a small canal running ob- 
liquely through the bony floor of the orbit; 
it transmits the infraorbital artery and nerve. 
C, Inguinal, a canal about \\ inches long, 
running obliquely downward and inward 
from the internal to the external abdominal 
ring, and constituting the channel through 
which an inguinal hernia descends; it trans- 
mits the spermatic cord in the male and the 
round ligament of the uterus in the female. 
C, Innominate. See Arnold's Innominate 
Canal. C, Intestinal, that portion of the 
alimentary canal that is included between 
the pylorus and the anus. C, Intralobular, 
Biliary, the radicles of the bile-ducts, form- 
ing a fine network in and around the hepatic 
cells, and communicating with vacuoles in 
the cells. C. of Jacobson. See C, Tym- 
panic. C. of Kowalewsky. See C, 
Neurenteric. C, Lacrimal. 1. The bony 
canal that lodges the nasal duct. 2. One of 
the lacrimal canaliculi. C, Landzert's. See 
C, Craniopharyngeal. C.,Lauth's. See C. 
0} Schlemm. C. of Loewenberg, that portion 
of the cochlear canal situated above the 
membrane of Corti. C, Malar, one in the 
malar bone transmitting the malar division 
of the temporomalar branch of the superior 
maxillary nerve. C.s, Mandibular. See C, 
Dental, Inferior. C, Mastoid, one opening 
just above the stylomastoid foramen and 
transmitting the auricular branch of the 
vagus nerve. C, Maxillary. See C, 
Dental. C, Median. 1. The central canal 
of the spinal cord. 2. The aqueduct of 
Sylvius. C, Medullary. 1. The hollow 
cavity of a long bone, containing the marrow. 
2. See C, Vertebral. 3. The central canal 
of the spinal cord. 4. A haversian canal. 
5. In embryology, the medullary tube. C, 
Medullary, Cerebrospinal, the central canal 



CANAL 



234 



CANAL 



of the spinal cord. C, Membranous, of 
the Cochlea, a canal in the cochlea, fol-, 
lowing the turns of the lamina spiralis; it is 
bounded by the basilar membrane, the mem- 
brane of Reissner, and the wall of the cochlea. 
C.s, Membranous, Semicircular. See C.s, 
Semicircular. C. of Modiolus. See C, 
Spiral, of the Modiolus. C, Myelonal, the 
central canal of the spinal cord. C, Nasal, 
i. See C, Lacrimal (i). 2. An occasional 
canal found in the posterior portion of the 
nasal bone; it transmits the nasal nerves. C, 
Nasolacrimal. See C, Lacrimal (1). C, 
Nasopalatine. See C, Incisor. Canalis 
nervi petrosi profundi minoris, one in the 
petrosa transmitting the deep petrosal nerve. 
Canalis nervi petrosi superficialis majoris, 
one opening into the fallopian aqueduct and 
transmitting the great superficial nerve. C, 
Neural. See C, Vertebral. C, Neurenteric 
(of Kowalewsky), also called blastoporic 
canal, in the embryo, a passage leading from 
the posterior part of the medullary tube 
into the archenteron. C, Neuro central. 
See C, Vertebral. C. of Nuck, a pouch of 
peritoneum which, in the female fetus de- 
scends for a short distance along the round 
ligament of the uterus into the inguinal canal; 
it is the analog of the processus vaginalis 
in the male. It sometimes persists after 
birth. C.s, Nutritive. See C.s, Haversian. 
C, Obstetric. See C, Parturient. C, 
Obturator, a canal in the ilium transmitting 
the obturator nerve and vessels. C.s, Olfac- 
tory, in the embryo, the nasal fossas at an 
early period of development. C, Omphalo- 
mesenteric, in the embryo, a canal that 
connects the cavity of the intestine with the 
umbilical vesicle. C, Orbital, Anterior 
Internal. See C, Ethmoid, Anterior. C, 
Orbital, Posterior Internal, the posterior 
of two canals formed by the ethmoid bone 
and the orbital plate of the frontal bone. It 
transmits the posterior ethmoid vessels. C, 
Palatine, Accessory Posterior, one or two 
canals in the horizontal plate of the palate 
bone, near the groove entering into the 
formation of the posterior palatine canal. 
C, Palatine, Anterior, formed by the union 
of the incisive canals; it opens on the palate 
behind the incisor teeth. C, Palatine, 
Descending. See C, Palatomaxillary. C, 
Palatine, External, Small, a small canal in 
the pyramidal process of the palate bone, close 
to its connection with the horizontal plate. 
It transmits the external palatine nerve. C, 
Palatine, Posterior, C, Palatine, Smaller. 
See C, Palatomaxillary. C, Palatine, Su- 
perior, one formed by the palate bone 
and the superior maxilla, transmitting the 
large palatine nerve and blood-vessels. C, 
Palatomaxillary, one formed by the outer 
surface of the palate bone and the adjoining 
surface of the superior maxilla. It transmits 
the large palatine nerve and blood-vessel. C, 
Parturient, the channel through which the 
fetus passes in parturition, comprising the 



cavity formed by the uterus and vagina 
considered as a single canal. C, Pelvic, 
the canal of the pelvis from the superior 
to the inferior strait. C, Perivascular, 
the lymph-spaces about the blood-vessels. 
C. of Petit, a space, intersected by numerous 
fine interlacing fibers, existing between the 
anterior and posterior laminas of the sus- 
pensory ligament of the crystalline lens. 
It extends from the periphery of the lens 
nearly to the apexes of the ciliary processes, 
and transmits the secretion from the posterior 
chamber. C, Petromastoid, a small canal, 
not always present, situated at the angle of 
union between the mastoid and petrous bones. 
It transmits a small vein from the middle 
fossa of the skull to the transverse sinus. 
C.s, Petrosal, two canals on the upper surface 
of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, 
transmitting the large and small superficial 
petrosal nerves. C, Pharyngotympanic, 
one in the embryo developing into the 
eustachian canal and the tympanum. C, 
Plasmatic, a haversian canal. C, Pore. 
See C, Porous. C, Porous, a canal in the 
ovule, supposed to serve for the entrance 
of the spermatozoids in fecundation. C, 
Portal, the space in the capsule of Glisson 
of the liver, in which the portal vein, hepatic 
artery, and bile-duct lie. C, Primitive, the 
vertebral canal of the embryo. C.s, Pseudo- 
stomatous, the processes of branched cells 
that extend from a subepithelial or endo- 
thelial layer to the free surface, their free 
ends forming the pseudostomas. C, Ptery- 
goid. See C, Vidian. C, Pterygopalatine, 
one formed by the root of the internal ptery- 
goid plate of the sphenoid bone and the 
sphenoid process of the palate bone. It 
transmits the pterygopalatine vessels and 
nerve. C, Pulmoaortic. See Ductus ar- 
teriosus. C. of the Quadrigemina, the 
sylvian aqueduct. Canalis radicis, one in 
the root of a tooth. C.s of Recklinghausen, 
minute channels supposed to exist in all 
connective tissue, which are directly continu- 
ous with the lymphatic vessels, and hence 
may be said to form their origin. C, Re- 
current, Canalis recurrens. See C, Vid- 
ian. C, Reichert's. See C, Hensen's. C. 
of Reissner. See C, Membranous, of the 
Cochlea. C. of Rivinus, the duct of the 
sublingual gland. C. of Rosenthal. See 
C, Spiral, of the Modiolus. C, Sacculo- 
cochlear, one connecting the sacculus and 
the cochlea. C., Sacculoutricular, one con- 
necting the sacculus and the utricle. C, 
Sacral, the continuation of the vertebral 
canal in the sacrum. C.S, Saviotti's, fine 
artificial passages formed between the secret- 
ing cells of the pancreas by the forcible 
injection of a colored fluid into the ducts 
of that organ. C. of Schlemm, an irregular 
space or plexiform series of spaces occupying 
the sclerocorneal region of the eye; it is 
regarded by some" as a venous sinus, by 
others as a lymph-channel. C.s, Semicir- 



CANAL 



235 



CANARY-SEED 



cular, bony canals of the labyrinth of 
the internal ear. They are three in number, — 
the external, superior, and posterior, — and 
contain the membranous semicircular canals. 
C, Semicircular, Anterior, C, Semicircu- 
lar, Anterior Vertical. See C, Semicircular, 
Superior. C, Semicircular, External, 
that one of the semicircular canals of 
the labyrinth having its plane horizontal 
and its convexity directed backward. C, 
Semicircular, Frontal. See C, Semi- 
circular, Superior. C, Semicircular, Hori- 
zontal. See C, Semicircular, External. 
C, Semicircular, Inferior, C, Semicircular 
Inner, C, Semicircular, Internal. See C, 
Semicircular, Posterior. C, Semicircular, 
Lateral. SeeC, Semicircular, External. C, 
Semicircular, Osseous. See C.s, Semicircular. 
C, Semicircular, Posterior, that one of 
the semicircular canals having its convexity 
directed backward and its plane almost 
parallel to the posterior wall of the pyramid. 
C, Semicircular, Posterior Vertical, C, 
Semicircular, Sagittal. See C, Semicircular, 
Posterior. C, Semicircular, Superior, 
that one of the semicircular canals having its 
convexity directed toward the upper surface 
of the pyramid. C.s, Seminal, the seminif- 
erous tubules. C, Serous, any minute 
canal connected with the lymph-vessels and 
supposed to be filled with lymph. C, 
Sheathing, the communication between the 
cavity of the tunica vaginalis of the testicle 
and the general peritoneal cavity. It soon 
closes in man, leaving the tunica vaginalis a 
closed sac. C, Spermatic, i. The vas 
deferens. 2. The inguinal canal in the male. 
C, Sphenopalatine. See C, Pterygo- 
palatine. C, Spinal. See C, Vertebral. 
C, Spiral, of the Cochlea, one that runs 
spirally around the modiolus, taking two 
turns and a half, diminishing in size from 
the base to the apex, and terminating in the 
cupola. C, Spiral, of the Modiolus, a 
small canal winding around the modiolus at 
the base of the lamina spiralis. C, Spiroid, 
of the Temporal Bone. See C, Facial. 
C. of Steno, the duct of the parotid gland. 
C. of Stilling. See C, Hyaloid, and C, 
Central, of Spinal Cord. C, Suborbital. 
See C, Infraorbital. C, Supraorbital, one 
at the upper margin of the orbit. It trans- 
mits the supraorbital artery and nerve. C, 
Tarsal, one between and below the heads 
of the abductor hallucis, transmitting the 
vessels and nerves to the sole of the foot. 
C, Temporal, C.,Temporo malar. See C, 
Zygomaticotemporal. C, Thoracic, the thor- 
acic duct. Canales tubaeformes, the semicir- 
cular canals. Canalis tuberculorum quad- 
rigeminorum, the aqueduct of Sylvius. C, 
Tuboovarian, the oviduct. C, Tympanic, 
one that opens on the lower surface of the pet- 
rous bone, between the carotid canal and the 
groove for the internal jugular vein. It trans- 
mits Jacobson's nerve. C, Uterine, the cavity 
of the uterus, including the body and neck. 



C, Uterocervical, the cavity of the cervix 
uteri. C, Uterovaginal. 1. The common 
canal formed by the uterus and vagina. 
2. In embryology, the duct of Muller. C, 
Vaginal, the canal of the vagina. C, 
Vaginoperitoneal, the inguinal canal. C, 
Vascular. See C.s, Haversian. C, Vector, 
the oviduct. C, Venous, the ductus veno- 
sus. C, Vertebral, the canal formed by 
the vertebras; it contains the spinal cord 
and its membranes. C, Vidian, a canal 
of the sphenoid bone at the base of the 
internal pterygoid plate, opening anteriorly 
into the sphenomaxillary fossa, and pos- 
teriorly into the lacerated foramen. It trans- 
mits the vidian nerve and vessels. C.s, 
Volkmann's, small canals found in the 
circumferential lamellas of long bones and 
transmitting blood-vessels; they communicate 
with the haversian canals. Canalis vomeris, 
one lying between the vomer and the lower 
surface of the sphenoid, and transmitting 

. blood-vessels to the nose. C.s, Vomero- 
basilar, C.s, Vomerosphenoid, Lateral, 
small lateral canals lying between the vomer 
and the sphenoid, transmitting blood-vessels. 
C, Vulvar, the vestibule of the vagina. 
C, Vulvouterine, the vagina. C, Vulvo- 
vaginal. 1. The vagina and the vulva con- 
sidered as a single canal. 2. The orifice 
of the hymen. C. of Wirsung, the pan- 
creatic duct. C. of Wolff. See Wolffian 
Duct. C, Zygomatic. See C, Zygomatico- 
temporal. C, Zygomaticofacial. See C, 
Malar. C, Zygomaticotemporal, the tem- 
poral canal of the malar bone, running 
from its orbital to its temporal surface. 
It transmits a branch of the superior maxil- 
lary nerve. 

Canalicular (Jzan-al-ik'-u-lar) [canal]. Canal- 
shaped. 

Canaliculus (kan-al-ik'-u-lus) [L.]. 1. A 
small canal; especially that leading from 
the punctum to the lacrimal sac of the eye. 
2. Any one of the minute canals opening 
into the lacunas of bone. Canaliculi 
accessorii, inconstant canals at the outer 
edge of the anterior condylar foramen, for 
the transmission of veins. C. of Commu- 
nication, C. communicationis, a canal at 
the junction of the petrosa and the mastoid 
portion of the temporal bone, transmitting 
a vein from the middle fossa of the skull 
to the transverse sinus. Syn., Aqua?ductus 
communicationis. C. laqueiformis. See 
Henle's Loop. Canaliculi medullares. 
See Canals, Haversian. C. pharyngeus. 
See Canal, Pterygopalatine. Canaliculi, 
Serous. See Canals of Recklinghausen. 
Canaliculi vasculosi, haversian canals. 

Canalization {kan-al-iz-a'-shun) [canal]. 1. 
The formation of canals, as in tissues, etc. 
2. A system of wound-drainage without 
tubes. 

Canary-seed (kan-a' '-re-sed) . The hulled seeds 
of Phalaris canariensis; it is used in emollient 
poultices. 



CANCELLOUS 



236 



CANCROID 



Cancellous (kan' -sel-us) [cancelli, latticework]. 
Resembling latticework, as the tissue in the 
articular ends of long bones. 

Cancer (kan'-ser). i. See Carcinoma. 2. Any- 
kind of malignant growth. Syn., Malignant 
disease. C, Acinous, C, Acute, medullary 
carcinoma or medullary sarcoma. C, 
Adenoid, a malignant form chiefly com- 
posed of tubules lined with epithelium; 
adenocarcinoma. C. a. deux, cancer attack- 
ing both husband and wife, or suc- 
cessively a man's first and his second wife. 
C. albus. See Cancrum oris and Noma. 
C. anthracinus, one beginning as a black 
speck and developing into a mulberry- 
like growth. C, Apinoid, a hard cancer, 
so called because of the cleanness of its 
section. C, Apioid, a hard cancer 
resembling an immature pear in section. 
C. aquaticus. Synonym of Gangrenous 
stomatitis. C, Aran's Green, chloroma. 
malignant lymphoma of the orbital cavity 
associated with grave leukemia, and tending 
to form metastases through the lymphatic 
system. Syn., Cancer vert d'Aran. C, 
Areolar. See Carcinoma, Colloid. C- 
bandage, a crab-shaped bandage; a split 
cloth of eight tails. C. of the Blood, leukocy- 
themia. C, Cavernous, a colloid carcinoma 
in which the alveoli have become absorbed. 
C.-cell, an epithelial cell of peculiar, dis- 
torted shape, found in the interior of cancer- 
nests. It is an ordinary epithelial cell altered 
in outline by pressure. C, Cellular, C, 
Cerebriform. See Carcinoma, Soft, and Sar- 
coma, Encephaloid. C, Chimney-sweep's. 
See Carcinoma, Chimney-sweep's. C, Chon- 
droid, a hard cancer, which on section 
exhibits a shining, bluish-white appearance. 
C, Chronic, a scirrhous cancer. C., Cica- 
trizing, a form of hard cancer marked by 
atrophy and shrinking. C, Clay-pipe. See 
C, Smoker's. C, Cohnheim's Theory of 
the Embryonic Origin of, according to 
which the fetal life portions of the epithe- 
lium become nipped off and included in 
the connective tissue; these portions in later 
life, if stimulated to activity, give rise to a 
cancerous growth. Syn., Inclusion theory. , C, 
Colloid. See Carcinoma, Colloid. C, 
Connective-tissue. See C.,Hard. C, Den- 
dritic, a papilloma. C, Duct, a form of colum- 
nar epithelioma. C, Eburneous. See Sclero- 
derma. C, Embolic, one due to embolic infec- 
tion. C, Encephaloid. See Carcinoma, Ence- 
phaloid. C. en cuirasse, disseminated cancer 
of the skin of the thorax. C, Fasciculated, a 
spindle-celled sarcoma. C, Fungoid, C., 
Fungous, C, Hematoid. See Sarcoma, En- 
cephaloid; Angioma, Cavernous; and Angio- 
myces. C, Gelatiniform, C, Gelatinous, a 
colloid cancer. C, Glaucoid, C, Green. See 
C, Aran's Green. C, Hard, one containing 
an excess of fibrous tissue. C, Inclusion 
Theory of. See C, Cohnheim's Theory of the 
Embryonic Origin of. C, Jacket, a continu- 
ously spreading cancerous infiltration of the 



superficial tissues. C- juice, the milky fluid 
yielded by the cut surface of a cancer on 
scraping. C, Lipomatous, one marked by 
many fat -cells in the stroma. C, Mam- 
mary. 1. One affecting a mammary gland. 

2. See C, Mastoid. C, Mastoid, a form of 
medullary sarcoma presenting on section the 
appearance of boiled cow's udder. C, Me- 
dullary. See C, Soft. C, Melanotic, a pig- 
mented form. C, Nephroid, a form of enceph- 
aloid sarcoma having the appearance of a kid- 
ney in section. C.-nest, a mass of cancer-cells. 
C, Osteoid. 1. One containing a deposition 
of osseous material. 2. See Osteosarcoma. 

3. See Osteochondroma. C, Osteolytic, 
carcinomatous infiltration of bone without 
distinct tumor-formation. C. phagedaena, 
one beginning as a pustule which develops 
sudden ulceration and rapid progression. 
C, Primary, C, Primitive, one not due 
to infection from some preceding cancerous 
manifestation. C. pullulans, an ulcerating 
cancer which forms granulations. C, Pulpy, 
C, Pultaceous. See C, Colloid. C, 
Ramose, a form of hard cancer which 
branches. C, Rodent. 1. Lupus. 2. Ro- 
dent ulcer. C, Scirrhous. See C, Hard. 
C, Smoker's, epithelioma of the lip or 
mouth attributed to tobacco smoke or 
the irritation of a pipe. C, Soft, one in 
which the cells predominate, the connective 
tissue being very small in amount. C, 
Solanoid, one having the appearance of a 
potato in section. C, Soot. See Carcinoma, 
Chimney-sweep' s. C, Stone, scirrhous carci- 
noma. C. terebrans, an epithelioma. C, Tu- 
bular Epithelial. See Cylindroma. C. ver- 
rucosus, epithelioma with wart-like epithelial 
hypertrophy. C, Villous. See Papilloma. C, 
xanthosus. See C, Aran's Green. 

Cancerin (kan'-ser-4.n) [cancer]. The name 
given to a ptomain obtained from the urine 
in cases of carcinoma of the uterus. It 
is a white substance, crystallizing in fine 
needles and soluble in alkaline solutions. Its 
formula is C 8 H 5 N0 3 . 

Cancerism (kan'-ser-izm). The tendency to 
cancerous formation. 

Canceroderm (kan'-ser-o-derm). A. T. Brand's 
name for angiomas, conspicuous in size and 
number, which appear in certain people who 
are not aged, and which he believes bear 
a relation to malignant growths. 

Canceromyces {kan - ser - o -mi' - sez). See 
Cladosporium cancerogenes. 

Cancerous (kan' -ser -us). Having the qualities 
of a cancer; malignant. 

Cancriamceba macroglossia (kang-kre-ah-me* - 
bah mak-ro-glos' -e-ah) . An organism claimed 
to have been found in epithelial carcinoma, 
and of which the spores are identical with 
Plimmer's bodies. 

Cancrine (kang'-kren). Cancerous. 

Cancroid (kang'-kroid) [cancer]. 1. Cancer- 
like. 2. An epithelioma. 3. A vari- 
ety of keloid. C. Corpuscles. See 
Corpuscles, Cancroid. C, Dermic, epithe- 



CANCROIN 



237 



CAXTHAREXE 



lioma attacking all the layers of the 
skin. C, Follicular, epithelioma arising 
in the hair -follicles or in the glands of the 
skin. C, Papillary, epithelioma affecting 
the papillary layer and subsequently the 
other layers of the skin. C. Ulcer. See 
Rodent Ulcer. 

Cancroin (kang'-kro-in) [cancer]. A sub- 
stance (said to be identical with neurin) 
introduced by Adamkiewicz as a material for 
hypodermatic injection in cases of malignant 
disease, it being regarded by him as an alexin 
destructive of cancer tissue. 

Cancrum {kang'-krum) [cancer]. A cancer 
or rapidly spreading ulcer. C. oris, a 
disease of childhood between the ages of 
one and five, characterized by the formation 
of foul, deep ulcers of the buccal surfaces 
of the cheeks or lips. There is but slight 
pain, but the prostration is great, and death 
usually results from exhaustion or blood- 
poisoning. The disease is bacterial, poor 
hygienic surroundings and a debilitated 
system being predisposing causes. Syn., 
Canker of tlie mouth; Gangrenous stomatitis; 
Xoma; Gangrenous ulceration 0} tlie mouth. 

Canella (kan-el'-ah) [dim, of canna, a reed]. 
The bark of C. alba deprived of its corky 
layer and dried. It is a native of the West 
Indies, and is an aromatic tonic and bitter 
stomachic. Dose of the powdered bark 
15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). It is official in the 

B. P. 

Cane-sugar. See Saccharose (1). 

Canicaceous {kan-e-ka'-shus) [caniccB, a kind 
of bran]. Furfuraceous. 

Canine {ka'-nin) [cam's, a dog]. Partaking 
of the nature of, relating to, or resembling a 
dog or the sharp tearing-teeth of mammals, 
located between the incisors and the molars. 

C. Appetite, bulimia. C. Eminence, a 
prominence on the outer side of the maxilla. 
C. Fossa. See Fossa, Canine. C. Laugh, a 
sardonic smile or grin. C. Madness, rabies; 
hydrophobia. C. Muscle, the levator anguli 
oris. C. Teeth, the cuspid teeth next to the 
lateral incisors; so called from their resem- 
blance to a dog's teeth. Syn., Conoides; 
Cuspidati; Cynodontes; Denies angularcs; 
Denies canini; Denies laniarii; Eye-teeth. 

Canities (kan-ish'-e-ez) [L.]. Poliosis; 
hoariness; blanching of the hair. 

Canker (kang'-ker) [cancer, a crab]. An 
ulceration of the mouth, or any ulcerous 
or gangrenous sore; cancrum oris; in far- 
rier}-, a fetid abscess of the horse's foot. 
See Cancrum oris. C.-rash. Synonvm 
of Scarlatina. 

Canna {kan'-ah) [/cdwa, a cane]. A genus 
of large-leaved marantaceous plants. C. 
indica has an acrid and stimulant root; 
it is alterative, diuretic, and diaphoretic. 
The rhizome of C. speciosa affords canna- 
starch, a substitute for arrowroot. 

Cannabene {kan'-ab-en). See under Cannabis. 

Cannabin {kan'-ab-in). A crystalline alkaloid 
from Indian hemp; it is hypnotic. Dose 



i§-4 gr. (0.097-0.26 Gm.). C. Tannate, a 

yellow, astringent powder, soluble in alkaline 
water or alcohol; it is hypnotic and sedative. 
Dose 2-10 gr. (0.13-0.6 Gm.). 

Cannabindon {kan-a-bin'-don), C s H 12 0. A 
dark, cherry -red syrup obtained from Indian 
hemp; soluble in alcohol, ether, and oils. It 
is hypnotic and narcotic. Dose h-2 gr. 
(0.03-0.13 Gm.). 

Cannabinin (kan-ab'-in-in) [cannabis]. A 
volatile alkaloid from Indian hemp. 

Cannabinol (kan-ab'-in-ol), C 1S H 24 2 . A red 
oil obtained by fractional distillation from 
Indian hemp, and supposed to be its most 
active ingredient. 

Cannabinon, Cannabinone {kan-ab'-in-on) 
[cannabis]. An amorphous bitter resinoid 
from Indian hemp, used as a hypnotic. 
Dose 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.2 Gm.). 

Cannabis {kan'-ab-is) [L.]. Hemp. Indian 
hemp. The flowering tops of C. saliva, of 
which there are two varieties, C. indica and 
C. americana, the former being the more 
potent; they contain a resin, cannabin, and 
a volatile oil, from which are obtained can- 
nabene, C^Hoq, a light hydrocarbon, and 
cannabene hydrid, a crystalline body. It 
is antispasmodic, narcotic, and aphrodisiac. 
In large doses it produces mental exaltation, 
intoxication, and a sensation of double con- 
sciousness. It is used in migraine, in paral- 
ysis agitans, in spasm of the bladder, in sexual 
impotence, in whooping-cough, in asthma, 
and in other spasmodic affections. Bang, 
bhang, cunjah, churrus, and hashish are 
the various Indian names by which the drug 
is known. C. indica (U. S. P.), Indian 
cannabis. Dose 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.). C. 
indica, Extract of (extractum cannabis 
indica, U. S. P.). Dose ^-1 gr. (0.01-0.065 
Gm.)- C. indica, Fluidextract of {fluidex- 
tractum cannabis ■indica', U. S. P.), an alcoholic 
preparation. Dose 1-5 min. (0.06-0.3 Co). 
C. indica, Tincture of (tinctura cannabis 
indies, U. S. P.), contains 10 % of the drug. 
Dose 20 min.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 Co). 

Cannula (kan'-u-lah) [dim. of canna, a 
tube]. A tube used for withdrawing fluids 
from the body. It is generally fitted 
with a pointed rod for puncturing the integu- 
ment. 

Cannular, Cannulate {kan'-u-lar, -lat) [can- 
nula]. Tubular; channeled. 

Canor {ka'-nor) [L.; pi., canores]. A musical 
sound. C. stethoscopicus. See Metallic 
Tinkling. 

Can quoin's Paste. A paste of flour, water, 
and zinc chlorid; it is a powerful escharotio 

Cantani's Diet. An exclusive meat-diet in 
diabetes. 

Cantering Rhythm {kan'-ter-ing rithm). See 
Bruit de Galop. 

Canthal (kan'-thal) [na^doc, a canthus]. Re- 
lating to a canthus. 

Cantharene (kan'-thar-cn), C^XJoOj. A 
compound obtained from cantharidin by 
action of hvdriodic acid. 



CANTHARIDAL 



238 



CAPILLARY 



Cantharidal (kan-thar' -id-at) [cantharides]. 
Relating to or containing cantharides. C. 
Collodion (collodium canfharidatum, U". S.P.). 
See Collodion, Cantharidal. 

Cantharidated {kan-thar' -id-a-ted) . Contain- 
ing cantharides. 

Cantharides (kan-thar' -id-ez). [i<avdapcc~, a 
blistering Spanish fly]. The dried body of 
a species of beetle, C. vesicatoria (nat. ord. 
Culeoptera). It contains a powerful poisonous 
principle, cantharidin (q. v.). Locally ap- 
plied, cantharidis is a rubefacient and 
vesicant; internally it is an irritant, caus- 
ing pain and vomiting. In toxic doses it 
produces severe gastroenteritis, strangury, 
and priapism. It is used as an external 
counterirritant in the form of "blisters." 
Internally it is employed as a stimulant to the 
genitourinary mucous membrane, especially 
in cystitis, atony of the bladder, amenor- 
rhea, etc.; also in skin diseases. C. Cerate 
(ceratum cantharidis, U. S. P.), cantharides, 
35; rosin, 20; yellow wax 20; lard, 35 parts; 
liquid petrolatum, q. s. C. Liniment, can- 
tharides, 15 parts; oil of turpentine, q. s. ad 
100. C. Ointment (unguentum cantharidis, 

B. P.), cantharides, yellow wax, olive-oil. C. 
Paper (charta epispastica, B. P.), blistering 
paper, contains cantharides, 1 ; Canada tur- 
pentine, 1; olive -oil, 4; spermaceti, 3; white 
wax, 8 ; water, 10 parts, spread on paper. 

C. Plaster (emplastrum cantharidis, B. P.), 
cantharides, yellow wax, prepared suet, pre- 
pared lard, rosin. C, Tincture of 
(tinctura cantharidis, U. S. P.), contains 10% 
of the drug. Dose 3-10 min. (0.09-0.3 Cc). 
C, Vinegar of (acetum cantharidis, B. P.), 
of the strength of 1 to 8. 

Cantharidic (kan-thar -id' -ik). Relating to or 
obtained from cantharides. C. Anhydrid. 
Synonym of Cantharidin. 

Cantharidin (kan-thar' -id-in) [cantharides], 
C 10 H a2 O 4 . The bitter principle contained in 
Spanish flies and other insects; it crystallizes 
in prisms or leaflets, and melts at 21 8°. It 
has an extremely bitter taste, and produces 
blisters on the skin. See Cantharis. 

Cantharidism (kan-thar' -id-izm) [cantharides]. 
Cantharidal poisoning. C, External, pois- 
oning by absorption from a cantharidal 
blister. 

Cantharis (kan'-thar-is). See Cantharides. 

Canthectomy (kan-thek' -to-me) [canthus; in-op.r], 
a cutting out]. Excision of a canthus. 

Canthitis (kan-thi' -tis) [canthus; ctcc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a canthus. 

Canthoplasty (kan' - tho - plas - te) [canthus; 
izXaooev, to form]. An operation for in- 
creasing the size of the palpebral fissure by 
cutting the outer canthus. 

Canthorrhaphy (kan-thor' -a-fe) [canthus; pa<f>rj, 
a seam]. An operation to reduce the size 
of the palpebral fissure by suture of the can- 
thus. 

Canthotomy (kan-thof -o-me) [canthus; to/xtj, 
a cutting]. Surgical division of a can- 
thus. 



Canthus (kan'-thus) [KavOog, canthus]. The 
angle formed by the junction of the eye- 
lids. 

Canula (kan'-u-lah). See Cannula. 

Caoutchouc (koo'-chook) [S. A.]. Rubber. 
The chief substance contained in the milky 
juice that exudes upon incision of a num- 
ber of tropical trees belonging to the natural 
orders Euphorbiacece, Artocarpacece, and Apo- 
cynacecE. The juice is a vegetable emul- 
sion, the caoutchouc being suspended in it 
in the form of minute transparent globules. 
When pure, caoutchouc is nearly white, soft, 
elastic, and glutinous; it swells up in water 
without dissolving ; the best solvents are 
carbon disulfid and chloroform. It melts 
at about 150 C. and decomposes at 200 
C. 

Cap (kap) [AS., cappe]. 1. See Tegmentum. 
2. The tissue covering the conic end of a 
lymph -follicle. C, Enamel, the concave 
enamel-organ covering the top of the growing 
tooth -papilla. C, Nuclear, a collection of 
chromophilic substance on one side of the 
nucleus of a cell. 

Capacity (kap-as'-it-e) [capacitas, capacity]. 
1. The power of holding or containing; 
mental or physical ability. 2. Cubic extent. 
C, Testamentary, a legal term signifying the 
degree of mental ability requisite for making 
a valid will. C, Vital, the total amount of air 
that can be expelled by jhe most forcible 
expiration after the deepest inspiration. 

Capillaraneurysm (kap-il-ar-an' -u-rizm) [cap- 
illus; aveupuopta, a widening]. Excessive cap- 
illarectasia. 

Capillarectasia (kap-il-ar-ek-ta'-ze-ah) [capil- 
lus; enraocc, a stretching -out]. Dilation of 
the capillaries. 

Capillarity (kap-il-ar'-it-e) [capillary]. 1. Cap- 
illary attraction; the force that causes fluids 
to rise in fine tubes or bores. 2. The con- 
dition of being capillary. 

Capillary (kap'-il-a-re) [capillus]. 1. Hair- 
like; relating to a hair, to a hair -like fila- 
ment, or to a tube with a hair-like bore. 




Intercellular 

secretory 

capillary. 

From a Section of the Pancreas of Adult Man. 
—(Stohr.) 



2. A minute blood-vessel connecting the 
smallest ramifications of the arteries with 



CAPILLITIUM 



239 



CAPSICUM 



those of the veins. C. Attraction. See Cap- 
illarity. C. Bronchitis. See Bronchitis, 
Capillary. C. Fissure, C. Fracture, a 

linear fracture, without displacement. Cap- 
illaries, Meigs', the branching capillaries 
. discovered by A. V. Meigs between the mus- 
cular fibers of the human heart. C. Nevus. 
See Nevus (2). C. Pulse, pulsation of the 
capillaries sometimes seen in aortic regurgita- 
tion. C. Vessels, the capillaries. 

Capillitium {kap-il-ish' -e-um) [L.]. The hair 
of the head, or the portion of the scalp thus 
covered. 

Capillose {kap'-il-oz) [capillosus]. Hairy. 

Capistration {kap-is-tra'-shun). See Phimosis; 
also Trismus. 

Capistrum {kap-is'-trum) [L., "a muzzle or 
halter"; pi., capistra]. 1. A bandage for 
the head or lower jaw. Syn., Capelina. 2. 
Trismus. 

Capital {kap'-it-al) [caput]. 1. Pertaining to 
the head, or to the summit of a body or object. 
2. Of great importance, as a capital operation 
in surgery. 

Capitatum {kap -it-a' -turn). The large bone 
of the carpus, the os magnum. 

Capitellum {kap -it-el' -um) [dim. of caput]. 
The rounded, external surface of the lower 
end of the humerus. 

Capitium {kap-e'-she-um) [L.]. A bandage 
for the head; it may be triangular or four- 
cornered. C. magnum, C. quadrangulare, 
C. quadratum, a four-cornered head band- 
age. C. minus, C. triangulare, a three- 
cornered head bandage. 

Capitones {kap' -it-on-ez) [L.]. Fetuses with 
heads too large for unassisted delivery. 

Capitulum (kap-if '-u-lum) [L., "a small 
head"]. A little head. C. of Santorini, a 
small elevation on the apex of the arytenoid 
cartilage, corresponding in position to the 
posterior extremity of the vocal band. 

Capnomor {kap' '-no-mor) [nanvoc, smoke; (io"cpa, 
a part], C 20 H 22 O 2 . A transparent, colorless, 
oily fluid, a constituent of smoke obtained 
from the heavy oil of tar. It dissolves 
caoutchouc. 

Capparis {kap'-ar-is) [L., "the caper-bush"]. A 
genus of shrubs including the caper-bush, 
C. spinosa. Its flower-buds {capers) are 
pickled or made into sauce. The bark of 
the root and the flowers are official remedies 
in some countries. It is diuretic, cathartic, 
depurative, stimulant. C. aphylla, a shrub 
of India, is esteemed in the treatment of 
boils and affections of the joints. C. cori- 
acea is a native of Peru; the fruit is anti- 
epileptic and antihysteric. The root-bark of 
C. jamaicensis, of South America, is rube- 
facient, the root diuretic, the leaves and 
flowers antispasmodic. 

Capranica's Reaction for Bile-pigments. 
Add to the solution chloroform containing 
some bromin, and shake; it becomes first 
green, blue-violet, yellowish red, and finally 
colorless. If the green or blue solution is 
shaken with HC1, the color is destroyed by 



the acid. C.'s Reaction for Guanin. 1. 

A warm solution of guanin hydrochlorid 
with a cold saturated solution of picric acid 
gives a yellow precipitate occurring as silky 
needles. 2. Add to a guanin solution a 
concentrated solution of potassium ferri- 
cyanid: a yellowish-brown prismatic pre- 
cipitate is formed. 3. On the addition of a 
concentrated solution of potassium chromate 
to guanin solutions an orange-red crystalline 
precipitate is formed. It is very insoluble 
in water. 

Caprate {kap' -rat). A salt of capric acid. 

Capric {kap'-rik) [capra, a goat]. Relating or 
belonging to, or having the odor of, a goat. 
C. Acid. See Acid, Capric. 

Caprin {kap'-rin) [see Capric]. An oily and 
flavoring constituent of butter; glycerol 
caprate. 

Caprinate {kap'-rin-at). See Caprate. 

Caprinic {kap-rin'-ik). See Capric. 

Caprizant {kap f -ri-zant) [see Capric]. Leap- 
ing; of irregular motion, applied to the 
pulse. 

Caproate {kap'-ro-at). A salt of normal caproic 
acid. 

Caproic {kap-ro'-ik). See Capric. C. Acid. 
See Acid, Caproic. C. Anhydrid, C 12 H 22 3 , 
a neutral oily liquid. 

Caproin {kap'-ro-in). A fat, resembling caprin, 
found in goat's butter. 

Caprone {kap' -r on) [see Capric], C n H 22 0. 
Caproic ketone; a clear, volatile oil found 
in butter, and forming the larger part of the 
oil of rue. 

Caproyl {kap'-ro-il). 1. C 6 H n O. A hypo- 
thetic radicle. Syn., 
radicle. Syn., Hexyl. 

Caproylamin {kap-ro-W -am-in) [caproyl; amin], 
C 6 H 15 N. Hexylamin. A ptomain formed 
in the putrefaction of yeast. 

Caprylic Acid {kap-ril'-ik). See Acid, Caprylic. 

Capsaicin {kap-sa'-is-in). See Capsicin. 

Capsicin {kap'-sis-in). 1. C 9 H 14 2 . The ac- 
tive principle of Cayenne j>epper, found in 
the pericarp and placenta of Capsicum }as- 
tigiatum, and soluble in alcohol, ether, ben- 
zene, and fixed oils. It is a thick, yellowish- 
red substance, and its vapors are intensely 
acrid. Dose Yff"J gr. (0.006-0.016 Gm.). 
2. A volatile alkaloid from capsicum, occur- 
ring as an oily liquid devoid of pungency. 

Capsicol {kap'-sik-ol) [capsicum; oleum, oil]. 
A red oil obtainable from the oleoresin of 
capsicum. 

Capsicum (kap'-sik-um) [capsa, a. box]. 
Cayenne pepper. The fruit of C. jastigiatum, 
native to tropical Africa and America. Its 
odor and hot taste are due to a volatile oil, 
capsicin, C 9 H 14 2 , which is initant to the 
skin and mucous membranes. Internally it 
is a stomachic, tonic, diuretic, and aphrodisiac. 
It is useful in atonic dyspepsia, flatulent- 
colic, and intermittent fever. C. annuum 
is the common red pepper of the garden. 
C, Fluidextract of {fluidextr actum capsici, 
U. S. P.). Dose 5 min.-i dr. (0.3-4.0 Cc). 



CAPSITIS 



240 



CAPUT 



C. Liniment, i in 10, for chest affections, 
rheumatism, etc. C, Oleoresin of {oleo- 
resina capsici, U. S. P.). Dose | gr. (0.03 
Gm.). C. Plaster {emplastrum capsici, 
U. S. P.), prepared from the oleoresin and 
adhesive plaster. C, Tincture of {tinctura 
capsici, U. S. P.), contains 10 % of capsicum. 
Dose 5-30 min. (0.3-2.0 Cc). 

Capsitis (kap-si'-tis). Same as Capsulitis. 

Capsotomy {hap -sot' -o -me). See Capsulotomy. 

Capsula {kap r -su-lah) [L., "a small box"], 
i. The interna] capsule of the brain; it is 
the thick layer of fibers between the caudatum 
and thalamus mesad and the lenticula laterad; 
it is continuous with the crura caudad, and 
its expansion is called the corona. 2. See 
Capsule. 

Capsular {kap' -su-lar) [capsule]. Pertaining to 
a capsule. C. Cataract, an opacity of the 
capsule of the crystalline lens. C. Hemi- 
plegia, a hemiplegia due to a lesion in the 
internal capsule. 

Capsulation {kap-su-la' -shun) [capsule]. The 
act or process of inclosing in capsules. 

Capsule (kap'-siil) [dim. of capsa, a chest]. 
A receptacle or bag. In pharmacy, a small, 
spheroid shell composed of glycerol and 
gelatin, divided so that the parts fit together 
like a box and cover. It is used for the 
administration of nauseous medicines. C, 
Acoustic. See C, Auditory. C, Adipose. 
See C. of the Kidney. C, Aqueous, C. of 
the Aqueous Humor, Descemet's mem- 
brane. C, Articular. See Ligament, 
Capsular. C, Atrabiliary. See C, Supra- 
renal. C, Auditory, the primitive auditory 
organ, formed by the invagination of the 
nervous stratum of the epiblast. See also 
'Vesicle, Auditory. C, Bonnet's, the pos- 
terior portion of the sheath of the eyeball. 
C, Bowman's, the covering of the tuft of 
vessels of a renal glomerule. It is the be- 
ginning of the uriniferous tubule. C, Bow- 
man-Muller's. See C, Bowman's. C, 
Brain. See Capsula (1). C, Cartilage, C. 
of a Cartilage-cell, the lining of cartilage-cavi- 
ties containing the cartilage-cells. C, Crys- 
talline. See C. of the Lens. C, External, 
a layer of white nerve -fibers forming part 
of the external boundary of the lenticular 
nucleus. C, Fibrous. See Ligament, Cap- 
sular. C. of Glisson. See Glisson's Capsule. 
C.S, Glutoid, gelatin capsules treated with 
formaldehyd. C., Hemorrhoidal, a metal, 
capsule-shaped device for applying Vienna 
paste to a hemorrhoid. C, Hyaloid. See 
Membran.a limitans. C, Internal, a layer of 
nerve-fibers on the outer side of the optic 
thalamus and caudate nucleus, which it sep- 
arates from the lenticular nucleus, and con- 
taining the continuation upward of the crus 
cerebri. C. of the Kidney, the fat-contain- 
ing connective tissue encircling the kidney. 
C. of the Lens, a transparent, structureless 
membrane inclosing the lens of the eye. C, 
Malpighian, the commencement of the 
uriniferous tubules. See C, Bowman's. C. 



Muller's. See C, Bowman's. C, Nasal, 
the embryonic cartilage which becomes the 
nose. C. of a Nerve-cell, that portion of the 
neurilemma which covers a ganglion-cell. C. , 
Optic, the embryonic structure forming the 
sclera. C.,Periotic, the structure surround- 
ing the internal ear. C, Renal. See C, 
Suprarenal. C.s, Seminal, expansions of 
the vasa deferentia near the seminal vesicles; 
applied by some authorities to the seminal 
vesicles. Syn., Capsulares seminales. C.S, 
Sense, the cartilaginous or bony cavities con- 
taining the organs of sense. C, Suprarenal, 
the ductless, glandular, body at the apex of 
each kidney. C, Suprarenal Accessory, an 
additional capsule attaining the size of a 
pea and sometimes attached 'to the suprarenal 
capsule by connective tissue. C, Synovial. 
See Membrane, Synovial. C. of Tenon, 
the tunica vaginalis of the eye. 

Capsulitis (kap-su-li'-tis) [capsule; tree;, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the capsule of 
the lens or of the fibrous capsule of the 
eyeball. 

Capsulolenticular {kap-su-lo-len-tik' -u-lar) 
[capsule; lenticula, a lentil]. Relating to the 
lens and to its capsule. 

Capsulotome {kap' -su-lo -torn). 1. See Cysto- 
tome. 2. An instrument used by Buller in 
capsulotomy to steady the capsule; it consists 
of two fine needles fixed parallel to each 
other in a handle. 

Capsulotomy {kap -su- lot'- o - me) [capsule ; 
xkfiVBCv, to cut]. The operation of rupturing 
the capsule of the crystalline lens in cata- 
ract-operations. 

Captation {kap -ta' -shun) [captare, to desire]. 
The first or opening stage of the hypnotic 
trance. 

Captol {kap'-tol). A product of the condensa- 
tion of tannin and chloral; it is used in 
1 to 2 % solution as an antiseborrheal agent 
and lotion for the hair. Syn., Tannochloral. 

Capuron's Cardinal Points. Four fixed 
points of the pelvic inlet, the two iliopectineal 
eminences anteriorly, and the two sacroiliac 
joints posteriorly. 

Caput {kap'-ut) [L.; pi., capita]. The head; 
also the chief part or beginning of an organ. 
Syn., Caput nuclei caudati. C. breve, the 
transversus pedis muscle. C. caecum coli, 
the cecum. C. caudati, the base of the corpus 
striatum. C. coli, the head of the colon. 
C. cordis, the base of the heart. C. cornu 
posterioris. Same as C. gelatinosum. C. 
gallinaginis. See Verumontanum. C. gelat- 
inosum, the name given to the translucent 
gray matter covering the dorsomesal periph- 
ery of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. 
It is a peculiar, striated substance composed 
of numerous closely crowded cellular ele- 
ments, in part connective-tissue cells, in part 
nerve-cells. C. medullae, C. medullas ob- 
longatae, Bartholin's name for the cerebrum 
as distinguished from the oblongata. Capita 
medullas oblongata^, the thalami. C, me- 
dusae, the peculiar plexus of veins surround- 



CARAMEL 



241" 



CARBON 






ing the umbilicus in periportal cirrhosis of 
the liver. It represents collateral paths for 
the return of the venous blood from the 
abdominal viscera. C. obstipum. Synonym 
of Wry-neck. C. quadratum, the rectangular 
head of rickets, flattened upon the top and 
at the sides, with projecting occiput and 
prominent frontal bosses. C. succedaneum, 
a tumor composed of a serosanguineous in- 
filtration of the connective tissue situated 
upon the presenting part of the fetus. C. 
tali, the head of the astragalus. C. testis, 
the epididymis. C. transversum. The same 
as C. breve. 

Caramel, (kar' '-am-el) [Fr., " burnt sugar"]. 
Cane-sugar deprived of two molecules of 
water. It is a viscid, brown-colored liquid. 

Carapa {kar'-ap-ah) [caraipi, the Guiana 
name]. A genus of tropical meliaceous 
trees. C. guianensis has an antispasmodic 
and febrifuge bark, and its seeds afford 
carap-oil, a protective against insects and 
vermin. C. moluccensis is an East Indian 
tree; the bitter bark is used in diarrhea and 
the seeds in colic. The fruit and bark of C. 
procera, of the tropics of Asia and Africa, are 
antiperiodic; the oil from the seeds is anthel- 
mintic and expectorant. 

Carapin (kar'-ap-in). An alkaloid from the 
bark of Carapa guianensis. 

Caraway (kar'-ah-wd). See Carum. 

Carbamate (kar'-bam-dt). A salt of carbamic 
acid. 

Carbamic (kar-bam'-ik). Obtained from car- 
bamid. C.Acid. See Acid, Carbamic. 

Carbamid (kar' -bam-id) [carbo, a coal; amid], 
CH 4 N 2 0. Urea. 

Carbamin (kar -bam' -in). See Acetonitril. 

Carbazotic Acid (kar-baz-ol'-ik). See Acid, 
Picric. 

Carbid (kar' -bid). A compound formed by the 
direct union of carbon with some radicle 
or element. 

Carbimids (kar'-bim-idz). Bodies isomeric 
with cyanates, but distinguished from true 
cyanates in that alkalis decompose them into 
carbon dioxid and amin. Syn., Carbonyl- 
amins. 

Carbinol (kar'-bin-ol) [carbo]. Methyl-alcohol, 
CH3OH. Also a generic term for the 
alcohols formed by substituting hydrocar- 
bon radicles for the hydrogen in the methyl 
radicle of carbinol. 

Carbo (kar' -bo) [L.]. A coal; charcoal. C. 
animalis (U. S. P.), animal charcoal; bone- 
black; it is used in pharmacy and in manu- 
facturing chemistry largely as a decolorizing 
agent and as a filter. C. animalis puri- 
ficatum (U. S. P.), purified animal charcoal. 
Dose 20 gr.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 Gm.). C. ligni 
(U. S. P.), wood-charcoal; an absorbent, dis- 
infectant, and deodorizer, used in poulticing 
wounds and dressing ulcers. It is used inter- 
nally in gastrointestinal irritation. 

Carboformal (kar-bo-form' -at) . A combination 
of carbon and paraformaldehyd in the form 
of blocks (Gluh blocks) for purposes of 
i7 



disinfection, the formaldehyd being liberated 
by the burning of the carbon. 

Carbohemia (kar -bo-he' -me-ah) [carbo; al/xa, 
blood]. Imperfect oxidation of the blood. 

Carbohydrate (kar -bo-hi' -drat) [carbo; odcop, 
water]. An organic substance containing 6 
carbon atoms or some multiple of 6, and 
hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion in 
which they form water; that is, twice as many 
hydrogen as oxygen atoms. The carbohy- 
drates form a large class of organic com- 
pounds, and may be arranged into three 
groups: the glucoses (monoses); the disac- 
charids, or sugars; and the polysaccharids. 
The glucoses are the aldehyd derivatives or 
ketone derivatives of the hexahydric alcohols, 
into which they may be converted by the 
absorption of two hydrogen atoms. They are 
mostly crystalline substances, very soluble in 
water, but dissolving with difficulty in alcohol. 
They possess a sweet taste. The disaccharids 
and polysaccharids are ethereal anhydrids of 
the glucoses. They may all be converted 
into the glucoses by hydrolytic decomposition. 
The disaccharids are ether-like anhydrids of 
the hexoses. 

Carbohydric (kar -bo-hi' -drik). Containing car- 
bon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 

Carbolate (kar'-bol-dt). 1. A salt of phenol. 
2. To impregnate with phenol. 

Carbolfuchsin (kar-bol-jook'-sin) [carbo; fuch- 
sin]. A staining fluid consisting of go parts 
of a 5 % aqueous solution of phenol and 1 part 
of fuchsin dissolved in 10 parts of alcohol. 

Carbolic (kar-bol'-ik) [carbo; oleum, oil]. Con- 
taining or derived from coal-tar oil. C. Acid. 
See Acid, Carbolic, and Phenol. 

Carbolism (kar'-bol-izm) [see Carbolic]. Phe- 
nol poisoning; a diseased state induced by 
the misuse or maladministration of phenol. 
C, Cutaneous, dry gangrene due to the action 
of liquid phenol or to prolonged application 
of a solution of it upon the skin. 

Carbolize (kar'-bol-iz) [see Carbolic], To im- 
pregnate with phenol. 

Carbolmarasmus (kar-bol-mar-az'-mus) [car- 
bolic; fjto.paop.de, decay]. Chronic carbolism: a 
condition marked by vomiting, vertigo, head- 
ache, salivation, nephritis, and general ma- 
rasmus. 

Carbolxylene (kar-bol-zi'-lcn). A clearing 
mixture composed of phenol, 1 part, and 
xylene, 3 parts; used for clearing micro- 
scopic sections which are to be mounted 
in Canada balsam or other resinous medium. 

Carbon (kar'-bon) [carbo]. Charcoal. C = 12; 
quantivalence II, IV. A nonmetallic element 
occurring in the various forms of diamond 
graphite or "black lead," charcoal, and lamp- 
black. It is the central or characteristic 
element of organic compounds. C. Di- 
oxid, the acid, gaseous product, having 
the composition of C0 2 , commonly known 
as "carbonic -acid gas" or carbonic acid. 
It is a colorless gas, having a sp. gr. of 1.52, 
soluble in cold water, and possessing a pun- 
gent smell and an acid taste. Inhaled, it 



CARBONATE 



242 



CARCINOMA 



destroys animal life by asphyxiation. C. 
Disulfid {carbonei disulphidum, U. S. P.), 
carbon bisulfid, CS 2 , a colorless, trans- 
parent liquid, of offensive odor, highly 
inflammable, very poisonous. It is used as 
a solvent for caoutchouc and as a reagent. 
C. Monoxid, CO, carbonic oxid, a colorless, 
tasteless, and inodorous gas, one of the 
products of imperfect combustion. It is 
actively poisonous. C. Nitrid, CN, cyanogen. 
C. Oxid, CO, a colorless, inodorous gas, 
having neither acid nor alkaline properties, 
and very poisonous. The pale lavender flame 
seen over a coal fire burning without smoke 
is due to its combustion. Chemically it is 
produced by passing carbonic acid over 
red-hot pieces of charcoal contained in a tube 
of iron and porcelain, and by several other 
processes. C. Oxysulfid, a body, COS, 
formed by conducting sulfur- vapor and carbon 
monoxid through red-hot tubes; it is a color- 
less gas, with a faint and peculiar odor. It 
unites readily with air, forming an explosive 
mixture, and is soluble in an equal volume of 
water. It is present in the waters of 
some mineral springs. C. Tetrachlorid, 
CC1 4 , anesthetic, used in asthma by inha- 
lation. 

Carbonate [carbon]. A salt of carbon di- 
oxid. C, Acid, a substitution-compound 
of carbonic acid in which there is replace- 
ment of but one of its hydrogen atoms with 
a base. C, Basic, a compound of a carbonate 
with the oxid of the same base. C, Hydric. 
See C, Acid. C, Hydrogen, i. Carbon 
dioxid. 2. Acid carbonate. C, Neutral, C, 
Normal, a substitution-compound of car- 
bonic acid in which a base replaces all its 
hydrogen. 

Carbonated (kar'-bo-na-ted). i. Containing 
carbonic acid. 2. Changed into a carbonate. 

Carbone (kar'-bon). A carbuncle. 

Carbonemia {Jzar-bon-e' -me-ah) [carbo; alp.a, 
blood]. An accumulation of carbon dioxid 
in the blood. 

Carboneum (kar-bon'-e-um). Carbon. 

Carbonic {kar-bon'-ik). Relating to, obtained 
from, or containing carbon. C. Acid. See 
Carbon Dioxid. C. Anhydrid, carbon dioxid. 
C. Snow, carbon dioxid in crystal form. 

Carbonid (kar f -bon-id). 1. See Carbid. 2. A 
mineral which contains carbon. 3. An oxa- 
late freed from its hydrogen by heat. 

Carbonite (kar'-bon-it). An oxalate. 

Carbonization (kar -bon-iz-a' -shun) [carbon]. 
The process of decomposing organic sub- 
stances by heat without air, until the volatile 
products are driven off and the carbon re- 
mains. 

Carbonometer (kar - bon - om'- et - er) [carbon; 
fikxpov, a measure]. An apparatus for in- 
dicating the degree to which the air of a 
room is vitiated by carbon dioxid. 

Carbonometry (kar-bon-om'-et-re). The de- 
termination of the amount of carbon dioxid 
exhaled in the breath. 

Carbonous (kar'-bon-us). Containing carbon. 



Carbonyl (kar' -bon-il) [carbon]. A hypothetic 
organic radicle having the formula OO. 

Carbonylamins (kar -bon-il' -am-ins). See Car- 
bimids. 

Carbosapol (kar-bo-sa'-pol) [carbo; sapo, 
soap]. A clear disinfectant solution obtained 
by warming together phenol, 50 parts; yellow 
soda-soap, 25 parts; and soft potash-soap, 25 
parts. 

Carbosulfid, Carbosulfuret (kar-bo-sul f -fid, 
-jur-et). A compound of carbon and sulfur 
with a radicle. 

Carbothialdin (kar-bo-thi-aV -din), C 6 H 10 N 2 S 2 . 
White crystals obtained on evaporating carbon 
sulfid with an alcoholic solution of aldehyd 
ammonia. It is soluble in acids. 

Carbovinate (kar-bo-vin'-dt). An ethyl car- 
bonate. 

Carboxyhemoglobin (kar- boks -e- hem - o -glo'- 
bin) [carboxyl; hemoglobin]. The compound 
of carbon monoxid and hemoglobin formed 
when CO is present in the blood. The carbon 
monoxid displaces the oxygen and checks the 
respiratory function of the red corpuscles. 

Carboxyl (kar-boks'-il) [carbo; o^uc, sharp]. 1. 
The group, CO . OH, characteristic of the 
organic acids. The hydrogen of this can be 
replaced by metals, forming salts. 2. Same as 
Carbonyl. 

Carboy (kar'-boi) [Turk., karaboya]. A large 
bottle protected by wickerwork and a wooden 
box, used in the transportation of corrosive 
and other liquids. 

Carbuncle (kar' -bung-kl) [carbo]. A hard, cir- 
cumscribed, deep-seated, painful suppurative 
inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue. It 
differs from a boil in being of greater size, 
having a flat top, and several points of sup- 
puration. It is erroneously called anthrax. 

Carcassonne's Ligament. See Colles' Fascia. 

Carceag. A disease of sheep described by 
Babes in Rumania; it is probably a form of 
trypanosomiasis. 

Carcinelcosis (kar-sin-el-ko' '-sis) [napa'cvo^, a 
crab; 'iXncoocc, ulceration]. A cancerous 
ulcer. C. fungosa. See Cancer verrucosus. 

Carcinoma (kar-sin-o'-mah) [KapKcvu>p.a; 
Kapucvoc, a crab; '6[xa, tumor]. Cancer. A malig- 
nant epithelial tumor composed of a connec- 
. tive-tissue stroma surrounding groups or nests 
of epithelial cells. Three varieties are generally 
described — the squamous, the cylindric, and 
the glandular. See Boas' Sign; de Morgan's 
Spots; Semon's Symptom; Spiegelberg's Sign. 
C, Acinous. See Cancer, Acinous. C., 
Adenoid, C. adenodes, C. adenoides. See 
Cancer, Adenoid. C. asbolicum. See C, 
Chimney-sweep's. C, Chimney-sweep's, 
epithelioma of the scrotum, occurring among 
chimney-sweepers, and supposed to be 
caused by the irritant action of soot. Syn., 
Soot cancer. C, Colloid, one in which 
the delicate connective-tissue stroma is 
filled with colloid matter, the result of a 
colloid degeneration of the epithelial cells. 
In some cases the degeneration is mucoid 
instead of colloid. It affects chiefly the ali- 



CARCINOMATOSIS 



243 



CARDIELCOSIS 



mentary canal, uterus, etc. C, Cylin- 
dric, one in which the cells tend to assume 
a cylindric or columnar shape. This shape 
is best seen in the cells nearest the periphery 
of the nests. C, Encephaloid, one of rapid 
growth, with a small amount of stroma, 
large alveoli, and greater amount of cells 
and blood-vessels. C, Fibrosomedullary, 
one containing about an equal portion of 
cells and stroma. C. fibrosum, C, Fibrous. 
See C.j Scirrhous. C, Glandular, a car- 
cinoma in which the cells are of the glandular 
or secreting type. C, Hyaline. See C, 
Colloid. C. nigrum. See Melanocarcinoma. 
C. psammosum, one in which stratified 
calcareous concretions differing from those 
found in psammomas have replaced the 
epithelial elements. C, Reticulated, one 
which has undergone fatty metamorphosis 
and exhibits its stroma more distinctly. C. 
sarcomatodes, C, Sarcomatous, an adeno- 
carcinoma which has undergone sarcomatous 
degeneration of the connective tissue. C, 
Scirrhous, a form which occurs most com- 
monly in the breast; it has a stout, fibril- 
lated stroma, closely packed with large nu- 
cleated cells. Syn., Hard carcinoma. C. 
scroti, C. scroti asbolicum. See C, Chim- 
ney-sweep's. C, Squamous, one derived from 
squamous epithelium; the cells are cuboid in 
shape. C, Villous. See Papilloma. 

Carcinomatosis {kar-sin-o-mat-o'-sis). The 
pathologic condition giving rise to carcinomas. 

Carcinomatous {kar-sin-o' -mat-us) [carcin- 
oma]. Relating to or affected with carcin- 
oma. 

Carcinomelcosis {kar-sin-om-el-ko'-sis). See 
Carcinelcosis. 

Carcinomium {kar-sin-o' -me-um). Cancerous 
pus. 

Carcinopolypus {kar-sin-o-pol'-e-pus). A can- 
cerous polyp. 

Carcinosis {kar-sin-o' -sis) [carcinoma]. i. A 
carcinomatous cachexia; a tendency to the 
development of malignant disease. 2. A 
form of carcinoma, usually fatal, beginning 
generally in the uterus or the stomach and 
spreading to the peritoneum. C, Acute, 
rapidly fatal carcinosis. C, Miliary, one 
in which there are many secondary nodules 
the size of miliary tubercles. C, Miliary, 
Acute, the rapid formation of minute can- 
cerous nodules, either primary or secondary, 
.within an internal organ or upon its surface. 

Carcinous {kar'-sin-us). Cancerous. 

Cardamom, Cardamomum (kr'-^w-om, kar- 
dam-o' '-mum)[L..]. The fruit of Elettaria car- 
damomum, cultivated in Malabar. Its proper- 
ties are due to a volatile oil, C 10 H 16 . It is an 
aromatic, carminative stomachic, used as an 
ingredient of several "bitters." When com- 
bined with purgatives it is useful to prevent 
griping. C, Infusion of. Dose 2 oz. (64 
Cc). C, Tincture of {tinctura cardamomi, 
U. S. P.), 20% strength. Dose \-2 dr. (2-8 
Cc). C., Tincture of, Compound {tinctura 
cardamomi composita, U. S. P.), cardamom, 




Cardiac Cycle. 
The inner circle shows the 
events that occur in the 
heart; the outer circle shows 
the relations of the sounds 
and silences to the events. 



20; cinnamon, 20; caraway, 10; cochineal, 
5; glycerol, 60; dilute alcohol, q. s. ad 
1000 parts. Dose \-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). 

Cardarelli's Symptom. See Oliver's Symp- 
tom. 

Cardia {kar'-de-ah). The heart. C. of the 
Stomach, the esophageal orifice of the stom- 
ach. 

Cardiac {kar'-de-ak) [cardia]. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the heart or to the cardia of the 
stomach. 2. A drug acting especially on the 
heart. C. Cycle, the period included be- 
tween the beginning of one heart-beat and 
the beginning of another. C. Dropsy, a drop- 
sical effusion due to heart disease with loss of 
compensation. C. 
Ganglions, gan- 
glions lying in the 
grooves and sub- 
stance of the heart 
— t h e principal 
ones are Remak's 
and Bidder's, the 
first on the sur- 
face of the sinus 
venosus, and the 
latter (2) at the 
auriculo ventricu- 
lar groove. C. 
Impulse, the ele- 
vation caused by 
the movement of 
the heart, usually 
seen in the fifth left intercostal space. C. 
Murmur. See Murmur, Cardiac. C. Orifice 
(of the stomach), the esophageal orifice. C. 
Passion. See Cardialgia. C. Plexus. See 
Plexus, Cardiac. C. Rhythm, the term given 
to the normal regularity in the force and 
volume of the individual heart-beats. 

Cardialgia {kar-de-al'-je-ah) [cardia; aXyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the region of the heart, 
usually due to gaseous distention of the 
stomach; heartburn. Syn., Morbus cardia- 
cus; Morsus stomachi; Morsus ventriculi. 
C. icterica, heartburn with jaundice. C. 
inflammatoria, gastritis. C. sputatoria, 
pyrosis. 

Cardianesthesia {kar -de -an-es - the' - ze - ah) 
[cardia; dvacodrja'ca, want of feeling]. A 
condition of the heart marked by lack of 
sensation. 

Cardianeurysma {kar-de-an-u-riz'-mah) [cardia; 
dveupuo/xa, a widening]. Aneurysm of the 
heart. 

Cardiant {kar' -de -ant) [cardia]. 1. Affecting the 
heart. 2. A remedy that affects the heart. 

Cardiaortic {kar-de-ah-or'-tik). Relating to 
the heart and the aorta. 

Cardiaplegia {kar-de-ah-ple'-je-ah). See Cardio- 
plegia. 

Cardiasthenia {kar-de-as-the' -ne-ah) [cardia; 
dodiveca, weakness]. A peculiar weakness 
of the heart due to neurasthenic condi- 
tions. 

Cardielcosis {kar -de-el -ko' -sis) [cardia; ZXkojo'.c, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of the heart, 



CARDIETHMOLIPOSIS 



244 



CARDIOTROPHE 



Cardiethmoliposis (kar-de-eth -mo-lip -o' -sis) 
[cardia; Tjfyioc, a sieve; X'cnoc, fat]. A deposit 
of fat in the connective tissue of the heart. 

Cardinal (kar' -din-al) [cardo, a hinge]. Im- 
portant; preeminent. C. -flower, a common 
name for several species of Lobelia, chiefly 
Lobelia cardinalis. C. Points of Capuron. 
See Capuron' s Cardinal Points. C. Veins, 
the venous trunks which, in the embryonic 
stage, form the primitive jugular veins. 

Cardine (kar' -den). A fluid preparation of 
sheep-hearts digested in glycerol and boric 
acid, used subcutaneously as a heart- 
tonic and diuretic. Dose 50 min.-i^ dr. 
(3-5 Cc). 

Cardio- (kar-de-o-) [cardia]. A prefix meaning 
relating to the heart. 

Cardioaccelerator (kar-de -o-ak-sel' -er-a- tor). 
Hastening the action of the heart. C. Center. 
See Center, Cardioaccelerator . 

Cardioarterial {kar-de-o-ar-te f -re-al). Pertain- 
ing to the heart and the arteries. 

Cardiocele (kar' -de -o -set) [cardio-; ktjXt), hernia]. 
Hernia of the heart. C. abdominalis, hernial 
protrusion of the heart into the abdomen. 

Cardiocentesis (kar-de-o-sen-te'-sis) [cardio-; 
nkvT'qotc', puncture]. Puncture of one of the 
chambers of the heart to relieve engorgement. 

Cardiodynia (kar-de-o-din'-e-ah) [cardio-; 
oduvr), pain]. Pain in or about the heart. 

Cardiodysesthesia, Cardiodysesthesis (kar- 
de-o-dis-es-the' -ze-ah, -sis) [cardia; dug, bad; 
a'coOyocg, perception]. Defective innervation 
of the heart. 

Cardiodysneuria (kar-de-o-dis-nu'-re-ah). See 
Cardiodysesthesia. 

Cardiogram (kar' -de-o -gram) [cardio-; ypa/x/ia, 
a writing]. The tracing of the cardiac im- 
pulse made by the cardiograph. 

Cardiograph (kar'-de-o-graf) [cardia; ypafetv, 
to write]. An instrument for registering 
graphically the modifications of the pulsa- 
tions of the heart. 

Cardiographer (kar-de-og'-ra-fer) [see Cardio- 
graph]. An authority upon diseases of the 
heart. 

Cardioid (kar'-de-oid) [cardio-; eldog, likeness]. 
Like a heart. 

Cardioinhibitory (kar-de-o-in-hib' -it-o-re) [car- 
dio-; inhibere, to restrain]. Inhibiting or 
diminishing the heart's action. The cardio- 
inhibitory fibers pass to the heart through the 
pneumogastric nerves. 

-Cardiokinetic (kar-de-o-kin-et'-ik) [cardio-; 
tctveev, to move]. 1. Exciting the heart- 
action. 2. An agent which excites the action 
of the heart. 

Cardiology (kar-de-ol'-o-je) [cardio-; Xoyog, 
discourse]. The anatomy, physiology, and 
pathology of the heart. 

CaTdiomala.cia.(kar-de-o-mal-a'-she-ah)[cardio-; 
H<iXaKca, softness]. Softening of the heart. 

Cardiomelanosis (kar-de-o-mel-an-o'-sis) [car- 
dio-; melanosis]. Melanosis of the heart. 

Cardiomyoliposis (kar-de-o-mi-o-lip-o'-sis) 
[cardio-; jiug, muscle; Xlnoc, fat]. Fatty de- 
generation of the heart-muscle- 



Cardiomyomalacia (kar-de-o-mi-o-mal-a'-she- 
ah). See Cardiomalacia. 

Cardioncus (kar-de-ong'-kus) [cardio-; oynog, 
a tumor]. An aneurysm in the heart or one 
in the aorta close to the heart. 

Cardionecrosis (kar-de-o-nek-ro'-sis) [cardio-; 
veupwocg, a killing]. Gangrene affecting the 
heart. 

Cardionosos, Cardionosus (kar-de-on-o r -sos, 
-sus) [cardio-; voooc, disease]. Any patho- 
logic affection of the heart. 

Cardioparaplasis, Cardioparaplasmus (kar- 
de-o-par-a-pla' -sis, -plaz' -mus) [cardio-; napa- 
TiXa^itv, to wander from the right way]. 
Cardiac malformation. 

Cardiopathy {kar -de-op 1 '-a-the) [cardio-; ubBoc, 
disease]. Any disease of the heart. 

Cardioperi carditis (kar-de-o-per-e-kar-di'-tis) 
[cardio-; pericardium; ex eg, inflammation]. 
Associated carditis and pericarditis; inflamma- 
tion of the heart tissues and of the pericardium. 

Cardiophtharsis (kar -de-o }-thar' -sis) [cardio-; 
(f)de!p£(v, to corrupt]. Any affection of the 
heart causing destruction of its substance. 

Cardioplegia (kar-de-o-ple' -je-ah) [cardio-; 
TzXrjyfj, a stroke]. Paralysis of the heart. 

Cardiopneumatic {kar-de-o-nu-mat f -ik) [car- 
dio-; nveu/j.a, breath]. Pertaining to the 
heart and respiration. C. Movements, 
those movements of the air in the lungs that 
are caused by the pulsations of the heart 
and larger vessels. 

Cardiopneumograph (kar-de-o-nu 1 '-mo-graf) 
[cardio-; nveu/jta, breath; Ypafecv, to write]. 
An instrument designed for graphically re- 
cording cardiopneumatic movements. 

Cardioptosis (kar-de-o-to'-sis) [cardio-; nzwacg, 
falling]. Prolapse of the heart. Syn., Rum- 
mo' 1 s disease. 

Cardiopulmonary (kar-de-o-pul'-mon-a-re). 
Relating to the heart and lungs; cardio- 
pulmonic. 

Cardiopuncture (kar-de-o-punk'-chur) [car- 
dio-; punctura, a puncture], Cardiocentesis, 
especially on lower animals. 

Cardiorrheuma {kar-de-or-u'-mah) [cardio-; 
rheumatism]. Rheumatism of the heart. 

Cardiorrhexis (kar -de -or -eks' -is) [cardio-; pfj&c, 
a tearing]. Rupture of the heart. 

Cardiospasm (kar' ' -de-o-spazm) [cardio-; anao- 
fioc, a drawing]. A spasm of the heart. 

Cardiospermum (kar -de -o-s per' -mum) [cardio-; 
aTtkpfia, seed]. A genus of plants of the 
order Sapindacece. C. halicacabum is «. 
climbing tropical annual; the leaves and 
mucilaginous root are diuretic and diaphor- 
etic. 

Cardiosphygmograph (kar-de-o-sfig f -mo-graf) . 
See Cardiograph. 

Cardiotomy (kar-de-of -o-me) [cardio-; roptrj, cut- 
ting]. The anatomy or dissection of the heart. 

Cardiotromus (kar-de-of '-ro-mus) [cardio-; tre- 
mere, to tremble]. Fluttering of the heart. 

Cardiotrophe, Cardiotrophia (kar-de-of '-ro-fe, 
kar-de-ot-ro'-fe-ah) [cardio-; rpofirj, nourish- 
ment]. 1. Heart-nutrition. 2. The volume 
of the heart. 



CARDIOVASCULAR 



245 



CARNIFERRIN 



Cardiovascular (kar-de-o-vas' '-ku-lar) [cardio-; 
vasculum, a small vessel]. Pertaining to the 
heart and the blood-vessels. 

Cardipericarditis (kar-de-per-e-kar-di'-tis). See 
Cardio pericarditis . 

Carditis (kar-di'-tis) [cardia; tree;, inflammation]. 
Inflammaton of the heart. C, Internal. 
Synonym of Endocarditis. 

Cardivalvulitis {kar -de-val-vu-W -tis) . Endo- 
carditis confined to the valves. 

Cardiypertrophy, Cardiypertrophia (kar-de-i- 
per'-tro-fe, kar-de-i-per-tro' -fe-ah) [cardia; 
hypertrophy]. Hypertrophy of the heart. 

Cardol (kar'-dol). See Anacardium. 

Carduus (kar'^du-us) [L., "a thistle"]. The 
seeds of C. marianus, St. Mary's-thistle, and 
C. benedictus, blessed thistle. A decoction 
of the former, 2 oz. to 1 pint, constitutes an 
old and popular remedy for hemoptysis. 
The latter is also a popular cure-all, used 
mainly as a tonic bitter. Dose of decoction 
1 dr.-^ oz. (4-16 Cc); of tincture 10-20 
min. (0.6-1.2 Cc). 

Cargile-membrane [Cargile, the inventor]. 
An animal membrane resembling gold- 
beaters' foil, made from the peritoneum of 
the ox and used in surgery for packing and 
to prevent adhesions; when applied to the 
raw surface of the bowel it adheres without 
supporting stitches and forms an artificial 
peritoneum. Syn., Animal velum. 

Cariated (ka'-re-a-ted). Carious. 

Carica {kar'-ik-ah) [carica, a dry fig, so called 
from Carta in Asia Minor]. A genus of 
plants of the order Papayacece. C. papaya, 
the papaw-tree of tropical America, con- 
tains in its leaves and fruit the alkaloid 
carpain, besides the ferment papain or 
papayotin; the leaves also contain the glu- 
cosid carposid. The milky juice and the seeds 
are anthelmintic. C. -cocoa, a preparation 
of cocoa containing papain. 

Caricin {kar'-is-in). See Papain. 

Caries {ka'-re-cz) [L., "rottenness"]. A 
molecular death of bone, corresponding to 
ulceration in the soft tissues. See Sign, 
Rust's. C. articulorum. See C. fungosa. 
C, Atonic, a form described by Billroth, 
attended with but little swelling and a thin, 
fetid discharge. C. callosa, syphilitic 
chancre. C. carnosa, fungous caries, 
marked by large granulation-masses. C. 
centralis, circumscribed chronic osteomye- 
litis, which, working from within, causes 
disease of the cortical substances. Syn., 
Osteitis interna. C. dentis, C. dentium. 
See C 0} Teeth. C. fungosa, tuberculosis of 
a bone with attached sequestrum, the meshes 
of the latter being filled with granulations grow- 
ing into them from the inner surface of the 
cavity. C. gallica, syphilitic chancre. C. 
granulosa. See C. fungosa. C. interna. 
See C. centralis. C, Lacunar, . a form in 
which the undermined bone is full of lacu- 
nas. C. mollis. See C. fungosa. C, Necro- 
tic, a form in which portions of the 
bone lie in a suppurating cavity. C. nongal- 



lica, simple chancre. C. profunda. See C. 

centralis. C. sicca, a form of tuberculous 
caries characterized by absence of suppuration, 
obliteration of the cavity of the joint, and scler- 
osis and concentric atrophy of the articular ex- 
tremity of the bone. C. of Spine, tuberculous 
osteitis of the bodies of the vertebras and inter- 
vertebral fibrocartilage, producing curvature 
of the spine. Syn., Potfs disease. C. of 
Teeth, a chemic decomposition of the earthy 
part or any portion of a tooth, accompanied 
by partial or complete disorganization of 
the animal framework of the affected part. 
Syn., Odontonccrosis. 

Carina {kar-i'-nah) [L., "the keel"]. 1. Any 
keel-like structure. 2. A mesial ridge on 
the lower surface of the fornix cerebri. 3. 
The spinal column. C. aquaeductus sylvii, 
the carinate inferior margin of the sylvian 
aqueduct. C. vaginae, the anterior column 
of the vagina. 

Carinate (har'-in-ai) [carina]. Keeled. 

Cariosity {kar-e-os'-it-e). See Caries. 

Carious (ka'-re-us) [caries]. 1. Pertaining to 
or affected with caries. 2. Marked by irreg- 
ular pits or perforations so as to present the 
appearance of carious bone. 

Carissa (kar-is'-ah) [L.]. A genus of shrubs. 
See Ouabain. 

Carissin {kar-is'-in). According to Bancroft, 
a glucosid from the bark of Carissa ovata, 
resembling ouabain in action. 

Carmalum, Mayer's. A stain consisting of 
carminic acid, 1; alum, 10; water, 200 parts. 
It is well adapted for sections cut on the 
freezing microtome. 

Carmin (kar'-min), C 17 H ls O 10 . A coloring- 
matter extracted from cochineal. 

Carminative (kar-min'-at-iv) [carminare, to 
card; hence, to cleanse]. Having the power 
to cure flatulence and colic. Carminatives 
are generally aromatics. 

Carnal {Jkar'-naT) [camalis, fleshly]. Per- 
taining to flesh. C. Knowledge, sexual 
intercourse. 

Carnallite (kar r -nal-it) [v. Carnall, a Prussian 
mineralogist (1804-1874)]. Potassium-mag- 
nesium chlorid. 

Carnation (kar-na' -shun) [carnatio]. The 
natural color of flesh. 

Coxnaxiha. {kar-na-oo'-bah)[Bxaz.]. 1. The root 
of Copernicia cerifera, a wax-producing palm- 
tree of tropical America. It is used in 
Brazil as an alterative and resembles sarsa- 
parilla in its properties. Dose of the fluid- 
extract 30 min.-i dr. (2-4 Cc). 2. See C. 
Wax. C. Wax, the wax obtained from Co- 
per nicia cerifera. 

Carneoaponeurotic (kar-ne-o-ap-on-u-rot'-ik) . 
Fleshy and pertaining to an aponeurosis. 

Carneopapillosus (kar-ne-o-pap-il-o'-sus). 
Composed of fleshy papillas, as the columns 
of the vagina. 

Carneotendinous {kar-ne-o-ten'-din-us). Both 
muscular and tendinous. 

Carniferrin (kar-ne-fer'-in). A tasteless meat 
preparation containing phosphocarnic acid 



CARNIFERROL 



246 



CARSWELL'S GRAPES 



and 30% of iron. Dose for adults 8 gr. 
(0.52 Gm.). Syn., Iron phosphosarcolactate. 

Carniferrol (kar-nif'-er-ol). A preparation of 
meat-peptone with iron; it is used as a stimu- 
lant dietetic. Syn., Liquor carnis ferropepton- 
atus. 

Carnification {kar-nif-ik-a' -shun) [carno, flesh; 
jacere, to make]. A term indicating the 
alteration of tissue, especially the lung, to 
a dense, fleshy appearance. C. of Bone. 
See Osteosarcosis. C. of the Lung, Con- 
gestive, brown induration of the lung. C. 
of the Lungs, C, Pulmonary. 1. The 
change of the parenchyma of the lungs 
into a red material resembling muscle. 2. 
A consolidation of the lung from action of 
inflammation. 

Carniformis ikar-ne-jorm'-is) [see Carnification] 
Having a flesh-like appearance, e. g., abscessus 
carniformis. 

Carnigen (kar'-ne-jen). A dietetic albumose. 

Carnin (Jzar'-nin) [carno], C 7 H 8 N 4 3 . A leuko- 
main isolated from American meat-extract, 
but not from muscle tissue itself; also obtained 
from yeast and wine. 

Carnivorous (kar-niv'-o-rus) {carno; vorare, to 
devour]. Flesh -eating. 

Carnogen (kar'-no-jen) [carno; generare, to pro- 
duce]. Glycerite of bone-marrow, contain- 
ing 60 % of red marrow and 25 % of 
unaltered fibrin of ox-blood, with albumin, 
suspended in glycerol. It is a hematinic 
and used chiefly in pernicious anemia. Dose 
1-2 tablespoonfuls 3 times daily. 

Carnolin (kar'-nol-in). A solution of 1.5% 
of formaldehyd; it is a food -preservative 
and disinfectant. 

Carnosin (kar'-no-siri), C 9 H 14 N 4 3 . A base, 
soluble in water, isolated from Liebig's meat- 
extract; it melts with decomposition at 239 C. 

Caro (ka'-ro) [L.]. 1. Flesh. 2. Strychnos 
nux-vomica. C. luxurians, exuberant 
granulation. 

Caroba (kar-o'-bah) [L.]. The leaflets of 
Jacaranda procera and of Cybistax anti- 
syphilitica. It is a popular Brazilian remedy 
as an emetocathartic, alterative, and tonic 
in syphilis and in yaws. Dose of the fluid- 
extract 15 min.-i dr. (1-4 Cc). 

Caroid {kar'-oid). A digestive ferment ob- 
tained from Carica papaya; a pale-yellow 
powder. Dose 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.2 Gm.). 

Carolinium (kar-o-lin'-e-um). The provisional 
name given by Baskerville to a supposed 
new element obtained by the fractionation 
of thorium oxid. 

Carony Bark (Jiar-o'-ne) [Caroni, a river in 
Venezuela]. Angustura bark. 

Carotid (kar-ot'-id) [icapostv, to produce sleep]. 
1. The carotid artery, the principal large 
artery on each side of the neck. See under 
Artery. 2. Of or relating to the carotid artery. 

Carotis {kar-ot'-is) [L.]. The carotid artery. 
C. cephalica, C. cerebralis, the internal 
carotid artery. C. communis, the common 
carotid artery. C. externa, C. facialis, 
the external carotid artery. C. interna, 



the internal carotid artery. C. primitiva, 
the common carotid artery. 

Ca.rpa.m'(kar-pa'-in), C^NOj. An alkaloid 
extracted from the leaves of Carica papaya. 
It is recommended for the subcutaneous 
treatment of heart disease. Dose ^-f gr. 
(0.006—0.01 Gm.) subcutaneously, every day 
or every second day. C. Hydrochlorate, 
C 14 H 25 N0 2 HC1, bitter white crystals, soluble 
in water. It is used in mitral insufficiency 
and aortic stenosis. Dose \-% gr. (0.013- 
0.022 Gm.) daily. Injection, j^~l gr. (0.0065- 
0.011 Gm.) daily. 

Carpal {kar'-pal) [mpnoc, the wrist]. Pertain- 
ing to the wrist. 

Carphologia (kar-fol-o'-je-ah). SeeCarphology. 

Carphology (kar-fol'-o-je) [fcapfof, chaff; 
Xkyecv, to collect]. The aimless picking at 
the bedclothes, seen in grave fevers, particu- 
larly in the socalled typhoid state. 

Carpipes (kar'-pi-pez) [carpus; pes, foot]. C. 
French's term for a condition of the anterior 
leg in four-footed animals similar to club-foot. 

Carpo- (kar-po-) [carpus]. A prefix meaning re- 
lating to the carpus. 

Carpocarpal (kar-po-kar'-pal). Applied to 
the articulation between the two rows of 
carpal bones; also to different parts of the 
carpus in relation to each other. 

Carpocervical {kar-po-ser'-vik-al). Relating 
to the wrist and the neck. 

Carpometacarpal {kar-po-met-a-kar'-pal) [car- 
po-; metacarpus]. Relating to the carpus and 
to the metacarpus. 

Carpoolecranal {kar-po-o-le-kra f -nat) [carpo-; 
olecranon]. Relating to the wrist and the 
lower portion of the upper arm. 

Carpopedal (kar-po-pe'-dal) [carpo-; pes, pedis, 
a foot]. Affecting the wrists and feet, or 
the fingers and toes. C. Contraction. See 
Contraction, Carpopedal. C. Spasm, a 
spasm of the hands and feet, or of the thumbs 
and great toes, associated with laryngismus 
stridulus of children. 

Carpophalangeus, Carpophalanginus (kar- 
po-fal-an'-je-us, kar-po-fal-an-ji f -nus). 1. 
Relating to the wrist and to a phalanx. 2. 
See under Muscle. 

Carpophilous (kar-pof f -il-us) [napnbc, fruit; 
(j>cXelv, to love]. Parasitic upon fruit. 

Carposid (kar f -po-sid). A crystalline glucosid 
from Carica papaya. 

Carpozyma (kar-po-zi'-mah) [Kaprcbc, fruit; 
Cp\n), ferment]. A genus of microorganisms 
producing fermentation. 

Carpus {kar'-pus) [L.]. The eight bones collec- 
tively forming the wrist. 

Carrageen, Carragheen (kar r -ag-en) [Carrag- 
heen in Ireland]. Irish moss. See Chondrus. 

Carrion's Disease. Verruga peruviana; Pe- 
ruvian wart. 

Carron Oil (kar f -on). See Oil, Carron. 

Car-sickness. The symptoms of sea-sickness 
produced by journeying in railway cars. 

Carswell's Grapes. Pulmonary tubercles 
when they occur in a racemose distribution at 
the extremities of several adjacent bronchioles. 



CARTHAGENA BARK 



247 



CARUNCLE 



Carthagena Bark. Cinchona from Car- 
thagena. 

Cartilage (Jzar'-iil-aj) [cartilago, gristle]. 
Gristle; a white, semiopaque, nonvascular 
connective tissue composed of a matrix con- 
taining nucleated cells which He in cavities 
or lacunas of the matrix. When boiled, 
cartilage yields a substance called chondrin. 
C, Annular, i. Any ring-shaped cartilage. 
2. The cricoid cartilage. C, Anonymous, 
the cricoid cartilage. C, Aortic, the second 
costal cartilage on the right side. C, Arthro- 
dic, C, Arthrodial. See C, Articular. 
C, Articular, that lining the articular sur- 
faces of bones. C, Asternal, the costal 
cartilages which are detached from the 
sternum. C.-bone. i. See Ossein. 2. 
See C, Calcified. C.s, Brecht's, the ossa 
suprasternalia, two small cartilaginous or 
bony nodules near each sternoclavicular 
joint, above the sternum. They are regarded 
as the rudiments of the episternal bone that 
is well developed in some animals. C, 
Bronchial, plates of cartilage, in some 
instances very minute, found in the bronchial 
tubes. C, Calcified, that in which a cal- 
careous deposit is contained in the matrix. 
Syn., Cartilage-bone; Crusted cartilage; Prim- 
ary bone. C, Cellular. See C, Parenchy- 
matous. C, Ciliary. See C, Palpebral. 
C, Corniculate. See C. of Santorini. C, 
Costal, that occupying the interval between 
the true ribs and the sternum or adjacent 
cartilages. C.s, Cuneiform. See C.s of 
Wrisberg. C, Dentinal. See Ossein. C, 
Diarthrodial. See C, Articidar. C, 
Embryonal. See C, Parenchymatous. C, 
Ensiform, the third piece of the sternum. 
Syn., Xiphoid appendix; Xiphoid cartilage. C.s, 
Epactal, small cartilaginous nodules on the 
upper edge of the alar cartilages of the nose. 
C, Epiphyseal. See C, Intermediary (2). 
C, Fetal. See C, Temporary. C, Fi- 
bro-. See Fibrocartilage. C., Float- 
ing. See Arthrolith. C, Huschke's. See 
Jacobson's Cartilage. C, Hyaline, is dis- 
tinguished by a granular or homogeneous 
matrix. C, Innominate, the cricoid carti- 
lage. C.s, Interarticular, fiat fibrocartilages 
situated between the articulating surfaces of 
some of the joints. Syn., Interarticular fibro- 
cartilages. C, Interarytenoid, an incon- 
stant cartilage found between the arytenoid 
cartilages. C.s, Interhemal, nodules of 
cartilage which aid in the formation of the 
hemal arch of a vertebra. C. , Intermediary. 
1. Cartilage-bone in process of transforma- 
tion into true bone. 2. That interposed 
between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a 
bone. C.s, Interneural, nodules of cartilage 
which aid in the formation of the neural arch 
of a vertebra. C.s, Intervertebral. See In- 
tervertebral Discs. C, Investing. See C, 
Articular. C, Jacobson's. See Jacobson's 
Cartilage. C, Luschka's. See Luschka's 
Cartilage. C, Luschka's Subpharyngeal. 
See under Luschka. C, Meckel's, the axis 



of the first branchial arch (mandibular arch) 
of the fetus. It disappears during the fifth 
or sixth month, with the exception of its 
posterior (tympanic) portion, which becomes 
the incus, malleus, and folian process. A 
vestige of this cartilage (pinnal cartilage) 
is occasionally found in tumors of the parotid 
gland. C.s, Morgagni's. See C.s of Wris- 
berg. C, Palpebral, the connective tissue 
forming the framework of the eyelids. C, 
Parenchymatous, that in which cells 
form the main part of the tissue. C.s, 
Pyramidal, the arytenoid cartilages. C.s, 
Quadrate, several small cartilages passing 
out from the alar cartilages in the exter- 
nal part of the nostril. C, Reticular, 
a peculiar cartilage found in the auricle 
of the ear, the epiglottis, and eustach- 
ian tubes. Its peculiarity consists in a 
network of yellow elastic fibers pervading 
the matrix in all directions. C, Retiform. 
See C, Reticular. C. of Santorini, a nodule 
at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage — 
the corniculum laryngis. C, Seller's, a 
small cartilaginous rod attached to the vocal 
process of the arytenoid cartilage. It is 
more fully developed in the female than in 
the male. C.s, Semilunar, two interarticu- 
lating cartilages of the knee. C, Sesa- 
moid. See Sesamoid Bone. C, Sesa- 
moid (of the Larynx), Luschka's carti- 
lage. C.s, Sesamoid (of the Nose). See 
C.s, Epactal. C.s, Sigmoid. See C.s, 
Semilunar. C, Synarthrodial, that of any 
fixed or slightly movable articulation. C, 
Tarsal. See C., Palpebral. C, Temporary, 
that which is ultimately replaced by bone. 
C, Tubal, a rolled triangular cartilage 
running from the osseous part of the eus- 
tachian tube to the pharynx. C. of Weit- 
brecht, the interarticular fibrocartilage that 
exists in the acromioclavicular articulation. 
C.s of Wrisberg, the cuneiform cartilages, 
one on each side of the fold of membrane 
stretching from the arytenoid cartilage to 
the epiglottis. C, Xiphoid. See C, Ensi- 
form. C, Yellow. See C, Reticular. 

Cartilaginous {kar-til-af -in-us) [cartilage]. 
Made up of or resembling cartilage. 

Cartilago {kar-til-a'-go) [L.]. See Cartilage. 
C. triticea, a small oblong cartilaginous 
nodule often found in the lateral thyrohyoid 
ligament. 

Carum (ka'-rum) [napov, caraway]. Caraway. 
It is official in the U. S. P. in the form of the 
dried fruit of C. carvi, indigenous to Europe, 
and an allied species native to the Pacific coast 
of America. Its odor and taste are due to a 
volatile oil. It is used chiefly as a flavor. C. 
petroselinum, parsley, is diuretic and sedative. 
Carui, Aqua (B. P.), caraway water. Dose 
1-2 oz. (30-60 Cc). Carui, Infusum, 2 dr. 
to 1 pint. Dose ^-2 oz. (15-60 Cc). Unof. 
Cari, Oleum (U. S. P.), oil of caraway. 
Dose 1-5 min. (0.06-0.3 Cc). 

Caruncle (kar'-ung-kl) [caruncula]. A small, 
fleshy growth. C., Lacrimal, one upon the 



CARUNCULA 



248 



CASCARIN 



conjunctiva near the inner canthus. C, Ure- 
thral, a small, bright -red growth situated on 
the posterior lip of the meatus urinarius : a fre- 
quent condition in women. The caruncle 
varies in size from a hempseed to a filbert; it 
is very painful, especially during micturition 
and coitus, and bleeds readily. 

Caruncula (kar-ung' '-ku-lah) [dim. of caro, 
flesh; pi., caruncula]. A caruncle. In the 
plural, the nymphas. C. innominata, the 
lacrimal gland. C. major, a caruncle 
marking the common orifice of the com- 
mon bile-duct and the pancreatic duct. 
C. mammillaris. i. The olfactory tub- 
ercle, between the roots of the olfactory 
nerves. 2. The enlarged ends of the galac- 
tophorous ducts in the nipple. C. minor, 
one in the duodenum in the center of which 
a supplementary pancreatic duct occasionally 
opens. C. morgagnii, the middle lobe of the 
prostate. Carunculae myrtiformes, the pro- 
jections of membrane near the orifice of the 
vagina, thought to be the remains of the hy- 
men after its rupture. Carunculae papil- 
lares. See Papilla, Renal. C. salivalis. See 
C. sublingualis. C. sublingualis, one mark- 
ing the orifice of Wharton's duct. Syn., 
Papilla salivalis inferior. C. urethrae. See 
Caruncle, Urethral. 

Carunculate, Carunculated (kar-ung'-ku-lat, 
-ed). Furnished with a caruncle. 

Cams' Curve. The longitudinal axis of the 
pelvic canal, which forms a curved line, 
having the symphysis pubis as its center. 

Carvacrol (karv'-ak-rol) [Ital., c'arvi, caraway; 
anpog, sharp], C 10 H 13 . OH. A liquid body 
occurring in the oil of certain varieties of 
satureja. Syn., Cymic phenol; Cymophenol; 
Metaisocy mo phenol; Oxyzymol. C. Iodid, 
C 10 H 13 OI, a brown powder, slightly soluble 
in alcohol, readily soluble in olive-oil, ether, 
and chloroform, melting at oo° C; it is 
used as a substitute for iodoform. Syn., 
Iodocrol. 

Carya (kar'-e-ah) [napua, the walnut-tree]. 
Hickory; a genus of trees of the order Jug- 
landacece, indigenous to North America. 
C. tomentqsa yields a crystalline principle, 
caryin, believed to be identical with querci- 
trin. The leaves of most of the species are 
aromatic and astringent and the bark bitter 
and astringent. The inner bark is used in 
dyspepsia and intermittent fever. 

Caryin (kar'-e-in). See under Carya. 

Caryinum (kar-e-in'-um). Nut-oil. 

Caryochrome (kar'-e-o-krom). See Karyo- 
chrome. 

Caryocinesis (kar-e-o-sin-e'-sis). See Karyo- 
kinesis. 

Caryocinetic (kar-e-o-sin-ef-ik). 1. See Karyo- 
kinetic. 2. Ameboid. 

Caryolysis (kar-e-ol'-is-is). See Karyolysis. 

Caryomitosis (kar-e-o-mi-to'-sis). See Karyo- 
mitosis. 

Caryophyllin (kar-e-o-fil'-in) [caryophyllus], 
C 10 H 16 O or C 20 H 32 O 2 . The neutral crystal- 
line principle of cloves. 



Caryophyllus (kar-e-o-fil' -us) [napuov, a nut; <j>oX- 
Xov, a leaf]. Clove. The unexpanded flowers 
of Eugenia aromatica, distinguished by their 
pungent, spicy taste. Its properties are due 
to a volatile oil, which is antiseptic, stimulant, 
and irritant. It also contains a crystalline 
body, eugenin, C 10 H 12 O 2 , and a camphor, 
caryophyllin, C 10 H 16 O. It is useful as a 
stomachic and to prevent "griping" when 
combined with purgatives. Caryophylli, 
Infusum (B. P.), a strength of 1 to 40 is 
recommended. Dose 1-2 oz. (30-60 Cc). 
Caryophylli, Oleum (U. S. P.), oil of cloves, 
contains an acid and a phenol compound. 
Dose 1-4 min. (0.06-0.24 Cc). It is used 
also by microscopists to clarify preparations 
and tissues for mounting. 

Caryoplasm (kar' -e-o-plazm) See Karyoplasm. 

Casanthrol (kas-an'-throl). ' A mixture of 
casein ointment with a coal-tar product; it 
is used as a varnish in skin diseases. 

Casca-bark (kas'-kah). Sassy-bark; ordeal- 
bark. The bark of Erythrophlceum guineense, 
a tree native to Africa. Its properties are 
due to an alkaloid. It is valuable in inter- 
mittent fevers and as a heart-tonic; in over- 
doses it produces nausea and vomiting. 
Erythrophlein, the active alkaloid, is a 
local anesthetic. Dose of the aqueous ex- 
tract 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.); of the fluidextract 5-15 
min. (0.3-0.9 Cc); of the tincture (25% 
strength) 10 min. (0.6 Cc). 

Cascara (kas-kar'-ah)'. Spanish for "bark." 
C. amarga, Honduras bark. The bark of 
a tree native in Mexico, much used as an 
alterative tonic in syphilis and skin affec- 
tions. C. Cordial, a trade preparation. 
Dose 15 min.-2 dr. (1-8 Cc). C. sagrada 
(rhamnus purshiana, U.'S. P.), the bark of 
Rhamnus purshiana, or California buckthorn. 
Its properties are due to a volatile oil. It 
is useful in chronic constipation. Syn., 
Chittem bark; Sacred bark. C. sagrada, Ex- 
tract of (extr actum rhamni purshiance, U. S. 
P.). Dose \-\ dr. (2-4 Cc). C. sagrada, 
Fluidextract of (fluidextr actum rhamni pur- 
shiance, U. S. P.). Dose 15 min. (1 Cc). 
C. sagrada, Fluidextract of, Aromatic (fluid- 
extractum rhamni purshiance aromaticum, 
U. S. P.). Dose 15 min. (1 Cc). 

Cascarilla (kas-kar-il'-ah) [Sp., dim. of casca, 
bark]. The bark of Croton eluteria, native 
to the Bahama Islands, an aromatic bitter, 
increasing the natural secretions of the di- 
gestive organs. Unof . Cascarillae, Infusum 
(B. P.). Dose 1-2 oz. (30-60 Cc). Cascar- 
illae, Tinctura (B. P.). Dose J-2 dr. (2-8 
Cc). 

Cascarillin (kas-kar-il'-in) [cascarilla], C 6 H 9 2 . 
The active principle of cascarilla; a white, 
crystalline, bitter substance, scarcely soluble 
in water. 

Cascarin (kas'-kar-in), C 24 H 10 O ]0 . A substance 
isolated by Leprince from the bark of Rham- 
nus purshiana (cascara sagrada), and be- 
lieved by him to contain the active tonic 
and laxative principles of that bark; it occurs 



CASEARIA 



249 



CASTANEA 



in granular masses or prisms. Dose 1^-3 
gr. (0.099-0.198 Gm.). According to Phip- 
son, this is identical with rhamnotoxin. 

Casearia (kas-e-a'-re-ah) [J. Casearius, Dutch 
botanist]. A genus of tropical trees of the 
order Samydacece. C. esculenta is a native of 
the Asian tropics and Australia; its bitter 
roots are said to be a valuable remedy in 
hepatic torpor. C. ovata, the anavingah of 
the Malays, is a large tree, bitter in all its 
parts. The fruit is diuretic. C. tomentosa 
is a tree of India; the bitter leaves are used by 
the natives in medicated baths and the fruit 
is diuretic. 

Casease (ka'-se-az). An enzym which digests 
casein, found by Duclaux and produced by 
bacteria, notably Tyrothrix tenuis. 

Caseate (ka'-ze-at). 1. A lactate. 2. To undergo 
cheesy degeneration. 

Caseation (ka-ze-a r -shun) [casein]. The pre- 
cipitation of casein during the coagulation of 
milk. Also a form of degeneration in which 
the structure is converted into a soft, cheese- 
like substance. 

Caseiform (ka'-ze-if-orm). Resembling cheese 
or casein. 

Casein (ka'-ze-in) [caseum, cheese]. A de- 
rived albumin, the chief proteid of milk, 
precipitated by acids and by rennet. It is 
closely allied to alkali-albumin, but contains 
more nitrogen and a large amount of phos- 
phorus. It constitutes most of the curd of 
milk. Syn., Caseum; Lacterin. C. Dys- 
pepton, an insoluble, semigelatinous sub- 
stance, separated in the first stages of gastric 
digestion. C, Gluten. See C, Vegetable. 
C. -mercury, a compound of casein and 
mercury bichlorid, soluble in water with a 
trace of ammonia added; it is antiseptic. 
C. Ointment, an ointment-base consisting 
of casein, 14 parts; potassium hydroxid and 
sodium hydroxid, each, 0.43 part; glycerol, 7 
parts; vaselin, 21 parts; borax, 1 part; 
water, 56 or 57 parts. C. -peptone, a light- 
brown, soluble powder used as a nutrient. 
C. Saccharid, a compound of dry casein, 
1 part; cane-sugar, 9 parts, and sodium 
bicarbonate enough to render it slightly 
alkaline. It is useful in preparing emulsions 
of oils, balsams, terpenes, resins, or gum- 
resins. C. of the Saliva, ptyalin. C- 
sodium, a compound of casein and sodium 
hydroxid, used as a nutrient. C, Vegetable, 
a nitrogenous substance resembling the casein 
of milk; two varieties have been described — 
legumin, in peas, beans, etc., and conglutin, 
in hops and almonds. 

Caseoiodin (ka-ze-o-i 1 '-o-din) . A compound of 
casein and iodin (S or 9 %) forming a white 
powder, soluble in dilute hot alcohol and in 
hot alkalis. It is used in myxedema. 

Caseous (ka'-ze-us) [caseum]. Having the 
nature or consistence of cheese. 

Casimiroa {kas-im-ir-o' -ah) [after Casimiro 
Gomez]. A genus of plants belonging to the 
order Rutacece. C. edulis is the zapote bianco 
of Mexico; the edible fruit is anthelmintic; 



the bitter bark with the leaves and seeds are 
incinerated and used medicinally. 
Cassareep, Cassaripe (kas'-a-rep) [South Amer- 
ican name]. The concentrated juice of the 
cassava, the root of Jatropha manihot, made 
innocuous by boiling; it is a condiment, and as 
an ointment (10%) is recommended in the 
treatment of purulent conjunctivitis, corneal 
ulcers, and other diseases of the eye. 
Cassava (kas-a'-vah) [Sp., casabe]. 1. The 
manioc plant (Jatropha manihot and other 
species of Jatroph a). 2. Tapioca. 
Casser's (Casserius') Fontanel. The 
fontanel formed by the temporal, occipital, 
and parietal bones. C.'s Muscle, ligament- 
ous fibers attached to the malleus and form- 
erly described as the laxator tympani minor 
muscle. C.'s Perforating Nerve, the ex- 
ternal cutaneous nerve of the arm. 
Casserian (kas-e'-re-an). See Gasserian. 
Cassia (cash'-e-ah) [naala, a perfume]. 1. A 
genus of leguminous plants, several species 
of which afford senna. 2. An old name, still 
used commercially, for the coarser varieties 
of cinnamon. See Cinnamon. C. alata, the 
ringworm -shrub, is a widely diffused tropical 
shrub. The juice of the leaves mixed with lime- 
juice is used in the treatment of ringworm, 
and the wood and bark are alterant. C. bear- 
eana is a species of East Africa. A decoction 
of the root is highly recommended in black- 
water fever, and the powdered bark is applied 
as a dressing to ulcers. C. marilandica, of 
North America, produces the leaves called 
American senna, which are less active as a 
cathartic than the true senna. C.-bark, cas- 
sia-lignea. SeeCinnatnon. C. -buds, the im- 
mature fruit of Chinese cinnamon; used chiefly 
as a spice. C, Oil of, a variety of oil of cin- 
namon, used in pharmacy and in perfumery. 
C, Purging (cassia fistula, U. S. P.), the 
dried fruit of a tree growing in tropical re- 
gions. The pulp (cassia^ put pa, B. P.) is a 
mild laxative. Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Gm.). 
Cast (kast)[ ME., casten, to throw]. 1. A mass 
of fibrous or plastic material that has taken 
the form of some cavity in which it has been 
molded. From their source, casts may be 
classified as bronchial, intestinal, nasal, 
esophageal, renal, tracheal, urethral, vaginal, 
etc. Of these, the renal casts, by reason of 
their significance in diseases of the kidney, 
are the most important. Classed according 
to their constitution, casts are epithelial, 
fatty, fibrinous, granular, hyaline, mucous, 
sanguineous, waxy, etc. See Tube-casts. 
2. Strabismus. C.s, Kulz's, very short, 
generally hyaline, but sometimes granular, 
casts, occurring at the onset and during 
the course of diabetic coma, disappearing 
with the coma, and considered by Kiilz as 
diagnostic of impending coma. C.s, Tubular 
Exudation (of the intestine), a pathogno- 
monic symptom of mucous colitis. 
Castanea (kas-ta'-ne-ah) [L.]. Chestnut. The 
leaves of C. vesca. They contain tannic 
and gallic acids and other principles the 



CASTELLINO'S SIGN 



250 



CATAPLASM 



value of which is not known. They are used 
in infusion or decoction as a remedy for 
whooping-cough. Dose of the fluidexiract 
5-60 min. (0.3-3.8 Cc). 

Castellino's Sign. See Oliver's Symptom. 

Castor (kas'-tor). See Castoreum. C.-bean, 
C.-oil. See under Ricinus. C. -xylene, a 
mixture composed of castor-oil, 1 part, and 
xylene, 3 parts, used for clearing or clarify- 
ing the collodion or celloidin of objects 
embedded in collodion. 

Castoreum {kas-to' -re-um) [naozcop, the 
beaver]. The dried preputial follicles and 
their secretion, obtained from the beaver, 
Castor fiber. It is a reddish-brown substance 
with a strong odor. It is antispasmodic 
and stimulant, its action resembling that of 
musk. Dose of the tincture J-i dr. (2-4 Cc). 

Castration {kas-tra f -shun) [castrare, to cut]. 
Orchidectomy; the excision of one or both 
testicles. C, Female, removal of the ova- 
ries; oophorectomy; spaying. 

Castrensis {kas-tren' -sis) [castra, a camp]. 1. 
Relating to camps. 2. Camp-fever or dysen- 
tery due to unsanitary living in camps. 

Casualty {kaz f -u-al-te) [casus, chance]. An 
accidental injury; a wound, or loss of life, 
accidentally incurred; an injury in a battle. 

Casuarina (kas-u-ar-e 1 '-nah) [casuarius, the cas- 
sowary, from the resemblance of the stems to 
the heavy feathers of this bird]. A genus of 
plants of the order Casuarinacea. The tonic 
and styptic bark of C. equisetifolia, of 
Malaya, is used in the treatment of beriberi. 
C. Montana is a native of Malaya; the bark 
is used in beriberi; the leaves in colic; the 
seeds in a salve in the treatment of head- 
ache. 

Casuistics (kaz-u-is'-tiks) [casus, a case]. The 
study of individual pathologic cases as a 
means of arriving at the general history of 
a disease. 

Casumen (kas f -u-men). A proprietary dietetic 
said to contain 93 % of proteid. 

Cata-. For words thus beginning and not 
found under C see Kata-. 

Catabasial (kat-ah-ba' -se-al) [/card, down; 
basion]. Applied to skulls having the basion 
lower than the opisthion. 

Catabasis {kat-ab' -as -is) [mrapaotc, a descent]. 
The decline of a disease. 

Catabiotic {kat-ah-bi-ot'-ik). See Katabiotic. 

Catabolergy {kat-ab-ol'-er-je). See Katabol- 
ergy. 

Catabolic {kat-ab -ol'-ik). See Katabolic. 

Catabolin, Catabolite (kat-ab' '-o-lin, -lite). 
See Katabolin. 

Catabolism {kat-ab' -o-lizm). See Katabolism. 

Cataclasis {kat-ak' -las-is) [Kara, down; nXaoecv, 
to break]. A fracture. 

Catacleisis {kat-ak-W -sis) [Karaidecocc, a lock- 
ing]. Closure of the eyelids by adhesion or 
by spasm. 

Cataclysm {kaf '-ak-lizm) [KaraKXuo/xoc, a del- 
uge]. 1. An effusion. 2. A sudden 
shock. 

Catalase {kat'-al-az). See Milk-catalase. 



Catalepsy (kaf -al-ep-se) [Kara, down; Xaft- 
P&vecv, to seize]. A condition of morbid 
sleep, associated with a loss of voluntary 
motion and a peculiar plastic rigidity of the 
muscles, by reason of which they take any 
position in which they are placed and pre- 
serve it for an indefinite time. The condi- 
tion is associated with hysteria, with forms 
of insanity, and is a stage of the hypnotic 
sleep. C.j Local, that affecting a single 
organ or group of muscles. 

Cataleptic {kat-al-ep'-tik) [see Catalepsy]. 1. 
Relating to, affected with, or of the nature of, 
catalepsy. 2. A person affected with cata- 
lepsy. 

Cataleptiform {kat-al-ep'-tif-orm) [catalepsy; 
forma, form]. Resembling catalepsy. 

Cataleptize {kat-al-ep'-tlz). To reduce to a 
state of catalepsy. 

Cataleptoid {kat-al-ep' -toid) [catalepsy; eldoc, 
likeness]. Like catalepsy. C. State, a 
condition due to neuromuscular excitability 
and differing from true catalepsy in that 
the limbs must be held in fixed attitudes 
for a few seconds before they maintain 
themselves and friction causes them to 
become limp. 

Cataleptolethargic (kat-al-ep-to-leth-ar' '-jik) . 
Having the nature of catalepsy and lethargy. 

Catamenia {kat-am-e' -ne-ah) [Kara, concerning, 
according to; firjv, month]. The recurrent 
monthly discharge of blood during sexual life 
from the genital canal of the female. 

Catamenial {kat-am-e 1 '-ne-al) [catamenia]. Per- 
taining to the catamenia. 

Cataphonics {kat-ah-fon'-iks) [Kara, after; 
cfxbvr), sound]. That branch of physics treating 
of reflected sounds. 

Cataphoresis {kat-af-or-e'-sis) [Kara, down; 
(fikpecv, to carry]. The introduction of 
drugs into the system through the skin by 
means of ointments or solutions applied by 
the electrode of a battery. C, Anemic, 
the application of cataphoresis upon a part 
from which the blood-supply has previously 
been cut off by an Esmarch bandage or a 
rubber ring. C, Static, a method of intro- 
ducing into the body gaseous medicaments 
that have been inclosed within a bell-jar or 
tube into which enters a brush electrode con- 
nected with the positive pole of an influence 
machine. 

Cataphoria {kat-af-o'-re-ah). See Kataphoria. 

Cataplasis {kat-ap'-las-is) [Kara, down; itlaatc, 
formation]. 1. The stage of decline in the 
individual life. 2. The application of a 
plaster or coating. 

Cataplasm, Cataplasma {kat'-ap-lazm, kat-ap- 
laz'-mah) [naranXaa p.a, a poultice]. A poultice 
(q. v.). Cataplasma carbonis (B. P.), a 
poultice made of wood-charcoal, 1; bread- 
crumb, 1; linseed-meal, 3; boiling water, 20 
parts. Cataplasma fermenti (B. P.), a 
mixture of beer, yeast, wheat-flour, water at 
ioo° F. It is a stimulant and antiseptic 
for indolent ulcers. Cataplasma kaolini 
(U. S. P.), a mixture of kaolin, boric acid, 



CATARACT 



251 



CATARRH 



thymol, methyl salicylate, oil of peppermint, 
and glycerol. 
Cataract (kat'-ar-akt) [Karappanz-qg, a water- 
fall]. Partial or complete opacity of the 
crystalline lens or its capsule. C, Adherent, 
opacity of the lens, due to disturbed nutrition, 
in which it is attached by exudates to the 
adjacent parts, as in cyclitis. C, Arido- 
siliquose, an overripe cataract with a dry, 
wrinkled capsule. C, Capsular, cataract 
due to opacity of the capsule. „C, Capsulo- 
lenticular, one involving both the capsule 
and the lens. C, Chalky. See C, Arido- 
siliquose. C, Cholesterin, one containing 
what are apparently crystals of choles- 
terin. C, Concussion, a soft cataract 
due to an explosion or some other con- 
cussion. C, Cortical, one due to loss of 
transparency of the outer layers of the 
lens. C, Cystic. See C, Morgagnian. 
C, Diabetic, a form associated with diabetes. 
C. -discission, an operation preliminary to 
absorption, or . extraction by suction, con- 
sisting in rupturing the capsule, so that the 
aqueous humor gains access to the lens. C- 
extraction, removal of the cataractous lens 
by surgical operation. C, Fibrinous, a 
false cataract consisting of an effusion of 
plastic lymph on the capsule and into the 
field of vision. C, Fibroid, a false cataract 
consisting of an opacity in the axis of the 
visual rays though not in the lens. C, 
Fluid, the breaking-up of an opaque lens 
into a milky fluid. C, Green, a name 
given to a grayish-green reflex seen in glau- 
coma; it is also seen when the pupil is dilated 
and the mediums are not completely trans- 
parent. C, Grumous, a spurious cataract 
from hemorrhage into the cornea or into 
the vitreous. C, Gypseous, an overripe 
cataract presenting a white appearance from 
having undergone degeneration. C, Hard. 
See C., Senile. C, Hyaloid, a spurious 
cataract attributed to opacity of the anterior 
part of the vitreous. C, Immature, one in 
which only a part of the lens-substance is catar- 
actous. C., Incipient, forked linear opacities 
in the equatorial region of the lens seen in 
middle-aged persons and sometimes remaining 
unchanged for years. Syn., Arcus senilis 
lends; Gerontoxon lentis. C, Interstitial. 
See C. t Lenticular. C, Lacteal. See C, 
Fluid. C, Lamellar, one due to opacity 
of certain layers between the cortex and 
nucleus, the remaining layers being trans- 
parent. C, Lenticular, one occurring in 
the lens proper. C, Lymph, C, Lymphatic. 
See C, Morgagnian. C, Mature, one in 
which the whole lens-substance is cataractous. 
C, Membranous, a fibrinous deposit from 
the iris upon the capsule, which becomes 
opaque. C., Mixed, one which ultimately 
affects the whole lens, but begins as a cortical 
opacity in sharply demarcated streaks or tri- 
angular patches. C, Morgagnian, one in 
which an overripe cataract shrinks and leaves 
a nucleus floating in the dissolved outer layers. 



C, Myelin, one containing a semitrans- 
parent, yellowish, friable substance. C, 
Nuclear, one of moderate extent beginning 
in the nucleus. C, Pigmented, C, Pig- 
mentous, a spurious cataract due to an 
injury by which the pigment from the pos- 
terior surface of the iris has been detached, 
forming a tree-like appearance. C, Polar < 
(anterior or posterior), a form in which the 
opacity is confined to one pole of the lens. C, 
Pseudomembranous, a condition marked by 
white spots on the lens due to iritis. C. , Pupil- 
lary, congenital closure of the pupil. C, 
Pyramidal, one in which the opacity is at the 
anterior pole and is conoid, the apex extending 
forward. C, Recurrent Capsular, C, Sec- 
ondary, capsular cataract appearing after the 
extraction of the lens. C, Ripe. See C, 
Mature. C, Senile, the cataract of old per- 
sons, the most frequent form, and that under- 
stood when not specified as congenital, juve- 
nile, traumatic, soft, etc. C, Siliculose, C, 
Siliquose. See C, Aridosiliqnose. C, 
Soft, a form occurring especially in the 
young; the lens -matter is of soft consistence 
and milky appearance. C, Spontaneous, 
one not dependent upon some other lesion 
or disease. C, Stony, one that has undergone 
degeneration and become of stony hardness. 
C.j Tremulous, C, Vacillating, one asso- 
ciated with laceration of the zonule of Zinn, 
causing trembling of the iris and of the 
cataract on movement of the eyeball. C, 
True, lenticular cataract. C, Unripe. See 
C, Immature. C, Zonular. See C, Lamellar. 

Cataractous (kal-ar-ak'-tus) [cataract]. Of 
the nature of or affected with cataract. 

Catarrh {kat-ahr') [Ka-appslv, to flow down]. 
Inflammation of a mucous membrane. 
The term is also applied to certain inflam- 
mations of the tubules of the kidney and the 
air-vesicles of the lung. C, Alveolar, a 
condition occurring in bronchopneumonia 
in which the alveoli of the lungs contain 
a 'granular liquid exudate holding modified 
epithelial cells and blood-corpuscles. C, 
Atrophic Nasal, chronic nasal catarrh 
resulting in dryness and atrophy of the 
membrane. C, Dry, bronchitis in which 
there are frequent, severe attacks of cough- 
ing, with pain and but little expectoration. 
C, Epidemic. See Influenza. C., Gastric, 
gastritis. C, Hemorrhagic, bronchial ca- 
tarrh attended with a superficial extravasation 
of blood into the mucous tissue. C, Infec- 
tious, that caused by pathogenic microor- 
ganisms either by direct invasion or by the 
effect of toxins generated by them. C, In- 
testinal, enteritis. C, Intoxication, that 
caused by chemic poison — (a) introduced with 
the ingesta; (b) developed from the ingesta 
through putrefaction; (c) that developed 
from the blood. C, Laennec's. i. See C, 
Dry. 2.SeeC.,Pituitous. C, Membranous 
Nasal, a form of nasal catarrh marked by the 
formation of a thick pseudomembrane. C, 
Mycotic, that caused by a fungus. C, Nasal, 



CATARRHAL 



252 



CATNIP 



coryza. C, Papillary, catarrh of the renal 
papillas. C, Pituitous (of Laennec), 
chronic serous bronchorrhea attended with 
copious secretion discharged by severe parox- 
ysms of coughing. C, Pulmonary, bron- 
chitis. C, Rarefying Dry (of the naso- 
pharynx), a state of malnutrition marked 
by pale, dry mucosa and at times the occur- 
rence of varicose veins in the pharyngeal 
wall and about the orifices of the eustachian 
tubes. C, Rose-, hay -fever. C, Russian, 
influenza. C, Serous, that marked by secre- 
tion consisting chiefly of a serous fluid. C, 
Suffocative. Synonym of Capillary bronchi- 
tis. C, Summer-, hay-fever. C, Uterine, 
endometritis. C, Vasomotor, hay-fever. C, 
Venereal. Synonym of Gonorrhea. C . , Vesi- 
cal, cystitis. 

Catarrhal (kat-ahr'-al) [catarrh]. Of the nature 
of, affected with, or relating to catarrh. C. 
Fever. Synonym of Influenza. C. Inflam- 
mation, an inflammation of an archiblastic 
surface, characterized by proliferation and 
desquamation of the epithelium. 

Catarrhectic (kat-ar-ek'-tik) [Karapprj/iracoc]. 
Purgative. 

Catatonia (kat-at-o'-ne-ah). See Katatonia. 

Catatropia (kat-at-ro' -pe-ah) . See Katatropia. 

Catavertebral (kat-ah-ver 1 '-te-bral) [Kara, down; 
vertebral]. Located on the side of a centrum 
of a vertebra next to the blood-vessels. 

Catechin (kat'-e-chin) [catechu], C 21 H 20 O 9 + 
5H 2 0. Catechinic acid, the active principle 
of catechu. It crystallizes in shining needles 
of a snow-white, silky appearance. 

Catechol (kaf '-e-chol) . See Pyrocatechin. C. 
Dimethylate, C. Dimethyl-ether. See 
Veratrol. C. Monomethylate, C. Mono- 
methyl-ether. See Guaiacol. 

Catechu (kat'-e-choo) [E. Ind.]. An extract 
prepared from the wood of Acacia catechu, a 
native of the East Indies. It contains 50% 
of tannic acid, and hence is a powerful 
astringent. It is used in the diarrhea' of 
children and as a gargle and mouth-wash. 
Dose of the powdered extract 10 gr.— \ dr. 
(0.65-2.0 Gm.). Unof. The catechu of the 
Pharmacopeia of 1890 has been replaced by 
gambir (q.v.). C, Infusum (B. P.). Dose 
■i-i£ oz. (30-45 Cc). C, Pulvis, Composi- 
tus (B. P.), contains catechu, kino, and rha- 
tany. Dose 20-40 gr. (1.3-2.6 Gm.). 

Catelectrode (kat-el-ek' -trod) . See Kathode. 

Catelectrotonus (kat-el-ek-trot'-o-nus). See 
Katelectrotonus. 

Catenating (kat'-en-a-ting) [catenare, to chain 
together]. Connecting; linking; e. g., catena- 
ting ague, ague associated with another disease. 

Catgut (kat'-gut). The intestine of various ani- 
mals, particularly the sheep, treated to make 
ligatures. C, Carbolized, catgut rendered 
aseptic by soaking in a solution of phenol. C, 
Chromicized, gut treated with chromium tri- 
oxid. C. -plate, an appliance for uniting intes- 
tinal edges in intestinal anastomosis. It is made 
of a solid catgut sheet, is thin, large, and flat, 
and resembles the Senn decalcified bone-plates. 



Catharsis (kath-ar' -sis) [nadacpecv, to purge]. 
Purgation. 

Cathartate (kath-ar' -tat) . A salt of cathartic 
acid. 

Cathartic (kath-ar' -tik) [see Catharsis]. 1. Pur- 
gative. 2. A medicine used to produce evacu- 
ations of the bowels; a purgative. C. Acid. 
See Senna. C. Pill, Compound. See under 
Compound. 

Cathartogenin (kath-ar -to]' -en-in). A yellow- 
brown subst.ance obtained from cathartic acid 
by decomposition with hydrochloric acid. 
Syn., Cathar to genie acid. 

Cathartomannite (kath-ar -to -man' -It). See 
Sennit. 

Cat-head (kat'-hed). A term applied by Rosch 
to certain skulls the bones of which are too 
thin, the form rotund, with the occiput 
markedly projecting, while all prominences 
and muscular impressions are inconspicuous. 
Cf. Apple Head. 

Cathelineau's Sign. See Gilles de la Tou- 
rette's Sign under Tourette. 

Catheter (kath'-et-er) [Kaderrjp, a thing put 
down]. A hollow tube for introduction into 
a cavity through a narrow canal. C, Boze- 
man's, a double-current uterine catheter. 
C, Eustachian, an instrument for examin- 
ing, distending, or making applications to 
the eustachian tube. C. Fever, systemic 
disturbance with fever, following the intro- 
duction of a catheter into the urethra. C, 
Gouley's, a solid curved, steel instrument, 
grooved on its inferior aspect, for passing 
over a guide, through a stricture, into the 
bladder. C.-life, continuous dependence 
upon the catheter for evacuation of the blad- 
der. C, Lung, a soft -rubber tube that may 
be passed down the trachea. C, Schrotter's, 
instruments of hard rubber and of varying 
caliber, somewhat triangular on section, 
used for the dilation of laryngeal strictures. 
C, Self -retaining, one that will hold itself 
within the bladder without other appliances 
to assist it. 

Catheterism, Catheterization (kath'-et-er -izm, 
kath-et-er-iz-a'-shun) [catheter]. The intro- 
duction of a catheter. 

Cathodal (kath' -o-dal) . See Kathodal. 

Cathode (kath'-od). See Kathode. 

Cathodic (kath-od'-ik). See Kathodic. 

Cathypnosis (kath-ip' '-no-sis) [koOutzvojocc, a 
falling asleep]. Synonym of African leth- 
argy. 

Cation (kat'-e-on). See Kation. 

Cativi, Cativia [Carib for manihot-root]. A 
skin disease of Central America said to be 
caused by an animal parasite, and resembling 
in its lesions grated manihot-root. 

Catlin, Catling (kat'-lin, kat'-ling) [dim. of 
cat]. A long, pointed, two-edged knife used 
in amputation. 

Catnip (kat'-nip) [corruption of catmint]. The 
leaves and tops of the herb Nepeta cataria, 
a stimulant and tonic; a popular remedy 
for chlorosis, hysteria, etc. Dose of fluid- 
extract 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). 



CATOPTRIC TEST 



253 



CAUTERY 



Catoptric Test. The diagnosis of cataract 
by means of the reflection of images from 
the cornea and lens-capsules. 

Catoptrics {kat-op'-triks) [nazonzpov, a mirror]. 
The laws of the reflection of light. 

Catramin {kaf -ram-in). A turpentine ob- 
tained from Tsuga canadensis and other 
conifers. It is recommended as a stimulant, 
diuretic, and expectorant in chronic respira- 
tory troubles, and is used in tuberculosis 
and lupus subcutaneously and as an em- 
brocation. 

Cat's-purr. A peculiar purring bruit heard 
on auscultation, due to a defect of the mitral 
valve. Syn., Fremissement cataire. 

Cattle-plague. See Rinderpest. 

Cauda \]ww'-dah) [L.]. i. A tail. 2. The part 
of a muscle forming its insertion. C. cere- 
belli, the vermiform process. C. epididy- 
midis, the inferior part of the epididymis. 
C. equina, a term applied collectively to the 
roots of the sacral and coccygeal nerves, 
from their resemblance to a horse's tail. 
C. medullas (of Bartholin), a collective term 
for the oblongata and spinal cord. C. 
striati, the narrow posterior portion of the 
caudate nucleus. 

Caudad {haw'-dad) [cauda; ad, to]. Toward 
the tail or cauda; opposed to cephalad; in 
man, downward. 

Caudal {kaw'-dal) [cauda]. Pertaining to a 
cauda or tail. 

Caudate {kaw'-dat) [cauda]. Having or re- 
sembling a tail. C. Lobe of Liver, a small 
lobe of the liver. C. Nucleus, the intra- 
ventricular portion of the corpus striatum. 

Caudation {kaw-da'-shun) [cauda]. 1. The 
condition of being furnished with a tail. 
2. Elongation of the clitoris. 

Caudatolenticular, Caudolenticular {haw- 
dat -o-len-tik'-u-lar, kaw-do -len-tik' -u-lar). 
Pertaining to both the caudate and the len- 
ticular nuclei. 

Caudatum {kaw-dat'-um). See Corpus stri- 
atum: 

Caudex {kaw'-deks) [L., "a tree-stem"]. 1. 
In biology, applied to the scaly, unbranching 
trunk of a palm-tree or tree-fern. 2. The 
main portion of the brain-stem, the fibers 
running from the spinal cord to the hemi- 
spheres of the - brain. C. dorsalis. 1. The 
spinal cord. 2. The oblongata. C. en- 
cephali, the cerebral peduncle. C. en- 
cephali communis, the oblongata and crus 
cerebri. C. encephali pontilis, the pons. 
C. medullaris, the cerebral peduncle. 

Caudiferous {kaw-dif'-er-us) [cauda; ferre, to 
bear]. Having a tail or tail-like appendage. 

Caul {kawl) [ME., calle, a hood]. 1. A por- 
tion or all of the fetal membranes covering 
the head and carried out in advance of it in 
labor. 2. The great omentum. 

Cauliflower Excrescence. A tumor with an 
irregular surface resembling the cauliflower. 

Caulophyllum {haw - lo - fil f - urn) [muXoc, 
stalk; (fiOXXov, leaf]. Blue cohosh; "squaw- 
root": the rhizome and rootlets of C. thal- 



ictroides, growing in Canada and the north- 
ern United States. It contains a glucosid, 
saponin, and two resins, one of which is 
caulophyllin. It produces intermittent con- 
tractions of the gravid uterus, and possesses 
diuretic, emmenagog, and antispasmodic 
powers. There are no official preparations. 
Dose of the powdered drug 5-20 gr. (0.32— 
1.3 Gm.); of caidophyllin 2-5 gr. (0.13- 
0.32 Gm.). 

Cauloplegia {haw -lo-ple' -je-ah) [kcluXoc, a 
stalk; TzXrjyri, a stroke]. Paralysis affecting 
the penis. 

Caulosterin {kaw-los'-ter-in) [nauXog, a stalk; 
ozepioc, solid], C 26 H 44 0. An aromatic com- 
pound occurring in the root and stem of 
seedlings of the yellow lupine which have 
grown in the dark. It is levorotary, forming 
lustrous plates which melt at i58°-i59° C. 

Causalgia {kaw-zaV -je-ah) [nauooc, a burning; 
aXyoc, pain]. The burning pain that is some- 
times present in injuries of the nerves. 

Caustic {kaws'-tik) [caustictim, caustic]. 1. 
Very irritant; burning; capable of destroying 
tissue. 2. A substance that destroys tissue. 
C. Alkali, a pure alkaline hydrate or oxid. 
C, Lunar {argenti nitras fusus, U. S. P.), sil- 
ver nitrate. C., Metallic, one containing a 
metal or a metallic salt. C, Mitigated 
{argenti nitras mitigatus, U. S. P.), silver ni- 
trate made less active by fusion with potas- 
sium nitrate or argentic chlorid. C, Per- 
petual, fused silver nitrate. C. Potash, po- 
tassium hydroxid. C. Soda, sodium hydroxid. 

Cauterant {kaw'-ter-ant) [/iauzfjp, a burner]. 
1. Caustic; escharotic. 2. A caustic sub- 
stance. 

Cauterism {kaw'-ter-izm). See Cauterization. 

Cauterization {haw -ter-iz-a' -shun) [see Cau- 
tery]. The application of a cautery; the 
effect of such an application. C, Dis- 
tant, that performed by holding the 
cautery at some distance from the surface 
to be cauterized. C, Galvanochemic 
(Apostoli's), the destruction of the mucosa 
by means of electrolytic action. C, In- 
herent, deep cauterization by means of the 
actual cautery. C, Neapolitan, deep cauter- 
ization through an incision. C, Objective. 
See C, Distant. C. by Points, C, Punc- 
tate, deep cauterization with a pointed 
cautery. C., Slow, that performed with 
moxa. C, Subcutaneous, deep cauteriza- 
tion by injection of caustics or by inclosing 
the cautery in a tube so as not to affect 
the superficial parts. C, Tubular, Tripier's 
operation of charring the walls of an opening 
made into a cyst by means of an instrument 
connected with the negative pole of a battery. 

Cauterize {kaw'-ter-lz) [see Cautery]. To sear 
or burn with a cautery or a caustic. 

Cautery {haw'-ter-e) [nauzTjpwv, a branding- 
iron]. A metal instrument heated by the 
electric current or in a flame, used to destroy 
tissue or for producing co'unterirritation. 
Syn., Inustorium. C, Actual, the white-hot 
iron. C, Button-, an iron heated in hot 



CAVA 



254 



CELIA 



heated by electricity. C, Nummular, a 
cautery iron fitted with a coin-shaped disc. 
C, Paquelin's, a hollow platinum point 
kept at a uniform temperature by a current 
of benzene vapor; a thermocautery. C, 
Potential, C, Virtual, the application of 
caustic substances. C, Solar, a lens for 
concentrating the rays of the sun upon a 
part to be cauterized. C, Steam. See At- 
mocausis. C, Thermo-. See Thermocau- 
tery. 

Cava ika'-vali) [L.]. i. A vena cava. 2. Any 
external cavity or hollow of the body. 

Caval {ka'-vat) [cava]. Relating to a vena 
cava. 

Cavalry-bone (kav'-al-re-bon). A bony de- 
posit in the adductor muscles of the thigh. 

Cavascope (kav' -a-sko p) [cava; aaoTie'cv, to 
view]. An apparatus for illuminating a cav- 
ity. 

Cavern {kav'-ern) [caver na, a hollow]. A cavity 
in the lung due to necrosis of the parenchyma; 
also the cavity of a dilated bronchus. C, 
Brand, one due to gangrenous destruction 
of a circumscribed segment of the lung 
parenchyma. 

Cavernitis (kav-er-ni'-tis). Inflammation of 
the corpora cavernosa. 

Cavernoma {kav-em-o' -mah) [cavern; b/xa, a 
tumor]. A cavernous tumor; a cavernous 
angioma. 

Cavernous {kav'-er-nus) [cavern]. Having 
hollow spaces. C. Bodies, the corpora 
cavernosa of the penis. C. Breathing, 
the breath-sounds heard over a pulmonary 
cavity. C. Groove, the carotid groove. C. 
Plexus. See Plexus, Cavernous. C. Sinus, 
a venous sinus situated at the side of the 
body of the sphenoid. C. Tissue, erectile 
tissue. C. Tumor, a cavernous angioma. 

Cavitary (kav'-it-a-re) [cavitarius, hollow]. 
Hollow; having or forming cavities. 

Cavite Fever. See Fever, Cavite. 

Cavity {kav'-it-e) [cavum]. A hollow. See 
under Abdominal, Amniotic, Cotyloid, Glen- 
oid, and Serous. Cavities, Cerebral, 
the ventricles of the brain. C., Cranial, 
the hollow of the skull. C, Epiploic, 
the omentum. C, Oral, that of the 
mouth. Syn., Cavum oris; Spatium oris. 
C, Pleural, the closed space of the pleura 
included between its parietal and visceral 
layers. C, Pleuroperitoneal, the celom 
or body-cavity. C, Preperitoneal. See 
Retzius' Space. C, Sigmoid, one of two 
depressions on the head of the ulna for 
articulation with the radius and humerus. 

Cavum ika'-vum) [L.]. A cavity. 

Cayaponin (ka-ap 1 '-o-nin) [Cayaponia, Brazil- 
ian name]. An alkaloid extracted from 
Cayaponia globosa, a cucurbitaceous plant 
of Brazil. It is said to purge without griping. 
Dose 1 gr. (0.06 Gm.). 

Cayenne Pepper {hi' -en). See Capsicum. 

Cazenave's Lupus. Lupus erythematosus. 
C.'s Vitiligo. See Celsus' Area, 



Cc, C.C. Abbreviations of cubic centimeter. 

Cd. Symbol for cadmium. 

Ce. Symbol for cerium. 

Ceanothin {se-an-o' -thin) . 1. A brown powder 
obtained from Ceanothus americanus. It is 
purgative and alterative, and is used in 
syphilis, dysentery, and sore thro'at. Dose 
1-2 gr. (0.065-0.13 Gm.). 2. An alkaloid 
isolated from Ceanothus americanus; slightly 
soluble in alcohol and ether. 

Cearin {se'-ar-in). An ointment-base con- 
sisting of carnauba wax, 1 part; paraffin, 3 
parts, melted together and mixed with 4 
times its weight of liquid petrolatum. 

Cebocephalus {se-bo-sej'-al-us) [nfiftoc, a mon- 
key; KS(f)a^7), head]. A variety of single 
autositic monsters of the species Cycloceph- 
alus, in which there is entire absence of the 
nose, with, however, two orbital cavities and 
two eyes, the region between the eyes being 
narrow and perfectly flat. 

Cebur {se'-bur). See Balsam, Tagulaway. 

Cecal {se'-kal) [cecum]. Pertaining to the 
cecum. 

Cecectomy (se-sek 1 '-lom-e) [cecum; to/hjj, a 
cutting]. Excision of part of the cecum. 

Cecitis {se-si'-tis) [cecum; exec, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the cecum. 

Cecocele {se'-ko-sel) [cecum; ktjXt], hernia] 
A hernia into the cecum. Syn., Typhlocele. 

Cecostomy {se-kos'-to-me) [cecum; aro/ia, a 
mouth]. The formation of an artificial anus 
in the cecum. 

Cecum {se'-kum) [ccecus, blind]. The large 
blind pouch or culdesac in which the large 
intestine begins. 

Cedar (se f -dar) [cedrus, cedar]. One of the 
genus of coniferous trees, Cedrus. C.-oil, 
a transparent oil obtained from Juniperus 
virginiana, and used as a clearing agent in 
histology and for oil-immersion lenses. 

Celandin {sel r -an-din) . See Chelidonium. 

Celarium, Ccelarium (se-la'-re-um). The epi- 
thelium of the celom. 

Celastrin {se-las'-trin). 1. Mosso's name for 
a poisonous alkaloid obtained from the 
leaves of Catha edulis; it resembles caffein 
physiologically, though more energetic and 
differing essentially from it. Syn., Kathin. 
2. A bitter principle found by Dragendorff 
in the leaves of Celastrus serratus. 3. A 
substance forming minute white crystals found 
by Wayne in Celastrus scandens. 

Celastrus (sel-as'-trus) [KJjXaarpoc, an evergreen 
tree]. A genus of trees and shrubs, nearly 
allied to Euonymus. C. paniculatus is a 
climbing shrub of India; the oil from the 
seeds (oleum nigrum) is a powerful stimu- 
lant and diaphoretic in gout and fever. C. 
scandens, of North America, is cathartic, 
diuretic, and alterative. C. serratus is a 
native of Abyssinia; the leaves, add-add, 
are used in malaria; they contain tannin, 
a bitter principle, celastrin, and a volatile 
oil. 

Celia (se f -le-ah) [nodca, belly]. 1. The belly; 
the stomach. 2. A ventricle of the brain. 



CELIAC 



255 



CELL 



Celiac {se'-le-ak) [celia]. Abdominal; pertain- 
ing to the belly. C. Artery. Same as 
C. Axis. C. Axis, a branch of the 
abdominal aorta; it divides into the gas- 
tric, hepatic, and splenic arteries. See 
under Artery. C. Ganglion. See Gang- 
lion, Semilunar. C. Plexus, a sympathetic 
nerve-plexus situated about the origin of the 
celiac axis. 

Celiacomesenteric {se-le-ak-o-mez-en-ter' -ik) . 
Relating to the celiac and mesenteric regions. 

Celialgia {se-le-aV -je-ah) [celia; dXjoc, pain]. 
Pain in the abdomen. 

Celian, Celine {se'-le-an, se'-lin). Same as 
Celiac. 

Celianeurysm {se-le-an' -u-rizm) [celia; aveupuo- 
p.a, a widening]. An abdominal aneu- 
rysm. 

Celiectasia (se-le-ek-ta'-ze-ah) [celia; 'inxaocc, 
a stretching-out]. Abnormal distention of 
the abdominal cavity. 

Celiectomy {se-le-ek' -to-me) [celia; inxofirj, a 
cutting]. Excision of an abdominal organ. 

Celiemia {se-le-e' -me-ah) [celia; alp.a, blood]. 
Hyperemia of the abdominal viscera. 

Celiitis, Coeliitis {se-le-i' -tis) [celia; exec, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the abdom- 
inal organs. 

Celiocele, Coeliocele {se' -le-o-sel) [celia; ktjXtj, a 
hernia]. Abdominal hernia. 

Celiodynia, Coeliodynia (se-le-o-din'-e-ah) 
[celia; dduvq, pain]. Pain in the abdomen. 

Celiogastrotomy (se -le - o - gas - trot'- o - me) 
[celia; -faoTTip, stomach; xop.r), cutting]. The 
opening of the stomach through abdominal 
incision. 

Celiohysterectomy (se-le-o-his-ter-ek f -to-me) 
[celia; uoxipa, womb; inxopLTj, a cutting out], 
i. Excision of the uterus through an abdom- 
inal cut. 2. Porro-cesarean section. 

Celiomyitis, Cceliomyitis (se-le-o-mi-i f -tis) 
[celia; fiuc, muscle; exec, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the muscles of the abdomen. 

Celioschisis (se-le-os'-kis-is). Same as Gastros- 
chisis. 

Celioscope (se f -le-o-skop) [ko'cXoc, a hollow; 
oKonelv, to examine]. An apparatus for 
illuminating and inspecting body-cavities. 

Celioscopy, Ccelioscopy (se-le-os'-ko-pe). Kil- 
ling's method of examining the peritoneal 
cavity by filling it with sterile filtered air 
through a hollow needle, plunging a trocar 
through the distended abdominal wall, and 
passing through the trocar a cystoscope by 
means of which the adjacent peritoneal 
surface may be inspected. 

Celiotomy {se-le-of -o-me) [celia; xo/jltj, a cut- 
ting]. Surgical opening of the abdominal 
cavity. 

Cell (set) [celia, a small, hollow cavity], i. 
A granular mass of protoplasm containing 
a nucleus. The typical adult cell consists of 
protoplasm or cell-contents, a nucleus, and, 
within the latter, one or more nucleoli. The 
cell may or may not have a cell-wall. 
The protoplasm consists of two parts — the 
spongio plasm and the hyaloplasm. The 



nucleus is made up of a nuclear membrane, 
nuclear fibrils {chromatin), and nuclear matrix 
(achromatin). The nucleolus is a highly re- 
fracting body the function of which is not 
known. 2. A galvanic element or single 
member of a galvanic battery without the 
connecting wire between the metals. C, 
Acidophil, one which attracts acid dyes. 
Syn., Oxyphil cell. C.s, Adelomorphous, 
epithelial cells composing the chief part of 
the lining of the glands of the stomach, 
particularly the pyloric region. They are 
supposed to secrete pepsinogen. Syn,, Cen- 
tral cell; Peptic cell. C, Adventitial. 1. A 
branched cell peculiar to the perithelium. 
2. A stellate cell of the membrana propria 
of glands. C, Air-. See Air-cell. C.s, 
Amacrine, spongioblasts of the inner nuclear 
layer of the retina; they lack long processes, 
though sometimes axis-cylinder processes are 
given off which may extend into the nerve- 
fiber layer. The bodies of these cells are 
often partly in the inner molecular layer. C, 
Ameboid, a cell capable of changing its 
form and of moving about like an ameba. 
C, Apolar, a nerve-cell without processes. 
C, Beaker-. See C, Goblet-. C, Binary 
Nerve-, two pyriform nerve-cells contained 
in a single sheath and each provided at its 
pointed end with a single nerve-fiber; these 
radiate in opposite directions. C, Bone-. 
See Osteoblast. C, Brush-. See C. of 
Deilers. C.s, Calcigerous. 1. Cells con- 
taining earthy salts found in dentin. 2. Mid- 
ler and Henle's name for the lacunas of bone 
and their canaliculi. C. -capsule, a thick 
or unusually strong cell-wall. C.s, Centro- 
acinar, C.s, Centroacinous, little cellular 
masses found by Robert Langerhans in the 
interstitial connective tissue of the pancreas. 
Syn., Langerhans' islets; Renaufs follicular 
points. C, Chromatophore, a cavity 
directly beneath the epidermis containing 
pigment and changing its shape and color by 
means of attached radiating muscular bands. 
C, Ciliated, one provided with cilia. C, 
Cleavage, a segmentation-cell. C, Col- 
umnar, one of the elongated cells forming 
columnar epithelium. C.s, Commissural. 
Same as C., Heteromeral. C. -cones, the 
cancer-nests of a squamous epithelioma — 
so called from their conic shape. C, Con- 
stant, the galvanic element of a constant 
battery. C. of Corti, any one of the hair- 
cells on the outer surface of the organ of 
Corti. C. -cover, the cuticular layer. C, 
Cover-. See C, Tegmental. C.,Cylindric, a 
variety of epithelial cell shaped like a minia- 
ture cylinder. C, Cytochrome, a nerve-cell 
having a cell-body very small in proportion 
to its nucleus. C, Daughter-, a cell originat- 
ing from the division of the protoplasm of 
a mother-cell. C.s, Decidual, a proliferation 
of young connective-tissue cells above the 
uterine glands taking place after the ovum 
is impregnated. C. of Deiters, one of the 
cells with fine processes resting on the basilar 



CELL 



256 



CELL 



membrane of the cochlea, beneath the air- 
cells; also a neuroglia cell. C.s, Delomor- 
phous, Rollet's name for granular cells 
which stain deeply, occurring next the 
basement-membrane in the glands of the 
stomach in the cardiac region. They are 
supposed to secrete acid. C.s, Demilune, 
granular protoplasmic cells found in mucous 
glands, lying between the mucous cells and 
the basement-membrane. Syn., Cells of 
Gianuzzi. C, Dentin, C, Dentinal, i. An 
odontoblast. 2. One of the lacunas in dentin 
similar to those in bone. 3. One of the 
bodies forming the matrix in dentin. C- 
doctrine, the theory that the cell is the unit 
of organic structure, and that cell-formation 
is the essential process of life and its phenom- 
ena. C, Elementary, an embryonic cell; 
also a leukocyte. C, Embryo, C, Em- 
bryonic, one arising from the division of 
the ovum. Syn., Elementary cell; Forma- 
tive cell; Primary cell; Primitive cell; Pri- 
mordial cell. C.s, Embryoplastic, cells 
originating from the mesoblast and becom- 
ing stellate or fusiform; they comprise the 
fixed connective-tissue corpuscles in developing 
connective tissue. Syn., Fibroplastic bodies 
or cells. C.s, Endothelial, flat cells found 
on the inner surface of vessels and spaces 
that do not communicate directly with the 
external air. C, Epidermic, C, Epithelial. 
See Epithelium. C, Epithelioid, one of 
the flattened cells forming an epithelial or 
endothelial covering in forms of membranous 
connective tissue. C.S, Ethmoid, the cellular 
cavities of the lateral masses of the eth- 
moid bone. Syn., Ethmoid sinuses. C, 
External Ciliated. See C. of Corti. C, 
Fiber-, a cell elongated into a fiber. C, 
Fibrillated. 1. See Heidenhain's Rods. 
2. One of the fibrillated cells lining the 
interlobular ducts of the salivary glands. 
C. -fission, cell-division. C.s, Follicular. 
1. Those of which the membrana granulosa 
is composed. 2. See Sertoli's Columns. 
C.S, Foule's, large cells containing one or 
more nuclei as large as or larger than a red 
blood-corpuscle, with regular or irregular 
outline; they have been supposed to be 
diagnostic of malignant ovarian cysts. C, 
Fusiform, a spindle-cell. C, Ganglion-, 
a large nerve-cell, especially that found in 
the spinal ganglions. C., Giant-, large multi- 
nuclear cells occurring in tuberculosis and 
other infectious granulomas, in bone, in 
giant-cell tumors, etc. C. of Gianuzzi. 
See C.s, Demilune. C.s, Glia-, neu- 
roglia. C. -globulins, Halliburton's name 
for forms of globulin that occur in lymph- 
corpuscles and can be extracted from them 
by solutions of sodium chlorid. C, Goblet-, 
an epithelial cell that has been bulged out 
like a goblet by the presence of mucin. C.S, 
Golgi's, nerve-cells with very short processes 
found in the gray matter of the brain and 
spinal cord. C., Grove, a two-fluid battery 
cell, the fluids being dilute sulfuric and nitric 



acids and the metals immersed in them respec- 
tively zinc and platinum. C . , Hecateromeric , 
C, Hecatomeral, a nerve-cell of the cinerea 
of the spinal cord whose processes divide into 
two, one going to each side of the cord. 
C, Heckle, a prickle-cell. C.s, Heiden- 
hain's. 1. See C.s, Delomorphous. 2. See 
C.s, Adelomorphous. C, Heteromeral, C, 
Heteromeric, a nerve-ceil in the cinerea 
of the spinal cord, the axons of which 
pass through one of the commissures and 
enter the white matter of the other side 
of the cord. Syn., Commissural cell. C, 
Histogenetic Wandering, a migratory con- 
nective-tissue cell or glandular cell; a wan- 
dering cell that is not a leukocyte. C.s, 
Horn-, C.s, Horny, those comprising the 
stratum corneum of the epidermis; they are 
homogeneous cells containing keratin, and are 
modified to form nails, hoofs, hair, etc. C.s, 
Imbricated, those overlapping like roof- 
tiles. C. -islets, the centers of most active 
growth in young cellular tissues. They 
contain the stores of nutriment that are 
gradually dissolved and digested. C.s, v. 
Kolliker's. 1. Little cells of the seminiferous 
tubules which are transformed into spermato- 
zoa. 2. See Myeloplax. C.s, v. Kolliker's 
Tract-, ganglion-cells the axons of which 
pass as longitudinal fibers into the white 
columns of the spinal cord. C.s, Liver-, 
nucleated polyhedral or spheroid cells con- 
taining granules of glycogen and pigment 
and more or less fat, forming the glandular 
substance of the liver. C, Locomotive, 
one endowed with power of movement, 
especially a ciliated cell. C, Lymphoid, a 
small, round, connective-tissue cell containing 
a relatively large nucleus. C.s, Mast-, 
leukocytes containing coarse basophile gran- 
ules. They are occasionally present in the 
peripheral circulation as the result of certain 
pathologic influences, but are totally foreign 
to the normal blood of man. They are 
commonly found in the splenomedullary type 
of leukemia. The granules of the mast-cell 
show an intense affinity for basic anilin 
dyes, toward which they react metachro- 
matically. In view of their distinctive 
behavior toward selective stains for 
mucin, Harris suggests for the mast-cell 
the term mucinoblast. C.s, Medullary. 1. 
Marrow-cells. 2. The' ameboid cells of 
cartilage-bone. C, Mother-, a cell that 
divides its protoplasm and gives each part 
a new cell-wall. C, Motor, a nerve-cell 
generating impulses. C, Mucin-, C, 
Mucous, C, Mucus-, a cell which secretes 
mucus, particularly a kind of salivary cell 
secreting mucus, but no albumin. C- 
multiplication, cytogenesis, a name given 
to the process of reproduction of cells. It 
may be direct, as when a cell constricts and 
cuts off a part of itself, or indirect, when 
the division is preceded by the cycle of 
nuclear changes known as karyokinesis. 
C.s, Muscle-, a general term for cells the 



CELL 



257 



CELL 



substance of which is contractile. C, 
Myeloid, i. See Myeloplax. 2. Applied, 
from its resemblance to a cell of the red 
marrow of bone, to one of the oval multi- 
nuclear cells of myeloid tumors. C, Naked, 
one unprovided with a cell-wall. C. -nests, 
a collection of epithelial cells closely packed 
together and surrounded by a connective- 
tissue stroma. Cell-nests are found in car- 
cinomas. C, Neuroglia, one of the cells of 
the neuroglia; flat, round cells, especially 
numerous about blood-vessels and the pia 
mater. C, Neutrophil. See C, Acidophil. 
C, Nuclear, a nucleated dendritic nerve- 
cell. C, Nucleated, a cell containing one 
or more nuclei. Syn., Karyota. C.s, Oxyntic. 
See C.s, Delomorphous. C, Oxyphil. See 
C. , A cidophil. C.s, Palatine , the cells formed 
by the junction of the palatine and ethmoid 
bones. C.s, Plasma-. 1. (Of Unna.) 
Cubic or rhombic cells, the protoplasm of 
which stains deeply with methylene-blue, 
while the nucleus, which has usually an 
eccentric situation, is readily decolorized 
(by creasote or styrone). They are probably 
derived from lymphocytes, and play an 
important part in inflammatory reactions, 
especially in granulomatous processes. 2. 
(Of Waldeyer.) Nucleated cells of varying 
size and shape, with voluminous, coarsely 
granular protoplasm, found in connective 
tissue, especially about the blood-vessels. 
C. -plate. 1. The equatorial plate in which 
division of the nucleus occurs during karyo- 
kinesis. 2. (Of Strasburger.) The equato- 
rial thickening of the spindle -fibers from 
which the septum arises during the mitosis 
of plant-cells. C. -plate, Subendothelial, a 
small granular cell of unknown function 
occurring in the intima of blood-vessels. 
C, Porous. 1. One containing an opening 
in the side. 2. A porous jar containing one 
of the liquids of a galvanic battery. C, 
Prickle-. See Prickle-cell. C, Primary. 

1. An embryonic cell. 2. Any undifferen- 
tiated cell. C, Protective. See C, Teg- 
mental. C.s, Pseudoplasma, cells found 
in normal human spleen and differing 
from plasma-cells in that they are larger, 
and possess twisted nuclei which do not 
present the characteristic chromatin arrange- 
ment. They appear to be a variety of large 
mononuclear leukocyte, the protoplasm of 
which has become basophilic. C.s, Ran- 
vier's, connective -tissue corpuscles occurring 
in tendon. C, Roof. 1. See C, Tegmental. 

2. One found on the convexity formed by 
the junction of the two rows of arches in 
the organ of Corti. C, Salivary, one of 
those forming the lining of the alveoli of 
the salivary glands. C.,' Sarcogenic, an 
embryonic cell which develops into a mus- 
cular fiber. C, Segmentation. See Blaslo- 
mere. C.s, Sense-, C.s, Sensory, those 
adapted for the reception and transmission 
of sensory impressions. C.s, Sensory Epi- 
thelial, modified epithelial cells in an organ 



of sense connected with the fibrils of the 
nerves of that organ. C, Sensory Nerve-, 
a nerve-cell the axis-cylinder process of which 
is supposed to be continued as a sensory 
nerve. C, Septate, one with a septum 
across its lumen. C, Serous Fat-, a fat- 
cell occurring in emaciated individuals, in 
which the fat is reduced to a few small 
globules and in its place there is a pale 
protoplasm mixed with a mucoid fluid; the 
cell is no longer spheric. C, Simple, one 
which has not undergone differentiation. C, 
Sister-, one formed simultaneously with 
another in the division of a mother-cell. 
C, Sorby Tubercular, for spectroscopic 
examination of blood. It is a narrow-lumen 
glass receptacle made of barometer tubing, 
both ends of which are accurately ground to 
parallel surfaces, one end being cemented 
to a small polished glass plate. C- 
spaces. See Canals of Recklinghausen. C, 
Spider-. See C. of De iters. C, Spindle-, 
a cell having a fusiform shape. C, Spiral 
Fiber-, a motor cell of the heart, having a 
spiral fiber coiled around a larger straight 
one. These separate, after a short distance, 
proceeding in different directions. The cell 
constantly disengages the excitation which 
the spiral fiber transmits to the heart-muscle. 
Syn., Beale's cell; Spiral fiber ganglion-cell. 
C.s, Splanchnic, those of the splanchnic 
layer of the mesoderm. C.s, Squamous, a 
variety of epithelial cells found on the surface 
of the skin and certain mucous membranes 
and. characterized by their scale-like flatness. 
C. -stations, cells in the sympathetic gan- 
glion around which the nerve -fibers arborize. 
C., Sterile, one occurring in a reproductive 
organ, but not participating in reproductive 
processes. C.s, Stilling's, groups of multi- 
polar cells near the gray commissure in the 
posterior cornua of the cervical and lumbar 
spinal cord. They correspond to Clarke's 
vesicular column. C.s, Stroma, those form- 
ing the mass of an organ. C, Swarm, a 
naked ciliated cell. C., Sympathetic, a 
nerve-cell of the sympathetic nervous system 
as distinguished from one of the cerebrospinal 
system. C, Tapetal, C, Tapetum, one 
which forms or aids others in forming an 
investment over an organ. C, Tegmental, 
one covering and protecting another cell of 
special function, as, e. g., those forming 
the outer layer of the taste-buds. Syn., 
Cover-cell. C, Twin, a single cell resulting 
from the fusion of two cells. C, Two- 
fluid, a galvanic element in which two fluids 
are used. C, Vasofactive, C, Vasoforma- 
tive, a cell that anastomoses with other 
similar cells so as to form blood-vessels. 
C.s, Vortex, Meyer's term for cortex cells 
which show a peculiar whorl-like and very 
regular arrangement of the chromophilic 
material. C.-wall, the membrane surround- 
ing a cell. C, Wandering, a leukocyte. C, 
Whip-, a cell furnished with flagella. C, 
Zinc-carbon, a galvanic cell in which zinc 



CELLOIDIN 



258 



CENTER 



and carbon are the two elements employed. 
C, Zinc-copper, a galvanic cell in which 
zinc and copper are the elements employed. 

Celloidin (sel-oid' -in) [cell; eldoc, form]. A 
concentrated form of collodion for use in 
embedding objects for histologic purposes. 

Cellular (sel'-u-lar) [cell]. Relating to or com- 
posed of cells. C. Pathology. See Pathol- 
ogy, Cellular. 

Cellule (sel'-ul) [cellula, a small cell]. A small 
cell. 

Cellulic {sel'-u-lik). Relating to cells; derived 
from cell-walls by action of acids or alkalis. 

Cellulicidal {sel-u-lis' -id-al) [cellule; ccedere, to 
kill]. Destructive to cells. 

Cellulifugal {sel-u-li}' -u-gal) [cellule; fugere,^ to 
flee]. Pertaining to the transmission of im- 
pulses from a nerve-cell. 

Cellulipetal {sel-u-lip f -e-tal) [cellule; petere, to 
seek]. Relating to the transmission of im- 
pulses toward a nerve -cell. 

Cellulitis (sel-u-li' -tis) [cellule; exec, inflam- 
mation]. A diffuse inflammation of cellular 
tissue. Syn., Ethmyphytis. C, Ischiorec- 
tal, inflammation of the cellular tissue lying 
below the anal levator muscle or anal fascia. 
C, Pelvic. See Parametritis. C, Pneu- 
mococcous, that due to the invasion of pneu- 
mococci. 

Celluloadipose (sel-u-lo-ad'-ip-oz). Relating 
to loose connective tissue containing fat-cells. 

Cellulocutaneous {sel-u-lo-ku-ta' -ne-us) [cel- 
lule; cutis, skin]. Relating to cellular tissue 
and the skin. 

Cellulofibrinous (sel-u-lo-fi' -brin-us) . Both cel- 
lular and fibrinous. 

Cellulosa (sel-u-lo'-sah) [L.]. A cellular coat. 
C. chorioideae, the external layer of the 
choroid coat of the eye. 

Cellulose (sel'-u-los) [cellule], C^H^Ok,. Wood- 
fiber; lignose, the principal ingredient of the 
cell-membranes of all plants. It is a white, 
amorphous mass, insoluble in most of the 
usual solvents. C, Reagent for. See 
Schultze, Schweitzer. 

Cellulosity (sel-u-los'-e-te). The condition of 
being cellular. 

Celom, Celoma (se'-lom, se-lo'-maK) [KoiAcofia, 
a cavity]. The embryonic body -cavity. 

Celosis (se-lo'-sis) [ko'cXoc, hollow]. The 
formation of any cavity. C, Endocytic, 
the formation of a cavity within a cell. C, 
Paracytic, the formation of a cavity between 
cells. 

Celosoma (se-lo-so'-mah) [ko'cXoc, hollow: oajfia, 
the body]. A species of single autositic mon- 
sters characterized by more or less extensive 
body-cleft, with eventration, associated with 
various anomalies of the extremities, of the 
genitourinary apparatus, of the intestinal 
tract, and even of the whole trunk. 

Celotomy (se-lot'-o-me) [ktjXtj, hernia; revive cv, 
to cut]. The operation for strangulated 
hernia by incision of the stricture. 

Celsus'Area. Alopecia areata. C.'s Chancre, 
the soft chancre or chancroid. C.'s Kerion, 
suppurating ringworm, a pustular inflamma- 



tion of the hair -follicles of the scalp in tinea 
tonsurans. C.'s Papules, a form of acute 
papular eczema (lichen agrius). 

Cement (sem'-ent) [ccementum, a rough stone]. 
i. Any plastic material capable of becoming 
hard and of binding together the objects that 
are contiguous to it. 2. Filling-material for 
the teeth; the crusta petrosa of the teeth. 
C.-substance, the substance holding together 
the endothelial cells of the intima of blood- 
vessels. 

Cementation (sem-en-ta' -shun) [cement]. 1. 
A process of causing a chemic change 
in a substance by surrounding it with the 
powder of other substances and exposing 
the whole to red heat in a closed vessel for 
a length of time. 2. In biology, the con- 
crescence of hyphae. 

Cementum (se-ment'-um). A layer of bone 
developed by ossification of the dental fol- 
licle over the root of the tooth. It differs 
from ordinary bone by the greater number 
of Sharpey's fibers in it. Its development 
begins on the milk-teeth during the fifth 
month. 

Cenadelphus, Ccenadelphus {sen-a-del' -}us) 
[kocvoc, common; ddeX^oc, a brother]. A 
double monster with the halves equally de- 
veloped or having one or more vital organs 
in common. 

Cenencephalocele (sen-en-sef -al-o-sel). See 
Kenencephalocele. 

Cenesthesia (sen-es-the'-ze-ah). See Kenes- 
thesia. 

Cenesthesis (sen-es-the' '-sis) . See Kenesthesis. 

Cenosis (sen-o'-sis). See Kenosis. 

Cenotic (sen-ot'-ik). See Kenotic. 

Centaurea {sen-taw' -re-ah) [nhzaupoc, centaur]. 
A genus of composite-flowered herbs. See 
Carduus. 

Centaury {sen' -taw-re) [centaurea]. A popular 
name for various plants of the genera Cen- 
taurea, Erythrcea, Sabbatia, Chlora, etc., 
especially Erythrcea centaurium, which is 
used as a simple, bitter tonic. Dose ^-1 
dr. (2-4 Cc.) in decoction several times a day. 
Unof. 

Center (sen'-ter) [centrum, the center]. 1. The 
middle point of any surface or of a body. 
2. The ganglion or plexus whence issue the 
nerves controlling a function. C, Accel- 
erating, a center in the medulla sending 
accelerating fibers to the heart. These leave 
the cord through the branches of communica- 
tion of the lower cervical and upper six dorsal 
nerves, passing thence into the sympathetic. 
C, Anovesical, one in the spinal cord near 
the point of origin of the third and fourth 
sacral nerves. Incontinence of urine and 
feces is due to paralysis of this center. C, 
Arm, the cortical center controlling the 
movement of the arm, supposed to be in the 
cortex occupying the middle third of the 
anterior and posterior central gyri as well 
as the base of the superior and middle frontal 
gyri. C, Articulate Language, the speech- 
coordinating center, which is supposed to 



CENTER 



259 



CENTER 



include Broca's gyrus, the anterior gyri of 
the insula, the intervening cortical area, the 
supramarginal gyrus, the first temporal 
gyrus, and the angular gyrus. C, Auditory, 
a center in the first temporosphenoid con- 
volution upon each side. C, Broca's. 
See C, Speech. C, Cardiac, i. One in the 
lower cervical and upper dorsal portions of 
the spinal cord which controls the move- 
ments of the heart. 2. That portion of the 
oblongata embracing" the cardioaccelerator 
and cardioinhibitory centers. C, Cardio- 
accelerator, that of the spinal cord which 
through the cardiac nerves and plexus sends 
impulses to the heart, causing it to beat 
more rapidly. These impulses are not con- 
stantly emitted, as are the inhibitory im- 
pulses which travel by the pneumogastric. 
C, Cardioinhibitory, in the medulla, 
efferent impulses being carried by the 
vagus. C, Cerebral Inspiratory, one said 
to exist in the thalamus, which by direct 
stimulation causes deeper and more rapid 
inspirations. C, Cerebrospinal, the cere- 
brospinal axis. C, Ciliospinal, connected 
with the dilation of the pupil; it is in the 
lower cervical part of the cord, and extends 
downward from the first to the third 
dorsal. C, Color, a center for perception 
of colors, said to be situated in the occipital 
cortex anterior to the apical region. C, 
Convulsional, a hypothetic center said to 
lie in the floor of the fourth ventricle. C, 
Coordinating, the cerebellum, the ganglions 
at the base of the brain, and in some degree 
the cinerea of the spinal cord, are regarded 
as controlling coordination. C, Cortical, 
the parts of the cerebral cortex concerned 
in motor, sensory, and psychic functions. C, 
Coughing, in the medulla, above the inspi- 
ratory center. C, Deglutition. See C., 
Swallowing. C, Deputy, a secondary gan- 
glion-cell in the spinal cord; also a nucleus 
of one of the cranial nerves. C, Diabetic, 
in the posterior part of the anterior half of 
the floor of the fourth ventricle, in the median 
line. C, Erection. See C, Genitourinary. 
C, Excitomotor, the sensitive centers of 
the brain considered as one; these are the 
crura, the pons, the oblongata, the deeper 
parts of the cerebellum, and the corpora 
quadrigemina. C.s, Facial Movement, one 
in the ascending frontal gyrus and one in 
the angular gyrus. C, Genitourinary, 
one in the lumbar portion of the spinal 
cord, but controlled from the medulla, 
controlling erection of the penis and emis- 
sion of semen. C, Glycogenic, the 
diabetic center. C, Half -vision, one in 
the apex of the occipital lobe, receiving im- 
pressions from corresponding halves of the 
two retinas. C, Head and Neck Move- 
ment, one in the posterior end of the second 
frontal gyrus and in the corresponding part 
of the first frontal gyrus. C, Heat-regu- 
lating, C, Temperature, the center for the 
control of body-temperature. See C, Ther- 



motaxic. C, Higher Visual, one regarded 
as lying in the angular gyrus, in which there 
is effected a combination of the impressions 
received from the half-vision centers, making 
a complete image. C, Hitzig's, a center 
in the supramarginal gyrus which is supposed 
to govern the voluntary movements of the 
eyeballs. C.s of Inhibition, C.s, Inhibitory. 
See C.s 0} Moderation. C., Inspiratory. 
1. A reflex center in the oblongata forming 
part of the respiratory center. 2. See C, 
Cerebral Inspiratory. 3. A reflex center in 
the postgeminum. C, Intracardiac, three 
small nerve-ganglions connected with the 
cardiac plexus, to which is due the automatic 
beating of the heart after separation from 
the body. C, Kinesthetic, one in the third 
left frontal convolution presiding over the 
motor element in speech. C, Laryngeal 
Cortical, one in the posterior end of the 
inferior frontal gyrus. C, Leg, one in the 
upper portion of the ascending frontal con- 
volution. C. for Mastication and Suck- 
ing, one in the medulla. C, Median (of 
Luys) . See Nucleus of Luys. C . , Medullary. 
1. The interior white matter of the cerebral 
hemispheres. 2. See C, Neural. C.s of 
Moderation, C.s, Moderator, nervous cen- 
ters in the spinal cord and the cerebral 
peduncle which restrain, generally by reflex 
action, various functions of the body. C, 
Motor, a nervous center controlling motion. 
C, Musculotonic, that which is continually 
discharging impulses which keep the muscular 
system in a condition of slight contraction. 
It is regarded by some as a special center 
of the cord, but it is questionable whether 
this condition is attributable to any special 
center rather than to the action of all 
those cells whose function it is to send 
out motor impulses. C, Nerve-, C, Ner- 
vous, any group of nerve -cells acting in 
unison for the performance of some func- 
tion. C, Neural, in the embryo, that part 
of the epiblast ultimately developing into 
the brain and spinal cord. C, Nutrition. 
See C, Trophic. C, Olfactory, probably 
in the hippocampal region of the temporal 
lobe. C, Opisthotic, the center of ossifica- 
tion of petrous bone. Huxley's name for 
the part of the periotic cartilage surrounding 
the fenestra rotunda and the cochlea. C. 
of Ossification, the place in bones at which 
ossification begins. C, Parenchymatous 
Nerve-, Korner's name for a nerve-cell 
existing in the substance of an organ and 
controlling its action. C, Parturition, in 
the spinal cord, at the level of the first and 
second lumbar vertebras. C, Peristaltic, 
one in the oblongata controlling peristalsis. 
C, Phonation. See C, Laryngeal Cortical. 
C, Psychomotor, that portion of the cortex 
from which motor impulses originate. C, 
Psychosmic, the olfactory center. C, 
Reflex, any nerve-cell or group of cells in 
the brain, cord, or ganglionic system which 
receives an impression through centripetal 



CENTERING 



260 



CENTRODORSAL 



nerve-fibers and transforms it into an impulse 
which is transmitted through centrifugal 
nerve-fibers. C, Respiratory, in the me- 
dulla, between the nuclei of the vagus and 
accessorius. C. for Secretion of Saliva, 
on the floor of the fourth ventricle. C, 
Setschenow's, a hypothetic reflex-inhibitory 
center in the brain; in the frog it is located 
in the optic lobes. C, Sneezing, in the 
medulla. C, Spasm, in the medulla, at its 
junction with the pons. C, Speech, in the 
third left frontal convolution in right-handed 
people; probably the island of Reil has some 
influence also. C, Sudoral. See C, Sweat. 
C, Supreme, Spitzka's name for the cortical 
centers of the brain as a whole. C, Swal- 
lowing, on the floor of the fourth ventricle. 
C, Sweat, the dominating center is in the 
medulla, with subordinate centers in the 
spinal cord. C, Tactile, one for the sense 
of touch, located by Ferrier in the hippo- 
campus and the gyrus hippocampus. C, 
Thermal Cortical, one discovered in the 
cerebral cortex of the dog, stimulation of 
which caused a change in the temperature 
of the opposite limbs. C, Thermoexcito-, 
C, Thermogenic, i. A hypothetic center 
of the cord concerned in the changes in 
body -temperature. 2. The mesial portion 
of the striatum and the parts directly beneath 
it. C, Thermotaxic, six heat-regulating 
cerebral centers; of the four principal centers, 
one is located in the caudatum, one in the 
subjacent cinerea, one in the cinerea surround- 
ing the most anterior portion of the third 
ventricle, and one at the anterior inner 
extremity of the thalamus. C, Trophic, a 
nerve-center regulating nutrition. C, Upper, 
for Dilator pupillae, in the medulla. C.s, 
Vascular, C.s, Vasoconstrictor, centers in 
the cord controlling the contractility of the 
smaller blood-vessels. C, Vasodilator, in 
the medulla. C, Vasomotor, in the me- 
dulla. C, Visual, in the occipital lobe, 
especially in the cuneus. C, Vomiting, 
an area in the oblongata concerned in the 
reflex act of vomiting; stimulation of the 
terminal filaments of the vagi excites its 
action. C, Winking, the reflex center con- 
cerned in winking, situated in the oblongata. 
C.s, Word-. 1. One in the left superior 
temporosphenoid gyrus controlling the per- 
ception of words heard. 2. A center in the 
posterior part of the left parietal lobe 
and one in the second left frontal gyrus gov- 
erning the perception of printed or written 
words. 

Centering {sen'-ter-ing) [center]. In micro- 
scopy, the arrangement of an object or an 
accessory so that its center coincides with 
the optic axis of the microscope. In optics, 
having the pupil and the optic center of the 
refracting lens in the same axis. 

Centesimal {sen-tes' -im-al) [centum, a hundred]. 
In the proportion of 1 to 100. 

Centesis {sen-te' -sis) [nevT-qocc, a pricking]. 
Puncture; perforation. 



Centi- (sen-ti-) [centum]. A prefix meaning 
one hundred. 

Centifidous {sen-tif -id-us) [centi-; findere, to 
split]. Cleft into many or 100 parts. 

Centigrade {sen'-te-grdd) [centi-; gradus, 
sl step]. Having 100 divisions or degrees. 
Abbreviation, C. C. Thermometer, a ther- 
mometer with zero as the freezing-point 
and ioo° as the boiling-point of water. 
See under Thermometer. 

Centigram {sen' -te -gram) [centi-; ypdufxa, a 
small weight]. The hundredth part of a gram, 
equal to 0.154328 grain troy. 

Centiliter {sen' -til-e-ter) [centi-; X'apa, a 
pound]. The hundredth part of a liter, 
equal to 0.6102 of a cubic inch. 

Centimeter {sen' -tim-e-ter) [centi-; fxkxpov, a 
measure]. The hundredth part of a meter, 
equal to 0.3937 ( or about -f) of an inch. 

Centinormal {sen-te-nor'-mal) [centi-; norma, 
normal]. The t ^q °f the normal; applied 
to a solution the t ^q of the strength of a 
normal solution. 

Centrad {sen' -trad) [centrum; ad, to]. Toward 
the center, or toward the median line. 

Central {sen'-tral) [centrum]. Relating to the 
center; passing through the center. C. 
Artery, an artery in the optic nerve and 
retina; it passes to the optic papilla and then 
divides. See under Artery. C. Ganglions, the 
corpora striata and optic thalami. C. Liga- 
ment, the terminal filum of the spinal cord. 
C. Lobe, the island of Reil. 

Centrality {sen-tral'-it-e). Applied to the con- 
dition of nervous phenomena originating in 
the central nervous system and not in the 
peripheral nerves. 

Centraphose, Centrophose {sen'-trah-fos, sen'- 
tro-foz). See under Phose. 

Centric {sen'-trik) [centrum]. Relating to a 
center, especially to a nerve-center. 

Centrifugal {sen-lrif -u-gal) [centrum; fugere, 
to flee]. Receding from the center to the 
periphery. C. Machine, one by which tubes 
of liquid are rapidly revolved for the pur- 
pose of driving particles floating in the 
liquid to the distal ends of the tubes. 

Centrifugalization {sen-trif-u-gal-iz-a' -shun) 
[see Centrifugal]. The use of a centrifuge. 

Centrifuge {sen' -trif-uf) [see Centrifugal]. A 
centrifugal machine; an apparatus for separ- 
ating substances by centrifugal force. 

Centriole {sen' -tre-ol) [centrum]. Boveri's term 
for a minute body, central horn, contained 
within the centrosome; in some cases it is 
not distinguishable from the latter. 

Centripetal {sen-trip' -et-al) [centrum; petere, 
to seek]. Traveling toward the center from 

- the periphery. 

Centro- {sen-tro-) [centrum]. A prefix meaning 
central. 

Centrodesmus {sen-tro-des'-mus) [centro-; 
deofioc, a band]. Heidenhain's term for the 
band primarily connecting the centrosomes 
and giving rise to the central spindle. 

Centrodorsal {sen-tro-dor' -sal) . Pertaining to 
the central dorsal region. 



CENTROLECITHAL 



261 



CEPHALOPAGUS 



Centrolecithal (sen-tro-les' -ith-al) [centro-; 
U/aOof, yolk]. In embryology, having the 
food-yolk located centrally. 

Centrosclerosis, Centroosteosclerosis (sen- 
tr o -skier -o' -sis, sen-tr o-os-te-o -skier -o' -sis) [cen- 
tro-; sclerosis]. Osteosclerosis of the central 
cavities of bones. 

Centrosome (scn'-tro-som) [centro-; aoj/xa, 
body]. i. A highly refractive body lying 
in the protoplasm of the ovum and other 
cells, and taking an active part in cell- 
division. Syn., Pole-capsule. 2. An or- 
gan of the cell, usually diminutive, lying 
within the nucleus or near by in the 
cytoreticulum. It is regarded as the espe- 
cial organ of cell-division, and in this sense 
as the dynamic center of the cell. Syn., 
Attraction-particle; Daughter -periplast; Polar 
corpuscle. C.s, Quadrille of, the conjuga- 
tion of paternal with maternal centrosomes, 
based upon the view that each germ -cell con- 
tributes a centrosome that divides into two 
daughter-centrosomes. Syn., Quadrille of 
centers. 

Centrosphere (sen'-tro-sfer). See Sphere 0} At- 
traction. 

Centrostaltic (sen-tro-stal f -tik) [centro-; oxalate, 
constriction]. Relating to the action of ner- 
vous force in a spinal center. C. Motion, the 
motion of nervous force in the spinal center. 

Centrum (sen'-trum) [L.]. 1. The center or 
middle 'part; the body of a vertebra, exclu- 
sive of the bases of the neural arches. 2. A 
spine; a pointed projection. C. cinereum, 
the gray commissure of the spinal cord. C. 
commune, the solar plexus. C. geminum, 
the capsula. C. ovale majus, the large 
mass of white matter appearing when either 
of the cerebral hemispheres is cut down to 
the level of the corpus callosum. C. ovale 
minus, the white matter appearing when 
the upper part of a hemisphere of the brain 
is removed. C. ovale vieussenii, the cen- 
tral white matter seen on making a section 
of the brain at the level of the upper surface 
of the callosum. Syn., Centrum medullar e; 
Centrum ovale majus ct minus; Centrum 
semiovale vieussenii; Centrum ovale 0} Vicq 
d'Azyr; Medulla; Tegmentum ventriculorum. 
C. rubrum. See Nucleus tegmenta. 

Cephaelin (sef-a'-el-in). See Emetin. 

Cephaelis (sef-a'-cl-is). See Ipecacuanha. 

Cephal- (sef-al-). See Cephalo-. 

Cephalad (sef'-al-ad) [cephal-; ad, to]. Toward 
the head. 

Cephalalgia (sef-al-aV-je-ah) [cephal-; aXyoc, 
pain]. Headache. 

Cephalanthus (scf-al-an'-thus) [cephal-; avQog, 
a flower]. . A genus of rubiaceous plants. 
C. occidentalis is the button-bush or crane- 
willow of North America; its bitter bark is 
laxative and tonic and is used in periodic 
fevers and paralysis. The bark contains 
ccphalin, cephaletin, and a toxic principle 
cephalanthin, which, according to Mohrberg, 
causes destruction of the red blood-cor- 
puscles, vomiting, convulsions, and paralysis. 



Cephaledema, Cephalcedema {sef-al-e-de'- 
mah) [cephal-; oede'ev, to swell]. Edema of 
the head; cerebral edema. 

Cephalhematocele {sef-al-hem-af -o-seT) [ceph- 
al-; hematocele]. A hematocele situated 
beneath the scalp, and communicating with 
a dural sinus. C., Stromeyer's, subperi- 
osteal cephalhematoma, communicating with 
veins and becoming tensely filled during 
strong expiratory efforts. 

Cephalhematoma (sef - al - hem -at-o' - mah) 
[cephal-; hematoma]. 1. A collection of 
blood beneath the pericranium, forming a 
tumor-like swelling. 2. Caput succedaneum. 
C, External, an effusion between the 
pericranium and the skull. C, Internal, 
an effusion between the dura and the 
skull. 

Cephalic (sef-aV-ik) [Kecfyali), head]. 1. Per- 
taining to the head. 2. Any remedy for 
headache. C. Index. See Index, Cephalic. 
C. Version. See Version, Cephalic. 

Cephalitis (sef-al-i'-tis). See Encephalitis. C. 
aegyptiaca, an epidemic form of encephalitis 
occurring in Egypt during the hot winds of 
early summer. C. littriana, inflammation of 
the epiphyses. C. meningica, meningitis. 
C. nervosa, pertussis. 

Cephalo- (sef-al-o-). A prefix denoting relating 
to the head. 

Cephaloclasia (sef-al-o-kla'-ze-ah). See Ceph- 
alotripsy. 

Cephalodynia (sef-al-o-din'-e-ah) [cephalo-; 
douvrj, pain]. Rheumatism affecting the oc- 
cipitofrontalis muscle, the pain being chiefly 
experienced in the forehead or occiput, and 
at times involving the eyeballs. 

Cephalogaster (sef-al-o-gas'-ter) [cephalo-; 
yaazrjp, stomach]. The anterior division of 
the enteric canal, as in certain parasitic 
worms, where it is continued into a second 
division, the typhlosole. 

Cephalohemometer (sef-al-o-hcm-om' -et-er) 
[cephalo-; al/ia, blood; uirpov, a measure]. 
An instrument for noting changes in the intra- 
cranial blood-pressure. 

Cephalology (sef-al-ol'-o-je) [cephalo-; Xbyog, 
science]. The science of cranial measure- 
ments and indications. 

Cephalomelus (sef-al-om'-el-us) [cephalo-; 
fiiAoc, a part]. A form of double monster 
in which there is a supernumerary limb at- 
tached to the head. 

Cephalomenia (sef-al-o-mc'-ne-ah) [cephalo-; 
firjv, a month]. Vicarious menstruation 
through the nose. 

Cephalometer (sef-al-om' -et-er) [cephalo-; 
ptirpov, a measure]. An instrument for meas- 
uring the head. 

Cephalomyitis (sef-al-o-mi-i f -tis) [cephalo-; 
fide, a muscle; tuc, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the muscles of the head. 

Cephalonia (sef-al-o' -ne-ah) [Ke(f>aXr), head]. 
Macrocephaly with hypertrophy of the brain. 

Cephalopagus (sef-al-op'-ag-us) [cephalo-; 
Kayetc, joined]. A double monstrosity having 
the heads united at the top. 



CEPHALOPHARYNGEUS 



262 



CEREBRIN 



Cephalopharyngeus (sef-al-o-far-in'-je-us). i. 
Relating to the head and pharynx. 2. See 
under Muscle. 

Cephaloplegia (sef-al-o-ple f -je-ah) [cephalo-; 
7tXr)fT), a stroke]. Paralysis of the muscles 
about the head and face. 

Cephalorachidian (sef-al-o-rak-id'-e-an). Same 
as Cerebrospinal. 

Cephaloscopy {sef-al-os' -ko-pe) [cephalo-; 
onoTielv, to examine]. 1. Auscultation of the 
head. 2. Examination of the head with a 
view to ascertaining the condition of the 
mental faculties. 

Cephalothoracopagus (sef-al-o-tho-rak-op'-ag- 
us) [cephalo-; dd>pa£, thorax; nafecc, joined]. 
A double-headed monster with united thoraxes 
and necks. These monsters are divided by 
Veit into prosopothoracopagus and synce- 
phalus. 

Cephalotomy {sef-al-ot'-o-me) [cephalo-; to/it), 
section]. The opening or division of the head 
of the fetus to facilitate labor. 

Cephalotribe {se}' -al-o-trlb) [cephalo-; rpcfiscv, 
to crush]. An instrument for crushing the 
fetal head. 

Cephalotridymus (sef-al-o-trid' -im-us) [ceph- 
alo-; rptdu/xoc, triple]. A three-headed mon- 
ster. 

Cephalotripsy (sef ' -al-o-trip-se) [cephalo-; 
rp~c(!)cc, a crushing]. The operation of crush- 
ing the fetal head when delivery is other- 
wise impossible. 

Cephalotrypesis {sef-al-o-tri-pe'-sis) [cephalo-; 
Tpun-qocc;, a boring]. A trephining of the 
skull. 

Ceptor {sep'-tor) [capere, to take]. A term 
suggested by Ehrlich in place of intermediary 
body. According to the manner of action he 
distinguishes uniceptors and amboceptors. 

Cera (se'-rah) [L.]. Wax. A mixture of cero- 
tic acid, cerolein, and myricin, gathered by 
the honey-bee from the pollen of flowers and 
the leaves of plants. C. alba (U. S. P.), white 
wax, prepared by bleaching yellow wax. It 
is valuable as an ingredient of cerates and 
ointments. C. flava (U. S. P.), yellow wax: 
it possesses an agreeable balsamic odor, 
and is soluble in ether, in hot alcohol, and in 
chloroform. 

Cerasin {ser'-as-in) [cerasus, a cherry-tree]. 1. 
An ingredient of the gum of cherry-, peach-, 
and plum-trees, apparently identical with 
bassorin. 2. A crude precipitate from tinc- 
ture of choke-cherry. 

Cerate {se'-rat) [cera]. In pharmacy, an unc- 
tuous preparation consisting of wax mixed 
with oils, fatty substances, or resins, and of 
such a consistence that at ordinary tempera- 
tures it can be readily spread upon linen or 
muslin, and yet is so firm that it will 
not melt or run when applied to the skin. 
C, Camphor. See Camphor Cerate. 
C, Cantharides. See Cantharides Cer- 
ate. C.,- Goulard's. See Goulard's Cerate. 
C. of Lead Subacetate. See Goulard's 
Cerate. C, Rosin. See Rosin Cerate. C, 
Rosin, Compound. See Rosin Cerate, 



Compound. C, Touch, a lubricant used 
in vaginal inspection, consisting of sper- 
maceti, white wax, and caustic soda, each, 1 
part; olive-oil, 16 parts. Syn., Ceratum pro- 
tactu. 

Cerated [se'-ra-ted) [cera]. Coated with wax. 

Cerato- (ser-at-o-). See Kerato-. 

Ceratonia {ser-at-o' -ne-ah) [Ksparcovm]. 1. A 
genus of leguminous trees. 2. The fruit of 
C. siliqua, the carob-tree, a native of 
the regions about the Mediterranean. The 
falcate, fleshy pods, called carob-pods, sugar- 
pods, and St. John's bread, are demul- 
cent and pectoral and contain carobin, caro- 
bone, and carobic acid. They are used as 
food and form the chief constituent of much 
of the patented food for cattle. The seeds 
are used as a substitute for coffee. 

Ceratum {se'-ra-tum). See Cerate. 

Cercomonad (ser-kom'-o-nad). A member of 
the genus Cercomonas. 

Cercomonas {ser-kom'-o-nas) [nkpnoc;, tail; 
fiovac, monad]. A genus of flagellate infu- 
sorians. C. intestinalis, a protozoon, occa- 
sionally found in the fecal discharges of pa- 
tients suffering with typhoid fever, chronic 
diarrhea, or cholera. Its pathologic signifi- 
cance has not yet been ascertained. 

Cerea flexibilitas {se'-re-ah fleks-ib-il'-il-as). 
That condition of muscular tension in the 
insane in which the limbs may be molded 
into any position. 

Cereal {se'-re-al) [Ceres, the goddess of agri- 
culture]. 1. Relating to edible grains. 2. 
Any edible grain. 

Cerealin [se-re'-al-in). An enzym converting 
starch into glucose, isolated from brain- 
extract. 

Cerebellar (ser-e-bel'-ar) [cerebrum]. Relating to 
the cerebellum. C. Tonsil. See Amygdala (2). 

Cerebellifugal {ser-e-bel-i]' -u-gal) [cerebrum; 
fugere, to flee]. Tending from the cerebrum. 

Cerebellipetal {ser-e-bel-ip'-e-tal) [cerebrum; 
petere, to seek]. Tending toward the cere- 
brum. 

Cerebellum {ser-e-bel f -um) [dim. of cerebrum]. 
The inferior part of the brain lying below 
the cerebrum and above the pons and me- 
dulla. It consists of two lateral lobes and a 
middle lobe. 

Cerebral (ser'-e-bral) [cerebrum]. Relating to 
the cerebrum. C. Fornix. See Fornix, Cere- 
bral. C. Gyri, the convolutions of the brain. 
C. Index. See Index, Cerebral. C. Pneumo- 
nia. See Pneumonia, Cerebral. C. Ves- 
icles, the embryonic vesicles from which the 
brain is developed. 

Cerebrasthenia (ser-e-bras-the' '-ne-ah) [cere- 
brum; asthenia]. Cerebral asthenia; cere- 
bral neurasthenia. 

Cerebration {ser-e-bra'-shun) [cerebrum]. Men- 
tal activity. C, Unconscious, mental activ- 
ity of which the subject is not conscious. 

Cerebriform {ser-e' -bre-form) . See Cerebroid. 

Cerebrin {ser' -e-brin) [cerebrum]. 1. C^Hgg- 
N0 3 . A nitrogenous glucosid obtained 
from brain-tissue, nerves, and pus-corpuscles. 



CEREBRITIS 



263 



CERUSE 



It is a light, colorless, exceedingly hygro- 
scopic powder. 2. A preparation from the 
gray matter of the brain of sheep and calves, 
made with equal parts of glycerol and 0.5 % 
of phenol solution. It has been used in 
chorea. Dose 5-10 min. (0.3-0.6 Cc). Syn., 
Cerebrin-alpha; Cerebrinin. 3. A proprietary 
antineuralgic elixir, said to contain anal- 
gesin, ether, caffein, and cocain. 

Cerebritis {ser-e-bri'-tis) [cerebrum; tree, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the proper 
substance of the cerebrum. C, Local, soft- 
ening of the brain. 

Cerebro- (se-re-bro-) [cerebrum]. A prefix denot- 
ing relating to the cerebrum. 

Cerebrocardiac (ser-e-bro-kar' '-de-ak) [cerebro-; 
napd'ca, the heart]. Applied to diseases charac- 
terized by both cerebral and cardiac symptoms. 

Cerebroid (ser'-e-broid) [cerebro-; eWoc, like- 
ness]. Resembling brain-substance. 

Cerebrology {ser-e-brol'-o-je) [cerebro-; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science of the brain; enceph- 
alology. 

Cerebromalacia {ser-e-bro-mal-a'-se-ah) [cere- 
bro-; ualaKia, softness]. Softening of the 
brain tissue. 

Cerebrometer {ser-e-brom' -et-er) [cerebro- ; 
jxkxpov, a measure]. An instrument for re- 
cording cerebral impulses. 

Cerebroolein (ser-e-bro-o f -le-in). A compound 
of olein and lecithin forming a yellow oil; 
it is obtained from brain tissue. 

Cerebropathy (ser-e-brop'-a-the) [cerebro-; 
nadoc-, illness]. 1. A train of symptoms 
following overwork, and approaching the 
character of insanity. 2. Cerebral disease 
in general. C, Psychic, mental disease 
resulting from primary lesion of the brain 
or spinal cord, but presenting distinct symp- 
toms of its own. 

Cerebropontile {ser-e-bro-pon'-tiT). Relating 
to the cerebrum and pons. 

Cerebroscopy {ser-e-bros'-ko-pe) [cerebro-; 
oKone'cv, to inspect]. 1. Bouchut's term for 
ophthalmoscopy employed by neurologists. 
2. Encephaloscopy. 

Cerebrose {ser'-e-bros) [cerebrum], C 6 H 12 2 . A 
crystallized sugar isomeric with glucose, oc- 
curring in brain tissue. 

Cerebrosid {ser'-e-bro-sid) [cerebrum]. One of 
a class of substances occurring in brain tissue, 
containing cerebrose, just as glucosids contain 
glucose. 

Cerebrospinal (ser-e-bro-spi'-nal) [cerebro- ; 
spina, the spine]. Pertaining to the brain 
and spinal cord. C. Axis. See Axis, 
Cerebrospinal. C. Fluid, the fluid between 
the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. 
C. Meningitis. See Fever, Cerebrospinal. 
C. System, the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. 

Cerebrosuria {ser-e-bro-su' -re-ah). The pres- 
ence of cerebrose in the urine ; cerebral diabetes. 

Cerebrum (ser f -e-brum) [L.]. The chief 
portion of the brain, occupying the whole 
upper part of the cranium, and consisting of 
the right and left hemispheres. C. abdom- 
inale, the solar plexus. C. exsiccatum, 



the dried and powdered gray substance of 
the brain of calves; one part represents five 
parts of the fresh organ. Dose 30-60 gr. 
(2-4 Gm.) a day. C. posterius, the cere- 
bellum. 

Cerecloth (ser'-Moth) [cera]. Cloth impreg- 
nated with wax and rendered antiseptic; used 
as a dressing for wounds. 

Cereus (se'-re-us) [L., "a wax candle"]. A 
genus of cactaceous plants. C. grandi- 
florus. See Cactus grandiflorus. 

Cerevisia (ser-e-vis'-e-ah). See Cervisia. 

Cerevisin {ser-e-vis'-in). Dried yeast used 
internally in furunculosis (dose 1 teaspoonful 
before each meal) and for application in 
leukorrhea and gonorrheal vaginitis (15-30 gr. 
(1-2 Gm.) in suppository of cacao-butter). 

Ceric {se'-rili) [cera]. 1. Relating to wax. 
2. Containing cerium as a quadrivalent 
radicle. 

Cerin {se'-rin) [cera]. 1. An ether of cer- 
otic acid; one of the substances found in 
wax. 2. (Of Chevreul.) A crystalline pre- 
cipitate from an aqueous extract of cork by 
action of hot alcohol. 

Cerite {se'-rit). A Swedish mineral formerly 
called the heavy stone of Bastnas, from which 
cerium is obtained. 

Cerium {se'-re-um) [named from the planet 
Ceres]. Ce = 140; quantivalence 11, IV. 
One of the rarer metals. It forms two series of 
salts {cerous and ceric salts) corresponding to 
the two oxids. See Elements, Table of Chemic. 
C. Nitrate. 1. Ce 2 (N0 3 ) 6 . i 2 H 2 0, white crys- 
tals, soluble in water; an antiseptic used in 
solutions of 1 : 1000. Syn., Cerous nitrate. 
2. Ce(NO s ) 4 , a reddish -yellow mass of crys- 
tals, soluble in water and alcohol. It is used 
as a nerve-tonic in irritable dyspepsia and 
chronic vomiting. Dose. 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.2 
Gm.). Syn., Ceric nitrate. C. Oxalate 
(cerii oxalas, U. S. P.), Ce 2 (C 2 4 ) 3 . qH 2 0, a 
white, granular powder, insoluble in water or 
alcohol, but soluble in hydrochloric acid. It 
is useful in the vomiting of pregnancy. Dose 
1-10 gr. (0.065-0.65 Gm.) in pill. C. Valer- 
ianate, has been used in the same class of 
cases as the oxalate. Dose i| gr. (0.1 Gm.). 

Ceroceric (se-ro-se'-rik). Containing cerium 
both as a trivalent and as a quadrivalent 
radicle. 

Ceroma {se-ro'-mali) [cera; ofia, a tumor]. A 
cystic tumor the tissue of which has under- 
gone fatty degeneration. 

Cerostroma, Cerostrosis (ser-o-slro f -mah, -sis). 
See Ichthyosis hyslrix. 

Cerotate (se'-ro-tdt). A salt of cerotic acid. 

Cerotic {se-ro'-tik). Derived from wax. C. 
Acid. See Acid, Cerotic. 

Cerous (se'-rus). Containing cerium as a 
trivalent radicle. 

Cerumen (ser-u f -men) [cera]. The wax of the ear. 

Ceruminosis {ser-u-min-o'-sis). An excessive 
secretion of cerumen. 

Ceruminous (ser-u'-min-us) [cera]. Pertain- 
ing to cerumen. 

Ceruse (se f -rus) [L., cerussa]. 1. White lead: 



CERUSSA 



264 



CHALCITIS 



basic carbonate and hydrate of lead. 2. A 
white face-powder. C., Antimony, white 
oxid of antimony; also antimonic acid. 

Cerussa (se-rus'-ah). See Ceruse. 

Cervical {ser r -vik-al) [cervix, the neck]. 
* Pertaining to the neck or to the cervix 
uteri. C. Carcinoma, carcinoma of the 
neck of the uterus. C. Endometritis. See 
Endocervicitis . C. Pregnancy, a rare con- 
dition in which, from atrophy of the decidual 
membranes, the impregnated ovum is not 
properly held in place, and, dropping, lodges 
in the cervical canal, where it develops until 
the uterus expels it. 

Cervicalis (ser-vik-a'-lis) [cervix]. 1. Cervical. 
2. A cervical artery, muscle, nerve, or vein. 

Cervicispinal {ser-vis-e-spi'-naT). Relating to 
the neck and spinal cord. 

Cervicitis (ser-vis-i'-tis) [cervix ; cxcg, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the cervix uteri. 

Cervicoauricular (ser - vik -o -aw - rik'-u-lar). 
Relating to the back of the neck and the 
outer ear. 

Cervicohumeral {ser-vik-o-hu'-mer-al). Re- 
lating to the neck and the upper arm. 

Cervicomuscular (ser-vik-o-mus'-ku-lar). Re- 
lating to the muscles of the neck. 

Cervicosca$u\ax {ser -vik-o-skap'-u-lar). 1. Re- 
lating to the back of the neck and the 
scapula. 2. The transverse artery or vein 
of the neck. 

Cervi co vesical (ser-vik-o-ves'-ik-al). Pertain- 
ing to the bladder and the cervix uteri. 

Cervimeter (ser-vim'-et-er) [cervix; fierpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
cervix uteri. 

Cervisia (ser-vis'-e-ah) [L.]. Ale or beer. 
Cervisise fermentum, beer-yeast. The 
ferment obtained in brewing beer, and pro- 
duced by Saccharomyces cerevisim. 

Cervix (ser'-viks) [L.]. A constricted portion 
or neck. C. obstipa, C. rigida, wry-neck. 
C. uteri, the neck of the uterus. C. vesicae, 
the neck of the bladder. 

Cesarean Section [from Ccesar, the Roman 
consul, whose delivery is said to have been 
effected in this way]. Extraction of the fetus 
through an incision made in the abdomen. 
C. Section, Postmortem, extraction of the 
child after the mother's death. 

Cesium (se'-ze-um) [L., "bluish-gray"], Cs = 
132.6; quantivalence I. A rare alkaline 
metal resembling potassium in physical and 
chemic properties. C. and Ammonium 
Bromid, CsBr . 3NH 4 C1, a sedative used in 
epilepsy. Dose 15-45 gr. (1-3 Gm.); maxi- 
mum dose 90 gr. (6 Gm.). C. Bitartrate, Cs- 
HC 4 H 4 6 , used in nervous heart-palpitation. 
Dose 3-5 gr. (0.18-0.3 Gm.). C. Bromid, 
is a good sedative, but its cost is very great. 
C. Carbonate, Cs 2 C0 3 ; used in epilepsy. C. 
Chlorid, lowers the pulse-rate and raises 
arterial pressure. Dose 2-5 gr. (0.13-0.32 
Gm.). C. Hydrate, C. Hydroxid, CsOH, is 
used in epilepsy. C. and Rubidium and 
Ammonium Bromid, CsBr . RbBr . 
6(NH 4 Br), a nervine. Dose 15-45 gr. (1-3 



Gm.) once or twice daily; maximum dose 
90 gr. (6 Gm.). C. Sulfate, Cs 2 S0 4 , used 
as an antiepileptic. 

Cestode, Cestoid {ses r -tdd, ses'-toid) [nearSc, a 
girdle; ecdof, likeness]. Shaped like a gir- 
dle or ribbon; applied to worms, of which 
Tcenia is a type. 

Cetacea {se-ta'-se-ah) [ktjtoc', a whale]. An 
order of mammals living in the sea, as the 
whale, dolphin, etc. 

Cetaceum (se-ta' '-se-um) [see Cetacea]. Sperm- 
aceti. A fatty substance somewhat resem- 
bling paraffin in its physical properties. It 
is obtained from the head of the sperm-whale, 
Physeter macrocephalus. It is soluble in 
ether, in chloroform, and in boiling alcohol, 
and is employed as an emollient. Cetacei, 
Ceratum, contains spermaceti, 10; white 
wax, 35; olive-oil, 55 parts. Unof. Cetacei, 
Unguentum (B. P.), contains spermaceti, 
white wax, almond-oil, and benzoin. 

Cetin (se'-Hn) [see Cetacea], C 32 H 64 2 . The chief 
constituent of commercial purified sperma- 
ceti. It is a fatty, crystalline substance, 
soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble in 
water, melting at 49 C, and volatilizing at 
360 C. Syn., Cetinum. 

Cetraria {se-tra' -re-ah) [ccetra, a short Spanish 
shield]. 1. A genus of lichens. 2. Iceland 
moss — a lichen, C. islandica, found in Iceland 
and other northern countries. It contains 
a form of starch, lichenin, that gelatinizes 
when boiled with water. It is a feebly tonic 
demulcent, sometimes used in pulmonary 
affections. Cetrariae, Decoctum (B. P.), 
contains 5 % of the lichen. Dose 2-4 oz. (60- 
120 Cc). 

Ceylon Sickness. Beriberi. 

Ceyssatite {ses'-a-tlt) [Ceyssat, a village of 
Puy-de-D6me, France]. A fossil earth from 
the village of Ceyssat, France, composed 
almost entirely of pure silica. It is used 
as an absorbent dusting-powder. 

Chabert's Disease. Sympathetic anthrax; 
black-leg. 

Chagres Fever. See Fever, Chagres. 

Chalaza (kal-a'-zah) [chalazion]. One of the 
twisted cords binding the yolk-bag of an egg 
to the lining membrane of the shell; or that 
part of a seed where its coats unite with each 
other and the nucleus. 

Chalazia (kal-a'-ze-ah) [chalazion]. 1. The 
socalled hailstone sputa. 2. A chalazion. 

Chalazion (kal-a'-ze-on) [xala^tov, a small 
hailstone]. A tumor of the eyelid from retained 
secretion of the meibomian glands; a mei- 
bomian cyst. • Syn., Porosis palpebrce. C. 
terreum, one in which there is degeneration 
of the contents and change to calcium car- 
bonate and cholesterin. Syn., Lithiasis pal- 
pebralis. 

Chalcitis (kal-si f -tis) [xaXnoc, anything made 
of metal]. A severe inflammation of the 
eyes, marked at first by excessive lacrimation 
and sensitiveness to light, resulting in blurred 
vision and continued flow of mucus. It is 
due to rubbing the eyes after the hands 



CHALCOSIS 



265 



CHARCOT'S ARTERY 



1 



have been used on brass, as is done by 
trolley-car conductors and workmen. Syn., 
Brassy eye; Chalkitis. 

Chalcosis (kal-ko'-sis) [jod/cof, copper]. A de- 
posit of copper particles in the tissues. 

Chalicosis (kal-ik-o' -sis) [x&Xitzi gravel]. A 
disease of the lungs caused by the inhalation 
of dust or sand. 

Chalinoplasty (kal-in-o-plas' -te) [xahvbc, a 
bridle or rein; nAaooeiv, to form]. An opera- 
tion to form a new frenum of the tongue. 

Chalk (chawk) [calx, limestone]. Carbonate 
of lime. See Calcium. C. -stone, gout-stone 
— a deposit beneath the skin in gouty patients. 

Chalkitis (kal-ki'-tis). See Chalcilis. 

Chalybeate (ka-lib' -e-at) [^aXu^, steel]. i. 
Containing iron. 2. Having the color or taste 
of iron. 3. A substance or medicine con- 
taining iron. 

Chamaelirium (kam-e-lir' -e-um) [xafxa'c, on the 
earth; Xz'tptov, a lily]. A genus of plants 
of the order Liliacccc. The rhizome of C. 
luteum, devil' s-bit, of the United States and 
Canada, is a uterine tonic, anthelmintic, diu- 
retic, and febrifuge. Dose of aqueous infusion 
(1 oz. to 1 pint) a wineglassful. 

Chamber (cham'-ber) [camera, a chamber]. A 
cavity or space. C., Anterior (of the eye), 
the space between the cornea and the iris. 
C, Aqueous (of the eye), the space between 
the cornea and lens. C, Posterior (of the 
eye), the space between the iris and the lens. 
The chambers of the eye contain the aqueous 
humor. C, Resonance, a resonant chamber 
attached to a tuning-fork for acoustic investi- 
gation. 

Chameleon-phenomenon (kam-e'-le-on -fen - 
om'-e-non). A peculiar reaction shown by 
Bacillus pyocyaneus; when grown on agar, 
a light-green color is imparted to the medium, 
which after 48 hours turns very dark green. 
On potato a yellowish-brown growth is 
formed, which turns green when the super- 
ficial portion is removed by scraping, but it 
soon resumes its brown color. 

Champacol {sham' -pa-kol) [champaka, Benga- 
lese name]. A camphor, C 17 H 30 O, from 
the wood of the champak-trce, Michelia 
champaca. Syn., Champaca camphor. 

Champagne (sham-pan) [Fr.]. An efferves- 
cent wine useful as a remedy for nausea and 
vomiting. 

Chancre (shang-ker) [Fr.]. A term formerly 
used indiscriminately for any primary vene- 
real ulcer, but now generally applied to the 
initial lesion of syphilis (q. v.). C, Arsenical, 
ulceration resembling a syphilitic chancre, but 
due to arsenic. C, Hard, C, Hunterian, 
C, Indurated, C, Infecting, C, Non- 
suppurating, C, True, the ulcer of venereal 
origin, which is followed by constitutional 
syphilis. C, Nonincubatory, C, Non- 
infecting, C, Simple, C, Soft, a conta- 
gious, suppurating, nonsyphilitic venereal ul- 
cer, properly called chancroid. C, Sahara, 
the Aleppo boil. 

Chancroid (shang f -kroid) [chancre; eldoc, 



form]. A local, infective process, trans- 
mitted by sexual intercourse, and character- 
ized by ulceration, local glandular involve- 
ment, and often suppuration. It has been 
variously termed the soft, nonindurated, 
simple, or nonsyphilitic chancre. See Chan- 
cre. C, Phagedenic, chancroid with a 
tendency to slough. C, Serpiginous, 
phagedenic chancroid that spreads superfi- 
cially in curved lines. 

Chancrous (shang'-krus). Of the nature of a 
chancre. 

Change (chdfij) [cambiare, to change]. The 
word is colloquially used for either the 
establishment or the cessation of the men- 
strual function. C. of Life, the menopause. 

Channel (chan'-cl) [ME., chanel). See Canal. 
C.s, Intercellular. 1. Irregular canals of 
communication between the intercellular 
spaces interposed between pricklc-cells, and 
thought to be connected with the lymph - 
capillaries. 2. Tiny canals between gland- 
cells. C.s, Intracellular, the minute canals 
which connect vacuoles in the cell-body of 
liver-cells with the biliary canaliculi or inter- 
cellular channels. C, Lymphatic, C, Plas- 
matic. See Canal of Recklinghausen and 
Canal, Serous. 

ChantreuiPs Method (shang-treeV). In pel- 
vimetry, a method of ascertaining the distance 
between the tuberosities of the ischiums (ir 
cm.) in estimating the size of the pelvic 
outlet. The two thumbs are placed upon the 
tuberosities, while an assistant measures the 
distance between them. 

Chap [ME., chappen, to cleave]. A slight 
or superficial fissure of the skin, usually 
upon the lips, hands, or nipples. 

Chappa (chap f -ah). The name among the 
Popo people in the colony of Lagos for a 
disease believed to be neither tuberculous 
nor syphilitic, marked by severe initial pains 
in muscles and joints, followed by swelling 
and the formation of round multiple nodules 
the size of a pigeon's egg; without forming 
abscesses these are exposed by ulceration of 
the skin. The disease finally attacks the bones. 

Charbon (shar'-bon) [Fr., "charcoal"]. An- 
thrax (q. v.). 

Charcoal (char f -kol) [ME., charren, to turn; 
col, coal]. Coal made by subjecting wood 
to a process of smothered combustion. See 
under Carbo. 

Charcot's Artery (shar-ko'). The "artery 
of cerebral hemorrhage," one of the len- 
ticulostriate arteries that passes through the 
outer part of the putamen. C.'s Cirrhosis. 
See Hanot's Disease. C.'s Crystals. See 
Cry 'stals, Charcot' s. C.'s Disease. 1. Amyo- 
trophic lateral sclerosis. 2. Arthropathy of 
tabes dorsalis. 3. Multiple cerebrospinal 
sclerosis. C.'s Fever, a septic fever occur- 
ring in cases of jaundice due to impacted 
gall-stones. C.'s Gait, the gait of Friedreich's 
ataxia. C.'s Joint. See C.'s Disease (2). 
C.'s Method. See Hypnotism. C.'s Pain, 
hysteric pain in the ovarian region. C.'s 



CHARCOT-GUINON'S DISEASE 



266 



CHELIDONIN 



Posterior Root-zone. See Burdach's 
Column. C.'s Sensory Crossway, the pos- 
terior third of the posterior limb of the 
internal capsule. Syn., Carrejour sensiti}. 
C.'s Sign, in facial paralysis the eyebrow 
is raised; in facial contracture it is lowered. 
Syn., Signe du sourcil. C.'s Syndrome, 
intermittent claudication, an affection con- 
nected with arteriosclerosis of the lower ex- 
tremities. C.'s Zones, the hysterogenic zones. 

Charcot-Guinon's Disease {shar-ko'-gwe- 
no'iri)). Dementia complicating some cases 
of progressive muscular dystrophy. 

Charcot-Leyden's Crystals {shar-ko-li'-den). 
See Crystals, Char cot -Ley den' s. 

Charcot-Marie's Symptom. See Marie's 
Symptom. C.-M.'s Type of Progressive 
Muscular Atrophy, the neurotic type of pro- 
gressive muscular atrophy ; progressive neural 
muscular atrophy, commencing in the muscles 
of the feet and the peroneal group. C- 
M.-Tooth's Type of Progressive Muscular 
Atrophy. See C.-M.'s Type of Progressive 
Muscular Atrophy. 

Charcot-Neumann's Crystals. See Crystal, 
Charcot -Neumann's. 

Charcot-Robin's Crystals. See Crystals, Char- 
cot-Robin's. 

Charcot-Vigouroux's Sign. See Vigouroux's 
Sign. 

Chariot {char' -e-ot) . The movable coil of an 
induction apparatus. 

Charlatan (shar' -lat-an) [Ital., ciarlatano, a 
quack]. A quack; a pretender to medical 
skill; an advertising doctor. 

Charles' Law. See Law, Charles'. 

Charleyhorse {char'-le-hors). Stiffness of the 
right arm and leg in baseball players. 

Charpie {shar'-pe) [car per e, to pluck]. Picked 
or shredded lint; linen shreds for dressing 
wounds. 

Charriere's Guillotine {shar-re-dr'). An in- 
strument for excising tonsils. 

Charta {kar'-tah) [xaptyc, paper]. A paper. 
In pharmacy, a strip of paper the fibers of 
which are impregnated with a medicinal sub- 
stance. Also a wrapper for holding pow- 
ders. C. cantharidis, C. epispastica, blis- 
tering-paper. C. emporetica, porous or bib- 
ulous paper. C. exploratoria, test-paper. 
C. sinapis (U. S. P.), mustard-paper. 

Chartula {kart'-u-lah) [dim. of charta]. A little 
paper, especially a paper containing a single 
dose of a medicinal powder. 

Chasma, Chasmus {kaz'-mah, kaz'-mus) \x aa ~ 
p.6c, a gaping]. A yawn. 

Chassaignac's Axillary Muscle. A noncon- 
stant muscular bundle that extends across 
the axillary hollow from the lower border of 
the latissimus dorsi to the lower border of the 
pectoralis minor or to the brachial fascia. C.'s 
Tubercle, the carotid tubercle on the trans- 
verse process of the sixth cervical vertebra. 

Chaulmugra Oil {chawl-moog' -rah) [E. Ind.]. 
A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Gyno- 
cardia odorata, a tree native to the East In- 
dies. It is soluble in alcohol, and its proper- 



ties are due to gynocardic acid. It is used 
in leprosy, in scaly eczema, psoriasis, and 
syphilitic skin affections. For external use, 
i part of the acid to 24 of petroleum. In- 
ternally, 5-10 min. (0.32-0.65 Cc.) of the 
oil or §-3 gr. (0.032-0.2 Gm.) of the acid, 
in capsules. 

Chaussier's Areola {sho-se-ar') . The areola 
of inflammatory induration of a malignant 
pustule. C.'s Line, the raphe of the corpus 
callosum. 

Chautard's Test for Acetone {sho-tar'(r)). 
Allow sulfurous acid to pass through a 
solution of 0.25 Gm. of fuchsin in 500 Cc. 
of water until the solution becomes yellow. 
On the addition of a portion of this to the 
liquid to be tested for acetone it will assume 
a violet color if acetone is present. 

Chauveau's Retention Theory {sho-vo'). 
See under Immunity. 

Chaya, C.-root {chi'-ah). The plant, Aerva 
lanata. Syn., Shaya-root. 

Cheadle-Barlow's Disease. See Barlow's Dis- 
ease. 

Check {chek) [OF., eschec, from Pers. shah, a 
king]. A sudden stop. C. -experiment. 
See Control Experiment. C. -ligament. See 
Ligament, Check-. 

Checkerberry {chek'-er-ber-e) . A popular name 
for Gaultheria procumbens. 

Cheek {chek) [AS., cedce]. The side of the 
face; it is composed of fat, areolar tissue, 
muscles, etc. 

Cheese {chez) [AS., cese]. A food prepared from 
the casein of skimmed or unskimmed milk. 

Cheesy {chcz'-e) [cheese]. Of the nature of 
cheese. C. Degeneration, C. Necrosis, 
caseous degeneration or caseation; the con- 
version of the tissues into a substance 
resembling cheese. C. Tubercle, a tubercle 
that has undergone cheesy necrosis. 

Cheil-, Cheilo- {kil-, ki-lo-). For words thus 
beginning see Chil- or Chilo-. 

Cheiranthin {ki-ran' -thin) . A glucosid from 
the leaves and seeds of Cheiranthus cheiri, 
with action similar to that of digitalis. 

Cheiro- {ki-ro-). For words thus beginning 
see Chiro-. 

Chekan, Cheken {chek' -en) [Chilian]. 1. The 
leaves of Eugenia cheken, a South American 
shrub. It is diuretic and expectorant and 

• similar in action to eucalyptus. It is used 
in chronic pharyngitis, laryngitis, etc. Dose 
of the fluidextract §-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). Unof. 
2. The crude resin obtained from Cannabis 
indica. 

Chelate {ke'-ldt) [xy^V, a claw]. 1. Claw- 
shaped. 2. Having claw-shaped appendages 
or processes. 

Chelen {ke-len'). Ethyl chlorid. 

Chelerythrin {kel-er'-ith-rin), C 19 H 17 N0 4 . A 
poisonous alkaloid obtained from Chelidon- 
ium. 

Chelidonin {kel-id' -o-nin) [chelidonium], C 19 - 
H 17 N 3 3 + H 2 0, or C 10 H 17 NO 4 . A crystalline 
alkaloid of celandin {Chelidonium majus). 
C. Phosphate, a white, crystalline powder, 






CHELIDONISM 



267 



CHEYNE-STOKES' ASTHMA 



soluble in water; it is used as an analgesic. 
C. Sulfate, (C 20 H 19 NO 6 ) 2 H 2 SO 4 , a white, 
crystalline substance, soluble in water; it is 
a narcotic like morphin, but less toxic. 
Dose i§-3 gr. (0.1-0.2 Gm.) 

Chelidonism (kel-id 1 '-on-izm) . Poisoning by 
Chelidonium majus; it is marked by inflam- 
mation of the mouth and gastrointestinal 
tract and hematuria. It is due to the action 
of chelerythrin. 

Chelidonium {kel-id-o' -ne-um) [^ekidoviov, cel- 
andin]. Celandin. The leaves and stems 
of C. majus, with properties due to a number 
of alkaloids and acids. It is a drastic cath- 
artic and externally an irritant, and has been 
used in jaundice, whooping-cough, and catar- 
rhal pneumonia. Dose of the plant 10-30 
gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.); of the juice 5-20 min. 
(0.32-1.3 Cc). Unof. 

Chelidoxanthin {kel-id-o-zan'-tkin) [chelid- 
onium]. One of the bitter, crystalline con- 
stituents of celandin. 

Cheloid (ke'-loid). See Keloid. 

Chelotomy (ke-lof -o-me) . See Kelotomy. 

Chemic, Chemical {kem'-ik, kem'-ik-al) [chem- 
istry]. Of or pertaining to chemistry. 

Chemicity {kem-is' -it-e) . The state of having 
chemic properties. 

Chemicoanalytic (kem-ik-o-an-al-it'-ik). Re- 
lating to chemic analysis. 

Chemicocautery {kem-ik-o-kaw'-ter-e). Cau- 
terization by means of chemic agents. 

Chemiotaxis, Chimiotaxis {kem'-e-o-taks-is, 
kim'-e-o-taks-is). See Chemotaxis. 

Chemistry {kern' -is-tre) [j-qpieca, chemistry]. 
The science of the molecular and atomic 
structure of bodies. C, Actinic, C, Ac- 
tino-, that treating of decomposition of light. 
C, Analytic, that concerned in the determi- 
nation of the constituents and decomposi- 
tion-products of substances; also in the esti- 
mation of the relative proportion of their ele- ' 
ments and the number and interrelation of 
the atoms contained in a molecule. C, Ani- 
mal, that dealing with animal substances. 
C, Atomic, that concerned in the structure 
of molecules, the relations of their contained 
atoms, and the laws governing their com- 
bination. C, Electro-. See Electrochemistry . 
C, Empiric, C, Experimental. 1. The sum 
of chemic knowledge established by experi- 
ments. 2. The carrying on of experiments 
for determining chemic laws and knowledge. 
C, Forensic, that concerned in legal investi- 
gations. C.,Galvano-. See Galvanochemis- 
try. C, Pneumatic, the chemistry of vapors 
and gases. C, Stcechiometric. See C, 
Atomic. C, Synthetic, that which deals with 
the building-up of compounds from their 
elements. 

Chemosis {ke-mo r -sis) [xi)p.coocc, a gaping]. 
Swelling of the conjunctiva. 

Chemosmosis {kem-os-mo' -sis) [chemistry; 
(baiiog, an impulse]. Chemic action resulting 
from osmosis. 

Chemotactic (kem-o-tak'-tik) [chemotaxis]. Per- 
taining or relating to chemotaxis. 



Chemotaxis {kem-o-taks' -is) [chemistry; raa- 
gscv, to order, arrange]. The property of 
cellular attraction and repulsion. It is dis- 
played by the proteid constituents of the 
protoplasm of various species of bacteria, as 
well as by proteids from a great variety of 
sources. The qualifications positive and 
negative are added according as the phenom- 
enon is one of attraction or repulsion. 

Chemotic {ke-mot'-ik) [chemosis]. Pertaining 
to or marked by chemosis. 

Chemotropism {kem-ot'-ro-pizm) [chemistry; 
rponrj, a turning]. The destruction of bac- 
teria by phagocytes; the victory of the 
phagocytes over bacteria, or of bacteria over 
phagocytes. In biology, the attraction of 
leukocytes by certain chemic substances held 
in solution in the blood. Cf. Chemotaxis. 

Chenopodium {ken-o-po' -de-um) [#r)v, a goose; 
Tzodcov, a little foot]. American wormseed; 
the fruit of C. ambrosioides, or anthelminticum, 
a plant native to the United States, with 
properties due to a volatile oil, which is the 
only preparation used. It is an efficient an- 
thelmintic against the roundworm. C, Oil 
of {oleum chenopodii, U. S. P.). Dose 5-15 
min. (0.32-1.0 Cc). 

Cherchewsky's Disease. Nervous ileus. An 
affection, closely simulating intestinal obstruc- 
tion, that has been observed in neurasthenia. 

Cherry {cher'-e) [Kepaaoc, cherry-tree]. The 
bark of the common cherry, Prunus serotina, 
a mild bitter and tonic containing tannin. 
Dose of fluidextract §-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). 
Trunin, a concentrated extract; dose 1-3 gr. 
(0.065-0.2 Gm.). See also Choke-cherry and 
Prunus virginiana. C. -laurel, the European 
evergreen cherry, Prunus laurocerasus. Water 
distilled from its leaves is used in the 
same way as dilute hydrocyanic acid. 
Dose 30 min.-i dr. (2-4 Cc). C, Wild. 
See Prunus. 

Chest. See Thorax. C, Alar, C, Paral- 
ytic, C, Phthisical, C, Pterygoid, a nar- 
row thorax having a winged appearance from 
abnormal projection of the wings of the 
scapula. C, Barrel-, a peculiar formation 
of the chest observed in cases of long-stand- 
ing emphysema of the lungs; it is round, 
like a barrel, and in respiration is lifted ver- 
tically instead of being expanded laterally. 
C, Emphysematous. See C, Barrel-. 

Chestnut. See Castanea. 

Cheyne's Nystagmus. See Cheyne-Stokes' 
Nystagmus. C.'s Symptom. See Cheyne- 
Stokes' Respiration. 

Cheyne-Stokes' Asthma. Dyspnea due to 
pulmonary congestion in an advanced stage 
of chronic myocarditis. C.-S.'s Nystagmus, 
a variety of nystagmus in which the oscil- 
lations of the eyeball have a rhythmic varia- 
tion similar to the rhythm of Cheyne-Stokes' 
respiration. C.-S.'s Respiration, arhyth- 
mic breathing of a periodic type occurring 
in certain grave affections of the central ner- 
vous system, heart, and lungs, and in intoxi- 
cations. 



CHIASM 



268 



CHINOPYRIN 



Chiasm, Chiasma (ki'-azm, ki-az'-mah) [xc&- 
£ecv, to make a cross, as an X ]• i. The optic 
commissure. 2. A crossing. C, Camper's. 
See Camper's Chiasm. 

Chiasmal (ki-'az-mal). Pertaining to the optic 
chiasm. 

Chickahominy Fever (chik-a-hom' -in-e) . A 
synonym of Typhomalarial fever. 

Chicken (chik'-en) [AS., cicen]. The domestic 
fowl. C. -breast, an abnormally prominent 
condition of the sternum and of the sternal 
region; pigeon-breast; it is seen in rachitic 
persons, etc. C. Cholera. See Cholera, 
Chicken. C.-fat Clot, a clot of blood, yellow- 
ish in color, consisting largely of fibrin, and 
containing but few red cells. C.-pox. See 
Varicella. 

Chicle. See Balata. 

Chicory (chik'-or-e) [ac^opa, chicory]. Cichor- 
ium intybus, a composite plant of Europe 
and Asia, naturalized and growing in the 
United States. Its ground root is used to 
adulterate coffee. 

Chielin (ki'-el-in). A thick, nontoxic, brown, 
viscous substance isolated from the bulb of 
the tulip. It is recommended in eczema and 
in skin diseases in veterinary practice. 

Chiene's Lines. Imaginary lines designed to 
aid in localizing the cerebral centers in ope- 
rations upon the brain. 

Chilalgia, Cheilalgia (ki-laV -je-ah) [xeeAoc, lip; 
aXjoc, pain]. Neuralgia affecting the lips. 

Chilblain (chil'-blan) [AS., cele, cold; blegen, 
a boil]. A congestion and swelling of the 
skin, due to cold, and attended with severe 
itching or burning; vesicles and bullas may 
form, and these may lead to ulceration. Syn., 
Erythema pernio; Pernio. 

Childbed. The popular term for the puer- 
peral state. C. Fever, puerperal fever. 

Childbirth. Parturition. 

Child-crowing. The crowing sound of the 
respiration that characterizes laryngismus 
stridulus. 

Chili Saltpeter. Sodium nitrate. 

Chill (chil) [AS., cele, chilliness]. A sensation 
of cold accompanied by shivering, usually 
appearing shortly after exposure to cold or 
wet. It is frequently the initial symptom 
of acute disorders, as pneumonia, etc. It is 
a prominent symptom of various forms of 
malarial fever. 

Chills and Fever. A popular term for inter- 
mittent fever. 

Chilo- (ki-lo-) [xslXof, lip]. A prefix meaning 
relating to the lips. 

Chilognathopalatoschisis, Cheilognathopal- 
atoschisis ( ki - log'- nath -o- pal- at - os'~ ki - sis) 
[chilo-; jvaOoc, jaw; palatum, the palate; 
oxtatC, a splitting]. Marchand's term for a 
malformation marked by fissure of the lip, 
alveolar process, and palate. 

Chiloplasty, Cheiloplasty (ki' -lo - plas - te) 
\chilo-; TiXaooeiv, to form]. Any plastic opera- 
tion upon the lip. 

Chiloschisis (ki-lo s f -kis -is) [chilo-; o^'cotc, a 
splitting]. Harelip. C. complicata, harelip 



attended with fissure of the palate or of the 
alveolar arch. 
Chilostomatoplasty, Cheilostomatoplasty 

(ki-lo-stom' -at-o-plas-te) [chilo-; ordfia, mouth; 
TzXaooecv, to form], Chiloplasty including re- 
storation of the mouth. 

Chimaphila (ki-maf -il-ah) [xe~c;ia, winter; <f>!- 
Xoc, loving]. Pipsissewa; prince's-pine; the 
leaves of C. umbellata, an evergreen found 
in the United States, an astringent tonic and 
excellent diuretic. The bruised leaves are 
used as a rubefacient. It is valuable in 
dropsy, in renal disease, and in affections 
of the urinary passages. C, Decoction of 
(decoctum chimaphila, B. P.). Dose 1-3 oz. 
(30-00 Cc). C, Fluidextract of (fluid- 
extr actum chimaphilce, U. S. P.). Dose A-2 
dr. (2-8 Cc). 

Chimney-sweep's Cancer. See Carcinoma, 
Chimney-sweep' s. 

Chimogene (ki'-mo-jen) "[%£c/4(bv, cold winter 
weather; yevvdv, to produce]. A highly 
volatile liquid proposed by Vanderweyde 
as a substitute for rhigolene, ether, etc., 
producing cold in local anesthesia. 

Chin [AS.," cin\ The mentum; the lower 
part of the face, at or near the symphysis of 
the lower jaw. C.-jerk, C.-reflex. See 
Jaw-jerk and under Reflex. 

China (kin' -ah or ke'-nah). Same as Cinchona. 

Chinaphthol (kin-aj'-thol). A yellow, bitter, 
insoluble powder, used as an intestinal anti- 
septic. Dose 7I-75 gr. (0.5-5.0 Gm.) daily. 
Syn., Quinin betanaphthol-a-monosulfate. 

Chinaseptol (kin-a-sep'-tol). See Diaphtol. 

Chinoform (kin' -o- form). A compound of for- 
maldehyd with cinchotannin. Syn., Quinoform. 

Chinoidin, Chinoidinum (kin-oi'-din, kin-oi- 
di'-num) [Sp., china]. Quinoidin. A mix- 
ture of amorphous alkaloids obtained in the 
manufacture of quinin. It has the thera- 
peutic properties of quinin. Dose 1-20 gr. 
(0.065-1.3 Gm.). C, Animal, a substance 
giving, like quinin, a blue fluorescence in 
solutions of dilute acids, first obtained by 
Bence-Jones from the liver, but found in 
all the organs and tissues of the body,' espe- 
cially in the nerves. C. Borate, yellowish 
scales, soluble in water and alcohol, used as is 
chinoidin. Dose 8-15 gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.). C. 
Citrate, reddish scales, soluble in water and 
alcohol. Dose 5—25 gr. (0.32-1.6 Gm.). C. 
Tannate, a yellow or brown powder, slightly 
soluble in alcohol; antipyretic, astringent, and 
tonic. Dose 2—12 gr. (0.13-0.8 Gm.). In 
veterinary practice it is given in hog-cholera 
in 24 gr. (1.5 Gm.) doses 3 times daily. 

Chinol (kin'-ol). Quinolin monohypochlorite, 
C 9 H 6 N . CIO, a white, crystalline, odorless 
powder, with a pungent taste; soluble in 
alcohol, almost insoluble in cold or hot 
water. It is antipyretic and analgesic. Dose 
3-5 gr. (0.19-0.32 Gm.). 

Chinolin, Chinolina (kin'-o-lin, kin-o-li'-nah). 
See Quinolin. 

Chinon (kin' -on). See Quinon. 

Chinopyrin (kin-o-pi'-rin). See Quinopyrin. 



CHINORAL 



269 CHLORALACETOPHENONOXIM 



Chinoral {kin'-or-al). An oily, bitter liquid 
containing quinin and chloral; antiseptic 
and hypnotic. Dose 1-15 gr. (0.06-1.0 
Gm.). Syn., Quinochloral. 

Chinosol {kin' -o-soV) . See Quinosol. 

Chionablepsia {ki-on-ab-lep' -se-ah) [xctov, snow; 
d^ke^ca, without sight]. Loss of sensibility 
of the retina resulting from the exposure 
of the eyes to reflection of the sunlight upon 
snow; snow-blindness. 

Chionyphe {ki-on'-if-e). Madura-foot. 

Chirata, Chiretta {ke-ra'-tah, ke-re'-tah) 
[Hind., chirdetd, a species of gentian]. The 
dried plant of Swertia chirayita. It resembles 
gentian in its therapeutic properties, and is an 
excellent tonic. It does not contain tannin. 
Dose of the powdered plant 15-30 gr. (1-2 
Gm.) C, Fluidextract of {fluidexlr -actum 
chiratce, U.S. P.). Dose 15-30 min. (1-2 Cc). 
C, Infusion of {infusum chiratce, B. P.). 
Dose 2 oz. (64 Cc). C, Tincture of {tinc- 
tura chiratce, B. P.) (10% strength). Dose 

„ £-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). 

Chiro-, Cheiro- {ki-ro-) [x ei P, the hand]. A 
prefix meaning hand. 

Chirokinesthetic, Cheirokinesthetic {ki-ro- 
kin-es-thet' '-ik) [chiro-; kinesthetic]. Relating 
to the subjective perception of the motions 
of the hand, particularly in writing. 

Chirol {ki'-rol). A solution of resins and fatty 
oils in a mixture of ethers and alcohols, 
used as a protective varnish for the hands 
in surgery. 

Chiromegaly {ki-ro-meg'-al-e) [chiro-; iisyakr), 
large]. Enlargement of one, two, or three 
extremities, in whole or in part, but not of 
akromegalic nature. Syn., Pscudoakromegaly. 

Chirometer,Cheirometer {ki-rom'-et-er) [chiro-; 
{xkxpov, a measure]. Osiander's instrument for 
measuring a distance on the finger or hand 
in manual pelvimetry. 

Chiropelvimeter, Cheiropelvimeter (ki-ro- 
pel-vim' -et-er) [chiro-; pelvis; [ikxpov, a 
measure]. In manual pelvimetry, an instru- 
ment for measuring the hand. 

Chiropodalgia, Cheiropodalgia {ki-ro-pod-aV - 
je-ah). See Acrodynia. 

Chiropodist {ki-ro p f -o-dist) [chiro-; nobg, foot]. 
A surgeon or person who professionally treats 
diseases of the hands and feet, especially 
corns, bunions, etc. 

Chirospasm, Cheirospasm {ki' -ro - spazm) 
[chiro-; anao-fioc;, a drawing]. Writers' cramp. 

Chirotheca, Cheirotheca {ki-ro-the'-ka) [chiro-; 
drjKT), case]. A long, narrow roller bandage 
for wrapping the fingers. C. compieta, 
one for all the fingers of a hand. C. 
incompleta, one for a single finger only. 

Chirurgeon {ki-rur'-jon) [xecpoupyoc, a sur- 
geon]. A surgeon. 

Chirurgia {ki - rur' - je - ah) [see Chirurgeon]. 
Surgery. 

Chitin {ki'-tin) [xcrcov, a tunic], C 15 H 26 N 2 O 10 . 
A colorless skeletin; the animal analog of 
the cellulose of plants. 

Chitinous {ki'-tin-us). Resembling chitin. 
C. Degeneration, amyloid degeneration. 



Chitonitis {ki-ton-i'-tis) [%cTtuv, a tunic; exec, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of any invest- 
ing membrane. 

Chittim-bark {chit' -im-bark) . See Cascara 
sagrada. 

Chloasma {klo-az'-mah) [ykoa^ztv, to be pale 
green]. A deposit of pigment in the skin, 
occurring in patches of various sizes and 
shapes, and of a yellow, brown, or black 
color. Syn., Discolor ations; Melanoderma; 
Melasma. C.hepaticum, liver-spots; a form 
following dyspepsia and popularly associated 
with hepatic disturbance. C. phthisicorum, 
the brown patches upon the skin of the fore- 
head or upper portions of the cheeks in 
tuberculous patients. C. uterinum, chiefly 
located on the forehead, temples, cheeks, 
nipples, and median line of abdomen. They 
are marked during pregnancy, and often 
during menstruation. 

Chloracetic Acid {klo-ras-e'-tik). See Acid, 
Chloracetic. 

Chloracetization {klo-ras-et-iz-a'-shun). The 
production of local anesthesia by chloroform 
and glacial acetic acid. 

Chloracetyl {klor-as'-et-il). 1. C 2 C1 2 . A radi- 
cle formed from acetyl by the replacement 
of hydrogen with chlorin. 2. Acetyl chlorid. 

Chloral {klo'-ral) [chlorin; aldehyd], C 2 Cl 3 HO. 
A pungent, colorless, mobile liquid. The 
name is often misapplied to chloral hydrate. 
Syn., Acetochloral ; Trichlorated or Trichlor- 
acetic aldehyd. C, Anhydroglyco-, chloral- 
ose. C, Anhydrous, chloral as distinguished 
from chloral hydrate. C. Antipyrin. See 
Hypnal. C, Butyl- {butyl -chloral hydras, 
B. P.), croton-chloral, C 4 H 5 C1 3 +0H 2 0, a 
solid occurring in crystalline scales, resem- 
bling chloral hydrate, but made with butyl, 
C 4 H 9 , as a base, instead of ethyl, C 2 H-. Its 
properties are similar to those of chloral, but 
are much feebler. Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 
Gm.) in syrup. C. -caff ein, the residue upon 
evaporation of a concentrated aqueous or al- 
coholic solution of chloral hydrate 7.8 parts 
and caffein 10 parts; hypnotic, sedative, and 
analgesic. Injection, 3-6 gr. (0.2-0.4 Gm.) 
2 or 3 times daily. C. Hydrate {chlor- 
alum hydratum, U.S. P.), a colorless, crystal- 
line solid having the composition C 2 HC1 3 - 
(HO) 2 ; the hydrate of chloral. It is a power- 
ful hypnotic, antispasmodic, and depressant 
to the cerebral, medullary, and spinal centers, 
and to a limited extent is an anesthetic. It 
is serviceable in fevers accompanied by cerebral 
excitement, in chorea, convulsions, and in 
delirium tremens, but should be used with 
great caution. Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 
Gm.). C, Syrup of (B. P.). Dose J-2 dr. 
(2-8 Cc). C. Ure thane. See Uralium. 

Chloralacetaldoxim {klo-ral-as-et-al-doks'-im), 
C 4 H NO 2 Cl 3 . A white, crystalline powder, 
soluble in alcohol and ether, melting at 
74 C. It is hypnotic. 

Chloralacetophenonoxim {klo-ral-as-ef-o-fe- 
non-oks'-im), C 6 H 5 . CH 3 C. A substance 
forming colorless prisms, soluble in alcohol 



CHLORALACETOXIM 



270 



CHLORIN 






and ether, melting at 8i° C. It is used in 
tetanus and epilepsy. 

Chloralacetoxim (klo-ral-as-et-oks'-im), C 4 H 8 - 
N0 2 C1 3 . A white, crystalline powder, soluble 
in alcohol and ether, and melting at 72 ° C. 
It is hypnotic. 

Chloralamid (klo-ral'-am-id). SeeChloralform- 
' amid. 

Chloralbacid (klo-ral-bas'-id). A compound of 
chlorin and albumin. It is used as a tonic 
in gastric disorders. Dose 7J-15 gr. (0.5-1.0 
Gm.). C. Sodium, a compound of chloralb- 

/ acid and sodium; it is used in gastric and 

/ intestinal affections. Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 
Gm.) before meals. 

Chloralbenzaldoxim (klo-ral-ben-zal-doks'-im), 
C 9 H 8 N0 2 C1 3 . A white, crystalline powder, 
soluble in alcohol and ether, melting at 62 ° 
C. It is hypnotic and antiseptic. 

Chloralcamphoroxim (klo - ral - kam - for - 
oks'-im), C 12 H 18 N0 2 C1 3 . A white, crystalline 
powder, soluble in alcohol and ether, melt- 
ing at 98 C. It is hypnotic, stimulant, and 
antiseptic. 

Chloralformamid (klo-ral-form'-am-id). A 
crystalline solid (chloralformamidum, U. S. P.), 
C 3 H 4 C1 3 N0 2 . Used as a hypnotic. Dose 
30-45 gr. (2-3 Gm.). • 

Chloralic (klo-ral'-ik). Relating to chloral. 

Chloralimid (klo-ral' -im-id) [chloral; imid], 
CC1 3 . CH . NH. A hypnotic allied to chloral, 
soluble in alcohol. The dose is the same as 
that of chloral hydrate. 

Chloralin (klo'-ral-in). An antiseptic fluid 
containing monochlorphenol and bichlor- 
phenol. It is used in 2 to 3 % solution; as 
a gargle, in 0.5 to 1 % solution. 

Chloralism (klo'-ral-izm) [chloral]. 1. Chloral- 
poisoning, the morbid state caused by the 
injudicious use of chloral. 2. The habit of 
using chloral. 

Chloralization (klo - ral -iz- a' -shun). 1. See 
Chloralism. 2. Anesthesia by means of 
hydra ted chloral. 

Chloralose (klo' -ral-ds) [chloral; glucose], 
C 8 H n Cl 3 . O e . Anhydroglyco-chloral; a pro- 
duct of the action of anhydrous chloral upon 
glucose. It is used as a hypnotic. Dose 
3-14 gr. (0.2-0.9 Gm.). 

Chloraloxims (klo-ral-oks'-ims). A series of 
chemic compounds the physiologic activities 
of which are claimed to be due to their split- 
ting up in the system into chloral hydrate 
and their respective oxims. See Chloral- 
acetoxim, Chloralbenzaldoxim, etc. 

Chloraloxylose (klo-ral-o-zi' '-loz) [chloral; 
xylose]. A combination of hydrated chloral 
and xylose. A convulsivant. 

Chloralum (klo'-ral-um). Crude aluminium 
chlorid mixed with various sodium and 
calcium salts; a disinfectant. 

Chloramid (klo' -ram-id) . Same as Chloralamid. 

Chloranemia (klor-an-e'-me-ah). Synonym 
of Chlorosis. 

Chloranodyne (klor-an'-o-din) [chlorin; ano- 
dyne]. A proprietary remedy, introduced as 
an improvement on chlorodyne. It contains 



morphin hydrochlorid, tincture of cannabis 
indica, chloroform, dilute hydrocyanic acid, 
and aromatics. Dose for an adult 15 min. 
(1 Cc). 

Chlorargentate (klor-ar'-j en-tat). A combina- 
tion of silver chlorid with the chlorid of 
some other radicle or element. 

Chlorarsenous (klor-ar-se'-nus). Arsenous 
and also containing chlorin. 

Chlorate (klo' -rat) [chlorin]. A salt of chloric 
acid. 

Chlorated (klo'-ra-ted). Containing, combined 
with, or charged with chlorin. 

Chlorazol (klo'-raz-ol). A highly toxic, oily 
liquid, obtained from albumin, glutin, or 
dried muscle by action of strong nitric and 
hydrochloric acids. 

Chlorbenzoyl (klor-ben'-zo-il). See Benzoyl 
Chlorid. 

Chlorbromid (kldr-bro'-mid). A combination 
of a radicle with chlorin and bromin. 

Chlorcamphor (klor -kam' -for). A name for 
several compounds of chlorin and camphor. 

Chlorepatitis (klor-ep-at-i'-tis) [chlorin; hepa- 
titis]. Chronic hepatitis combined with chlo- 
rosis. 

Chlorephidrosis (klor -ef -id-ro' -sis) \chlorin; 
i(f>cdpoocg, perspiration]. A condition charac- 
terized by greenish perspiration. 

Chlorethylene (klor-eth'-il-en). A substance 
formed from ethylene by replacement of one 
or more atoms of hydrogen with chlorin. 
C. Chlorid, C. Dichlorid, C 2 H 3 C1 3 , an oil 
with odor like that of ethene chlorid, boiling 
at 115 C; employed as an anesthetic. 

Chlorethylidene (klor-eth' -il-id-en). A chlorin 
substitution-compound of ethylidene. C. 
Chlorid, C. Dichlorid, C 2 H 4 C1 2 , a liquid 
used as an anesthetic. Syn., Chlorinated 
ethyl chlorid; Mono chlorethylidene dichlorid. 

Chloretone (klor'-et-on). See Acetone Chloro- 
form. 

Chlorhematin (klor -hem' -a-tin). See Hemin. 

Chlorhydria (klor-hi'-dre-ah). An excess of 
hydrochloric acid in the stomach. 

Chlorhydric (klor-hi'-drik). Composed of 
chlorin and hydrogen; hydrochloric. 

Chloric (klo'-rik) [chlorin]. Pertaining to 
or containing chlorin. C. Acid. See Acid, 
Chloric. C. Ether. 1. See Ethyl Chlorid. 
2. See Chloroform, Spirit of. 

Chlorid (klo'-rid) [chlorin]. A binary com- 
pound, one of the elements of which is chlorin. 
C, Methyl-. See under Anesthetic, Local. 

Chlorin (klo'-rin) [x^ojpog, green]. Chlorum. 
CI = 35.5; quantivalence I. A greenish- 
yellow gas, prepared by decomposing sodium 
chlorid, NaCl. It is highly irritative to the 
skin and mucous membranes, producing spas- 
modic closure of the glottis. It is a valuable 
disinfectant. The liquor calcis chloridi (B. P.) 
contains 1 pound of the salt to a gallon of 
water. Chlorid of lime (calx chlorinata, JJ '. S. 
P.), a hypochlorite of calcium, contains free 
chlorin and is a valuable disinfectant. Dose, 
internally, 3-6 gr. (0.2-0.4 Gm.). C.- 
hunger, the condition of the body when 



CHLORINATED 



271 



CHLOROPHYL 



chlorin (usually in the form of common 
salt) is lacking. Among the immediate 
results of this deficiency are indigestion and 
albuminuria. C. -vapor (B. P.), used for 
inhalation. C. -water {liquor chlori composi- 
tus, U. S. P.), contains 4% of the gas in 
solution. It is a good antiseptic wash. Dose 
internally 10-30 min. (0.65-2.0 Cc). 

Chlorinated (klo' - rin - a - led). Containing 
chlorin or combined with it. 

Chloriodoform (klo-ri-o' -do-form), CHC1 2 I. A 
yellow oil obtained from chloroform by 
replacement of one atom of chlorin by an 
atom of iodin; it boils at 131 C. and does 
not solidify. 

Chloriodolipol (klo-ri-o-do-lip'-ol). A com- 
bination of creasote and chlorinated phenols, 
a disinfectant and antiseptic; in surgery, 2 
to 3 % solution is employed; for inhalation 
in diseases of the air-passages, 5 % solution. 

Chloroalbumin (klo-ro-al f -bu-min). A deriva- 
tive of peptone, protogen, or albumoses by 
action of chlorin. 

Chlorobrom {klo'-ro-brom) [chlorin; bromin]. 
A solution each ounce of which contains 30 
grains of chloralamid and of potassium bromid. 
It is hypnotic and useful in sea-sickness. 

Chlorobromhydrin (klo-ro-brom-hi f -drin). A 
substance formed from glycerol by replace- 
ment of two molecules of hydroxy! with one 
atom of chlorin and one of bromin. Syn., 
Allyl chlorobromhydrin. 

Chlorodyne {klo'-ro-din) [chlorin; dduvq, 
pain]. An English proprietary remedy sup- 
posed to contain chloroform, ether, morphin, 
cannabis indica, hydrocyanic acid, and cap- 
sicum. It is anodyne and narcotic. Dose 
10-30 min. (0.65-2.0 Cc). 

Chloroform (klo'-ro-form) [L., chloroformum]. 
Methyl trichlorid, CHC1 3 . A heavy, color- 
less liquid obtained by the action of chlorin- 
ated lime on methyl-alcohol. The commercial 
article, chloroformum vcnale, contains 2 % 
of impurities. Administered internally in 
large doses, chloroform produces narcosis 
and violent gastroenteritis. In small doses 
it is antispasmodic and carminative. Chloro- 
form has an agreeable odor and a sweetish 
taste. It sohdines in the cold, boils at 62 C, 
and has a specific gravity at 15 C. of 1.502. 
Externally it is much employed as an ingre- 
dient of rubefacient and anodyne hniments. 
Mixed with a large percentage of air and 
inhaled, it is one of the most valuable of gen- 
eral anesthetics, but occasionally (1 : 3000) 
causes death by cardiac paralysis. See under 
Anesthetic. Deep injections of chloroform 
in the vicinity of the sciatic nerve have been 
recommended in sciatica. Syn., Chloroform- 
ium; Chloroformyl. C, Alcoholized, a mix- 
ture of chloroform and alcohol. C, Am- 
moniated, equal parts of ammonia in alcohol 
and chloroform; antipyretic and anodyne. 
C.jAnschutz's, 

(C 6 H 4 < C o)4 . 2CHCI3, 

a crystalline substance which liberates pure 



chloroform on application of gentle heat. Syn., 
Salicylid chloroform. C, Emulsion of {emul- 
sum chloroformi, U. S. P.), chloroform, 4; ex- 
pressed oil of almond, 6; tragacanth, 1.5; 
water sufficient to make 100 parts. C, Gela- 
tinized, equal parts of chloroform and white 
of egg shaken together. C. Liniment (lini- 
mentum chloroformi, U. S. P.), chloroform, 
300 Cc; soap liniment, 700 Cc. C. and 
Morphin, Tincture of (B. P.), a substitute 
for chlorodyne. Each dose of 10 min. 
(0.65 Cc.) contains chloroform, ij min.; 



ether, J min. 



alcohol, 



1^ min.; morphin 



acid, I min.; oil of peppermint, ^V m in.; 
fluidextract of licorice, 1^ min.; treacle 
and syrup q. s. C, Pictet's, chloroform 
obtained in a pure state by crystallizing at a 
low temperature. C, Spirit of {spiritus 
chloroformi, U. S. P.), pure chloroform, 10; 
alcohol, 90 parts. Dose 10 min.-i dr. (0.65- 
4.0 Cc). C, Tincture of, Compound 
{tinctura chloroformi composita, B. P.), chloro- 
form, 2; alcohol, 8; compound tincture of 
cardamom, 10. Dose 20 min.-i dr. (1.3- 
4.0 Cc). C. -water (aqua chloroformi, U. 
S. P., B. P.). Dose |-2 oz. (15-60 Cc). 

Chloroformin (klo-ro-form'-in). A poison 
extracted by Auclair from tubercle bacilli. 
Syn., Chloroformobacillin. 

Chloroformism {klo f -ro-form-izm) [chloroform], 
1. The use of chloroform to excess for its 
narcotic effect. 2. The symptoms produced 
by this use of the drug. 

Chloroformization (klo-ro-form-i-za'-shun). 1. 
The act of administering chloroform as an 
anesthetic. 2. The anesthetic results from 
the inhalation of chloroform. 

Chlorol {klo r -roV). A solution of sodium 
chlorid, mercury bichlorid, and hydrochloric 
acid, each, 1 part, and 3^ of copper sulfate 
in 100 parts of water; it is disinfectant and 
antiseptic. 

Chlorolin {klo'-ro-lin). A solution said to 
consist mainly of the chlorphenols; recom- 
mended as a disinfectant and as an antiseptic 
wash in 2 to 3 % solution. 

Chloroma {klo-ro'-mali) [yXcupoc, green; 
o;xa, a tumor]. "Green cancer"; a rare va- 
riety of sarcoma, of a greenish tint, usually 
seated upon the periosteum of the bones 
of the head. 

Chlorophan (klo r -ro-fan) [%Xcop6f, green; q^ahecv, 
show]. A yellowish-green chromophan. See 
Chromophan. 

Chlorophthisis (klo-ro-ti f -sis). Pulmonary tu- 
berculosis associated with chlorosis. 

Chlorophyl (klo'-ro-fil) [ylwpbc, green; <f>uXXov 
leaf]. The green coloring-matter of plants. 
It decomposes carbon dioxid, setting free oxy- 
gen and forming new organic compounds. 
This decomposition takes place only or 
chiefly in the presence of sunlight. The 
chlorophyl is contained in certain parts of 
the protoplasm of the plant. It is the sub- 
stance by the agency of which carbohydrates 
are formed in green plants. 



CHLOROPIA 



272 



CHOLECYSTITIS 



Chloropia, Chloropsia (klo-ro'-pe-ah, klo-rop'- 
se-ah) [xAcopoc, green; o<pcc, vision]. Disordered 
or defective vision in which all objects 
appear -green. 

Chloroplastin {klo-ro-plas' -tin) [jXojpbc, green; 
TzXaozbc, formed]. Schwartz's name for the 
protoplasm in chlorophyl grains. 

Chloroquinon (klo-ro-kwin' -on) . Any chlorin 
substitution-compound of quinon. 

Chloro sarcoma (klo-ro-sar-ko'-mah). See 
Chloroma. 

Chlorosin {klo'-ro-siri). A compound of albu- 
min and chlorin, used in gastric catarrh. 

Chlorosis (klo-ro'-sis) [xXojpbc, green]. The 
"green sickness." A form of anemia, most 
common in young women, and characterized 
by a marked reduction of hemoglobin in the 
blood, with but a slight diminution of red 
corpuscles. In some cases there is a hyper- 
plasia of the sexual organs and the heart and 
large blood-vessels. The symptoms are those 
of anemia — -a greenish color of the skin, 
gastric and menstrual disturbances. Syn., 
Chloranemia; Chloremia; Green sickness; 
Morbus virgineus; Pallor luteus; Pallor virgin- 
urn; Parthenosis. C. adultarum, that occur- 
ring between 30 and 40 years of age. Syn., 
AcmcBochlorosis; Chlorosis tarda. C. aegyp- 
tiaca, C. aethiopum, C, Egyptian, un- 
cinariasis. C. florida, a rare form of chlorosis 
in which the color is high. C. pituitosa. 
Synonym of Mucous colitis. C. tarda. 
See C. adultarum. C, Tropical, C. tropica, 
uncinariasis. 

Chlorosonin {klo-ro'-son-in). A compound 
of chloral and hydroxylamin; it is hypnotic. 

Chlorostigma {kio-ro-stig' -mah) [xXcopoc, green; 
oztypa, stigma]. A genus of plants of the 
order Asclepiadacece. C. stucker iianum is a 
plant of South America; the root, stem, and 
leaves are said to possess powerful galacta- 
gogic properties. An alkaloid, chlorostigmin, 
has been extracted. 

Chlorotic {klo-rof -ik) [chlorosis]. 1. Relat- 
ing to chlorosis. 2. A person affected with 
chlorosis. 

Chlorous (klor'-us). Containing or combined 
with chlorin; generally restricted to com- 
pounds containing chlorin combined with oxy- 
gen, but containing less oxygen than the 
chloric compounds. 

Chlorphenol (klor-}e f -nol) [chlorin; phenol], 
C 6 H 4 C1. OH. Monochlorphenol, a substance 
possessed of antiseptic properties. It is re- 
commended for inhalation in diseases of the 
respiratory passages. 

Chlorphenyl (klor-}en f -il). A substance ob- 
tained from trichlorphenic acid bv action of 
nitric acid. C. Salicylate, C 6 H 4 (OH)CO . - 
OC 6 H 4 Cl, a crystalline substance obtained 
from a mixture of orthochlorphenol and 
parachlorphenol by action of phosphorus 
pentachlorid. The ortho-compound, chlor- 
salol, is used as a surgical antiseptic; the 
para-compound, as a substitute for phenyl 
salicylate. Dose 60-90 gr. (4-6 Gm.) daily. 
Syn., Salicylic chlorphenol ester. 



Chlorsalol (kldr'-sal-ol). See under Chlorphenyl 
Salicylate. 

Chlorum (klo'-rum) [chlorin]. The official 
pharmaceutic name of chlorin. See Chlorin. 

Chloryl (klo'-ril). A mixture of ethyl and 
methyl chlorids; an anesthetic. Syn., Coryl. 

Choana (ko'-an-ah) [%oavT), a funnel]. 1. A 
funnel-like opening. 2. A name applied to 
the posterior nasal orifices. 

Choanoid (ko 1 '-an-oid) [choana; eWof, likeness]. 
Funnel-shaped. 

Chocolate (chok' -ol-dt) [Mex., chocolatl, choco- 
late]. A dried paste prepared from the pow- 
der of cacao-seeds (see Cacao) with various 
mucilaginous and amylaceous ingredients. It 
is used to prepare a beverage, and also as a 
vehicle, especially for quinin. C, Acorn-, 
a mixture of ground acorns with pure choco- 
late, prepared according to the formula of Lieb- 
reich by Stollwerk, of Cologne. It contains 
nearly 2 % of tannic acid and is used in the 
dietetic management of diarrhea in enteritis. 

Choke (chok) [ME., choken, to choke]. To 
suffocate; to prevent access of air to the lungs 
by compression of or by obstructing the trachea. 
C. -cherry, the fruit of Prunus virginiana 
(not of the Pharmacopeia), common in the 
United States. It is antispasmodic, tonic, 
and slightly astringent. 

Choked Disc (chokd). See Papillitis. 

Choi-, Cholo- (kol-, kol-o-) footf, bile]. Pre- 
fixes meaning bile. 

Cholagog, Cholagogue (koV -ag - og) [chol-; 
ayojybc;, leading]. 1. Stimulating the flow or 
the secretion of bile. 2. Any agent that 
promotes the flow of bile. 

Cholalic Acid (kol-a' -lik) . See Acid, Cholic. 

Cholangiostomy (kol-an-je-os'-to-me) [chol-; 
dyyelov, vessel; oxbpa, mouth]. The forma- 
tion of a. fistula into the gall-bladder. 

Cholangiotomy (kol-an-je-ot'-o-me) [chol-; 
dyyeiov, vessel; ropr/, a cutting]. The inci- 
sion of an intrahepatic bile-duct for the re- 
moval of a calculus. 

Cholangitis (kol-an-ji' -tis) [chol-; dyyelov, 
vessel; it eg, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
a bile-duct. C, Obliterative, closure of the 
bile-ducts the result of inflammation. 

Cholecyanin (kol-e-si-an' -in) . Synonym of 
Bilicyanin. 

Cholecyst (kol'-e-sist) [chol-; kuotic, a blad- 
der]. The gall-bladder. 

Cholecystectomy (kol-e-sis-tek' -to-me) [chole- 
cyst; iKxop.ii, a cutting off]. Excision of the 
gall-bladder. 

Cholecystenterorrhaphy {kol-e-sist-en-ter-or'- 
af-e) [cholecyst; enter or rhaphy]. The opera- 
tion of suturing the gall-bladder to the small 
intestine. 

Cholecystenterostomy (kol-e-sist-en-ter-os' -to- 
me) [cholecyst; enterostomy]. The artificial 
establishment of a communication between 
the gall-bladder and the intestine. 

Cholecystitis (kol-e-sis-ti'-tis) [cholecyst; ace, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the gall- 
bladder. C., Eberth's, that due to Bacillus 
typhi abdominalis. 



CHOLECYSTOCOLOTOMY 



273 



CHOLERA 



Cholecystocolotomy {kol-e-sis-to-ko-lot 1 '-o-me) 
[cholecyst; colotomy]. Incision into the gall- 
bladder and colon. 

Cholecystoduodenostomy (kol-e-sist-o-du-od- 
'en-os' -to-me) [cholecyst; duodenostomy]. The 
establishment of an artificial communication 
between the gall-bladder and the duodenum. 

Cholecystogastrostomy ikol-e-sist-o-gas-tros' - 
to-me) [cholecyst; gastrostomy]. The forma- 
tion of an opening between the gall-bladder 
and the stomach. 

Cholecystoileostomy (kol-e-sist-o-il-e-os' '-to-me) 
[cholecyst; ileostomy]. The formation of an 
opening between the gall-bladder and the 
ileum. 

Cholecystojejunostomy {kol-e-sist-o-je-jun-os' - 
ib-me) [cholecyst; jejunostomy]. The estab- 
lishment of a communication between the 
gall-bladder and the jejunum. 

Cholecystolithotripsy {kol-e-sis-to-lith-ot' -rip- 
se) [cholecyst; Xcdoc, a stone; Tp'cfiecv, to 
crush]. The crushing of gall-stones in the 
gall-bladder. 

Cholecystorrhaphy (kol-e-sist-or'-af-e) [chole- 
cyst; pd(f>rj, a seam]. Suture of the gall-blad- 
der, especially suture to the abdominal wall. 

Cholecystectomy {kol-e-sist-os' -to-me) [chole- 
cyst; azo/ia, mouth]. The establishment of an 
opening into the gall-bladder. 

Cholecystotomy {kol-e-sist-ot' -o-me) [cholecyst; 
TS}it>etv, to cut]. Incision of the gall-bladder 
to remove gall-stones, etc. 

Choledocholithiasis {kol-e-dok-o-lith-i' -as-is) 
[choledochus; lithiasis]. The formation of a cal- 
culus in the common bile-duct. 

Choledocholithotomy (kol-e-dok-o-lith-ot f -o- 
me) [choledochus; lithotomy]. The incision of 
the common bile-duct for the removal of 
gall-stones. 

Choledochotomy (kol-ed-o- kot'- o - me) [chole- 
dochus; rofxrj, section]. An incision into the 
- common bile-duct. 

Choledochus ikol-ed' -o-kus) [xoXrj, bile; de^eo- 
dac, to receive]. Receiving or holding bile. 
C, Ductus communis, the common excre- 
tory duct of the liver and gall-bladder. 

Choleglobin (kol-e-glo' -bin) [x°^V, bile; globin]. 
Latschenberger's name for the antecedent 
of bile-pigment, resulting, in his estimation, 
from the decomposition of the coloring-mat- 
ter of blood. 

Choleic (kol-e'-ik) [^oAtj, bile]. Pertaining to the 
bile. 

Cholelithiasis (kol-e-lith-i' '-as-is) [xoXtj, bile; 
lithiasis]. The presence of, or a condition 
associated with, calculi in the gall-bladder or 
in a gall-duct. 

Cholelithotomy (kol-e-lith-ot'-o-me) [chole- 
lithiasis; rifivecv, to cut]. An incision for the 
removal of gall-stones. 

Cholelithotripsy (kol-e-lith-ot-rip' -se) [chole- 
lithiasis; xp"c<pcc, a rubbing]. The operation 
of crushing a gall-stone. 

Cholelithotrity {kol-e-lith-ot'-re-te). See Chole- 
lithotripsy. 

Cholemia (kol-e' '-me-ah) [xoXrj, bile ; a lp.a, blood]. 
The presence of bile in the blood, 
19 



Choleplania {kol-e-pla' -ne-ah) [xoXtj, bile; 
nhavr), a wandering]. Jaundice. 

Cholepyrrhin {kol-e-pir f -in) [xoXrj, bile; nuppbc, 
orange-colored]. 1. The brown coloring- 
matter of bile. Syn., Bilepyrrhin. 2. Bili- 
rubin. 

Cholera (koV-er-ah) [xoXkpa, from x°^]-> bile]. 
1. A name given to a number of acute dis- 
eases characterized mainly by large discharges 
of fluid material from the bowels, vomit- 
ing, and collapse. 2. A synonym of Asiatic 
cholera. C, Asiatic, C, Algid, an acute, 
specific, highly malignant disease, exist- 
ing in India and the tropics of Asia during 
the entire year, and occasionally spreading 
as an epidemic over large areas. It is char- 
acterized by vomiting, alvine discharges re- 
sembling flocculent rice-water, severe cramps, 
and collapse. The -rate of mortality varies 
from"" 10 to 66 %, the average being over 50 %. 
The cause is the comma bacillus of Koch, 
which is always found in the rice-water dis- 
charges. The germs commonly gain entrance 
into the system by means of the drinking- 
water. C. asphyctica, Asiatic cholera 
marked by early collapse and speedy death. 
C, Barbel. See under Barbel. C., Bil- 
ious, a form of the disease attended with ex- 
cessive discharge of bile. C.-blue. See 
under Pigment. C. -cells, C. -corpuscles, 
fungi found in dejecta of cholera patients. C . , 
Chicken, a very fatal epidemic disease of 
fowls, marked by tumefaction of the lymphatic 
glands, with inflammation and ulceration of 
the digestive organs. C, English. See C. 
morbus. C, Epidetnic. Synonym of Asiatic 
cholera. C. -fever. 1. Cholera- typhoid. 2. 
Intermittent cholera. C, Hog, an infec- 
tious disease attacking swine and aharac- 
terized by- a patchy redness of the skin, with 
inflammation and ulceration of the bowels, 
enlargement of the abdominal glands, and 
congestion of the lungs. C. infantum, the 
"summer complaint" of infants and young 
children; an acute disease occurring in warm 
weather, and characterized by pftin, vomiting, 
purgation, fever, and prostration. The disease 
is supposed to be caused by the bacillus of Shiga, 
and is favored by the prolonged action of 
heat, together with errors in diet and hygiene. 
It is most common among the poor and in 
hand-fed babes. The disease is of short dura- 
tion, death frequently ensuing in from 3 to 
5 days. C, Intermittent, a form of simple 
cholera sometimes accompanying the onset of 
tertian fevers. C, Malignant, Asiatic chol- 
era. C. morbus, an acute catarrhal inflam- 
mation of the mucous membrane of the stom- 
. ach and intestine, with pain, purging, vomit- 
ing, spasmodic contractions of the muscles, 
etc. It is a disease of the heated term and 
is very similar to Asiatic cholera in its symp- 
tomatology. C. nostras. Same as C. morbus. 
C. orientalis, Asiatic cholera. C.-red. See 
under Pigment. C. sicca, a term applied to 
those cases of Asiatic cholera in which rice- 
water liquid is found in the intestine after 



CHOLERAIC 



274 



CHONDROGEN 



death, though none had been voided during 
life. C. suppressa. See C. sicca. C- 
typhoid, a soporific condition resembling ty- 
phus, lasting from 2 to 7 days, and attributed 
to uremia resulting from acute nephritis. It 
frequently follows Asiatic cholera. 

Choleraic (kol-er-a'-ik) [cholera]. Pertaining 
to or resembling cholera. C. Diarrhea, 
diarrhea characterized by a profuse, ex- 
hausting discharge of watery material. 

Cholerase (kol'-er-dz). The special bacterio- 
lytic enzym of the cholera vibrio. Cf. 
Pyocyanase and Ty phase. 

Choleric (kol'-er-ik). 1. Having abundant 
bile. 2. Applied to a temperament easily 
excited to anger. 3. Choleraic. 

Cholerine {kol-er-en') [dim. of cholera]. A 
mild form of Asiatic cholera, or the initial 
stage of a more severe form. 

Cholero typhus {kol-er-o-ti'-fus). 1. See Chol- 
era-typhoid. 2. The most malignant type of 
Asiatic cholera. 

Cholerythrin (kol-er-ith'-rin). See Bilirubin. 

Cholestearin (kol-es-te'-ar-in). See Choles- 
terin. 

Cholesteatoma {kol-es-te-at-o f -mah) [choles- 
terin; bp.a, tumor]. A teratoid tumor con- 
taining plates of cholesterin, epithelial cells, 
hair, and other dermal structures, and occur- 
ring most frequently in the brain. 

Cholestegnosis (kol-e-steg-no' -sis) [xoXjj, bile; 
azkyvcoocg, a making close]. Thickening of 
the bile. 

Cholesteremia, Cholesterinemia (kol-es-ter- 
e'-me-ah, kol-es-ter-in-e' '-me-ah) [cholesterin; 
aljia, blood]. The morbid state resulting 
from the retention of cholesterin in the blood. 
The condition is probably due to the reten- 
tion of the bile-acids. 

Cholesterilins {kol-es-ter' -il-ins) . Hydrocar- 
bons formed from cholesterin by action of con- 
centrated sulfuric acid, and supposed to stand 
in close relationship to the terpene group. 

Cholesterin {kol-es'-ter-in) {joXr^, bile; oriap, 
fat], C 26 H 44 or C 25 H 42 0. A monatomic 
alcohol, a constituent of bile, gall-stones, 
nervous tissue, egg-yolk, and blood, and some- 
times found in foci of fatty degeneration. It 
is a glistening, white, crystalline substance, 
soapy to the touch, crystallizing in fine 
needles and rhombic plates. It is insoluble 
in water, soluble in hot alcohol, ether, or 
chloroform. It is held in solution in the bile 
by the bile-salts; it is levorotatory. The 
power of immunizing against and neutralizing 
snake-venom is attributed to it. C.,. Tests for. 
See Liebermann-Burchard, Obermueller, Sal- 
kowski, Schiff, Schultze. 

Choletelin (kol-e? '-el-in) [cholin; rrjXoc, com- 
pletion], C 16 H 18 N 2 6 . An amorphous, solu- 
ble, yellow pigment derived from biliru- 
bin. It is the final product of the oxidation 
of bile-pigments. It is readily soluble in 
alkalis, alcohol, and chloroform. 

Choletherapy (kol-e-ther' '-ap-e) [cholin; 'therapy]. 
The remedial use of bile. 



Choleuria (kol-e-u'-re-ah) [xoXi), bile; o&pov, 
urine]. The presence of bile in the urine. 

Cholic (kol'-ik) [xoXtj, bile]. Pertaining to the 
bile. C. Acid. See Acid, Cholic. 

Cholicele (kol'-is-el) [%oXij, bile; ktjXt], a tumor]. 
A tumor of the gall-bladder, due to accumula- 
tion of bile. 

Cholin (kol'-in) [xoXr), bile], C 5 H 15 N0 2 . A sub- 
stance found among the products of the de- 
composition of hog's bile and ox bile. It 
is also found in the extracts of the suprare- 
nals, and is a product of the decomposition 
of lecithin. 

Choloidinic Acid (kol-oi-din'-ik), C 24 H 38 4 . 
A decomposition-product of cholic acid. 

Chololith {koV -o-litK) [xoXrj, bile; Xcdoe, stone]. 
A gall-stone. 

Cholosis (kol-o'-sis) [xoXtj, bile]. 1 . Any disease 
caused by or associated with a perversion 
of the biliary secretion. 2. Lameness. C. 
americana, yellow fever. 

Chondral {kon'-dral) [chondrus]. Cartilagin- 
ous; relating to or composed of cartilage. 

Chondrification (kon-drif -ik-a' -shun) [chon- 
drus; facer e, to make]. The process of being 
converted into cartilage. 

Chondrin {kon'-drin) [chondrus]. A substance 
obtained from the matrix of hyaline cartilage 
by boiling. It resembles gelatin in general 
properties, but differs from it in not being 
precipitated by tannic acid. C. Balls, -a 
substance found in cartilage and composed 
of chondromucoid and chondroitic acid. 

Chondritis {kon-dri' -tis) [chondro-; tttf, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of a cartilage. 

Chondro- (kon-dro-) [chondrus]. A prefix mean- 
ing relating to cartilage. 

Chondroblast {kon' -dro-blasf) [chondro-; [IXao- 
rof, germ]. A cell of developing cartilage. 

Chondrocele ikon' -dro-seT) [chondro-; K-qX-q, a 
tumor]. A sarcocele containing masses resem- 
bling cartilage. 

Chondrocoracoid {kon-dro-kor'-ak-oid). Re- 
lating to a costal cartilage and to the coracoid 
process of the scapula. 

Chondro costal (kon-dro-kos'-tal) [chondro-; 
costa, a rib]. Relating to the ribs and their 
cartilages. 

Chondro cranium (kon-dro-kra'-ne-um) [chon- 
dro-; cranium]. The cartilaginous cranium, 
as of the embryo. 

Chondrocrasis (kon-dro-kra f -sis) [chondro-; 
update, a mixing]. The diseased state of 
the cartilages accompanying leprosy. 

Chondro dendron (kon-dro-den'-dron) [chondro-; 
dkvdpov, a tree]. A genus of South American 
menispermaceous climbing plants. C. glaber- 
rimum and C. iomentosum are among the 
plants that furnish pareira . 

Chondrodialysis (kon-dro-di-al f -is-is) [chon- 
dro-; dialysis]. The decomposition of cartilage. 

Chondroepiphysis {kon-dro-ep-if'-is-is) [chon- 
dro-; epiphysis]. A cartilage which later 
develops into a bony epiphysis. 

Chondrogen {kon'-dro-jen) [chondro-; yevvdv, 
to beget]. A substance forming a part 
of the tissue of imperfectly developed cartilage. 



CHONDROMA 



275 



CHOREA 



Chondroma (kon-dro'-mah) [chondro-; o/ia, 
tumor]. A cartilaginous tumor. 




Chondroma of Hand. — (Moullin.) 

Chondromalacia (kon - dro - mal - a' - se - ah) 
[chondro-; [xaXaKia, softening]. Softening 
of a cartilage. C. auris. Same as Hem- 
atoma auris. 

Chondromucoid (kon-dro-mu'-koid). A mucin 
found in cartilage. Cf. Osseomucoid; Tendo- 
mucoid. 

Chondromyoma (kon-dro-mi-o'-mah) [chon- 
dro-; myoma]. A neoplasm presenting 
the characteristics of both chondroma and 
myoma. 

Chondrophyma (kon-dro-fi'-mah) [chondro-; 
<j>up.a, a growth]. i. A tumor of a cartilage. 

2. A neoplasm with cartilaginous elements. 

3. See Chondrophyte. 

Chondro phyte {kon' -dro -fit) [chondro-; <f>urov, 
a plant]. A fungous neoplasm springing from 
a cartilage. 

Chondroplast (kon' -dro-plast) . See Chondro- 
mas t. 

Chondroporosis (kon-dro-por-o'-sis) [chon- 
dro-; nopoc, a passage]. The thinning of 
cartilage by the formation of spaces, occur- 
ring during the process of ossification. 

Chondrosarcoma (kon-dro-sar-ko'-mah) [chon- 
dro-; sarcoma]. A tumor composed of car- 
tilaginous and sarcomatous tissue. 

Chondrosis (kon-dro'-sis) [chondrus]. 1. For- 
mation of cartilage. 2. A cartilaginous tumor. 

Chondrosternal (kon-dro-ster'-nal). Pertain- 
ing to the sternum and costal cartilages. 

Chondrosyndesmus (kon-dro-sin-dez'-mus) . 
See Synchondrosis. 

Chondrotome (kon'-dro-tom) [chondro-; rkjivecv, 
to cut]. An instrument for cutting cartilage. 

Chondro tomy (kon-drot'-o-me) [see Chondro- 
tome]. The division of a cartilage. 

Chondroxiphoid (kon-dro-zi'-foid) . Pertaining 
to the costal cartilages and the ensiform cartil- 
age. 



Chondrus (kon'-drus) [%6i>dpoc, a grain; car- 
tilage]. 1. Irish moss. The substance of 
the algae C. crispus and C. mammillosus. 
These yield, on boiling with water, a soluble 
colloid consisting mainly of mucilage. This 
is demulcent and somewhat nutrient. Dose 
indefinite. 2. A cartilage; the ensiform car- 
tilage. 

Chopart's Amputation (sho-par(r) ). An 
amputation of the foot consisting of a disar- 
ticulation through the tarsal bones, leaving 
only the os calcis and the astragalus. C.'s 
Joint, the mediotarsal articulation; the line 
of articulation which separates the astragalus 
and os calcis from the remaining tarsal bones. 

Chorda (kor'-dah) [L.]. A cord, tendon, or 
nerve-filament. Chordae arteriarum umbil- 
icalium, the lateral ligaments of the blad- 
der. C. dorsalis. See Notochord. C. 
spermatica, the spermatic cord. C. ten- 
dinea, any one of the tendinous strings con- 
necting the papillary muscles of the heart 
with the auriculoventricular valves. C. tym- 
pani. See under Nerve. C. venae umbili- 
calis, the round ligament of the liver. C. 
vocalis, a vocal band. 

Chordee (kor-de') [chorda]. A painful curved 
erection of the penis with concavity down- 
ward. The corpus spongiosum being infil- 
trated from urethral inflammation, does not 
fill with blood during erection, and so acts 
like a bow-string. 

Chorditis (kor-di' -tis) [chorda; czcc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of a vocal band. C. 
nodosa, inflammatory growths occurring on 
the free edge of the vocal cord at the junc- 
tion of the anterior and middle third. Syn., 
Singers' nodes. 

Chordurethritis (kor-du-re-thri'-tis). 
Chordee. 

Chorea (ko-re'-ah) [^opeca, dancing]. 

Vitus' dance. A functional nervous disorder, 
usually occurring in youth, characterized by 
irregular and involuntary action of the mus- 
cles of the extremities, face, etc., with gen- 
eral muscular weakness. Frequently a mi- 
tral systolic murmur is heard, often hemic, 
but in a large proportion of cases due to en- 
docarditis, and there seems to be a close re- 
lation between the two diseases. Rheumatism 
often coexists. Chorea may be caused by a 
number of conditions, among which are fright 
and reflex irritation. It affects girls about 
three times as frequently as boys. Occasion- 
ally a form of chorea is seen in the adult, 
and may become a serious complication of 
pregnancy, resulting in the death of both fetus 
and mother. When it occurs late in life, it 
generally resists treatment. Syn., Chorea 
anglorum; Chorea sancti viti; Epilepsia 
saltatoris; St. John's dance. C, Bilateral, 
that due to cerebral lesions causing de- 
velopment of choreic symptoms on both 
sides of the body. C, Buttonmaker's, 
a form of chorea occurring in persons em- 
ployed in making buttons. C, Cardiac, a 



See 



St. 



CHOREA 



276 



CHORION 



form marked by palpitation and other car- 
diac disorders. C, Chronic Progressive, 
Hoffmann's name for Huntington's chorea. 
C, Congenital. Synonym of Birth-palsy . C. 
cordis. See C, Cardiac. C. -corpuscles 
(Elischer), peculiar cells found in the brain 
in cases of chorea and regarded as pathog- 
nomonic; they have, however, been found 
in the brains of those who have never had 
the disease. C, Dancing, hysteric chorea 
marked by rhythmic dancing movements . C . - 
demonomania, epidemic chorea. C, Dia- 
phragmatic, spasm of the diaphragm. C. 
dimidiata, hemichorea. C, Electric. See 
Dubini's Disease. C, Epidemic. See Choro- 
niania. C, Essential, that occurring inde- 
pendently and not as a symptom of some 
other disease. C, Facial, convulsive tic. 
C, False. See C, Symptomatic. C, Gen- 
eral, a form of chorea in which all or almost 
all of the voluntary muscles are subject to 
irregular contractions. C. gravidarum, in- 
tractable chorea occurring during pregnancy, 
toward its close sometimes aggravated and 
attended with fever. C. gravis, severe and 
dangerous cases of chorea. C, Habit-. See 
Habit-spasm. C, Hammering, a form 
marked by coordinated rhythmic spasm in 
consequence of which persistent hammering 
with the fist upon some object will be in- 
dulged in. C, Hereditary. See C, Hunt- 
ingdon's. C, Huntingdon's, a hereditary 
affection of adult or middle life, characterized 
by irregular movements, disturbance of speech, 
and gradual dementia. C, Hysteric. See 
C. major. C, Imaginative, choromania. 
C, Imitative, choreic movements developed 
in children from association with choreic 
subjects. C, Infantile. See C. minor. C. 
insaniens, maniacal chorea; a grave form 
of chorea usually seen in women, and as- 
sociated with mania, and generally ending 
fatally. It may develop during pregnancy. 
C. laryngea, C., Laryngeal, C. laryngis. 
i. A condition attended with clonic spasm 
of the laryngeal muscles and marked by in- 
ability to sustain coordinate action. 2. A 
condition marked by spasmodic motions of 
some of the muscles of expiration, causing 
a cry. C, Limp, West's name for a sequel 
of motor paralysis in children marked by 
very slight choreic movements. C. major, 
a form of hysteria in which there are con- 
tinual regular oscillatory movements. C, 
Maniacal. See C. insaniens. C, Meta- 
paralytic, C, Methemiplegic. See C, 
Postparalytic. C, Methodic. See C. major. 
C, Mimetic. See C, Imitative. C. minor, 
simple chorea. C. mollis. See Hemi- 
plegia, Choreic. C, Morvan's, fibrillary con- 
tractions of the muscles of the calves and 
posterior portion of the thighs, often ex- 
tending to the trunk and upper extrem- 
ities, but leaving the face and neck in- 
tact. Syn., Choree fibrillaire de Morvan. 
C. neuralgica, convulsive tic. C. nu- 



tans, that attended with nodding motions. 
C. oculi, choreic movements of the eyes 
due to cerebral lesions. C. pandemica. See 
Dubini's Disease. C, Paralytic (Gowers). 
See Hemiplegia, Choreic. C, Partial, im- 
perfect choreic movements associated with 
contractures, due to cerebral lesion. C, 
Posthemiplegic, C, Postparalytic, a form 
of involuntary movement seen in patients 
after an attack of hemiplegia. C, Prehemi- 
plegic, C, Prohemiplegic, choreic spasms 
of the hands or feet forerunning hemiplegia. 
C. procursiva. Synonym of Paralysis agi- 
tans. C, School-made, chorea resulting 
from overstimulation of children at school. 
C, Secondary. See C, Symptomatic. C. 
semilateralis, hemichorea. C. senilis. 1. 
Paralysis agitans. 2. The trembling inci- 
dent to age. C, Sydenham's, chorea minor; 
infectious chorea. C, Symptomatic, that 
dependent upon some organic disease. C, 
Unilateral. See Hemichorea. 

Choreic (ko-re'-ik) [chorea]. Relating to, of 
the nature of, or affected with chorea. 

Choreiform (ko-re'-if-orm) [chorea; forma, 
form]. Resembling chorea. 

Choremania, Chore omania {ko-re-ma'-ne-ah, 
ko-re-o-ma'-ne-ah) [chorea; [lav'ca, madness]. 
Synonym of Choromania. 

Choriocapillaris {ko-re-o-kap-il-a'-ris) [chor- 
ion; capillus, a hair]. The network of 
capillaries over the inner portion of the 
choroid coat of the eye. 

Chorioepithelioma (ko-re-o-ep-e-the-le-o' -mah). 
See Deciduoma. C. benignum, degenerated 
relics of fetal epithelium or epiblast in the 
maternal tissues. C. malignum, March- 
and's (1895) name for an epithelioma due to 
malignant degeneration of fetal epiblast left 
in the maternal tissues. Syn., Deciduoma 
malignum; Sarcoma ■ deciduo cellular e; Syncy- 
tioma malignum. 

Chorioid {ko'-re-oid). See Choroid. 

Chorioidal (ko-re-oid'-al). See Choroid (2). 

Chorioideal Tubercle {ko-re-oid' -e-al tu'-ber-kX) . 
See Choroid Tubercle. 

Chorioideremia {ko-re-oid-er-e f -me-ah). See 
Choroideremia . 

Chorioiditis (ko-re-oid^i'-tis). See Choroiditis. 

Chorioma (ko-re-o' -mah) [chorion; op.a, tumor]. 
A neoplasm developed from the chorion. 

Chorion {ko'-re-on) [ibptov, skin; fetal mem- 
brane]. The outermost of the fetal membranes, 
formed from the vitelline membrane, the 
false amnion, and the allantois. The chorion 
lies between the amnion and the deciduas 
(reflexa and vera). C, Cystic Degenera- 
tion of, a myxoma of the chorion, producing 
the socalled "hydatid mole." It is charac- 
terized by rapid increase in the size of the 
uterus, hemorrhage, often profuse, beginning 
during the second month of pregnancy, and 
the discharge of small cysts, whitish in ap- 
pearance, surrounded by bloody clots. These 
cysts vary in size from a pin-head to *a filbert. 
C. frondosum, C, Shaggy, the part covered 
by villi. It helps to form the placenta. C. 



CHORIONIC 



277 



CHROMIDROSIS 



laeve, the mefnbranous portion of the cho- 
rion. 

Chorionic (ko-re-on'-ik) [chorion]. Relating to 
the chorion. 

Chorionin (ko-re-on' '-in) . A name given by 
Bronchacourt (1902) to a preparation made 
from sheep's placenta by submitting it to 
pressure without heat. The juice thus ex- 
pressed is made palatable with syrup after 
being sterilized with ammonium fluorid; em- 
ployed as a galactagog. 

Chorionitis (ko-re-on-i' '-tis) . See Scleroderma. 

Chorioretinitis {ko-re-o-ret-in-i f -tis) . See 
Choroidoretinitis . 

Choroid (ko'-roid) {chorion; eldoc 1 , likeness]. 
1. The vascular tunic of the eye, continuous 
with the iris in front, and lying between 
the sclerotic and the retina. 2. Pertaining to 
the choroid; choroidal. C. Plexus, a vascular 
plexus in the ventricles of the brain. C. 
Tubercle, a diagnostic sign of tubercu- 
lous meningitis found by ophthalmoscopic 
investigation. 

Choroideremia (ko-roid-er-e 1 '-me-ah) [choroid; 
iprj/iia, desolation]. Absence of the choroid. 

Choroiditis {ko-roid-i'-tis) [choroid; trig, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the choroid 
coat of the eye. It may be anterior, 
the foci of exudation being at the periphery 
of the choroid; or central, the exudate being 
in the region of the macula lutea; diffuse 
or disseminated, characterized by numerous 
round or irregular spots scattered over the 
fundus; exudative or nonsuppurative, when 
there are isolated foci of inflammation scat- 
tered over the choroid; metastatic, when due 
to embolism; and suppurative, when proceed- 
ing to suppuration. C, Areolar, C. areo- 
laris, that in which the first foci occur near 
the fovea and extend toward the periphery 
in constantly increasing distances. C. gut- 
tata senilis. See Tay's Choroiditis. C. 
serosa. Synonym of Glaucoma. 

Choroidocyclitis (ko-roid-o -si-Mi' -tis) [choroid; 
kukXoc, a circle; czcc, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the choroid and of the ciliary 
body. 

Choroidoiritis (ko-roid-o-i-ri'-tis) [choroid; 
iritis]. Inflammation of the choroid and the 
iris. 

Choroidoretinitis {ko-roid-o-rel-in-i'-tis) [cho- 
roid; retinitis]. Choroiditis associated with 
retinitis. C, Ametropic, that caused by 
ametropia. 

Choromania (ko-ro-ma' '-ne-ah) [%d>poc, a dance; 
fxavia, madness]. A nervous disorder charac- 
terized by dancing or other rhythmic move- 
ments; epidemic chorea; dancing mania. 

Choronosologia, Choronosology (ko-ro-no- 
sol-o'-je-ah, ko-ro-no-sol' -o-je) [%(bpoc, a region; 
voaoc, a disease ; koyoc, science]. The science 
of the geographic distribution of diseases or 
of endemic diseases of some region. 

Christian Science. An alleged system of 
therapy; a form of faith -cure; Eddyism. 

Christison's Formula. A formula for esti- 
mating the amount of solids in the urine: 



multiply the last two figures of the specific 
gravity expressed in four figures by 2.33 (or 
by 2, Trapp; or by 2.2, Loebisch). This 
gives the amount of solids in every 1000 
parts. 

Chroatol (kro f -at-ol) , C 10 H 16 . 2HI. A greenish- 
yellow, crystalline substance obtained by 
action of turpentine on iodin; used in powder 
or ointment in treatment of skin diseases. 
Syn., Terpiniodohydrate. 

Chroma-, Chromato- [ipti>p.a, color]. Prefixes 
meaning colored. 

Chromate {kro'-mdt) [xp<I)p.a, color]. Any 
salt of chromium trioxid. 

Chromatelopsia, Chromatelopsis (kro-mat-e- 
lop'-se-ah, -sis) [chroma-; dreXrjc, imper- 
fect; o(J> cc, vision]. Color-blindness. 

Chromatic {kro-mat'-ik) [xpa>p.a, color]. 
Relating to or 'possessing color. C. Aber- 
ration. See Aberration, Chromatic. C. Aud- 
ition, luminous sensations aroused by 
sound. 

Chromatin (kro'-mat-in) [see Chromatic]. The 
portion of the protoplasm of a cell that 
takes the stain, forming a delicate reticular 
network or plexus of fibrils permeating the 
achromatin of a cell. Syn., Karyomitome. 

Chromatogenous (kro - mat - oj'- en - us) [chro- 
mato-; yevvav, to beget]. Producing color. 

Chromatolysis (kro-mat-ol'-is-is) [chromato-; 
Xuocc, a loosing]. Flemming's term for the 
breaking-down of the nucleus at the death 
of the cell. Syn., Karyolysis. 

Chromatophore (kro-mat'-o-for) [chromato-; 
4>6poc, bearing]. Any colored cell-plastid. 

Chromatoplasm (kro-maf '-o-plazm) [chromato-; 
r.Xaap.a, anything formed]. The substance 
of the chromatoplasts as distinguished 
from the other cell-substances, karyoplasm, 
cytoplasm, metaplasm, paraplasm, etc. 

Chromatoplast {kro-maf -o-plast) . See Chro- 
matophore. 

Chromatopsia ikro-mat-op' -se-ah) [chromato-; 
o<ficc, vision]. A disorder of vision in 
which color-impressions arise subjectively. 
It may be due to disturbance of the optic 
centers, or to drugs, especially santonin. 

Chromato skiameter (kro-mat-o-ski-am' -et-er) 
[chromato-; oicca, a shadow; p.kxpov, a mea- 
sure]. Holmgren's apparatus for testing color- 
sense, consisting of a lamp and a white 
screen, on which is cast the shadow of a 
pencil placed in front of different colored 
glasses. A scale indicates when the shadows 
are of equal brightness. 

Chrome ikrom). See Chromium. C.-alum, 
CrK 2 (S0 4 ) 2 + i2H 2 0. A compound of chro- 
mium and potassium sulfate, forming large, 
dark -violet crystals soluble in five parts of 
water, the solution turning green when heated; 
used as a pigment. 

Chromic (kro'-mik) [chromium]. Pertaining to 
or made from chromium. C. Acid, C. 
Anhydrid, chromium trioxid. 

Chromidrosis {kro-mid-ro'-sis) [ypcbp-a, color; 
cdpajc, sweat]. A rare condition of the sweat 
in which it is variously colored, being blu- 



CHROMISM 



278 



CHRYSAROBIN 



ish, blackish, reddish, greenish, or yellowish. 
Black sweat {seborrhea nigricans) occurs 
usually in hysteric women, the face being 
most often affected. It is associated with 
chronic constipation and is due to the pres- 
ence of indican in the sweat. Red sweat 
Xhematidrosis) may be due to an exudation 
of blood into the sweat-glands, or to the 
presence of a microorganism in the sweat. 

Chromism (kro'-mizm). Excessive or ab- 
normal coloration. 

Chromite (kro'-mit). i. A combination of 
chromium sesquioxid with the oxid of some 
other metal. 2. Any organic pigment. 

Chromium (kro'-me-um) [xpd>iia, color]. 
Cr = 52.2; quantivalence 11 and iv. One of 
the elements of the iron group. The various 
salts of chromium, especially the derivatives 
of chromium trioxid, Cr0 3 , are much used in 
the manufacture of pigments and as a caustic. 
All are poisonous. C. and Potassium 
Sulfate. See Chrome-alum. C. Sesquioxid, 
Cr 2 3 , a green pigment occurring in nature as 
chrome-ochre; it can be prepared artificially. 
C. Trioxid. See Acid, Chromic. 

Chromo- (kro-mo-) [xp<Lp.a, color]. A prefix 
meaning colored. 

Chromocyte (kro'-mo-sit) [chromo-; kutoc, a. 
cell]. Any colored cell. 

Chromo cytometer (kro -mo - si - torn'- et - er) 
[chromocyte; fxhpov, a measure]. An instru- 
ment for estimating the proportion of hemo- 
globin present in the blood. 

Chromodermatosis (kro -mo - der - mat - 0' - sis) 
[chromo-; dermatosis]. A skin disease char- 
acterized by discoloration of the surface. 

Chromo diagnosis (kro - mo - di - ag - no' - sis) 
[chromo-; diagnosis']. Sicard's term (1901) 
to designate the diagnosis of hemorrhages 
of the neuraxis by yellow discoloration of 
the cephalorachidian fluid (xanthochromia), 
due, according to Tuffier, to the normal 
lutein of the serum. 

Chromogen (kro f -mo-jen) [chromo-; yevvdv, to 
produce]. Any principle of the animal or 
vegetable economy which is susceptible, under 
suitable circumstances, of being changed into 
a coloring-matter. 

Chromogenic (kro-mo-jen'-ik) [see Chromogen]- 
Producing color or pigment; applied gener- 
ally to pigment-producing bacteria 

Chromolume (kro'-mo-liim) [chromo-; lumen, 
light]. An apparatus for the production of 
colored rays for therapeutic purposes. C, 
Electro-arc, a special device for solarization 
by means of the arc light. 

Chromomere (kro'-mo-mer) [chromo-; \ikpog, 
a part]. One of the minute granules com- 
posing the chromosomes. Syn., Id. 

Chromoparic, Chromoparous (kro-mop'-ar-ik, 
-us) [chromo-; parere to furnish]. Excreting 
a colored transformation-product which is 
diffused out upon and into the surrounding 
medium. It is said of certain bacteria. 

Chromophan (kro' -mo-fan) [chromo-; (fralvetv, 
to appear]. The pigment of the inner 
segments of the retinal cones of certain ani- 



mals. There are at least three varieties, chlo- 
rophan, rhodophan, xanthophan. 

Chromophil (kro'-mo-fil). Same as Chro- 
mophilous. 

Chromophilous (kro - mo]' - il - us) [chromo-; 
<f>cXog, loving]. Readily stained; easily ab- 
sorbing color. 

Chromophobic (kro - mo - }o' - bik) [chromo-; 
(f>6j3oc, fear]. Not stainable; not readily ab- 
sorbing color. Cf. Chromophilous. 

Chromophoric, Chromophorous (kro-mo f'-or- 
ik, kro-moj'-or-us). Applied to chromogenic 
bacteria in which the pigment is stored in the 
cell-protoplasm of the organism. 

Chromophose (kro'-mo-fos) [chromo-; <jici)c, 
light]. A subjective sensation of color. See 
Those. 

Chromophytosis (kro -mo -fi- to' -sis) [chro- 
mo-; (jiuxov, a plant]. 1. Any microscopic 
plant -growth that produces a discoloration of 
the skin in which it grows; any pigmentary 
skin disease caused by a vegetable parasite. 
2. A synonym of Tinea versicolor or Eich- 
stedfs disease. 

Chromoplasm (kro' - mo - plazm) [chromo-; 
nXaop.a, anything formed]. The network 
of a nucleus, so called because it stains 
readily. 

Chromoproteid (kro - mo - pro' - te - id) [chro- 
mo-; proteid]. Any proteid capable of being 
broken up into albumin and a coloring- 
matter. 

Chromosochromic (kro-mo-so-kro'-mik). Con- 
taining chromium both as a trivalent and as a 
bivalent radicle. 

Chromosome (kro'-mo-som) [chromo-; owp.a, 
body]. A chromatin-fiber formed during 
karyokinesis. Syn., Karyomita. C, Bival- 
ent, one representing two chromosomes joined 
end to end. Cf. C.s, P seudor eduction of. 
C, Plurivalent, one having the value of two 
or more chromosomes. Cf. C.s, Pseudoreduc- 
tion of. C.s, Pseudoreduction of, apparent 
reduction of the number of chromosomes 
through increase of bivalent or plurivalent 
chromosomes. C.s, Reduction of, the halv- 
ing of the number of chromosomes in the germ- 
nuclei during maturation. 

Chromospermism (kro-mo-sperm'-izm) [chro- 
mo-; ankp}xa, seed]. A condition in which 
the semen is colored. Cf. Cyanospermia. 

Chronic (kron'-ik) [%povoc, time]. Long-con- 
tinued; of long duration; opposed to acute. 

Chronicity (kron-is'-it-e) [chrenic]. The state 
of being chronic or long-continued. 

Chronograph (kro' - no - graf) [%pcvoc, time; 
ypafacv, to write]. An instrument for graphi- 
cally recording intervals of time in physiologic 
and psychophysic experiments. 
Chrotopsia, Chrupsia (kro-top'-se-ah, krup'- 

se-ah). See Chromatopsia. 
Chrysarobin, Chrysarobinum (kris-ar-o'-bin, 
kris-ar-o-bi'-num) [%puo6c, gold; araroba (nat. 
East Ind.), bark of a leguminous tree], C, H 26 - 
7 . A reduction-product of chrysophanic acid. 
it occurs in Goa powder and araroba powder. 
It is a yellow-colored powder, the product of 



CHRYSOLEIN 



279 



CICHORIUM 



the decay of Vouacapoua araroba, a Brazilian 
tree. It is a gastrointestinal irritant; locally 
and internally it is useful in psoriasis, but 
stains the skin a dark yellowish-brown color. 
Dose, internally, J- § gr. (0.008-0.032 Gm.). 
C. Ointment [unguentum chrysarobini, U. S. 
P.), contains 10% of the drug with 00% ben- 
zoinated lard. C. Oxid, a brownish-black pow- 
der obtained from chrysarobin in boiling water 
by the action of sodium peroxid. It is rec- 
ommended in treatment of eczema and acne 
rosacea in 5 to 10% ointment. 

Chrysolein (kris-o'-le-in). Sodium fiuorid. 

Chrysophan ikris' -o-fan) [xpoooc, gold; (pafaecv, 
to show], C 16 H 18 8 . A glucosid found in 
rhubarb. 

Chrysophanic Acid {kris-o-fan'-ik). See Acid, 
Chrysophanic. 

Chrysoretin, Chrysorrhetin {kris-o-ret' -in) . 
A yellow pigment found in senna and identical 
with chrysophan. 

Chuchuarin ichu-chu'-ar-in) [Chuchuara, In- 
dian name], C 20 H 15 N 12 O 2 . An alkaloid ob- 
tained from the seeds and wood of Semecarpus 
anacardium, an anacardiaceous aphrodisiac 
plant of the East Indies. It is extremely 
poisonous, acting somewhat like strychnin. 

Chvostek's Symptom. Increase of the me- 
chanic irritability of the motor nerves, espe- 
cially the facial, in tetany. See also Weiss' 
Sign. 

Chyle (kit) [xokdf, juice]. The milk-white fluid 
absorbed by the lacteals during digestion. 
On standing, it separates into a thin, jelly- 
like clot and a substance identical with serum. 
C. -corpuscle, any floating cell of the chyle. 
These cells resemble, and are probably iden- 
tical with, the colorless blood-corpuscles. C, 
Granular, C, Molecular Base of, the mi- 
nute particles of fat which give the milky 
appearance to chyle. 

Chylemia (ki-le' -me-ah) [chyle; a} pa, blood]. 
The presence of chyle in the blood. 

Chylifaction (ki-le- fak' -shun) [chyle; facere, to 
make]. The forming of chyle from food. 

Chyliferous (ki-lif'-er-us) [chyle; ferre, to carry]. 
Containing or carrying chyle. 

Chylification (ki-le-fik-a f -shun) [chyle; facere, 
to make]. The process by which chyle is 
formed, separated, and absorbed by the villi 
of the small intestine. 

Chylivorous (ki-liv'-or-us) [chyle; vorare, to 
devour]. Applied to parasitic organisms sub- 
sisting on chyle. 

Chylodochium {ki-lo-do' '-ke-um) [chyle; doj^elov, 
receptacle]. The receptaculum chyli. 

Chyloperitoneum (ki-lo-per-it-on-e'-um). A 
condition marked by an effusion of chyle in 
the peritoneum. 

Chylopoiesis (ki-lo-poi-e* -sis) [chyle; izou'tv., to 
make]. Chylification. 

Chylopoietic (ki-lo-poi-et f -ik) [see Chylopoiesis]. 
Making or forming chyle. • 

Chylorrhea (ki-lor-e'-ah) [chyle; pelv, to flow]. 
An excessive flow of chyle; also, a diar- 
rhea characterized by a milky color of the 
feces. 



Chylothorax (ki-lo-tho' '-raks) [chyle; dd)pa£, 
the chest]. The presence of chyle in the 
pleural cavity. 

Chylous (ki'-lus) [chyle]. Relating to or re- 
sembling chyle. 

Chyluria (ki-lu'-re-ah) [chyle; oupov, urine]. 
The passage of chyle in the urine. It is 
thought to be caused by a disordered condition 
of the lacteals, and is also connected with the 
presence in the blood of Filaria sanguinis- 
hominis, which blocks up the lymph-channels. 

Chyme (klm) [xop.bc, chyme]. Food that has 
undergone gastric digestion and has not yet 
been acted upon by the biliary, pancreatic, 
and intestinal secretions. 

Chymification (ki-me-fik-a' -shun) [chyme; 
facere, to make]. The change of food into 
chyme by the digestive process. 

Chymosin (ki' -mo-sin) [chyme]. Rennin; the 
rennet ferment. 

Ciamician and Magnanini's Test for Skatol. 
Skatol warmed with sulfuric acid produces a 
purple-red color. 

Cibarian (sib-a'-re-an) [cibus, food]. Relating 
to food and the organs concerned in mas- 
tication and deglutition. 

Cibation (si-ba' '-shun) [cibus]. 1. The act of 
receiving nourishment. 2. The process of 
condensing a liquid. 

Cibophobia (si-bo-jo' -be-ah) [cibus; (pofloc, fear]. 
Morbid aversion to food. 

Cibotium (sib-ot' -e-um) [kc^ojxoc, a chest]. A 
genus of ferns of the East Indies; the long, 
soft hairs of the rhizome are an efficient 
hemostat. C. baromelz, under the name of 
Agnus scythicus, the astringent rhizome with 
attached petioles and scales, cut into shapes of 
different animals, was held in high repute as 
a drug in the middle ages. See Penghawar 
djambi. 

Cicatricial (sik-at-rish' -at) [cicatrix]. Per- 
taining to or of the nature of a cicatrix. 
C. Deformities, abnormal contractions 
caused by cicatrixes. C. Tissue, a form of 
dense connective tissue seen in cicatrixes. 

Cicatricose, Cicatrisate (sik-at'-re-kos, sik-at'- 
riz-at). Marked with cicatrixes or cicatricial 
impressions. 

Cicatrix (sik-a' -triks) [L.]. A scar. The con- 
nective tissue which replaces a localized loss 
of substance. Its color is usually whitish 
and glistening when old, red or purple when 
newly developed. C, Exuberant, C, Hy- 
pertrophic, C, Keloid, one that hypertro- 
phies after the healing of a wound and be- 
comes red and prominent. C, Vicious, one 
that impairs the function of a part. 

Cicatrization (sik-at-riz-a' -shun) [cicatrix]. 
The process of healing of a wound. 

Cicatrose (sik'-at-ros). See Cicatricose. 

Cichorium (sik-o'-re-um) [nix^ptov]. A genus 
of plants of the order Composites. C. intybus, 
chicory, succory, bunk, is a hardy perennial 
of Europe; the root of the wild plant is said 
to be a powerful alterative. C. Glucosid, 
C 22 H 34 19 + 4§H 2 (?), a bitter glucosid 
obtained from the flowers of C. intybus. 



CICUTA 



280 



CINCHONIDIN 



Cicuta (sik-u'-tah) [L., " hemlock"]. A genus of 
umbelliferous plants. C. virosa is a poison- 
ous species of northern Europe. It is never 
used internally, *but has been applied ex- 
ternally in rheumatism. 

Cicutism (sik'-u-tizm) [Cicuta]. Poisoning 
with water-hemlock, Cicuta virosa. It is 
marked by epileptiform convulsions, dila- 
tion of the pupils, cyanosis of the face, 
and coma. 

Cilia (sil'-e-ah) [pi. of cilium, the eyelid or 
eyelash]. i. The eyelashes. 2. The loco- 
motor and prehensile organs of certain micro- 
organisms. 3. The hair -like appendages of 
certain epithelial cells, the function of which 
is to propel fluid or particles. 

Ciliary (sil'-e-a-re) [cilia]. 1. Pertaining to the 
eyelid or eyelash. 2. Relating to ciliary 
movement. 3. Pertaining to the ciliary 
apparatus. C. Apparatus, the structure 
related to the mechanism of accommoda- 
tion. C. Arteries, anterior, posterior long, 
and posterior short, branches of the oph- 
thalmic artery, supplying the recti mus- 
cles, the ciliary apparatus, and the posterior 
structures of the eye, with the exception 
of the retina. See under Artery. C. Body, 
the ciliary muscle and processes. C. Canal, 
the canal of Fontana. C. Ganglion, the 
ganglion at the apex of the orbit, supplying 
the ciliary muscle and iris. C. Ligament. 
See Ligamentum pectinatum. C. Movement, 
movement by means of vibratory cilia. C. 
Muscle, the muscle of accommodation, the 
contraction of which lessens the tension 
upon the suspensory ligament of the lens. 
C. Nerves, branches of the ophthalmic gan- 
glion supplying the anterior structures of the 
eyeball and the accommodative apparatus. 
C. Neuralgia, neuralgic pain of the eye, 
brow, temple, etc. C. Processes, circularly 
arranged choroid foldings continuous with the 
iris in front. C. Region, the pericorneal or 
"danger zone," corresponding to the position 
of the ciliary body. C. Zone, the ciliary pro- 
cesses collectively. 

Ciliated (sil'-e-a-ted) [cilia]. Having cilia. 

Ciliospinal (sil-e-o-spi'-nal) [cilia; spina, the 
spine]. Relating to the ciliary zone and 
the spine. C. Center, See Center, Cilio- 
spinal. 

Cilium (sil'-e-um). See Cilia. 

Cimex (si'-meks) [L., "a bug"]. A genus of 
hemipterous insects. C. lectularius, the 
common bedbug. 

Cimicifuga (sim-is-e-fu'-gah) [cimex; fugare, 
to drive away]. Black snakeroot; black 
cohosh. The root of C. racemosa, ord. 
Ranunculacece. A stomachic, antispasmodic, 
aphrodisiac, expectorant, and diuretic. Its 
action on the heart is similar to that of digi- 
talis. It has been used in cardiac diseases, 
functional impotence, chorea, and ovarian 
neuralgia. C, Extract of (extractum cimici- 
fugce, U. S. P.). Dose 4 gr. (0.25 Gm.). C, 
Fluidextract of (fluidextr -actum cimicifugce, 
U.S. P.) Dose 5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). C, 



Liquid Extract of {extractum cimicifugce liqui- 
dum, B. P.). Dose 3-30 min. (0.2-2.0 Cc). 
C, Tincture of (tinctura cimicifugce, U. S. P.) 
(20 % strength). Dose 15 min.-i dr. (1-4 Cc). 

Cimmol (sim'-ol). See Aldehyd, Cinnamic. 

Cina (si'-nah) [L.]. The plant Artemisia san- 
tonica. See Santonica. 

Cinchamidin (sin-kam f -id-in) [cinchona; ami- 
din], C22H22N2O2. An alkaloid found in the 
mother-liquor from which cinchonidin has 
been extracted. 

Cincholin (sin'-ko-lin) [cinchona]. A pale yel- 
low liquid alkaloid isolated from the mother- 
liquors of quinin. 

Cinchona (sin-ko'-nah) [from the Countess 
Chinchon]. Peruvian bark. The bark of 
several varieties of cinchona, a tree native to 
the eastern slopes of the Andes, the most valu- 
able being C. calisaya. Other varieties are 
C. condaminea, pale bark, C. pitayensis, 
Pitayo bark, and C. micrantha. Cinchona 
bark contains 21 alkaloids, of which four 
— quinin, cinchonin, quinidin, and cin- 
chonidin — are the most important. Cin- 
chona has the same physiologic action 
and therapeutic uses as its chief alkaloid, 
quinin. See Quinin. It is also an astrin- 
gent, bitter, and stomachic tonic, stimulating 
appetite and promoting digestion, beneficial 
in atonic dyspepsia and adynamia, but espe- 
cially useful in malarial affections. C, De- 
coction of (decoctum cinchonce,- B. P.). Dose 
1-2 oz. (30-60 Cc). C, Fluidextract of 
(fluidextractum cinchonce, U. S. P.). Dose 10 
min.-i dr. (0.65-4.0 Cc). C, Infusion of 
(infusum cinchonce, B. P.). Dose 1 dr.-i oz. 
(4-30 Cc). C, Liquid Extract of (extractum 
cinchonce liquidum, B. P.). Dose 5-10 min. 
(0.3-0.6 Cc). C, Red (cinchona rubra, U. 
S. P.), the dried bark of C. succirubra. Dose 
15 gr. (1 Gm.). C, Tincture of (tinctura cin- 
chonce, U. S. P.) (20% of bark). Dose \-2 
dr. (2-8 Cc). C., Tincture of, Compound 
(tinctura cinchonce composita, U. S. P.), Hux- 
ham's tincture. Dose 1 dr.-^ oz. (4-16 Cc). 

Cinchonamin (sin-kon' -am-in) [cinchona; 
amin], C^H^N^O. An alkaloid of cuprea 
bark. It occurs in glistening, colorless crys- 
tals that are nearly insoluble in water and 
but slightly soluble in ether. 

Cinchonicin (sin-kon' -is-in) [cinchonin], C 19 H 22 - 
N 2 0. An artificial alkaloid derived from cin- 
ch® nin. 

Cinchonidin (sin-kon' -id-in), C 19 H 22 N 2 0. An 
alkaloid derived from cinchona. It is a crys- 
talline substance resembling quinin in gen- 
eral properties. C. Bisulfate, C. Disulfate, 
C ia HfejN 2 . H 2 S0 4 + 5H 2 0, prisms soluble in 
water and alcohol; antiperiodic Dose 15-30 
gr. (0.97-1.94 Gm.). Syn., Acid cinchonidin 
sulfate. C. Salicylate, has decided anti- 
periodic properties. C. Sulfate (cincho- 
nidince sulphas, U. S. P.), (C 19 H 22 N 2 0) 2 . H 2 - 
S0 4 + 3H 2 0, less bitter than quinin, and 
valuable as an antipyretic. Dose 1-20 gr. 
(0.065-1.3 Gm.) or more. C. Tannate, 
a tasteless, yellow, amorphous powder, solu- 



CINCHONIN 



281 



CIRCELLUS 



ble in alcohol; it is used in intermittent fevers. 
Dose 8-16 gr. (0.52-1.04 Gm.). 

Cinchonin {sin' -ko-nin) [cinchona], C 19 H 22 - 
N 2 0. An alkaloid derived from cinchona. 
It is a colorless, crystalline body, similar to 
quinin in therapeutic effects, but less active. 
C. Bisulfate, C 19 H 22 N 2 . H 2 S0 4 , used as 
is cinchonin. C. Dihydro chlorate, is said 
to contain 60% of cinchonin; antipyretic 
and antiseptic. C. Herapathit, C. Iodosul- 
fate. See Antiseptol. C. Hydro chlorate, 
C. Hydrochlorid, used as is cinchonin. C. 
Nitrate, C 19 H 22 N 2 . HNO s + H 2 0, used as 
is cinchonin. C. Salicylate, C 10 H 22 N 2 . C 7 - 
H 6 3 ; used in rheumatism in malarial re- 
gions. Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). C. 
Sulfate {cinchonince sulphas, U. S. P.), 
(C 19 H 22 N 2 0) 2 .H 2 S0 4 +2H 2 0. It is soluble 
with difficulty in water, but soluble in 
acidulated water. Dose 5-30 gr. (0.32-2.0 
Gm.). C. Tannate, yellow powder, soluble 
in alcohol; used in the same manner as is 
cinchonin. 

Cinchonism {sin'-ko-nizm) [cinchona]. The 
systemic effect of cinchona or its alkaloids 
when given in full doses. The symptoms 
produced are a ringing in the ears, with deaf- 
ness, headache, giddiness, dimness of sight, 
and a weakening of the heart's action. 

Ginchonize {sin' -ko-niz) [cinchona]. To bring 
under the influence of cinchona or its alka- 
loids. 

Cinchotannin {sin-ko-tan'-in), C 14 Hi 6 9 . A 
glucosid existing in cinchona bark in the 
proportion of 3 to 4%; a brownish-red sub- 
stance, soluble in water and alcohol, and 
forming white precipitates with tartar 
emetic and gelatin. Syn., Cinchotannic acid; 
Quinotannic acid. 

Cinclisis {sin' -klis-is) [ncy/cXcccc 1 , any quick, 
repeated motion]. Quick, spasmodic move- 
ment of any Dart of the body, but particularly 
applied to rapid winking. Hippocrates' term 
for quick motion of the chest, as in dyspnea. 
Syn., Cinclesmus. 

Cincture {singk'-tur) [cinctura, a girdle]. A 
belt or girdle. C. -feeling, a sensation as 
if the waist were encircled by a tight girdle. 
See Girdle-pain. 

Cineraceous {sin-er-a' -shus) [cinerea]. Ash- 
gray in color. 

Cinerea {sin-e'-re-ah) [cinereus, ashen]. The 
gray substance of the brain, spinal cord, and 
ganglions. C, Lamina, a thin layer of gray 
substance extending backward above the optic 
commissure from the termination of the cor- 
pus callosum to the tuber cinereum. 

Cinereal {sin-e'-re-al). Ashy. 

Cinesia {sin-e' -se-ah) . See Kinesis. 

Cingula {sin' -gu-lah) . 1. A band, girdle, or 
zone. 2. Burdach's name for the upper part 
of the fornicate gyrus. 

Cingule {sin'-gul) [cingulum]. The groove 
separating the primitive cusp or tubercle 
frequently found on the lingual face of the 
upper incisor teeth. Syn., Cingulum; 
Cingulus. 



Cingulum (sin'-gu-lum) [cingere, to gird]. 1. 
A girdle or zone; the waist. 2. Herpes zos- 
ter or shingles. 3. See Cingule. 4. A fib- 
rous bundle in the fornicate gyrus of the 
brain. Syn., Bundle of the gyrus fornicatus; 
Fasciculus arcuatus. C. halleri, the abdom- 
inal muscles. C. veneris. See Corona ven- 
eris. 

Cinnabar {sin'-ab-ar) [ncvvaftapc , a pigment]. 
Mercuric sulfid, HgS. 

Cinnamene {sin-am' -en) . See Styrol. 

Cinnamic {sin-am'-ik) [cinnamon]. Pertaining 
to or derived from cinnamon. C. Acid. 
See Acid, Cinnamic. C. Aldehyd {cinnalde- 
hydum, U. S. P.). See Aldehyd, Cinnamic. 

Cinnamol {sin'-am-ol). 1. See Styrol. 2. See 
Aldehyd, Cinnamic. 

Cinnamomum {sin-am-o' -mum) . See Cinna- 
mon. 

Cinnamon {sin'-am-on) [/avvafioojiov, cinnamon]. 
The inner bark of the shoots of several species 
of Cinnamomum, native to Ceylon and China, 
the latter variety being known in commerce 
under the name of cassia. Two varieties are 
official: Cinnamomum saigonicum, Saigon cin- 
namon, and C. zeylanicum, Ceylon cinnamon. 
Its properties are due to a volatile oil. It 
is an agreeable carminative and aromatic 
stimulant, used in flatulence, colic, enter- 
algia, etc. C, Aromatic, Fluidextract 
of, contains aromatic powder, 10; alcohol, 
8 parts. Dose 10-30 min. (0.65-2.0 Cc). 
C, Aromatic, Powder of, made up of aro- 
matic powder, cinnamon, of each, 35; car- 
damom, nutmeg, of each, 15. Dose 10-30 
gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). C, Compound Powder 
of {pulvis cinnamomi composiius, B. P.), 
cinnamon-bark, cardamom-seeds, and ginger. 
Dose 3-10 gr. (0.2-0.65 Gm.). C, Oil of 
{oleum cinnamomi, U. S. P.), the volatile oil 
of cinnamon. Dose 1-5 min. (0.065-0.32 
Cc). C, Spirit of {spiritus cinnamomi, 
U. S. P.), 10% of the oil in spirit. Dose 
5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). C, Tincture of 
{tinctura cinnamomi, U. S. P.), 20% of 
powdered Saigon cinnamon in glycerol, 
alcohol, and water. Dose \-2 dr. (2-8 
Cc). C. Water {aqua cinnamomi, U. S. P.), 
2 parts of oil in 1000 of water. Dose 1-2 
oz. (30-60 Cc). 

Cinnamyl {sin'-am-il) [cinnamon], C 9 H 7 0. 
The radicle believed to exist in cinnamic 
acid. C. Cinnamate. See Styracin. C- 
eugenol, C 19 H 18 3 . It is antiseptic and is 
used hypodermatically instead of eugenol in 
tuberculosis. Injection, 2-8 min. (0.12-0.5 
Cc.) of olive-oil solution. C. Hydrate, cin- 
namic acid. C. Hydrid, cinnamic aldehyd. 
C.-metacresol, the metacresol ester of cin- 
namic acid; a nontoxic, nonirritating anti- 
septic substance recommended in treatment 
of tuberculosis. Syn., Hetocresol. 

Circellus {ser-sel' -us) [L.; pi., circelli]. A 
small circle. Circelli cerebelli, the laminas 
of the cerebellum. C. venosus hypoglossi, 
a venous plexus encircling the hypoglossal 
nerve in the anterior condylar foramen; it 



CIRCLE 



282 



CIRRHOSIS 



communicates with the occipital sinus and 
with the jugular vein. 
Circle {ser'-kl) [idpnoc-, a circle]. A ring; a 
line, every point of which is equidistant from 
a point called the center. C, Ciliary, the 
ciliary ligament. C. of Diffusion. See Dif- 
fusion-circle. C. of Haller. i. The plexus 
of vessels formed by the short ciliary arteries 
upon the sclerotic, at the entrance of the 
optic nerve. 2. The circulus venosus mammae, 
situated beneath the areola of the nipple. C, 
Huguier's, the inconstant anastomosis formed 




Circle of Willis. 
1. Middle cerebral artery. 2. Internal carotid artery. 
3. Posteromedian perforating. 4. Posterior cerebral 
artery. 5. Superior cerebellar artery. 6. Anterior 
inferior cerebellar artery. 7. Anterior communicat- 
ing artery. 8. Anterolateral perforating. 9. Ante- 
rior choroid. 10. Posterior communicating. 11. Poste- 
rior choroid. 12. Basilar artery. 13. Crus cerebelli cut. 

by the branches of the uterine arteries around 
the uterus, at the junction of the body with 
the cervix. C. of Willis, the arterial anas- 
tomosis at the base of the brain, formed by 
the anterior communicating artery between 
the anterior cerebral arteries, the internal 
carotids and middle and posterior cerebral 
arteries, and the posterior communicating 
arteries. C. of Zinn. See C. of Haller (1). 

Circuit {ser' -kit) [circuitus, a. going round]. The 
course of an electric current. 

Circular {ser' -ku-lar) . 1. Ring-shaped. 2. 
Marked by alternations of despondency and 
excitation, as in circular insanity. C. In- 
sanity. See Insanity, Circular. C. Sinus. 
See Sinus, Circular. 

Circulation {ser -ku-la' -shun) [circulatio, a cir- 
cular course]. Passage in a circle, as the 
circulation of the blood. C, Collateral, 
that taking place through branches and 
secondary channels after stoppage of the 
principal route. C, Fetal, that of the fetus, 
including the circulation through the placenta 
and umbilical cord. C, First, C, Primi- 
tive, that of the embryo, a closed system, 
carrying nutriment and oxygen to the em- 
bryo. C, Placental, the fetal circulation. 
C, Portal, the passage of the blood from 
the gastrointestinal tract and spleen through 
the liver, and its exit by the hepatic vein. C, 
Pulmonary, the circulation of blood through 
the lungs by means of the pulmonary artery 
and veins, for the purpose of oxygenation and 



purification. C, Second, the fetal circula- 
tion, replacing the omphalomesenteric system. 
C, Systemic, the general circulation, as 
distinct from the pulmonary circulation. C, 
Third, that of the adult. C, Vitelline, first 
or primitive circulation. 

Circulus {ser r -ku-lus) [L.]. 1. A circle. 2. See 
Circle of Willis. C. arteriosus halleri, the 
circle of Haller. C. articuli vasculosus, 
that formed by the blood-vessels in the 
synovial membrane about the cartilages of 
a joint. C. gangliosis ciliaris, a circular 
nerve-plexus in the ciliary muscle. Syn., 
Orbiculus gangliosis. C. osseus, the tym- 
panic ring. C. venosus mammae, an 
anastomosis of veins around the nipple. 

Circum- {ser-kum-) [L.]. A prefix meaning 
around, about. 

Circumaxile {ser-kum-aks'-il) [circum-; axis]. 
Encircling an axis. 

Circumbuccal {ser-kum-buk'-al) [circum-; 
bucca, the cheek]. Surrounding the mouth. 

Circumcision (ser-kum-sizh'-un) [circum-; 
cadere, to cut]. The removal of the foreskin. 

Circumduction {ser -kum-duk! -shun) [circum-; 
ducere, to lead]. The movement of a limb 
in such a manner that its distal part describes 
a circle, the proximal end being fixed. 

Circumflex {ser 1 '-kum-fleks) [circum-; flectere, 
to bend]. Winding around. The name 
given to a number of arteries, veins, and 
nerves, on account of their course. 

Circumscribed {ser' -kum-skrlbd) [circum-; 
scribere, to write]. Strictly limited or marked 
off; well defined; distinct from surrounding 
parts, as a circumscribed inflammation or 
tumor. 

Circumvallate {ser-kum-vaV -at) [circum-; 
vallum, wall]. Surrounded by a wall or 
prominence. C. Papillas, certain papillas 
at the base of the tongue. 

Cirrhosis {sir-o'-sis) [nippos, reddish-yellow^ 
from the color of the cirrhotic liver]. Chronic 
inflammation of an organ, characterized 
by an overgrowth of the connective tissue. 
C, Alcoholic. See C, Atrophic. C, An- 
nular. See C, Multilobular. C, Atrophic, 
a form of cirrhosis of the liver occurring in 
hard drinkers, characterized by great over- 
growth of the interstitial substance, with 
atrophy of the parenchyma. C, Biliary, a 
form of cirrhosis of the liver due to chronic 
retention of bile from long-continued obstruc- 
tion of the bile-ducts. C., Budd's, hepatic 
cirrhosis due to autointoxication from the 
gastrointestinal tract. C, Cardiac, C. cor- 
dis, hypertrophy of the connective tissue 
between the muscular fibers of the heart. 
C, Cardio tuberculous, that accompanied by 
tuberculosis and symptoms of cardiac dis- 
ease. C, Charcot's. See Hanoi's Disease. 
C, Glissonian, perihepatitis. C, Hanot's. 
See Hanot's Disease. C. hepatis, interstitial 
hepatitis. C, Hypertrophic, a form of cir- 
rhosis in which the liver is permanently en- 
larged. The disease is probably infectious, 
and is characterized by an overgrowth of 



CIRRHOTIC 



283 



CLASMATOCYTE 



the connective tissue which has no tendency 
to contract. C, Irritative, interstitial hepa- 
titis due to irritation by some toxic substance 
which has been carried to the liver by the 
hepatic or portal veins. C, Laennec's. See 
Laennec's Disease. C. of the Lung, inter- 
stitial pneumonia. C, Mixed, that present- 
ing features of both the atrophic and the hyper- 
trophic form. C, Monolobular. See C, 
Unilobular. C, Multilobular, a form of in- 
terstitial hepatitis in which many lobules are 
surrounded by a fibrous ring. C, Muscu- 
lar, the induration of connective tissue, fatty 
degeneration, and atrophy of the muscular 
fibers which take place in muscular contrac- 
ture. C, Obstructive, cirrhosis of the liver 
due to the obstruction of the passage of blood 
or bile from the liver. C, Periportal, atro- 
phic cirrhosis, so called because the hyper- 
plasia of the connective tissue follows the 
portal vessels. C, Pigmentary Diabetic, 
cirrhosis of the liver with pigmentation of 
the skin. C, Pulmonary, C. pulmo- 
num, interstitial pneumonia. C, Renal, 
C. renum, interstitial nephritis. C. of the 
Spleen, chronic hypertrophy and induration 
of the spleen, with thickening of the capsule. 
C. of the Stomach, chronic interstitial gas- 
tritis. C, Todd's, hypertrophic cirrhosis 
of the liver. C, Tuberculous, cirrhosis of 
the liver due to tuberculosis. It is rare; the 
majority of cases have occurred in children. 
C., Turbinated, defective turbinated bodies 
due to disappearance or diminishment of the 
erectile structure in cases of atrophic rhinitis. 
C, Unilobular, a form of cirrhosis of the 
liver in which the proliferation of the con- 
nective tissue occurs between the individual 
lobules. C. ventriculi. See C. of the 
Stomach. 

Cirrhotic (sir-ot'-ik) [cirrhosis']. Affected with, 
or relating to, cirrhosis. C. Kidney, chronic 
interstitial nephritis. 

Cirsaneurysma (sirs-an-u-riz'-mah) . See Aneu- 
rysm, Cirsoid. 

Cirsocele (sir' -so-sel) [cirsoid; ktjXtj, tumor]. 
A varicose tumor, especially of the spermatic 
cord. 

Cirsoid (sir'-soid) [Ktpaog, a varix; eldoc, form]. 
Resembling a varix or dilated vein. 

Cirsomphalos (sir-som'-fal-os) [cirsoid; op.- 
<f>a\6c, navel]. A varicose condition of the 
navel. 

Cirsotomy (sir-sot' -o-me) [cirsoid; xep.vecv, to 
cut]. Excision of a varix. 

Cis-. A prefix proposed by Baeyer to designate 
relative asymmetry in unsaturated carbon 
compounds. 

Cistern (sis' -tern) [cistema, a vessel; receptacle]. 
i. A reservoir. 2. Any dilation of the 
space between the pia and arachnoid. C. of 
Pecquet, the receptaculum chyli. C, Sem- 
inal, the posterior cul'desac of the vagina. 
Syn., Receptaculum seminis. 

Citrate (sit' -rat) [citric acid]. Any salt of citric 
acid. 

Citric (sit'-rik) [citrus]. Pertaining to or de- 



rived from lemons or citrons. C. Acid. 
See Acid, Citric. 

Citrine (sit'-rin) [citrus]. Yellow; of a lemon- 
color. C. Ointment (unguentum hydrargyri 
nitratis, U. S. P.), a preparation consisting of 
mercury dissolved in nitric acid and mixed 
with some fatty substance. It is made by 
adding 7 parts of nitric acid to 76 parts of 
warmed lard oil, and then mixing it with 7 
parts of mercury dissolved in 10 parts of nitric 
acid. 

Citrol (sit'-rol). Silver citrate. 

Citrophen (sit' -ro -fen), C 3 H 4 OH — CONH — 
OC 2 H 5 C 6 H 4 . Paraphenetidin citrate. It is 
antipyretic and antineuralgic. Dose 3-15 gr. 
(0.2-1.0 Gm.). 

Citrullin (sit-ruV -in) . A resinoid from Citrul- 
lus colocynthis. It is a cathartic exten- 
sively used in veterinary practice. Syn., 
Amorphous colocynthidin; Colocynthidin. 

Citrullus (sit-ruV -lus) [L.]. A genus of the 
Cucurbitacece, comprising but two species, indi- 
genous to tropical Asia and southern Africa. 
C. colocynthis, the bitter cucumber or gourd, 
furnishes colocynth. 

Citrurea (sit-ru'-re-ah). A combination of 
citric acid, urea, and lithium. 

Citrus (sit'-rus) [L.]. A genus of aurantiaceous 
trees. See Aurantium, Bergamot, Lime, 
Limo. 

Civinini's Spine. A small spine on the outer 
border of the external pterygoid plate, giving 
attachment to the pterygospinous ligament. 

Cladosporium cancerogenes (klad-o-spo'-re- 
um kan-ser-oj'-en-ez). A fungus said to be 
the cause of carcinoma. Syn., Canceromyces. 

Cladothrix (klad' -o-thriks) [nXadog, branch; 
dp!$, a hair]. A genus of bacteria having 
long, apparently branching filaments. 

Clamp (klamp) [Ger., Klampe]. An instrument 
for compressing the parts in surgical opera- 
tions to prevent hemorrhage, etc. 

Clap (klap) [OF., clapoir, a venereal sore]. 
'Gonorrhea. C. -threads, slimy threads con- 
sisting of mucus and pus-cells in the urine of 
gonorrheal patients. 

Clapton's Line. Greenish discoloration of the 
gums and teeth, especially the incisors, in 
chronic copper-poisoning. 

Clapton-Havers' Glands. See Havers' 1 Glands. 

Claret (klar'-et) [clarus, clear]. A light wine of 
a red color. 

Clarify (klar'-if-i) [clarus; facere, to make]. 
To free a liquid or solution from insoluble 
substances; to make clear. 

Clark's Sign. A tympanitic sound over the 
hepatic region in tympanites due to perforative 
peritoneal inflammation. 

Clarke's Corroding Ulcer. Progressive 
ulcer of the cervix uteri. C.'s Tongue, the 
hard, fissured, and nodular tongue of syphil- 
itic glossitis sclerosa. C.'s Vesicular Col- 
umn. See Column of Clarke. 

Clasmatocyte (Has -mat' -o -sit) [idaoua, frag- 
ment; kuzoc, cell]. A form of very large 
connective-tissue corpuscles that tend to 
break up into granules or pieces. 



CLASP 



284 



CLEIDO- 



Clasp (klasp) [ME., claspen, to grasp firmly]. 
C.-knife Rigidity, a spastic condition of a 
limb, as a result of which extension is com- 
pleted with a "spring," as in a knife-blade. 
It is met in the cerebral palsies of children. 

Clastic (klas f -tik) [nXaoToc, broken]. Breaking 
up into fragments; causing division. 

Clathrocystis (klath-ro-sis'-tis) [nXijdpa, a 
trellis; Kuaxcg , pouch]. A genus of microor- 
ganisms with round or oval cells, forming 
zoogleae in the form of circular layers. 

Claudication (Maw -dik-a' -shun) [claudicare, 
to limp], i. Lameness. 2. An obstruction. 
C„, Charcot's Intermittent, C, Inter- 
mittent, intermittent paresthesia of the 
legs attended with pain, tremor, and ex- 
cessive perspiration due to arteriosclerosis; 
a condition first noted by French writers 
in apparently healthy horses and afterward 
observed in, man. Syn., Angina cruris; 
Angiosclerotic paroxysmal myasthenia; Inter- 
mittent lameness; Intermittent limping. C, 
Spontaneous, the lameness that occurs as 
an early symptom of coxarthrocace in children. 

Claudius' Cells. Polyhedral or conoid cells 
lining the outer angle of the scala media of 
the cochlea. C.'s Fossa, the ovarian fossa, 
a triangular space containing the ovary; it is 
bounded anteriorly by the round ligament, 
above by the external iliac vein, and below 
by the ureter. 

Claustrophilia (Maws-tro-fil' -e-ah) [claustrum; 
<f>cXe~cv, to love]. A morbid dread of open 
places; it is noted in neurasthenia. 

Claustrophobia (Maws-tro-fo' -be-ah) [claustrum; 
(fidftof, fear]. Morbid distress at being in 
a room or confined space. 

Claustrum {Haws' -tr um) [L., "a barrier"]. A 
layer of gray matter in the cerebrum to the 
outer side of the lenticular nucleus. 

Clava (kla'-vah) [L., "a club" ]. An enlarge- 
ment of the funiculus gracilis. 

Clavate (Mav'-dt) [clava]. Club-shaped or be- 
coming gradually thicker toward one end. 

Claviceps (klav'-is-eps) [clava; caput, head]. 
A genus of fungi. C. purpurea, the fungus 
producing the ergot of rye. 

Clavicle (Mav'-ik-l) [clavicula; clavus, a key]. 
The collar-bone. C. -crutch, Cole's device 
for supporting a broken clavicle; it is so 
furnished with pads and adjustments as to 
render bandaging unnecessary. 

Clavicotomy (Mav-ik-ot' -o-me) [clavicle; tojxtj, 
a cutting]. Surgical section of the clavicle. 

Clavicula (Mav-ik'-u-lah). The clavicle. C. 
capitis, the projection formed by the ptery- 
goid and entopterygoid bones on the pleur- 
apophysis of the hemal arch of the nasal 
vertebra. 

Clavicular (kla-vik' -u-lar) [clavicle]. Relating 
to the clavicle. 

Claviculate (Mav-ik'-u-lat). Having a clavicle. 

Claviform (Mav'-e-form). See Clavate. 

Clavipes (Mav'-e-pez) [clava; pes, a foot]. 
Having club-shaped feet. 

Clavis uteri (Ma' -vis u'-ter-i). Womb-key; 
an electrotherapeutic intrauterine device, de- 



signed for the application of electricity in 
certain pathologic conditions of the uterus 
and adnexa. 

Clavus (kla'-vus) [L., " a nail; a wart; a 
corn"]. Corn; a hyperplasia of the horny 
layer of the epidermis, in which there is an 
ingrowth as well as an outgrowth of horny 
substance, forming circumscribed epidermal 
thickenings, chiefly about the toes. Corns 
may be hard or soft, the latter being situated 
between the toes, where they are softened by 
maceration. Both forms are due to pressure 
and friction. C. hystericus, a pain in the 
head, as if a nail were being driven in. 

Claw-foot. A form of talipes due to depression 
of the heads of the metatarsal bones, with 
forced extension of the first phalanges and 
flexion of the last; it is a result of paralysis 
of the interossei and lumbricales muscles 
and of those inserted into the sesamoid 
bone of the great toe. 

Claw-hand. A condition of the hand character- 
ized by overextension of the first pha- 
langes and extreme flexion of the others. 
The condition is a result of atrophy of the 
interosseous muscles, with contraction of the 
tendons of the common extensor and long 
flexor. Syn., Main-en- griffe. 

Clearing Agent. A substance used in micro- 
scopy to render tissues transparent and suit- 
able for mounting. 

Cleavage (Me'-vaj) [AS., cleofan, to split 
asunder]. 1. The linear clefts in the skin 
indicating the general direction of the fibers. 
They govern to a certain extent the arrange- 
ment of the lesions in skin diseases. The 
lines of cleavage run, for the most part, 
obliquely to the axis of the trunk, sloping 
from the spine downward and forward; in 
the limbs they are mostly transverse to their 
longitudinal axis. 2. A mode of cell-division. 
C, Egg-. See Segmentation. C. -nucleus, 
the nucleus which in the fertilized egg results 
from the union of the male and female nuclei. 

Cleemann's Sign, C.'s Test. In fracture of 
the femur with shortening there is a wrinkle 
above the ligamentum patellae, which disap- 
pears when the shortening is corrected by 
extension. 

Cleft (kleft) [Icel., kluft, a cleft]. Divided. A 
fissure. C, Branchial. See C, Visceral. 
C.-hand, a congenital deformity in which 
some finger or fingers are widely separated 
from the others. C. Palate, a congenital 
fissure of the palate. C. Sternum, con- 
genital fissure of the sternum. C, Visceral, 
the four slit-like openings on each side in the 
cervical region in the fetus, sometimes called 
the branchial openings. The slits close (in 
the human fetus), except the upper, from 
which are developed the auditory meatus, 
tympanic cavity, and eustachian tube. 

Cleidarthritis (kli-dar-thri'-tis) [xvU-Zf, clavicle ; 
arthritis]. Inflammation of the sternocla- 
vicular articulation. 

Cleido- (kli-do-) [nXe'cc, clavicle]. A pre- 
fix meaning pertaining to the clavicle. 



CLEIDOCOSTAL 



285 



CLONIC 



Cleidocostal (kli-do-kos'-tal). Pertaining to 
the ribs and the clavicle. 

Cleidooccipital (kli-do-ok-sip' -it-al) Relating 
to the clavicle and occiput. C. Muscle. See 
under Muscle. 

Cleidotomy (kli-dot f -o-me) [cleido-; xep.ve.cv, to 
cut]. The operation of dividing the clavicles 
in cases of difficult labor due to the broad 
shoulders of the child. 

Cleptomania (klep-to-ma'-ne-ah). See Klep- 
tomania. 

Clergyman's Sore Throat. A chronic hy- 
pertrophic form of pharyngitis, with more or 
less enlargement of the tonsils and lymph- 
follicles of the posterior wall, due to exces- 
sive or improper use of the voice. 

Clerk-Maxwell's Experiment. On looking 
through a chrome-alum solution an oval pur- 
plish spot, due to the pigment of the macula 
lutea, is seen. 

Clerodendron (kler-o-den' -dron) [kXtjpoc, a lot; 
divopov, tree]. A genus of tropical shrubs 
and trees of the order Verbenacece. C. in- 
fortunatum is a species indigenous to India 
and Malaya; it is used as a substitute 
for chirata; the juice of the leaves is a 
tonic, febrifuge, and vermifuge. C. nerei- 
folium is a species found in Malaya; 
the root and leaves are antisyphilitic, tonic, 
and vulnerary; the root and fruit are used 
to stupefy fish. C. serratum is indige- 
nous to India; the root is tonic and stom- 
achic; the fruit, purgative and diuretic. 
The leaves and an insect larva found on 
the branches of C. trichotomnm are used 
as an ascaricide. C. villosum is a species 
indigenous to Malaya; the root is stomachic, 
the sap vermifugal. 

Clevenger's Fissure. The inferior occipital 
fissure; a small fissure between the second 
and third occipital convolutions. 

Climacteric {kli-mak'-ter-ik) [nXcpaKxrip, the 
round of a ladder]. A period of life at which 
the system was believed to undergo marked 
changes. These periods were thought to occur 
every seven years. The word is now gen- 
erally applied to the menopause. C. Age, 
puberty; also in women the time of cessa- 
tion of the catamenia. C. Epoch. Same 
as C. Age. C, Grand, the sixty-third year. 

Climatology (kli-mat-oV -o-]e) [nkcpa, climate; 
Xoyoc, science]. The science of climate. 

Clinic (klin'-ik) [kXcvckoc, pertaining to a bed]. 
i. Medical instruction given at the bedside, 
or in the presence of the patient whose 
symptoms are studied and whose treatment 
is considered. 2. A gathering of instructors, 
students, and patients for the study and 
treatment of disease. 

Clinical (klin' -ik-al) [clinic]. Relating to bed- 
side treatment or to a clinic. 

Clinicopathology (klin -ik -0 - path - ol'-o - je) 
[clinic; pathology}. Pathologic conditions as 
open to clinical observation. 

Clino- (klin-o-) [icXiveev, to incline]. A prefix 
denoting inclination or declination. 

Clinocephalus (klin-o -sef'-al- us) [clino-; 



«£(f)aXr), the head]. A variety of dolicho- 
cephalus occurring through synostosis 
of the sphenoparietal suture and resulting 
in a saddle-formed depression of the skull. 
Syn., Saddle-head. 

Clinodiagonal (hlin-o-di-ag' -on-al) [clino-; 
diagonal]. Inclined and diagonal; obliquely 
transverse. 

Clinoid (klin'-oid) \kXLvt), a bed; eldoc", like- 
ness]. Resembling a bed; applied to sundry 
bony structures of the body, as the clinoid 
processes. C. Processes. See under Process. 

Clinology (klin-ol'-o-je) [clino-; Xoyoc, science]. 
1. The science of the decline of animal 
life after it has reached the meridian. 2. The 
study of beds for the sick. 

Clinometer (klin - om' - et - er) [clino-; phpov, 
a measure]. An apparatus to estimate the 
rotational capacity of the ocular muscles. 
C, Duane's, a device for estimating tor- 
sional deviations of the eye, and also used 
in the study of metamorphopsia. 

Clinoscope (klin'-o-skop) [clino-; okotzsiv, to 
view]. An instrument for measuring the 
torsion of the eyes when gazing at a fixed 
object with the axes of vision presumably 
parallel. 

Clinotechny (klin-o' -tek-ne) [kXcvi], a bed; 
Tiyyt), an art]. The art of making and pre- 
paring beds for the sick. 

Cliseometer (klis-e-om' -et-er) [kX!o!c, inclina- 
tion; phpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for measuring the degree of inclination of the 
pelvic axis. 

Clition (klit'-e-on) [kAct&c, a slope]. A cranio- 
metric point located in the middle of the ' 
anterior border of the clivus ossis. 

Clitoridectomy (kli-tor-id-ek'-to-mc) [clitoris; 
£K7op.T), excision]. Excision of the clitoris. 

Clitoris (kli'-tor-is) [nXec~opic r clitoris]. The 
homolog in the female of the penis, attached 
to the ischiopubic rami by two crura or 
branches, which meet in front of the pubic 
joint to form the body, or corpus. It pos- 
sesses erectility. C. Crises, paroxysms of sex- 
ual excitement in women suffering from tabes. 

Clivus (kli'-vus) [L., "a slope"]. A slope. C. 
ossis, C. of Blumenbach, the slanting 
surface of the body of the sphenoid bone 
between the sella turcica and the basilar 
process of the occipital bone. 

Cloaca (klo-a'-kah) [L., "a sewer"]. 1. In 
early fetal life, the common orifice of the in- 
testine and the allantois. 2. A fistulous tract 
in bone discharging pus from a sequestrum. 
C, Congenital, a malformation in which the 
rectum opens into the genitourinary tract. 
C, Urogenital, an abnormal common open- 
ing of the urethra and vagina due to a defec- 
tive urethrovaginal septum. C, Vesicorec- 
tovaginal, a common aperture of the blad- 
der, rectum, and vagina, due to deformity or 
trauma. 

Clonic (klon'-ik) [clonus]. Applied to convul- 
sive and spasmodic conditions of muscles 
characterized by alternate contractions and 
relaxations. 



CLONOGRAPH 



286 



COAGULIN 



Clonograph {klon' -o-graf) [clonus; ypafacv, to 
write]. An apparatus for recording the 
spasmodic movements of the head, extrem- 
ities, lower jaw, and trunk, as well as the 
tendon-reflexes. 

Clonus (klo'-nus) [kXovoc, commotion]. A 
series of movements characterized by alter- 
nate contractions and relaxations; a clonic 
spasm. Involuntary, reflex, irregular con- 
tractions of muscles when put suddenly upon 
the stretch. According to the part affected, 
the phenomenon is spoken of as ankle-, fool-, 
rectus-, or wrist-clonus, etc. See under Reflex. 

Cloquet's Canal. See under Canal. C.'s 
Fascia, the crural septum. C.'s Ganglion, 
the nasopalatine ganglion. C.'s Hernia, sub- 
pubic hernia; a femoral hernia passing 
behind and internally to the femoral vessels 
and resting on the pectineus muscle. C.'s 
Ligament. See Hatter's Habenula. 

Clostridium (klos-trid' '-e-um) [kXojottjp, a spin- 
dle]. A genus of bacteria differing from 
bacilli in the fact that their spores are formed 
in enlarged rods. 

Closure (klo'-zhilr) [clausura, a closing]. The 
act of completing or closing an electric 
circuit. 

Clot (klot) [AS., elate, a bur]. A peculiar 
solidification of the blood, such as takes 
place when it is shed. It is due to the 
formation of fibrin, which entangles the 
blood-corpuscles and, contracting, squeezes 
out the liquid portion of the blood. 

Cloudy Swelling. Parenchymatous degener- 
ation; a swelling-up of the elements of a 
tissue, with the formation in them of fine 
granules due to the change of soluble albu- 
minates into insoluble. ' 

Clove (klov). See Caryophyllus. C. -hitch 
Knot, a form of double knot in which two 
successive loops are made close to each 
other on the same piece of cord or bandage, 
a half-twist being given to the junction of 
each loop at the time of making it. 

Clownism (klown'-izm) [Icel., klunni, a 
boorish fellow]. That stage of hystero- 
epilepsy in which there is an emotional dis- 
play with a remarkable series of contortions. 

Clubbed Fingers. Knobbed deformity of the 
finger-tips, with curvature of the nails over 
the finger-ends; seen in some cases of pul- 
monary and cardiac disease. 

Club-foot. See Talipes. C, Heel, talipes 
calcaneus. C, Inward, talipes varus. C, 
Outward, talipes valgus. 

Club-hand. A deformity of the hand similar 
to that of club-foot. 

Club-moss (klub'-mos). See Lycopodium. 

Clumping (klump' -ing) . See Agglutination 
(2). C. Serum. See under Serum. 

Clupein (klu' '-pe-in) [clupea, a kind of small 
river-fish], C 30 H 57 N 17 O 6 + 4H 2 0. A protamin 
from the herring. Syn., Salmin. 

Clusia (klu f -se-ah) [Charles de VEscluse (1526- 
1609)]. A genus of plants of the order 
Guttifertz, many species of which yield a 
gum-resin called West Indian balsam. C. 



flava, of the West Indies, yields the milky 
sap used as a substitute for copaiba. C. 
insignis, of Brazil, yields a milky sap 
used as a salve. C. hilar iana, of the West 
Indies and South America, yields a gum 
used as a drastic and vulnerary; the fruit is 
edible and the astringent bark is employed 
in diarrhea. 

Clysis (Mi' -sis) [kXu^iv, to cleanse]. The ad- 
ministration of an enema; the cleansing by 
means of an enema. 

Clysma (kliz'-mah). See Clyster. 

Clysmic (kliz'-mik). Relating to an enema; 
suitable for cleansing or washing. 

Clyster (klis'-ter) [kXuott)P, an injection]. An 
enema. See Alimentation, Rectal. C, Meat- 
bouillon-wine- (Fleiner) : 80 Gm. of beef- 
tea and 40 Gm. of mild white wine. Inject 2 
or 3 times a day at body-heat. C, Meat- 
pancreas- (Leube) : 150 Gm. good beef scraped 
and chopped fine; 80 Gm. fresh pancreas (cow 
or hog) free from fat; mix with 150 Gm. 
lukewarm water; inject from 50 to 100 Gm. 
at a time, by means of a simple funnel, and 
at blood-heat. C, Nutritive (Boas): warm 
250 Gm. of milk, stir in 2 egg-yolks, 1 tea- 
spoonful of common salt, and 1 tablespoonful 
of wheat-starch, and afterward add 1 table- 
spoonful of red wine. If the mucous mem- 
brane is easily irritated, 4 or 5 drops of tinc- 
ture of opium may be added. C, Nutritive 
(Ewald) : wheaten starch, J teaspoonful, is 
boiled with a cup (100 Gm.) of a 20% solu- 
tion of grape-sugar, and 1 wineglass (150 Gm.) 
of red wine added. Then the solution is 
cooled to 35 C. and 2 or 3 eggs beaten 
smooth with 1 teaspoonful of cold water and 
a little salt are stirred in slowly. Inject at 
blood-heat. C, Nutritive (Jaccoud): 
bouillon, 250 Gm.; wine, 120 Gm.; yolks 
of 2 eggs; and peptone, 5 to 20 Gm. C, 
Nutritive (Rosenheim) : peptone, 4 to 8 
Gm.; 2 eggs; glucose, 15 Gm., and sometimes, 
if desired, emulsions of cod-liver oil. 

Cnemial ine'-me-aT) [Kvrjfirj, the leg]. Relating 
to the tibia or leg; crural. 

Cnemoscoliosis (ne-mo-sko-le-o'-sis) [Kvfjfi-q, 
the leg; oKoXcog, curved]. Lateral curvature 
of the legs. 

Coagulated (ko-ag r -u-la-ted) [coagulare, to 
curdle]. Clotted; curdled. C. Proteids, a 
class of proteids produced by heating solutions 
of egg-albumen or serum-albumin up to 70 
C. or higher. At the body -temperature they 
are readily converted into peptones by the 
action of the gastric juice in an acid me- 
dium, or of pancreatic juice in an alkaline 
medium. 

Coagulation (ko-ag-u-la'-shun) [coagulum]. 
The formation of a coagulum or clot, as in 
blood or in milk. 

Coagulative (ko-ag'-u-la-tiv) [coagulum]. 
Causing or marked by coagulation. C. Ne- 
crosis. See Necrosis, Coagulative. 

Coagulin (ko-ag' -u-lin) [coagulum]. A sub- 
stance endowed with capacity to precipitate 
certain albuminous bodies contained in the 



COAGULOMETER 



287 



COCAIN 



culture-fluid injected into an inoculated ani- 
mal. 

Coagulometer {ho-ag-u-lom' -et-er) [coagulum; 
fihpov, a measure]. An apparatus for the 
determination of the rapidity of coagulation of 
the blood. C, Wright's, a cylinder sur- 
rounded by pockets for thermometer and 
coagulation-tubes. 

Coagulum {ko-ag' -u-lum) [coagulare, to curdle]. 
A clot. The mass of fibrin, inclosing red and 
colorless corpuscles and serum, that forms 
from the blood after the latter has been drawn 
from the body. Also, the curd of milk and 
the insoluble form of albumin. 

Coal-tar {kol'-tar). A by-product in the man- 
ufacture of illuminating gas; it is a black, 
viscid fluid, of a characteristic and dis- 
agreeable odor. The specific gravity ranges 
from i.io to i. 20. Its composition is ex- 
tremely complex, and its principal constitu- 
ents are separated, one from the other, by 
means of fractional distillation. Among the 
principal products manufactured from coal- 
tar are anthracene, benzol, naphtha, creasote, 
phenol, pitch, etc. From the basic oil of 
coal-tar are manufactured the anilin or coal- 
tar colors or dyes. 

Coalescence (ko-al-es' '-ens) [coalescere, to grow 
together]. The union of two or more parts 
or things previously separate. 

Coalescent (ko-al-es' -ent) . In a condition of 
coalescence. 

Coalitus {ko-al-i'-tus) [L.]. Coalescent; coal- 
escence. C. artuum, adhesion of limbs to 
each other. See Ankylomele. 

Coaptation iko-ap-ta' -shun) [con, together; 
aptare, to fit]. The proper union or adjust- 
ment of the ends of a fractured bone, the lips 
of a wound, etc. 

Coarctate (ko-ark'-tat) [coarctare, to press to- 
gether]. Crowded together. 

Coarctation (ko-ark-ta'-shun) [coarctate]. A 
compression of the walls of a vessel or canal, 
narrowing or closing the lumen; reduction of 
the normal or previous volume, as of the 
pulse; shriveling and consequent detachment, 
as of the retina. A stricture. 

Coarse (kors) [ME., course]. Not fine; gross. 
C. Adjustment. See Adjustment, Coarse. 
C. Features of Disease, macroscopic 
organic lesions, such as swelling, hemorrhage, 
etc. 

Coat (kot) [coitus, a tunic]. A cover or mem- 
brane covering a part or substance. C, 
Buffy, the upper fibrinous layer of the clot 
of coagulated blood, characterized by its pale 
color, due to absence of red corpuscles. C, 
Internal Elastic. See Henle's Fenestrated 
Membrane. C, Internal Fibrous. See C, 
Subepithelial. C, Middle, the tunica media. 
C, Subepithelial, the middle layer of the 
intima, composed of fusiform and stellate 
cells and finely granular substances with lon- 
gitudinal and transverse fibrils. Syn., In- 
nermost longitudinal fibrous coat; Inter- 
mediary layer; Internal fibrous coat; Striated 
layer of the internal coat. C, Uveal, the 



uvea. C, Vaginal. 1. The fibrous capsule 
of the eyeball. 2. See Tunica vaginalis. 

Cobalt (ko'-bawlt) [kobold, a German mytho- 
logic goblin]. A tough, heavy metal having 
some of the general properties of iron. Its 
oxids have been employed in medicine, but 
are now very little used. See Elements, Table 
of Chemic. C. Nitrate, CO(N0 3 ) 2 + 6H 2 0. It 
is said to be a successful antidote in poisoning 
by hydrocyanic acid and potassium cyanid. 
C.and Potassium Nitrite, COK 3 (N0 2 ) 6 , co- 
balt yellow, a powder, ■ slightly soluble in 
water; antispasmodic and antidyspneic. 
Dose J-| gr. (0.016-0.032 Gm.). Syn., 
Potassium cobaltonitrite. C. Salipyrin, a 
salicylate of cobalt and antipyrin. 

Cobelli's Glands. See Glands, CobelWs. 

Cobra (ko'-brah) [Port.].' A venomous snake of 
India, Naja tripudians. C.-lysin, Myers' 
term for the hemolytic poison of cobra 
venom. It is destroyed by heat and neutral- 
ized by antivenin. Cf. Cobra Nervine; 
Echidnase; Echidnotoxin. C. Nervine, one 
of the principles isolated by Myers from 
cobra venom. It is not decomposed by heat 
nor neutralized by antivenin. 

Coca {ko'-kah). See Erythroxylon. 

Cocaethylin (ko-kah-eth' '-il-in) , C 18 H 23 N0 4 . A 
white powder obtained from benzoylecgonin 
by action of ethyl iodid. It is soluble in 
alcohol and ether and almost insoluble in 
water; it is a local anesthetic, milder than 
cocain. Syn., Benzoylecgoninethylic ester; 
Elhylbenzoylecgonin; Homococain. 

Cocain {ko'-kah-in or ko-kan') [S.A., coca], 
C 17 H 21 N0 4 . Cocain (cocaina, U. S. P.) is the 
chief alkaloid of Erythroxylon coca. It is at 
first stimulant and afterward narcotic, and 
resembles caffein in its action on the 
nerve-centers, and atropin in its effects on 
the respiratory and circulatory organs. Its 
long-continued use (cocai?i-habit) is fol- 
lowed by insomnia, decay of moral and in- 
tellectual power, emaciation, and death. It 
is a local anesthetic when applied to the sur- 
face of mucous membranes or given hypo- 
dermatically. Applied to the conjunctiva of 
the eye, it causes also dilation of the pupil 
and paralysis of the function of accommo- 
dation. Dose |-2 gr. (0.008-0.13 Gm.). 
Syn., Methylbenzoylecgonin. C. Aluminium 
Citrate, a double salt consisting of three mole- 
cules of aluminium citrate and one of cocain; 
it is used as an astringent and as a local anes- 
thetic. C. Aluminium Sulfate, a compound 
of aluminium sulfate and cocain. It is used 
as is cocain aluminium citrate. C. Benzoate, 
C 17 H 21 N0 4 . C 7 H 6 2 , anodyne and anesthetic. 
C. Borate, a white, crystalline powder con- 
taining 68.7% of cocain. It is used in eye- 
douches and subcutaneous injections. C. 
Cantharidate, (C 17 H 21 NO 4 ),C 10 H 12 O 4 . It is 
used hypodermatically in tuberculosis; injec- 
tion, ^o~To gr- (0.0013-0.0016 Gm.) in 500 
parts of chloroform -water. C. Carbolate, a 
crystalline mass containing 75 % of cocain; 
it is analgesic, anticatarrhal, and a local an- 



COCAINISM 



288 



COCHIN-LEG 



esthetic. Dose T V4 gr. (0.005-0.01 Gm.), 
once or twice daily in capsules. Injection, 
16 min. (1 Cc.) of 1 : 1250 solution in dilute 
alcohol. Application, 1 to 3 % solution with 
30% alcohol, 5% powder, or pure. C. 
Cerate, 1 : 30, for burns, etc. C. Chlorid. 
See C. Hydrochloride C. Citrate, used to 
stop toothache. C. Hydrobromate, C 17 H 21 - 
N0 4 HBr, small white crystals, soluble in 
water. It is used instead of cocain hydro- 
chlorid and the dosage is the same. C. 
Hydrochlorid {cocaines hydrochloridum, U. S. 
P.), C 17 H 21 N0 4 .HC1, most commonly used for 
local anesthesia in 2 to 8 % solution. Dose, 
internally, |-2 gr. (0.008-0.13 Gm.). C. 
Hydrochlorid, Solution of {liquor cocaince 
hydrochloratis, B. P.). Dose 2-10 min. (0.13- 
0.65 Cc). C.Hydroiodate, Ci 7 H 21 N0 4 . HI, a 
suggested substitute for cocain hydrochlorid 
in producing electroanesthesia. C. Lac- 
tate, C 17 H 21 N0 4 C 3 H 6 3 , a white liquid of 
the consistence of honey; it is used par- 
ticularly in tuberculous cysts of the bladder. 
Injection (into the bladder), x\ gr. (0.1 
Gm.) dissolved in 5 parts each of lactic 
acid and distilled water. C. Lamellas 
(lamellce cocaince, B. P.), each contains T ^ gr. 
(0.00065 <&m.) of cocain hydrochlorid. C. 
Muriate. See C. Hydrochlorid. C. Nitrate, 
C 17 H 21 N0 4 . HNO . It is used in combination 
with silver nitrate in treatment of disorders of 
the genitourinary tract. Dose, as the hydro- 
chlorid; maximum dose f gr. (0.049 Gm.), 
single; 2\ gr. (0.146 Gm.) a day. C. 
Oleate (oleatum cocaince, U: S. P.), a 10% 
solution in oleic acid, for external use. 
C. Phenate, a topical application in ca- 
tarrhs and in rheumatism, used as a 5 to 
10% alcoholic solution; also internally. Dose 
xV~i g r - (0.005-0.01 Gm.). C. Phthalate, 
contains 64.6% of the alkaloid. It is used 
hypodermatically instead of cocain hydro- 
chlorid. C. Saccharate, moist crystalline 
plates used in diseases of the throat; a 5 % so- 
lution corresponds to a 4 % solution of cocain 
hydrochlorid. C. Salicylate, C 17 H 21 N0 4 . - 
C 7 H 6 3 , is used in spasmodic asthma in the 
same manner as cocain hydrochlorid. C. 
Tartrate, (C 17 H 21 N0 4 ) 2 C 4 H 6 6 . Uses and 
dose same as of cocain hydrochlorid. 

Cocainism {ko-ka f -in-izm) [cocain]. The 
cocain-habit. , 

Cocainization {ko-ka-in-iz-a' -shun) [cocain]. 
The bringing of the system or an organ 
under the influence of cocain. C, Endome- 
ningeal, C, Intraspinal, C, Spinal-canal, 
C, Spinal Subarachnoid, C, Subarach- 
noid. See Coming-Bier Method under 
Anesthetic. 

Cocapyrin (ko-ka-pi' -rin) . A mixture of 
cocain, 1 part; antipyrin, 100 parts; used 
as an analgesic and antipyretic. Dose 3^ 
gr. (0.22 Gm.). 

Coccaceae (kok-kas'-e-e) [see Coccus]. A 
group of schizomycetous fungi or bacteria, 
including as genera the Micrococcus, Sarcina, 
Ascococcus, and Leuconostoc, 



Coccidioides immitis pyogenes (kok-sid-e- 
oid'-ez im-i'-tis pi-oj'-en-ez). A patho- 
genic microorganism discovered by Ophuls 
and Moffitt (1900). It produces in human 
beings chronic suppurative processes or 
caseation. 

Coccidiosis {kok-sid-i' -o-sis) [coccidium; vboog, 
disease]. The group of symptoms produced 
by the presence of coccidia in the body. 

Coccidium {kok-sid' -e-um) [coccus; pi., coccidia]. 
A genus of protozoans, by some referred 
to as the socalled psorosperms. See Psoro- 
sperm. C. oviforme, has been found in 
intestinal epithelium and in the liver of man, 
and often in the liver of the rabbit. True 
coccidia are nonmotile cell-parasites. C. 
sarkolytus, the name given by Adamkie- 
wicz to the socalled parasite of carcinoma. 

Coccinella {kok-sin-el' -ah) . See Cochineal. 

Coccineous (kok-sin' '-e-us) [coccinus, scarlet]. 
In color, pure carmin tinged with yellow. 

Coccobacillus {kok-o-ba-siV -us) . See under Bac- 
teria. 

Coccobacteria (kok-o-bak-te' '-re-ah) [coccus; 
fiaKTTjpcov, a little rod]. The rod-like or 
spheroid bacteria found in putrefying liquids, 
and called C. septica. See under Bacteria. 

Coccogenous (kok-oj'-en-us) [coccus; jevvdv, to 
produce]^ Caused by the presence of pus- 
cocci. 

Cocculus indicus (kok'-u-lus in'-dik-us). 
The dried fruit of Anamirta cocculus. It is 
an active narcotic poison. It is employed as 
a destroyer of vermin. See Picrotoxin. 

Coccus {kok'-us) [kokkoc, a berry]. 1. A genus 
of insects including C. cacti, the cochineal 
insect. 2. A spheric bacterium — a micro- 
coccus. 

Coccycephalus {kok-se-sef -al-us) [coccyx; 
K£(f)aXrj, the head]. 1. Having a beaked 
process for a head. 2. A monstrosity with 
such a head. 

Coccydynia (kok-se-din'-e-ah). See Coccy- 
godynia. 

Coccygeus (kok-sij f -e-us) [coccyx]. One of 
the pelvic muscles. See under Muscle. 

Coccygodynia (kok-sig-o-din'-e-ah) [coccyx; 
oduvrj, pain]. Pain referred to the region 
of the coccyx; confined almost exclusively 
to women who have given birth to chil- 
dren. 

Coccyx {kok'-siks) [kokku£, cuckoo (resembling 
the bill)]. The last bone of the spinal column, 
formed by the union of four rudimentary 
vertebras. 

Cochineal {kotch' -in-el or kotch-in-el') [ME., 
cutchaneal]. The dried insects of a species 
of plant-lice, Coccus cacti, parasitic upon a 
cactus of Mexico and Central America. It 
contains a rich red coloring-matter, carmin, 
used mainly as a dyeing agent. It is thought 
to be valuable in whooping-cough. Dose \ 
gr. (0.02 Gm.). 

Cochinilin {kotch-in-il f -in) . The same as 
Carminic acid. 

Cochin-leg {ko'-chin). Synonym of Ele- 
phantiasis arabum, 



COCHLEA 



289 



COHNHEIM'S AREAS 






Cochlea {kok'-le-ah) [noyXoc, a conch-shell]. 
A cavity of the internal ear resembling a 
snail-shell. It describes z\ turns about a 
central pillar called the modiolus or colum- 
ella, forming the spiral canal, about \\ 
inches in length. See also Ear. 

Cochlear, Cochleare {kok'-le-ar, kok-le-a' -re) 
[L.]. A spoon; a spoonful. C. magnum, 
a tablespoon. C. medium, a dessertspoon. 
C. minimum, a teaspoon. 

Cochleariform {kok-le-ar' -e-form) [cochlear; 
forma, shape], i. Spoon-shaped. 2. [nS^^of, 
a conch-shell.] Having the shape of a snail- 
shell. 

Cocinin (ko' 'sin-in) . A peculiar fatty principle, 
the chief constituent of cocoanut oil. Syn., 
Cocin; Cocostearin; Cocostearyl; Cocyl. 

Cock's Peculiar Tumor. Extensive septic 
ulceration of the scalp, resembling an epi- 
thelioma and developed from a neglected 
sebaceous cyst. 

Cockroach (kok' '-rock) . See Blatta. 

Coco {ko f -ko). See Coko Disease. 

Cocoa, Coco (ko'-ko). See Cacao and Theo- 
broma. C. -butter. See Cacao-butter. 

Cod (kod) [ME.]. The Gadus morrhua, a 
fish furnishing cod-liver oil. C. -liver Oil, 
an oil derived from the liver of the Gadus 
morrhua, and ranging in color, according 
to the method of its preparation, from pale 
straw to dark brown; its specific gravity is 0.923 
to 0.924 or even 0.930 at i5°C. See Morrhua. 

Codeia {ko-de'-ah). See Codein. 

Codein {ko'-de-in) [Koodeca, the poppy-head], 
C 18 H 21 N0 3 + H 2 0, codeina (U. S. P.). A 
white, crystalline alkaloid of opium re- 
sembling morphin in action, but being 
weaker. It is used in cough and in diabetes 
mellitus. Dose £-2 gr. (0.032-0.13 Gm.). 
Syn., Codeia; Methylmorphin. C. Acetate, 
C 18 H 21 N0 3 . C 2 H 4 2 , use and dose same as 
codein. C. Citrate, used as is codein. C. 
Hydrobromate, C 18 H 21 N0 3 . HBr + 2H 2 0, 
used as is codein. C. Hydro chlorate, C 18 - 
H 21 N0 3 . HC1 + 2H 2 0, use and dose same 
as codein. C. Hydroiodate, C 18 H 21 NO s . HI 
+ H 2 0, use and dose same as codein. C. 
Nitrate, C 18 H 21 NO s . HNO s , use and dose 
same as codein. C. Phosphate {codeines 
phosphas, U. S. P.), soluble in water. It is 
similar to morphin in action, but less toxic. 
Dose, hypodermatically, \ gr. (0.032 Gm.). 
C. Salicylate, a white powder, soluble in 
water, used in rheumatism. C. Sulfate 
{codeince sulphas, U. S. P.), the sulfate of the 
alkaloid. Dose \-\ gr. (0.01-0.016 Gm.). C. 
Valerianate, an antispasmodic and sedative. 
Dose \ gr. (0.016 Gm.). 

Coefficient {ko-ef-ish'-ent) [con, together; effi- 
cere, to produce]. A figure indicating the 
degree of physical or chemic alteration char- 
acteristic of a given substance under stated 
conditions. C, Baumann's. See under 
Baumann. C, Bouchard's. See under 
Bouchard. C, Haeser's. See Chrislison's 
Formula. C, Trapp's. See Trapp's For- 
mula. C, Yvon's. See under Yvon. 
20 



Cceliac {se'-le-ak). See Celiac. 

Cceliotomy {se-le-of -o-me) . See Celiotomy. 

Coelom, Cceloma {se'-lom, se-lo'-mah). See 
Celom. 

Coelongate {ko-e-lon' -gat) [con, together; elon- 
gatus, elongated]. Of equal length. 

Coenesthesis {sen -es- the' -sis). See Ceneslhe- 
sis. 

Ccenurus {se-nur'-us) [kocvqc, common; oupd, 
tail]. The larva of Taenia ccenurus, producing 
the disease of sheep called staggers. 
C. cerebralis, a hydatid found mainly 
in the brain and spinal canal of the 
ox and sheep (mostly in young animals). 
Occasionally it has been discovered in the 
muscles of man. It is known to be the larva 
of the tape- worm, Taenia ccenurus. 

Coercible {ko-ers' -ib-il) [coercerg, to curb]. 
Applied to gases which are capable of being 
liquefied. 

Coercive {ko-ers'-iv). Capable of being ren- 
dered magnetic and continuing so. 

Coetaneous ' {ko-et-a' -ne-us) [con, together; 
cetas, age]. Reaching maturity simultane- 
ously. 

Coffea {kof'-e-ah). The coffee tree. C. ara- 
bica, the common coffee plant, is the original 
source of most of the coffee cultivation. 

Coffee {kof'-e). See Coffea. C. -ground 
Vomit, the material ejected by emesis in 
gastric carcinoma and other conditions that 
give rise to a slow hemorrhage into the 
stomach. It consists of blood changed by 
the action of the gastric juice, and mixed 
with other contents of the stomach. 

Coffeon {kof'-e-on). A product obtained by 
condensing the material volatilized when 
coffee is roasted. The pleasant flavor of 
coffee is due to it. 

Cognac {kon-yak) [a district in France]. 
French brandy distilled from wines produced 
in the district of Cognac. 

Cog-wheel Breathing, C. Respiration. A 
type of breathing characterized by a jerky, 
wavy inspiration. 

Cohabitation {ko-hab-it-a' -shun) [con, together; 
habitare, to dwell]. 1. The living together of 
a man and woman, with or without legal 
marriage. 2. Sexual connection. 

Cohen's Test for Albumin. To the acid 
solution of albumin add a solution of potas- 
sium bismuthic iodid and potassium iodid. 
The albumin and the alkaloids are precipi- 
tated. 

Cohesion {ko-he r -zhun) [cohecrere, to stick 
together]. The force whereby molecules of 
matter adhere to one another; the attraction 
of aggregation. 

Cohn's Law. The specific form of bacteria 
has a fixed, immutable basis. C.'s Stigmas, 
minute gaps in the interalveolar walls of 
the normal lung. 

Cohnheim's Areas, C.'s Fields. Small poly- 
gonal fields visible on optic section of a sar- 
cous element prism. C.'s Frog. See Salt- 
frog. C.'s Terminal Arteries, terminal 
arteries without anastomoses. C.'s Theory, 



COHOSH 



290 



COLIBACILLOSIS 



a theory that all true tumors are due to 
faulty embryonal development. The em- 
bryonal cells do not undergo the normal 
changes, are displaced, or are superfluous. 
When the favorable conditions are presented 
later in life, they take on growth, with the 
formation of tumors of various kinds. See 
Cancer, Cohnheim's Theory of. C.'s Tumor- 
germs, small aberrant or heterotopic masses 
of embryonic tissue from which newgrowths 
may originate. 

Cohosh (ko'-hosh) [Am. Ind.]. A name given 
to several medicinal plants. C, Black. See 
Cimicifuga. C, Red. See Actcea rubra. C, 
White. See Actcea alba. 

Coil (koil) [colligere, to gather together]. A 
spiral formed by winding. C. -gland. See 
Sweat-gland. C, Induction-, rolls of wire 
used to produce an electric current by induc- 
tion. C, Letter's. See Letter's Tubes. C, 
Primary, the inner coil of an induction ap- 
paratus. C, Resistance-, a coil of wire of 
known electric resistance, used for estimat- 
ing resistance. C, Secondary, the* outer 
coil of an induction apparatus. 

Coinosite (ko-in f -o-slt) [kocvoc, common; ocx- 
£~cv, to feed]. An animal parasite capable 
of separating itself from its host at will; a 
free commensal organism. 

Coin-sign, Coin-test (koin'-sln, koin'-test). See 
Bell-sound. 

Coition {ko-ish' -un) . Same as Coitus. 

Coitophobia (ko-it-o-fo f -be-ah) [coitus; 4>6ftoc, 
fear]. Morbid dread of coitus from disgust 
or dyspareunia. 

Coitus (ko'-it-us) [coire, to come together]. The 
act of sexual connection; copulation. 

Coko Disease (ko'-ko). A name applied in the 
Fiji Islands to a disease resembling fram- 
besia. 

Cola-nut (ko'-lah-nut). See Kola-nut. 

Colauxe (kol-awks' -e) [koXov, colon; au^f), in- 
crease]. Distention of the colon. 

Colchicein (kol-chis-e' -in) [colchicum], C 17 H 21 - 
NO s + 2H 2 0. A crystalline decomposition- 
product of colchicin. It is used subcutane- 
ously in treatment of gout. Dose gV" 3V gr. 
(0.001-0.002 Gm.). 

Colchicin (koV -chis-in) [colchicum], C 22 H 25 NO e , 
colchicina (U. S. P.). An alkaloid of colchi- 
cum; it is a pale, brownish-yellow, exceed- 
ingly bitter powder, freely soluble in water. It 
is a very active poison. Its dose is y$ gr. 
(0.0032 Gm.) hypodermatically. C. Sali- 
cylate. See Colchisal. 

Colchicum (koV -chik-um) [koXxckov, colchicum]. 
Meadow-saffron. The corm and seed of C. 
autumnale, the properties of which are due 
to an alkaloid, colchicin. It is an emetic, 
diuretic, diaphoretic, and drastic cathartic. 
It is valuable in acute gout . and in some 
forms of rheumatism. Dose of the powdered 
corm (colchici cormus, U. S. P.) 2-8 gr. (0.13- 
0.52 Gm.); of the powdered seeds (colchici 
semen, U. S. P.) 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gm.). 
C. Corm, Extract of (extr actum colchici cormi, 
U. S. P.). Dose 1 gr. (0.065 Gm -)- C., Ex- 



tract of, Acetic (extractum aceticum colchici, 

B. P.). Dose \-2 gr. (0.032-0.13 Gm.). C. 
Seed, Fluidextract of (fluidextr actum colchici 
seminis, U. S. P.). Dose 3 min. (0.2 Cc). 

C. Seed, Tincture of (tinctura cplchici seminis, 
U. S. P.), 10% strength. Dose 10-30 min. 
(0.6-2.0 Cc). C. Seed, Wine of (vinum col- 
chici seminis, U. S. P.), 10 % in strength. Dose 
10-30 min. (0.6-2.0 Cc). 

Colchiflor (kol f -chi-flor). A remedy for gout 
prepared from a tincture made from the 
fresh flowers of Colchicum autumnale and 
powdered kola. It is said to be free from 
the drastic properties contained in prepara- 
tions from the bulb and seeds of colchicum. 

Colchisal {koV -chis-al) . Colchicin salicylate. 
A yellow, amorphous powder, soluble in 
alcohol, ether, and water. It is used in gout 
and arthritis. Dose T ^ ¥ gr. (0.00065 Gm.). 

Cold (kold) [AS., ceald]. 1. The compara- 
tive want of heat. 2. A term used popu- 
larly for coryza and catarrhal conditions of the 
respiratory tract. Cold is employed largely 
in various forms as a therapeutic agent, 
mainly for the purpose of lowering tempera- 
ture and allaying irritation and inflamma- 
tion. It may be used in the form of affusion, 
that is, the sudden application of a consid- 
erable volume of cold water to the body. 
Cold may be used as an anesthetic in baths 
(see Bath); in the form of compresses ap- 
plied over the affected part; in the form of 
irrigation, especially in the treatment of 
bruised and injured members; as a lotion, 
for the purpose of relieving local heat, pain, 
and swelling; as an injection, in the form 
of ice-water, into the vagina or rectum, for 
various conditions; and as the cold pack, 
which is a valuable means of reducing the 
body-temperature in cases of hyperpyrexia. 
Cold may be applied in the dry form by 
means of the ice-cap or bladder, an india- 
rubber bag filled with ice, snow, or a freezing 
mixture. C. Abscess. See Abscess, Cold. C- 
cream (unguentum aqua roses, U. S. P.), sper- 
maceti, 125 Gm.; white wax, 120 Gm.; ex- 
pressed oil of almond, 560 Gm.; stronger rose- 
water, 190 Gm., in which finely powdered so- 
dium borate 5 Gm. has been dissolved. When 
used as a vehicle for metallic salts the sodium 
borate should be omitted. Used for chapping 
of face and hands, abrasions, etc. C. Pack. 
See Pack, Cold. C, Rose-, hay-fever. C- 
sore, herpes labialis. C, St. Kilda's, C, 
Strangers', in the Hebrides, a form of influ- 
enza ascribed by the natives to the arrival of a 
ship and the presence of outsiders. 

Colectomy (ko-lek'-to-me) [colon; hro/ir], cut- 
ting out]. Excision of a portion of the 
colon. 

Coley's Fluid, C.'s Mixture. A combination 
of the toxins of Streptococcus erysipelatis and 
Bacillus prodigiosus; it has been used as a 
remedy for cancer in the early stage. 

Colibacillosis (ko-le-bas-il-o' '-sis) . The morbid 
condition due to infection with Bacterium 
coli. 



COLIBACTERIURIA 



291 



COLLES' FASCIA 



Colibacteriuria (ko-le-bak-te-re-u' -re-ah). The 
presence in the urine of Bacterium coli. 

Colic {kol'-ik) [colon]. i. Pertaining to the 
colon. 2. A severe griping pain in the 
bowels, due to spasm of the intestinal 
walls; also any severe spasmodic pain in 
the abdomen. C., Biliary, that due to the 
passage of a gall-stone through the gall- 
ducts. C, Crapulent, C, Crapulous, 
that due to excess in eating and drinking. 
C, Cystic, colicky pain in the urinary 
bladder. C, Devonshire. Synonym of C, 
Lead-. C, Hemorrhoidal, intense pain near 
the anus and sacrum preceding a discharge 
from the hemorrhoidal vessels. C, Hepatic, 
biliary colic. C, Herniary, the pain attend- 
ing hernia. C, Inflammatory, the intense 
pain attending colitis. C, Lead-, C, Sat- 
urnine, intestinal colic due to lead-poisoning. 
It is characterized by excruciating abdominal 
pain, a hard and retracted condition of the 
abdomen, slow pulse, and increased arterial 
tension. Syn., Colica pictonum; Painter's 
colic. C, Menstrual, the pain of men- 
struation. C, Metastatic, that due to metas- 
tasis of gout or to suppression of the menses 
or the hemorrhoidal flow. C, Renal, that 
due to the presence of a calculus in the ure- 
ter. C, Saburral, that resulting from over- 
eating. C, Senegal, lead-colic. C, Uter- 
ine, colicky pains experienced at the men- 
strual epochs, often coming on in paroxysms. 
C, Vermicular, i. Pain in the vermiform 
appendix, due to catarrhal inflammation re- 
sulting from stoppage of its outlet. 2. That 
due to intestinal worms. Syn., Verminous 
colic; Worm colic. 

Colicolitis (ko-le-kol-i' -tis) . See Dysentery. 

Colicystitis (ko-le-sist-i' '-tis) {colon; kuotcc, blad- 
der; exec, inflammation]. Cystitis dependent 
upon the pathogenic activity of the colon 
bacillus. 

Colicystopyelitis (ko-le- sist -o-pi-e- W - tis) . 
Combined cystitis and pyelitis due to Bacillus 
coli communis. 

Coliform (kol'-e-form) [colum, a sieve; forma, 
form]. Sieve-like. 

Colipuncture (ko-le-punk'-chur) . See Colocen- 
tesis. 

Colitis {ko-li'-tis) [colon; cztc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the colon . C . , Croupous , C . , 
Desquamative, C, Diphtheric, C, Fol- 
licular, C, Membranous, C, Mucomem- 
branous, C, Plastic. See C, Mucous. C, 
Idiopathic Ulcerative, a specific affection 
due to microorganisms, beginning in and 
throughout its course, invariably limited to the 
colon. C, Mucous, a clinical combination of 
symptoms characterized by periodic abdominal 
pains associated generally with abnormities 
of the secretory and absorptive functions, and 
with the discharge of peculiarly formed mu- 
cous masses, sometimes resembling exact casts 
of the intestine. Syn., Chronic exudative 
enteritis; Chronic mucocolitis; Diarrhoea tubu- 
laris; Fibrinous diarrhea; Follicular-colonic 
dyspepsia; Follicular duodenal dyspepsia; 



Intestinal croup; Pellicular enteritis; Pseudo- 
membranous enteritis. C, Ulcerative. Syn- 
onym of Dysentery. 

Collacin, Collastin (kol'-as-in, -tin). A sub- 
stance found abundant, by Unna, in colloid 
degeneration of the skin. 

Collaform {kol'-a-}orm). A formaldehyd-gel- 
atin preparation intended as a vulnerary. 

Collagen (kol'-aj-en) [noXXa, glue; yevvdv, to 
produce]. A substance existing in various 
tissues of the body, especially bone and car- 
tilage; it is converted into gelatin by boiling. 

Collapse (kol-aps') [collabere, to fall together]. 
Extreme depression and prostration from 
failure of the circulation, as in cholera, shock, 
hemorrhage, etc. C. of Lung, return of a por- 
tion or the whole of a lung to its fetal or air- 
less condition from some mechanic hindrance 
to the entrance of air. It is characterized by 
dyspnea, with more or less cyanosis, and is 
mainly encountered in bronchopneumonia. 

Collapsing (kol-aps 1 '-in g) [collapse]. Suddenly 
breaking down. C. Pulse. See Corrigan's 
Pulse. 

Collar-bone. The clavicle. 

Collargol, Collargolum {kol-ar'-gol, kol-ar'-gol- 
um). See Silver, Colloidal. 

Collateral (kol-al'-er-al) [con, together; lateralis, 
of the side]. 1. Accessory or secondary; not 
direct or immediate. 2. One of the first 
branches of an axis-cylinder of a nerve-cell 
passing at a right angle. 

Collecting Tubes of the Kidney. A name 
given to the ducts discharging into the calices 
of the kidneys. 

Collemia, Collaemia (kol-e' -me-ah) [nolla, glue; 
alfia, blood]. Haig's term for a condition of 
capillary obstruction which he attributes to 
a clogging of the capillaries by urates or col- 
loid deposits. 

Colles' Fascia. The deep layer of the peri- 
neal fascia. It is attached to the base of 
the triangular ligament, to the anterior lips 
of the rami of the pubes and ischiums lat- 
erally, and anteriorly it is continuous with 
the dartos of the scrotum. C.'s Fracture, 
transverse fracture of the lower extremity of 
the radius, with displacement of the hand 
backward and outward. C.'s Law, the child 
of a syphilitic father will render its mother 




Colles' Fracture. — (Gould and Pyle's Cyclopedia.) 

immune against syphilis. In Colles' original 
words: "A new-born child affected with con- 
genital syphilis, even although it may have 
symptoms in the mouth, never causes ulcera- 
tion of the breasf which it sucks, if it be the 
mother who suckles it, though continuing 
capable of infecting a strange nurse." C.'s 
Ligament, the fibers which pass from the 
outer portion of Poupart's ligament behind 



COLLES-BEAUMES' LAW 



292 



COLOCYNTHIS 



the internal pillar of the abdominal ring and 
are inserted into the linea alba, where they 
interlace with those of the opposite side. C.'s 
Space, the space beneath the perineal fascia 
containing the ischiocavernosus, transversus 
perinei, and bulbocavernosus muscles, the bul- 
bous portion of the urethra, the posterior scro- 
tal (labial) vessels and nerves, and loose are- 
olar tissue. 

Colles-Beaumes' Law. See Colics' Law. 

Collidin (kol'-id-in) [noXXa, glue], C 8 H n N. A 
ptomain, isomeric but not identical with colli- 
din aldehyd. The ptomain was obtained 
from pancreas and gelatin allowed to putrefy 
together in water. C. Aldehyd. See Al- 
dehyd, Collidin. 

Collier's Lung. Synonym of Anthracosis. 

Colligamen (kol-ig'-a-men) [colligare, to bind], 
i. A ligament. 2. A name given to a variety 
of bandages prepared with glycerol and a 
glycerol-zinc paste. 

Collin (kol'-in) [noXXa, glue]. Gelatin in soluble 
form. 

Collinic (kol-in'-ik). Relating to or obtained 
from gelatin. 

Collinsonia (kol-in-so' -ne-ah) [after Peter Col- 
linson, an English gentleman], A genus of 
labiate herbs. C. canadensis, .stoneroot, 
healall, is a coarse plant with a disagreeable 
smell; it has tonic, diuretic, and diaphoretic 
properties. Dose 15-60 gr. (1-4 Cc.) in 
decoction; of the fluidextract 10 min.-i dr. 
(0.65-4.0 Cc); of the tincture (1 : 10) £-2 
dr. (2-8 Cc). 

Colliquation (kol-ik-wa' -shun) [con, together; 
liquare, to melt]. The liquefaction or break- 
ing down of a tissue or organ. 

Colliquative (kol-ik' -wa-tiv) [colliquation]. 
Profuse or excessive; marked by excessive 
fluid discharges. C. Diarrhea, a profuse 
watery diarrhea. C. Necrosis. See Necrosis, 
Liquej active. C. Sweat, a profuse clammy 
sweat. 

Colliquef action (kol-ik -we -fak' -shun) [col- 
liquation]. A melting or fusing together 

Collocated (kol'-o-ka-ted) [collocare, to place]. 
Corresponding with in respect to location; 
applied especially to parts of the brain that 
are adjacent, one ectal and the other ental; 
e. g., the calcarine fissure and the calcar. 

Collodion (kol-o'-de-on) [KoXXtbd-qc, glue-like]. 
Collodium (U. S. P.). A dressing for wounds 
made by dissolving guncotton in ether; it is 
used as a substitute for adhesive plaster. See 
Pyroxylin. C, Acetone, one prepared from 
guncotton, 5 parts; ether, 10 parts; alcohol, 
10 parts; acetone, 20 parts; castor-oil, 6 
parts. It is more elastic than ordinary flexible 
collodion. C, Cantharidal (collodium can- 
tharidatum, U. S. P.), a blistering solution of 
collodion and cantharides. C, Flexible 
(collodium flexile, U. S. P.), collodion with 
the addition of castor-oil and Canada balsam. 
C, Iodized, flexible collodion with the addi- 
tion of 5 % of iodin. It is used in chilblains. 
C, Iodoform, flexible collodion with 5 % of 
iodoform. C, Styptic (collodium stypticum, 



U. S. P.), a mixture of collodion with tannic 

acid, ether, and alcohol. 
Collodium (kol-o' -de-um) . See Collodion. 
Colloid (kol'-oid) [noXXa, glue]. 1. A non- 

dialyzable organic substance. See Dialysis. 

2. A substance formed by colloid degenera- 
tion of epithelium. See Degeneration, Colloid. 

3. Having the nature of glue. 4. In chemistry, 
amorphous and noncrystalline. C. Cancer. 
See Cancer, Colloid. C. Degeneration. See 
Degeneration, Colloid. 

Colloidin (kol-oid' -in) [colloid], C 9 H 15 N0 6 . 
A jelly-like substance obtained from colloid 
tissue. 

Colloma (kol-o' -mah) [noXXa, glue; ofia, a 
tumor]. A cystic tumor containing a gel- 
atiniform substance. 

Collosin (kol'-o-sin) [noXXa, glue]. A skin- 
varnish made by the addition of camphor 
to acetone collodion. 

Collum (kol'-um) [L.]. The neck; espe- 
cially the anterior part of the neck. C. dis- 
tortum. Synonym of Torticollis. 

Collutory (koV -u-to-re) [colluere, to rinse]. A 
gargle or mouth -wash. 

Collyrium (kol-ir' -e-um) [noXXuptov, an eye- 
salve]. A lotion for the eyes. 

Coloboma (kol-o-bo'-mah) [noXofiouv, to muti- 
late]. A congenital fissure of the iris, choroid, 
or eyelids. C, Fuchs', a small crescentic 
defect of the choroid at the lower border of 
the optic disc. C. palpebral, C. palpebra- 
rum, a form of partial ablepharia consisting 
in a fissure of the eyelid— most frequently the 
upper lid. Syn., Blepharocolobdma. 

Colocentesis (kol-o -sen-te' -sis) [colon; Kevzrjocc, 
puncture]. Surgical puncture of the colon. 

Colocholecystostomy (ko-lo-kol-e-sis-tos' '-to- 
me). See Cholecystocolotomy. 

Colocleisis (ko-lo-kW -sis) [colon; kXs'cocc, 
closure]. Occlusion of the colon. 

Coloclyster (ko-lo-klis'-ter) [colon; clyster]. 
An enema in the colon. 

Colocolostomy (ko-lo-kol-os'-to-me). The oper- 
ation of forming a connection between two 
portions of the colon. 

Colocynth (kol'-o-sinth). Same as Colocynthis. 

Colocynthidism (kol-o -sinth' -id-izm) [colocyn- 
this]. Poisoning from undue use of colocynth. 
A condition marked by violent inflammation 
of the digestive tract, watery and bloody 
stools, bilious vomiting, cramps in the calves 
of the legs, and collapse. 

Colocynthin (kol-o -sin' -thin) [colocynthis]. 
The bitter principle of colocynth. See Colo- 
cynthis. 

Colocynthis (kol-o -sin' -this) [koXokuvQ'cc, colo- 
cynth]. Colocynth. Bitter apple. The fruit 
of Citrullus colocynthis, from which the seeds 
and rind have been removed. Its properties 
are due to a bitter glucosid, colocynthin, 
CgsH^Oaa, the dose of which is ^Vi gr- 
(0.003-0.013 Gm.). It is a tonic and as- 
tringent purgative, and is used mainly as an 
ingredient of compound cathartic pills. 
Colocynthidis, Extractum (U. S. P.), alco- 
holic Dose §-2 gr. (0.032-0.13 Gm.). 



COLOENTERITIS 



293 



COLPOHYPERPLASIA 



Colocynthidis, Extractum, Compositum 

(U. S. P.), contains colocynth extract, 16; 
aloes, 50; cardamom, 6; resin of scammony, 
14; soap, 14; alcohol, 10 parts. Dose 5-20 
gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). Colocynthidis, Pilula, 
Composita (B. P.), contains colocynth, aloes, 
scammony, potassium sulfate, and oil of 
cloves. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). 
Colocynthidis, Pilulse, et Hyoscyami (B. 
P.), pills of colocynth and henbane. Dose 
5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). 

Coloenteritis (ko-lo-en-ter-i'-tis) {colon; en- 
teritis]. Inflammation of the small and large 
intestine. See Enterocolitis. 

Colomba, Colombo (kol-om'-bah, kol-om f -bo). 
See Calumba. 

Colon {ko'-lon) [koXov, the colon]. The part 
of the large intestine beginning at the cecum 
and terminating at the end of the sigmoid 
flexure. In the various parts of its course 
it is known as the ascending colon, the trans- 
verse colon, the descending colon, and the 
sigmoid flexure. 

Colonometer (kol-on-om' -e-ter) [colony; pkxpov, 
a measure]. An apparatus for estimating 
the number of colonies of bacteria on a 
culture-plate. 

Colonoscope (ko-lon'-o-skop) [colon; onoizelv, to 
view]. An instrument for examining the colon. 

Colony (kol'-o-ne) [colonia, colony]. A collec- 
tion or assemblage, as of microorganisms in 
a culture. 

Colopexia, Colopexy (ko-lo-peks'-e-ah, ko'-lo- 
pek-se) [colon; tz^cc, a fixing]. Suturing of 
the sigmoid flexure to the abdominal wall. . 

Colopexotomy (ko-lo-peks-ot'-o-me) [colon; 
n^cc, a fixing; zipvsiv, to cut]. Incision 
into and fixation of the colon. 

Colophony (kol'-o-fo-ne) [KoXocpcbv, a city of 
Ionia]. Rosin. The solid residue left on 
distilling off the volatile oil from crude 
turpentine. See Rosin. 

Coloptosis (ko-lo-to'-sis) [colon; tztcoocc, a 
falling]. Descent or displacement of the colon. 

Color (kul' -or) [L.]. 1. A visual sensation 
due to radiated or reflected light. 2. That 
quality of an object perceptible to sight 
alone. 3. A pigment. C. -analysis, Ehr- 
lich's method of identifying the various 
forms of leukocytes. It depends upon the 
distinctive manner in which the protoplasmic 
granules react toward the acid, basic, and 
socalled neutral solutions of the anilin dyes. 
Five varieties of granules are recognized 
and designated by the Greek letters, a, ft, y, 
d, e: (1) a-granules (eosinophil, oxyphil, or 
coarse oxyphil granules); (2) ft-granules 
(amphophil granules); (3) "{-granules (mast- 
cell or coarse basophil granules); (4) d-gran- 
ules (fine basophil granules); (5) s-granules 
(neutrophil or fine oxyphil granules). C- 
blindness. See Blindness, Color-. C. -gusta- 
tion. See Pseudogeusesthesia. C. -hearing, 
the excitation of the visual center for color 
through the auditory nerve. C. -sensation, 
the perception of color; it depends on the 
number of vibrations of the ether. 



Colorimeter (kol-or-im'-et-er) [color; pkxpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for determining 
the quantity of coloring-matter in a mixture, 
as in the blood. 

Colorimetric (kol-or-im-et'-rik). Relating to 
methods of color -measuring. 

Colostomy (ko-los'-to-me) [colon; o-opa, a 
mouth]. 1. The formation of an artificial 
anus by an opening into the colon. 2. Any 
surgical operation upon the colon that makes 
a permanent opening into it, whether internal 
or external. 

Colostrum (kol-os'-trum) [L.]. The first 
milk from the mother's breasts after the 
birth of the child. It is laxative, and assists 
in the expulsion of the meconium. C. Cor- 
puscles, small microscopic bodies contained 
in the colostrum. They are the epithelial 
cells of the mammary glands, full of oil- 
globules. After about the third day these 
cells burst and set free the fat-globules be- 
fore they leave the gland, and in this way 
the true milk is formed. 

Colotomy (ko-lot'-o-me) [colon; xkp.ve.tv, to cut]. 
Incision of the colon, abdominal, lateral, lum- 
bar, or iliac, according to the region of en- 
trance. 

Colotyphoid (ko-lo-ti'-foid). Typhoid accom- 
panied with follicular ulceration of the colon 
and lesions in the small intestine. 

Colpeurynter (kol-pu-rin'-ter) [koX-oc, vagina; 
eupuvscv, to widen]. An inflatable bag or sac 
used for dilating the vagina and the cervix. 

Colpeurysis (kol-pu' -ris-is) [see Colpeurynter]. 
Dilation of the vagina, especially that effected 
by means of the colpeurynter. 

Colpitis (kol-pi' -tis) [koX-oc, vagina; iTt£ y 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the vagina. 

Colpo- (kol-po-) [koIt.oc, vagina]. A prefix 
denoting relation to the vagina. 

Colpocele -(kol'-po-sel) [colpo-; ktjXtj, hernia]. 
Hernia of the vagina. 

Colpoceliotomy (kol-po-se-le-ot'-o-me) [colpo-; 
celiotomy]. Vaginal celiotomy. C, Antero- 
lateral, Diihrssen's name for a new vaginal 
operative route into the abdomen. It con- 
sists in a combination of vaginal celiotomy 
with complete division of one broad ligament. 

Colpocleisis (kol-po-kW -sis) [colpo-; nXelocc, a 
closure]. The surgical closure of the vagina. 

Colpo cystoplasty (kol-po-sisf -o-plas-te) [col- 
po-; kugtcc, bladder; r.Xaooecv, to form]. 
Plastic surgery of the vagina and bladder. 

Colpocystoureterocystotomy (kol-po-sist-o-u- 
re-ter-o-sist-ot' -o-me) [colpo-; koo-cc, bladder; 
ureter; cystotomy]. Exposure of the orifices 
of the ureter by incision of the walls of the 
bladder and vagina. 

Colpodesmorrhaphy (kol -po - des - mor' - af-e) 
[colpo-; dcopoc, a fastening; pacfrrj, a seam]. 
Suturing of the vaginal sphincter. 

Colpohyperplasia (kol -po-hl- per - pla'-ze-ah) 
[colpo-; hyperplasia]. Hyperplasia of the 
vagina. C. cystica, a form of degen- 
eration of the vaginal mucosa, occurring 
during pregnancy, and characterized by the 
formation of gas-cysts, due, according to Lin- 



COLPOHYSTERECTOMY 



294 



COMA 



denthal, to an organism which he calls Bacillus 
emphysematis vagina?. Syn., Colpitis vesicu- 
losa emphysematosa ; Emphysema vagina. 

Colpohysterectomy {kol-po-his-ter-ek' -to-me) 
[colpo-; hysterectomy]. Removal of the uterus 
through the vagina. 

Colpohysteropexy (kol - po - his' - ter-o-pek- se) 
[colpo-; hysteropexy]. Vaginal hysteropexy; 
supravaginal amputation of the cervix and 
anastomosis of the uterus and the vaginal 
mucosa. Syn., Hysteropexy vaginalis. 

Colpomyomectomy (kol-po-mi-o-mek' '-to-me) 
[colpo-; myomectomy]. Myomectomy through 
the vagina. 

Colpomyotomy (kol-po-mi-of -o-me) . m See Col- 
pomyomectomy. 

Colpoperineorrhaphy {kol-po-per-in-e-or f -af-e) 
[colpo-; perineorrhaphy]. Repair of a perineal 
laceration by denuding and in part suturing 
the posterior wall of the vagina. 

Colpoptosis (kol-po-to' -sis) [colpo-; izxcoat^, a 
falling]. Prolapse of the vaginal walls. 

Colporrhaphy (kol-por' '-a-fe) [colpo-; pa<pf), 
a seam]. Suture of the vagina. 

Colpo spasmus (kol-po-spaz' -mus) [colpo-; onao- 
fioc, spasm]. Spasm of the vagina. 

Colpostenosis (kol - po - sten - o' - sis) [colpo-; 
oxevcooic, a narrowing]. Constriction of the 
vagina. 

Colpostenotomy (kol-po-sten-oV -o-me) [colpo-; 
ozevoc, narrow; to fir), a cutting]. Surgical 
repair of colpostenosis. 

Colposynizesis (kol-po-sin-iz-e' '-sis) [colpo-; 
ouvc^occ, a falling in]. Narrowness of the 
vagina. 

Colpoureterotomy (kol-po-u-re-ter-of -o-me) . 
Incision of the ureter through the vagina. 

Coltsfoot (koltz 1 '-jut) . The leaves of Tussilago 
farfara, a demulcent and tonic, sometimes 
prescribed in chronic cough. Dose of a 
decoction (i oz. to i pint) a teacupful; of 
fluidextract 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). Unof. 

Columbin (kol-um'-bin). See Calumbin under 
Calumba. 

Columbo ikol-um' -bo) . See Calumba. 

Columella (kol-u-meV -ah) [L., "a little col- 
umn"]. The modiolus or central axis of the 
cochlea of the human ear. See Cochlea and 
Modiolus. 

Column ikol'-uni) [columna]. A name given 
to several parts of the body that furnish 
support to surrounding parts, or that have 
the shape of pillars. C., Anterior, the 
layer of white matter in either half of 
the spinal cord included between the an- 
terior horn and nerve-root and the an- 
terior median fissure. C, Anterolateral 
Ascending. See C, Gowers'. C. of Bur- 
dach. See C, Posteroexternal. C. of Clarke, 
a column of gray substance occupying the 
region to the outer and posterior side of the 
central canal of the spinal cord, at the inner 
part of the base of the posterior cornu. It 
contains fusiform cells, and is the trophic 
center for the direct cerebellar tract. C, 
Commissural, one of nerve-substance ex- 
tending along the bottom of the horizontal 



fissure of the cerebellum and connecting the 
anterior and posterior superior lobes. C, 
Crossed Pyramidal, C, Crossed, of Tiirck, 
C, Cuneiform. See C, Posteroexternal. 
C, Direct Cerebellar, in the spinal cord, 
is situated outside of the lateral pyramidal 
tract. C, Direct Pyramidal, C, Direct, 
of Tiirck. See C. of Tiirck. C. of the Ex- 
ternal Ring, the free border of the aponeu- 
rosis of the external oblique muscle, form- 
ing the edges of the external abdominal 
ring. C. of Go 11, the posteromedian column of 
the spinal cord. C, Gowers', in the spinal 
cord, a group of fibers lying in front of the 
direct cerebellar tract and reaching around 
upon the periphery of the anterior pyramidal 
tract. C, Gray, Anterior, the ventral cornu 
of the spinal cord. C, Gray, Posterior, the 
dorsal cornu of the spinal cord. C. of the 
Intermediolateral Tract, a column of motor 
cells in the intermediolateral tract of the 
spinal cord; it is best seen in the dorsal 
region. C, Lateral, the layer of white 
matter in either half of the spinal cord in- 
cluded between the posterior horn and 
nerve-roots and the anterior horn and nerve- 
roots. C.s of Morgagni, vertical folds of 
the rectal mucous membrane seen at the 
point of union of the latter with the skin 
of the anus. C, Posterior, a collection of 
white matter situated in the spinal cord on 
either side between the posterior horns and 
posterior nerve-roots and the posterior med- 
ian fissure. C, Posteroexternal, the outer 
wider division of the posterior column of the 
cord; the column of Burdach. C, Postero- 
median, the median division of the posterior 
column of the cord; the column of Goll. 
C, Postero vesicular. See C. of Clarke. 
C. of Spitzka-Lissauer, in the spinal cord, 
a group of nerve-fibers lying just in front 
of and just behind the posterior horns. C. 
of Tiirck, the anterior or direct pyramidal 
tract. 

Columna (kol-um' -nah) [L.; pi., columns]. A 
column or pillar. C. bertini, that part of the 
cortical structure of the kidneys that separates 
the sides of any two pyramids. Columnae 
carneae, the muscular columns projecting 
from the inner surface of the ventricles of the 
heart. Columnae quintae, a bundle of nerve- 
fibers apparently originating in the upper 
nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve and de- 
cussating along the sylvian aqueduct. Co- 
lumnae recti. See Columns of Morgagni. 

Columnella (kol-um-neV -ah) . See Columella. 

Columning (koV -um-ing) [column]. The 
placing of vaginal tampons to support a 
prolapsed uterus. 

Coma (ko'-mah) [najfia, a deep sleep]. Uncon- 
sciousness from which the patient cannot be 
aroused by external stimulus. C, Alcoholic, 
that due to poisoning by alcohol. C, Apo- 
plectic, that due to apoplexy. C, Uremic, 
that due to uremia. C. Vigil, a comatose 
condition in which the patient lies with open 
eyes, but is unconscious and delirious. This 



COMATOSE 



295 



COMPENSATING 



occurs occasionally in typhoid and typhus 
fevers and in delirium tremens. 

Comatose {ko' -mat-os) [coma]. In a condition 
of coma. 

Combiner {kom-bi' -ner) [combinare, to join]. 
That which combines. C, Galvanofara- 
dic, an instrument by means of which the 
galvanic and faradic currents can be used 
alternately or in combination in electrother- 
apeutics. 

Combustion (kom-bus'-chun) [comburere, to 
burn up]. The process of oxidation, attended 
with the liberation of heat and sometimes of 
light. The term is loosely used as a synonym 
of inflammation. 

Comedo (kom'-e-do) [L., "a glutton"; pi., come- 
dones]. A chronic disorder of the sebaceous 
glands characterized by yellowish or whitish 
elevations, the size of a pinpoint or of a pin- 
head, containing in their center exposed 
blackish points. They are found usually on 
the face, back of the neck, chest, and back, 
and are often associated with acne. They 
occur, as a rule, in the young. Occasionally 
a parasite, Demodex folliculorum, is found 
in each comedo. Syn., Blackheads; Grubs; 
Grub-worms. 

Comes (ko'-mez) [L.; pi., comites]. A com- 
panion, as a vein to an artery, or an artery 
to a nerve. 

Comestible (kom-cst* '-e-bl) [L., comestibilis]. 
Edible. 

Comma Bacillus {kom'-ah bas-il f -us). See 
Spirillum cholera asiaticce under Bacteria. 

Commensal (kom-cn' -sat) [com, together; mensa, 
table]. In biology, the harmonious living 
together of two animals or plants. One. of 
two such organisms. 

Commensalism {kom-en'-sal-izm). The in- 
timate association of two different living 
organisms dependent on each other. 

Comminuted {kom f -in-u-ted) [comminuere, to 
break into pieces]. Broken into a number 
of pieces. 

Commiphora ilzom-if-o-rah) [Koptfit, gum; <f>ip- 
ecv, to bear]. A genus of shrubs and trees 
of the order Burseracece, found in Africa 
and the East Indies. C. africanum yields 
African bdellium. C. agallocha yields In- 
dian bdellium. C. myrrha yields myrrh. C. 
opobalsamum yields balsam of Mecca or of 
Gilead. 

Commissura {kom-is-u'-rah). See Commis- 
sure. C. magna, the corpus callosum. C. 
magna cerebelli, the superior peduncles of 
the cerebellum. C. maxima, C. maxima 
cerebri, the corpus callosum. 

Commissural {kom-is'-u-ral) [commissure]. 
Having the properties of a commissure; 
uniting symmetric parts, as commissural 
fibers of the brain. 

Commissure {kom r -is-ur) [com, together; mit- 
tere, to send]. That which unites two parts. 
C, Anterior (of third ventricle), a rounded 
cord of white fibers placed in front of the 
anterior crura of the fornix. C, Arcuate, 
the posterior optic commissure. C, Gray (of 



spinal cord), the transverse band of gray mat- 
ter connecting the masses of gray matter of 
the two halves of the spinal cord. C, Gray, 
Anterior, nerve-fibers in the gray columns 
of the cord, which, crossing to the opposite 
side in front of the central canal, decussate 
in two directions, part of the fibers entering 
into the opposite cornu ventrale, part into 
the cornu dorsale. C, Gray, Posterior, 
that portion of the gray commissure of the 
spinal cord lying dorsad to the central canal. 
C, Gudden's Inferior, fibers of the optic 
tract which come from the internal geniculate 
body and cross in the posterior portion of the 
chiasm to the opposite tract. C, Horseshoe. 
See C, Wernekink's. C, Inferior. See C, 
Gudden's Inferior. C, Meynert's, a tract 
of nerve-fibers crossing from the tuber cin- 
ereum dorsally to the mesial half of the 
chiasm to the opposite side; it is probably 
connected with Luys' body. C, Middle, 
a band of soft gray matter connecting the 
optic thalami. C., Optic, the union and 
crossing of the two optic nerves in front 
of the tuber cinereum. C, Posterior (of 
third ventricle), a flattened white band con- 
necting the optic thalami posteriorly. C, 
Soft (of the brain). Same as C, Middle. 
C, Wernekink's, the decussating fibers of 
the middle cerebellar peduncle. Syn., Decus- 
satio tegmenti caudicis cerebri; Horseshoe 
commissure. C, White, Anterior (of spinal 
cord), a layer of fibers separating the posterior 
gray commissure from the bottom of the ante- 
rior median fissure. C, White, Posterior 
(of spinal cord), a band of fibers separating 
the gray commissure from the bottom of 
the posterior median fissure. 

Commotio (kom-o'-she-o) [L.]. A commo- 
tion or shock. C. cerebri, concussion of 
the brain. C. retinae, concussion or paralysis 
of the retina from a blow on or near the eye. 
It is characterized by sudden blindness, but 
there is little or no ophthalmoscopic evidence 
of any lesion. The sight is usually regained, 
and its loss is supposedly due to disturbance of 
the retinal elements. C. spinalis, railway 
spine. 

Communicans (kom-u' '-nik-ans) [L.]. i. Com- 
municating; 2. Alternating; connecting. C. 
noni. See under Nerve. C. willisii. See 
Artery, Communicating, Posterior. 

Commutator {kom r -u-ta-tor) [commutare, to 
exchange]. An instrument for automatically 
interrupting or reversing the flow of an elec- 
tric current. 

Compact Tissue. The external, hard part 
of bone. 

Comparative Anatomy. See Anatomy, Com- 
parative. 

Compatibility (kom-pat-ib-iV '-it-e) [Fr., com- 
patibilite]. Of medicines, the relation of 
one substance to another, so that they may 
be mixed without chemic change or loss of 
therapeutic power. 

Compensating {kom r -pen-sa-ting) [see Com- 
pensation]. Making good a deficiency. C. 



COMPENSATION 



296 



CONCENTRIC 



Ocular. See under Ocular. C. Operation, in 

ophthalmology, tenotomy of the associated 
antagonist in cases of diplopia from paresis 
of one of the ocular muscles. 

Compensation {kom-pen-sa' -shun) [compen- 
sare, to equalize]. The act of making good 
a deficiency; the state of counterbalancing 
a functional or structural defect. 

Compensatory (kom-pen' 'sa-to-re) [see Com- 
pensation]. Making good a deficiency. 
Restoring the balance, after failure of one 
organ or part of an organ, by means of 
some other organ or part of an organ. 

Complaint {kom-pldnt') [complangere, to la- 
ment]. A disease or ailment. C, Bowel-, 
diarrhea. C, Summer-, summer diarrhea. 

Complement (kom'-ple-ment) [complere, to 
complete]. Ehrlich's term for one of the two 
substances of a hemolytic serum. It resembles 
in its constitution and action a toxin, and has 
a haptophore group which unites with the 
immune body and a zymotoxic complex which 
acts on the red blood-cells saturated with 
immune body in a manner partly toxic and 
partly fermentative. It can act on the red 
blood-corpuscles only in thte presence of the 
immune or intermediary body. Syn., Addi- 
ment; Alexin; Cytase. 

Complemental, Complementary (kom-ple- 

' men'-tal, kom-ple-men' -ta-re) [complement]. 
Supplying a deficiency. C. Air. See Air, 
Complemental. C. Colors, a term applied 
to any two colors which combined produce 
white light, as, e. g., blue and yellow. 

Complemented (kom-ple-ment r -oid). That 
substance which results from the destruction 
of a complement (q. v.); it can go to form an 
anticomplement. 

Complementophil (kom-ple-menf '-o-fil) . The 
haptophore group of the intermediary body 
by means of which it combines with the com- 
plement. 

Complementophilic (kom-ple-ment-o-fil'-ik). 
Showing a special affinity for the complement. 

Complexus (kom-pleks'-us) [L., "complex"]. 
The totality of symptoms, phenomena, or 
signs of a morbid condition. C. Muscle. 
See under Muscle. ■* 

Complication (kom-plik-a' '-shun) [complicare, 
to fold together]. A disease occurring in 
the course of some other disease and more or 
less dependent upon it. 

Compos mentis {Jkom'-pos men'-tis) [L.]. 
Of sound mind. 

Composite {kom-poz' -it) [compound]. Composed 
of distinct portions. 

Compound (kom' '-pound or kom-pound f ) [com, 
together; ponere, to. put], i. To mix, as 
drugs. 2. A mixture composed of several 
parts. C, Addition, one formed from two 
other substafices by direct union. C, Binary, 
a substance composed of two elements or of 
an element and a compound behaving as an 
element. C. Cathartic Pills (pilulce cathar- 
tics composites, U. S. P.), pills of colocynth, 
mild mercurous chlorid, resin of jalap, gam- 
boge, and diluted alcohol. Dose 2 pills. 



C, Endothermic, one absorbing heat in 
its formation. C, Exothermic, one in 

which there is no elevation of temperature 
attending its formation. C, Explosive, an 
unstable organic product containing much 
oxygen and readily decomposing. C. Frac- 
ture. See Fracture, Compound. C, Quater- 
nary, a substance composed of four elements. 
C, Saturated, a chemic compound in which 
the combining capacities of all the elements 
are satisfied. C, Substitution, a compound 
formed from another body by replacement of 
one or more of its elements by another body 
or bodies. C, Ternary, a compound com- 
posed of three elements. 

Compress (Jiom' -pres) [compressus, pressed 
together]. A folded cloth, wet or dry, ap- 
plied firmly to the part for relief of inflam- 
mation or to prevent hemorrhage. C, 
Electrothermic, an appliance consisting of 
flexible pillows and of thin wires isolated 
by asbestos and covered with canvas. This, 
when connected with a strong electric current, 
serves to supply a modified form of dry heat. 
C, Fenestrated, a compress with a hole for 
drainage. C, Graduated, a compress com- 
posed of folds of a gradually increasing size. 

Compression (kom-presh f -un) [compress]. The 
state of being compressed. C. -atrophy, 
atrophy of a part from constant compression. 
C. -myelitis. See Myelitis, Compression-. 

Compressor {kom-pres' -or) [compress]. 1. An 
instrument for compressing an artery, 
vein, etc. 2. A term applied to muscles 
having a compressing function. C. sacculi 
laryngis, the inferior arytenoepiglottideus 
•muscle. See under Muscle. C. urethrae. 
See under Muscle. 

Conalbumin {kon-aV -bu-min) . A proteid body 
obtained by Osborne and Campbell from 
white of egg, and so designated "on account 
of its close relation in properties and com- 
position to ovalbumen." 

C H N S O 
52.25$ 6.99$ 26.11$ 1.70$ 22.95$ 

Cf. Ovalbumen; Ovomucin; Ovomucoid. 

Conarium {ko-na'-re-um) [Kcovapcov; dim. 
of Kcbvoc, a cone]. The pirleal gland. 

Concato's Disease. Tuberculosis affecting suc- 
cessively various serous membranes, termi- 
nating usually in pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Concave (kon-kdv') [com, together; cavus, hol- 
low]. Hollow; incurved, as the inner sur- 
face of a hollow sphere. 

Concavoconvex {kon-ka-vo-kon-veks') . Having 
one surface concave, the other convex, the 
convexity exceeding the concavity. See 
Lens, Concavoconvex. 

Conceive (kon-sev') [concipere, to take in]. 
To become pregnant. 

Concentration (kon-sen-tra' '-shun) [com, to- 
gether; centrum, the center]. 1. The act of 
making denser, as of a mixture, by evapor- 
ating a part of the liquid. 2. Afflux toward 
a part. 

Concentric {kon-sen'-trik). Arranged in an 
equidistant manner about a center. C. Hy- 



CONCEPTION 



297 



CONDYLE 



pertrophy of the Heart, increase in the 
muscular texture of the heart, the capacity 
of the cavities remaining unchanged. 

Conception {kon-sep' -shun) [concipere, to con- 
ceive], i. The fecundation of the ovum 
by the spermatozoid. 2. The abstract men- 
tal idea of anything; the power or act of 
mentally conceiving. C, Imperative, a false 
idea that a person dwells upon and cannot 
expel from his mind, even when he knows it 
to be absurd. It dominates his actions and 
is a symptom of insanity. 

Concha {kong'-kah) [Koyx^i a shell]. A shell. 
Applied to organs having some resemblance 
to a shell, as the naris, vulva, etc. C. 
auris, the hollow part of the external ear. 
C. inferior, the inferior turbinated bones. 
C. media, the middle turbinated bone. C, 
Morgagni's, the superior turbinated bone 
of the ethmoid. C. superior, the superior 
turbinated bone. Conchas turbinates, the 
turbinated bones. 

Conchinin {kon' -kin-in) . See Quinidin. 

Conchoscope {kong f -ko-skop) [concha; oKonelv, 
to inspect]. A speculum and mirror for 
inspecting the nasal cavity. 

Conchotome {kong'-ko-tdm) [concha; to/ij?, a 
cutting]. An instrument for the surgical 
removal of the middle turbinated bone. 

Concomitant {kon-kom 1 '-it-ant) [concomitari, 
to accompany]. Accompanying. C. Stra- 
bismus. See under Strabismus. C. Symp- 
toms, symptoms that are not in themselves 
essential to the course of a disease, but that 
may occur in association with the essential 
symptoms. 

Concrescence {kon-kres'-ens) [com, together; 
crescere, to grow]. 1. See Concretion (3). 2. 
Held's term for the plunging of the terminal 
of one neuron deep into the cell-body of 
another. C. of Teeth, a growing together 
of the roots of two teeth after complete de- 
velopment. 

Concretion {kon-kre' -shun) [see Concrescence]. 
1. The solidification or condensation of a 
fluid substance. 2. A calculus. 3. A union 
of parts normally separate, as the fmgers. 

Concussion {kon-kush' -un) [concussio, a. 
violent shock]. Shock; the state of being 
shaken; a severe shaking or jarring of a 
part; also, the morbid state resulting from 
such a jarring. C. of Brain, a condition 
produced by a fall or blow on the head, and 
marked by unconsciousness, feeble pulse, 
cold skin, pallor, at times the involuntary 
discharge of feces and urine; this is followed 
by partial stupor, vomiting, and headache, 
and eventually recovery. In severe cases 
inflammation of the brain or a condition of 
feeble-mindedness may follow. C. of Spi- 
nal Cord, a condition caused by severe 
shock of the spinal column, with or without 
appreciable lesion of the cord. It leads to 
functional disturbances analogous to railway 
spine. 

Condensed {kon-densd') [condensare, to make 
thick]. Made compact; reduced to a denser 



form. C. Milk, milk that has had most of 
its watery elements evaporated. Condensed 
milk prepared with the addition of cane- 
sugar is a white or yellowish-white product 
of about the consistence of honey, and 
ranging in specific gravity from 1.25 to 1.4 1. 
It should be completely soluble in 4 or 5 
times its bulk of water, without separation 
of any flocculent residue, and then possess 
the taste of fresh, sweetened milk. Con- 
densed milk prepared without the addition 
of cane-sugar is not boiled down to the same 
degree, and therefore remains liquid. 

Condenser {kon-den 1 '-ser) . A lens or combina- 
tion of lenses used in microscopy for gathering 
and concentrating rays of light. 

Conductibility {kon-dukt-i-biV -e-te) [see Con- 
ductor]. 1. Capacity for being conducted. 
2. Conductivity; conducting power. C, 
Centrifugal, the power of carrying cen- 
trifugal impulses from the nervous centers 
to the periphery. C, Centripetal, the power 
of conducting centripetal impulses from the 
periphery to the nervous centers. 

Conduction {kon-d.uk' -shun) [see Conductor], 
The passage or transfer of force or material 
from one part to another. 

Conductor {kon-duk 1 '-tor) [conducere, to draw 
together]. 1. A body that transmits force- 
vibrations, such as those of heat or electricity. 
2. A term applied to the electrodes and cords 
by which they are joined to the battery. 3. 
An instrument serving as a guide for the sur- 
geon's knife. 4. In physiology, any part of 
the nervous system that transmits impulses. 
C, Sonorous, a term applied to certain 
nerve-fibers which interlace with the auditory 
strias. 

Condurangin {kon-du-ran' -gin) [condurango]. 
A mixture of glucosids from condu- 
rango bark, occurring as an amorphous 
yellow powder of an aromatic bitter taste, 
soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform. 
It is used as a stomachic and astringent in 
gastric cancer and chronic dyspepsia. Dose 
tV~"4 g 1 "- (0-006-0.016 Gm.) 3 times daily. 

Condurango Bark {kon-du-ran' -go) [Peruvian]. 
Bark of Gonolobus tetragonus or of Con- 
globus condurango; a remedy much used in 
South America as an alterative in syphilis. 
It was introduced into the United States 
as a remedy for carcinoma of the stomach, 
but yielded uncertain results. It is a 
stomachic tonic. Dose of the fluidextract 
|-i dr. (2-4 Cc); of the tincture 1-2 dr. 
(4-8 Cc). Unof. 

Condy's Fluid. One part of sodium or po- 
tassium permanganate dissolved in 500 parts 
of water; it is a useful disinfectant. 

Condylarthrosi^ {kon-dil-ar -thro' -sis) [condyle; 
apdpov, a joint]. A form of diarthrosis 
wherein a condyle is set in a shallow and 
elliptic cavity and free and varied move- 
ment of the joint is possible; condylar 
articulation. 

Condyle {kon'-dil) [novdoXoc, a knuckle]. 
Any rounded eminence such as occurs in the 



CONDYLECTOMY 



298 



CONGO RED 



joints of many of the bones, especially the 
femur, humerus, and lower jaw. 

Condylectomy {kon-dil-ek' -to-me) [condyle; 
i/CTOfxr), excision]. Excision of a condyle. 

Condylion {kon-diV '-e-on) [condyle]. In crani- 
ometry, the point at the lateral tip of the 
condyle of the jaw. 

Condyloid {kon' -dil-oid) [condyle; ddoc, like- 
ness]. Resembling or pertaining to a con- 
dyle. 

Condyloma {kon-dil-o' -mah) , [KovduAwna, a 
swelling]. A wart-like growth or tumor 
usually near the anus or pudendum. C. 
acuminatum, the pointed condyloma or 
wart of the genital organs, often of non- 
syphilitic origin. Syn., Acrothymion; Acro- 
thymiosis. C. endocysticum, C. endo- 
folliculare, C. porcelaneum, C. subcu- 
taneum. See Molluscum contagiosum. C. 
latum, the flat, broad, moist syphilid or 
mucous patch. Syn., Papida madidans. 
Cf. C. acuminatum. C, Syphilitic, C. 
syphiliticum. See C. latum. C., Thymic, 
condyloma that assumes the form of a papil- 
loma; so called from its resemblance to 
thyme-blossoms. 

Condylosis {kon-dil-o' -sis). The formation of 
a condyloma. 

Cone {kon, ko'-nus) [kcovoc, a cone]. i. A 
solid body having a circle for its base, and 
terminating in a point. 2. The mechanic 
element of the tooth-crown. 3. See Conus. 
C, Antipodal, in mitosis the cone of astral 
rays opposite the spindle-fibers. C.-bipolars, 
bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer of 
the retina, connected with the cones of 
the retina externally and ramifying inter- 
nally in the middle of the molecular layer. 
C. -element, a cell of the sensory or nerve 
epithelium of the retina, consisting of a conic 
tapering external part, the cone proper, pro- 
longed into a nucleated enlargement from 
the farther side of which the cone-fiber passes 
inward to terminate by an expanded arboriza- 
tion in the outer molecular layer. C. -fiber, 
one of the fibers of the retinal cones. C- 
foot, one of the bulbous processes of the 
cone-granules of the retina. C. -gran- 
ules, those of the outer nuclear layer of the 
retina, connected with the cones of the 
ninth layer externally, and internally by a 
thick process which becomes bulbous (the 
cone-foot); they terminate in fine fibers in 
the outer molecular layer. Cf. Rod-granules. 
C. of Light, the triangular reflection from 
the normal tympanic membrane; also the 
bundle of light-rays entering the pupil and 
forming the retinal image. C., Retinal, one 
of the rod-like bodies which, with the asso- 
ciated rods, forms one of the outer layers of 
the retina, the socalled rod-and-cone layer. 

Confection {kon-fek' '-shun) [confectio, a prepa- 
ration]. In pharmacy, a mass of sugar and 
water, or of honey, used as an excipient with 
a prescribed medicinal substance. 

Confectioner's Disease. A disease of the 
finger-nails occurring in confectioners. The 



nail loses its polish and becomes black, and 
the periungual portion becomes loosened and 
raised. 

Confertus {kon-fer' -tus) [conjercire, to press 
close together]. Pressed together, dense, 
crowded; applied to cutaneous eruptions. 

Confinement {kon-fin' -ment) [com, together; 
finis, boundary; limit]. The condition of 
women during childbirth. 

Confluent (kon' -fiu-ent) [confiuere, to flow to- 
gether]. Running together. ( The opposite 
of discrete. In anatomy, coalesced or blended ; 
applied to two or more bones originally 
separate, but subsequently formed into one. 

Confrontation (kon- fron-ta' -shun) [conjrontari, 
to be contiguous to]. The examination of 
a person by whom a diseased person may 
have been infected as a means of diagnosing 
the disease in the latter. 

Confusion {kon-fu f -zhun) [com, together; 
fundere, to pour]. Mixing; confounding. 
C. Colors, a set of colors so chosen that 
they cannot be distinguished by one who is 
color-blind. C. Letters, test-type letters, 
such as C, G, O, or F, P, T, liable to be 
mistaken for one another. 

Congelation {kon-jel-a' -shun) [congelatio, a 
freezing]. 1. Freezing; frost-bite; intense 
cold or its effect on the animal economy or 
any organ or part. 2. The chilling or be- 
numbing effect of any freezing-mixture or 
application; mainly employed for its local 
anesthetic effect. 3. Coagulation. 

Congenerous {kon-jen'-er-us) [congener, of the 
same race]. Of the same genus. C. Mus- 
cles, muscles producing one action. 

Congenital {kon-jen' -it-al) [com, together; 
gigni, to be born]. Existing at birth. 

Congestion {kon-jes'-chun) [congerere, to heap 
up]. An abnormal collection of blood in a 
part or organ. Congestion may be active 
or passive, atonic or inflammatory, functional 
or hypostatic. It is also named from the 
parts affected; the most important varieties 
of morbid congestion are the cerebral, spinal, 
pulmonary, hepatic, and renal. C, Pleuro- 
pulmonary, C, Pulmonary, Potain's 
Type of, congestion of the lungs marked 
by symptoms similar to those of pleurisy. 

Congestive {kon-jes' -tiv) [congestion]. Marked 
by, due to, or of the nature of congestion. 

Congius (kon-je'-us) [L.]. A Roman measure; 
a gallon. 

Conglomerate (kon-glom'-er-at) [conglomerare, 
to heap up]. 1. Massed together; aggregated. 
2. A mass of units without order. C. Glands, 
acinous glands. 

Conglutin (kon-glu' -tin) [com, together; 
gluten, glue]. One of the proteids found in 
peas, beans, and other kinds of pulse. 

Conglutination {kon-glu-tin-a r -shun) [conglu- 
tinare, to glue together]. The abnormal 
union of two contiguous surfaces or bodies, 
as of two fingers, or of the opposed surfaces 
of the pleural or pericardial sac. 

Congo Red. A red coloring-matter which be- 
comes blue in the presence of free HC1. 



CONI VASCULOSI 



299 



CONQUINAMIN 



It is used in chemic investigation of the 
gastric juice. C. Root, the root of Psoralea 
melilotoides, a leguminous herb of the United 
States. It is an aromatic bitter tonic, rec- 
ommended in chronic diarrhea. 

Coni vasculosi. A series of conic masses 
of tubules that together form the globus 
major of the epididymis. 

Conic, Conical (kon'-ik, kon'-ik-al) [cone]. 
Cone-shaped. C. Cornea. See Kerato globus. 

Conicin (kon'-is-in). See Conin. 

Coniin (ko-ni'-in). See Conin and Conium. 

Coniism {ko-ni' -izm) [conium]. Poisoning by 
conium. It begins with paralysis of the legs, 
which extends to the arms and respiratory 
muscles, leading to unconsciousness and 
death. 

Conin (ko'-nin) [conium], C S H 15 N. A liquid 
alkaloid which is the active principle of 
conium. Dose -^"tV gr. (0.001-0.006 Gm.). 
Unof. C, Animal. See Cadaverin. C. 
Hydrobromate, C 5 H 9 (C 3 H 7 ), recommended 
in spasmodic affections. Dose yo— V gr. 
(0.002-0.004 Gm.). All preparations are 
of uncertain strength. C. Hydrochlorid, 
C 8 H 17 NHC1, the principal salt of conin, is 
used as is conin hydrobromate. 

Conium {ko-ne f -um) [kwvswv, hemlock]. Hem- 
lock. Both the leaves and the fruit are official 
in the B. P. The conium of the U. S. P. is 
the full-grown but unripe fruit of the spotted 
hemlock, C. maculatum. It contains three 
alkaloids and a volatile oil. Its properties are 
mainly due to the alkaloids conin, C 8 H 15 N, 
and methylconin, C 8 H 34 NCH 3 . It produces 
motor paralysis, without loss of sensation or 
of consciousness. Toxic doses cause death 
by paralysis of the organs of respiration. It 
is valuable in acute mania, delirium tremens, 
tetanus, blepharospasm, asthma, and whoop- 
ing-cough. Conii, Abstractum, made from 
conium, 200; dilute hydrochloric acid, 6; 
sugar of milk and alcohol, q. s. to make 
too parts of abstract. Dose §-3 gr. (0.032- 
0.2 Gm.). Conii, Cataplasma (B. P.), made 
from the leaves; for external use. Conii, 
Fluid extractum (U. S. P.). Dose 1-2 min. 
(0.065-0.13 Cc). Conii, Pilula, Composita 
(B. P.), contains extract of hemlock and ipecac. 
Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). Conii, Suc- 
cus (B. P.), made from the leaves. Dose 
30 min.-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). Conii, Tinctura, 
15 % strength. Dose 10 min.-i dr. (0.65-4.0 
Cc). Coniae, Vapor (B. P.), for inhala- 
tions. 

Conjugal (kon'-ju-gal) [com, together; jugare, 
to yoke]. Pertaining to marriage; affecting 
both husband and wife. C. Diabetes, dia- 
betes affecting husband and wife together; 
this is said to be not infrequently observed. 

Conjugate (kon'-ju-gat) [see Conjugal]. 1. 
Yoked or coupled. 2. The anteroposterior 
diameter of the brim of the pelvis, the plane 
of the brim being regarded as an ellipse. C, 
Anatomic. See Conjugate (2). C. Devia- 
tion. See Deviation, Conjugate. C. Diam- 
eter (of the pelvis). See Diameter, Pelvic. 



C, Obstetric, C, True, the minimum diam- 
eter of the pelvic inlet. 

Conjunctiva (kon-junk-ti'-vah) [conjunctivus, 
connecting]. The mucous membrane cover- 
ing the anterior portion of the globe of the 
eye, reflected upon the lids and extending 
to their free edges. Its parts are called 
palpebral and bulbar or ocular. C, Bulbar, 
C, Ocular, that covering the anterior third 
of the eyeball, from the retrotarsal fold to 
the margin of the cornea. C, Palpebral, 
the conjunctiva of the eyelid. 

Conjunctivitis {kon-junk-tiv-i' -tis) [conjunctiva; 
exec, inflammation]. Inflammation of the con- 
junctiva. Syn., Ophthalmia externa; Ophthal- 
mia mucosa. C, Catarrhal, C, Catarrhal, 
Acute, the most common form, usually mild, 
resulting from cold or irritation. See Ophthal- 
mia. C. catarrhalis aestiva. See Vernal 
Conjunctivitis. C, Contagious, Acute, that 
due to the presence of Bacterium cegypticum, 
Chester. See Trachoma. C, Croupous, a 
variety associated with the formation of a 
whitish -gray membrane that is easily removed. 
C, Diphtheric, a specific purulent inflamma- 
tion of the conjunctiva due to the Klebs-Lofner 
bacillus. C, Egyptian. See Trachoma. C, 
Follicular, a form characterized by numer- 
ous round, pinkish bodies found in the retrotar- 
sal fold. C, Gonorrheal, a severe form of 
purulent conjunctivitis caused by infec- 
tion with gonococci. C. granulosa. See 
Trachoma. C, Hemorrhagic. See Pink- 
eye. C, Hypertrophic, C. hypertro- 
phica, chronic catarrhal conjunctivitis at- 
tended with enlargement of the conjunctival 
papillas. C, Lacrimal, a form due to the 
presence of irritating secretion from the 
conducting part of the lacrimal apparatus. 
C, Lithiasis, irritation of the conjunctiva 
due to deposition of calcareous matter in 
the tissue of the palpebral conjunctiva. C, 
Parinaud's, a mucopurulent form marked 
by the presence of large granules which are 
sometimes pediculated. The condition is 
accompanied by chills, fever, and swelling 
of the preauricular, retromaxillary, and cer- 
vical glands, which sometimes suppurate. C, 
Phlyctenular, a form characterized by the 
presence on the ocular conjunctiva of small 
vesicles surrounded by a reddened zone. 
C, Purulent, conjunctivitis characterized by 
a thick, creamy discharge. C, Subacute, 
redness and thickening of the conjunctiva, 
largely confined to the conjunctiva of the lids 
and fornices, a scanty secretion of mucus, with 
some pus-corpuscles, due to the presence of 
a bacillus. 

Connective Tissue. See Tissue, Connective. 

Conoid, Conoidal (ko'-noid, ko-noi'-dal) [kojvoc, 
cone; eldoc, shape]. Of a conic shape. 
C. Ligament, the lower and inner part of the 
coracoclavicular ligament. C. Tubercle, the 
eminence on the inferior surface of the clavicle 
to which the conoid ligament is attached. 

Conquinamin (hon-k-win'-a-min). An alkaloid 
of cuprea-bark. 



CONRADI'S LINE 



300 



CONTRACTION 



Conradi's Line. A line drawn from the base 
of the xiphoid process to the point of the 
apex-beat, marking, under normal conditions, 
the upper limit of percussion-dulness of the 
left .lobe of the liver. 

Consanguinity ikon-san-gwin' -it-e) [com, to- 
gether; sanguinis, of blood]. The relation- 
ship arising from common parentage; blood- 
relationship. 

Consciousness ikon' - shus - nes) [conscius, 
knowing]. The state of being aware of one's 
own existence, of one's own mental states, 
and of the impressions made upon one's 
senses; ability to take cognizance of sensa- 
tions. C, Double, that morbid condition in 
which there are two separate and alternating 
states of mental consciousness, in either one 
of which the events that have occurred in 
the other state are not remembered by the 
patient. 

Consensual ikon-sen' -su-al) [consensus, agree- 
ment]. Excited reflexly by stimulation of 
another part, usually a fellow organ, as the 
consensual reaction of one pupil when the 
iris of the other eye is stimulated. 

Conservation (kon-ser-va' '-shun) [conservare, 
to keep]. Preservation without loss. C. 
of Energy. See under Energy. 

Consolidation (kon-sol-id-a' '-shun) [consolidare, 
to make firm]. The process of becoming 
firm or solid, as a lung in pneumonia. 

Consonant, Consonating ikon' '-so-nant, kon- 
so-na' -ting) [com, together; sonar e, to sound]. 
Applied to pulmonary sounds heard on 
auscultation which sound in unison with 
some other sound. 

Constant (kon'-stant) [constans, steady]. 
Fixed. C. Current, one that goes continu- 
ously in one direction. 

Constipation ikon-stip-a' -shun) [constipare, to 
crush tightly together]. A condition in which 
the bowels are evacuated at long intervals 
or with difficulty. 

Constitutio ikon-sti-tu'-she-o). See Constitution. 
C. lymphatica, Paltauf's term for a patho- 
logic condition marked by hyperplasia of the 
entire lymphatic system, including the thymus 
gland, and frequently by a hyperplasia of the 
vascular system, and, in females, of the genital 
organs. 

Constitution {kon-stit-u' '-shun) [constituere, to 
dispose]. In chemistry, the atomic or molec- 
ular composition of a body. In pharmacy, 
the composition of a substance. In physiol- 
ogy, the general temperament and functional 
condition of the body. 

Constitutional {kon-stit-u' -shun-al) . Pertain- 
ing to the state of the constitution. C. 
Diseases, such diseases as are inherent, 
owing to an abnormal structure of the body. 
Also, a condition in which the disease per- 
vades the whole system. General diseases, 
in contradistinction to local. 

Constrictor (kon-strik' '-tor) [constringere, to 
bind together]. Any muscle that contracts or 
tightens any part of the body. See under 
Muscle. 



Consumption ikon-sump' -shun) [consumere, 
to consume or wear away]. A wasting away, 
especially a wasting disease like tuberculosis, 
particularly pulmonary tuberculosis or tuber- 
culosis of the bowels. 

Contact (kon'-takt) [contactus, a touching]. A 
touching. C. -action, katalysis. C.-bed, 
a large open basin containing a layer of 
coke or cinders, for the purification of sewage 
by bringing it into contact with bacteria 
which set up rapid decomposition and des- 
truction of the organic matter. Cf. Septic 
Tank. C. -breaker, an instrument by means 
of which a galvanic circuit is broken. C- 
substance, a catalyst. 

Contagion (kon-ta'-jun) [contingere, to touch], 
i. The process by which a specific disease is 
communicated from one person to another, 
either by direct contact or by means of an 
intermediate agent. 2. The specific germ or 
virus from which a communicable disease 
develops. 

Contagious (kon-ta'-jus) [contagion]. Commun- 
icable or transmissible by contagion or by 
a specific contagium. 

Contagium {kon-ta' -je-um) [L.]. Any virus 
or morbific matter by means of which a com- 
municable disease is transmitted from the 
sick to the well. 

Contiguity {kon-tig-u' -it-e) [contingere]. Prox- 
imity. C, Amputation in the, one performed 
at a joint, without section of a bone. 

Continence ikon' -ti-nens) [continere, to hold 
together]. Self-restraint, especially in regard 
to the sexual passion. 

Continued ikon-tin' -ud) [continuare, to make 
continuous]. Persisted in. C. Fever, a fever 
that is long continued, without intermissions. 

Continuity {kon-tin-u' -it-e) [com, together; 
tenere, to hold]. The state of being con- 
tinuous or uninterrupted. C, Amputation 
in the, amputation in which a bone is 
divided. 

Contraaperture {kon-trah-ap' -er-chur) . A coun- 
teropening. 

Contract (kon-trakf) [contrahere, to draw 
together]. 1. To draw the parts together; 
to shrink. 2. To acquire by contagion. 

Contractility {kon-trak-tiV -it-e) [see Contract]. 
That property of certain tissues, especially 
muscle, of shortening upon the application of 
a stimulus. C, Faradic. See Galvano fara- 
dization. C, Galvanic. See Galvanocon- 
tractility. C, Idiomuscular, that peculiar 
to degenerated muscles. C, Neuromuscu- 
lar, normal contractility as distinguished from 
idiomuscular contractility. 

Contraction {kon-trak' -shun) [see Contract]. 
Approximation of the elements of a tissue 
or organ, thus diminishing its volume or con- 
tents. C, Anodal Closing, C, Anodal 
Opening, the contraction taking place at 
the anode on closing or opening the circuit. 
C, Carpopedal, a variety of tetany oc- 
curring in infants, generally associated with 
dentition or seat-worms. There is a 
flexing of the fingers, toes, elbows, and knees 



CONTRACTOR 



301 



CONVECTION 



and a general tendency to convulsions. 
C, Clonic, alternate muscular contraction 
and relaxation. C, Closing, muscular con- 
traction produced at the instant that the 
electric current is closed. C, Dupuytren's, 
a contraction of the palmar fascia causing 
the fingers to fold into the palm. C, Dupuy- 
tren's, False, contraction of the palm and 
fingers due to injury of the palmar fascia. 
C, Front-tap, a phenomenon often observed 
in cases with exaggerated knee-jerk. When 
the foot is placed at a right angle to the leg 
and the muscles of the front of the leg are 
tapped, the foot is extended. See under Re- 
flex. C, Gowers'. See C, Front-tap. C, 
Hour-glass, a contraction of an organ, as 
the stomach or uterus, at the middle. >C, 
Kathodal Duration, one occurring at the 
kathode and continuing during the whole 
time of closure of the circuit. Syn., Kathodal- 
closure tetanus. C, Myoclonic, the con- 
vulsive spasmodic contraction of a muscle. 
C, Opening, the muscular contraction pro- 
duced by opening or breaking the circuit. 
C, Palmar, Dupuytren's contraction. C, 
Paradoxic, a phenomenon that consists in 
the contraction of a muscle, caused by the 
passive approximation of its extremities. 
C. -remainder, the stage of elastic after- 
vibration or residual contraction persisting 
in a muscle after withdrawal of the stimulus. 
C.-ring, the boundary-line between the 
upper and lower segments of the parturient 
uterus. C, Tonic. See Tonic Spasm. C, 
Vermicular, peristaltic contraction. 

Contractor {kon-trakt'-or). A tensor muscle. 

Contracture (kon - trak' - chur) [contraction]. 
Contraction; permanent shortening, as of a 
muscle; distortion or deformity due to the 
shortening of a muscle or of various muscles. 
C, Nurse's. See Nurse's Contracture. C, 
Thomsenean, that occurring in Thomsen's 
disease. 

Contradolin (kon-trad'-ol-in). A compound 
of acetamid, salicylic acid, and phenol; 
analgesic. Dose 4-8 gr. (0.25-0.5 Gm.) 
hourly. 

Contraindication ikon-trah-in-dik-a' -shuii) 
[contra, against; indicare, to point out]. 
That modifying condition in which a remedy 
or a method of treatment is forbidden. 

Contralateral (kon-trah-laf '-er-al) [contra; 
latus, side]. Opposite; applied to a muscle 
acting in unison with another on the opposite 
side of the body. 

Contre-coup (kon-tr-koo) [Ft.]. Counter- 
stroke. The transmission of a shock from 
the point struck to a point on the opposite 
side of the body or the part. 

Control (kon-trdl') [contra; rotula, a roll]. A 
standard by which to check observations 
and insure the validity of their results. 
Colloquially, the term is sometimes used 
as a noun for control animal or control 
experiment. C. Animal, one used in a con- 
trol experiment. C. Experiment, an experi- 
ment carried out under normal or common 



circumstances or conditions, to serve as a 
standard whereby to test the variation or 
value of another experiment carried out 
under peculiar or abnormal circumstances. 

Controller {kon-trdl' -er). An apparatus for 
regulating the electric current to the operation 
of small lamps, faradic coils, small motors, 
etc. 

Contunding (kon-tund'-ing) [see Contusion]. 
Producing a contusion; bruising. 

Contusion (kon-lu 1 '-zhun) [contundere, to 
bruise]. A bruise or injury inflicted without 
the integument being broken. C. -pneumo- 
nia, a form of pneumonia following trauma- 
tism. 

Conus (ko'-nus) [kcuvoc, sl cone]. 1. A cone. 
2 . A crescentic patch of atrophic choroid tissue 
near the optic papilla in myopia. C. arteri- 
osus, the cone-shaped eminence of the right 
ventricle of the heart, whence arises the pul- 
monary artery. C. cochleae, the modiolus. 
C. cordis, the ventricular part of the heart. 
C. corporis striati, the ventral extremity of 
the corpus striatum. Coni malpighii, C. 
tubulosi, the malpighian pyramids. C. 
medullaris, the cone-like termination of the 
spinal cord, continuous as the filum terminale. 
Coni retinas. See Cone, Retinal. C. termi- 
nalis. See C. medullaris. Coni testiculi. 
See Coni vasculosi. Coni vasculosi, a series 
of conic masses that together form the globus 
major of the epididymis. 

Convalescence (kon-val-es'-ens) [convalescere, 
to become well]. A term applied to the restor- 
ation to health after disease. 

Convallamaretin (kon-val-am-ar-e'-tin), C 2e - 
H 36 8 . A crystalline substance obtained by 
heating convallamarin with dilute sulfuric 
acid. 

Convallamarin (kon-val-am' -ar-in) [conval- 
laria; amarus, bitter], C^H^O^. A glucosid 
derived from Convallaria majalis. It is soluble 
in water and is used as a cardiac stimulant. 
Dose f gr. (0.05 Gm.). Syn., Convallama- 
rinum. 

Convallaretin (kon-val-ar-e'-lin), C 14 H 26 3 . A 
substance obtained from convallarin by pro- 
longed boiling in dilute acids. 

Convallaria (kon - vol - a' - re - ah) [convallis, a 
valley]. A genus of liliaceous plants. C. 
majalis is the lily-of-the-valley. All parts of 
the plant are used in medicine. Its properties 
are due to convallarin, C 34 F± S2 O n , and con- 
vallamarin, C23H440J2, glucosids. It is a 
cathartic, diuretic, and cardiac stimulant. 
C, Extract of. Dose 2-10 gr. (0.13-0.65 
Gm.) C, Fluidextract of (fluidextractum 
convallarice, U. S. P.). Dose 2-1 1 min. (0.13- 
0.7 Cc). C, Infusion of, prepared with 
three times its weight of water. Dose J-2 
oz. (15-60 Cc). 

Convallarin (kon-vaV -ar-in) [convallaria], 
C^HggOn. A crystalline purgative glucosid 
derived from Convallaria majalis. 

Convection (kon-vek' -shun) [convehere, to carry 
together]. A transmission or carrying, as of 
heat or electricity. C. -current, a current 



CONVERGENCE 



302 



COPAIBA 



of a liquid or gas heated to a temperature 
above that of the surrounding medium; it 
rises to the surface because of its lesser 
density, and thus the entire fluid or gas 
acquires the same temperature. 

Convergence (kon-ver' -jens) [com, together; 
vergere, to incline]. Inclination or direction 
toward a common point, center, or focus, as 
of the axes of vision upon the near-point. 
C. -stimulus Adduction, the power of ad- 
duction of the eyes, provoked by fixation of 
the gaze upon an object placed at the near- 
point. 

Convergent (kon-ver' '-jent) [see Convergence}. 
Tending to a common center. C. Strab- 
ismus. Sec Strabismus, Convergent. 

Converter (kon-vert'-er). See Alternator. 

Convex (kon-veks') [convexus, vaulted]. Hav- 
ing a surface approximating more or less a 
part of the surface of a sphere. 

Convexity (kon-veks' -it-e) [see Convex]. A 
surface rounding outward; the quality of 
being convex. 

Convexoconcave (kon-veks-o-kon-kdv') . See 
Concavoconvex. 

Convexoconvex (kon-veks-o-kon-veks'). Hav- 
ing two convex surfaces; biconvex. See 
Lens, Biconvex. 

Convolution (kon-vo-lu' -shun) [convolvere, to 
roll together]. A fold, twist, or coil of any 
organ, especially any one of the prominent 
convex parts of the brain, separated from 
each other by 1 depressions or sulci. C, An- 
gular, the posterior part of a convolution 
situated between the intraparietal fissure in 
front and above, and the horizontal limb of 
the sylvian fissure and the hinder part of the 
first part of the first temporal fissure below. 
The anterior part is called the supramarginal 
convolution. C.s, Annectant, small con- 
volutions which connect the occipital with 
the temporosphenoid and parietal lobes. C, 
Anterior Central, C, Ascending Frontal, 
the convolution in front of the fissure of 
Rolando. C, Ascending Parietal, the con- 
volution just behind the fissure of Rolando. 
C, Broca's, the inferior or third frontal 
convolution. C, Fornicate, a long con- 
volution on the mesial surface of the brain 
above the corpus callosum. C.s, Frontal, 
the convolutions of the frontal lobe. C, 
Hippo campal, the part of the fornicate con- 
volution that winds around the splenium of 
the corpus callosum. C.s, Insular, the small 
convolutions composing the island of Reil. 
C, Marginal, the mesial surface of the first 
frontal convolution. C.s, Occipital, the con- 
volutions making up the occipital lobe. C, 
Paracentral, a convolution on the mesial 
surface of the brain, representing the junction 
of the upper ends of the ascending frontal 
and ascending parietal convolutions. C.s, 
Parietal, the convolutions of the parietal 
lobe. C, Posterior Central. See C, As- 
cending Parietal. C, Supramarginal. See 
C, Angular. C.s, Temporal, the convolu- 
tions of the temporal lobe. C, Uncinate, 



the hook -like termination of the fornicate 
convolution. 

Convolvulin (kon-vol' -vu-lin) [convolvere, to 
roll together], CgjH^Ojg. A glucosid derived 
from the roots of jalap (Convolvulus purga). 
It is a gummy mass, with active purgative 
properties. 

Convulsant (kon-vuV '-sant) [see Convulsion]. 
A medicine that causes convulsions. 

Convulsion (kon-vuV '-shun) [convellere, to con- 
vulse]. An involuntary general paroxysm 
of muscular contraction. It is either tonic 
(without relaxation) or clonic (having alter- 
nate contractions of opposite groups of mus- 
cles). C, Epileptiform, one characterized 
by total loss of consciousness. C, Hysteric, 
one due to hysteria; consciousness is only 
apparently lost. C, Local, one affecting 
one muscle, member, or part of a member. 
C, Mimetic, C, Mimic, a facial convulsion. 
C, Oscillating, C, Oscillatory, one in 
which the separate fiber-bundles of a muscle 
are affected successively and not simultane- 
ously. C, Suffocative, laryngismus stridu- 
lus. C, Tetanic, general tonic convulsions 
without loss of consciousness. C, Toxic, 
one due to the action of some toxic agent 
upon the nervous system. C, Uremic, 
one that occurs in kidney disease due to 
retention in the blood of matters that should 
be eliminated by the kidney. 

Cooper's Disease. See Reclus' Disease. 
C.'s Fascia, i. The fascia trans versalis. 
2. The cellular layer beneath the dartos. 
C.'s Hernia, encysted hernia of the tunica 
vaginalis. C.'s Irritable Breast, masto- 
dynia neuralgica; neuralgia of the breast. 
C.'s Irritable Testicle, neuralgia of the 
testis. C.'s Ligament, i. The lower, thick- 
ened portion of the fascia transversalis, 
which is attached to the spine of the pubis 
and the iliopectineal eminence. 2. Arciform, 
ligamentous fibers extending from the base 
of the olecranon to the coronoid process on 
the inner aspect of the elbow-joint. C.'s 
Suspensory Ligaments, the fibrous processes 
that connect the capsule of the convex surface 
of the mammary gland with the overlying 
skin. 

Coordination (ko-or-din-a' '-shun) [com, to- 
gether; or dinar e, to regulate]. The har- 
monious activity and proper sequence of 
operation of those parts that cooperate in 
the performance of any function. 

Coordinator (ko-or' -din-a-tor) [see Coordina- 
tion]. The part of the nervous system 
regulating coordination. C, Oculonuchal, 
Spitzka's name for the part of the postero- 
longitudinal fasciculus below the floor of 
the fourth ventricle. 

Copaiba (ko-pa' -e-bah) [Sp.]. Balsam of co- 
paiba. The oleoresin of Copaifera offici- 
nalis, C. coriacea, C. guianensis, C. multi- 
juga, C. cordifolia, C. laxa, C. nitida, C. 
oblongifolia, and C. langsdorffii, leguminous 
trees, native to South America. It is a 
stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and an expec- 



COPIOPIA 



303 



COPULATION 



torant, and is much used in gonorrhea. Syn., 
Copaiva. C, Balsam of. See Copaiba. C, 
East Indian. See Gurjun Balsam. C, Mass 
of, copaiba, 94; magnesia, 6 parts. Dose 10 
gr.-i dr. (0.65-4.0 Gm.). Unof. C, Mix- 
ture of, Compound, Lafayette's mixture: co- 
paiba, 7 dr.; oil of cubebs, 1 dr.; glycerite of 
yolk of egg, 7 dr.; triturate and add syrup, 2\ 
oz. ; then add, with constant stirring, solution of 
potassium hydroxid, \ oz.; compound tincture 
of cardamom, 2 dr.; sweet spirit of niter, \ 
oz.; enough peppermint -water to make 8 oz. 
Dose 1 dr.-ioz. (4-16 Cc). Unof. C, Oil of 
{oleum copaiba, U. S. P.), a colorless substance 
constituting about one-half of copaiba, and used 
for the same purposes. Dose 10-15 mm - (°-°5- 
1.0 Cc). C, Resin of, the residue after distil- 
ling off the volatile oil of copaiba, mainly copa- 
ibic acid. Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.3 Gm.). Unof. 

Copiopia (kop-i-o'-pe-ah). See Kopiopia. 

Copper (kop'-er) [ME., coper]. Cuprum. 
A reddish-brown metal existing in nature 
chiefly in the form of copper pyrites, which 
is a double salt of copper and iron sulfid. 
Various salts are used in medicine. In 
toxic doses they are gastrointestinal irri- 
tants. In therapeutic doses they are used as 
astringents in inflammation of mucous, mem- 
branes. They are also employed as emetics, 
and, externally, as caustics. See Elements, Table 
of Chemic. C. Acetate, Cu(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 , verdi- 
gris, used in pulmonary diseases and as a lotion 
in skin diseases. Dose ^S~i S 1 "- (0.0065-0.016 
Gm.). C. Acetoarsenite, paris-green, used 
as a pigment and an insecticide. C. Aceto- 
phosphate, employed in chlorosis and amenor- 
rhea. C.-alum. See C, Aluminated. C, 
Aluminated, a combination of sulfates of 
copper and aluminium and potassium nitrate, 
occurring as a green powder; a mild caustic 
used in ophthalmia. Syn., Copper-alum; Lapis 
divinus. C. Amalgam, a metallic filling- 
material composed of copper and mercury. 
C. Ammoniate, ammonium carbonate, 3; 
copper sulfate, 4 parts; useful in chorea, 
hysteria, etc. Dose \-i gr. (0.01-0.065 Gm.). 
C. Ammoniosulfate, C. and Ammonium 
Sulfate, obtained by dissolving copper sulfate 
in ammonia-water and precipitating with alco- 
hol. It is antispasmodic and astringent. 
Dose §-2 gr. (0.03-0.13 Gm.) 3 or 4 times 
daily with tincture of opium after meals; 
maximum dose 5 gr. (0.3 Gm.) single; 10 gr. 
(0.6 Gm.) a day. Application for gleet, 
etc., 0.2 to 1 % solution or ointment. C. 
Arsenate, a blue powder obtained from 
ammonium arsenate with copper sulfate. 
It is used as an alterative in syphilis. Dose 
yr~§ g 1 "- (0.062-0.008 Gm.). C. Arsenite, 
a salt valuable in intestinal diseases. Dose 
Tiro- S r - (0.00065 Gm.). C. Carbonate, a 
compound of copper and carbonic acid. 
C. Nitrate Cu(N0 3 )3H 2 0, is used for the 
same purposes as the sulfate. C.-nose. 
Synonym of Acne rosacea. C. Nucleinate, 
a compound of nucleol and copper oxid con- 
taining 6% of copper; it occurs as a fine 



powder and is used in chronic conjunctivitis. 
Syn., Cuprol. C. Oleate, Cu(C 1? H330 2 ) 2 , a 
mixture of 10% copper oxid dissolved in 
oleic acid, forming a greenish-blue, granular 
powder, soluble in ether. It is applied to 
indolent ulcers; ointment, 10 to 20% in 
lanolin. C. Oxid, a compound of copper and 
oxygen. C. Oxid, Black, CuO, a brownish- 
black, amorphous powder obtained from 
copper nitrate or copper carbonate by igni- 
tion. It is used as a teniafuge. Dose f-ij 
gr. (0.05-0.1 1 Gm.) 3 or 4 times daily in 
pills for two weeks, abstaining from acid food. 
Externally it is used as an ointment with 
lard in treatment of chronic glandular in- 
duration. It is also employed in organic analy- 
sis. Syn., Copper mo n oxid. C. Oxid, Red, 
Cu 2 0, a dark-brown, crystalline powder. 
Syn., Copper hemioxid; Copper suboxid. C. 
Phosphate, CuHP0 4 , a bluish-green powder. 
It is used in tuberculosis. Dose \— Jgr. (0.008— 
0.032 Gm.) several times daily. C, Reaction 
for. See Schoenbein. C. Sulfate (cupri sul- 
phas, U. S. P.), CuS0 4 .- 5H 2 0, soluble in 
water, valuable as an emetic, tonic, and as- 
tringent. Dose, as an emetic, 2-5 gr. (0.13- 
0.32 Gm.); as a tonic, |- h gr. (0.01-0.032 
Gm.). C. Sulfocarbolate; CuC 6 H(S0 4 ) 2 + 
6H 2 0, green crystals soluble in water and 
alcohol. Syn., Cupriaseptol. 

Copperas (kop'-er-as) [cupri rosa, rose of cop- 
per ( ?)]. A common name for ferrous sulfate. 

Copraol {kop'-ra-ol) [copra, the dried kernel 
of the cocoanut]. A solid fat, derived from 
the cocoanut, and used as a substitute for 
cacao-butter in making suppositories. It 
melts at 30.3 C. 

Copremia (kop-re'-me-ah) [no-poc, dung; 
alfia, blood]. A form of general blood-poi- 
soning arising from chronic constipation. The 
symptoms are anemia, sallow complexion, 
anorexia, frontal headache, vertigo, nausea, 
flatulence, thirst, fetid breath, lassitude, 
hypochondriasis, and irritability of temper. 

Copro- (kop-ro-)[K.oT:poc, dung]. A prefix mean- 
ing relating to the feces or to dung. 

Coprolalia (kop-ro-la'-le-ah) [copro-; XaXca, 
speech]. The use of filthy and offensive lan- 
guage when a manifestation of disease. 

Coprolith (kop'-ro-lith) [copro-; X'cOoc, a stone]. 
A hard mass of fecal matter in the bowels. 

Coprophagy (kop-roj'-a-je) [copro-; (f>ayel\s, to 
eat]. The eating of dung, a symptom seen in 
insane and hysteric patients. 

Coproplanesis (kop-ro-plan-e'-sis) [copro-; 
TtXavyocc, wandering]. Escape of feces through 
a fistula or other abnormal opening. 

Coprostasis (kop-ros' '-fas-is) [copro-; a-aatc, 
a standing]. The accumulation of fecal mat- 
ter in the bowel. 

Coptis {kop'-tis) [kot.-scv, to cut]. Goldthread. 
The root of C. trifolia, a simple bitter tonic 
resembling quassia. It contains coptin, an 
alkaloid closely allied to berberin. Dose 
10—30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). 

Copulation {kop-u-la'-shun) [copulare, to 
couple]. The act of sexual intercourse. 



COR 



304 



CORIANDROL 



Cor {kor) [L.; gen., cordis]. The heart. See 
Heart. C. adiposum, a heart with a simple 
excess of the normal subpericardial fat. C. 
bovinum. See Bovine Heart. C. hirsutum, 
C. hispidum, C. tomentosum. See C. 
villosum. C. membranaceum, the auricular 
part of the heart. C. mobile, a heart which 
changes its position with the change of 
posture of the individual. C. villosum, 
hairy heart; the peculiar shaggy appearance 
presented by the heart in acute plastic peri- 
carditis, with the deposited fibrin existing in 
long shreds. 

Coraco- {kor-ak-o-) [n6pa£, a crow]. Pertain- 
ing to the coracoid process. 

Coracobrachialis {kor-ak-o-bra-ke-al'-is). See 
under Muscle. 

Coracohyoid {kor-ak-o-hi'-oid). i. Relating to 
the coracoid process and the hyoid bone. 2. 
The omohyoid muscle. 

Coracoid {kor f -ak-oid) [coraco-; eldoc, like- 
ness]. 1. Having the shape of a crow's 
beak. 2. The coracoid process. C. Liga- 
ment, a triangular ligament joining the cora- 
coid process to the acromion. C. Process, 
a beak-shaped process of the scapula. 

Coracoscapular {ko-rak-o-skap'-u-lar). Relat- 
ing to the coracoid process of the scapula and 
to some other portion of the scapula. 

Cord [chorda, a string]. 1. A tendon; any 
string-like body. 2. Used as a synonym for 
the umbilical cord, the vascular, cord-like 
structure connecting the placenta and fetus. 
C, Axis-. See Primitive Streak. C, Bio- 
plasson, a reticulum formed by branching 
cells. C, Colic, Transverse, Glenard's 
term for that portion of the transverse colon 
which becomes hard and rigid as the result 
of a stoppage of fecal matter by the kinking of 
the colon near its attachment by the pyloroco- 
lic ligament. C, Dorsal, the notochord. C, 
False, C, Superior (vocal), a fold of mucous 
membrane on either side of the middle line of 
the larynx, inclosing the superior thyroaryte- 
noid ligament. C, Genital, Thiersch's name 
for an embryonic structure formed from the 
two wolffian ducts and the mullerian ducts. 
C. of Hippocrates, the achilles tendon. 
C, Lumbosacral, a nerve-trunk formed 
from the divisions of the fourth and fifth 
lumbar nerves. C, Muscular, a cord-like 
prominence of a muscle due to morbid ex- 
citability of its fibers. C, Presentation of, 
descent of the umbilical cord between the 
presenting part and the membranes at the 
beginning of labor. C, Prolapse of, descent 
of the umbilical cord at the rupture of the bag 
of waters: incomplete, if remaining in the 
vagina, complete, if protruding therefrom. 
C.s, Sonorous, the semicircular canals of the 
internal ear. C., Spinal. See Spinal Cord. 
C.,True Vocal, C, Vocal, the vocal band. 
See under Larynx. 

Cordate {kor'-dat) [cor]. Heart-shaped. 

Cordein {kor' -de-in) . A white, crystalline sub- 
stance used as an analgesic and antiseptic. 
Syn., Methyltribromsalol, 



Cordia {kor' -de-ah) [E. and V. Cordus, German 
physicians (1486-1535 and 1515-1544)]. A 
genus of shrubs and trees of the order Bora- 
ginacea. C. aubletti is indigenous to Guiana; 
the leaves are used as an application to 
tumors and skin diseases. C. myxa is indigen- 
ous to the East Indies, but cultivated in Arabia 
and Egypt. The fruit is used in coughs, the 
powdered bark in ringworm, the root as a 
purgative. 

Cordial {kord'-yal) [cor]. 1. Pertaining to the 
heart; exhilarant; stimulant. 2. An aro- 
matic, spirituous stimulant. 

Cordiform {kor' -de -form) [cor; forma, form]. 
Cordate; shaped like a heart. 

Cordite {kor'-dit). A smokeless gun-powder 
consisting of gun-cotton dissolved in acetone 
and nitroglycerin. 

Cordol {kor'-dol). See Salol Tribromid. 

Cordyl {kor'-dil). See Acetyl Tribromsalol. 

Core {kor) [cor]. The central slough of a 
boil or carbuncle. 2. [/copy, the pupil.] The 
pupil of the eye. 

Coreclisis (kor-ek-li'-sis). See Coroclisis. 

Corectasis {kor-ek'-ta-sis) [i<6prj, the pupil; 
BKxaocc, a stretching out]. Dilation of the pupil. 

Corectome {kor-ek'-tom) [core; kH.xkp.vEcv, to cut 
out]. An instrument used in iridectomy. 

Corectopia {kor-ek-to' -pe-ah) [core; eKX07toc, 
misplaced]. An anomalous position of the 
pupil; displacement of the pupil. 

Coredialysis {ko-re-di-aV -is-is) [core; dcaXuocc, 
dialysis]. The production of an artificial 
pupil at the ciliary border of the iris. 

Corelysis {kor -eV -is-is) [core; Xuocc, a loosening]. 
The detachment of iritic adhesions to the lens 
or to the cornea. 

Coremorphosis {kor-e-mor-fo'-sis) [core; pbp- 
(fxoocg, formation]. The operation for estab- 
lishing an artificial pupil. 

Coreometer {kor-e-om'-et-er) [core; pkxpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
pupil of the eye. 

Coreometry {kor-e-om 1 '-et-re) [see Coreom- 
eter]. The measurement of the pupil of the 
eye. 

Coreplasty {kor' -e-plas-te) [core; nXapoetv, to 
form]. Any operation for forming an artificial 
pupil. 

Coriamyrtin {ko-re-am-er' -tin) [Coriaria myrti- 
folia, myrtle], C^H^O^. An exceedingly 
poisonous principle, a glucosid, obtained from 
the fruit of Coriaria myrti folia. A cardiac 
stimulant. Maximum dose ■£% gr. (0.001 Gm.). 

Coriander, Coriandrum {ko-re-an'-der, ko- 
re-an' -drum) [nopiavvov, coriander]. , Corian- 
der-seed. The coriandrum of the U. S. P. is 
the dried ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum, an 
aromatic, carminative, and stimulant, used 
mainly to give flavor to other remedies and 
as a corrective to griping purgatives. Dose 
10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 Gm.). C, Oil of {oleum 
coriandri, U. S. P.), the volatile oil.. Dose 
2-5 min. (0.13-0.32 Co). 

Coriandrol {kor-e-an'-drol), C 10 H 18 O. The chief 
constituent of oil of coriander; a liquid iso- 
merid of borneol. 



CORIDIN 



305 



CORONALE 



Coridin ikor'-id-in), C 10 H 15 N. A liquid base 
obtained from the distillation of bones. 

Corium {ko'-re-um) [L., "a hide; leather"]. 
The deep layer of the skin. See Skin. 

Corm (korm) [nop fide, the trunk of a tree]. 
The bulbous underground part of certain 
plants, as the crocus. 

Corn (korn) [cornu, horn]. A local induration 
and thickening of the skin from friction or 
pressure. See Clavus. C.-silk. See Zea mays. 
C.-smut. See Ustilago. C. -starch, the com- 
mercial name of a starch derived from maize, 
and extensively used as an article of food, 
especially for invalids; 

Cornaro's Diet. A diet for indigestion and the 
results of riotous living, devised by Luigi 
Cornaro, a Venetian gentleman of the seven- 
teenth century. It consisted of a daily al- 
lowance of bread, meat, and yolk of egg, 
amounting to 12 ounces in all. With this he 
took 14 ounces of a light Italian wine each 
day. 

Cornea (kor'-ne-ah) [corneus, horny]. The 
transparent anterior portion of the eyeball, 
its area occupying about one-sixth the cir- 
cumference of the globe. It is continuous 
with the sclerotic, and is nourished by lymph 
from the looped blood-vessels at its peripheral 
border. C, Conic. See Kerato globus. C, 
Transplantation of, the operation of en- 
grafting a section of transparent cornea from 
some animal into the space of an excised 
portion of human cornea. 

Corneal ikor'-ne-aV) [cornea]. Relating to the 
cornea. 

Corneitis (kor-ne-i'-tis). See Keratitis. 

Corneoblepharon {kor-ne-o-blej'-ar-on) [cor- 
nea; blepharon]. Adhesion of the surface of 
the eyelid to the cornea. 

Corneoiritis {kor-ne-o-ir-i'-tis). See Keratoiri- 
tis. 

Corneosclera (kor-ne-o-skle'-rah) [cornea; 
sclera]. The cornea and sclera taken together. 

Corneous {kor' -ne-us) [corneus, horny]. Horny 
or horn-like. C. Tissue, the substance of 
the nails. 

Cornet {kor -net') [cornu]. 1. A small ear- 
trumpet worn within the ear and sometimes 
concealed by the hair of the wearer. 2. A 
bony layer. C, Bertin's, C, Sphenoid, 
the anterior part of the body of the sphenoid 
bone. 

Corniculate {kor-nik' '-u-lat) [cornu]. Furnished 
with horns or horn-shaped appendages. 

Corniculum {kor-nik' -u-lum) [cornicula, a little 
horn]. A small cornu or horn-like process. 

Cornification {kor-nif-ik-a' -shun) [cornu; facere, 
to make]. The process of hardening or making 
horny. 

Cornstalk Disease of Cattle and Horses. 
A disease caused by feeding on dry stalks 
left standing in the field after the corn has 
been gathered in the fall. It has been at- 
tributed — (1) to corn -smut; (2) to scarcity 
of salt and water; (3) to "dry murrain," a 
hard and dry condition of the third stomach, 
supposed to be morbid, though really nor- 



mal; (4) to the presence of potassium ni- 
trate in the fodder; (5) to the presence of a 
bacterium. Syn., Bronchopneumonia bovis. 

Cornu {kor'-nu) [L.; pi., cornua]. A horn. A 
name applied to any excrescence resembling a 
horn. C. ammonis, the hippocampus major 
of the brain. C. cervi, hartshorn or ammo- 
nium hydroxid. C. Cutaneum, a horn-like 
excrescence arising from the skin. Syn., Cor- 
nu humanum. C., Dental, a horn of the den- 
tal pulp. These extensions form the body of 
the dental pulp, which corresponds with the 
positions of the cusps of the teeth. C. de- 
scendens, C. inferius, C. laterale, C. 
magnum, C. medium, C. sphenoidale, the 
medicornu, that prolongation of the lateral 
ventricle which, curving outward around the 
back of the thalamus, descends beneath it, 
and, extending forward and inward, ends in 
the anterior extremity of the hippocampal 
gyrus. C. dorsale, the dorsal projection of 
the mass of cinerea seen upon each half of 
the spinal cord in transverse section. Syn., 
Crus posticum; Posterior cornu. C. hu- 
manum. See C. cutaneum. C. occipitale, 
C, Posterior (of the lateral ventricle), 
the postcornu, a conic prolongation of the 
lateral ventricle, curving outward, backward, 
and inward into the occipital lobe. Syn., 
Cavitas digitata; Cornu ancyroide. Cornua 
of the Uterus. 1. The lateral fundibuliform 
prolongations of the uterine cavity into which 
the fallopian tubes open. 2. The oviducts. 
C. ventrale, the ventral projection of the 
mass of cinerea seen upon each half of the 
spinal cord in transverse section. Syn., Crus 
anterius. 

Cornual {kor'-nu-al) [cornu]. Relating to a 
cornu. C. Myelitis, myelitis affecting the 
anterior cornua of the spinal cord. 

Cornus {kor'-nus) [L.]. Dogwood. The bark 
of the root of C. florida, the properties of 
which are due to a crystalline principle, 
cornin. It is a simple stomachic bitter and 
slightly antiperiodic. Dose of the fluidex- 
tract 10 min.— 1 dr. (0.65—4.0 Cc). 

Cornutin {kor -nu' -tin). An alkaloid, the active 
principle of ergot. Dose ^2 g r - (°- 00 5 Gm.). 
C. Citrate. Dose aVrV g 1 "- (0.003-0.006 
Gm.) in spermatorrhea. 

Coroclisis, Corocleisis {ko-ro-kW -sis) [nbpy, 
the pupil; nh'tocc, a closure]. Pathologic 
closure or obliteration of the pupil. 

Corona {ko-ro'-nah) [L., a "crown" ]. 1. A 
crown. 2. The corona radiata. C. dentis, 
the crown of a tooth. C. glandis, the ridge" 
of the glans penis. C. radiata, a radiating 
mass of white nerve-fibers ascending from 
the internal capsule to the cortex cerebri. 
Coronae tubulorum. See Crypts of Lieber- 
kuhn. C. veneris, a circle of syphilitic 
blotches occurring on the forehead. 

Coronal {kor-o'-naV) [corona]. Encircling like 
a crown; pertaining to the crown of the 
head. C. Suture, the suture joining the 
frontal with the two parietal bones. 

Coronale {kor-o-naV -e) [L.]. The frontal bone. 



CORONARY 



306 



CORPUSCLE 



Coronary {kor' -o-na-re) [corona]. A term ap- 
plied to vessels, nerves, or attachments that 
encircle a part or an organ. 

Coroner {kor'-o-ner) [corona]. An officer who 
inquires by authority of the law into the causes 
of sudden or violent deaths. C.'s Inquest, 
the legal inquiry before a jury into the cause 
of a sudden or violent death. 

Coronilla {kor-o-nil'-ah) [dim. of corona]. A ge- 
nus of leguminous herbs. . C. scorpioides, an 
annual of southern France, furnishes coronillin 
{q. v.). C. varia is diuretic, purgative, and 
poisonous. It is used as a succedaneum for 
digitalis in cardiac disease. An aqueous ex- 
tract and a powder of the fresh plant are given 
in doses of i| gr. (0.098 Gm.). 

Coronillin {kor-o-niV -in) [see Coronilla]. An 
alkaloid, C 7 H 12 3 , from Coronilla scorpioides; 
it is a cardiac tonic and diuretic. Dose 
1-2 gr. (0.06-0.13 Gm.). 

Coronoid {kor'-o-noid) [corona; etdoc, likeness]. 
Crown-shaped, as the coronoid process of 
the ulna or of the jaw. 

Coroparelcysis {kor-o-par-eV -si-sis) [nop-q, the 
pupil; izapklnuotc, a drawing aside]. Opera- 
tive displacement of the pupil to remedy 
partial opacity of the cornea by bringing it 
opposite a transparent part. 

Coroscopy {kor-os'-ko-pe). See Retinoscopy. 

Corpora {kor'-por-ah) [pi. of corpus, a body]. 
A general term applied to certain parts of 
the body having a rounded or ovoid shape. 
C. albicantia, two white masses in the in- 
terpeduncular space at the base of the brain, 
the projections of the anterior pillars of the 
fornix. C. aranacea, a granular substance 
occurring at times in the masses of papillomas. 
Syn., Sand-bodies. C. arantii, the fibrous 
tubercles in the center of each segment of 
the semilunar valves. C. cavernosa, the 
cylindric bodies of erectile tissue forming 
the chief part of the penis. Also, the two 
masses of erectile tissue composing the 
clitoris. C. geniculata. See Geniculate Bodies. 
C. quadrigemina, the optic lobes of the 
brain, the four rounded eminences situated 
under the corpus callosum. The anterior 
pair are called the nates, and the posterior, 
the testes. C. sesamoidea. See C. arantii. 

Corpulence, Corpulency {kor'-pu-lens, -se) 
[corpulentus, corpulent]. Obesity; fatness of 
the body. 

Corpulin (kor'-pu-lin). A remedy for obesity 
said to consist of bladderwrack {Fucus 
vesiculosis), tamarinds, and cascara sagrada. 

Corpus {kor' -pus) [L., "a body"; pi., cor- 
pora {q. v.)]. A body; the human body. 
C. callosum, the broad band of white 
matter uniting the hemispheres of the cere- 
brum. C. caudatum, a ganglion or free 
ring of gray matter circling around the len- 
ticula of the brain. It is massive in the 
frontal portion, but becomes attenuated 
caudad; the anterior portion is called the 
head; the posterior, the tail. C. caverno- 
sum vaginae, the spongy tissue of the vagina. 
C. dentatum. 1. See Olivary Body. 2. The 



central folded gray nucleus of the cerebellum. 
C. fibrosum, a tough, semiopaque body oc- 
curring in the ovary, due to some fibrous 
change in the corpus luteum. C. fimbriatum, 
the lateral thin edge of the taenia hippocampi. 
C. highmorianum. See Highmore, Body of. 
C. luteum, the yellow body formed in the 
ovary in the site of a graafian vesicle after the 
escape of the ovum. C. luteum, False, that 
resulting when pregnancy does not occur. 
Syn., Corpus luteum of menstruation. C. 
luteum, True, that resulting when preg- 
nancy takes place. Syn., Corpus luteum of 
pregnancy. C. spongiosum, the spongy part 
of the penis encircling the urethra. C. stri- 
atum, a mass of gray matter extending into 
the lateral ventricles of the brain and com- 
posed of the caudate and lenticular nuclei. 
Corpuscle {kor'-pus-l) [dim. of corpus]. 1. A 
small body or particle. 2. A cell. C, Axile, 
C, Axis-, the central portion of a tactile 
corpuscle. Syn., Axile body. C.s, Babes- 
Ernst's. See Babes-Ernst's Bodies. C.s, 
Bennett's, large epithelial cells, filled with 
fatty detritus, found in the contents of some 
ovarian cysts. C.s, Bizzozero's. See 
Bizzozero's Blood-platelets. C.s, Blood-, 
Red, biconcave, nonnucleated discs, circular 
in outline, and containing red coloring-matter, 
termed hemoglobin, to which the color of the 
blood is due. Red corpuscles have been 
divided, according to their size, into normo- 
cytes (normal in size), megalocytes (of exces- 
sive size), microcytes (abnormally small), and 
poikilocytes (of irregular shape and size). 
The red corpuscles in the blood of man are 
about 3-^77 inch in diameter and T2TOT5" mcn 
thick, and their number is about 5,000,000 
to each cubic millimeter of blood. They con- 
sist of a colorless stroma infiltrated with the 
coloring-matter (hemoglobin). C.S, Blood-, 
White (or colorless), flattened cells, about 
YsVo- mcn m diameter, existing in the ratio 
of 1 : 500 compared with red corpuscles. 
Their protoplasm is granular; they have one 
or more nuclei and no cell- wall. They pos- 
sess contractile power and alter their shape 
readily. The colorless corpuscles are vari- 
ously designated as ^eosinophil, basophil, 
neutrophil, mononuclear, polynuclear, lym- 
phocytes, transitional, large, small, etc. C, 
JBone-, an osteoblast. C.s, Burckhardt's, 
peculiar angular or roundish bodies of a 
yellowish color found in the secretion of 
trachoma. C.s, Cancroid, the pearly bodies 
of squamous epithelioma. C.s, Chorea. 
See under Chorea. C.s, Chromophil. See 
Nissl's Bodies. C.S, Chyle, lymph-corpus- 
cles. C.s, Colostrum. See Colostrum 
Corpuscles. C.s, Concentric. See HassalVs 
Bodies. C.s, Corneal, connective-tissue cor- 
puscles containing an oval nucleus and fur- 
nished with numerous branching processes 
occurring within the fibrous groundwork of 
' the cornea. Syn., Toynbee's corpuscles; Vir- 
chow's corpuscles. C, Cytoid, a leukocyte. 
C, Davaine's. See Bacillus anthracis under 



CORPUSCLE 



307 



CORROSION 



Bacteria. C.s of Donne. See Colostrum 
Corpuscles. C.s, Drysdale's Ovarian, gran- 
ular cells, nonnucleated and of varying sizes, 
which were regarded by Drysdale as peculiar 
to ovarian fluid. C.s, Genital, special nerve- 
endings in the external genitalia. C.s, 
Ghost-, phantom-corpuscles. C.s, Gierke's, 
roundish, colloid bodies, of a significance 
not yet determined, sometimes found in the 
central nervous system; they appear to be 
identical with HassalPs corpuscles. C.s, 
Golgi's, tendon-spindles; small fusiform 
bodies resembling the pacinian corpuscles, ex- 
isting in tendons at the junction of the tendin- 
ous fibers with the muscular fibers. They have 
not been found in the ocular muscles. C, 
Golgi-Mazzoni's. See C, Mazzoni's. C.s, 
Grandry's, minute ovoid or spheric taste- 
corpuscles found in the papillas of the beak 
and tongue of birds. C.s, Hassall's. See 
H assail' s Bodies. C, Hayem's. See 
Achromacyte. C.S, Herbst's, small bodies 
resembling pacinian corpuscles, found in the 
mucosa of the tongue of some animals and 
birds. C.s, Jaworski's, spiral bodies of 
mucus found in the gastric secretion in cases 
of pronounced hyperchlorhydria. C.s, Key 
and Retzius', encapsulated corpuscles found 
in the bill of some aquatic birds and repre- 
senting transition forms between Herbst's 
and Pacini's corpuscles. C.s, Krause's. 
See Krause's Corpuscles. C.s, Langerhans' 
Stellate, terminations of nerve-fibers which 
have been observed in the rete mucosum of 
the epidermis. C.s, Leber's. See C.s, 
Gierke's. C.s, Lostorfer's, granular masses 
alleged by Lostorfer to have been found in 
the blood of syphilitic patients. C.s, Lymph-, 
nucleated ameboid cells found in lymph and 
chyle. Upon entering the blood with the 
lymph they are called white blood-corpuscles. 
The smaller ones have little if any ameboid 
movement, and are sometimes spoken of as 
free nuclei on account of their small cell- 
body; some of these corpuscles are coarsely 
granular and are therefore called granular 
cells. C, Malpighian (of the Kidney), the 
tuft of blood-vessels surrounded by the ex- 
panded portion of the uriniferous tubule, the 
capsule of Bowman. C.s, Malpighian (of 
the Spleen). See Malpighian Corpuscles. 
C, Mazzoni's, a peripheral ending of a 
sensory nerve closely resembling Krause's end- 
bulb. C.s, Meissner's. See C.s, Tactile- 
(i). C.s, Merkel's. See C.s, Grandry's. 
C.s, Miescher's. See Miescher's Tubes. 
C.s, Milk-, of v. Kolliker, cells containing 
fat -globules observed in the acini of the mam- 
mary gland and breaking up into milk-glob- 
ules on reaching the lactiferous ducts. C.s, 
Montgomery's. See Glands, Montgomery's. 
C, Morgagni's. See Morgagni's Globules. 
C.s, Norris' Invisible, colorless, transparent, 
biconcave discs of the same size as the red 
corpuscles, invisible in the serum because 
their color and refractive index are the same 
as those of the liquor sanguinis. C.s, Nunn's. 



See C.s, Bennett's. C.s, Pacinian, certain 
small corpuscles occurring in the subcutaneous 
cellular tissue of the fingers and toes. They 
consist of concentric lamellas of connective 
tissue surrounding the termination of a sensory 
nerve. C.s, Patterson's, the molluscum 
bodies: oval, shiny bodies found in the 
contents of the tubercles of molluscum con- 
tagiosum. C, Pavement-. See Cells, 
Endothelial. C.s, Phantom-. See Blood- 
platelets. C, Polar-, the centrosome. C.s, 
Reissner's, the epithelial cells covering 
Reissner's membrane. C, Rollett's Nerve-. 
See C, Mazzoni's. C.s, Shadow-. See 
Achromacyte. C.s, Spleen-, C.s, Splenic. 
See Malpighian Corpuscles. C.s, Tactile-, 
i. (0/ Wagner.) The small, oval bodies found 
in the papillas of the skin and enveloped by 
nerve-fibers. 2. See C.s, Grandry's. C, 
Taste-. See Taste -bud. C.s, Terminal. See 
C.s, Krause's. C.s, Touch-. See C.s, Tactile-. 
C.s, Toynbee's, the corneal corpuscles. C.s, 
Transparent, of Norris. See C.s, Norris' 
Invisible. C.s, Traube's. See Achromacyte. 
C.s, Typhic, the epithelial cells of Peyer's 
patches which in typhoid- fever have be- 
come granulated through degeneration. C.s, 
Vater's, C.s, Vater-Pacini's. See C.s, 
Pacinian. C.s, Virchow's. See C.s, Corneal. 
C, Zimmermann's, an achromacyte. 

Corpuscular {hor-pus'-ku-lar) [corpuscle]. Re- 
lating to or of the nature of a corpuscle. 

Corradiation (kor-ra-de-a'-shun). The act of 
radiating together, as focused rays. 

Correctant, Corrective (kor-ek'-tant, kor-ek'- 
tiv) [corrigere, to correct]. 1. Modifying 
favorably. 2. A substance used to modify 
or make more pleasant the action of a purga- 
tive or other remedy. 

Corrigan's Disease. 1. Aortic insufficiency. 
2. Cirrhosis of the lung. C.'s Line, the 
purple or brownish-red line on the margin of 
the gums in chronic copper -poisoning. C.'s 
Pulse, "water-hammer pulse"; the abrupt, 
jerking pulse of aortic insufficiency. C.'s 
Respiration, "nervous or cerebral respira- 
tion." Frequent shallow and blowing breath- 
ing in low fevers — e. g., in typhus. C.'s 
Sign, an expansive pulsation felt in cases of 

. aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. 

Corrigent {kor'-ij-ent). See Correctant. 

Corroborant {kor-ob'-o-ranf) [corrobarans, 
strengthening]. A tonic invigorating remedy. 

Corrosion [kor-o'-zhun) [com, together; rodere, 
to gnaw]. The process of corroding or the 
state of being corroded. C. -anatomy, that 
branch of anatomy which demonstrates an 
anatomic specimen by means of a corrosive 
process that eats away those parts which it 
is not desired to preserve. In some cases a 
resisting-substance is injected, so as to pre- 
serve the vessels and ducts from corrosion. 
C. -preparation, one in which the vessels, 
ducts, or cavities of organs are filled by a 
fluid that will harden and preserve the shape 
of the vessel or cavity after the organ itself is 
corroded, digested, or otherwise destroyed. 



CORROSIVE 



308 



COSTOABDOMINAL 



Corrosive {kor-o'-siv) [see Corrosion], i. Eat- 
ing away. 2. A substance that destroys or- 
ganic tissue either by direct chemic means 
or by causing inflammation and suppuration. 
C. Chlorid, C. Sublimate. See Mercury 
Bichlorid. 

Corrugator (kor f -u-ga-tor) [corrugere, to 
wrinkle]. That which wrinkles. See under 
Muscle. 

Corsican Moss. A mixture of fragments of 
various seaweeds brought from Corsica. It 
is said to be alterative, febrifuge, anthelmin- 
tic, and nutritious. Unof. Syn., Helmintho- 
chorton. 

Cortex (kor'-teks) [L., "bark"]. 1. The bark 
of an exogenous plant. 2. The surface-layer 
of an organ. 3. The external gray layer of 
the brain, the substantia corticalis, or cortical 
substance. 4. The peripheral portion of an 
organ, situated just beneath the capsule. C. 
aurantii, orange-peel. C. cerebri. See 
Cortex (3). C. corticis, the outer sheath 
of the kidney. C. Degeneration. Synonym 
of General paralysis of the insane. See 
under Paralysis. C. renalis, the cortical 
substance of the kidney. 

Corti's Arch. The arch formed in the organ 
of Corti by the two files of rods. C.'s Canal. 
See Canal of Corti. C.'s Cells, the outer 
hair-cells of Corti's organ. C.'s Fibers. See 
C.'s Rods. C.'s Ganglion, the ganglion 
spirale, an aggregation of ganglion-cells in the 
spiral canals of the cochlea. C.'s Membrane, 
the membrana tectoria of the cochlea. C.'s 
Organ, a complicated organ, the product of 
differentiation of the epithelial lining of the 
cochlear canal, resting on the basilar mem- 
brane of the cochlea and containing the end- 
organs of the cochlear nerves. C.'s Rods, 
the pillars of the arch of the organ of Corti. 
C.'s Teeth, the auditory teeth; the tooth- 
like projections on the edge of the limbus 
laminae spiralis of the ear. C.'s Tunnel. 
Same as C.'s Canal. 

Cortical (kor'-tik-al) [cortex]. Pertaining to 
the cortex or bark or to the cortex of 
the brain or of the kidney. C. Epilepsy, 
C. Paralysis K such as is due to a lesion of 
the cortical substance of the brain. 

Corticate {kor' -te-kat) . Furnished with a bark 
or cortex. 

Corticifugal (kor-te-sif -u-gal) [cortex; fugere, 
to flee]. Conducting away from the cortex. 

Corticipetal {kor-te-sip' -et-al) [cortex; petere, 
to seek]. Conducting toward the cortex. 

Corticoafferent (kor-te-ko-af f -er-ent). See Cor- 
ticipetal. 

Corticoefferent (kor-te-ko-ef'-er-ent). See Cor- 
ticifugal. 

Corticospinal {kor-tik-o-spi'-nal). Pertaining 
to the cortex of the brain and the spinal 
cord. 

Corundum (ko-run'-dum) [Hind., kurand]. A 
native crystalline aluminium oxid, A1 2 3 . 
Mixed with melted shellac, it is formed into 
wheels for use in the dental laboratory and 
for grinding in general. 



Coruscation (kor-us-ka 1 '-shun) [coruscare, to 
glitter]. A glittering or flashing of light, 
also the subjective sensation of light-flashes. 

Corvisart's Disease. Idiopathic cardiac hy- 
pertrophy. C.'s Facies, the fades of Beau's 
disease. 

Corydalin {kor-id'-al-in) [corydalis]. 1. An ex- 
tract from the root of Corydalis formosa 
(Dicentra canadensis); it is used in syphilis 
and scrofula. 2. An alkaloid, C 22 H 27 N0 4 
(Freund) from Corydalis tuberosa; it is 
used as % a heart -tonic. Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065- 
0.032 Gm.). 

Corydalis {kor-id'-al-is) [nopudaXX'cg, the crested 
lark]. 1. Turkey-corn. The tuber of C. 
formosa (Dicentra canadensis), a tonic, diu- 
retic, and alterative. Dose of fluidextract 
10-40 min. (0.6-2.5 Cc). 2. A genus of 
plants of the order Papaveracece. C. tuberosa, 
holewort, hollowwort, is an herb indigenous 
to Europe; the rhizome is anthelmintic 
and emmenagog. It contains corydalin and 
corydin. 

Corydin {kor' '-id-in) . An amorphous alkaloid 
from Corydalis tuberosa. 

Coryl {kor' -it). The name given to an anes- 
thetic composed of ethyl chlorid and methyl 
chlorid in such proportions that the boiling- 
point of the mixture should be about 32 F. 

Coryleur {kor-il-ur'). An apparatus for spray- 
ing with coryl. 

Coryza {kor-i'-zah) [nopu^a, a catarrh]. Ca- 
tarrh of the mucous membrane of the nasal 
passages and adjacent sinuses, popularly 
called "cold in the head." See Rhinitis. 

Cosaprin {kos-ap'-rin), C 6 H ' NI |— €0— CH 
A sulfoderivative of acetanilid; it is a whitish- 
gray powder with a slightly saline taste, freely 
soluble in water. It is used as an antipyretic 
instead of acetanilid. Dose 5-8 gr. (0.3- 
0.5 Gm.) 3 times daily. 

Cosmetic {kos-mef -ik) [koojisIv, to adorn]. 
1. Beautifying. 2. A remedy designed to 
hide defects of the skin or other external 
parts. C. Operation, a surgical operation to 
give a natural appearance to a defective or 
unsightly part. 

Cosmic {kos'-mik) [koojioc, the universe]. 
Worldwide; of wide distribution, as a cosmic 
disease. 

Cosmolin (koz r -mo-lin). See Petrolatum. 

Costa {kos'-tah) [L.]. A rib. 

Costal (kos'-tal) [costa]. Pertaining to the ribs. 
C. Arch, the arch of the ribs. C. Cartilages, 
the twelve cartilaginous extensions of the ribs. 

Costate (kos'-tat). Ribbed; furnished with 
ribs or connecting structures. 

Costiform {kos'-te-form). Rib-shaped. 

Costive (kos'-tiv) [constipare, to be bound]. 
Constipated. 

Costiveness (kos' -tiv-nes) [constipare]. Con- 
stipation. 

Costo- (kos-to-) [costa]. A prefix denoting 
connection with the ribs. 

Costoabdominal {kos-to-ab-dom'-in-al). Re- 
lating to the ribs and the abdomen. 



COSTOCHONDRAL 



309 



COULOMB 



Costochondral (kos-lo-kon'-dral). Pertaining 
to the ribs and their cartilages. 

Costoclavicular (kos-to-klav-ik'-u-lar). Per- 
taining to the ribs and the clavicle. 

Costocolic (kos-to-ko'-lik). Relating to the 
ribs and the colon. 

Costoinferior (kos-to-in-fe'-re-or). Relating 
to the lower ribs; applied to a form of respira- 
tion in which the lower ribs move more 
than the upper. 

Costoscapular (kos-to-skap'-u-lar). i. Re- 
lating to the ribs and the scapula. 2. The 
serratus magnus muscle. 

Costosuperior (kos-to-su-pe'-re-or). Relating 
to the upper ribs. 

Costotome (kos' '-to-torn) [costo-; ripjetv, to 
cut]. A strong knife or heavy shears with 
the under blade in the shape of a hook, for 
cutting the costal cartilages in dissection, etc. 

Costotrachelian (kos-to-tra-ke'-le-an). Relat- 
ing to the ribs and to the transverse processes 
of the cervical vertebras. 

Costotransverse (kos-to-tranz'-vers). 1. Per- 
taining to the ribs and transverse vertebral 
processes. 2. The scalenus lateralis. See 
under Muscle. 

Costotransversectomy (kos-lo-lranz-vers-ek f - 
to-me) [costotransverse; iKzop.Tj, a cutting out]. 
Excision of part of a rib and a transverse 
vertebral process. 

Costoxiphoid (kos-to-zi'-Joid). Relating to the 
ribs and to the ensiform cartilage. 

Cot (kot) [AS., cote]. 1. A small bed. 2. The 
finger of a glove. See Finger -cot. C, 
Fever-, C.,Kibbee's, a bed devised especially 
for applying cold-water treatment to fever 
patients. 

Cotard's Syndrome. A form of paranoia 
characterized by delusions of negation, with 
sensory disturbances and a tendency to 
suicide. Syn., Delire chronique des negations. 

Cotarnin (ko-tar f -nin) [an anagram of narcotin], 
C 12 H 15 N0 4 . An oxidation-product of nar- 
cotin. C. Hydrochlorate, C 12 H 15 N0 4 . HC1 . - 

• H 2 0, small yellow crystals, soluble in water 
and alcohol. It is an internal hemostatic. 
Dose \-2 gr. (0.03-0.13 Gm.). Syn., Stypticin. 

Coto {ko'-to) [Sp. "a cubit"]. Cotobark. The 
bark of a tree native to Bolivia. It contains 
a bitter principle, cotoin, C 22 H 18 O c , irritant 
to the skin and mucous membranes. It is 
recommended for diarrhea and zymotic fevers, 
and for the night-sweats of pulmonary tuber- 
culosis. Dose of the powder 1-15 gr. (0.065- 
1.0 Gm.); of the fluidextract 5-15 min. (0.32- 
1.0 Cc); of the tincture (1 : 10) 10-30 min. 
(0.65-2.0 Cc). 

Cotoin (ko'-to-in) [coto], C 22 H 18 6 . An astrin- 
gent alkaloid from coto (q. v.). It is employed 
in dysentery and cholera. Dose §-5 gr. (0.03- 
0.3 Gm.). Paracotoin is one-half as strong as 
cotoin. 

Cotton (kot'-n) [Ar., qutun, cotton]. Gos- 
sypium, a white, fibrous seed-hair that en- 
velops the seeds of the cotton-plant. -C., 
Absorbent, cotton so prepared that it readily 
absorbs water. See also Gossypium. C, 



Gun-. See Pyroxylin. C.-oil. See C.-seed 
Oil. C.-root, C.-root Bark. See under 
Gossypium. C.-seed Oil, an oil obtained by 
pressure from the hulled seeds of several 
species of Gossypium (q. v.). 

Cotugno's Canal. The aquaeductus vestibuli. 
Syn., Canalis cotunnii. C.'s Disease, sciatica. 
Syn., Malum cotunnii. C.'s Liquor, the 
perilymph of the osseous labyrinth of the ear. 
Syn., Liquor cotunnii. C.'s Nerve, the naso- 
palatine nerve. C.'s Space. See Boettcher- 
Cotugno's Space. 

Cotyledon (kot-il-e' '-don) [kotuXtjocLv, a socket]. 
1. Any one of the enlarged, vascular villi of 
the chorion which project into depressions of 
the decidua vera. 2. Any one of the numer- 
ous rounded portions into which the uterine 
surface of the placenta is divided. 3. A 
genus of plants of the order Crassulacece. C. 
umbilicus, navelwort of Europe, has been 
highly recommended in epilepsy, but its 
medicinal properties are feeble. 

Cotyloid (kot' -il-oid) [koxuXtj, a cup; eldoc, 
form]. Cup-shaped. C. Cavity, C. Fossa, 
the acetabulum. C. Ligament, a ligament 
surrounding the acetabulum. C. Notch, a 
notch in the anterior and lower border of the 
acetabulum. 

Cotylopubic {kot-il-o-pu' -bik) . Relating to 
the acetabulum and the os pubis. 

Cotyltfsacral (kot-il-o-sa' '-kral) . Relating to 
the acetabulum and the sacrum. 

Couch-grass (kowlch' '-gras) . See Triticum. 

Couching (kowtch' -ing) [Fr., coucher, to de- 
press]. The operation, now fallen into dis- 
use, of depressing a cataractous lens into the 
vitreous chamber, where it was left to be 
absorbed. 

Cough (kawf) [ME.]. A sudden, violent 
expulsion of air after deep inspiration and 
closure of the glottis. C, Dry, that unat- 
tended by expectoration. C, Ear-, cough 
excited reflexly from some morbid condition 
of the ear. C, Moist, cough with free 
expectoration. C., Morton's, cough fol- 
lowed by the vomiting of food, occurring 
frequently in pulmonary tuberculosis. C, 
Pleuritic, the dry, short, frequent cough of 
pleurisy, pneumonia, and phthisis, which 
accompanies the pain and friction-sounds of 
pleurisy and disappears with effusion or when 
bronchitis supervenes. C, Reflex, cough 
produced by irritation of a remote organ. See 
C., Ear-, and C., Stomach-. C, Stomach-. 
See C, Reflex. C, Sydenham's, spasm of 
the respiratory muscles in hysteria. C, 
Uterine, a reflex cough occurring in sufferers 
from genital disease due to irritation of the 
uterovaginal fibers of the hypogastric plexus 
supplying the fornix vaginae and cervix uteri 
and the nerves and ganglions supplying the 
fundus uteri and ovaries. C, Winter-, a 
-short troublesome cough of old people due to 
chronic bronchitis, and recurring every winter. 

Coulomb (koo-lom') [after de Coulomb, a French 
physicist]. The unit of measurement of 
electric quantity; the quantity of electricity 



COUMARIN 



310 



CRADLE 



that passes during one second through a 
conductor having a resistance of one ohm, with 
one volt of electromotive force. The micro- 
coulomb is the millionth part of this amount. 

Coumarin {koo'-mar-in), C 9 H 6 2 . A vege- 
table proximate principle that occurs in 
Dipteryx odorata, Tonka bean, and in Meli- 
lotus officinalis. It conceals the odor of 
iodoform. 

Counteraction {kown-ter-ak'-shun). The ac- 
tion of a drug or agent opposed to that of 
some other drug or agent. 

Counterextension {kown-ter-eks -ten' -shun) . 
See under Extension. 

Counterindication ( kown - ter - in-dik-a' -shun) . 
See Contraindication. 

Counterirritation {kown-ter-ir-it-a' -shun) 

[contra, against; irritare, to irritate]. Su- 
perficial inflammation produced artificially, 
in order to exercise a good effect upon some 
adjacent or deep-seated morbid process. 

Counteropening {kown' -ter -o -pen-in g) [contra; 
opening]. An incision made in an abscess or 
cavity, opposite to another, generally for pur- 
poses of drainage. 

Counterpoison {kown' -ter -poi-zn) [contra; 
potio, a drink]. A poison given as an anti- 
dote to another poison. 

Counterpressure {kown'.-ter-presh-ur). Pres- 
sure opposed to pressure from a contrary di- 
rection. * 

Counterpuncture {kown' -ter -punk-chur). See 
Counteropening. 

Counterstroke {kown' -ter -str ok). See Contre- 
coup. 

Coup de soleil [Fr.]. Sunstroke. 

Coupler {kup'-ler) [copulare, to bind], i. An 
arrangement for fastening wire to a tooth 
in correcting irregularities in dentition. 2. 
A device for connecting different parts of an 
electric apparatus. 

Courbometer {koor-bom' -et-er) [Fr., courbe, a 
curve; ixtcpov, a measure]. A device of 
Chatelain to show the curve of the alternat- 
ing current. 

Court-plaster {kort'-plas-ter). See under 
Plaster. 

Courvoisier's Law. Tumors of the head of 
the pancreas almost invariably cause dila- 
tion of the gall-bladder. See Gall-stone, Cour- 
voisier's Law Concerning. 

Coutoubea {koo-toc' -be-ah) [South American 
name]. A genus of plants of the order Gen- 
tianece. C spicata, of Brazil, is emmenagog 
and anthelmintic. 

Cover {kuv'-er) [com, together; operire, to 
shut]. C. -glass, in microscopy, the thin 
slip of glass covering the object mounted 
on the slide. 

Cowage, Cowhage, Cowitch {kow'-aj, -itch) 
[Hind., kawanch, cowage]. The external 
hairs of the pod of Mucuna pruriens, formerly 
used in medicine as a mechanic vermifuge. 
See also Mucuna. 

Cowper's Glands. The bulbourethral glands; 
two compound tubular glands situated be- 
tween the two layers of the triangular liga- 



ment, anteriorly to the prostate gland; they 
correspond to Bartholin's glands in the 
female. C.'s Ligament, the portion of the 
fascia lata that is attached to the crest of the 
pubis. 

Cowperian Cyst. A retention cyst formed 
in Cowper's gland. 

Cowperitis {kow-per-i'-tis). Inflammation of 
the glands of Cowper, usually gonorrheal in 
origin. 

Cowpox, Cowpock {kow'-poks). A contagious 
eruptive fever occurring in the cow, and 
thought to correspond with smallpox in man. 

Coxa {koks'-ah) [L., "the hip"]. The hip- 
joint or the hip. C. valga, a condition, the 
reverse of coxa vara, in which the angle 
between the neck and the shaft of the femur 
is increased above 140 degrees. C. vara, a 
condition in which the neck of the femur 
is bent downward sufficiently to cause symp- 
toms; this- bending may reach such an ex- 
tent that the neck forms with the shaft a 
right angle or less, instead of the normal 
angle of 120 to 140 degrees. 

Coxalgia {koks-al' -je-ah) [coxa; aXyoc, pain]. 
Literally, pain in the hip-joint, but generally 
used synonymously with hip-disease. 

Coxalgic {koks-aV -jik) [coxalgia]. Relating to 
coxalgia. 

Coxankylometer {koks-ang-kil-om' -et-er) [coxa; 
ajKuXoc, bent; fiexpov, a measure]. Volk- 
mann's instrument for measuring the de- 
formity in hip-disease. 

Coxarthritis {koks-ar-thri'-tis). The same as 
Coxitis. 

Coxarthrocace {koks-arth-rok'-as-e) [coxa; 
apdpov, joint; nandc, bad]. A fungoid in- 
flammation of the hip-joint. 

Coxarum morbus. Hip-joint disease. 

Coxe's Hive Mixture. A mixture of squill 
and senna, of each, 120; tartar emetic, 3; 
sugar, 1200; calcium phosphate, 9; dilute 
alcohol and water, ad 2000. 

Coxitis {koks-i'-tis) [coxa; tree, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the hip-joint. C. coty- 
loidea, that confined principally to the acetab- 
ulum. C, Senile, a rheumatoid disease of 
the hip-joint occurring in old people, marked 
by pain, stiffness, and wasting, without any 
tendency to suppuration. 

Coxofemoral {koks-o-fem' -or-al) [coxa; femur, 
the thigh-bone]. Relating to the hip and the 
femur, as the coxofemoral joint — the hip-joint. 

Coxopathy {koks-op' -ath-e) [coxa; tzoBoc, dis- 
ease]. Any affection of the hip-joint. 

Crab-louse {krab'-lows). See Pediculus pubis. 

Crabs'-eyes {krabz'-iz). 1. Flat, calcareous 
concretions {Lapides cancrorum) derived from 
the stomach of the crab; they have been 
used as a means of removing foreign bodies 
from the eye. 2. A name for the seeds of 
Abrus precatorius. 

Cracked-pot Sound. A peculiar sound elic- 
ited by percussion over a pulmonary cavity 
communicating with a bronchus. 

Cradle {kra'-dl) [AS., cradolj. In surgery, 
a wire or wicker frame so arranged 



CRAMP 



311 



CRANIOMETRIC 



as to keep the weight of the bed-clothing 
from an injured part of the body. It is em- 
ployed in the treatment of fractures, wounds, 
etc. C, Ice-, the suspension, over a febrile 
patient, by means of iron frames, of a num- 
ber of buckets, kept half filled with ice, and 
inclosed in a light covering. 

Cramp {kramp) [Teut., kramp]. A spasmodic 
tonic contraction of a muscle attended with 
sharp pain. C, Intermittent, tetany. C, 
Professional, spasm of certain groups of 
muscles, from their continuous use in dif- 
ferent occupations, as writer's, hammerman's, 
piano-player's, dancer's cramp, etc. C.s, 
Tonic (of fingers and toes in children), tetany. 

Cramptonian Muscle. A bundle of striated 
muscular fibers extending from the annular 
ligament to the sclera in the eye of birds. 

Crane's-bill Root. See Geranium. 

Cranial {kra' -ne-at) [cranium]. Relating to the 
cranium. C. Capacity, Modes of Measur- 
ing. See under Skull. 

Craniectomy {kra-ne-ek' -to-me) [cranium; en- 
ropLT), a cutting out]. The surgical removal 
of strips or pieces of the cranial bones. 
It is performed in cases of microcephalia. 

Craniencephalometer {kra-ne-en-sef-al-om' '- 
et-er) [cranium; i-fukcfraXoc, the brain; fxirpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for determining 
the position of the gyri of the brain from the 
outer surface of the head. 

Cranio- (kra-ne-o-) [cranium]. A prefix mean- 
ing relating to the cranium. 

Cranioabdominal {kra-ne-o-ab-dom' -in-at) . Re- 
lating to the cranium and the abdomen; ap- 
plied to temperaments showing a predomin- 
ance of cerebral and abdominal influences. 

Craniocerebral {kra-ne-o-ser'-e-bral). Relat- 
ing to the cranium and the cerebrum. 

Cranio cervical {kra-ne-o-ser' -vik-al) . Relat- 
ing to the cranium and the neck. 

Cranioclasm (kra' -ne-o-klasm) [cranio-; nXaecv, 
to break]. The operation of breaking the 
fetal head by means of the cranioclast. 

Cranioclast {kra' ' -ne-o-klast) [see Cranioclasm]. 
A heavy forceps for crushing the fetal head. 

Craniognomy {kra-ne-og' -no-me) . See Cepha- 
lology. 

Craniology {kra-ne-oV-o-je) [cranio-; Xoyoc;, 
science]. A branch of anatomy comprising 
the study of skulls. 

Craniometer [kra-ne-om' -et-er) [cranio-; \ikx- 
pov, a measure]. An instrument for meas- 
uring the dimensions of the skull. 

Craniometric, Craniometrical (kra-ne-o-met' '- 
rik, -at) [see Craniometer]. Pertaining to 
craniometry. C. Point, any one of the points 
of measurement used in craniometry. The 
craniometric points are the following: Acan- 
thion, a point in the median line of the skull at 
the base of the nasal spine. Alveolar Point, 
the point between the two middle incisors of the 
upper jaw. Antinion, that point on the 
glabellum, and in the median line, that is 
farthest from the inion. Asterion, the point 
behind the ear where the parietal, temporal, 
and occipital bones meet. Auricular Point, 



the center of the orifice of the external auditory 
meatus. Basion, the middle point of the 
anterior margin of the foramen magnum. 
Bregma, the point where the coronal and 
sagittal sutures meet. Dacryon, or Dak- 
ryon, the point beside the root of the nose 
where the frontal, lacrimal, and superior 
maxillary bones meet. Entomion, the point 
where the parietal notch of the temporal bone 
receives the anterior extension of the mastoid 
angle of the parietal bone. Glabella, or 
Glabellum, the point in the median line 
between the superciliary arches, marked by 
a swelling, sometimes by a depression. Gna- 
thion. Same as Mental Point. Gonion, 
the point at the angle of the lower jaw. Hor- 
mion, the anterior point of the basilar por- 
tion of the united sphenooccipital bone, where 
it is crossed by the median line. Inion, the 
external occipital protuberance. Jugal 
Point, the point situated at the angle that 
the posterior border of the frontal branch of 
the malar bone makes with the superior bor- 
der of its zygomatic branch. Koronion, 
the apex of the coronoid process of the in- 
ferior maxilla. Lambda, the point of meet- 
ing of the sagittal and the lambdoid sutures. 
Malar Point, a point situated on the tu- 
bercle on the external surface of the malar 
bone or at the intersection of a line drawn 
from the external extremity of the fronto- 
malar suture to the tubercle at the inferior 
angle of the malar bone and a line drawn 
nearly horizontally from the inferior border 
of the orbit over the malar bone to the superior 
border of the zygomatic arch. Maximum 
Occipital Point, or Occipital Point, 
the posterior extremity of the anteroposterior 
diameter of the skull, measured from the 
glabella in front to the most distant point 
behind. Mental Point, the middle point 
of the anterior lip of the lower border of the 
lower jaw. Metopion, or Metopic Point, 
a point in the middle line between the two 
frontal eminences. Nasion, or Nasal Point, 
the middle of the frontal suture at the root 
of the nose. Obelion, the part of the sagit- 
tal suture between the two parietal foramens. 
Occipital Point. See Maximum Occipital 
Point in this table. Ophryon, the middle of 
the supraorbital line, which, drawn across the 
narrowest part of the forehead, separates the 
face from the cranium. Opisthion, the 
middle point of the posterior border of the 
foramen magnum. Prosthion, the alveo- 
lar point. Pterion, the point where the 
frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid 
bones come together. Rhinion, the upper 
median point of the anterior nasal opening. 
Spinal Point. Same as Subnasal Point. 
Stephanion, Inferior, the point where 
the ridge for the temporal muscle intersects 
the coronal suture. Stephanion, Superior, 
the point where the coronal suture crosses 
the temporal ridge. Subnasal Point, the 
middle of the inferior border of the anterior 
nares at the base of the nasal spine. Supra- 



CRANIOMETRY 



312 



CREASOTE 



auricular Point, the point vertically over 
the auricular point at the root of the zygo- 
matic process. Supranasal Point, Supra- 
orbital Point. Same as Ophryon. Sym- 
physion, the median point of the outer 
border of the alveolus of the lower jaw. 
Vertex, the superior point of the skull. 
In obstetrics, that conic portion of the 
skull the apex of which is at the posterior 
fontanel and the base of which is formed by 
the biparietal and trachelobregmatic diameters. 

Craniometry (kra-ne-om r -et-re) [see Craniometer]. 
The ascertainment of the proportions and 
measurements of skulls. 

Craniorrachischisis (kra-ne-or-rak-is'-kis-is) 
[cranio-; pa%ic, spine; ox'tocc, a cleaving]. 
Congenital fissure of the skull and spine. 

Cranioschisis {hra-ne^os' -his -is) [cranio-; 
ox'cocc, a cleaving]. Congenital fissure of the 
skull. 

Craniotabes {kra-ne-o-ta' -bez) [cranio-; tabes, 
a wasting]. An atrophy of the cranial bones 
occurring in infancy, with the formation 
of small, shallow, conic pits in the bone- 
substance. Craniotabes results from rachitis, 
syphilis, or marasmus. 

Craniothoracic {kra-ne-o-thor-as'-ik). Relat- 
ing to the skull and the thorax; applied to 
temperaments showing a predominance of 
cerebral and thoracic influences. 

Craniotomy (kra-ne-ot'-o-me) [cranio-; rofirj, 
a cutting]. The operation of reducing the 
size of the fetal head by cutting or breaking 
it up, when delivery is otherwise impossible. 
C, Linear. See Craniectomy. 

Craniotonoscopy (kra-ne-o-ton-os'-ko-pe) 

[cranio-; xovog, tone; oKOite'cv, to exam- 
ine]. An auscultatory method devised by 
Gabritschewsky for the localization of 
changes in the bones of the skull (thinning 
or thickening) by means of the variations in 
sound transmitted through the bones and a 
special resonator (pneumatoscope) placed in 
the mouth. 

Craniotrypesis (kra-ne-o-trip-e' 'sis) [cranio- ; 
rpuTt-qocc, a boring]. Trephining. 

Craniotympanic {kra-ne-o-tim-pan f -ik) [cran- 
io-; tympanum}. Pertaining to the skull 
and the tympanum. 

Craniovertebral (kra-ne-o-ver' '-te-bral). Same 
as Cerebrospinal. 

Cranitis (kra"-ni' -lis) . Inflammation of a 
cranial bone. 

Cranium {kra'-ne-um) [npavhv, the skull]. 
The skull. The cavity that contains the 
brain, its membranes, and vessels. 

Crapulent, Crapulous ikrap' -u-lent, -lus) 
[crapula, drunkenness; surfeit]. Marked by 
excess in eating and drinking. 

Crassamentum (kras-am-en' '-turn) [L., "thick- 
ness"]. A clot, as of blood. 

Crataegus (kra-fe' -gus) [Kpazacyog, the haw- 
thorn]. A genus of rosaceous shrubs. C. 
oxyacantha, a European shrub, contains a 
crystallizable principle, crategin, in the bark. 
A strong tincture in doses of 3 drops is used 
in heart disease. 



Cravat (kra-va?) [Ft., cravate]. A bandage 
of triangular shape, used as a temporary 
dressing for a wound or fracture. The mid- 
dle is applied to the injured part, and the 
ends are brought around and tied. 

Crealbin (kre-al'-bin). An internal antiseptic 
said to consist of creolin and albumin. Syn., 
Creolalbin. 

Cream (krem) [cremor, ■ thick juice or broth]. 
The rich fat part of milk. C. of Tartar. 
See Potassium Bitartrate. 

Crease (kres) [Celtic]. A line made by folding. 
C, Gluteofemoral, C, Iliofemoral, the 
crease that bounds the buttock below, cor- 
responding nearly to the lower edge of the 
gluteus maximus muscle. It is of supposed 
significance in the diagnosis of hip-disease. 

Creaspl {kre'-as-ol) [icpiac, flesh; oleum, oil], 
C 8 H 10 O 2 . One of the principal phenols con- 
tained in creasote. It is formed from guaia- 
cum-resin, and is found in beechwood tar. 
It is a colorless, oily liquid of an agreeable 
odor and a burning taste, boiling at 220 C. 
It is very similar to guaiacol. 

Creasote, Creasotum {kre'-a-sot, kre-a-so' -turn) 
[upkag, flesh; ow^ecv, to preserve]. The pro- 
duct of the distillation of wood-tar, preferably 
that from the beech, Fagus sylvatica, consisting 
of a mixture of phenol-compounds. It is an 
inflammable oily liquid, differing in this 
respect from phenol. It does not coagulate 
albumin or collodion. Most of the commer- 
cial creasote consists of phenol or contains 
a large percentage of it. It is antiseptic, 
astringent, styptic, anesthetic, and escharotic. 
It is used extensively in pulmonary tuber- 
culosis. Dose 1-3 min. (0.06-0.2 Cc). C, 
Alpha-, a preparation containing the con- 
stituents of normal creasote mixed in such 
proportion that it contains 25 % of crystalline 
guaiacol. C, Beechwood, that obtained 
from beechwood. C. Benzoate, an antiseptic 
used as a spray in diseases of the throat 
and nose. C. -calcium Chlorhydro- 
phosphate, a white, syrupy mass used 
in tuberculosis. Dose 37-8 gr. (0.19-0.52 
Gm.) twice daily. C. Carbonate, guaiacol 
carbonate with other carbonates containing 
90% of beechwood creasote. Maximum daily 
dose in tuberculosis 80 min. (5 Cc). It is 
recommended in treatment of croupous pneu- 
monia. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.) every 2 hours. 
Syn., Creosotal. C. -magnesia, a mixture of 
creasote and calcined magnesia, free from 
odor and taste of creasote. It is a nonirritant 
antiseptic. Dose 8 gr. (0.52 Gm.). Syn., 
Creosolid; Magnesium creosotate. C. Mix- 
ture (mistura creasoti, B. P.), creasote and 
glacial acetic acid, of each, 16 min. {1 Cc), 
dissolved in 15 oz. (55 Cc.) of water to which 
1 oz. (30 Cc.) of syrup and \ dr. (2 Cc.) of 
spirit of juniper have been added. Dose 1-2 
dr. (4-8 Cc). C. Ointment (unguentum 
creasoti, B. P.), creasote, 1; simple oint- 
ment, 12; for local application. C. Oleate, 
a yellowish, oily liquid used in the same 
manner as creasote. Dose 40-60 min. (2.5- 



CREATIN 



313 



CRESAPROL 



3.8 Cc.) daily. Syn., Creasoteoleic ether ; 
Oleocreasote. C. Phosphate, P0 4 (C 6 H 7 ) 3 , a 
syrupy fluid containing 80% of creasote and 
20 % of phosphoric acid anhydrid ; it is used 
as a substitute for creasote. Syn., Tricrea- 
sote phosphate. C. Tannophosphate, an 
amber-colored fluid used in tuberculosis. 
C. Valerianate, a noncaustic fluid which is 
used in all forms of tuberculosis. Dose 3 
min. (0.2 Cc), increasing to 18-28 min. (1.1- 
1.7 'Cc.) daily, in milk. Syn., Eosot. C. 
Vapor {vapor creasoti, B. P.), for inhalation. 
C. Water {aqua creasoti, U. S. P.), a 1 % 
solution. Dose 1-4 dr. (4-16 Cc). 

Creatin {kre'-at-in) [npiac, flesh], C 4 H 9 N 3 2 . 
A neutral organic substance that occurs 
in the animal organism, especially in the 
juice of muscles. C, Dehydrated, cre- 
atinin. 

Creatinemia {kre-at-in-e' -me-ah) [creatin; a}/xa, 
blood]. An excess of creatin in the blood. 

Creatinin {kre-af '-in-in) [creatin], C 4 H 7 N 3 0. 
An alkaline substance, a normal constituent 
of urine. It crystallizes in rhombic prisms 
and is a strong base. It is much more soluble 
than creatin. C, Reaction for. See Jaffe, 
Kemer, v. Maschke, Weyl. 

Crede's Method. 1. A prophylactic measure 
against ophthalmia neonatorum by the in- 
stillation, into the eyes of new-born children, 
of a few drops of a 1 or 2 % solution of silver 
nitrate. 2. A method of expelling the pla- 
centa by grasping the uterus firmly through 
the abdominal walls, kneading it to excite 
contraction, and then pressing downward 
toward the sacrum. C.'s Ointment, a 
soluble silver ointment made from colloidal 
silver, applied by inunctions in septicemia 
and pyemia. Dose ^-1 dr. (2-4 Gm.), re- 
peated every 12 hours until abatement of 
symptoms. 

Creek Dots. Small shining dots, of unknown 
nature and often hereditary, occurring at 
times in the retina anterior to the retinal 
vessels; they were so named by Marcus 
Gunn, who first described them. 

Cremaster {kre-mas' -ter) [Kpep.av, to support]. 
The muscle that draws up the testis. See 
under Muscle. 

Cremasteric {kre-mas-ter' -ik) [cremaster]. Per- 
taining to the cremaster muscle. C. Reflex. 
See under Re-flex. 

Cremation {kre-ma' '-shun) [cremare, to burn]. 
The destruction of the dead body by burning, 
as distinguished from interment. 

Cremnophobia {krem-no-fo' -be-ah) [kptj/ivoc, 
a crag; <f>6ftoc, fear]. Morbid fear of preci- 
pices. 

Cremometer {krem-oni'-et-er) [cream; [ikrpov, 
a measure]. A graduated tube for deter- 
mining the percentage of cream in milk. 

Cremor {kre'-mor) [L., "broth"]. Cream. 
Any thick substance formed on the surface 
of a liquid. C. tartari, cream of tartar. 

Crenation {kre-na' -shun) [crena, a notch]. 
A notched or mulberry -like appearance of the 
red corpuscles of the blood. It is seen when 



they are exposed to the air or strong saline 
solutions. 

Crenothrix {kren' '-oth-riks) [kptjvt), a spring; 
dpi$, hair]. A genus of Schizomycetes the 
filaments of which are enveloped in a gelatin- 
ous sheath. 

Creoform {kre f -o-}orm). A solid, tasteless 
antiseptic consisting of guaiacol, creasote, and 
formaldehyd. 

Creolalbin {kre-ol-aV -bin) . See Crealbin. 

Creolin {kre'-o-lin) [fcpeac, flesh; oleum, oil]. 
A coal-tar product deprived of phenol; it is 
an antiseptic, used especially as a douche 
in obstetric practice. It has also been used 
in a solution of 5 : 1000 for irrigation of the 
bowel in dysentery and enterocolitis. 

Creosal {kre'-o-sal). A dark -brown, hygro- 
scopic powder, with odor and taste of creasote, 
obtained by heating beechwood creasote with 
tannic acid and phosphorous oxychlorid. It 
is antiseptic and astringent, and is used in 
bronchial inflammations. Dose 15-135 gr. 
(1-9 Gm.) daily. Syn., Tannosal. 

Creosin {kre f -o-sin) . A compound of creasote, 
iodin, calcium hypophosphite, and balsam of 
peru; it is used like creasote. 

Creosoform {kre-o' -so-) orm). A combination 
of creasote and formaldehyd, occurring as a 
greenish powder. 

Creosolid {kre-o-sol'-id). See Creasote-mag- 
nesia. 

Creosomagnesol {kre-o-so-mag' -ne-sol) . A dry 
mixture of potassium hydroxid, creasote, 
and magnesia; antiseptic. Dose 2 gr. (0.13 
Gm.) in pill with honey. 

Creosotal {kre-o 1 '-so-tal) . See Creasote Carbonate. 

Creosote, Creosotum {kre'-o-sot, kre-o -so' -turn). 
See (Creasote. 

Crepitant {kref '-it-ant) [crepitare, to crackle]. 
Possessing the character of crepitation. C. 
Rale. See under Rale. 

Crepitation, Crepitus {krep-it-a' -shun, krep'- 
it-us) [crepitare]. 1. The grating of fractured 
bones. 2. The crackling of the joints. 3. The 
noise produced by pressure upon tissues con- 
taining an abnormal amount of air or gas, 
as in cellular emphysema. 4. The sound 
heard at the end of inspiration in the first 
stage of croupous pneumonia. It closely re- 
sembles the sound produced by rubbing the 
hair between the fingers held close to the ear. 
Crepitus indux, a crepitant rale heard in 
pneumonia at the beginning of hepatization. 
Crepitus redux, a crepitant rale heard in 
pneumonia during the stage of resolution; 
usually the first manifestation of the reces- 
sion of the disease. C, Silken, a sensation 
such as is produced when two surfaces of 
silk are rubbed together, felt by the hand 
when manipulating a joint affected with 
hydrarthrosis. 

Crepitus. See Crepitation. 

Cresalol {kres'-al-ol) [cresol; salol]. Cresol 
salicylate, an intestinal antiseptic 

Cresamin {kres'-am-in). An antiseptic and ger- 
micide mixture of ethylenediamin and tricresol. 

Cresaprol {kres-ap'-rol). See Cresin. 



CRESCENT 



314 



CRETINISM 



Crescent (kres'-ent) [crescere, to grow]. i. 
Sickle-shaped, or shaped like the new moon. 
2. A form of Plasmodium malaria; one of 
the crescentic, nonflagellate, refractive, pig- 
mented bodies seen in the blood of persons 
suffering from protracted forms of malarial 
poisoning; i. e., after the second week in 
estivoautumnal fever, in malarial remittent 
fever, and in the cachectic victims of chronic 
malaria. C.s of Gianuzzi, groups of deeply- 
staining cells in the acinus of a gland, pushed 
to one side by the secreting cells, and proba- 
bly representing exhausted cells. C, Myopic. 
See Myopic Crescent. C. -sphere, Lambertin's 
term for that phase of development of the 
malarial parasite when it becomes sausage- 
shaped or crescent-shaped. It constitutes a 
sexual phase of the parasite and is destined 
to be swallowed by Anopheles and to carry 
on the further life -history of the parasite. 
C.s of the Spinal Cord, the lateral gray 
bands of the spinal cord as seen in horizontal 
section. 

Cresin (kre'-sin). A mixture of cresol, 25%, 
and sodium cresoxylacetate ; a brown, clear 

• fluid, said to be less poisonous than phenol. 
It is used in 0.5 to 1 % solution as a wound 
antiseptic. Syn., Cresaprol. 

Cresol (kre'-sol) [upkac, flesh; oleum, oil], 
C 7 H 8 0. Cresylic acid; a body obtained 
from the distillation of coal-tar. It is a 
colorless, caustic liquid, with properties simi- 
lar to those of phenol, but is superior as an 
antiseptic. Syn., Paramethyl phenol. C- 
anitol, a compound of anitol and cresol, 
used as a bactericide. C. Iodid. See Loso- 
phan. C.-naphthol, a brown, viscous, tar- 
like liquid, insoluble in water; it is used as 
a germicide. C. Salicylate, C.-salol. See 
Cresalol. C, Solution of, Compound (liquor 
cresolis compositus, U.S. P.). See under Solution. 

Crest (krest) [crista, a crest]. A ridge or linear 
prominence, especially of bone. See Crista. 
C, Deltoid, a ridge on the humerus at the 
attachment of the deltoid muscle. C, Eth- 
moid. 1. A transverse ridge on the inner as- 
pect of the nasal process of the superior maxilla. 
2. The turbinated crest. C, Frontal, a 
ridge along the middle line of the internal 
surface of the frontal bone. C. of Ilium, 
the thickened and expanded upper border 
of the ilium. C, Incisor (of Henle), the 
forward prolongation of the nasal crest, 
terminating in the anterior nasal spine; the 
cartilage of the nasal septum rests upon it. 
Syn., Crista incisiva. C., Infratemporal, 
one on the outer aspect of the great wing 
of the sphenoid and separating the part of 
the bone which partly forms the temporal 
fossa from that which aids in forming the 
zygomatic fossa. C, Lacrimal, a vertical 
ridge dividing the external surface of the 
lacrimal bone into two parts. C, Lambdoid. 
See C, Occipital. C, Nasal, a crest on the 
internal border of the nasal bone and forming 
part of the septum of the nose. C, Ob- 
turator, a bony ridge running from the spine 



of the os pubis to the anterior end of the 
cotyloid notch. C, Occipital, a vertical 
ridge on the external surface of the occipital 
bone, extending from the occipital protuber- 
ance to the foramen magnum. C. of Pubes, 
a crest extending from the spine to the inner 
extremity of the pubes. C, Sacral, C. of 
Sacrum, a series of eminences forming a 
longitudinal ridge on the middle line of the 
posterior surface of the sacrum. C, Sphe- 
noid, a thin ridge of bone in the median line 
of the anterior surface of the body of the 
sphenoid bone. C, Sphenomaxillary, an 
arched crest formed in part by the anterior 
surface of the great wing of the sphenoid 
and in part by the pterygoid process forming 
the border of the sphenomaxillary fissure. 
C, Supramastoid, a bony ridge above the 
external auditory meatus. C. of Tibia, the 
prominent border or ridge on the front of the 
tibia; the shin. C, Turbinated, a promi- 
nent horizontal ridge on the internal surface 
of the palate bone. C, Zygomatic, the an- 
terior border of the great wing of the sphenoid; 
it articulates with the malar bone and sepa- 
rates the orbital from the temporal surface. 

Cresyl (kres f -il), CyHy. The radicle of cresol. 
C. Alcohol, C 6 H 4 (OH)CH 3 , formed from 
phenyl alcohol by the substitution of a 
molecule of methyl for an atom of the 
hydrogen of the phenyl. C. Hydrate. See 
C. Alcohol. 

Cresylate (kres'-il-at). Any compound of 
cresol with a metallic radicle. 

Creta (kre'-tah) [L.]. Chalk. Native calcium 
carbonate. Cretae, Mistura (U. S. P.), con- 
sists of compound chalk powder, 20; cin- 
namon-water, 40; water, 40. It is used in 
diarrhea. Dose | oz. (15 Cc). C. prae- 
parata (U. S. P.), prepared chalk; chalk 
freed from impurities by washing. Dose 5- 
20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). Cretae, Pulvis, 
Aromaticus (B. P.). Dose 10 gr.-i dr. 
(0.65-4.0 Gm.). Cretae, Pulvis, Composi- 
tus (U. S. P.), compound chalk powder; 
consists of prepared chalk, 30; acacia in 
powder, 20; sugar, 50. Dose 5 gr.-i dr. 
(0.32-4.0 Gm.). Cretae, Trochisci, each 
contains prepared chalk, 4 gr.; acacia, 1 gr.; 
sugar, 6 gr.; with a little nutmeg. 

Cretaceous {kre-ta' -she-us) [creta]. 1. Chalky. 
2. Chalky -white in color. 

Cretin (kre'-tin) [Fr., cretin, a simple-minded 
person]. A person affected with cretinism. 

Cretinism (kre' -tin-izm) [cretin]. A congenital 
disease, characterized by absence of the 
thyroid gland, diminutiveness of size, 
thickness of neck, shortness of arms and 
legs, prominence of abdomen, large size 
of face, thickness of lips, large and pro- 
truding tongue, and imbecility or idiocy. 
It occurs endemically in the goitrous dis- 
tricts of Switzerland, and sporadically in 
other parts of Europe and in America. 
Lack of the secretion of the thyroid gland 
seems to be the cause. C, Acquired, C, 
Adult. Synonym of Myxedema. 



CRETINOID 



315 



CRISTATE 



Cretinoid {kre' -tin-oid) [cretin]. i. Resem- 
bling a cretin; resembling cretinism. 2. A 
person who resembles a cretin. C. State, 
the morbid state presented by a sufferer 
from cretinism; cretinism. 

Cribration {krib-ra' -shun) [cribrum]. 1. The 
state of being cribriform or perforate. 2. 
The act of sifting. 

Cribriform (krib' '-re-form) [cribrum]. Perfor- 
ated like a sieve, as the cribriform plate of 
the ethmoid bone. 

Cribrum {krib' -rum) [L.; pi., cribra]. A sieve. 
C. benedictum, a perforate septum, sup- 
posed by the ancients to separate two hypo- 
thetic cavities of the kidneys, by which the 
blood in the upper one was strained and 
freed from impurities. Cribra orbitalia, 
inconstant porosities behind the edge of the 
orbit on the inferior surface of the orbital plate 
of the frontal bone; they may be culdesacs 
or, when developed more fully, may com- 
municate. 

Crichton Browne's Sign. See Browne's Sign. 

Crico- (kri-ko-) [KpUoc, a ring]. A prefix 
denoting connection with the cricoid carti- 
lage. 

Cricoarytenoid (kri-ko-ar-i 1 '-te-noid) [crico-; 
arytenoid]. Pertaining to the cricoid and 
arytenoid cartilages. 

Cricohyoid, Cricohyoideus (kri-ko-hi' -old, 
kri-ko-hi-oid'-e-us). Relating to the cricoid 
cartilage and the hyoid bone. 

Cricoid {kri' -koid) [crico-; tlbog, form]. Ring- 
shaped. C. Cartilage, the ring-shaped cartil- 
age of the larynx. 

Cricoidectomy {kri-koid-ek' -to-me) [cricoid; 
kn~kp.ve.Lv, to cut out]. The excision of the 
cricoid cartilage. 

Cricothyroid {kri-ko -ihi' -roid) [crico-; thyroid]. 
Pertaining to the cricoid and thyroid cartil- 
ages. C. Artery, a small branch of the 
superior thyroid, crossing the cricothyroid 
membrane. C. Membrane, a ligamentous 
membrane that lies between the cricoid 
and thyroid cartilages. C. Muscle. See 
under Muscle. 

Cricothyrotomy (kri-ko-thi-rot' -o-me). Cricot- 
omy with division of the . cricothyroid mem- 
brane. 

Cricotomy {kri-kot' -o-me) [crico-; zkpvecv, to 
cut]. Surgical laryngotomy by cutting 
through the cricoid cartilage. 

Cricotracheal, Cricotrachealis (kri-ko-lra' '- 
ke-al, -tra-ke-aV -is) . Relating to the cricoid 
cartilage and to the trachea. 

Cricotracheotomy {kri - ko - trak - e - ot'-o - me) 
[crico-; tracheotomy]. Tracheotomy through 
the cricoid cartilage. 

Crinate, Crinated (krin'-dt, krin-a f -ted) [crinis, 
a hair]. Bearded with long hairs or hair -like 
processes; crinite. 

Criniform (krin'-e-form) [crinis, a, hair; forma, 
form]. Filiform ; resembling horsehairs. 

Crinose (krin'-oz). Hairy. 

Crinosity (krin-os' '-it-e) . Hairiness'. 

Crisis (kri'-sis) [upco-cc;, a decisive point]. 1. A 
turning-point, as that of a disease or fever; 



especially, the sudden favorable termination 
of the acute symptoms of an infectious dis- 
ease. 2. Paroxysmal disturbance of function 
accompanied with pain. C, Bronchial, a 
paroxysm of dyspnea sometimes occurring 
in tabes. C, Cardiac, a paroxysm of cardiac 
distress or disordered action. Crises, DietPs, 
paroxysms of gastric distress occurring in 
nephroptosis. C., Doctrine of, the theory 
that the gradual climax of morbid phenomena 
was announcement of the completion of the 
union of morbific material- — which could then 
be evacuated by the sweat, urine, or stools — 
spontaneously or by the administration of 
diuretics, purgatives, etc. C, Enteralgic, 
a paroxysm of pain in the lower part of the 
abdomen occurring in tabes. Crises, Gas- 
tric, attacks of intense, paroxysmal pain in 
the abdomen, often attended with vomiting. 
They occur in locomotor ataxia. C, Hem- 
atic, C, Hemic, the crisis in a fever marked 
by increase in the number of blood-plates. 
C, Nephralgic, C, Nephritic, a ureteral 
paroxysm of pain observed in tabes. C, 
Rectal, paroxysmal rectalgia occurring in 
tabes dorsalis and in diabetes. C, Tabetic, 
paroxysmal pain occurring in the course of 
tabes dorsalis. 

Crismer's Test for Glucose. An alkaline 
solution of glucose when heated to boiling 
with a solution of 1 part safranin in 1000 
parts- water decolorizes the safranin solution 
or renders it pale yellow. It is not decolorized 
when heated with uric acid, creatinin, or 
creatin in an alkaline solution. 

Crispation (kris-pa'-shun) [crispare, to curl]. 1. 
See Crispatura. 2. A slight involuntary 
quivering of the muscles. 

Crispatura {kris-pah-tn' -rah) [L.]. A pucker- 
ing; a contracture. C. tendinum, Dupuy- 
tren's contraction. 

Crista (kris'-tah) [L.]. Crest. C. acustica, 
a yellow elevation projecting into the equator 
of the ampulla of the ear. C. ampullaris. 
See C. acustica. C. basilaris. See Pharyn- 
. geal Tubercle. C. buccinatoria, a ridge 
giving origin to the fibers of the buccinator 
muscle, found in the groove on the anterior 
surface of the coronoid process of the lower 
jaw. C. capituli, one on the head of a rib 
dividing its articular surface into two parts. 
C. colli inferior, one on* the lower aspect 
of the neck of a rib. C. colli superior, one 
on the upper aspect of the neck of a rib. 
C. galli, cock's-crest, the superior triangular 
process of the ethmoid bone. C. ilii, the 
crest of the ilium. C. vestibuli, an almost 
vertical bony ridge on the inferior and median 
walls of the vestibule of the ear, separat- 
ing the fovea hemielliptica from the fovea 
hemisphaerica. Syn., Pyramis vestibuli. 

Cristallin (kris f -tal-in) . A kind of collodion, 
in which the ether and alcohol employed as 
solvents for pyroxylin are replaced by methyl- 
alcohol. It does not dry so readily as ordinary 
collodion. Syn., Crystallin. 

Cristate (Jiris' -tat) . Crested. 



CRITH 



316 



CRUROINGUINAL 



Crith (krith) [apcdrj, barley-corn]. The as- 
sumed unit of mass for gases. It is the 
weight of one liter of hydrogen, which is 
0.0896 of a gram, or 1.37 grains. 

Critical (krit' -ik-al) [uplocc, a decisive point]. 
Pertaining to a crisis. 

Crocated (kro' -ka-ted) [see Crocus]. Contain- 
ing saffron. 

Croceous [kro'-se-us). Saffron-colored; con- 
taining saffron. 

Crocidism, Crocidismus, Crocidixis (kro f - 
sid-izm, kro-sid-iz'-mus, -iks'-is). See Car- 
phology. 

Croconic (kro-kon'-ik). Saffron-colored. 

Crocus (kro'-kus) [uponoc, crocus; saffron]. 
Saffron. The stigmas of the flowers of C. 
sativus. It is an aromatic stimulant, em- 
menagog, and antispasmodic. Dose of the 
tincture (10% in strength) 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc); 
of the drug 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.) in 
infusion. 

Crookes' Tube. A highly exhausted vacuum- 
tube used in producing roentgen-rays. 

Cross-birth. Shoulder-presentation or other 
presentation requiring version. 

Crossed (krosd) [crux, a cross]. Having the 
shape of a cross. Affecting alternate sides 
of the body. C. Anesthesia. See Anesthesia, 
Crossed. C. Hemiplegia, C. Paralysis. 
See Paralysis, Crossed. C. Reflexes, reflex 
movements on one side of the body, ex- 
cited by stimulation of a part on the oppo- 
site side. 

Cross-eye. See Strabismus. 

Cross-legged Progression. A method of 
walking in which one foot gets over or in 
front of the other. 

Crotchet ihroch'-et) [ME., crochett, a little 
hook]. A hook used in extracting the fetus 
after craniotomy. 

Crotin {kro' -tin). A mixture of toxic albumin- 
oids contained in croton seeds. It is a yel- 
lowish powder containing about 21% of 
ashes, soluble in water and in a 10% solu- 
tion of sodium chlorid; it is a protoplasmic 
poison. 

Croton {kro'-ton) [kpotcov, a tick]. A great 
genus of euphorbiaceous plants. C. eleu- 
teria yields cascarilla; C. tiglium yields croton 
oil. C. Aldehyd, C 4 H e O, a compound ob- 
tained by the condensation of acetaldehyd 
when heated with HC1, with water and zinc 
chlorid. C. -chloral. See Chloral, Butyl. C. Oil 
{oleum tiglii, U. S. P.), a fixed oil expressed from 
the seeds of C. tiglium. See under Tiglium. 

Crotonism {kro'-ton-izm). Poisoning by croton 
oil; a condition marked by hemorrhagic gas- 
troenteritis. 

Crounotherapy {kru-no-ther r -ap-e) [apouvog, a 
spring; therapy]. Riesman's term for the 
employment of mineral waters for drinking- 
cures. 

Croup (kroop) [AS., kro pan, to cry aloud]. A 
disease of the larynx and trachea of children, 
prominent symptoms of which are a harsh, 
"croupy" cough and difficulty in breathing; 
it is often accompanied by the development 



of a membranous deposit or exudate upon 
the parts. It is usually caused by ' 
diphtheria bacillus, sometimes by ot 
microorganisms. Syn., Membranous crou 
Pseudomembranous croup. True croup; C, 
Artificial, traumatic membranous laryngitis. 
C, Bronchial. See Bronchitis, Croupous. C, 
Catarrhal, a simple noncontagious inflam- 
mation of the larynx accompanied by the 
formation of membrane. C, Diphtheric, 
laryngeal diphtheria. C, False, a spasm 
of the muscles of the larynx with a slight 
inflammation. C, Intestinal. See Colitis, 
Mucous. C. -kettle, a small boiler heated 
by a lamp and contained within a metallic 
cylinder. The boiler is furnished with an 
inhaling tube, and water or any medicament 
may be placed within it and the escaping 
steam inhaled. C, Spasmodic. See C, 
False. 

Croupine {kroop'-en). Laryngismus stridulus. 

Crowd-poison {krowd' '-poison). Volatile or- 
ganic matter recognizable in the air of ill- 
ventilated places where many persons are con- 
gregated. 

Crown (krown). See Corona. C. of a Tooth, 
the exposed part of the tooth above the 
gums. 

Crucial {kru'-shal) [crux, sl cross]. Re- 
sembling or pertaining to a cross, as a crucial 
incision . 

Cruciform {kru'-se-form) [crux; jorma, form]. 
Crucial; shaped like a cross. 

Crudivorous {kru-div'-or-us) [crudus, raw; 
vorare, to devour]. Applied to savages sub- 
sisting entirely upon uncooked food. 

Cruentous {kru-en' -tus) [cruor]. Bloody. 

Cruenturesis {kru-en-tu-re' -sis) [cruentus, 
bloody; oopov, urine]. Hematuria. 

Cruor {kru'-or) [L., "blood"]. Blood, espe- 
cially coagulated blood. 

Crura {kru'-rah) [pi. of crus]. See Crus. 
C. anthelicis, C. bifurcata, two ridges 
on the inner aspect of the external ear, 
converging at the anthelix. Syn., Radices 
anthelicis. C. of the Fornix. See Pillars, 
Anterior and Posterior, of the Fornix. C. of 
the Penis, the corpora cavernosa. 

Crurseus {kru'-re-us) [L.]. See Vastus inter nus 
under Muscle. 

Crural {kru'-ral) [crura]. Pertaining to the 

• thigh. C. Arch. See Ligament, Crural. 
C. Hernia, femoral hernia. C. Ring, the 
femoral ring; the upper opening of the fem- 
oral canal, bounded in front by Poupart's 
ligament and the deep crural arch, behind by 
the pubis, internally by Gimbernat's ligament, 
externally by a fibrous band separating it from 
the femoral vein. C. Septum. See Septum 
cr urate. 

Cruritis (kru-ri f -tis) See Phlegmasia alba 
dolens. 

Crurogenital {kru-ro-jen' '-it-al) [crura; genitalis, 
relating to generation]. Relating to the thighs 
and the genitalia. 

Cruro inguinal (kru-ro-in' -gwin-al). Relating 
to the thigh and the groin. 



CRUS 



317 



CRYSTAL 



Crus (krus) [L.; pi., crura (q. v.)]. A leg, 
'jmb, or support. C. cerebelli, any one of 
jhe cerebellar peduncles. C. cerebri, either 
pf the two peduncles connecting the cerebrum 
with the pons. C. of the Diaphragm, either 
of the two fibromuscular bands arising in 
front of the vertebras and inserted into the 
central tendon of the diaphragm. 
! Crusocreatinin (kru-so-kre-at'-in-in), C 5 H 8 N 4 0. 
A leukomain isolated from muscle tissue. 

Crust (krust) [crusta]. A covering, especially 
a dried exudate on the skin. 

Crusta {krus' -tali) [L., " a crust"], i. See Crust. 
2. The inferior portion of the crus cerebri. 
C. lamellosa, psoriasis. C. osteoides 
(radicis), C. petrosa, a thin layer of bone 
covering the fang of a tooth. C. phlogistica, 
the yellowish layer of the upper stratum of a 
blood-clot, coagulating slowly. 

Crutch (krutch) [ME., crutche]. A staff with a 
concave cross-piece fitting under the arm- 
pit, and often with a grip for the hands 
midway on the staff, used as a support in 
walking. C. Paralysis, paralysis of an 
upper extremity due to the pressure of the 
crutch-head upon the nerves of the axilla, 
especially the musculospiral nerve. C, 
Perineal, a support or brace of various 
forms by means of which the leg of a patient 
in the lithotomy position may be adjusted 
or held at any height or angle. 

Cruveilhier's Atrophy. Progressive muscular 
atrophy. C.'s Fascia, the superficial layer 
of the -perineal fascia. C.'s Plexus, i. A 
plexus of the posterior cervical region which 
is derived from the great occipital nerve and 
the first and second cervical nerves. 2. The 
plexus of varicose veins in a variety of 
angioma. C.'s Ulcer, simple ulcer of the 
stomach. 

Cryalgesia (kri-al -je'-ze-ah) [xpuoe, cold; 
aXyqocc, pain]. Pain from the application of 
cold. 

Crymo therapy (kri-mo-ther' '-ap-e) [npup.bc, icy 
cold; depaneca, therapy]. Ribard's term for the 
therapeutic use of great cold applied locally. 
A bag filled with carbonic snow at a tem- 
perature of — 176 F. is applied daily for half 
an hour to the pit of the stomach. It is 
previously surrounded by cotton to prevent 
injury to the skin. 

Cryogenin {kri-oj' -en-in) . Metabenzamino- 
semicarbazid. It is given in treatment of 
tuberculosis for diminishing the fever, be- 
ing innocuous and effective. 

Cryoscopy (kri-os'-ko-pe) [npuoc, cold; oKoxelv, 
to examine]. The process whereby the freez- 
ing-point of certain liquids, blood, urine, etc., 
may be compared with that of distilled water. 

Cryostase {kri'-os-taz). A compound of equal 
parts of phenol, camphor, saponin, and traces 
of oil of turpentine. It solidifies when heated, 
and becomes liquid when cooled to below 
o° C. Recommended as an antiseptic. 

Crypt (kript) [kputztoc, hidden]. A small sac 
or follicle. C.s of Lieberkiihn, minute 
tubular glands in the mucosa of the large 



and small intestine. C.s, Multilocular. 1. 
Sharpey's name for simple glands with 
pouched or sacculated walls. 2. The lobules 
of a racemose gland. C.s, Sebaceous, the 
sebaceous glands. C, Synovial. See Bursa 
mucosa. C.s, Synoviparous, extensions of 
the synovial membranes sometimes perfor- 
ating the capsule of the joints and occasion- 
ally becoming shut off from the main sac. 
C.s of the Tongue, small pits in the mucosa 
of the tongue with walls studded with globular 
projections, each of which contains a vascular 
loop and is furnished with lymph-follicles. 

Crypto- (krip-to-) [crypt]. A prefix meaning 
relating to a crypt, or a small sac or follicle. 

Cryptobiotic (krip-to-bi-ot'-ik) [crypto-; ft'cog, 
life]. Having dormant life; applied formerly 
to calculi, crystals, or any inanimate objects 
which increase in size. Syn., Lithobiotic. 

Cryptocephalus (krip-to-sef'-al-us) [crypto-; 
K$(paXrj, head]. A fetal monster with an im- 
perfectly formed and concealed head. 

Cryptococcus (krip-to-kok'-us). See under 
Bacteria. 

Cryptogam (krip'-to-gam) [crypto-; ya/wc, 
marriage]. In biology, one of the Cryp- 
togamia, a division of the vegetable king- 
dom comprising all plants with concealed 
sexual organs, without pistils or stamens. 

Cryptogenic (krip-to-jen' -ik) [crypto-; yevvav, 
to produce]. 1. Obscure as to origin. 2. 
Parasitic from the outset within another 
living organism. 

Cryptolithiasis" {krip-to-lith-i'-a-sis) [crypto-; 
lithiasis]. The calcification and ossification of 
tumors of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. 

Cryptomerorrachischisis (krip-to-mer-o-rak- 
is'-kis-is) [crypto-; pkpoc, a part; payjc, the 
spine; oyc^ecv, to cleave]. Spina bifida 
occulta, a variety with bony deficiency but 
without a tumor. 

Cryptophthalmos (krip-tof-thal'-mos) [crypto-; 
dcpOaXpoc, the eye]. 1. Congenital union of 
the eyelids, usually over imperfect eyes. 2. 

. A person who has congenital union of the 
eyelids. 

Cryptopin (krip'-to-pin) [crypto-; bncov, opium], 
C 21 H 23 N0 5 . One of the alkaloids of opium, 
colorless and odorless. It is said to be 
anodyne and hypnotic, but it is less safe 
than morphin. Dose | gr. (0.008 Gm.). 

Cryptoporous (krip-top f -or-us) [crypto-; rcbpoc, 
a pore]. Having hidden or obscure pores. 

Cryptorchid, Cryptorchis (krip-tor'-kid, -kis) 
[crypto-; bpycg, testicle]. A person with retained 
testicles, *. e., not descended into the scrotum. 

Cryptorchidism (krip-tor'-kid-izm) [see 
Cryptorchid]. Retention of the testes in the 
abdomen or inguinal canal. 

Crystal {kris'-tal) [Kpuoxo.XXoc, clear ice]. 
In chemistry, a substance that assumes a 
definite geometric form. C.s, Bizzozero's. 
See C.s, Charcot's. C.s, Boettcher's. See 
C.s, Spermin. C.s, Charcot's, C.s, Charcot- 
Leyden's, octahedral or hexahedral crystals 
found in the sputum of asthma and fibrinous 
bronchitis and in other forms of sputum, 



CRYSTALLIN 



318 



CUCURBITA 



in the blood in leukemia, in the intestine in 
infection with parasites, and in nasal polyps; 
they are stained yellow .with iodin. C.s, 
Char cot-Neumann's, C.s, Charcot-Rob- 
in's. See C.s, Charcot's. C.s, Coffin-lid, 
crystals of triple phosphate found in the 
urine in dyspepsia and cystitis. C.s, Ear-. 
See Otolith. C.s, Florence's, brown crystals 
in the shape of needles or plates obtained 
by treating semen with a strong solu- 
tion of iodin and potassium iodid (Flor- 
ence's reaction); they are also formed in 
the secretions of the prostate, uterus, 
vagina, etc. C. -gazing, gazing into the 
depths of a crystal globe or the surface of 
a clear vessel of water in order to produce 
self-hypnotism or autosuggestion with a view 
to obtaining socalled telepathic impressions. 
C.s, Hedgehog. See Hedgehog Crystals. C.s, 
Hemin. See Hemin Crystals. C.s, Knife- 
rest, peculiar indented crystals of triple phos- 
phate occasionally found in urine. C.s, Lead- 
chamber, those found in the lead-cham- 
bers in which sulfuric acid is manufactured, 
and having the composition HS0 3 (N0 2 ). 
C.s, Leyden's. See C.s, Charcot's. C.s, 
Lubarsch's, minute crystals found postmor- 
tem in the epithelial cells of the testis, and 
regarded as distinct from Boettcher's and 
Charcot's crystals. C.s, Neumann's. Same 
as C.s, Charcot's. C.s, Schweiner's. See 
C.s, Charcot's. C.s, Sperrnin, a combination 
of phosphoric acid with a base, sperrnin 
(C 2 H 5 N), forming long, monoclinic, prism- 
like crystals with curved edges, found in 
spermatic fluid after drying it or allowing it 
to stand and in desiccated white of egg. A 
strong solution of iodid and potassium iodid 
stains them a deep brown or violet. Syn., 
Boettcher's crystals. C.s, Teichmann's. See 
Hemin Crystals. C.s of Venus, copper 
sulfate crystals. C.s, Virchow's, bright 
yellow or orange-colored crystals of hema- 
toidin sometimes found in extravasated blood. 
C.s, Zenker's. See C.s, Charcot's. 

Crystallin {kris' -tal-in) [crystal]. i. The 
globulin of the crystalline lens. 2. See Cris- 
tallin. 

Crystalline {kris' '-tal-en or -In) [crystal]. 
Like a crystal. C. Lens. See Lens, Crystal- 
line. 

Crystallization (kris-tal-iz-a'-shun) [crystal]. 
The process by which the molecules of a 
substance arrange themselves in geomet- 
ric forms when passing from a gaseous or 
a liquid to a solid state. C, Alcohol of, 
an alcohol uniting molecule by molecule 
with a crystalline .substance and aiding in 
the preservation of the crystalline form of 
the latter. C, Water of, the water of salts 
that cannot be extracted without destruction 
of their crystalline nature. 

Crystallographic Test for Blood. The use 
of sodium iodid as a reagent forming char- 
acteristic blood-crystals. Its use depends on 
the formation of iodin-hematin. 

Crystallose {kris f -tal-oz) . Sodium saccharinate. 



Crystalluridrosis {kris - tal - u - rid - ro'- sis) 
[crystal; oOpov, urine; cdpcbc;, sweat]. A 
condition marked by excretion of urinary 
elements in the sweat which crystallize on 
the skin. 

Cubeb, Cubeba {ku'-beb, ku-be'-bah) [Pers., 
kababa, cubeb]. The unripe fruit of Piper 
cubeba, cultivated in Java. Its properties are 
due to a volatile oil, C^H^, and an organic 
acid. It is an aromatic stimulant, diuretic 
in small doses, and is useful in affections of 
the bladder and urethra. It is also employed 
in catarrh of the air-passages, etc. Dose 
10 gr.-2 dr. (0.65-8.0 Gm.). C., Fluidex- 
tract of {fluidexir -actum cubebce, U. S. P.), 
alcoholic. Dose 5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). 
C, Oil of {oleum cubebce, U. S. P.), the vol- 
atile oil. Dose 5-20 min. (0.32-1.3 Cc). 
C, Oleoresin of {oleoresina cubebce, U. S. P.), 
ethereal. Dose 5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). 
C, Tincture of, 10% in strength. Dose 
10 min.-3 dr. (0.65-12.0 Cc). Unof. C, 
Troches of {trochisci cubebce, U. S. P.), oleo- 
resin, \ gr.; oil of sassafras, fa gr.; extract 
of licorice, 4 gr.; acacia, 2 gr.; syrup of 
tolu q. s., in each troche. Dose 1-3. 

Cubebic Acid {ku-beb' -ik) . See Acid, Cubebic. 

Cubebin {ku-beb' -in) [cubeb], C 10 H 10 O 3 . An 
odorless, crystalline substance obtained from 
cubeb. 

Cubebism {kuf-beb-izm). Poisoning by cubeb; 
it is marked by acute gastroenteritis. 

Cubiform ,{ku'-be-}orm). Cuboid. 

Cubit {ku'-bit) [cubitus]. 1. The forearm; 
cubitus. 2. The ulna. 3. The elbow. 

Cubitodigital {ku-bit-o-dij 1 '-it-al) . Relating to 
the forearm or the ulna and to the fingers. 

Cubitometacarpal {ku-bit-o-met-ah-kar' -pal). 
Relating to the forearm or the ulna and the 
metacarpus. 

Cubitosupraphalangeal {ku-bit-o-su-prah-fal- 
an'-je-al). Relating to the forearm or the 
ulna and the bases of the phalanges. 

Cubitus {ku'-bi-tus) [L., "the elbow"]. The 
forearm. C. valgus, a deformity consisting 
of an abnormal curvature of the humeral 
diaphysis. C. varus. See Gunstock De- 
formity. 

Cubocuneiform {ku-bo-ku-ne'-if-orm). Re- 
lating to the cuboid bone and to one or more 
of the cuneiform bones. 

Cuboid {ku'-bmd) [ku(3oc~, cube; eldog, like]. 
Resembling a cube. C. Bone, a bone of 
the foot situated at the outer anterior part of 
the tarsus. 

Cuca {koo'-kah). See Erythroxylon. 

Cucumis {ku'-ku-mis) [L., "a cucumber"]. 
A genus of plants. See Colocynth. C. 
melo, muskmelon, is a species indigenous to 
the old-world tropics and widely cultivated. 
The root is emetic and diuretic and con- 
tains melonenemetin. The juice of the fruit 
of C. sativus, cucumber, is purgative, diuretic, 
and resolvent. It is used in skin diseases 
and as a cosmetic. 

Cucurbita {ku-kurb 1 '-it-ah) [L., "a gourd"]. A 
genus of plants of the order Cucurbitacecz, 



CUIRASS 



319 



CUPPED 



C. fcetidissima is a species of North America; 
the leaf, root, and seeds are edible and the 
bitter fruit is recommended in the treatment 
of hemorrhoids. The ripe seed of C. pepo, 
the pumpkin, is the pepo of the U. S. P., an 
anthelmintic. See Pepo. 
Cuirass (kwe'-ras) [Fr.]. A close-fitting or 
immovable bandage for the front of the chest. 
C. Cancer. See Cancer en cuirasse. C, 
Tabetic, an anesthetic area encircling the 
chest in tabetic patients. 

Culdesac (kuV -de-sak) [Fr.]. A closed or 
"blind" pouch or sac. C, Douglas', a 
pouch between the anterior wall of the rectum 
and the posterior wall of the uterus, formed 
by the reflection of the peritoneum. 

Culex (ku'-leks) [L., "a gnat"]. A mosquito. 
C. fasciatus. See Stegomyia fasciata. 

Culicide (ku'-lis-id) [culex; ccedere, to kill]. 
Any agent which destroys mosquitos. 

Culicifuge (ku-lis'-if-uj) [culex; fugare, to drive 
away]. An agent to drive away mosquitos. 

Culmen (kul'-men) [L., "summit"]. A part of 
the cerebellum on the cephalic side of the 
vermis. 

Culture (kul'-chur) [colere, to till]. The growth 
of microorganisms on artificial mediums. 
The act of cultivating microorganisms on 
artificial mediums. C, Fractional. See 
C, Pure. C, Hanging-drop, a culture in 
which the microorganism is inoculated into 
a drop of fluid on a cover-glass and the latter 
is inverted over a glass slide having a central 
concavity. C. -medium, a substance used 
for cultivating bacteria. Culture-mediums are 
either liquid or solid, bouillon and milk being 
the important liquid mediums, and gelatin, 
agar, blood-serum, and potato, the principal 
solid mediums. C., Needle-. See C.,Stab-. 
C, Plate-, a culture of bacteria on a medium 
spread upon a flat plate or in a double dish. 
C, Pure, a culture of a single microorganism. 
C, Stab-, one in which the medium is 
inoculated by means of a needle bearing 
the microorganisms, and which is inserted 
deep down into the medium. 

Cumarin (ku 1 '-mar-in). See Coumarin. 

Cumene [ku'-men) [cumin], C 9 H 12 . A com- 
pound made by distilling cumic acid with lime. 

Cumic iku'-mik) [cumin]. Derived from or 
pertaining to cumin. C. Acid. See Acid, 
Cumic. 

Cumin {ku'-mht) [cuminum, cumin]. An um- 
belliferous plant, Cuminum cyminum, native 
in Egypt and Syria. The fruit possesses 
well-marked stimulating and carminative 
properties. Its active principle is an oil. 

Cuminic (ku-min' -ik) . See Cumic. 

Cumol iku'-mol). See Cumene. 

Cumulative {ku' ' -mu-la-tiv) [cumulare, to heap 
up]. Increasing; adding to. C. Action, 
C. Effect, the production of a marked and 
sudden result, after the administration of a 
considerable number of comparatively in- 
effective doses. 

Cundurango (kun-du-ran' -go) . See Condu- 
rango. 



Cuneal, Cuneate {ku f -ne-al, ku'-ne-at) [cuneus]. 

See Cuneiform. 
Cuneiform {ku-ne'-if-orm). [cuneus; forma, 
shape]. Wedge-shaped; cuneate. C. Bones, 
three wedge-shaped bones at the anterior part 
of the tarsus. C. Column. See Column 
of Burdach. 

Cuneocuboid (ku-ne-o-ku' '-boid) . See Cubocu- 
neiform. 

Cuneoscaphoid (ku-ne-o-skaf'-oid). Relating 
to the cuneiform bones and to the scaphoid 
bone. 

Cuneus (ku'-ne-us) [L., " a wedge"]. A wedge- 
shaped convolution on the median aspect of 
the occipital lobe. Syn., Cuneate lobule; 
Internal occipital lobule; Lobulus cerebri 
cuneatus; Lobulus cerebri occipitalis (inter- 
nus); Lobulus cuneatus; Lobulus cuneiformis; 
Lobus cuneus; Lobus pyriformis; Triangular 
lobule. C. cinereus. See Ala cinerea. C. 
thalami optici intergenicularis, that part 
of the thalamus lying between the external 
and internal geniculate bodies. 

Cuniculus {ku-nik' -u-lus) [L., "a subterranean 
passage"]. The burrow of the itch-mite. 
In the plural, cuniculi, the semicircular canals 
of the ear. 

Cunisset's Test for Bile-pigments. Addition 
to the urine of half its volume of chloroform 
imparts a yellow color to the latter. 

Cup (kup) [AS., cuppe]. i. To bleed. 2. 
A cupping-glass. 3. A drinking-vessel or 
the contents of such a vessel. C.s, Anti- 
monial, cups made of antimony which impart 
emetic properties to the contained liquid. 
C, Bitter, a drinking-cup of quassia wood. 
C, Chinese, a drinking-vessel of red arsenic 
which imparts cathartic properties to wine 
left standing in it during the night. C, 
Dry-, a cup for merely drawing the blood 
to the surface. C, Favus-, a depression in 
a favus-scale surrounding a hair. C, Glau- 
comatous, a deep depression in the optic 
papilla seen in cases of glaucoma. C.s, 
Montgomery's. See Montgomery's Cups. 
C, Physiologic, the normal concavity of 
the optic papilla. C, Wet-, a cup for ab- 
stracting blood through incisions in the skin. 

Cuphea (ku'-fe-ah) [nixboc, a hump, from the 
shape of the calyx]. A genus of plants of 
the order Lythracece. C. antisyphilitica, C. 
balsamona, C. ingrata, and C. microphylla are 
employed in decoction in the American tropics 
in the treatment of syphilis. C. viscosissima, 
a viscid annual of the United States, is a 
homeopathic remedy used in the treatment of 
cholera infantum. 

Cuphosis (ku-fo f -sis). See Kyphosis. 

Cupola (ku'-po-lah) [L., "a dome"]. The 
dome-shaped extremity of the canal of the 
cochlea; also the summit of a solitary gland 
of the small intestine. 

Cupped (kupt). Having the upper surface de- 
pressed; applied to the coagulum of blood 
after phlebotomy. C. Disc, excavation of 
the optic papilla, normally present in slight 
degree, but pathologic if excessive. 



CUPPING 



320 



CURD 



Cupping (kup'-ing) [cup], i. A method of 
blood-derivation by means of the applica- 
tion of cupping-glasses to the surface of 
the body. 2. The formation of a cup-like 
depression. C, Dry-, a form of counter- 
irritation in which the blood is drawn to the 
surface by means of a cup. This is used 
mainly in inflammatory affections of the lung. 
C. -glass, a small bell-shaped glass capable 
of holding three to four ounces, in which the 
air is rarefied by heat or by exhaustion, and 
the glass applied to the skin, either with 
or without scarification of the latter. C, 
Wet-, the abstraction of blood after scari- 
fication. 

Cupragol iku'-pra-gol). A compound of cop- 
per and albumin used in solutions of 1 to 5 % 
as an antiphlogistic and secretory stimulant. 

Cupram {ku'-pram) [cuprum]. A solution of 
copper carbonate in ammonia-water used as 
a fungicide. 

Cuprammonic (ku-pram-on'-ik). Containing 
copper and ammonia. 

Cuprargol {ku-prar'-gol). A cupro nucleic 
acid compound, occurring as a gray powder, 
slowly soluble in water. It is used in the 
treatment of conjunctivitis by instillation of 
a 1 to 5 % solution once or several times daily; 
in trachoma used as an astringent in 20% 
aqueous solution. 

Cuprate (ku'-prat). A double salt containing 
a cupric compound. 

Cupratin {ku f -pra-tin) . A preparation of 
copper albuminoid, similar to ferratin. 

Cuprea Bark {ku' -pre-ah) . The bark of cer- 
tain species of Remijia. It affords quinin 
and the associated alkaloids. 

Cuprein {ku r -pre-in) , C 19 H 22 N 2 2 . An alkaloid 
derived from cuprea bark. 

Cuprene {ku'-pren), C 7 H 8 . A nonvolatile in- 
soluble hydrocarbon; a yellow, bulky solid 
consisting of matted filaments resembling 
amadou in appearance, obtained by passing 
a current of pure acetylene gas over bright 
copper filings. 

Cuprescent (ku-pres'-ent). Having the appear- 
ance of copper. 

Cupressin {ku-pres' -in) . Cypress oil. 

Cupriaseptol (ku-pre-ah-sep' -tol) . Copper sul- 
focarbolate. * 

Cupric (ku'-prik). Containing copper as a 
bivalent element. C. Oxid. See Copper 
Oxid, Black. 

Cuprocitrol (ku-pro-sif-rol). A copper and 
citrol derivative used in trachoma in 5 to 10 % 
salve. 

Cuprohemol {ku-pro-he'-mol). A compound 
of copper and hemol used in tuberculosis. 
Dose 1 \-2 gr. (0.1-0.13 Gm.). 

Cuprol {ku'-prol). See Copper Nucleinate. 

Cuprosopotassic (ku-pro-so-po-tas'-ik). Re- 
lating to a combination of cuprous salt and 
potassium. 

Cuprosulfate (ku-pro-sul'-fdt). A double sul- 
fate containing copper. 

Cuprotartrate {ku-pro-tar'-trat). A combina- 
tion of copper and tartaric acid. 



Cuprous (ku'-prus). Containing copper as a 
univalent element. C. Oxid. See Copper 
Oxid, Red. 

Cuprum {ku'-prum) [L.]. Copper. See Copper. 

Cupula (ku'-pu-lah) [L., "a little cup"]. An 
invisible substance on the crista? acusticas 
that on the application of fixation fluids 
coagulates and becomes visible. C. termi- 
nalis. See Membrana tectoria. 

Cupular, Cupulate (ku'-pu-lar, -lat). Cup- 
shaped. 

Curasao, Curacoa (ku-ra-so') [island of 
Curagao, north of Venezuela]. A cordial 
or elixir prepared from brandy, and flavored, 
principally with orange-peel. It is used as 
a vehicle for certain medicines. 

Curage (ku-rahzh) [Ft.], i. Curettage; cleans- 
ing of the eye or of an ulcerated or carious 
surface. 2. A term used by some authorities 
for clearing the uterine cavity by means of 
the finger, as distinguished from the use of 
the curet. 

Curara, Curare, Curari (koo-rah'-rah, -re) 
[S. A.]. Woorara. A vegetable extract 
obtained from Paullinia curare and certain 
members of the Strychnos family. It is a 
powerful paralyzant of the motor nerves and 
of the voluntary muscles. Its active prin- 
ciple is curarin, Ci H 15 N. Dose y^ gr. 
(0.0006 Gm.) hypodermatically. It is used 
in South America and elsewhere as an 
arrow-poison. Toxic doses cause death by 
paralysis of the organs of respiration. It 
has been reported effectual in cases of 
hydrophobia and tetanus. The initial dose 
is yq gr. (0.0065 Gm.) given hypodermatically 
in a watery solution; this may be gradually 
increased to 3 gr. (0.02 Gm.), but the latter 
dose should be given with caution. 

Curarization (koo-rah-riz-a 1 'shun) [curara]. 
The state of one subjected to the full influ- 
ence of curara by hypodermatic injection. 
Voice and power of motion are generally 
abolished, but not sensibility to pain. Syn., 
Curarism. C, Spontaneous, conditions of 
autointoxication occasioned by the paralyzing 
influence upon the circulation and upon the 
end-plates of the neuromuscular system of 
toxic substances produced in the body by 
the tetanization of the muscles. 

Curarize {koo'-rah-riz). To bring a subject 
under the influence of curara. 

Curcuma (ker f -ku-mah) [L.]. Turmeric. The 
rhizome of Curcuma longa, of India, a plant 
of the Zingiber ace <z, with action similar to 
that of ginger. It contains a yellow color- 
ing-matter, curcumin, C H H 14 4 , and is em- 
ployed as a yellow dye in pharmacy, occasion- 
ally, to color ointments and other prepara- 
tions, and in chemistry its solution in alcohol 
is used as a test for alkalis, which turn it 
brown. Paper tinged with an alcoholic 
solution {turmeric paper) may be used in- 
stead. 

Curd {herd) [ME.]. The coagulum of milk 
that separates on the addition of rennet or an 
acid to milk. 



CURE 



321 



CURVATURE 



Cure {kur) [cura, care]. The successful 
treatment of a disease; also, a system of 
treatment, as faith-cure, mind-cure, grape- 
cure, water-cure (see Hydropathy), hunger - 
cure, rest-cure, etc. C, Potato, a method 
of treating foreign bodies in the alimentary 
tract by the ingestion of mashed potatoes. 
The body becomes embedded" in the potato- 
mass that is formed. 

Curet, Curette {ku-ret') [Fr.]. An instrument, 
shaped like a spoon or scoop, for scraping 
away exuberant or dead tissue. 

Cureting {ku'-ret-ing). See Curetment. 

Curetment {ku-ret' -ment) [Fr., curettement\. 
The removal of vegetations, retained placenta, 
etc., by means of a curet. Syn., Curetage; 
Cureting; Curettage; Curettement. 

Curettage {ku-ref -aj) . See Curetment. 

Curling's Ulcer. A duodenal ulcer produced 
by extensive burns of the skin. 

Currant- jelly Clot. A soft, red clot seen 
postmortem in the heart and blood-vessels. 

Current {kur'-ent) [currere, to run]. A term 
applied to the transference of electric force, 
which is likened to the flow of a liquid in a 
tube. C, Abterminal, the secondary current 
observed at any point in the nerve or muscle 
on the passage of a single induction shock. 
C, Adterminal, the negative current ob- 
served at any point in a nerve or muscle 
on the passage of a single induction shock. 
C, After-, a current produced in nervous 
or muscular tissue when a constant current 
which has been flowing through the same 
has been stopped. C, Alternating, a term 
applied to a current which, by means of an 
interrupter, is alternately direct and reverse. 
C, Anelectrotonic, that observed at the 
anode on passage of a constant current 
through a nerve. C.s, Angular, those which 
are inclined to each other at some angle. 
C, Ascending, the current formed by placing 
the positive electrode upon the periphery of 
a nerve and the negative higher up on the 
trunk of the nerve, or on the surface over the 
nerve-center in the spinal cord. C, Battery, a 
galvanic current. C., Branch. See C, De- 
rived. C. -breaker, a rheotome. C, Centrifu- 
gal, a descending current. C, Centripetal, an 
ascending current. C. -changer, a rheotrope. 
C, Combined, that obtained by the combined 
action of the galvanic and faradic currents. 
C. -condenser, an apparatus for collecting 
the extra currents generated by an induction 
machine in operation which it combines to 
form a current of opposite direction to that 
of the battery current, and which upon being 
transmitted to the core demagnetizes it and 
thus increases the rapidity of the interrup- 
tion and the strength of the induced cur- 
rent. C, Constant. See C, Continuous. 
C, Continuous, a constant, uninterrupted 
current in one direction. C, d'Arsonval, 
the high potential discharge of a current-con- 
denser through a large solenoid of wire. C, 
Derived, a current drawn off by a deriva- 
tion-wire frofn the main current. C, De- 
22 



scending, one passing through a nerve centri- 
fugally, the anode being placed proximally, 
the kathode, distally. C., Direct, a current 
constant in direction, in contradistinction to. 
an alternating current. C, Faradic, the 
current produced by an induction-coil or by 
a magnetofelectric machine. C, Galvanic, 
a current generated by the decomposition of 
acidulated water by means of metallic plates. 
C.s, Induced. See C.s, Secondary. C, In- 
ducing, a primary current; one which, by 
its opening or closure, produces a faradic 
current in an adjoining circuit. Cf. C.s, 
Induced. C.s, Induction, C.s, Inductive. 
See C.s, Secondary. C, Interrupted, a cur- 
rent that is alternately opened and closed. 
C. -interrupter, a rheotome. C, Kat- 
electro tonic, that observed at the kath- 
ode on passage of a constant cur- 
rent through a nerve. C, Labile, a cur- 
rent applied while moving one or both 
electrodes over the surface treated. C, 
MagnetoelectriC, a faradic current gener- 
ated by a magnet. C, Primary. See C, 
Inducing. C, Primitive, an electric current 
from which a derived current has not been 
drawn off. C. -regulator, a rheostat. C, Re- 
versed, that produced by changing the poles. 
C.-reverser, a rheotrope. C.s, Secondary, 
momentary currents produced in a coil of 
insulated wire, introduced within the field of 
another coil, when the circuit is made or 
broken in the second coil. C, Sinuous, 
one sent in a curved line. C, Sinusoidal, 
an alternating induced electric current in 
which the electromotive force is so varied 
that its rise and fall in a positive direction 
are immediately succeeded without a break 
by an exactly corresponding fall and rise 
in the negative direction, and the rise and 
fall in both directions would, if graphic- 
ally illustrated, describe a sine curve. C, 
Spinal-cord, an electric current applied by 
placing both the electrodes on the spine. 
C, Spinal-cord Muscle, an electric current 
in the application of which one electrode is 
placed over the spine, the other over a muscle. 
C, Spinal-cord Nerve, an electric current 
in the application of which one electrode is 
placed on the spine, the other on a nerve. 
C, Stabile, a current applied with both 
electrodes in a fixed position. C, Static, 
the current from a static machine. C, Uni- 
form, an electric current which retains the 
same strength throughout its application. C, 
Voltaic, the continuous current. 

Curschmann's Spirals. Spiral threads of 
mucin contained in the small, thick pellets 
that are expectorated during an asthmatic 
paroxysm. They are supposed to be casts 
of the bronchioles, and contain Charcot- 
Leyden crystals and eosinophil celte. 

Curvature (kur'oa-lur) [curvare, to curve]. 
A bending or curving. C, Angular. See C, 
Potfs. C., Compensatory, in spinal cur- 
vature, a secondary curve occurring as the 
result of the efforts of the trunk to main- 



CURVE 



322 



CYCLE 



tain its upright position. C, Lateral, sco- 
liosis. C, Pott's, angular curvature of the 
spine, with a posterior projection; it is due 
to spondylitis. C. of Spine, a bending of 
the vertebral column. 

Curve (kerv) [curvus, bent]. A bending or flexure. 
C, Barnes'. See Barnes' Curve. C. -basis, a 
common level from which spring the ascend- 
ing lines of a sphygmographic tracing. C. of 
Cams. See Cams' Curve. C.s, Chauveau's, 
in electrophysiology curves which show that 
with closing shocks the amount of stimulation 
obtained at first with the kathode grows with 
the strength of the current, then remains sta- 
tionary and sometimes decreases. The degree 
of stimulation obtained with the anode reg- 
ularly increases with the current and over- 
takes and surpasses that obtained with the 
kathode. With opening shocks the results 
are reversed. C., Ellis -Damoiseau's, 
C, Garland's S-. See Ellis' Sign. C, 
Staircase-, the myographic curve produced 
by repeated stimulation. C, Temperature-, 
a graphic curve showing the variations of 
the temperature for a given period. C.s, 
Traube's, C, Traube-Hering's. See under 
Traube. 

Cuscamin (kus'-kam-in). A crystalline sub- 
stance found in cinchona. 

Cusp (kusp) [cuspis, a point]. The eminence 
on the crown of a tooth. 

Cusso (kus'-o\. Brayera. The cusso of the U. 
S. P. is the dried panicles of the pistillate 
flowers of Hagenia abyssinica. It contains 
tannic acid, a volatile oil, and a crystalline 
principle, koussin, Cg^E^O^. It is a valuable 
anthelmintic against tape-worms. In large 
doses it produces nausea and emesis. Dose 
240 gr. (16 Gm.). Syn., Cusso; Koso; Kousso. 
C, Infusion of (infusum cusso, B. P.). 
Dose 4-8 oz. (118-235 Cc). 

Cutal (ku'-tal). See Aluminium Borotannate. 

Cutaneous (ku-ta 1 '-ne-us) [cutis]. Pertaining to 
the skin. C. Emphysema. See Emphysema, 
Cutaneous. C. Respiration, the transpira- 
tion of gases through the skin. 

Cuticle (ku'-tik-l) [cutis]. The epidermis or 
scarf-skin. 

Cuticolor (ku r -ti-kul-or) [cutis; color]. A term 
descriptive of various ointments and powders 
simulating the color of the skin and used 
in the treatment of skin diseases. 

Cuticolous (k'u-tik' '-ol-us) [cutis; colere, to in- 
habit]. Living under the skin; said of para- 
sitic larvas. 

Cuticular (hu-tik'-u-lar). Pertaining to, re- 
sembling, or of the nature of cuticle. 

Cutification {ku-tif-ik-a' -shun) [cutis; facere, to 
make]. The formation of skin. 

Cutin (ku'-tin) [cutis]. 1. In biology, cork -sub- 
stance; a modification of cellulose, also called 
suberin. 2. A preparation of the muscular 
layer of the intestine of cattle. It is used for 
dressing wounds and as a substitute for catgut. 

Cutis {ku'-tis) [L.]. The derma or true skin. 
C. aerea, the bronze color of the skin in Addi- 
son's disease. C. anserina. See Goose-flesh. 



C. laxa. See Dermatolysis. C. testacea, 

a variety of seborrhea in which the trunk 
and extensor surfaces of the extremities are 
covered with large, thick plates of greasy, 
inspissated sebum, usually greenish or black- 
ish, from accumulation of dirt upon them. 
C. unctuosa. Synonym of Seborrhea. 

Cutisector (ku-te-sek' -tor) [cutis; sector, a cutter]- 
An instrument for taking small sections of 
skin from the living subject. 

Cutol (ku'-tol). See Aluminium Borotannate. 

Cuvier's Canals. In the embryo, two short 
vessels opening into the common trunk of the 
omphalomesenteric veins, each being formed 
by the union of two veins, the anterior cardinal, 
or jugular, and the posterior cardinal veins. 

Cyanacetyl (si-an-as' -et-iV) . See Acetyl Iso- 
cyanid. 

Cyanate (si'-an-at). A salt of cyanic acid. 

Cyanformic (si-an-form' -ik) . Containing for- 
mic acid and cyanogen. 

Cyanic (si-an'-ik) [fcuavoc, blue]. 1. Blue or 
bluish. 2. Relating to or containing cyano- 
gen. C. Acid. See Acid, Cyanic. 

Cyanid (si'-an-id) [nuavoc, blue]. Any com- 
pound of cyanogen with a metal or a radicle. 
Most of the cyanids are actively poisonous. 

Cyano- (si-an-o-) [nuavoc, blue]. A prefix mean- 
ing blue. 

Cyanogen (si-an 1 '-o-jen) [cyano-; yevvdv, to 
produce]. A radicle having the structure 
CN, an acid compound of carbon and nitro- 
gen, existing as a colorless, combustible gas; 
it is exceedingly poisonous. Syn., Prussin. 
C. Iodid, a poisonous crystalline substance 
produced by combining cyanogen and iodin. 

Cyanophil (si-an f -o-fil) [cyano-; cfrcfolv, to 
love]. Auerbach's term for the blue- 
staining nuclear substance of cells of plants 
and animals. 

Cyanophilic, Cyanophilous (si-an-o- fil'-ik, 
-of'-il-us). Having an especial affinity for 
blue or green dyes. 

Cyanopia, Cyanopsia (si-an-o' -pe-ah, -op'- 
se-ah) [cyano-; a)<p, eye]. A perverted state of 
the vision rendering all objects blue. 

Cyanosis (si-an-o 1 '-sis) [kuovoc, blue]. A bluish 
discoloration of the skin from deficient 
oxidation of the blood, caused by local 
or general circulatory disturbances. C, 
Congenital, blue disease; cyanosis due to a 
congenital lesion of the heart or of the great 
vessels. C, Local, the preferred term for 
local anemia, digiti mortui, regional ischemia, 
or local syncope. 

Cyanospermia (si-an-o-sper' -me-ah) [cyano-; 
onippia, sperm]. A condition in which the 
semen has a bluish tint. 

Cyanurea (si-an-u'-re-ah), C 2 H 3 N 3 0. An 
amorphous body obtained from urea by 
action of cyanogen iodid with heat. 

Cyclarthrosis (sik-lar -thro' '-sis) [kukXoc, a circle; 
apdpcooic, a joint]. A circular or rotatory 
articulation. 

Cycle (si'-kel) [kukXoc, a circle]. A period in 
which a round of operations or events is 
repeated; a succession of events or symptoms. 






CYCLIC 



323 



CYNOGLOSSUM 



C, Aberrant, the establishment of communi- 
cation between the pulmonary and bronchial 
vessels from congestion due to mitral stenosis. 
C, Cardiac, the complete cardiac movements 
embracing the systolic and diastolic move- 
ments, with the interval between them. C, 
Cardiacovascular, the circuit of the blood 
through the organism. C. of Generation, 
C, Generations, Haeckel's term for the 
successive changes through which an indi- 
vidual passes from its birth to the period 
when it is capable of reproducing its kind. 
C. of Golgi, that phase of development of 
Plasmodium malaria which occurs in human 
blood. Cf. C. of Ross. C. of Ross, that 
'phase of development of Plasmodium malaria 
which occurs in the mosquito. Cf . C. of Golgi. 

Cyclic (si'-klik) [cycle], i. Having cycles or 
periods of exacerbation or change; inter- 
mittent. 2. Having a self -limited course, as 
certain diseases. C. Albuminuria. See 
Albuminuria, Cyclic. C. Insanity. See In- 
sanity, Circular. 

Cyclitis (si-kli'-tis) [kukXoc, a circular body; 
tztc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
ciliary body, manifested by a zone of 
congestion in the sclerotic coat surround- 
ing the cornea. It may be serous, plastic, 
or suppurative. Iridocyclitis is the involve- 
ment of both iris and ciliary body in the in- 
flammatory process. 

Cyclo- (si-klo-) [kukXoc, a circle]. A prefix mean- 
ing relating to a circle or to the ciliary body. 

Cyclocephalus (si-klo -sef -al-us) [cyclo-; Ke<f)aXrj, 
head]. A species of single autositic mon- 
sters characterized by a more or less com- 
plete absence of the olfactory organs, 
together with an intimate union of imperfectly 
developed or rudimentary visual organs, sit- 
uated in the median line. 

Cyclochoroiditis (si-klo-ko-roid-i'-tis) [cyclo-; 
choroiditis]. Combined inflammation of the 
ciliary body and the choroid. 

Cycloplegia (si-klo-ple' '-je-ah) [cyclo-; nXrjyrj, a 
stroke]. Paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the 
eye. 

Cycloplegic (si-klo-ple' -jik) . i. Relating to 
cycloplegia. 2. A drug which paralyzes the 
ciliary muscle. 

Cyclops (si'-klops) [cyclo-; coif), eye]. A con- 
genital malformation consisting in a fusion 
of the two eyes into one. 

Cyclotomy (si-klo? -o-me) [cyclo-; ro/tfjj section]. 
An operation for the relief of glaucoma, con- 
sisting of an incision through the ciliary body. 

Cydonium (si-do' -ne-um) [nudujvcov, a quince]. 
Quince-seed. The seeds of Cydonia vulgaris, 
employed mainly for the mucilage contained 
in the covering, which consists of a com- 
pound of gum and glucose, and is a bland 
demulcent; it is also used as a hair-dressing. 

Cyesis (si-e'-sis) [kutjocc, pregnancy]. Preg- 
nancy. 

Cyetic (si-e?-ik) [cyesis]. Relating to pregnancy. 

Cylinder (si? -in-der) [nuXtvopoc, a cylinder]. 
1. An elongated body of the same transverse 
diameter throughout and circular on trans- 




Cylindroids. 

a and b. Cast-like forms. 

c. Filamentous forms. 



verse section. 2. See Cast. C.s, Bence 
Jones', long, cylindric formations derived 
from the seminiferous tubules, sometimes 
seen in the urine. 

Cylindroadenoma (sil-in-dro-ad-en-o' -mah) . 
An adenoma containing cylindric masses of 
hyaline matter. 

Cylindroid (sil'-in-droid) [cylinder; eldoc, 
like ness]. A 
name given to 
a mucous cast 
f r e qu e n t ly 
found in the 
urine in cases 
of mild irrita- 
tion of the kid- 
ney. C y 1 i n- 
droids are rib- 
bon-like forms, 
usually of great 
length, and of 
about the same 
diameter as 
renal casts. 
They may as- 
sume various 
shapes. One 
extremity is 
usually pointed 
and may be 
drawn out into a long tail. 

Cylindroma (sil-in-dro'-mah) [cylinder; o[ia, 
a tumor]. A myxosarcoma in which the 
degeneration is confined to areas surround- 
ing the blood-vessels. 

Cylindrosarcoma (sil-in-dro-sar-ko'-maK). A 
tumor containing both cylindromatous and 
sarcomatous elements. 

Cylindruria (sil-in-dru' -re-ah) [cylinder; oupov, 
urine]. The discharge of urine containing 
hyaline casts or cylindroids. 

Cyllosomus (sil-o-so' -mus) [kuXX6c, crooked; 
oajfia, body]. A monster characterized by an 
eventration in the side of the lower abdominal 
region and imperfect development of the cor- 
responding leg. 

Cynanche (sin-ang'-ke) [kucov, dog; ayi^tv, to 
strangle]. An old name for any acute affec- 
tion of the throat, as diphtheria, croup, 
tonsillitis, etc., in which the patient struggles 
for breath (as a panting dog). C. dysarth- 
ritica, sore throat sometimes resulting in 
abscess occurring during the course of an 
attack of arthritis. Syn., Arthritic angina. 
C. maligna, a fatal form of sore throat. C. 
suffocativa. Synonym of Croup. C. ton- 
sillaris. See Quinsy. 

Cynanthropia (sin-an-thro' -pe-aK) [kuojv, dog; 
avdpojxoc, a man]. A mania in which the 
patient believes himself a dog, and imitates 
the actions of one. 

Cynic (sin'-ik) [kuvckoc, dog-like]. Pertaining 
to a dog. C. Spasm, a contraction of the 
facial muscles upon one side so as to expose 
the teeth, in the manner of an angry dog. 

Cynoglossum (sin-o-glos f -um) [kuojv, dog; 
■fXajooaj the tongue]. A genus of boraginaceous 



CYNURENIC ACID 



324 



CYST 



plants. The powdered root, leaves, and 
flowers of C. officinale, hound's-tongue, are 
recommended as a cure for ulcerated epithe- 
liomas; application twice daily. 

Cynurenic Acid {sin-u-ren' -ik) [see Cynurin], 
CajH^NgOg + 2H 2 0. A crystalline acid 
found in dog's urine. It is a decomposi- 
tion-product of proteids. On heating it cynu- 
rin is evolved. 

Cynurin {sin' -u-rin) [kuojv, dog; olipov, urine], 
C 18 H 14 N 2 2 . A base from cynurenic acid. 

Cyotrophy {si-ot'-ro-fe) [kuoc, fetus; Tpo<f>T), 
nourishment]. Nutrition of the fetus. 

Cyperus {si-pe'-rus) \jiumcpoc, a sweet -smelling 
marsh-plant]. A genus of sedges. C. ar- 
ticulatus, adrue, a species of South America, 
is antiemetic and tonic. Dose of fluidex- 
tract 10-30 min. (0.6-1.8 Cc). C. rotundus 
is a tropical species, the tubers of which 
are tonic and stimulant and are used in 
treatment of cholera. 

Cyprian {sip' -re-an) [island of Cyprus, the 
original source of copper]. Containing copper. 

Cypridol {sip'-rid-ol). A 1 % solution of nas- 
cent mercuric iodid in aseptic oil; it is 
used in syphilis (dose 3 gr. — 0.2 Gm.) and as 
an application in skin diseases. 

Cypridopathy {sip-rid-op' -ath-e) [Konpcg, Venus; 
Ttadoc, disease]. An adenopathy of venereal 
origin. 

Cypripedium {sip-re-pe' -de-um) [Kuzpcc, Venus; 
Tzootov, a slipper]. Lady's-slipper. The roots 
of C. pubescens and C. parviflorum, American 
valerian, the properties of which are due to 
a volatile oil and an acid. It is an antispas- 
modic and stimulant tonic, used instead of 
valerian, which it resembles. Dose of the 
fluidexlract 10-30 min. (0.6-1.8 Cc). Unof. 

Cyrtoid {sir'-toid) [nup-bg, curved; eldoc, 
likeness]. Hump-like. 

Cyrtometer {sir-torn' -et-er) [nuproc, curved; 
p.hpov, a measure]. An instrument adapted 
for measuring curves. One form is used to 
locate the fissures of the brain. 

Cyrtosis {sir-to'-sis) [Kuproc, curved]. Spinal 
curvature. 

Cyst {sisi) [kuotcc, a pouch]. A cavity con- 
taining fluid and surrounded by a capsule. 
C.s, Adgenic, congenital dermoid cysts ad- 
hering to the genial tubercles. C.s, Adhyoid, 
dermoid cysts adherent to the hyoid bone. 
C, Adventitious, one inclosing a foreign 
body. C, Air-, one containing gas. C., 
Allantoic, cystic dilation of the urachus. 
C, Apoplectic, one inclosing a cerebral effu- 
sion of blood. C, Arachnoid, a meningeal 
hematoma. C, Atheromatous. See Athe- 
roma (1). C.s, Baker's, hernial protrusions 
of the synovial membrane of the joints 
through the fibrous capsule. C, Blood-. 
See Hematoma. C, Boyer's, cystic enlarge- 
ment of the subhyoid bursa. C, Branchial, 
one formed from incomplete closure of a 
branchial cleft in an embryo. C. of the 
Broad Ligament, one originating in the 
ovary and developing between the layers of 
the broad ligament. C, Butter-, a cystic 



tumor of the mammary gland containing 
semisolid contents of yellowish-brown color 
and of buttery consistence, that may harden 
with exposure to the air. C, Chyle, one 
in the mesentery containing chyle. C, Col- 
loid, a cyst with jelly-like contents. C, 
Compound. See C, Multilocular. C, 
Conjunctival, a rare congenital cyst, trans- 
parent and of the size of a pea, occurring 
near the corneal margin. C, Cowperian, 
C, Cowper's, a retention cyst formed in 
Cowper's gland. C.s, Crab's-eye, small 
vesicles which appear over Heberden's nodosi- 
ties. C, Cutaneous. See C, Dermoid. C, 
Daughter-, any one of the small cysts de- 
veloped by secondary growth from the walls 
of a large cyst. C, Dentigerous, one con- 
taining teeth. C, Dermoid, a congenital cyst 
containing bone, hair, teeth, etc. C, Disten 
tion, a normal serous cavity distended with a 
collection of watery fluid. C, Echinococcus-, 
a cyst formed in various tissues and organs 
of man by the larva of the Tcenia echinococcus 
of the dog, taken into the stomach. C, 
Extravasation, a cyst formed by the encap- 
sulation of a hemorrhage or other fluid into 
the tissues. C, Exudation. See C, Ex- 
travasation. C, False. See C, Adventi- 
tious, and C, Exudation. C, Follicular, 
one due to the occlusion of the duct of a 
small follicle or gland. C, Gartnerian, a 
cystic tumor originating in Partner's ~ duct. 
C, Hydatid. See C, Echinococcus-. C, 
Intraligamentous. See C. of the Broad 
Ligament. C, Involution-, multiple cystic 
dilation of the milk -ducts after the meno- 
pause. C, Kobelt's, a small, pedunculated 
cyst formed by one of Kobelt's tubes. C, 
Meibomian. See Chalazion. C, Mor- 
gagnian. See Hydatid of Morgagni. C, 
Mucoid, a retention cyst in a mucous follicle 
or in the duct of a muciparous gland. C, 
Mucous, a retention cyst containing mucus. 
C, Multilocular, one composed of many 
separate compartments. C.s, Nabothian, 
small retention cysts formed by the nabothian 
follicles. C, Neural, a cyst-like distention 
of a lymph-space of the brain or spinal cord. 
C, Nevoid, one with vascular walls. C, 
Pilous, C, Pilocystic. See Pilonidal 
Fistida. C, Proligerous, C, Recurring 
Proliferous, a cystic adenosarcoma ; one 
that has undergone cystic degeneration. C, 
Renal, a cyst -like dilation of the kidney.. 
C, Retention, one that is due. to the reten- 
tion of the secretion of a gland, in conse- 
quence of closure of the duct, as in mucous 
or sebaceous cysts. C, Rice-grain, cystic 
distention of a synovial sheath containing 
rice-seed bodies. C, Sebaceous, a retention 
cyst of a sebaceous gland. C, Serous, one 
containing transparent watery fluid. C, 
Softening, one due to encapsulation of the 
fluid after liquef active necrosis. C, Sterile, 
a true hydatid cyst which fails to reproduce. 
C, Sublingual. See Ranula. C, True, 
an abnormal cyst not formed by the dilation 



CYSTADENOMA 



325 



CYSTOPHLEGMATIC 



of some canal or cavity. C, Umbilical, a 
congenital cyst in the umbilical region said to 
be due to shutting-off of a portion of the fetal 
stomach. C, Unilocular, one having "but a 
single cavity. C, Urinary, a thin-walled cyst 
of the cortical substance of the kidney, project- 
ing beneath the capsule and containing a clear 
yellow fluid. C.-worm. See Cysticercus. 

Cystadenoma (sist-ad-en-o'-mah) [cyst; ade- 
noma], i. An adenoma containing cysts. 
2. Adenoma of the bladder. C. papilli- 
ferum, an adenoma containing cysts with 
papillas on the inner aspect of the cyst-walls. 

Cystadenosarcoma (sist-ad-en-o-sar-ko'-mah) . 
See Cyst, Proligerous. 

Cystalgia {sist-al'-je-ah) [cyst; aXyog, pain]. 
Pain in the bladder. 

Cystamin (sist'-am-in). A compound of 
formaldehyd and ammonia, used as a bac- 
tericide and antiseptic in cystitis and gout. 
Dose 5-10 gr. (0.33-0.66 Gm.). 

Cystanastrophe (sist-an-as'-tro-fe). See In- 
version of Bladder. 

Cystauchenotomy {sist - aw - ken - of - o - me) 
[cyst; auyrpj, neck of bladder; ~kp.vecv, to cut]. 
A surgical incision into the neck of the bladder. 

Cystectomy (sist-ek'-to-me) [cyst; inzefivecv, to 
cut out]. Excision of the cystic duct. 

Cystein (sist'-e-in) [cyst], C^NC^S. A 
compound obtained by reducing cystin; it 
is a crystalline powder, soluble in water, 
yielding an indigo -blue color with ferric 
chlorid; in the air it rapidly oxidizes to 
cystin. C, Reaction for. See Andreasch's 
Reaction for Cystein. 

Cystencephalus (sist-en-sef -al-us) [cyst; 
EfK£(f)aX6c, the brain]. A form of monstrosity 
in which the brain is replaced by a cyst-like 
structure. 

Cysterethism (sist-er' -eth-izm) [cyst; ips.dcop.6g, 
irritation]. Irritability of the bladder. 

Cysthypersarcosis {sist - hi - per - sar - ko'- sis) 
[cyst; b%kp, over; oapKcootf, a fleshy excres- 
cence]. Hypertrophy of the muscular walls 
of the bladder. 

Cystic (sist'-ik) [cyst]. 1. Pertaining to or 
resembling a cyst. 2. Pertaining to the 
urinary bladder or to the gall-bladder. 

Cysticercoid (sist - e - ser' - koid) . Resembling 
Cysticercus: applied to any encysted tape- 
worm larva. 

Cysticercus (sist-e-ser'-kus) [cyst; nipKOc, a 
tail]. The embryo of a tape-worm when 
it has reached the encysted stage. A 
hydatid. C. cellulosae, the larval parasite 
inhabiting the intermuscular connective tissue 
of the pig, N producing the condition known 
as "measles." It is rarely found in the tis- 
sues of man. Its progenitor is the Tcenia solium. 

Cysticolithectomy {sist -ik-o- lith - ek'-to-me) 
[cystic duct; Xcdoc, a stone; eKxipvecv, to cut 
out]. Von Greiffenhagen's operation for re- 
moval of calculi from the gall-bladder, con- 
sisting in opening the cystic duct alone and 
leaving the gall-bladder intact. 

Cysticotomy Csist-ik-ot'-o-me) [cystic duct; xopi], 
a cutting]. Incision into the cystic duct. 



Cystidolaparotomy (sist-id-o-lap-ar-of -o-me) 
[cystic duct; laparotomy]. An abdominovesical 
incision. 

Cystidotrachelotomy (sist-id-o-trak-el-ot'-o- 
me). See Cystauchenotomy . 

Cystin (sist' -in) [cyst], C 3 H 7 N0 2 S. A substance 
found in the urine. It occurs in regular, 
colorless, six-sided tables, of very characteristic 
appearance. C, Test for. See Baumann 
and Goldmann, Liebig, Mueller. 

Cystinemia (sist-in-e' -me-ah) [cystin; aliia, 
blood]. The occurrence of cystin in the blood. 

Cystinuria (sist-in-u' -re-ah) [cystin; oupov, 
urine]. The presence of cystin in the urine. 

Cystitis (sist-i 1 '-lis) [cyst; ncc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the bladder. 

Cystitome (sist' -it-om) . See Cystotome. 

Cysto- (sis-to-) [kCoxcc, bladder]. A prefix de- 
noting relation to the bladder. 

Cystocele (sist'-o-sel) [cysto-; ktjXt), a hernia]. 
A hernia of the bladder. 

Cystocolostomy (sist-o-kol-os' -tom-e) [cysto-; 
colostomy]. The surgical establishment of a per- 
manent passage from the bladder to the colon. 

Cystoenterocele (sist-o-en'-ter-o-sel) [cysto-; 
evxepov, an intestine; /oj^,a hernia]. A hernia 
containing a part of the bladder-and intestine. 

Cystoepiplocele (sist-o-ep-ip' -lo-sel) [cysto-; 
kninXoov, the omentum; ktjXt), a hernia]. 
Hernia of the bladder and of the omentum. 

Cystoepithelioma (sist-o-ep-ilh-e-le-o'-mah) 
[cysto-; epithelioma]. An epithelioma contain- 
ing cysts filled with fluid. 

Cystogen (sist'-o-jen). See Formin. 

Cystogenia, Cystogenesis (sist-o-je'-ne-ah, sisl- 
o-jen'-e-sis) [cysto-; ytvvav, to produce]. The 
formation or genesis of cysts. 

Cystohemia (sist-o-he' -me-ah) [cysto-; alua, 
blood]. A congested condition of the bladder. 

Cystoid (sist'-oid) [cyst; dooc, likeness]. 1. 
Having the form or appearance of a cyst. 2. 
Composed of a collection of cysts. 3. A 
pseudocyst. 

Cystoma (sist-o'-mah) [cyst; opa, a tumor]. 
A newgrowth made up of cysts; applied 
especially to ovarian cysts. C. glandulare 
proliferum, C. proliferum papillare, 
proliferating cystoma, a cystic formation 
derived from gland-ducts and acini. It is 
the most common form of ovarian and pan- 
creatic cystoma; the lining of the inner 
wall consists of epithelium showing papillo- 
matous growths or crypts resembling the acini 
of a gland. Syn., Cylindrocellular adenoma. 

Cystomyoma (sist-o-mi-o'-mah). A myoma 
containing cysts. 

Cystomyxoadenoma (sist - - miks - - ad - 
en-o'-mah). Cystomyxoma with adenoma. 

Cystomyxoma (sist-o-miks-o'-mah). A myx- 
oma containing cysts. 

Cystoneuralgia (sist-o-nu-ral'-je-ah) [cysto-; neu- 
ralgia]. Neuralgia of the bladder; cystalgia. 

Cystopexy (sist' -o-peks-e) [cysto-; tj^ic, fixation]. 
Fixation of the bladder, an operation for the 
cure of cystocele. 

Cystophlegmatic (sist-o-fleg-mat'-ik) [cysto-; 
cpXiypa, phlegm]. Pertaining to vesical mucus. 



CYSTOPYELITIS 



326 



CYTOPHIL 



Cystopyelitis {sist-o-pi-el-i' -tis) [cysto-; pyelitis). 
Inflammation of the urinary bladder and the 
pelvis of the kidney. 

Cystopyelonephritis {sist-o-pi-e-lo-nej-ri' -tis) . 
See Cystopyelitis. 

Cystopyic {sist-o-pi'-ik). Relating to suppura- 
tion of the bladder. 

Cystorectostomy {sist-o-rek-tos' -to-me) [cysto-; 
rectum; ozojia, a mouth]. The formation of 
a fistula between the rectum and bladder. 

Cystorrhaphy {sist-or'-af-e) [cysto-; pa^-q, a 
seam]. . Suture of the bladder. 

Cystorrhea (sist-or-e'-ah) [cysto-; po'ca, a flow], 
i. Vesical catarrh. 2. Vesical hemorrhage. 
3. Polyuria. 

Cystosarcoma {sist-o-sar-ko' '-mah) [cysto-; sar^ 
coma]. Miiller's name for a sarcoma contain- 
ing cysts. 

Cystoschisis {sist-osk f -is-is) [cysto-; 0x101$, a 
cleaving]. A congenital fissure of the urin- 
ary bladder from imperfect development. 

Cystoscirrhus {sist-o-skir' -us) [cysto-; oiuppbc, 
an induration]. Scirrhus of the urinary blad- 
der. 

Cystoscope {sist'-o-skdp) [cysto-; okoizuv, to 
examine]. An instrument for inspecting the 
interior of the bladder. 

Cystose {sist'-os) [cyst\ Cystic; full of cysts. 

Cystospermitis {sist-o-sperm-i 1 '-tis) [cysto-; 
07iipp.a, a seed; tzic, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the seminal vesicles. 

Cystosteatoma {sist-o-ste-at-o'-mah). See Cyst, 
Sebaceous. 

Cystotome {sist' -o-tdm) [see Cystotomy]. A 
knife used in cystotomy; also a knife used in 
rupturing the capsule of the lens in cataract 
operations. 

Cystotomy {sist-of '-o-me) [cysto-; zo/itj, a cutting]. 

1. Incision of the bladder. 2. Surgical divi- 
sion of the anterior capsule. 

Cy stotrachelotomy {sist-o-trak-el-ot f -o-me) . 
See Cystauchenotomy . 

Cytameba, Cytamoeba {sit-am-e'-bah). See 
Plasmodium malarice. 

Cytase (si'-tdz). Metchnikoff's name for com- 
plement. 

Cy taster {si-tas'-ter). The same as Aster. 

Cytisin {sit'-is-in) [kuzcooc, a kind of clover], 
C 2 oH 27 N 3 0. A poisonous alkaloid from 
Cytisus laburnum, the common laburnum, 
indigenous to the higher mountains of Europe 
and widely cultivated. C. Hydrochlorate, 
C n H 14 N 2 . HC1. It is a nervine. Dose ^V - 
•jig- gr. (0.003-0.005 Gm.) subcutaneously. 
C. Nitrate, C n H 14 N 2 . (HN0 3 ) 2 + 2 H 2 0, 
used as is cytisin hydrochlorate. 

Cytitis {si-ti'-tis) [cutis; czee, inflammation]. 
Dermatitis. 

Cyto- {si-to-) [kuzoc, a cell]. A prefix denoting 
relating to a cell. 

Cytoblast {si' -to -blast) [cyto-; filaozbc, a 
germ]. 1. In biology, applied to the nucleus 
of a cell; also one of the ameboid cytodes 
going to make up the cytoblastema of sponges. 

2. One of the hypothetic ultimate vital units 
of the cell. See Bioblast. 3. Any naked 
cell or protoblast. 



Cytoblastema (si-to-blas-te'-mah). See Blastema. 

Cytochemism {si-to-kem' -izm) [cyto-; pj^e/a, 
chemistry]. The reaction of the living cell to 
chemic reagents, antitoxins, etc. 

Cytochemistry {si-to-kem' -is-tre). The chem- 
istry of living cells. 

Cytochrome {si'-to-krom) [cyto-; %pu)/ia, color]. 
A term applied by Nissl to nerve-cells deficient 
in cell-protoplasm, the nucleus not being com- 
pletely surrounded. The nucleus stains well 
and is about the size of the leukocyte nucleus. 

Cytoclasis {si-to -kla' -sis) [cyto-; aXav, to break; 
to weaken]. Cell-necrosis. 

Cytode {si'-tod) [cyto-; eldoc, form]. The sim- 
plest, most primitive form of cell, without nu- 
cleus or nucleolus. 

Cytodendrite {si-to-den' -drtt) [cyto-; divdpov, sl 
tree]. Lenhossek's term for a truemedullated, 
cellulifugally conducting collateral fibril of a 
nerve-cell. Cf. Axodendrite. 

Cytodiagnosis {si-to-di-ag-no'-sis). The deter- 
mination of the nature of a pathogenic liquid 
by the study of the cells it contains. 

Cytodistal (si-to-dis'-tal) [cyto-; distare, to stand 
apart]. Applied to that portion of an axon 
furthest removed from its cell of origin. 

Cytogenesis {si-to-jen' -es-is) [cyto-; yeveocc, pro- 
duction]. The formation or genesis of the 
cell. 

Cytoglobin {si-to-glo' -bin) [cyto-; globus, a ball]. 
An albuminoid, obtainable in the form of a 
white, soluble powder. It forms about 3 % of 
the pulp of the lymphatic glands. 

Cytohydrolist {si-to-hi' -dro-list) [cyto-; hydroly- 
sis]. An agent producing hydrolysis of cellu- 
lar substance. 

Cytolymph {si' -to -Urn f) [cyto-; lympha, clear 
water]. The ground-substance or matrix of 
the cytoplasm of cells. 

Cytolysin {si-toV -is-in) [cyto-; Xbocq, a loosing]. 
A substance capable of destroying cells, and 
resulting from inoculation by organic products. 
Cf. Epitheliolysin, Leuko cytolysin, Nephroly- 
sin, Spermolysin. 

Cytolysis {si-tol'-is-is). Cell-dissolution. 

Cytolytic .{si-to-lit'-ik). Relating to or con- 
cerned in cell-destruction. 

Cytometer {si-tom' -et-er) [cyto-; fikxpov, a meas- 
ure]. A device for counting cells, especially 
blood-corpuscles. See also Hemo cytometer. 

Cytomicrosome {si-to-mik' -ro-som) [cyto-; p.c- 
Kpoc, small; ooo/ia, body]. A microsome of 
cytoplasm. 

Cytomitoma {si-to -mi-to'-mah) [cyto-; n'czog, a 
fiber]. The fibrillar part of a cell-body. See 
Mi tome. 

Cytomorphosis {si-to-mor-fo'-sis)^ [cyto-; p.6p- 
(pujocc, a, shaping].' A term proposed by 
Minot to designate comprehensively all the 
structural alterations which cells or successive 
generations of cells may undergo from the 
earliest undifferentiated stage to their final 
destruction. 

Cytophagy {si-tof '-aj-e) [cyto-; (fraye'ev, to de- 
vour]. The englobing of cells by other cells. 

Cytophil {si f -to-fil) [cyto-; (j>delv, to love]. The 
haptophorous group of the intermediary body 



CYTOPLASM 



327 



DACRYURIA 



with which it combines with the receptor of 
the cell. 

Cytoplasm, Cytoplasma (si'-to-plazm, -plaz'- 
mah) [cyto-; nXaofia, anything formed], i. 
Protoplasm. 2. Cell -plasm other than that 
of the nucleus; the paraplasm and endo- 
plasm of a cell. 

Cytoplastin (si-to-plas' '-tin) [cyto-; TiXaooecv, to 
mold]. Schwartz's name for cell-protoplasm. 

Cytoproximal (si-to-proks' -im-al) [cyto-; proxi- 
mare, to draw near]. A term applied to 
that portion of an axon nearest its cell of 
origin. 

Cytoreticulum (si-to-ret-ik' -u-lum) [cyto-; retic- 
ulum, a little net]. Same as Cytomitoma. 

Cytoryctes (si-tor -ik'-tez) [cyto-; dupKr-qc, a dig- 
ger]. Name given by Guarnieri (1892) to in- 
tracellular bodies produced by inoculating 
vaccine lymph into the cornea of rabbits. 
They are regarded by him and by Wasielew- 
sky as cellular parasites and as the causative 
agents of vaccinia. Huchel regards them as 
the products of a specific degeneration of the 
cytoplasm induced by the vaccine virus. Syn., 
Guarnieri 's vaccine-bodies. 



Cytosome (si' -to-som) [cyto-; aw/xa, a body]. 
A cell-body as distinguished from the nucleus. 

Cytospongium (si-to-spun' -je-um) [cyto-; o-koj- 
yoc, sponge]. The cell network or spongio- 
plasm containing in its meshes the hyalo- 
plasm. Cf. Mitome and Paramitome. 

Cytothesis (si-to-the' -sis) [cyto-; Qkacg, a placing 
or arranging]. Cell-repair. 

Cytotoxin (si-to-toks'-in). See Cytolysin. Cf. 
Hemotoxin, Hepatotoxin, Leukotoxin, Neph- 
ro toxin, Spermatoxin. 

Cytozoon (si-to-zo'-on) [cyto-; £<pov, animal]. A 
protoplasmic cell-mass, probably parasitic in 
nature, with independent movement; found 
by Gaule in denbrinated blood and other 
structures. 

Czermak's Interglobular Spaces. Irregu- 
lar branched spaces in the crusta petrosa and 
enamel of the teeth. 

Czerny-Trunecek's Method. A method of 
treating cutaneous epitheliomas : by cauteriza- 
tion, or by the application, with a brush, after 
scarification, of the following solution: arsenic 
trioxid, 1 Gm.; ethyl-alcohol and distilled 
water, each, 40-50 Cc. 



D 



D. An abbreviation of dexter, right; diopter; 
and detur, let it be given. 

Da Costa's Disease. Retrocedent gout. 

Dacry-, Dacryo- (dak-re-, dak-re-o-) [dattpuov, a 
tear]. Prefixes signifying pertaining to the 
tears or tear-ducts. 

Dacryadenitis, Dacryoadenitis (dak-re-ad- 
en-i'-tis, dak-re-o-ad-en-i'-tis) [dacry-; ddrjv, 
a gland; ntc, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of a lacrimal gland. 

Dacryadenoscirrhus (dak-re-ad-en-o-skir'-us) 
[dacry-; ddrjv, a gland; oncppoc, hard]. An 
indurated tumor of the lacrimal gland. 

Dacryagog, Dacryagogue (dak f - re-a - gog) 
[dacry-; dycoyoc, leading]. 1. Inducing tears. 
2. An agent causing a flow of tears. 

Dacrygelosis (dak-re-jel-o' -sis) [dacry-; yiXcoc, 
laughter]. Alternate weeping and laughing. 

Dacryocyst (dak'-re-o-sist) [dacryo-; cyst]. The 
lacrimal sac. 

Dacryocystalgia (dak-re-o-sist-al'-je-ah) [dac- 
ryocyst; aX-roc, pain]. Pain in the lacrimal sac. 

Dacryocystitis (dak-re-o-sis-ti'-tis) [dacryocyst; 
ace, inflammation]. Inflammation of the lac- 
rimal sac. D. blennorrhoica, purulent in- 
flammation of the lacrimal sac. D. phleg- 
monosa, inflammation of the tissues com- 
posing the lacrimal sac and of the surround- 
ing soft parts. 

Dacryocystoblennorrhea (dak-re-o-sis-to-blen- 
or-e'-ah) [dacryocyst; blennorrhea]. Chronic 
inflammation of the lacrimal sac with a muco- 
purulent discharge. 



Dacryocystotome (dak-re-o-sis f -to-torn) [dac- 
ryocyst]. An instrument for dividing stric- 
tures of the lacrimal passages. 

Dacryocystotomy (dak-re-o-sist-ot'-o-me). In- 
cision of the lacrimal sac. 

Dacryohemorrhea (dak-re-o - hem-or-e'-ah) 
[dacryo-; alp.a, blood; po ca, a flow]. The weep- 
ing of bloody tears. 

Dacryolin (dak'-re-o-lin). The albuminous 
material in tears. 

Dacryolite (dak'-re-o-lit). See Dacryolith. 

Dacryolith (dak' -re-o-liih) [dacryo-; X'cOoc, a 
stone]. A calcareous concretion in the lac- 
rimal passages. 

Dacryoma (dak-re-o' -mah) [dacryo-; 5/j.a, tu- 
mor]. 1. A lacrimal tumor. 2. Obstruction 
of the lacrimal puncta, causing epiphora. 

Dacryon (dak'-re-on). See under Craniometric 
Point. 

Dacryops (dak' -re-ops) [dacryo-; o<p, eye]. 1. 
watery eye. 2. A cyst of the duct of a lac- 
rimal gland. 

Dacryopyorrhea (dak-re-o-pi-or-e'-ah) [dacryo-; 
pyorrhea]. Purulent lacrimation. 

Dacryorrhea (dak-re-or-e'-ah) [dacryo-; po'ca, a 
flow]. An excessive flow of tears. 

Dacryosolenitis (dak-re-o-so-len-i'-tis) [dacryo-; 
awX-qv, a pipe; crcc, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of a lacrimal duct. 

Dacryuria (dak-re-u' -re-ah) [dacryo-; oupov, 
urine]. The enuresis which accompanies 
weeping in cases of hysteria, fright, or ner- 
vousness. 



DACTYL 



328 



DAPHNE 



Dactyl {dak' -til) [dcLKTuloc , a finger]. A digit; a 
finger or a toe. 

Dactylate (dak' -til-dt) [dactyl]. Resembling a 
finger. Possessing five rays or appendages. 

Dactylic (dak' -til-ik) . Pertaining to a finger or 
a toe. 

Dactyliferous (dak-til-if -er-us) [dactyl; ferre, 
to bear]. i. Having fingers or finger- 
like parts, organs, or appendages. 2. 
[aaKzuloc, a date, so called because shaped 
like a dactyl.] Date-bearing, as Phoenix dac- 
tylifera, the date-palm. 

Dactylion (dak-til' -e -on). See Syndactylia. 

Dactylitis (dak-til-V -tis) [dactyl; tree, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a finger or a toe. 
D. syphilitica, a rare tertiary-syphilitic 
affection of the fingers and toes, consisting 
of a gummatous infiltration of the subcutaneous 
connective tissue and of the fibrous portions of 
the joints and bones. It is accompanied by 
great deformity, and should be distinguished 
ffom a similar affection of the muscular tissues, 
called by Lewin phalangitis syphilitica. 
Syn., Paronychia syphilitica. 

Dactylocampsodynia (dak-til-o-kamp-so-din' - 
e-ah) [dactyl; Kapupic, a bending; douvrj, pain]. 
Painful flexion of the fingers or toes. 

Dactylose, Dactylous (dak'-til-dz, -us). See 
Dactylate. 

Dadyl (dad' 41). Blanchet and Sell's name for 
a camphene produced by the action of lime on 
artificial camphor. 

Daemonorops (de-mon'-o-rops) [dacfxajv, a devil; 
pd>(l>, a shrub]. A genus of plants of the order 
Palmce. The inspissated juice of D. draco, 
a palm of Malaya, constitutes the finest 
cjragon's-blood. D. grandis, same habitat as 
D. draco, affords a variety of dragon's-blood. 

Dahlia (dahl'-ya) [Dahl, a Swedish botanist], 
A genus of composite plants. The roots of sev- 
eral species are edible, diuretic, diaphoretic, 
and carminative, and furnish a purple color- 
ing-matter. The bulbs of D. variabilis, 
a Mexican species, yield white inulin. D.- 
paper, a purple test-paper made from 
several species of Dahlia; acids change its 
color to red and alkalis to green. Syn., 
Georgina paper. D. -violet. See Pyoktanin, 
Blue. 

Dahlin (dah'-lin). 1. An anilin dye obtained 
by the action of ethyl iodid on mauvein. It 
gives a reddish -purple color. 2. A form of 
inulin obtained from the roots of Inula 
helenium. See Inulin. Syn., Aluntin; Men- 
y anthin ; Sinistrin; Syantherin. 

Dalbergia (dal-bur'-je-ah) . A genus of tropical 
leguminous, papilionaceous plants. D. sis- 
soo is a species of India and Afghanistan. 
The raspings of the wood are employed 
as an alterative. D. sympathetica is a tree of 
the East Indies. An infusion of the bark is 
administered in dyspepsia; the leaves are 
applied externally in leprosy and other 
cutaneous diseases, and internally as an 
alterative. The seeds yield an oil used in 
rheumatism, and the milky juice of. the root 
is applied to ulcers. 



Dal fil [Ar., "swollen leg"]. A native name for 
elephantiasis arabum. 

Dalrymple's Sign. See Stellwag's Sign. 

Dalton's Law, Dalton-Henry's Law. Al- 
though the volume of a gas absorbed by a 
liquid remains constant, the weight (volume 
multiplied by the density) of the absorbed gas 
rises and falls in proportion to its pressure. 

Daltonian (dal-ton'-e-an). 1. Pertaining to 
John Dalton, an English chemist (1 766-1844). 
2. A color-blind person. 

Daltonism (dal'-ton-izm). Color-blindness. 

Dam. See Rubber-dam. 

Damar, Damaria (dam'-ar, dam-a'-re-ah). See 
Dammar. 

Dambose (dam'-boz) [n'dambo, the African 
name], C 6 H 12 6 . A glucose derived from 
Gaboon caoutchouc. It forms hexagonal 
prisms, melts at 212 C, and is soluble in 
water. 

Damiana (dam-e-an' -ah) . The leaves of Tur- 
nera aphrodisiaca, found in Mexico and 
lower California; a stimulant tonic and aph- 
rodisiac. It is the basis of a great number of 
quack remedies. Dose of the extract 2-10 
gr. (0.13-0.65 Gm.); of the fluidextract 10 
min.-i dr. (0.65-4.0 Cc); of the leaves 1 oz. 
(3 Cc.) daily. All unof. 

Dammar (dam'-ar) [Hind., damar, resin]. A 
gum or resin produced by various species of 
Dammara and other trees. Syn., Damar; 
Dammar ia ; Resina damar a. D., True, is 
obtained from the Dammara orientalis, a co- 
niferous tree indigenous in the East Indies, 
and also from Dammara australis, in New 
Zealand. D. -varnish, a mounting medium 
used in microscopy; it is made by adding 10 
parts of white dammar to 20 parts of benzene, 
decanting after 24 to 48 hours, and adding 
4 parts of pure oil of turpentine. 

Dammaran (dam-ar'-an). A neutral resin 
obtained from dammar. 

Dammarin (dam'-ar-in). A resin extracted 
from dammar. 

Damoiseau's Curve. See Ellis' Sign. 

Damper (damp'-er) [ME., dampen, to choke]. 

1. A shutter placed in a flue to control draft. 

2. A device attached to a galvanometer to 
control the secondary currents. 

Dance, St. Vitus'. See Chorea. 

Dance's Sign. A depression about the right 
flank or iliac fossa, regarded by Dance as in- 
dicating invagination of the cecum. 

Dancing Mania. See Choromania. 

Dandelion (dan' -de-li-on) . See Taraxacum. 

Dandruff (dan' -druf) [origin unknown]. The 
scurf or scales formed upon the scalp in 
seborrhea. 

Dandy Fever (dan' -de). See Dengue. 

Danielssen's Disease. Anesthetic leprosy. 

Dansomania (dan-so-ma'-ne-ah). See Choro- 
mania. 

Danta (dan'-tah) [Sp.]. The American tapir, 
Tapirus americanus ; the powdered hoofs are 
employed as a sudorific and ae a remedy for 
epilepsy. 

Daphne (daf'-ne). See Mezereon. 



DAPHNIN 



329 



DEAFNESS 



Daphnin {daf'-nin) [oacf>vr], laurel], C 16 H 16 9 + 
2H 2 0. A glucosid from the bark of several 
species of Daphne. 

D'Arcet's Metal. See Metal, D'Arcet's. 

Darier's Disease. Psorospermose follicu- 
laire; keratosis follicularis. 

Darkschewitsch's Fibers. A tract of nerve- 
fibers extending from the optic tract to the 
ganglion of the habenula. D.'s Nucleus, a 
nucleus situated on each side of the median line 
in the gray matter near the junction of the 
sylvian aqueduct with the third ventricle. 

Dartoid (dar'-toid) [dartos; etdoc, likeness]. 
Resembling or consisting of the dartos. 

Dartos {dar'-tos) \oapxbg, flayed]. The con- 
tractile musculofibrous layer beneath the skin 
of the scrotum. 

Dartrous {dar'-trus) [Fr., dartre]. Of the nature 
of tetter or herpes; herpetic. 

Darwin's Ear. A congenital deformity of the 
ear in which the helix is absent at the upper 
outer angle of the ear so that the free border 
forms a sharp point upward and outward. In 
another form a blunt point {Darwin's tubercle) 
projects from the upper portion of the helix 
toward the center of the ear. 

Darwinism {dar r -win-izm) . The doctrine that 
higher organisms have been developed from 
lower forms by the influence of natural selec- 
tion, a theory advocated by Charles Darwin. 

Datura {da-tu' -rah) [Hind., dhatura, a certain 
plant]. A genus of Solanacece, or nightshade 
family. D. arbor ea is a South American spe- 
cies; the leaves are used as an emollient. 
D. ceratocaula is indigenous to tropical Amer- 
ica; its properties are similar to those of D. 
stramonium. D. fastuosa is found through- 
out the tropics of the old world. The root is 
administered by Mohammedan physicians in 
epilepsy. The fruit, seeds, and leaves are used 
in poultices for boils, carbuncles, and in the 
treatment of herpetic diseases. A tincture 
and decoction are given as a remedy for 
asthma. The plant is poisonous and soporific, 
and is used in India as an intoxicant, and by 

. professional poisoners for killing newborn 
female infants. Cf. Dhatureas. D. metel 
possesses qualities similar to D. fastuosa. 
D. sanguinea is a South American spe- 
cies, the floripondio of Peru, from the seeds 
of which an intoxicating beverage called 
tonga is prepared. Taken alone and in large 
doses it produces furious delirium, but dil- 
uted is a soporific. The seeds are used in 
the preparation of an ointment. D. stra- 
monium is the thorn-apple. See Stramonium. 

Daturin {da-tu'-rin) [see Datura], C 17 H 23 - 
N0 3 . A poisonous alkaloid from Datura 
stramonium, identical with hyoscyamin and 
isomeric with atropin. It is employed 
in the treatment of mania, epilepsy, neural- 
gia, rheumatism, syphilis, cancer, pains, 
spasms, asthma, and as a hypnotic in insanity. 
Dose 2F0""!?? g r - (0.0003-0.001 Gm.). Treat- 
ment in case of poisoning: emetics, stomach- 
pump, castor-oil. D. Hydrochlorate, C 17 - 
H„NOoHCl. Uses and dose same as of da- 



turin. D., Light, hyoscyamin, obtained by 
Ladenburg from Datura stramonium. D. 
Sulfate, (C ]7 H 23 N0 3 ) 2 H 2 S0 4 . Uses and dose 
same as of daturin. 

Daturism {dat'-u-rizm) [see Datura]. Stra- 
monium-poisoning. 

Dauciform {daw' -si-form). See Daucoid. 

Daucoid {daw'-koid) \0auK0v, the carrot; eldoc; 
likeness]. Resembling a carrot; dauciform. 

Daucus {daw'-kus) [dauKov, the carrot]. A genus 
of plants of the order JJmbelliferoe. D. carota, 
the carrot, is a cultivated biennial indigenous 
to Europe and the Orient. The root contains 
sugar, starch, pectin, malic acid, albumin, a 
volatile oil, and a crystalline coloring-mat- 
ter {carotin). It is a stimulant when applied 
to indolent ulcers, and is fed to horses to render 
the coat glossy. The aromatic seeds (fruit) 
are diuretic and are used in dropsy and neph- 
ritic complaints. D. gingidium, a species 
indigenous to Europe and northern Africa, 
yields a gum-resin, bdellium siculum. 

Daughter {daw'-ter). A female child or de- 
scendant. D.-cell. See Cell, Daughter-. 
D.-cyst. See Cyst, Daughter-. D. -nuclei. 
See Karyokinesis. D.-star, an amphiaster. 
See Karyokinesis. 

Davidsohn's Sign. The illumination of the 
pupil obtained on placing an electric light in 
the mouth will be less marked on the side on 
which there is a tumor or empyema of the 
antrum of Highmore. 

Davy's Test for Phenol. To 1 or 2 drops of 
the phenol solution add 3 or 4 drops of a so- 
lution of 1 part molybdic acid in 10 or more 
parts of concentrated sulfuric acid. A pale 
yellowish-brown coloration is produced, which 
passes to reddish-brown and then to a beauti- 
ful purple. 

Day-blindness. See Nyctalopia and Hemer- 
alopia. 

Deacidification {de-as-id-if-ik-a'-shun). The 
act or process of neutralizing an acid. 

Deaf {def) [AS., deaf]. Lacking the sense of 
hearing; in a condition of impaired hearing. 
D. -mutism, the state of being both deaf and 
dumb; the deafness may be congenital or ac- 
quired, and prevent the individual from learn- 
ing to speak. D. -mutism, Hysteric, a con- 
dition of deaf-mutism of sudden development, 
due to hysteria. 

Deafness {def'-nes) [deaf]. The state of being 
deaf. Deafness may be due to disease of 
the external auditory canal, the middle ear, 
the internal ear, thp auditory nerve, or the 
brain. D., Boilermakers', deafness result- 
ing from working among machinery, and char- 
acterized by inability to hear ordinary conver- 
sation, while hearing power is increased amid 
loud noise. D . , Cerebral, that due to a brain- 
lesion. D., Cortical, that due to disease of 
the cortical centers for hearing. D . , Psychic, 
inability to recognize or understand the sounds 
heard, due to destruction of the central area of 
the auditory center. D., Speech-, a variety 
of psychic deafness resembling word-deafness, 
except that the faculty of repeating and writing 



DEALBATE 



330 



DECIDUA 



after dictation is not lost. D., Word-. 
D., Psychic. 

Dealbate (de-al'-bat) [dealbatus, whitewashed]. 
In biology, coated with a fine white down or 
powder. 

Dealbation (de-al-ba' -shun) [see Dealbate]. 
The process or act of becoming or being 
made white, as by bleaching. 

Dealcoholization (de -al - ko-hol-i-za' -shun) . 
The removal of alcohol from an object 
or compound used in microscopic technic. 
D. -agent, a liquid employed for the purpose 
of getting rid of the alcohol in preserved 
specimens, and to facilitate the penetration 
of paraffin in microtomy. 

Deambulation (de-am-bu-la' -shun) [deambu- 
lare, to take a walk]. Gentle exercise as 
by walking. 

Deanesthesiant (de-an-es-the'-ze-ant) [de, from; 
dvacadfjoca, want of feeling]. A means for 
arousing the system from a state of anesthesia. 

Deaquation (de-ak-wa' '-shun) [de, from; aqua, 
water]. The act or process of removing water 
from a substance. 

Deargentation (de-ar-jen-ta' '-shun) [deargen- 
tare, to plate with silver]. The act or process 
of silvering. 

Dearterialization (de-ar-te-re-al-i-za' -shun) [de, 
from; arterial ization]. The transformation 
of the blood from the arterial to the venous 
state. Cf. Atmospherization. 

Dearticulation (de-ar-tik-u-la'-shun). See Di- 
arthrosis, Disarticulation, Dislocation. 

Death (deth) [AS., death]. The cessation 
of life. D., Binsical, death preceded by 
mania. D., Black, an exceedingly fata 
epidemic called the "plague," which occurred 
in Europe during the fourteenth century, 
and during which, it is estimated, 20,000,000 
persons died. D., Local, death of a part. 
D., Molecular, death of individual cells; 
ulceration. D., Muscular, a state of the 
muscles in which they no longer react to 
stimuli. D., Somatic, death of the organism 
as a whole. 

Deauration (de-aw-ra'-shun) [deaurare, to 
gild]. The act or process of gilding. 

Debilitant (de-b 11' -it-ant) [debilitare, to weaken]. 
1. An agent allaying excitement. 2. Weak- 
ening. 

Debility (de-biV -it-e) . See Asthenia. D., 
Nervous. See Neurasthenia. 

Debove's Disease. Splenomegaly. D.'s 
Membrane. See Membrane, Debove's. 

Debridement (da-bred-mon(g)) [Ft.]. The 
enlargement of a wound or hernia in oper- 
ating. 

Deca- (dek-a-) [dim, ten]. Ten; prefixed to 
the units of weight, capacity, and length in 
the metric system, it signifies a measure ten 
times as large as the unit. See Metric 
System. 

Decalcification (de-kal-sif-ik-a'-shun) [de, priv.; 
calx, lime; facere, to make]. The withdrawal 
of the lime-salts of bone. 

Decalcify (de-kaV -sif-i) [see Decalcification]. 
To remove lime-salts from tissues. 



Decalvant (de-kal'-vant) [decalvans, depila- 
tory]. Destroying hair. 

Decantation (de-kan-ta' -shun) [de, down; 
cantus, a side]. The operation of removing 
the supernatant fluid from a sediment. 

Decapitation (de-kap-it-a' -shun) [de, from; 
caput, head]. The act of beheading, espe- 
cially as performed on the fetus when other 
means of delivery have failed. 

Decarbonated (de-kar'-bon-a-ted). Deprived 
of carbonic acid. 

Decarbonization, Decarburation, Decarbu- 
rization (de-kar-bon-i-za' -shun, de-kar-bu-ra' - 
shun, de-kar-bu-ri-za' -shun). The act or pro- 
cess of freeing a substance from carbon. 

Decay (de-ka') [de, down; cadere, to fall]. 
1. Putrefactive change. 2. The ultimate kata- 
bolic state; decline of life, of health, or of 
one or more functions. 

Decemcostate (de-sem-kos'-tdt) [decern, ten; 
cosla, a rib]? Having ten ribs. 

Decemfid (de' '-sem-fid) [decern; findere, to divide]. 
Cut into ten parts. 

Decemipara (de-sem-ip' -ar-ah) [decern; parere, 
to bring forth]. A woman pregnant for the 
tenth time. 

Decentered (de-sent' -erd) [de, from; center]. 
Out of common center; said of lenses as to 
focus, or of masses as to equilibrium, etc. 

Decentration (de-sen-tra' -shun) [see Decentered]. 
Removal from a center. 

Decerebrated (de-ser'-e-bra-ted). Decerebrized. 

Decerebrize (de-ser' -e-brlz) [de, from; cere- 
brum]. To remove the brain, as of a frog, 
in physiologic experiments; decerebrate. 

Deci- (des-e-) [decern, ten]. A prefix which, 
joined to the metric units of length, capacity, 
and weight, signifies a measure one-tenth 
as large as the unit. See Metric System. 

Decidua (de-sid' -u-ah) [deciduus, a falling 
off]. The mucous membrane which lines 
the uterus and surrounds the ovum during 
pregnancy. Syn., Decidua membrana; De- 
cidua tunica. D., Catamenial. See D., 
Menstrual. D., Epichorial. See D. reflexa. 
D. graviditatis, the menstrual decidua 
during pregnancy. D., Interuteroplacen- 
tal. See D. serotina. D. membrana. See 
Decidua. D., Menstrual, the outer layer of 
the uterine mucosa which is shed during men- 
struation. In membranous dysmenorrhea it 
is discharged in pieces before disintegration. 
Syn., Catamenial decidua. D. placentalis 
subchorialis, the layer of the maternal pla- 
centa lying next the chorion. Syn., Decidua 
subchorialis. D. reflexa, that part of the 
decidua growing about the ovum and inclosing 
it as a sac. D. serotina, that part of the de- 
cidua vera upon which the ovum lies, and from 
which the placenta is subsequently formed. 
D. serotina, Glandular. See D. serotina, 
Uterine. D. serotina, Placental, that por- 
tion of decidua serotina which is in contact 
with the parts or cotyledons of the placenta, 
as distinguished from the uterine decidua 
serotina. D. serotina, Uterine, the outer 
layer of the decidua serotina: the glandular 



DECIDUATION 



331 



DECUSSATION 



decidua serotina. D. subchorialis. See D. 
placentalis subchorialis. D. tuberosa et 
polyposa, a form of decidual endometritis 
characterized by a roughened condition and 
polypoid growths of the uterine mucosa. 
D. vera, the thickened, vascular, spongy 
mucous membrane of the gravid uterus. 

Deciduation (de-sid-u-a' '-shun) . The act or 
process of dropping off or shedding. 

Deciduitis (de-sid-u-i'-tis). Inflammation of 
the decidual membranes of the gravid uterus. 

Deciduoma (de-sid-u-o'-mah) [decidua; op.a, 
a tumor]. An intrauterine tumor containing 
decidual relics, and believed to arise from 
some hyperplasia of a retained portion of the 
decidua. By some it is considered a sarcoma. 
D. malignum, a variety of uterine sarcoma 
first described by Sanger, which in its mi- 
croscopic characters strongly resembles decid- 
ual tissues. Syn., Chorioepitlielioma malig- 
num; Sarcoma deciduo cellular e; Syncytioma 
malignum. 

Deciduosarcoma (de-sid-u-o-sar-ko'-mah). See 
Deciduoma malignum. 

Deciduous (de-sid' -u-us) [de, away from; 
cadere, to fall]. Falling off. D. Teeth, 
the temporary teeth or milk-teeth. 

Decinormal (des-e-nor'-mal) \deci-; norma, nor- 

- mal]. Having one-tenth the strength of the 
normal. 

Declination (dek-lin-a' -shun) [decline]. . The 
dip of the magnetic needle. 

Declinator (dek' -lin-a-tor) [decline]. An in- 
strument for holding the dura apart during 
trephining. 

Decline (de-klin') [declinare, to bend]. A 
gradual decrease, as of a fever; a wasting 
away of the bodily strength. 

Declive (de-kliv') [declivis, sloping]. i. A 
lower or descending part. 2. See Declivis 
cerebelli. 

Declivis cerebelli (de-kli'-vis ser-e-bel'-i) [L.]. 
The sloping posterior aspect of the monticulus. 

Decoction (de-kok' -shun) [decoquere, to boil 
down]. A liquid preparation obtained by 
boiling vegetable substances in water. 

Decollation (de-kol-a' '-shun) . See Decapita- 
tion. 

Decollator (de-kol f -a-tor) [decollare, to behead]. 
An instrument for fetal decapitation. 

Decolorant (de-kul'-or-ant) [de, priv.; color]. 
An agent for the altering or removal of color. 

Decoloration (de-kul-or-a* '-shun) [decolorare, 
to deprive of color]. Removal of color. 

Decombustion (de-kom-bust'-yun). See De- 
oxidation. 

Decompensation (de-kom-pen-sa' -shun) [de, 
priv.; compensare, to compensate]. Failure 
of compensation (as of the circulation or of 
the heart). 

Decompose (de-kom-poz'). 1. To cause a 
compound to break up into its simpler con- 
stituents. 2. To undergo putrefaction. 

Decomposition (de-kom-po-zish' '-un) [decom- 
ponere, to decompose]. 1. The separation of 
the component principles of a body. 2. Pu- 
trefactive fermentation. 



Decompression (de-kom-presh' '-un) . The re- 
moval of compression or pressure. 

Decortication (de-kor-tik-a' -shun) [de, from; 
cortex, the bark]. 1. The stripping of the 
bark or husk of a plant. 2. The stripping 
off of portions of the cortical substance of 
the brain from the summits of the gyri. 

Decostate (de-kos'-tat) [de, from; costa, a rib]. 
Without ribs. 

Decrement {dek' -re-ment) . See Decline. 

Decrepitation (de-krep-it-a' -shun) [decrepitare, 
to crackle]. A crackling or crepitation. 

Decrustation (de - krust - a' - shun) [de, from; 
crusta, a crust]. The detachment of a crust. 

Decubital (de-ku' -bit-al) . Relating to a de- 
cubitus or to a bed-sore. 

Decubitus (de-ku' -bit-us) [decumbere, to lie 
down]. 1. The recumbent or horizontal pos- 
ture. 2. A bed-sore. D., Acute, a form of 
bed-sore due to cerebral lesions. D., Andral's. 
See under Sign. 

Decurtation (de-kur-ta'-shun) [decurtare, to 
curtail]. The ablation or shortening of a 
structure or usual duration of a condition. 

Decurvature (de-kurv' -a-chur) [decurvatus, bent 
back]. A descending curvature. 

Decussate (de-kus'-dt) [see Decussation]. To 
intersect; to cross. 

Decussation (de-kus-a' -shun) [decussatio, a 
crossing]. A chiasma or X-shaped crossing, 
especially of symmetric parts, as of nerve - 
fibers, nerve-tracts, or nerve-filaments. The 
principal decussations are that of the optic 
nerve and that of the lateral pyramidal tracts 
in the medulla. D., Forel's, the ventral teg- 
mental decussation. D., Fountain, Spitz- 
ka's term for such a decussation of nerve-fibers 
as is seen in the cortex of the anterior quad- 
rigeminum. D., Motor. See D. 0} the Pyra- 
mids. D. of the Optic Nerve, the chiasm. 
D., Pineal, Spitzka's term for the crossing of 
certain fibers of the inner division of the reticu- 
lar formation. D., Piniform. See D. of the 
Pyramids, Sensory. D., Pyramidal, Supe- 
rior, D., Pyramidal, Upper. See D. of the 
Pyramids, Sensory. D. of the Pyramids, 
D., Pyramidal, the oblique crossing of the 
bundles of the anterior pyramids of the oblon- 
gata from opposite sides of the median fissure. 
Syn., Inferior decussation; Motor decussation; 
Piniform decussation; Ventral decussation of 
the pyramids. D. of the Pyramids, Sen- 
sory, a crossing of certain fibers having their 
origin in the funiculi cuneati of the spinal 
cord, which occurs in the upper part of the 
oblongata, between the anterior pyramids and 
the gray floor of the fourth ventricle. Syn., 
Decussation of the fillet; Interolivary de- 
cussation; Pyramidal posterior decussation. 
D. of the Pyramids, Ventral. See D. of 
the Pyramids. D., Sensory. 1. See D. 
of the Pyramids, Sensory. 2. The crossing 
of the outer bundles of the anterior pyramids 
of the spinal cord. Syn., Superior decussa- 
tion. D., Sensory, Middle, a crossing in 
the median line of certain fibers between the 
upper and lower pyramids. D., Tegmental, 



DECUSSORIUM 



332 



DEGENERATION 



of Meynert, the crossing of the fibers in the 
cortex of the anterior quadrigeminum. 

Decussorium (de-kus-o' -re-um) [L.]. An in- 
strument for depressing the dura after trephin- 
ing. 

Dedalous, Dgedalous (ded'-al-us) [dacdaXeoc, 
curiously wrought]. Labyrinthiform; in- 
tricately wrought. 

Dedentition (de-den-tish' -un) [de, down; dens, 
a tooth]. The shedding of the teeth. 

Dedolation (ded-o-la' -shun) [dedolatio, a hewing 
off]. A cutting off obliquely. 

Deep (dip). Not superficial. D. Reflexes. 
See under Reflex. D. Water, water obtained 
from a porous layer beneath the first imper- 
vious stratum. 

Defecation (def-ek-a'-shun) [defcecare, to sep- 
arate from the dregs], i. The . evacuation of 
the bowels. 2. Clarification, as of wine. Cf. 
Decantation. 

Defensive Proteids. See Proteids, Defensive. 

Deferent (def -er-ent) [deferens, carrying 
away]. Carrying away or down; efferent. 

Deferentectomy (def-er-ent-ek'-to-me). Exci- 
sion of the vas deferens. 

Deferential (def-er-en'-shal). Pertaining to 
the vas deferens. 

Def erentiovesical (def-er-en-she-o-ves'-ik-al) . 
Pertaining to both the vas deferens and the 
bladder. 

Deferentitis (def-er-en-ti'-tis) [deferens; exec, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the vas 
deferens. 

Defervescence (de-fer-ves'-ens) [defervescere, 

■ to cease boiling]. Disappearance of fever. 

Defibrination (de-fl-brin-a'-shun) [de, from; 
fibra, a fiber]. The removal of fibrin from 
blood or lymph. 

Defining Power (de-fi'-ning). See Definition. 

Definition (def-in-ish'-un) [definire, to bound 
by limits]. In optics, the power of a magni- 
fying lens to show clear outlines of the object 
examined, free from aberration or distortion. 

Deflagration (def-lag-ra' -shun) [deflagrare, 
to be consumed]. A sudden, 'violent com- 
bustion, such as % accompanies the oxidation 
of certain inorganic substances by mixing 
them with an easily decomposing salt, such 
as the alkaline chlorates and nitrates. 

Deflagrator (def-la-gra'-tor) [see Deflagration]. 
An apparatus for producing very rapid 
combustion. D., Hare's. See Battery, 
Hare's. 

Deflect (de-flekf) [deflecto, to bend away]. 
To turn or bend from a straight course. 

Defluvium capillorum (de-flu' -ve-um kap-il- 
or'-um). Alopecia. 

Defluxion (de-fluk'-shun) [de, down; fluere, to 
flow]. A discharge. 

Deformation (de-for-ma' -shun) [deformare, to 
deform]. The process of disfigurement. D., 
Sprengel's, congenital upward displacement 
of one of the scapulas. D., Volkmann's, 
congenital tibiotarsal dislocation. 

Deformity (de-for'-mi-te). Abnormal shape or 
structure of a body or part. D., Anterior. 
See Lordosis. 



Defunctionalization (de-funk-shun-al-iz-a r - 
shun). The act of destroying a function. 

Defurfuration (de-fur -fur -a f -shun) [de, from; 
furfur, bran]. Desquamation. 

Defuselation (de-fu-sel-a' -shun) . The removal 
of fusel oil from spirits. 

Defusion (de-fu'-zhun). See Decantation. 

Deganglionate (de-gan' -gle-on-dt) . To remove 
ganglions. 

Degenerate (de-jen'-er-at) [see Degeneration]. 
1. To revert to a lower type. 2. An individual 
who has reverted to a lower type. 

Degeneration (de-jen-er-a' '-shun) [degenerare, 
to become base]. 1. A morbid process con- 
sisting in the conversion of the elements of 
a tissue into some inert substance. 2. A 
term indicating imperfect or abnormal de- 
velopment of the psychic faculties. Syn., 
Degenerescence. D., Abercrombie's, amy- 
loid degeneration. D., Albuminoid. Syno- 
nym of Amyloid Degeneration. D., Al- 
buminous, albuminous infiltration. D., 
Amyloid. See Amyloid degeneration. D., 
Armanni-Ehrlich's, hyaline degeneration of 
the epithelial cells of Henle's looped tubes in 
diabetes. D., Ascending, a trophic de- 
generation of nerve-fibers or tracts pro- 
gressing from the site of the original lesion 
toward the cerebrum. D., Calcareous. 
See Infiltration, Calcareous. D., Cellulose. 
See Amyloid Degeneration. D., Cheesy. See 
Caseation. D., Chitinous. See Amyloid 
Degeneration. D., Colloid, the change of the 
protoplasm of epithelial cells into a substance 
that resembles mucus, but -is not precipitated 
by alcohol or acetic acid. D., Cystic, de- 
generation with cyst-formation. D., Cyst- 
oid, of the Retina, round or oval cystoid 
spaces surrounded by hypertrophied radial 
fibers found in the retina at all ages, as 
described by Iwanoff. D., Descending, a 
degeneration of nerve-fibers or tracts extend- 
ing peripherally from the original lesion. D., 
Earthy. See Calcification and Infiltration, 
Calcareous. D., Fascicular, that form of 
atrophy of paralyzed muscles following 
pathologic change in the motor ganglion- 
cells of the central tube of the gray matter 
of the spinal cord or their efferent fibers. 
D., Fatty, a change of the proteids of the 
tissues into fat. D., Fibrofatty, of the 
Placenta, an association of fatty degeneration 
of the placenta with fibromatous degeneration 
of the chorionic villi and of the decidua 
serotina. D., Fibrous, of the Heart, hyper- 
plasia of the cardiac connective tissue accom- 
panying chronic interstitial inflammation. 
D., Gelatiniform. See D., Colloid. D., 
Granular, parenchymatous degeneration dis- 
tinguished by a deposit of albuminoid parti- 
cles. D., Hoen's, degenerative change in 
striated muscles with nuclear proliferation. 
D., Hyaline, a degeneration affecting par- 
ticularly the connective tissue of the walls of 
blood-vessels, and giving rise to a substance 
resembling amyloid material, but lacking its 
reactions. See Amyloid Degeneration. D., 



DEGLABRATION 



333 



DELIRIUM 



Hyaloid. See Amyloid Degeneration. D., 
Hydrocarbonaceous, Paschutin's term for 
a special degeneration peculiar to diabetes. 
Syn., Paschutin's degeneration. D., Lique- 
factive, a process resembling fatty degenera- 
tion, accompanying fibrinous exudations. D., 
Meckel's, cholesterin disease or waxy de- 
generation. D., Mineral. See Calcification. 
D., Mucoid, the degeneration of tissue into 
a jelly-like, transparent substance containing 
mucin. D., Myelin, a process sometimes 
occurring in chronic pneumonia in which 
there is a formation of myelin coincident 
with fatty degeneration in the pulmonary 
alveoli. D., Myxomatous. See D., Mucoid. 
D., Parenchymatous. See Cloudy Swell- 
ing. D., Parenchymatous, of the Kid- 
ney, a degeneration of the parenchyma of 
the kidney following the acute nephritis of 
pregnancy, diphtheria, or an acute attack of 
fever. It is accompanied by 10 to 25 % of 
albumin in the urine, which remains of 
normal quantity. D., Paschutin's. See D., 
Hydrocarbonaceous. D., Pigmentary, D., 
Pigment, a pigmentation of the muscles 
accompanying the atrophy due to cachexia, 
insufficient food, or the marasmus of old age. 
D., Putrid. See Hospital Gangrene. D., 
Reaction of. See Reaction of Degeneration. 
D., Signs of, physical imperfections, such as 
asymmetry of corresponding parts, adherent 
lobules of the ear, stammering, supernumerary 
or deficient digits, etc., observed in persons 
presenting psychic degeneration. D., The- 
roid, in psychiatry, the lowering or approxi- 
mation of the human mental faculties and 
instincts to those of the lower animal. D., 
Trabecular, a degeneration of the bronchial 
wall in which there is a hypertrophy of the 
elastic and inelastic tissues of the fibrous 
sheath of the bronchus and its cartilages. 
D., Tiirck's, secondary parenchymatous 
degeneration of the spinal nerve-tracts. D., 
Uratic, the deposition of uric acid and the 
urates in the tissues. D., Virchow's. See 
Amyloid Degeneration. D., Vitreous. See 
Albuminoid Disease and Amyloid Degenera- 
tion. D.j Wallerian. See under Wallerian. 

Deglabration (deg-la-bra' '-shun) [deglabrare, to 
make smooth]. The process of becoming 
bald. 

Deglutitio impedita {de-glu-tish' -e-o im-ped- 
i'-tah). Synonym of Dysphagia. 

Deglutition {deg-lu-tish' -un) [deglutitio, a swal- 
lowing]. The act of swallowing. 

Degustation {de-gus-ta' '-shun) [degustare, to 
taste]. The act of tasting. 

Dehiscence {de-his' -ens) [de, off; hiscere, to 
gape or yawn]. The act of splitting open. 
D.s, Zuckerkandl's, small gaps sometimes 
existing in the papyraceous lamina of the 
ethmoid bone, and bringing the lining mem- 
brane of the latter in contact with the dura. 
They are not pathologic. 

Dehydratation {de-hi-dra-ta' -shun) . The re- 
moval of hydrogen from a compound by 
means of reducing agents, by heating, or by 



the action of strong acids on hydrocarbons. 
Cf. Dehydration. 

Dehydration {de-hi-dra' -shun) [de, away 
from; udcop, water]. The removal of water. 

Dehydrogenize {de-hi' -dro-jen-iz) . To deprive 
of hydrogen. 

Dehydrotriacetonamin {de-hi-dro-tri-as-et-on- 
am'-in). A substance acting as a base 
obtained from acetone by action of ammonia. 
Syn., Acetonin. 

Deintoxication {de-in-toks-ik-a 1 '-shun) [de, 
from; intoxication]. The process of over- 
coming the effects of toxic substances. 

Deintoxification {de-in-toks-i}-ik-a' -shun) . See 
Detoxification. 

Deiters' Cells. 1. The branched, flattened 
cells of the neuroglia. 2. The cylindricoconic 
cells resting upon the basilar membrane of 
Corti's organ and supporting the hair-cells. 
D.'s Nucleus, a large nucleus situated in 
the oblongata between the inner portion of 
the cerebral peduncles and the restiform body. 
D.'s Phalanges, the phalangeal processes 
of Deiters' cells in the organ of Corti. D.'s 
Process, the axis-cylinder process of a nerve- 
cell; the neuraxon. 

Dejecta {de-jek' -tah) [L.]. Feces. 

Dejection {de-jek' -shun) [dejecta]. The dis- 
charge of fecal matter; the matter so dis- 
charged. 

Dejecture {de-jek' -chur) [dejecta]. Matter 
evacuated from the intestine; feces. 

Dejerine's Disease. Hypertrophic interstitial 
neuritis of infancy. 

Dejerine-Sottas' Disease, D.-S.'s Type of 
Muscular Atrophy. See Dejerine's Disease. 

Delaceration {de-las-er-a' -shun) [delacerare]. 
To tear to pieces or lacerate severely. 

Delactation {de-lak-ta' -shun) . See Ablactation. 

Delamination {de-lam -in-a' -shun) [de, away; 
lamina, a plate]. The splitting into layers. 

Delhi Boil {del' -he). See Furunculus ori- 
en talis. 

Deligation {del-ig-a' -shun) [deligatio, a bind- 
ing]. Ligation, as of an artery. 

Delimitation {de-lim-it^a' -shun) [delimitare, to 
mark out]. The determination of the limits 
of areas, regions, or organs in physical diag- 
nosis. 

Deliquation, Deliquiation {del-ik-wa' -shun, 
del-ik-wi-a' -shun) . Deliquescence. 

Deliquescence {del-ik-wes' -ens) [deliquescere, 
to melt away].- A liquefaction by absorption 
of water from the atmosphere. 

Deliquescent {del-ik-wes' -ent) [see Deliques- 
cence]. Dissolving: applied especially to salts 
that absorb moisture from the air and liquefy. 

Delire a Java. See Lata. 

Deliriant, Delirifacient {de-W -re-ant, de- 
le-re- j a' -she-ent) [delirium]. Producing de- 
lirium. 

Delirious {de-le' -re-us) [delirium]. Affected 
with delirium. 

Delirium {de-le' -re-um) [L., "madness"]. _ A 
condition of mental excitement with confusion 
and usually hallucinations and illusions. D., 
Alcoholic. See D. tremens. D. constantium, 



DELITESCENCE 



334 



DEMOGRAPHY 



the constant repetition and expression of a 
single fixed idea, characteristic of the delirium 
of insane persons having fever. D. cordis, 
a violent, tumultuous beating of the heart. 
D., Depressive, a form of general delirium 
in which there is a marked torpidity as 
to ideas, feelings, and determinations. D., 
Dupuytren's. See D. nervosum. D., 
Febrile, the delirium of fever. D. of Gran- 
deur, a condition in which an individual 
has insanely exaggerated ideas of his. own 
importance or of his possessions. D. nervo- 
sum, the delirium following severe surgical 
operations or injuries. D. of Persecution, 
that in which the patient imagines himself 
the object of persecution. D., Primordial, 
a form marked by ideas which dominate 
the mind and from which the patient is not 
able to free himself. D., Toxic, delirium 
caused by poisons. D., Traumatic. See 
D. nervosum. D. tremens, the delirium 
arising from alcoholic poisoning. It is char- 
acterized by constant tremor, insomnia, great 
exhaustion, distressing illusions, and hallu- 
cinations. 

Delitescence {del-it-es' -ens) [delitescere, to lie 
hid] The sudden disappearance of inflam- 
mation by resolution. 

Deliver {de-liv'-er) [de, -from; liberare, to 
free]. To free from something, especially to 
deliver a woman of a child or of the after- 
birth. The word is also applied to the part 
removed, as to deliver the placenta or a 
tumor. 

Delivery {de-liv'-er -e) [see Deliver]. The act 
of delivering or freeing from something, espe- 
cially the relieving of a woman from the con- 
tents of the uterus; parturition; childbirth. 
D., Postmortem, the birth of a fetus after 
the death of the mother. 

Delomorphous {del-o-mor' -fus) [drjXoc, con- 
spicuous; jiopcfyf), form]. Having a conspicu- 
ous form. D. Cells of Rollet, large, well- 
defined cells between the membrana propria 
and the chief cells of the fundus glands of 
the gastric mucous* membrane. They are 
supposed to secrete the hydrochloric acid. 

Delphinin, Delphinium, Delphinoidin, 
Delphisin {del' -fin-in, del-fin' -e-um, del-fin- 
oid'-in, del'-fis-in). See Staphisagria. 

Deltoid {del'-toid) [delta, the Greek letter A; 
eldoc, likeness]. Having the shape of the 
Greek letter delta; triangular, as the deltoid 
'muscle. See under Muscle. 

Delusion {de-lu'-zhun) [de, from; lusus, play]. 
A false belief, the falsity of which is apparent, 
but out of which the person cannot be rea- 
soned by indubitable evidence. D.s, Ex- 
pansive, D.s, Large, a symptom of the 
second stage of general paralysis of the in- 
sane, in which the patient conceives ideas 
involving colossal size, magnificent wealth, or 
extravagant numbers. 

Delusional {de-lu' -zhun-al) [delusion]. Of 
the nature of a delusion; characterized by 
delusions. D. Stupor. See Insanity, Con- 
fusional. 



Demagnetize {de-mag' -net-lz) . To deprive 
an object of magnetic properties. 

Demarcation {de-mar k-a' -shun) [demarcare, - 
to set the bounds of]. Separation. D., Line 
of, a red line forming at the edge of a gan- 
grenous area and marking the limit of the 
process. 

Demarquay's Symptom. Immobility or 
lowering of the larynx during deglutition and 
phonation; it is characteristic of tracheal 
syphilis. 

Demedication {de-med-ik-a' -shun) . The re- 
moval of deleterious drugs from the system, 
as lead, arsenic, or phosphorus, by the re- 
versal of the electric current used in cataphor- 
esis, in a suitably arranged bath. 

Dement {de'-ment) [dementia]. A person suf- 
fering with dementia. 

Dementation {de - men - ta' - shun) [dementia]. 
Loss of mind; insanity. 

Demented {de-ment'-ed). Deprived of reason. 

Dementia {de-men' -she-ah) [de, from; mens, 
the mind]. A form of insanity characterized 
by a deterioration or loss of the intellectual 
faculties, the reasoning power, the memory, 
and the will. D., Paralytic, general paraly- 
sis of the insane. D. praecox, a form which 
appears at the age of puberty in children 
previously intellectually bright; there are 
various delirious symptoms at the beginning; 
constant sudden impulses and rapid ter- 
mination in a dementia which is more or 
less complete. D., Primary, that occurring 
independently of other forms of insanity. 
D., Secondary, that following another form 
of insanity. D., Senile, that due to the 
degenerations of old age. D., Terminal, 
that coming on toward the end of other forms 
of insanity or certain nervous diseases. 

Demi- [dimidius, half]. A prefix meaning half. 

Demifacet {dem-e-fas'-et) [demi-; facet]. One- 
half of an articulation surface adapted to 
articulate with two bones. 

Demilune Cells, Heidenhain's {dem'-e-lun). 
Crescentic bodies lying between the cells and 
the membrana propria of an acinus of a 
salivary gland. 

Demipenniform {dem-e-pen' -e-form) [demi-; 
penna, a wing]. Applied to structures or 
organs which have one of two margins 
winged. 

Demodex {dem' -o-deks) [drjjiof, fat; dr)$, an 
insect]. A genus of parasitic insects. D. 
folliculorum, Jhe pimple-mite, a minute 
parasite found in the sebaceous follicles, par- 
ticularly of the face. It probably does not 
produce any symptoms. 

Demography {de-mo g'-ra-fe) [drjfiog, the 
people; jpa<f>ecv, to write]. The science of 
peoples collectively considered; social sci- 
ence, including that of vital statistics and the 
consideration of questions of state medicine. 
D., Dynamic, a study of the activities of 
human communities, their rise, progress, and 
fall. D., Static, a study of the anatomy of 
a human community, its numbers, the sex, 
age, wealth, calling, etc., of the people. 



DEMONOMANIA 



335 



DENTELATION 



Demonomania (de-mon-o-ma' -ne-ah) [oat/xajv, 
a devil; p.av'ca, madness]. A form of mad- 
ness in which a person imagines himself 
possessed of a devil. 

Demonomy (de-mon'-om-e) [ofjp.oc, the people; 
vofxof, a law; a custom]. The science of 
humanity. 

Demonophobia (de-mon-o-fo' -be-ah) [dacptov, 
a devil; (frofiog, fear]. Morbid dread of devil 
and demons. 

(de) Morgan's Spots. See Morgan's (de) Spots. 

Demorphinization (de-morf-in-i-za' -shun) [de, 
from; morphin]. Treatment of morphinism 
by gradual withdrawal of the drug. 

Demours' Membrane. See Descemet's Mem- 
brane. 

Demulcent (de-muV '-sent) [demulcere, to soothe]. 
i. Soothing; allaying irritation of surfaces, 
especially mucous membranes. 2. A soothing 
substance, particularly a slippery, mucilagin- 
ous liquid. 

(de) Mussey's Point, de M.'s Symptom. See 
Mussey's (de) Point. 

Denarcotized (de-nar' '-ko-tlzd) [de, priv.; 
vapKioycKoc, narcotic]. 1. Deprived of nar- 
cotizing qualities. 2. Of opium, deprived 
of narcotin. 

Denaturization (de-nat-u-ri-za' -shun) [de, priv.; 
natura, nature]. Alteration in the character- 
istics of an organic substance by chemic 
action, boiling, or addition. 

Dendraxon (den-draks'-on) [dendron; axon]. 
Von Lenhossek's term for a neuron with a 
short axon, its axonal processes being for the 
most part devoid of sheaths. 

Dendric (den'-drik) [dendron]. Provided with 
dendrons. 

Dendrite (den'-drit). See Dendron. 

Dendritic (den-drif Ak) [dendron]. Branch- 
ing like a tree. 

Dendron (den'--dron) [dhdpov, a tree]. One of 
the short, free projections or socalled proto- 
plasmic processes of a nerve-cell. 

Dengue (deng'-gu) [West Ind.]. An acute, 
epidemic, infectious disease, characterized by 
a febrile paroxysm, severe pains in the bones, 
joints, and muscles, and, at times, a cutaneous 
eruption. The period of incubation is from 

3 to 5 days; the invasion is sudden, with high 
fever (106 F.), severe pains in the muscles, 
bones, and joints, the last being swollen and 
reddened. After the fever has lasted 3 or 

4 days it subsides, but at the end of from 
2 to 4 days a second paroxysm accompanied 
with pain occurs. Convalescence is slow; 
complications are rare. Syn., Breakbone 
fever; Dandy fever. 

Denguis (den'-gwis). Synonym of Dengue. 

Denidation (de-ni-da'-shun) [de, priv.; nidus, 
a nest]. The disintegration and ejection of 
the superficial part of the uterine mucosa. 

Denige's Test for Formaldehyd in Milk. 
Make a solution of 40 Cc. of 0.5 % solution 
of fuchsin; 250 Cc. distilled water; 10 Cc. 
of sodium bisulfite, sp. gr. 1.375; IO Cc. 
pure sulfuric acid. To 1 Cc. of this solution 
add 10 Cc. of the suspected milk and Jet it 



stand 5 minutes. Then add 2 Cc. of pure 
hydrochloric acid and shake. In the presence 
of formaldehyd a violet color will appear; a 
yellowish-white color in its absence. D.'s 
Test for Uric Acid, convert uric acid into 
alloxan by the action of nitric acid; expel 
the excess of nitric acid by gentle heat, and 
treat with a few drops of sulfuric acid and a 
few drops of commercial benzol (containing 
thiophen) ; a blue coloration will result. 

Denigration (de-ni-gra' -shun) [denigrare, to 
blacken]. The act or process of rendering 
black; the state of having become black. 

Denisensko's Method. The subcutaneous 
injection of a watery extract of Chelidonium 
majus in the treatment of cancer. 

Denitration (de-ni-tra' -shun) . The process 
of taking away nitric acid from a com- 
pound. 

Denitrify (de-ni f -tre-fi) [de, priv.; nitrogen]. 
To remove nitrogen. 

Denitrifying (de-ni'-tre-fi-ing). Applied to 
bacteria which reduce nitric acid to nitrous 
acid and ammonia. 

Denonvilliers' Fascia. The rectovesical 
fascia between the prostate gland and 
rectum. 

Densimeter (den-sim'-et-er) [densus, dense; 
fxhpov, a measure]. An appliance for ascer- 
taining the specific gravity of a liquid. 

Density (den'-sit-e) [densitas, thickness]. Close- 
ness; compactness, especially the degree of 
closeness of one body compared with an 
equal volume of another taken as a standard; 
specific gravity. In electricity, the amount 
of electricity accumulated on a unit of surface 
during a given time. 

Dentagra (den-ta' -gr ah) [dens, a tooth; ay pa, 
a seizure]. 1. Toothache. 2. A tooth- 
forceps. 

Dental (den'-tal) [dens]. Pertaining to the 
teeth. D. Engine, a machine worked by a 
treadle and possessing a flexible cable and 
adjustable arm and hand-piece, which afford 
great facility of movement and adaptation. 
By means of attachments to the hand-piece 
drills can be operated at various angles. D. 
Tubuli, the minute wavy tubes occurring in 
the dentin of teeth. 

Dentaphone (den'-ta-fon) [dens; (^ojutj, sound]. 
An instrument placed on the teeth to aid in 
hearing. 

Dentata (den-ta' -tali) . See Axis (2). 

Dentate (den' -tat) [dens]. Toothed; having 
a toothed or serrated edge. D. Body. See 
Corpus dentatum. D. Convolution, a 
convolution found in the hippocampal fis- 
sure. D. Fascia, the serrated free edge of 
the dentate convolution. D. Fissure, the 
hippocampal fissure. 

Dentation (den-ta' -shun) . The formation of 
tooth-like structures, as on the margin of a 
leaf. 

Dentatum (den-ta' -turn) [L.]. The dentate 
nucleus of the cerebellum. 

Dentelation (den-tel-a' -shun) . The condition 
of being furnished with tooth-like processes, 



DENTES 



336 



DEPIGMENTATION 



Dentes {den'-tez) [L. plural of dens, a tooth]. 
Teeth. D. sapientise, wisdom-teeth; the 
third molar teeth. 

Denticle {den'-tik-l) [denticulus, a small tooth]. 
A small tooth or projecting point. 

Denticulate {den-tik' -u-lat) [denticle]. Having 
minute dentations; furnished with small teeth 
or notches. 

Dentifrice {den'-tif-ris) [dens; fricere, to rub]. 
A substance for cleansing the teeth. 

Dentigerous {den-tif '-er-us) [dens; gerere, to 
carry]. Bearing or containing teeth, as a 
dentigerous cyst. 

Dentilave {den'-te-ldv) [dens; lavare, to wash]. 
A mouth-wash or tooth-wash. 

Dentin, Dentine {den'-tin) [dens]. A modi- 
fied osseous tissue forming the principal part 
of a tooth, and consisting, histologically, 
of dental tubuli and intertubular tissue, 
chemically, of the phosphates of calcium and 
magnesium, the carbonate and fiuorid of lime, 
and organic matter, chiefly gelatin. The bony 
"structure of the tooth lying under the enamel 
of the crown and the cement substance of the 
root. D., Secondary, adventitious deposits 
of dentin which occur in or upon the dental 
pulp after tooth-formation is complete. 

Dentinal {den' -tin-al) [dentin]. Pertaining to 
or composed of dentin. 

Dentinification {den-tin-if-ik-a' -shun) [dentin; 
facer e, to make]. The formation of dentin 
through the agency of specialized cells, the 
odontoblasts. 

Dentinoid {den' -tin-oid) . i. Similar to dentin. 
2. Pertaining to an odontoma. 

Dentinosteoid {den-tin-os' -te-oid) [dentin; 6az- 
eov, bone]. A tumor of dentin and bone. 

Dentiporous {den-tip' -or -us) [dens; Tibpoc, a 
pore]. Having pores with toothed edges. 

Dentist {den'-tist) [dens]. One who practises 
dentistry. 

Dentistry {den' -tis-tre) . Dental surgery, em- 
bracing everything pertaining to the treatment 
of diseases of the teeth. 

Dentition {den-tish' -un) [dens]. Teething; 



Incisors. 



Canine. 



Milk molars. 





The Temporary Teeth. 

The top section of illustration is the upper set, and the 

bottom section is the lower set. 



the cutting of the teeth. D., Primary, the 
cutting of the temporary or milk-teeth. D., 
Secondary, the eruption of the 32 permanent 
teeth. 

Dentoiletta {dent-wah-let'-ah). A device con- 
sisting of two mirrors so arranged that per- 
sons may examine their own teeth. 

Dentola {den'-to-lah). A solution used on 
swollen gums, said to consist of cocain hy- 
drochlorid, 1 part; potassium bromid, 10 
parts; glycerol and water, each, 200 parts. 

Dentolingual {den-to4ing' -wal) . Pertaining 
to the teeth and the tongue or lingual nerve. 

Dentoliva {den-toV -iv-ah) [dens; oliva, an olive]. 
The olivary nucleus. 

Dentomental {den-to -ment' -at). Pertaining to 
the teeth and chin. 

Dentonasal {den-to-na'-zal) . Pertaining to the 
teeth and nose. 

Denture {den'-chur) [dens]. 1. The entire set or 
group of teeth; the whole assemblage of 
teeth in both jaws. 2. A set, or plate, of arti- 
ficial teeth. 

Denuce's Ligament. A short and broad 
fibrous band in the wrist-joint, connecting the 
radius with the ulna. 

Denucleated {de-nu' -kle-a-ted) . Deprived of 
the nucleus. 

Denudation {den-u-da' -shun) [denudare, to 
denude]. A stripping or making bare. 

Denutrition {de-nu-trish' -un) [de, from; 
nutriare, to nourish]. 1. Faulty or absent 
nutrition. 2. An atrophy and degeneration 
of tissue arising from lack of nutrition. 

Deobstruent {de-ob' -stru-ent) [de; obstruere, 
to obstruct]. 1. Removing obstruction. 2. 
A medicine that removes obstruction; an 
aperient. 

Deodorant {de-o' -dor-ant) [de; odor are, to smell]. 

1. Removing or concealing offensive odors. 

2. A substance that removes or conceals 
offensive odors. 

Deodoriferant {de-o -dor -if -er -ant) [see Deo- 
dorant], 1. Possessing the power of over- 
coming bad odors. 2. See Deodorant. 

Deodorized {de-o' -dor -izd) [see Deodorant]. 
Deprived of odor. 

Deoppilant, Deoppilative {de-op' -il-ant, -at- 
iv) [de; oppilare, to stop]. The same as 
Deobstruent. 

Deorsum {de-or' -sum) [L.]. Downward. 

Deorsumduction {de-or -sum-duk' -shun) . A 
downward movement, as of the eye. 

Deoxidation {de-oks-id-a'-shun) [de, from; 
oxygen]. The removal of the oxygen from 
a chemic compound. 

Deoxygenation {de-oks-e-jen-a'-shun). See 
Deoxidation. 

Dephlegmation {de --fie g-ma' -shun) [de, from; 
(frXeyecv, to burn]. The removal of water by 
distillation. 

Dephlegmator {de-fleg'-mat-or). That part of 
a still adapted to receive the vapors of such 
compounds as are condensed at successively 
lower and lower temperatures. 

Depigmentation {de-pi g-ment-a 1 '-shun) . The 
removal of natural pigments from the skin 



DEPILATE 



337 



DERMATALGIA 



or from microscopic preparations by the 
action of weak solutions of bleaching or 
oxidizing solutions. 

Depilate (dep'-il-at) [depilare, to remove the 
hair]. To remove the hair. 

Depilation {dep-il-a' -shun) [depilate]. The re- 
moval or loss of the hair. 

Depilatory {de-piV -at-o-re) [depilate], i. Hav- 
ing the power to remove the hair. 2 . A sub- 
stance, usually a caustic alkali, used to destroy 
the hair. 

Depilous (dep'-il-us) [depilate]. Hairless. 

Deplanate {dep'-lan-dt) [deplanare, to level]. 
Leveled; flattened 

Depletion {de-ple' -shun) [deplere, to empty]. 
1. The act of diminishing the quantity of 
fluid in the body or in a part, especially by 
bleeding. 2. The condition of the system 
produced by the excessive loss of blood or 
other fluids. 

Deplumation {de-plu-ma' -shun) [de, down; off; 
pluma, feather]. The loss of the eyelashes. 

Depolarization {de-po-lar-iz-a' -shun) [de; 
polus, pole]. The neutralization of polarity. 

Depolarizer (de-po'-lar-i-zer). A refracting 
plate used with a polarizer which resolves 
the polarized ray into ordinary and extraor- 
dinary rays. 

Deportation {de-por-ta' -shun) [de; portare, to 
bear]. Veit's term for the process in which 
the chorionic fringes are detached and lose all 
connection with the fetal placenta. 

Deposit {de-poz'-it) [de; ponere, to place]. 
A sediment; a collection of morbid particles 
in a body. 

Depositive {de-poz' -it-iv) [deposit]. A term 
applied to that state of the skin in which 
lymph is poured out and papules arise. 

Depravation {dep-rav-a' -shun) [depravare, to 
vitiate]. A deterioration or morbid change in 
the secretions, tissues, or functions of the 
body. 

Depressant {de-pres'-ant) [see Depression]. 1. 
Lowering. 2. A medicine that diminishes 
functional activity. 

Depressed {de-prest') [see Depression]. 1. 
Referring to a state of lowered vitality; 
affected with depression. 2. Having the dor- 
solateral diameter reduced. 3. Flattened from 
above downward. 

Depression (de-presh'-un) [deprimere, to de- 
press]. 1. A hollow or fossa. 2. Inward 
displacement of a part, as of the skull. 3. 
Lowering of vital functions under the action 
of some depressing agent. 

Depressomotor {de-pres-o-mo' -tor) [depression; 
mover e, to move]. An agent that dimin- 
ishes the action of the motor apparatus. 

Depressor {de-pres' -or) [depression]. 1. A 
muscle, instrument, or apparatus that de- 
presses. 2. A nerve, stimulation of which 
lowers the functional activity of a part, as 
the depressor nerve of the heart. 3. One of 
two substances found in the infundibular 
part of the hypophysis, having distinct physio- 
logic properties. It produces a fall of blood- 
pressure. Cf. Pressor, 
*3 



Deprimens {dep' -rim-enz) [L.]. Depressing. 
A depressing muscle. D. oculi, the rectus 
inferior muscle of the eye. 

Depurated (dep' -u-ra-ted) [see Depurator]. 
Purified; cleansed. 

Depurative {dep' -u-ra-tiv) [see Depurator]. 
Purifying or cleansing. 

Depurator {dep'-u-ra-tor) [depurare, to purify]. 
A drug or device for aiding a cleansing 
process. 

DeR. A contraction and symbol of the term 
Reaction of Degeneration. 

Deradelphus {der -ad-el' -f us) [deprj, neck; 
adekcfroc, brother]. A monocephalic dual 
monstrosity, with fusion of the bodies above 
the umbilicus, and with four lower extremities 
and three or four upper. 

Deradenitis {der-ad-en-i' -tis) [deprj, neck; ddr)v, 
a gland; tree, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the cervical glands. 

Deradenoncus {der-ad-en-ong' -kus) [deprj, neck; 
ddr)v, a gland; ofKo^, mass]. Swelling of a 
neck-gland. 

Derangement {de-ran j' '-men t). Disorder of 
intellect; insanity. 

Derbyshire Neck {der'-be-shir). See Goiter. 

Dercum's Disease. Adiposis dolorosa, a 
painful dystrophy of the subcutaneous connec- 
tive tissue, somewhat resembling myxedema. 

Derencephalocele {der-en-se}' '-al-o-sel) [deprj, 
neck; encephalocele]. Hernia of the brain 
through a fissure in the cervical vertebras. 

Derencephalus {der-en-se}' -al-us) [deprj, neck; 
iyK£<f)aloc, brain]. A variety of single autositic 
monsters of the species anencephalus, in which 
the bones of the cranial vault are rudimentary, 
the posterior portion of the occiput absent, 
and the upper cervical vertebras bifid, the 
brain resting in them. 

Deric {der'-ik) [depoc, the skin]. External. 

Derivant {der'-iv-ant) [see Derivation]. Deriv- 
ative; a derivative drug. 

Derivation {der-iv-a' -shun) [derivare, to turn a 
stream from its banks]. The drawing away 
of blood or liquid exudates from a diseased 
part by creating an extra demand for them 
in some other part. 

Derivative (de-riv'-at-iv). 1. Producing deri- 
vation. 2. An agent that produces derivation. 

Derm, Derma {derm, der'-mah) [dep/ia, skin]. 
The true skin. 

Dermad {der'-mad) [derm; ad, to]. Externally; 
toward the skin; ectad. 

Dermagra {der-ma'-grah). See Pellagra. 

Dermal {der'-mal) [derm]. Pertaining to the 
skin. 

Dermalaxia {der-mal-aks' -e-ah) [derm; iiaXan'ca, 
softness]. Morbid softening of the skin. 

Dermalgia {der-mal'-je-ah). See Dermatalgia. 

Dermanoplasty {der-man' -o-plas-te) [derm; 
avanXaooecv, to form anew]. Skin-grafting. 

Dermapostasis {der-ma-pos' -ta-sis) [derm; 
OKooxaocc, a falling away]. A skin disease 
with focal induration. 

Dermatagra {der-mat-a'-grah). See Pellagra. 

Dermatalgia {der-mat-aV '-je-ah) [derm; aXyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the skin unaccompanied by 



DERMATANEURIA 



338 



DERMATOMYCOSIS 



any structural change, and caused by some 
nervous disease or reflex influence. 

Dermataneuria {der-mat-ah-nu' -re-ah) [derm; 
a, priv., vkupov, a nerve]. Derangement of 
the nerve-supply of the skin, giving rise to 
anesthesia or paralysis. 

Dermatatrophia {der-mat-ah-tro'-fe-ah) [derm; 
atrophy]. Atrophy of the skin. 

Dermathemia (der -mat-he' -me-ah) [derm; 
alfia, blood]. A congestion of the skin. Syn., 
Dermcemia; Dermohemia. 

Dermatin {der' -mat-in) . A preparation used 
in dermatology. It consists of salicylic acid, 
5-7 parts; starch, 7-15 parts; talc, 25-50 
parts; silicic acid, 30-60 parts; kaolin, 3-9 
parts. It is used as a protective. 

Dermatitis {der-mat-i'-tis) [derm; ixcc, 
inflammation]. An inflammation of the skin. 
D. ambustionis, D. calorica, the form due 
to burns and scalds. D., Blastomycetic, 
a skin disease caused by a yeast-like fungus, 
Blastomyces dermatitidis . D. congelationis. 
Same as Frost-bite. D. contusiformis, 
erythema nodosum. D., Duhring's. See 
D. herpetiformis. D., Electroplating, a 
form of inflammation due to lime-dust 
employed in finishing electroplating, which, 
coming in contact with an abrasion, forms 
a caustic paste which in time produces 
an ulcer. D. exfoliativa, an acute or chronic 
inflammation of the skin, in which the epider- 
mis is shed more or less freely in large or 
small scales. See Pityriasis rubra. D. 
gangraenosa, sphaceloderma; gangrenous in- 
flammation of the skin. D. herpetiformis, 
an inflammatory skin disease of a herpetic 
character, the various lesions showing a 
tendency to group. It is a protean disease, 
appearing as erythema, vesicles, blebs, and 
pustules, and is associated with fever, itching, 
and burning. D. hiemalis, a recurrent 
inflammation of the skin associated with 
cold weather and allied to the erythemas; 
the color is dark blue. It attacks distal ex- 
tremities first and appears to be due to 
circulatory disturbance. D. medicamen- 
tosa, drug-eruptions; inflammatory eruptions 
upon the skin due to the action of certain 
drugs taken internally. D. nodularis 
necrotica, a necrosis of the skin and super- 
ficial stratums of the corium, due primarily 
to changes and consequent obstruction in 
the blood-vessels between the cutis and 
subcutis. D., Oidial. See D., Blastomycetic. 
D. papillaris capillitii, a chronic skin 
disease affecting the nape of the neck and 
adjacent parts, and characterized by minute 
red papules, which occasionally suppurate, 
and are usually traversed by a hair. They 
unite to form hard, white or reddish, keloid- 
looking elevations, from which a bundle of 
atrophied hairs protrudes. D., Primal, 
that caused by contact with Primula ob- 
conica; it is due to the fine hairs on 
the under surface of the leaves. D., 
Pustular, impetigo. D., Roentgen-ray, 
D, } X-ray, that due to prolonged exposure 



to roentgen-rays. D. traumatica, that re- 
sulting from traumatism. D., Vegetative, 
elevated, vegetating lesions covered with 
crusts and very prone to bleeding, occurring 
in remissions of eczema on nurslings, and 
believed to be due to some infection. A 
similar affection in adults has been recorded 
under the names eczema vegetante and pyoder- 
mite vegetante. D. venenata, that produced 
by the local action of irritant substances. 

Dermato- [dip/na, skin]. A prefix signifying 
pertaining to the skin. 

Dermatoautoplasty {der-mat-o-aw' ' -to-plas-te) 
[dermato-; auto plasty]. Dermatoplasty by 
means of grafts taken from the patient's body. 

Dermatocellulitis {der-mat-o-sel-u-W -tis) . In- 
flammation of the subcutaneous connective 
tissue. 

DermatoconiOsis, Dermatokoniosis {der- 
mat-o-kon-i' -o-sis) [dermato-; nov'ca, dust]. 
Any skin disease due to dust. 

Dermatocyst {der-mat'-o-sist) [dermato-; cyst]. 
A cyst of the skin. 

Derma todynia {der-mat-o-din'-e-ah). See Der- 
matol gia. 

Derma todyschroia {der-mat-o-dis-kroi'-ah) 
[dermato-; duo%poca, a bad color]. Abnormal 
pigmentation of the skin. 

Dermatography {der-mat-og'-ra-fe) [dermato-; 
ypa<f)etv, to write]. A description of the skin. 

Dermatoheteroplasty {der - mat - o - het' - er-o- 
plas-te) [dermato-; heteroplasty]. Dermato- 
plasty by means of grafts taken from the 
body of another than the patient. 

Dermatoid {der' -mat-oid) . See Dermoid. 

Dermatokelidosis {der-mat-o-kel-id-o'-sis) 

[dermato-; KTjXcdouv, to stain]. Pigmentation 
of the skin. 

Dermatol {der' -mat-oT) [derm], C 6 H 2 , 
(OH) 3 . C0 2 Bi(OH) 2 . Bismuth subgallate, 
an astringent, antiseptic powder, of yel- 
low color, used in affections of the skin 
and mucous membranes that are associated 
with excessive secretion; it is especially 
recommended for diarrhea in tuberculosis 
and typhoid fever. Dose internally §-iJ dr. 
(2-6 Gm.) daily. 

Dermatologist {der-mat-oV -o-jist) [see Der- 
matology]. A specialist in the treatment of 
skin diseases. 

Dermatology {der-mat-ol'-o-je) [dermato-; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science of diseases of the 
skin. 

Dermatolysis (der-mat-ol'-is-is) [dermato-; 
\uocc-, a loosing]. A hypertrophy of the skin 
and subcutaneous tissue, with a tendency to 
the formation of folds. 

Dermatoma {der-mat-o'-mah) [dermato-; b/ia, 
a tumor]. A tumor of the skin. 

Dermatome {der' -ma -torn) [dermato-; re/wecv, 
to cut]. An instrument for incising the 
skin. 

Dermatomucosomyositis {der-mat-o-mu-ko- 
so-mi-o-si'-tis). Inflammation involving the 
skin, mucosa, and muscles. 

Dermatomycosis {der-mat-o-mi-ko' -sis) [der- 
mato-; mycosis]. Any skin disease caused 



DERMATOMYOSITIS 



339 



DERMOACTINOMYCOSIS 



by a vegetable parasite. D. achorina. 
See Favus. D. barbae nodosa. See Sycosis 
parasitaria. D. diffusa. See Tinea imbri- 
cate. D. favosa, favus of the skin, exclusive 
of that of the hair and nails. D. furfuracea. 
See Tinea versicolor. D. maculovesiculosa. 
See Tinea trichophytina. D. marginata. See 
Eczema marginatum. D. palmellina, a par- 
asitic disease described by Pick as affecting 
the axillas, the chest, the backs of the hands, 
the inner surfaces of the thighs, and the 
pubes. It is characterized by the presence 
of rounded spores adherent to the hairs. D. 
pustulosa. See Impetigo contagiosa. 

Dermatomyositis {der - mat -o -mi -o - si'-tis) 
[dermato-; myositis]. An infectious inflamma- 
tion of both skin and muscles, accompanied 
by edema, fever, and general depression. 
Cf. Myositis; Polymyositis. 

Dermatoneuria (der-mat-o-nu'-re-ah). See 
Dermatoneurosis . 

Dermatoneurology (der-mat-o-nu-rol' -o-je) 
[dermato-; neurology]. Neurology limited to 
the skin. 

Dermatoneurosis (der-mat-o-nu-ro 1 '-sis) [der- 
mato-; neurosis]. A neurosis of the skin. 
D. indicatrix, an eruption of the skin 
due to nervous disease and indicative of 
more serious symptoms. D., Stereographic, 
a form characterized by an elevation, welt, 
or wheal corresponding in size and shape 
to the object the application of which pro- 
duced the elevation. It is due to an ex- 
travasation of serum, and is illustrated in 
the welts that follow light blows of the whip 
on a nervous horse. 

Dermatonosis {der -mat-on' -o -sis) [dermato-; 
vbaoc, disease]. Any disease of the skin. 

Dermatophone (der'-mat-o-fon) [dermato-; 
(pcovTj, sound]. A stethoscopic appliance de- 
vised by Voltolini-Hueter, by means of which 
one may perceive the sound of the blood- 
current in the skin. It also makes perceptible 
the muscle-tones, and in the tendons and 
bones it demonstrates the transmitted vibra- 
tions. Syn., Myophone; Osteophone; Ten- 
dophone. 

Dermatophyte (der'-mal-o-fit) [dermato-; 
(f)uz6v, a plant], i. Any species of fungous 
vegetation that grows upon the skin. 2. A 
cutaneous appendage, as a hair, feather, scale, 
nail, or horn. 

Dermatoplasia (der -mat-o-pla' -ze-ah) [der- 
mato-; nXaooecv, to form]. The reparative 
power of the skin to injury. 

Dermatoplasty {der 1 ' -mat-o-plas-te) [see Der- 
matoplasia]. An ^operative replacement of 
destroyed skin by means of flaps or skin- 
grafts. 

Dermatorrhagia (der-mat-or-a'-je-ah) [dermato-; 
pTjpjwac, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from 
trie skin. 

Dermatorrhea (der-mat-or-e'-ah) [dermato-; 
f)oca, a flowing]. A morbidly increased 
secretion from the skin. 

Dermatosclerosis {der-mat-o-skle-ro'-sis). See 
Scleroderma. 



Dermatosis {der-mat-o'-sis) [dermato-; voooe, 
disease]. Any disease of the skin. D., 
Angioneurotic, an infectious, toxic, or essen- 
tial skin disease, characterized by a general 
disturbance of the vascular tension, together 
with inflammatory excitation at the surface 
of the skin. D., Engorgement, a skin 
disease characterized by passive derangement 
of the circulation, with imperfect venous and 
lymphatic absorption. D., Hemorrhagic, 
a traumatic or essential disease of the skin, 
characterized by hemorrhage from the cuta- 
neous blood-vessels, without inflammation 
or stasis; dermatorrhagia. D., Neurotic, a 
cutaneous affection due to disease of the 
sensory or trophic nerves. It may be self- 
limited in its course (cyclic), as herpes zoster 
and herpes febrilis; or it may be acyclic, 
as neurotic edema, neurotic atrophy, and 
neurotic necrosis of the skin. D., Parasitic, 
a papulovesicular disease described by Nielly, 
in which a filaria-like parasite was found in 
the vesicles, and believed by him to be 
identical with craw-craw. D., Postvaccinal, 
a dermatosis following vaccination, marked 
by lesions similar to those of urticaria pig- 
mentosa except that desquamation is present 
and dermographism is absent. 

Dermatosome (der'-mat-o-som) [dermato-; 
owp.a, body]. 1. A thickening or knot in the 
equatorial region of each spindle-fiber in 
the process of cell-division. 2. One of the 
hypothetic ultimate units that form the 
membrane of vegetal cells. 

Dermatotherapy (der-mat-o-iher'-ap-e). The 
therapeutics of cutaneous affections. 

Dermatotomy (der-mat-ot'-o-me) [dermato-; 
xkjxvecv, to cut]. The anatomy or dissection 
of the skin. 

Dermatoxerasia {der-mat-o-zer-a'-ze-ah) [der- 
mato-; ^-qpaaca, dryness]. Dryness of the 
skin. Cf. Xeroderma. 

Dermatozoon {der-mat-o-zo' -on) [dermato-; 
£<ioy, an animal; pi., dermatozoa]. Any 
animal parasitic upon the skin. 

Dermatozoonosus {der - mat -0 -zo - on-o'-sus) 
[dermatozoon; vbaog, a disease]. A cutane- 
ous disease due to animal parasites, such 
as A car us, Filar ia, Ixodes, Leptus, Pedicu- 
lus, Pulex, Sarcoptes, etc. 

Derma trophia (der-ma-tro'-fe-ah). See Der- 
ma tatrophia. 

Dermectasia (der -mek-ta' -ze-ah). See Der- 
matolysis. 

Dermelminthiasis (der-mel-min-thi' '-ah-sis) 
[derm; 'iXjutvc, a worm]. A cutaneous affec- 
tion due to a parasitic worm. Cf. Dermato- 
zoonosus. 

Dermenchysis (der -men' -Ms-is) [derm; '£rx°- 
occ, a pouring in]. Hypodermatic injection. 

Dermic (der'-mik) [derm]. Relating to the 
skin or formed of skin. 

Dermis (der' -mis). The corium or true skin. 

Dermitis (der-mi'-tis). See Dermatitis. 

Dermo- (der-mo-). The same as Dermato-. 

Dermoactinomycosis (der-mo-ak-tin-o-mi-ko'- 
sis). Infection of the skin by actinomyces. 



DERMOBLAST 



340 



DESMIOGNATHUS 



Dermoblast (der' -mo-blast) [dermo-; pXaoxog, 
sprout]. The part of the mesoblast which 
develops into the corium. 

Dermocymus (der -mo-si' -mus) [dermo-; Ku/ja, 
the fetus]. A monster fetus containing 
another within it. 

Dermoepidermal (der-mo-ep-e-derm'-al). Par- 
taking of both the superficial and deep layers 
of the skin; said of skin-grafts. 

Dermographia (der-mo-graf -e-ah) [dermo-; 
jpafacv, to write]. A condition of the skin 
in which tracings made with the finger-nail 
or a blunt instrument are followed by eleva- 
tions at the points irritated. It is common 
in the condition termed vasomotor ataxia. 

Dermohemia (der-mo-he' -me-ah) . See Der- 
'mathemia. 

Dermoid {der' -moid) [dermo-; eldog, like], 
i. Resembling skin. 2. A dermoid cyst. D. 
Cyst, a cyst containing elements of the skin, 
as hair, teeth, etc. 

Dermol {der' -mot). See Bismuth Chryso- 
phanate. 

Dermolabial (der-mo-la' -be-al) . Having rela- 
tion to the skin and the lips. 

Dermomuscular (der-mo-mus'-ku-lar). Hav- 
ing relation to both skin and muscles, as 
certain embryonic tissues. 

Dermopapillary {der-mo-pap' -il-a-re) . Having 
relation to the papillary layer of the true skin. 

Dermophlebitis (der-mo-fleb-i'-tis) [dermo-; 
phlebitis]. Inflammation of the cutaneous 
veins. 

Dermophyte (der' -mo- fit). See Dermatophyte. 

Dermoplasty (der'-mo-plas-te). See Dermato- 
plasty. 

Dermorrhagia (der-mor-a'-je-ah). See Derma- 
torrhagia. 

Dermosapol (der-mo-sa'-pol). A soap said to 
contain perfumed cod-liver oil, peruvian 
balsam, wool-fat, fat, glycerol, and alkali. 
To these specifics may be added; it is used 
as an inunction in skin diseases, tuberculosis, 
etc. 

Dermoskeleton (der-mo-skel' -et-on) [dermo-; 
OKeXerov, a skeleton]. The exoskeleton. 

Dermostenosis (der-mo-sten-o'-sis) [dermo-; 
oxkvajocg, stenosis]. A tightening of the skin, 
due to swelling or to disease. Cf. Sclero- 
derma. 

Dermostosis (der-mos-to'-sis) [derm; ooriov, 
a bone]. Ossification occurring in the true 
skin. 

Dermosynovitis (der-mo-si-no-vi'-tis) [dermo-; 
synovitis]. Inflammation of a subcutane- 
ous bursa together with the adjacent skin. 
D. plantaris ulcerosa, a severe suppuration 
in the sole of the foot which proceeds from 
inflammation of the bursa beneath a callosity 
and gives rise to a perforating ulcer. 

Dermotherapy (der-mo-ther'-ap-e). See Der- 
matotherapy . 

Derodidymus (der-o-did'-im-us) [depi), neck; 
didu/joc, double]. A monstrosity with a single 
body, two necks and heads, two upper and 
lower extremities, with other rudimentary 
limbs occasionally present. 



Derrid {der' -id) . A highly toxic substance from 
Derris elliptica, a leguminous plant of Malaya, 
used in Borneo as an arrow-poison; it kills 
fish in a dilution of 1 : 5,000,000. 

Desalination (de-sal-in-a' -shun) [de, from; sal, 
salt]. The process of decreasing the salinity 
of a substance by the removal of salts. 

De Salle's Line. See Salle's (de) Line. 

Desault's Apparatus, D.'s Bandage, One for 
the arm, consisting of an axillary pad held 
by tapes about the neck, a sling for the 
hand, and two single-headed rollers. D.'s 
Splint, one used in treating fracture of the 
thigh. 

Descartes' Laws. See SnelVs Laws. 

Descemet's Membrane. The elastic mem- 
brane lining the posterior surface of the cornea. 

Descemetitis (des-em-et-i' -lis) . Inflammation 
of Descemet's membrane; serous iritife . 

Descemetocele (des-em-ef -o-sel) [Descemet's 
membrane; k7jXt), hernia]. Hernia of Desce- 
met's membrane. 

Descendens (de-sen' -denz) [descendere, to go 
down]. Downward. D. noni, a branch of 
the hypoglossal nerve. See under Nerve. 

Descending (de-sen' -ding) [see Descendens]. 
Passing downward. D. Current. See Cur- 
rent, Descending. D. Degeneration. See 
Degeneration, Descending. D. Tract, a col- 
lection of nerve-fibers conducting impulses 
from the centers to the periphery. 

Descent (de-senf) [see Descendens]. The act 
of going down; "downward motion. D., 
Theory of, the theory that all higher 
organisms have descended by evolution from 
lower forms; as opposed to the theory of 
spontaneous generation or special creation. 
Cf. Biogenesis; Darwinism; Evolution. 

Deshler's Salve. The compound rosin 
cerate of the pharmacopeia. 

Desiccant (des' -ik-ant) [desiccare, to dry up]. 
Drying. 

Desiccation (des -ik-a' -shun) [see Desiccant]. 
The process of drying. 

Desiccator (des'-ik-a-tor)- [see Desiccant]. 
A vessel containing some strongly hygroscopic 
substance, such as calcium chlorid or anhy- 
drous sulfuric acid, and used to absorb the 
moisture from the air of a chamber. 

Desichthol (des-ik'-thol). Deodorized ichthyol; 
a preparation produced from ichthyol by 
the removal of about 5 % of volatile oil, to 
which the disagreeable odor is due. 

Desmameba (des-mah-me'-bah) [deojj.dc, a 
band; ameba]. A connective -tissue corpus- 
cle considered as an ameboid element. 

Desmectasia, Desmectasis (des-mek-ta! -se-ah, 
-mek'-ta-sis) [dso/joc, a band; 'iKzaocc, a stretch- 
ing]. The stretching of a ligament. 

Desmepithelium (des-mep-ith-e' -le-um) [deo/ioc, 
a band; epithelium]. The endothelial or epi- 
thelial lining of the blood-vessels, lymphatics, 
and synovial cavities; the epithelial portions of 
the mesoderm. 

Desmiognathus (des-pie-o-na'-thus) [deofj.Sc, & 
band; yvadoc, the jaw]. A monster, the lower 
jaw of which has a supplementary head 



DESMITIS 



341 



DEUTERIPARA 



joined to it by ligamentous or muscular 
attachment. 

Desmitis (des-mi' -tis) [oeop.Sc, a band; ezic, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of a ligament. 

Desmo- (des-mo-) [deopbc, a band]. A prefix 
meaning a band, bond, or ligament. 

Desmobacteria {des-mo-bak-te'-re-ah) [desmo-; 
bacteria]. A group of bacteria corresponding 
to the genus Bacilli. 

Desmoblast (des' -mo-blast) [desmo-; filaoibc, 
a germ]. Rouber's term for that portion 
of the area opaca of the blastoderm, especially 
in mesoblastic ovums, which gives rise to the 
mesenchyma. Syn., Desmohemoblast. 

Desmodium (des-mo' '-de-um) [desmo-; eloof,, 
form]. A genus of plants of the order Legumi- 
nosce. An infusion of the roots of D. erythry- 
ncefolium, of South America, is used in diarrhea 
and dysentery. The root of D. incanum, of the 
West Indies, is prized as a remedy for dysen- 
tery. The root of D. tortuosiim, of North 
America and the West Indies, is purgative. 
D. triflorum is found in all tropical countries. 
The fresh plant is applied to abscesses and 
wounds. 

Desmodynia (des-mo-din' '-e-ah) [desmo-; douvt], 
pain]. Pain in a ligament. 

Desmography (des-mo g'-ra-fe) [desmo-; -fpa<f>ecv, 
to write]. The description of the ligaments. 

Desmohemoblast (des-mo-hem'-o-blasi). See 
Desmoblast. 

Desmoid (des'-moid) [desmo-; eldog, likeness]. 
Fibrous. D. Tumor, a fibroid tumor. 

Desmology (des-moV -o-je) [desmo-; Xoyoc, 
science]. The anatomy of the ligaments. 
Cf. Syndesmography. 

Desmoma (des-mo 1 '-mah) [desmo-; opa, tumor]. 
A connective-tissue tumor. 

Desmon (des'-mon) [deopoc, a band]. London's 
name for the intermediary body of Ehrlich. 

Desmoneoplasm (des-mo-ne' '-o-plazm) [desmo-; 
neoplasm]. Any neoplasm made up of con- 
nective tissue. 

Desmonosology (des-mon-os-oV -o-je) . See Des- 
mo pathology. 

Desmopathology (des-mo-path-oV -o-je) [desmo-; 
pathology]. The pathology of ligaments. 

Desmopexia (des-mo-peks' -e-ah) [desmo-; izfficc, 
a putting together]. Fixation of the round 
ligaments to the abdominal wall or to the wall 
of the vagina for correction of uterine dis- 
placement. 

Desmorrhexis (des-mor-eks' -is) [desmo-; pij£cc, 
a bursting]. The rupture of a ligament. 

Desmotomy (des-mot'-o-me) [desmo-; to/jltj, 
section]. The dissection and anatomy of the 
ligaments; surgical cutting of a ligament. 

Desmurgia, Desmurgy (des-mur'-je-ah, des- 
mur'-je) [desmo-; epyecv, to do; to work]. 
The art of bandaging or applying ligatures. 

Desnos' Pneumonia. See Grancher's 

Disease. 

Desolution (de-so-lu' -shun) [de, away from; 
solutio, solution]. The separation from one 
body of another dissolved in it under certain 
conditions which remove or diminish the 
solubility of the latter. 



Despumation (des-pu-ma' -shun) [despumare, 
to skim froth]. The purification of a liquid 
by removal of the scum or froth. 

Desquamation (des-kwam-a' -shun) [des- 
quamare, to scale off]. The shedding of the 
superficial epithelium, as of the skin, mucous 
membranes, and renal tubules. D., Fur- 
furaceous, branny desquamation. Des- 
quamatio neonatorum, the epidermal ex- 
foliation of newborn infants which takes place 
during the first week of life. Desquamatio 
siliquosa, the shedding of the skin of a 
part in a continuous, husk-like structure. 

Desquamative (des-kwam' -at-iv) [desquama- 
tion]. Characterized by desquamation. 

Dessertspoon. A domestic measure equal to 
about 2 dr. (8 Cc). 

Desudation (des-u-da' -shun) [de, away; sudare, 
to sweat]. i. Profuse or morbid sweating. 
2. Sudamina. 

Desulfuration, Desulfurization (de-sul-fur-a'- 
shun, de-sul-jur-i-za' -shun) . The act or pro- 
cess of abstracting sulfur from a compound. 
Cf. Sul juration. 

Desumvergence (de-swn-ver 1 '-jenz) [desursum, 
from above; vergere, to turn]. A downward 
inclination of the eyes. 

Detergent (de-ter' -jent) [deter gere, to cleanse]. 
Purifying; cleansing. 

Determination (de-ter -min-a' -shun) [deter- 
mination a directing]. Of the blood, a ten- 
dency to collect in a part, as determination of 
the blood to the head. 

Dethyroidism (de-thi' -roid-izm) . See Athyrea 
and Athyreosis. 

Detorsion (de-tor' -shun) [detorquere, to turn]. 
The correction of an abnormal curvature; 
the restoration of a deformed part to its 
normal position. 

Detoxification (de-toks-if-ik-a'-shun) [de, priv.; 
to^ikov, poison]. The power of reducing 
the poisonous properties of a substance. 

Detoxify (de-toks'-e-fi) . To deprive a substance 
of its poisonous attributes. 

Detrital (de-tri' -tal) . Consisting of or pertain- 
ing to detritus. 

Detrition (de-trish' '-un) [deter ere, to wear off]. 
The wearing or wasting of a part. 

Detritus (de-tri' -tus) [see Detrition]. Waste- 
matter from disorganization. 

Detruncation (de-trun-ka' -shun) . See De- 
capitation. 

Detrusion (de-tru'-zhun) [detrudere, to drive]. 
An ejection or expulsion; a thrusting or 
driving down or out. 

Detrusor, Detrusprium (de-tru'-zor, -zor'-e-um). 
i. A means or instrument for performing 
expulsion. 2. A muscle having as its function 
the forcing down or out of parts or materials. 

Deuter-, Deutero- (du-ter-, du-ter-o-) [dea- 
rs po, second]. Greek prefixes indicating the 
second of two similar substances or con- 
ditions, especially that one which contains 
more of the substance. 

Deuteripara (du-ter-ip'-ar-ah) [deuter-; parere, 
to bring forth]. A woman pregnant for the 
second time. 



DEUTEROALBUMOSE 



342 



DEXTROPEDAL 



Deuteroalbumose (du-ter-o-aV -bii-mos) . A form 
soluble in water and not precipitated by 
saturation with sodium chlorid or magnesium 
sulfate, but by ammonium sulfate. 

Deuterology (du-ter-oV-o-je) [deutero-; Xoyog, 
science]. The biology of the placenta. 

Deuteromyosinose (du-ter-o-mi-o'-sin-ds). A 
product of myosin digestion. 

Deuteropathy (du-ter-op' -a-the) [deutero-; 
nadoc, a disease]. A disease that is second- 
ary to another. 

Deuteroplasm {du'-ter-o-plazm). See Deuto- 
plasm. 

Deuterostoma {du-ter-os' -to-mah) [deutero-; 
oxojia, mouth]. A secondary blastopore. 

Deutero toxins (du-ter-o-toks' -ins) . Dissocia- 
tion products of toxins. 

Deutipara (du-tip'-ar-ah). See Deuteripara. 

Deutoplasm (du'-to-plazm) [deutero-; TiXaapta, 
formed material]. A store of nutrient ma- 
terial in the ovum, from which the protoplasm 
draws to support its growth. 

Deutosclerous (du-to-skle 1 '-rus) [deutero-; 
GK.\f)p6c, hard]. Relating to an induration 
secondary to some pathologic condition. 

Deutyl (du'-til). See Ethyl. 

Devaporation {de-va-por-a'-shun). To bring 
vapor back to the liquid state. 

Developer (de-vel'-op-er). A chemic compound 
employed in photography to reduce the me- 
tallic salts and to render visible the image 
upon an exposed plate. 

Deventer's Diameter. The oblique pelvic 
diameter. D.'s Pelvis, a simple, nonra- 
chitic pelvis, flattened from before back- 
ward. 

Devergie's Attitude de Combat. A posture 
of a dead body marked by flexions of the 
elbows and knees, with closure of the fingers 
and extension of the ankles. D.'s Disease, 
lichen ruber. 

Deviation (de-ve-a' 'shun) [deviare, to deviate]. 
A turning away from the regular course or 
standard. D., Conjugate, the turning of 
eyes and head toward one side, observed in 
some lesions of the cerebrum. 

Devitalize (de-vi' -tal-iz) [de, from; vita, life]. 
To destroy vitality. 

Devitrif action, Devitrification (de-vit-re-faW- 
shun, de-vit-re-fi-ka' -shun) [de, priv.; vitrum, 
glass; facere, to make]. To change from the 
glass-like state. 

Devolution {dev-o-lu! -shun) [devolvere, to roll 
down]. i. Transmission from one person 
to another. 2. Degeneration. 

Devonshire Colic (dev f -on-shlr kol'-ik). Lead- 
colic. 

Devorative (de-vor'-at-iv) [devorare, to swallow 
down]. Intended to be swallowed without 
chewing. 

Dew-cure (du'-kur). See Kneippism. 

Dewees' Carminative. See under Asafetida. 

Dew-point. The temperature at which the air 
is saturated with vapor; the temperature at 
which dew forms. 

Dexiocardia (deks-e-o-kar'-de-ah). See Dex- 
trocardia. 



Right; upon the right 
ad, to]. . Toward 



Dexter (deks'-ter) [L.]. 
side. 

Dextrad ideks'-trad) [dexter, 
the right side. 

Dextral {deks' -tral) . 1. Pertaining to the right 
side. 2. Showing preference for the right 
eye, hand, foot, etc., in certain acts or func- 
tions. 

Dextrality (deks-traV-it-e) [dexter]. The 
condition of turning toward, being on, or 
pertaining to the right side. 

Dextran (deks'-tran) [dexter], C 6 H 10 O 5 . A 
stringy, gummy substance formed in milk 
by the action of cocci, and also occurring in 
unripe beet-root. 

Dextraural (deks-traw 1 '-ral) [dexter; auris, the 
ear]. Right-eared. 

Dextrin (deks f -trin) [dexter], C 6 H 10 O 5 . A 
soluble carbohydrate into which starch is 
converted by diastase or dilute acids. It is 
a whitish substance, turning the plane of 
polarization to the right. 

Dextrinate {deks' -trin-dt) . To change into 
dextrin. 

Dextrinuria (deks-trin-u' -re-ah) [dextrin; oupov, 
urine]. The presence of dextrin in the urine. 

Dextro- (deks-tro-) [dexter]. A prefix meaning 
right. 

Dextrocardia (deks-tro-kar'-de-ah). [dextro-; 
Kapd'ca, heart]. Transposition of the heart to 
the right side of the thorax. 

Dextrocardial (deks-tro-kar' '-de-al) [see Dex- 
trocardia]. Having the heart to the right 
of the median line. 

Dextrocerebral {deks-tro-ser 1 '-e-bral) [dextro-; 
cerebrum, the brain]. 1. Located in the right 
cerebral hemisphere. 2. Functionating pre- 
ferentially with the right side of the brain. 

Dextrococain (deks-tro-ko'-kah-in). An arti- 
ficial alkaloid obtained by heating ecgonin 
or its derivative with strong alkali. It is a 
local anesthetic and stimulant, in action 
similar to cocain, but more rapid, irritating, 
and fugitive. Syn., Isococain. 

Dextrocular (deks-trok' -u-lar) [dextro-; oculus, 
the eye]. Right -eyed. 

Dextrocularity (deks - trok -u- Jar'- it - e) . The 
condition of being right -eyed. 

Dextroform (deks'-tro-form). A combination 
of formaldehyd and dextrin, soluble in water 
and glycerol. It is used internally in suppu- 
rating cystitis and in the treatment of gonor- 
rhea in applications of 10 to 20% solu- 
tions. 

Dextroglucose (deks-tro-glu 1 f -koz) . 
trose. 

Dextrogyr (deks-tro-jir') [dextro-; 
turn around]. A substance 
rotation to the right. 

Dextrogyrate (deks-tro-ji f -rat). Same as 
Dextrorotatory. 

Dextromanual (deks-tro-man' '-u-al) [dextro-; 
mantis, hand]. Right-handed. 

Dextromanuality (deks-tro-man-u-al'-it-e). The 
condition of being right-handed. 

Dextropedal (deks-trop'-ed-al) [dextro-; pes, 
foot]. Right-footed. 



See Dex- 

gyrare, to 
producing 



DEXTROPEDALITY 



343 



DIACETANILID 



Dextropedality (deks - tr'op - ed - aV - it - e). 
The condition of being right -footed. 

Dextrophoria (deks-tro-}o f -re-ah) [dextro-; 4> P°C, 
tending]. A tending of the visual lines to the 
right. " , 

Dextrorotatory (deks-tro-ro' -tat-o-re) [dextro-; 
rotare, to whirl]. Turning the rays of light 
to the right. 

Dextrosaccharin (deks-tro-sak 1 '-ar-in) . A mix- 
ture of saccharin and glucose i : 2000. 

Dextrose (deks'-tros) [dexter], C 6 H 12 6 . Grape- 
sugar; a sugar belonging to the glucose 
group, that rotates polarized light to the 
right. See Glucose. 

Dextrosinistral (deks -tro -sin-is* '-tral) [dextro-; 
sinister, left]. Extending from right to left. 

Dextrosuria (deks-tro-su' -re-ah) [dextrose; 
oOpov, urine]. The presence of dextrose in 
the urine. Cf. Levulosuria; Pentosuria. 

Dextroversion (deks-tro-ver' '-zhun) [dextro-; 
verier e, to turn]. Version to the right side. 

Dhatureas (dah-tu'-re-as). Professional poison- 
ers of India who employ the Datura Jastuosa. 

Dhobie Itch. A Hindu name for ringworm 
of the body. 

Dhooley (doo'-le). A covered stretcher used 
in India. 

Dhurrin (dur'-in). A glucosid derived from 
glucose and occurring in young plants of 
Sorghum vulgar e (durra or Guinea corn). 

Diabetes (di-ab-e' -tez) [dca t 3rjrrjc] oca, through; 
ftacvecv, to go]. A disease characterized by 
the habitual discharge of an excessive quan- 
tity of urine; used without qualification, 
the word indicates diabetes mellitus. Syn., 
Diarrhoea urinosa. See Unschuld's Sign. 
D., Alimentary, that due to defective 
assimilative power over the carbohydrates 
of food. D., Alternating, a form of diabetes 
mellitus alternating with gout. D., Arti- 
ficial, that form produced in the physiologic 
laboratory by puncturing the floor of the 
fourth ventricle of the brain. D., Azoturic, 
diabetes without glycosuria accompanied by 
increase of urea in the urine. D., Biliary. 
See Biliary Diabetes. D., Composite, that in 
which sugar and oxy butyric acid and its deriva- 
tives are discharged in the urine. D., Conju- 
gal. See Conjugal Diabetes. D. decipiens, 
diabetes mellitus in which there is no polyuria 
or polydipsia. D., Gouty, a form of glycosuria 
occurring in gouty individuals. D., Hydru- 
ric, polyuria in which the water in the urine 
is in excess without increase in the solid 
constituents of the urine. D. inositus, 
diabetes mellitus in which inosit takes the 
place of grape-sugar. D. insipidus, a 
chronic disease characterized by the passage 
of a large quantity of normal urine of low 
specific gravity, associated with intense thirst. 
The etiology of the disease is obscure — ■ 
injuries and diseases of the brain, emotional 
disturbances, syphilis, acute infectious dis- 
eases, and heredity have been assigned as 
causes. .D. mellitus, a nutritional disease 
characterized by the passage of a large 
quantity of urine containing sugar; there 



is intense thirst, with voracious appetite, 
progressive loss of flesh and strength, and 
a tendency to a fatal termination. The causes 
are not well understood — diseases of the 
nervous system, especially of the medulla, 
intense mental strain, gout, syphilis, malaria, 
diseases of the pancreas, have been etiologic 
factors in some cases. Complications are fre- 
quent in diabetes, the most important being 
pulmonary tuberculosis, furunculosis, gan- 
grene, cataract, polyneuritis. Death, if not 
caused by one of the complications, is gener- 
ally due to the socalled diabetic coma. The 
ultimate cause of the presence of sugar in 
the urine is believed to be the incomplete 
destruction or utilization of the sugar formed 
in the system. D., Neurogenic, that due to 
disorder of the nervous system. D., Pan- 
creatic, a variety of glycosuria associated 
with and probably dependent upon disease 
of the pancreas. D., Phloridzin-, that form 
produced in animals by the administration 
of phloridzin. D., Phosphatic, a condition 
characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, emacia- 
tion, and excessive excretion of phosphates 
in the urine. D., Puncture. See D., Arti- 
ficial. 

Diabetic (di-ab-et'-ik) [diabetes]. 1. Pertain- 
ing to diabetes. 2. A person suffering 
from diabetes. D. Cataract, an opacity 
of the crystalline lens sometimes found 
in association with diabetes. D. Coma, 
the coma caused by diabetes mellitus. D. 
Gangrene, a moist gangrene sometimes 
occurring in persons suffering from diabetes. 
D. Sugar, C 6 H 12 O c , the glucose present in 
the urine in diabetes mellitus. It is identical 
with grape-sugar. D. Tabes, a peripheral 
neuritis occurring in diabetic patients, and 
causing symptoms resembling tabes dorsalis. 
D. Urine, urine containing sugar. 

Diabetico (di-ab-el'-ik-o). A beverage recom- 
mended in diabetes, said to consist of alcohol, 
8.25%; extractive, 3.27%; glycerol, 0.82%; 
saccharin, 0.023%; sulfuric acid, 0.036%; 
tartaric acid, 0.56 % ; phosphoric acid, 0.025 %. 

Diabetid (di-ab-e' -tid) [diabetes]. A cutaneous 
manifestation of diabetes. 

Diabetin (di-ab-e' -tin) [diabetes]. Levulose. 

Diabetogenic, Diabetogenous (di-ab-et-o- 
jen'-ik, di-ab-et-oj'-en-us) [diabetes; jzvvav, 
to produce]. Causing diabetes. 

Diabetograph (di-ab-et'-o-graf) [diabetes; ypa- 
fecv, to write]. An instrument which registers 
the amount of glucose present in the urine 
which is dropped into it in boiling Fehling's 
solution. 

Diabrotic (di-ab-rot'-ik) [dcafi poor woe; did., 
through; ftcfipcboKecv, to eat]. 1. Corrosive. 
2. A corrosive substance. 

Diacaustic (di-ak-aws'-tik) [oca, through; 
kouotckoc, caustic]. 1. A double convex 
cauterizing lens. 2. Exceedingly caustic. 

Diacele (di'-as-el) [dca., between; kocXt), a 
hollow]. The third ventricle of the brain. 

Diacetanilid (di-as-et-an'-il-id), C 6 H 5 N(C 2 H 3 - 
2 ) 2 . A compound of acetanilid and glacial 



DIACETIC ACID 



344 



DIAMID 



acetic acid closely resembling, but stronger 
in physiologic action than, acetanilid. 

Diacetic Acid (di-as-e'-tik). See Acid, Dia- 
cetic. 

Diacetonuria (di-as-et-on-u' -re-ah) . See Dia- 
ceturia. 

Diaceturia (di-as-et-u' -re-ah) [di, two; 
acetum, vinegar; obpov, urine]. The presence 
of diacetic acid in the urine. 

Diachylon (di-ak' -il-on) [did, through; x u ^°C> 
juice]. Lead-plaster. See Plumbi oxidum 
under Plumbum. 

Diacid (di-as'-id) [di, two; acidus, acid]. 
Having two atoms of hydrogen replaceable 
by a base. 

Diaclasia, Diaclasis (di-ak-la' '-ze-ah, di-ak'-la- 
sis) [ocaitXaocg, a breaking in two], i. Refrac- 
tion. 2. A breaking. 

Diaclast (di'-ak-last) [dcanXav, to break 
apart]. An instrument for breaking up the 
fetal head. 

Diacrisis (di-ak' '-ris-is) [dta, apart; np'cvecv, 
to separate or secrete]. An affection with 
altered secretion. 

Diactinic (di-ak-tin'-ik). Capable of trans- 
mitting actinic rays. 

Diad (di'-ad) [di, two], i. Having a quantival- 
ence of two. 2. An element or radicle having a 
quantivalence of two. 3. A unit made up 
of primary units which are differentiated into 
parts, but yet constitute an individual; e. g., 
a morula. 

Diagnose (di'-ag-nos). See Diagnosticate. 

Diagnosis (di-ag-no'-sis) [oca, apart; jvibaig, 
knowledge]. The determination of the nature 
of a disease. D., Anatomic. 1. A diagnosis 
based upon the recognition of definite ana- 
tomic alterations lying back of the phenomena. 
2. A postmortem diagnosis. D., Differen- 
tial, the distinguishing between two diseases 
of similar character by comparing their symp- 
toms. D. by Exclusion, the recognition of 
a disease by excluding all other known 
conditions. D., Pathologic, the diagnosis 
of the structural lesions present in a disease. 
D., Physical, the determination of disease 
by inspection, palpation, percussion, or aus- 
cultation. D., Topographic, that based 
upon the seat of a lesion. 

Diagnostic (di-ag-nos' -tik) [diagnosis]. Serv- 
ing as evidence in diagnosis. 

Diagnosticate, Diagnose {di-ag-nos' -tik-dt, 
di'-ag-nos) [diagnosis]. To make a diagnosis. 

Diagnostician (di-ag-nos-tish' -an) [diagnosis]. 
One skilled in making diagnoses. 

Diagnostics (di-ag-nos' '-tiks) [diagnosis]. The 
science and art of diagnosis. 

Diagnostitial {di-ag-nos-tish' -at). Procedure 
having a diagnostic purpose. 

Diahydric (di-ah-hi' '-drik) [dta, through; udcop, 
water]. Relating to transmission through 
water, as a percussion-note through a stratum 
of interposed fluid. 

Dialysis (di-al'-is-is) [dca, through; Xbecv, to 
loose]. The separation of several substances 
from one another in solution by taking ad- 
vantage of their differing diffusibility through 



porous membranes. Those that pass through 
readily are termed crystalloids, those that do 
not, colloids. 

Dialytic (di-al-it'-ik) [dialysis]. 1. Pertaining 
to or similar to the process of dialysis. 2. 
Producing relaxation (said of a remedy). 3. 
A condition of divergent change or evolution. 

Dialyzable (di-al-i' -za-bl) . Capable of being 
separated by diffusion. 

Dialyzed (di'-al-izd) [dialysis]. Separated by 
dialysis. D. Raw Meat, a reddish fluid with 
a slightly acid or bitter taste, prepared from 
fresh beef or mutton to which are added 200 
Gm. of water, 5 Gm. of hydrochloric acid, and 
2 Gm. of pepsin; the whole is boiled at 38 
C. for 5 or 6 hours. 

Dialyzer (di' -al-i-zer) [dialysis]. An apparatus 
for effecting dialysis; also the porous septum 
or diaphragm of such an apparatus. 

Diamagnetic (di-ah-mag-net'4k) [dca, across; 
magnet]. Taking a position at right angles 
to the lines of magnetic force. 

Diameter (di-am'-et-er) [did., through; \xkxpov, 
a measure]. A straight line joining opposite 
points of a body or figure and passing through 
its center. D., Craniometric, one of several 
lines connecting points on opposite surfaces 
of the cranium. Biparietal, that joining the 
parietal eminences; bitemporal, that joining 
the extremities of the coronal suture; occi- 
pitofrontal, that joining the root of the nose 
and the most prominent point of the occi- 
put; occipitomental, that joining the external 
occipital protuberance and the chin; trachelo- 
bregmatic, that joining the center of the 
anterior fontanel and the junction of the 
neck and floor of the mouth. D,, Pelvic, 
any one of the diameters of the pelvis. The 
most important are the following: antero- 
posterior (of pelvic inlet), that which joins 
the sacrovertebral angle and the pubic sym- 
physis; anteroposterior (of pelvic outlet), that 
which joins the tip of the coccyx with the 
subpubic ligament; conjugate, the antero- 
posterior diameter of the pelvic inlet; conju- 
gate, diagonal, that connecting the sacro- 
vertebral angle and subpubic ligament; 
conjugate, external, that connecting the de- 
pression above the spine of the first sacral 
vertebra and the middle of the upper border 
of the symphysis pubis; conjugate, true, that 
connecting the sacrovertebral angle and the 
most prominent portion of the posterior 
aspect of the symphysis pubis; transverse (of 
pelvic inlet), that connecting the two most 
widely separated points of the pelvic inlet; 
transverse (of pelvic outlet), that connecting 
the ischial tuberosities. 

Diametric (di-am-et'-rik). 1. Of, pertaining 
to, or coinciding with a diameter — extremely 
opposed. D. Pupil, one which constitutes 
a vertical slit, as is the case after two iridec- 
tomies, one upward and the other downward. 

Diamid (di'-am-id) [di, two; amid]. A double 
amid formed by replacing hydrogen in two 
ammonia molecules by an acid radicle. See 
Hydrazin. 



DIAMIN 



345 



DIARRHEA 



Diamin (di'-am-in) [di, two; atom]. An amin 
formed by replacing hydrogen in two mole- 
cules of ammonia by a basic radicle. See 
Amin. 

Diaminuria {di-am-in-u' -re-ah) [diamin; oupov, 
urine]. The presence of diamin compounds 
in the urine. 

Diapedesis {di-ah-ped-e' -sis) [dca, through; 
xrjddv, to leap]. The passage of the blood 
through the unruptured vessel-walls. 

Diaphane {di'-aj-dn) [oca, through; cfrahecv, to 
show], i. A transparent investing membrane 
of an organ or cell. 2. A small electric lamp 
used in transillumination. 

Diaphaneity idi-af-an-e' -it-e) . Transparency. 

Diaphanometer {di-af-an-om'-et-er). See Lac- 
toscope. 

Diaphanoscope {di-aj-an' -o-skop) [dca<f>avr}c, 
translucent; okotzs'cv, to inspect]. An instru- 
ment for illuminating the interior of a body- 
cavity so as to render the boundaries of the 
cavity visible from the exterior. 

Diaphanoscopy {di-af-an-os' -ko-pe) [see Dia- 
phanoscope]. Examination of body-cavities 
by means of an introduced incandescent elec- 
tric light. 

Diaphoresis {di-ah-jor-e'-sis) [did, through; 
<f>op£~cv, to carry]. Perspiration especially 
perceptible perspiration. 

Diaphoretic (di-ah-for-ef '-ik) [diaphoresis]. 
1. Causing an increase of perspiration. 2. 
A medicine that induces diaphoresis. 

Diaphotoscope {di-ah-fo' '-to-skop) [dca, through; 
4><Joc, light; aKOTieiv, to inspect]. A variety 
of endoscope. 

Diaphragm (di' '-ah-fram) [dca, across; <f>pd-jrfia, 
a wall], i. The musculomembranous parti- 
tion that separates the thorax and abdomen. 
It is the chief muscle of respiration. 2. A 
thin septum, such as is used in dialysis. 3. 
In a microscope, a perforated plate placed 
between the mirror and object to regulate the 
amount of light that is to pass through the 
object. 

Diaphragmatic (di-ah-frag-matf -Ik) [dia- 
phragm]. Relating to the diaphragm. D. 
Phenomenon, Litten's sign: in a state of 
health there can be seen a shadow rising 
and falling from the vertebral column to 
the attachment of the diaphragm from the 
seventh rib to the convexity; this move- 
ment can be seen through the thoracic walls, 
and shows the intensity of respiration and 
the limit of the diaphragm between its posi- 
tion on inspiration and that on expiration. 
The upper position corresponds to the liver- 
margin in the state of rest. Deviations of 
the extent of movement mark certain patho- 
logic states. 

Diaphragmatocele (di - ah -frag - mat' -o- set) 
[diaphragm; nrjXr], hernia]. Hernia through 
the diaphragm. 

Diaphtherin (di-af f -ther-in) [dcacfrdecpscv, to de- 
stroy]. Oxyquinaseptol; a coal-tar deriva- 
tive composed of two molecules of oxyquinolin 
and one of aseptol. It is a yellow powder, 
with a phenol-like odor, and is used as an 



antiseptic in solutions varying in strength 
from 1 to 50 %. 

Diaphtol {di-af'-tol), C ? H 7 4 SN. Orthooxyqui- 
nolin-metasulfonic acid. It is used in internal 
disinfection of the urinary tract in place of 
salol. Syn., Chinaseptol; Quinaseptol. 

Diaphysis {di-a}'-is-is) [dca, through; <f)ueodac, 
to grow]. 1. The shaft of a long bone. 2. 
An interspace. 3. A prominent part of a 
bony process. 4. A ligament of the knee- 
joint. 

Diaplasis (di-ap' -las-is) [dcdnXaacc, the setting 
of a broken limb]. Reduction, as of a dis- 
location or fracture. 

Diaplastic (di-ah-plas 1 '-tik) [diaplasis]. 1. 
Relating to the setting of a fracture or 
reduction of a dislocation. 2. Any applica- 
tion for a fracture or dislocation. 

Diapophysis {di-ap -of -is -is) [dca, apart; 
anb(j)uocc, an outgrowth]. The superior or 
articular part of a transverse process of a 
vertebra. 

Diarius (di-a'-re-us) [dies, a day]. Enduring 
but a single day. 

Diarrhea (di-ar-e'-ah) [dca, through; pe'cv, 
to flow]. A condition characterized by in- 
creased frequency and lessened consistence 
of the fecal evacuations. D., Atonic. See 
D., Camp, and D., Chronic. D., Atrophic. 
See D., Colliquative. D., Camp, a form 
of diarrhea common among soldiers. The 
discharges are apt to be purulent, and' there 
is liability to thickening and ulceration of 
the colon. Syn., Atonic diarrhea. Diarrhoea 
carnosa, dysentery in which flesh-like masses 
are passed. D., Catarrhal. 1. A form 
which is often epidemic at times when catarrhs 
are prevalent. 2. That of catarrhal gastritis 
or enteritis. Syn., Diarrhoea acuta serosa 
mucosa; Diarrhoza pituitosa; Mucous coli- 
tis; Phlegmatic diarrhea; Rheumatic diar- 
rhea. D., Choleraic, severe, acute diarrhea 
with serous stools, and accompanied by 
vomiting and collapse. D., Chronic, that 
characterized by continuous and intractable 
discharges, often offensive, bloody, or con- 
taining undigested food. It occurs as a mani- 
festation of an intestinal lesion or of a con- 
stitutional disease. Syn., Atonic diarrhea; 
Diarrhoza habitualis; Mucous colitis. D., 
Colliquative, that characterized by exces- 
sively frequent and copious discharges and 
extreme prostration, and occurring, as a rule, 
toward the close of a chronic disease. Syn., 
Atrophic diarrhea. D., Feculent. See D., 
Simple. D., Green, a form occurring in 
infants and marked by green alvine dis- 
charges. It is infectious and due to the 
bacillus of Lesage, or Bacillus fluorescens 
nonliquefaciens, Schiller. See under Bacteria. 
D., Inflammatory, that caused by congestion 
of the intestinal mucosa following sudden 
chilling of the body-surface, suppression of 
perspiration or menstruation. It frequently 
constitutes the socalled cholera infantum and 
sthenic diarrhea. D., Lienteric, a form of 
diarrhea characterized by the passage of fluid 



DIARTHRODIAL 



346 



DIATELA 



stools containing masses of undigested food. 
D., Membranous, a form characterized by 
the presence of mucous shreds in the stools. 
It may be chronic or subacute, and alter- 
nate with constipation. Hysteric symptoms, 
* griping, and abdominal tenderness are often 
present. Syn., Tubular diarrhea. D., Mu- 
cous. See Colitis, Mucous. P., Pancre- 
atic, a persistent form in which the dis- 
charges are thin and viscid. It is supposed 
to depend upon disease of the pancreas. D., 
Parasitic, a diarrhea incited by the presence 
of intestinal parasites. Cf . Diarrhoea verminosa. 
Diarrhoea pituitosa. See D., Catarrhal. D., 
Simple, that form in which the evacuations 
consist of fecal matter only. Syn., Diarrhcea 
fusa; Diarrhoea stercoralis; Diarrhoea vulgaris; 
Feculent diarrhea; Saburral diarrhea. Diar- 
rhoea stercoralis, D. stercorea, D. stercor- 
osa. See D., Simple. D., Sthenic. See D., 
Inflammatory. D., Strumous, a chronic form 
frequently met in underfed, strumous children. 
D., Summer, an acute form occurring during 
the intense heat of summer. D., Summer, 
of Children, that due to Bacillus dysenterice, 
Shiga, and etiologically identical with acute 
bacillary dysentery of adults. D., Tubular. 
See D., Membranous. Diarrhoea urinosa. 
See Diabetes. Diarrhoea verminosa, that 
due to intestinal worms. Cf. D., Parasitic. 
D., Zymotic. Synonym of Dysentery. 

Diarthrodial {di-ar-thro' -de-al) [see Diarthro- 
sis]. Relating to or of the nature of a 
diarthrosis. 

Diarthrosis {di-ar -thro' -sis) [did, through; 
apdptoocc, articulation]. A form of articulation 
characterized by mobility. T^he various forms 
are : arthrodia, in which the bones glide upon 
plane surfaces; enarthrosis, ball-and-socket 
joint, with motion in all directions; gingly- 
mus, or hinge-joint, with backward and 
forward motion; and D. rotatoria, with 
pivotal movement. Syn., Per -articulation; Pros- 
arthrosis. D. ambigua. SeeAmphiarthro- 
sis. D. obliqua, an inconstant articulation 
between the spinous processes of adjacent lum- 
bar vertebras. D. obliqua accessoria, a 
double articulation sometimes formed by the 
spinous processes of adjacent dorsal or lumbar 
vertebras near the basal ends of the processes. 
D., Planiform, arthrodia. D., Rotatory, 
D., Synarthrodial, D., Trochoid, D. troch- 
oides. See Cyclarthrosis. 

Diarthrotic {di-ar-throt'-ik). See Diarthrodial. 

Diasostic {di-as -os'-tik) [dtaooj^etv, to preserve]. 
Pertaining to hygiene or the preservation of 
health; hygienic; diateretic. 

Diastase {di'-as-tas) [see Diastasis]. A 
nitrogenous vegetable ferment found in 
malt; it converts starch into glucose. D., 
Animal, a general term for the amylolytic 
enzyms of animals, ptyalin, amylopsin, and 
the special enzym of the liver capable of 
converting glycogen into sugar. D., Pan- 
creatic, amylopsin. D., Salivary, ptyalin. 
D., Vegetable, the enzym of germinating 
seeds; diastase proper. 



Diastasic, Diastatic (di-as' '-tas-ik, di-as-tat' -ik) 
[diastase], i. Pertaining to diastase. 2. Per- 
taining to diastasis. 

Diastasis {di-as' -ta-sis) [ocdoraocc, separation]. 
1. The separation of an epiphysis from the 
body of a bone without true fracture. 2. A 
dislocation of an amphiarthrotic joint. 

Diastema {di-as-te'-ma) [ptdoxt)p.a, a fissure]. 
A cleft or fissure. 

Diastematenteria (di - as - tem-at-en-te' -re-ah) 
[diastema; evzepov, intestine]. A longitudinal 
fissure of the intestine. Syn., Diastementeria. 

Diastematia {di-as-tem-a' -she-ah) [diastema]. 
An abnormity in which the body is split 
or fissured longitudinally. Syn., Diastemato- 
caulia. 

Diastematocrania {di-as-tem-at-o-kra' -ne-ah) 
[diastema; upav'tov, the skull]. A skull con- 
genially cleft along the median line. 

Diastematogastria {di-as-tem-at-o-gas' -tre-ah) 
[diastema; yaozrjp, stomach]. A mesial fis- 
sure of the ventral wall of the body. 

Diastematoglossia {di-as-tem-at-o-glos' -e-ah) 
[diastema; yXwooa, the tongue]. A congenital 
longitudinal fissure of the tongue. 

Diastematomyelia {di-as -tem-at-o-mi-e'-le -ah) 
[diastema; [loeXoc, marrow]. A congenital 
splitting or doubling of the spinal cord. 

Diastematopyelia {di-as-tem-at-o-pi-e' -le-ah) 
[diastema; TtbtXog, a trough]. A mesial fis- 
sure of the pelvis. 

Diastematorrachia {di-as-tem-at-o-ra'-ke-ah) 
[diastema; pd%tc, the spine]. A congenital 
longitudinal fissure of the vertebral column. 

Diastematorrhinia {di-as-tem-at-or-in' -e-ah) 
[diastema; pec, the nose]. A congenital 
mesial fissure of the nose. 

Diastematostaphylia {di -as - tern -at-o - staf- 
il'-e-ah) [diastema; ozacfruXrj, the uvula]. A 
congenital mesial fissure of the uvula. 

Diastementeria {di-as -tem-en-te' -re-ah). See 
Diastematenteria. 

Diaster {di-as' -ter). The karyokinetic figure 
assumed by the aster of a dividing nucleus 
before the formation of the stars at the ends 
of the nuclear spindle. It is the sixth stage 
of karyokinesis. See Karyokinesis. 

Diastol {di'-as-tol). A proprietary malt ex- 
tract. 

Diastole {di-as' -to-le) [dcaozolrj, a drawing 
apart]. The period of dilation of a cham- 
ber of the heart; used alone it signifies 
diastole of the ventricles. D., Arterial, 
the expansion of an artery following the 
ventricular systole. D., Auricular, the 
dilation of the cardiac auricle. D., Car- 
diac, the period of expansion which follows 
a cardiac contraction. D., Ventricular, 
the dilation of the cardiac ventricles. 

Diastolic {di-as -tol'-ik) [diastole]. Pertaining 
to the diastole of the heart. 

Diastrophometry {di-as-tro-fom'-et-re) [dcao- 
rpo(f>rj, distortion; p.kzpov, a measure]. The 
measurement of deformities. 

Diatela, Diatele {di-at-e'-lah, di'-at-el) [ded, 
between; tela, a web]. The membranous 
roof of the diacele. 



. 



DIATERETIC 



347 



DICHROMATOPSIA 



Diateretic (di-ah-ter-ef '-ik) [dcarypelv, to watch 
closely]. Of or pertaining to the practice of 
hygiene; diasostic. 

Diathermal, Diathermanous (di-ath-er' -mal, 
di-ath-er' -man-us) [oca, through; dipp.1), heat]. 
Permeable by waves of radiant heat. 

Diathermometer {di-ah-ther-mom' -et-er) [dia; 
thermometer]. An appliance for measuring the 
heat-conducting capacity of substances. 

Diathesin (di-ath'-es-in), C 7 . H 8 . 2 . A sub- 
stitute for salicylic acid, the salicylates, and 
salicin; its use is indicated in gouty diatheses. 
Dose 75-15 gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.). 

Diathesis {di-ath' -es-is) [dia; zcdevac, to ar- 
range]. A state or condition of the body 
whereby it is especially liable to certain 
diseases, such as gout, calculus, diabetes, 
etc. It may be acquired or hereditary. D., 
Bilious, the morbid condition that follows 
chronic disturbance of the portal circulation 
and imperfect elimination of bile. D., Cal- 
culous, a constitutional tendency to the 
formation of calculi. D., Cancerous. See 
Cachexia, Cancerous. D., Catarrhal, a 
tendency to excessive secretion of mucus. 
D., Climatic, a morbid state of body de- 
pendent upon local physical conditions, as 
elevation, soil, water, humidity, etc. D., 
Congestive, a constitutional tendency to 
vasomotor disturbances and local conges- 
tions. D., Gouty, D., Lithic. See D., 
Uric-acid. D., Hemorrhagic. See Hem- 
ophilia.- D., Osseous, D., Ossific, a ten- 
dency to abnormal development of bony 
tissues. D., Osteophytic, a constitutional 
tendency to the formation of abnormal 
ankyloses. D., Psychopathic, a hereditary 
predisposition to mental derangement. D., 
Rheumatic. See D., Uric-acid. D., 
Scorbutic. See Scurvy. D., Scrofulous, 
a hereditary predisposition to scrofulous 
affections. Syn., Strumous diathesis. D., 
Strumous. See D., Scrofulous. D., Syph- 
ilitic, hereditary syphilis. D., Tuberculous, 
a constitutional inability to resist tuberculous 
infection. Syn., Phthisical diathesis. D., 
Uric-acid, a constitutional tendency to the 
accumulation of uric acid and urates in the 
fluids of the body and the development of 
rheumatism, gout, etc.; the arthritic, gouty, 
rheumatic, or lithic diathesis. 

Diathetic [di-ath-ef -ik) [diathesis]. Relating 
to a diathesis. 

Diatomic [di-at-om' -ik) [dec, two; drop.oc, 
atom].- 1. Consisting of two atoms. 2. 
Having two hydrogen atoms replaceable by 
radicles. 

Diaxon (di-aks'-on) [dis; a^cov, axis]. 1. In 
biology, having two axes. 2. A neuron having 
two axons. 

Diazo- (di-az-o-) [dis; azotum, nitrogen]. A 
prefix signifying that a compound contains 
phenyl, C 6 H 5 , united with a radicle consist- 
ing of two nitrogen atoms. D.-reactiQn, 
D.-test, a urinary test, valuable in the diag- 
nosis of enteric fever. The solutions required 
are: (a) A saturated solution of sulfanilic 



acid in a 5 % solution of hydrochloric acid; 
(b) a 0.5 % solution of sodium nitrite. Mix 
a and b in the proportion of 40 Cc. of a to 
1 Cc. of b, and to a few cubic centimeters 
add an equal volume of urine, and, after 
shaking well, .allow a few drops of ammonia 
to flow down the side of the tube. A garnet- 
red color at the point of contact denotes the 
reaction, or a rose-pink foam after shaking. 

Diazonal {di-az' -o-nal) [dca, through; ^ojvt], 
a zone]. Applied by Fiirbringer to nerve- 
trunks which lie across a sclerozone. 

Dibasic {di-ba'-sik) [die, two; fiaotc, base]. 
Of a salt, containing two atoms of a mono- 
basic element or radicle; of an acid, having 
two replaceable hydrogen atoms. 

Dibenzyl (di-ben' -zil) , C U H U . A compound 
prepared by the action of sodium upon 
benzyl chlorid. 

Dibenzylamin {di-ben-zil' -am-in) , C U H 15 N. An 
oily liquid having the constitution of am- 
monia in which two atoms of hydrogen are re- 
placed by two molecules of benzyl. 

Diborated (di-bo'-ra-ted). Combined with two 
molecules of boric acid. 

Dibromated idi-bro' '-ma-ted). Containing two 
atoms of bromin in the molecule. 

Dibromethane idi-bro-meth-dn'). See Ethyl- 
ene Bromid. 

Dibromid idi-bro' -mid). A compound con- 
sisting of an element or radicle and two atoms 
of bromin. 

Dicalcic {di-kaV -sik) . Containing two atoms 
of calcium in each molecule. D. Ortho- 
phosphate, Ca 2 H 2 (P0 4 ) 2 , a salt occurring 
in urinary deposits. 

Dicephalous {di-sef -al-us) [dicephalus]. Two- 
headed. 

Dicephalus {di-sef -al-us) [dec, two; Kecfrahr], a 
head]. A monster with two heads. 

Dichloracetic Acid {di-klor-as-e'-tik). See 
Acid, Dichloracetic. 

Dichloralantipyrin {di-klo-ral-an-te-pi' -rin) . 
See Antipyrin Bichloral. 

Dichlorethane {di-klor-eth'-dn). See Ethene 
Chlorid. 

Dichlorid [di-klo' -rid) . A compound in each 
molecule of which two atoms of chlorin are 
combined with an element or radicle. 

Dichlormethane {di-klor-meth'-an). See 
Methylene Dichlorid. 

Dichotomy {di-kot' -o-me) [d'c%a, in two; xkp.vtcv, 
to cut]. The state of being bifid; the phenom- 
enon of bifurcation. D., Anterior, said of 
a double monster united below the upper 
limbs. D., Posterior, said of a double 
monster in which the two individuals are 
fused above the posterior extremities. 

Dichroism {di'-kro-izm). See Dichromism. 

Dichromasy {di-kro'-mas-e) [die, two; xpi^iia, 
color]. The condition of a dichromat; in- 
ability to distinguish more than two colors. 

Dichromat {di'-kro-mat). A person with 
dichromatopsia. Cf. Monochromat; Trichro- 
mat. 

Dichromatopsia {di-kro-mat-op'-se-ah) [dis; 
Xpajfia, color; o^cc, sight]. A form of color- 



DICHROMIC 



348 



DIFFERENTIAL 



blindness in which there are two sharply lim- 
ited regions at the ends of the spectrum, within 
which there are no changes of hue, but merely 
of intensity. All other parts of the spectrum, 
the "middle region," can be produced by mix- 
tures of the two end regions. 

Dichromic {di-kro' -mik) . i. Marked by two 
colors. 2. Containing two atoms of chro- 
mium. 

Dichromism {di-kro' -miztn) [di-; xpcop-a, color]. 
The state of presenting one color when seen 
by reflected light, and another when seen by 
transmitted light. See also Dichromatopsia. 

Dichromophilism {di-kro-mo}' -il-izm) [di-; 
Xpd)}J.a, color; (f>ds7v, to love]. Capability for 
double staining. 

Dichromous, Dichroous, Dichrous {di'-kro- 
mus, di'-kro-us, di'-krus). Having two colors; 
relating to dichroism. 

Dicinchonin {di-sin' -kon-in) [di-; cinchona], 
C 38 H 44 N 4 2 . An alkaloid of cinchona-bark. 

Diclidostosis {di-klid-os-to'-sis) [dcK^ldsc, fold- 
ing doors; ooriov, a bone]. Ossification of 
the venous valves. Syn., Osteodiclis. 

Dicrotic {di-krot'-ik) [dt/cpozoc, double beating]. 
Having a double beat. D. Pulse. See Di- 
crotism. D. Wave, the recoil-wave of the 
sphygmographic tracing, generated by closure 
of the aortic valves. 

Dicrotism {di' - kro - tizm) [see Dicrotic]. A 
condition of the pulse in which with every 
wave there is given to the finger of the ex- 
aminer the sensation of two beats. It is 
present when the arterial tension is low. 

Didactic {di-dak' '-tik) [dcdaKxtnoc, apt at 
teaching]. Teaching by description and 
theory. 

Didelphic, Didelphous {di-del'-fik, -Jus) [dec, 
double; deX<j>'JC, the uterus]. Having a double 
uterus. 

Diduction {di-duk' -shun) [diducere, to draw 
apart]. Abduction of two parts; the with- 
drawal of a part. 

Diductor {di-duk' -tor) [diduction]. A muscle 
which in action produces diduction. 

Didymin {did' -im-in) [d'c8u[xoc, the testes]. A 
dry preparation made from the testes of the 
ox. Aphrodisiac dose 5 gr. (0.3 Gm.). In 
larger doses it is hypnotic. 

Didymium {di-dim' -e-um) [deduptoe, twin]. A 
rare metallic element. D. Chlorid, Di 2 Cl 6 
+ i2H 2 0. A recommended noncaustic dis- 
infectant in solutions of 1 : 500 to 1 : 1000. 
D. Nitrate, Di 2 (N0 3 ) 6 + i2H 2 0; an effi- 
cient bactericide. D. Salicylate, a waste- 
product in the manufacture of mantles for 
incandescent gas-lights. " It is an excellent 
topical siccative and antiseptic, employed in 
the form of 10 % pomade in burns and cuta- 
neous affections. Syn., Dymal. D. Sulfate, 
Di 2 (S0 4 )a + oH 2 0, hygroscopic crystals used 
as a disinfectant in the form of a dusting- 
powder. 

Dielectric {di - el - ek' - trik) [dca, through; 
TJhKrpov, amber]. Transmitting electricity 
by induction and not by conduction. D., 
Pseudo-, any compound which acts as a 



dielectric when pure, but as an electrolyte 
when mixed with other members of its own class. 

Diencephalon {di-en-sef'-al-on) [dca, between; 
ij-icecfraAoc, brain]. That part of the brain be- 
tween the prosencephalon and the mesencepha- 
lon. It includes the thalami and the third ven- 
tricle. Syn., Between-brain; Thalamence- 
phalon. 

Dieresis {di-er' -es -is) [dcacpsocc, a division], 
A solution of continuity, as a wound, ulcera- 
tion, etc. 

Dieretic {di-er -et'-ik) [dieresis]. Destructive; 
escharotic; corrosive. 

Diestrous, Dicestrous {di-es' -trus) . Pertaining 
to a type of sexual season in female animals 
in which there is a short period of sexual rest. 

Diestrum, Dicestrum {di-es' -trum) [dca, be- 
tween; o'corpog, gad-fly]. Heape's term for 
the short period of sexual rest characteristic 
of some female animals. 

Diet {di'-et) [dcacra, a system or mode of living]. 
The food taken regularly by an individual; 
the food adapted to a certain state of the 
body, as fever-diet, convalescent-diet. D., 
Banting's. See Banting Cure. D., Bland, 
one consisting of food that is free from 
the ingredients which excite heat, but con- 
taining all the nutrients — albumin, car- 
bohydrates, and fat — necessary for the main- 
tenance of man. D., Diabetic, a diet mostly 
of meats and green vegetables, starches and 
sugars being excluded. D., Fever-, a nutri- 
tious, easily digestible liquid or semiliquid 
diet, usually with milk and meat -broths as a 
basis. D., Gouty, a diet of simple nutritious 
food, avoiding wines, fats, pastries, and much 
meat. D., Tuffnell's, a highly nutritious 
diet, including but a small amount of liquids, 
employed in the treatment of aneurysm. 

Dietary {di'-et-a-re) [diet]. A system of food- 
regulation intended to meet the requirements 
of the animal economy. 

Dietetic {di-et-et'-ik) [diei\. Pertaining to diet. 

Diethyl {di-eth'-il), C 4 H 10 . A double molecule 
of ethyl; in a free state it constitutes normal 
butane. D. Acetal. See Acetal (1). D. 
Acetone, D. Ketone, C 2 H 5 C 2 H 5 . CO. A 
hypnotic liquid used in mania. Syn., Propione. 
D. Glycocoll-guaiacol Hydro chlorate, an 
antiseptic used in pulmonary tuberculosis, 
ozena, etc. Dose 15-60 gr. (1-4 Gm.). Syn., 
Gujasanol. 

Diethylamin {di-eth-il'-am-in), NC 4 H n . A non- 
poisonous, liquid ptomain obtained from pu- 
trefying fish. 

Diethylenediamin. See Piperazin. 

Dietl's Crises. See Crises, Dietl's. 

Dietotherapy {di-et-o-ther' -ap-e) [diet; Oepaneca, 
therapy]. The regulation of diet for thera- 
peutic purposes. 

Dietrich's Reaction for Uric Acid. A red 
coloration results from the addition of a solu- 
tion of sodium hypochlorite or hypobromite 
to the uric -acid solution. The color vanishes 
on adding caustic alkali. 

Differential {dif-er-en'-shal) [differentia, dif- 
ference]. Pertaining to or creating a differ- 



DIFFERENTIATION 



349 



DIGITALIN 



ence. D. Diagnosis. See Diagnosis, Differ- 
ential. D. Staining, a method of staining 
tubercle bacilli, syphilis bacilli, etc., founded 
upon the fact that they retain the color in the 
presence of certain reagents that decolorize 
the surrounding tissues. 

Differentiation (dif -er-en-she-a' -shun) [see Dif- 
ferential], i. The act or process of distin- 
guishing or making different. 2. Changing 
from general to special characters; specializa- 
tion. 

Diffluence (dif f -lu-enz) [diffluere, to flow apart]. 
The condition of being almost liquefied. 

Diffraction (dif -rak' -shun) [dis, apart; }r ac- 
tus, broken]. The deflection or the separation 
into its component parts that takes place in 
a ray of light when it passes through a narrow 
slit or aperture. D. Grating, a strip of glass 
closely ruled with fine lines; it is often used 
in the spectroscope in the place of the battery 
of prisms. 

Diffusate (dif'-u-sat) [diffuse]. The portion of 
the liquid which passes through the animal 
membrane in dialysis, and holds crystalloid 
matter in solution. 

Diffuse (dif-us 1 ) [diffundere, to spread by 
pouring]. Scattered; not limited to one tissue 
or spot; opposed to localized. 

Diffusibility (dif-u-si-biV-it-e). Capacity for 
being diffused. D. of Gases, Dalton's term 
for that property by which two or more gases 
confined in an inclosed space expand as if 
the space were occupied by one gas alone, 
the elastic force of the mixture being equal 
to the sum of the elastic forces of all the com- 
bined gases. 

Diffusible (dif-u'-zib-l) [diffuse]. Spreading 
rapidly; capable of passing through a porous 
membrane; applied to certain quickly acting 
stimulants, usually of transient effect. 

Diffusion (dif-u'-zhun) [diffuse]. A spread- 
ing -out. D. -circle, the imperfect image 
formed by incomplete focalization, the posi- 
tion of the true focus not having been 
reached by some of the rays of light or else 
having been passed. 

Difluordiphenyl, Difluorodiphenyl (di-flu-or- 
di-fen'-il, -o-di-fen' -il) , C 6 H 4 F1 — C 6 H 4 F1; used 
as a 10% dusting-powder or as a 10% oint- 
ment in treating luetic ulcers, etc. 

Digallic Acid (di-gaV-ik). Synonym of Tannic 
acid. 

Digastric (di-gas' '-trik) [dec, two; yaaxrip, 
belly]. Having two bellies, as the digastric 
muscle. 

Digenesis (di-jen'-es-is) [dec, two; yheacc, 
generation]. In biology, the alternation of 
sexual and asexual generation. 

Digenetic (di-jen-et'-ik) [digenesis]. Relating 
to alternate generation. 

Digenism (di'-jen-izm). 1. See Digenesis. 
2. The combined or concurrent action of 
two causes. 

Digest (di-jest') [digerere, to digest]. 1. To 
make food capable of ' absorption and assim- 
ilation. 2. In pharmacy, to macerate in a 
liquid medium. 



Digestant (di-jesf -ant) [digest]. A substance 
that assists digestion of the food. 

Digester (di-jesf -er) [digest]. An autoclave or 
apparatus for destructive distillation. 

Digestion (di-jes' -chun) [digest]. Those pro- 
cesses whereby the food taken into an 
organism is made capable of being ab- 
sorbed and assimilated by the body-tissues. 
D., Artificial, digestion carried on outside 
of the body. D., Gastric, digestion by the 
action of the gastric juice. D., Intestinal, 
digestion by the action of the intestinal juices, 
including the action of the bile and the pan- 
creatic fluid. D., Pancreatic, digestion by 
the action of the pancreatic juice. D., Peptic. 
See D., Gastric. D., Primary, gastrointesti- 
nal digestion. D., Salivary, digestion by the 
saliva. D., Secondary, the assimilation by 
the body -cells of their appropriate pabulum. 

Digestive (di-jes' -tiv) [digestion]. 1. Relating to 
or favoring digestion. 2. An agent that pro- 
motes digestion. D. Tract, the whole ali- 
mentary canal from the mouth to the anus. 

Digit (dif -it) [digitus, finger]. A finger or toe. 

Digital (dij'-it-al) [digit]. 1. Pertaining to 
the fingers or toes. 2. Performed with the 
fingers. 3. Resembling a depression made 
with a finger-tip; e. g., digital 'fossa. D. 
Arteries, the arteries of the hands and 
feet supplying the digits. See under Artery. 
D. Compression, the stoppage of a flow of 
blood by pressure with the finger. D. Ex- 
amination, examination or exploration with 
the finger. 

Digitalacrin (dij-it-al-ak'-rin), C 25 H 46 6 . A 
substance obtained from digitalis. 

Digitalein (dij-it-al'-e-in). 1. One of the con- 
stituents of digitalis. 2. A cardiac tonic and 
diuretic. Dose fa-^ g r - (0.001-0.002 Gm.) 
2 to 4 times daily. 

Digitaletin (dij-it-al-et'-in), C 22 H 38 9 . A sub- 
stance obtained from digitalin by heating 
with dilute acid. 

Digitaliform (dif-it-aV -e-form) [digit; forma, 
form]. Finger-shaped. 

Digitalin, Digitalinum (dij-it-al'-in, dij-it-al'- 
in-um) [digitalis]. 1. C 5 H 8 2 (?). The active 
principle of Digitalis purpurea. Dose fa— fa 
gr. (0.001-0.002 Gm.). 2. A precipitate from a 
tincture of Digitalis purpurea. Unof. D., 
Crystallized. See Digitin. D., French, a 
yellowish, odorless, bitter powder, said to con- 
sist of digitalin with some digitoxin. It is used 
as a heart -tonic. Dose -ji-o gr. (0.00026 Gm.) 
rapidly increased to ■£■ 5- gr. (0.0016 Gm.) daily; 
maximum dose £g gr. (0.0013 Gm.) daily. 
Syn., Chloroformic digitalin; Homolle's amor- 
phous digitalin; Insoluble digitalin. D., Ger- 
man, a white or yellowish powder, said to con- 
sist of digitalein with some digitonin and digi- 
talin. It is a noncumulative heart -tonic and 
diuretic. Dose fa— fa gr. (0.001-0.002 Gm.) 3 
or 4 times daily in pills or subcutaneously; 
maximum dose T V gr. (0.004 Gm.) single; | gr. 
(0.022 Gm.) daily. Antidotes: emetics, tannic 
acid, saponin, nitroglycerin, morphin early, 
strophanthin later, alcoholic stimulants, etc. 



DIGITALIRETIN 



350 



DIIODODITHYMOL 



D., Homolle's, D., Insoluble. See D., 

. French. D., Kilian's, a white, amorphous 
powder, exerting the characteristic effect of 
digitalis leaves. Dose 3-^0 gr. (0.00025 Gm.). 
Syn., Digitalinum verum kiliani. D., 
Nativelle's, D.-nativelle, C 26 H 40 O ]5 ; said 
to consist chiefly of digitoxin. It is recom- 
mended as a heart-tonic and in pulmonary 
inflammation. Dose Turner g r - (0.00065- 
0.001 Gm.). D., Soluble. See D., German. 

Digitaliretin, Digitalirrhetin (dij-it-al-i-ref- 
in), C 16 H 26 3 . A substance obtained from 
digitalin by action of dilute acid with 
heat. 

Digitalis (dij-it-a' -lis) [digitalis, pertaining to 
the fingers]. Foxglove. The digitalis of the 
U. S. P. is the leaves of D. purpurea. It 
contains an amorphous complex substance, 
digitalin, that does not, however, represent 
the full properties of the leaves. It is a 
powerful cardiac stimulant, strengthening 
the systole and lengthening the diastole of the 
heart. It also acts as a diuretic; in large 
doses it causes gastric disturbance. It is 
employed mainly in diseases of the heart 
when compensation is lost. D., Extract of 
(extractum digitalis, U. S. P.). Dose \-% gr. 
(0.01-0.032 Gm.). D., Fluidextract of 
(fluidextr actum digitalis, U. S. P.). Dose 1-3 
min. (0.06-1.8 Cc). D., Infusion of (infu- 
sion digitalis, U. S. P.), i| parts of the leaves 
in 100 parts. Dose 2-4 dr. (4-8 Cc). D., 
Tincture of (tinctura digitalis, U. S. P.), 15 
parts of the leaves in 100 of diluted alcohol. 
Dose 10-20 min. (0.6-1.2 Cc). 

Digitalism, Digitalismus (dij'-it-al-izm, dij- 
it-al-is'-mus). The condition caused by the 
injudicious use of digitalis, consisting in paral- 
ysis of cardiac action. 

Digitalization (dij -it-al-i-za' -shun). Subjec- 
tion to the effects of digitalin or digitalis. 

Digitation (dij -it-a r -shun) [digitatus, having 
digits]. A finger-like process, or a succession 
of such processes, especially of a muscle. 

Digitiform (dij'-it-e-form) [digit ; forma, form]. 
Finger-shaped. 

Digiti mortui (dij'-it-i mor'-tu-i) [L.]. Dead 
fingers; a cold and white state of the fingers. 

Digitin (dij'-it-in), (C 4 H 9 2 ) n . A therapeu- 
tically inert substance occurring as a granu- 
lar, crystalline powder, isolated from the 
leaves of Digitalis purpurea. Syn., Crystal- 
lized digitalin. 

Digitofibular (dij-it-o-fib'-u-lar). Pertaining 
to the fibular aspect of the toes. 

Digitometatarsal (dij-it-o-met-a-tar'-sal). Per- 
taining to the metatarsus and the toes. 

Digitonin (dij-it-o' '-nin) [digitalis], C 31 H S2 O i7 . 
A white, amorphous mass obtained from digi- 
talis. 

Digitoradial (dij-it-o-ra'-de-al). Relating to 
or situated upon the radial aspect of the 
fingers. 

Digitotibial (dij-it-o-tib'-e-al). Relating to the 
tibial aspect of the toes. 

Digitoulnar (dij-it-o-ul'-nar). Relating to 
the ulnar aspect of the fingers. 



Digitoxin (dij-it-oks'-in) [digitalis; xo^ckov, poi- 
son], C 21 H 32 7 , or C 12 H^ 2 34 . A highly poison- 
ous glucosid from Digitalis purpurea. A 
powerful heart-tonic, used in valvular lesions 
and myocarditis, etc. Dose 27o~T¥¥ g r - 
(0.00026-0.0005 Gm.) 3 times daily with 3 
min. (0.2 Cc.) chloroform, 60 min. (4 Cc) 
alcohol, 1 J oz. (45 Cc.) water. Enema, -^ gr. 
(0.0008 Gm.) with 10 min. (0.6 Cc.) alcohol, 4 
oz. (120 Cc.) water, 1 to 3 times daily. 
Maximum dose ^ gr. (0.002 Gm.) daily. 

Dihydrate (di-hi 1 '-drat) [die, twice; udojp, 
water]. 1. Any compound containing two 
molecules of hydroxyl. Syn., Bihydrate. 2. 
A compound containing two molecules of 
water. 

Dihydrated (di-hi' -dra-ted) . Having absorbed 
two hydroxyl molecules. 

Dihydric (di-hi' -drik) . Containing two atoms 
of hydrogen in the molecule. 

Dihydrid (di-hi' -drid) . A compound of two 
atoms of hydrogen with an element or radicle. 

Dihydrocollidin (di-hi-dro-kol'-id-in), C 8 H 13 N. 
A liquid substance isomeric with a ptomain 
obtained from putrid flesh and fish. 

Dihydrocoridin (di-hi-dro-kor'-id-in), C 10 H 17 N. 
A substance isomeric with a ptomain found 
in cultures of the Bacillus allii. 

Dihydrolutidin (di - hi - dro - lu'- tid - in) [d cc, 
double; udcop, water; luteus, yellow], 
C 7 H n N. One of the alkaloidal bodies found 
in cod-liver oil. It is slightly poisonous, in 
small doses diminishing general sensibility, 
in large doses causing tremor, paralysis of the 
legs, or, in animals, the hind limbs, and 
death. 

Dihydroresorcinol (di-hi - dro -re- zor'-sin - ol) . 
Shining white prisms, soluble in water, 
alcohol, or chloroform, melting at io4°-io6° C, 
obtained from resorcinol by action of sodium 
amalgam with carbon dioxid. It is recom- 
mended as an antiseptic. 

Dihydroxytoluene (di-hi-droks-e-tol r -u-en) . See 
Orcin. 

Diiodid (di-i'-o-did) [di, two; iodum, iodin]. 
A compound consisting of a basic element 
and two atoms of iodin. D. Hy dro io date. 
See Caffein Triiodid. 

Diiodoanilin (di-i-o-do-an' -il-in) , C 6 H 5 . NH 2 .I 2 
[1:2:4]. A reaction-product of anilin with 
iodin chlorid. It is antiseptic and used as 
an application in skin diseases. Syn., 
Metadiiodanilin. 

J}iio&oheta.n2QY&ho\ (di-i-o-do-ba-tah-naf'-thol), 
C 16 H 6 I 2 2 . A yellowish-green powder ob- 
tained from mixed solutions of iodin with 
potassium iodid and betanaphthol with sodium 
carbonate and sodium hypochlorite. It is 
used as an antiseptic in place of aristol. 
Syn., Naphtholaristol; N aphtholdiiodid. 

Diiodocarbazol (di-i-o-do-kar'-ba-zol), C 12 H 6 I 2 :- 
NH. A substance obtained from carbazol by 
action of iodin with heat; insoluble in water, 
soluble in alcohol and chloroform. It is 
recommended as an antiseptic 

Diiododithymol (di-i-o-do-di-thi'-mol). See 
Aristol. 



DIIODOFORM 



351 



DINITROCRESOL 



Diiodoform (di-i-o' -do-form), C 2 H 2 I 4 . A sub- 
stance obtained from acetylene iodid by- 
excess of iodin and containing 95.28% of 
iodin. It decomposes on exposure to light. 
Used as a substitute for iodoform. Syn., 
Tetraethylene iodid. 

Diiodomethane (di-i-o-do-meth'-dn). Methyl- 
ene iodid. 

Diiodonaphthol (di-i-o -do-naf -thol) . See Diio- 
dobetanaphthol. 

Diiodoresorcinol (di-i-o-do-re-zor'-sin-ol). A 
brown, inodorous powder, used as an antiseptic 
in place of aristol. 

Diiodosalicylic Acid (di-i-o -do -sal-is -W -ik). 
See Acid, Diiodosalicylic. D.-methylester. 
SceSanoform. D.-phenylester. SeeDiiodo- 
salol. 

Diiodosalol (di-i-o-do-saV f -ol) , C 6 H 2 I 2 (OH)C0 2 - 
C 6 H 5 . A condensation-product of diiodo- 
salicylic acid with phenol. It is used in 
treatment of skin diseases. 

Diiodothioresorcinol (di-i-o -do- thi-o -re-zor' - 
sin-ol), C 6 H 2 2 I 2 S 2 . It is used as a dusting- 
powder and in 10 to 20% ointment. 

Dikamali [E. Ind.]. A fetid gum-resin ob- 
tained from Gardenia gummifera and G. 
lucida. In decoction it is used as an anti- 
periodic and in the treatment of chronic skin 
diseases. 

Dilaceration (di-las-er-a' -shun) [dilaceratio, 
a tearing apart]. A tearing apart; division of 
a membranous cataract by a tearing operation. 

Dilatation {dil-at-a' -shun) . See Dilation. 

Dilatator (di-lat-a' -tor) . See Dilator. 

Dilate (di-lat') [dilare, to spread]. To increase 
in size; to spread apart; to stretch. 

Dilation (di-la' -shun) [dilate]. A spreading 
apart; the state, especially of a hollow part 
or organ, of being dilated or stretched. D., 
Digital, dilation of a body-cavity or orifice 
by means of a finger. D. of Heart, an in- 
crease in the size of one or more of the cavities 
of the heart, arising from a relaxation or 
weakening of the heart muscle. It is asso- 
ciated with evidences of failure of circulation, 
resulting in congestion of the lungs and other 
viscera. D., Hydrostatic, dilation of a 
cavity or part by means of an introduced 
elastic bag which is subsequently distended 
with water. D. of Stomach, increase in 
size of the stomach from relaxation of the walls 
and expansion with gas in chronic gastritis. 

Dilatometer (dil-at-om' -et-er) [dilation; ah pov, a 
measure]. An apparatus for the estimation 
of the dilation of liquids. 

Dilator [di-la' -tor) [dilation]. An instrument for 







Plain Porcelain Dilator. 



stretching or enlarging 
also ; a dilating muscle. 



cavity or opening; 
See under Muscle. 



Dill (dil). See Anethum. 

Diluent (dil'-u-ent) [dilute]. 1. Diluting. 2. An 
agent that dilutes the secretions of an organ. 

Dilute (di-lut') [diluere, to wash away]. To 
make weaker through increasing the bulk by 
the addition of liquid. 

Diluting Fluids. Solutions for use with the 
hemocytometer. See Hayem's Solution and 
Solution, Sherrington's, Solution, Toisson's. 

Dilution (di-lu' -shun) [dilute]. 1. The process 
of adding a neutral fluid to some other fluid 
or substance, in order to diminish the qualities 
of the latter. 2. A diluted substance; the re- 
sult of a diluting process. 

Dimethyl (di-meth'-il), (CH 3 ) 2 . A double mole- 
cule of methyl; in the free state it constitutes 
ethane. D.-acetal, C 4 H 10 O 2 , a colorless 
ethereal liquid obtained from aldehyd, methyl- 
alcohol, and glacial acetic acid with heat; 
it is used as an anesthetic, alone or combined 
with one-half its volume of chloroform. Syn., 
Ethylidenedimethyl ether. D.-amidoantipy- 
rin. See Pyramidon. D.-amidoazoben- 
zene, C 14 H 15 N 3 . It is used as an indicator in 
alkalimetry and as a fat color. Syn., Butter 
yellow. D.-amidophenyl-dimethyl-pyra- 
zolon. See Pyramidon. D.-arsin. See 

Cacodyl. D. Sulfate, CH 3 / S ° 4 ' a color " 
less, oily fluid much used in chemic manipula- 
tion and giving rise to poisoning with marked 
local and pulmonary symptoms, convulsions, 
coma, and paralysis. D.-xanthin. 1. See 
Paraxanthin in Leukomains, Table of. 2. See 
Theobromin. 

Dimethylamin (di-meth-il-am'-in), NC 2 H 7 . A 
nontoxic ptomain found in putrefying gelatin, 
old decomposing yeast, etc. 

Dimethylated (di-meth'-il -a -led). Combined 
with two molecules of methyl. 

Dimetria (di-me 1 '-tre-ah) [die, double; i>.i]Tpa, 
the womb]. The condition of having a double 
uterus. 

Dimorphobiotic (di - mor - fo - bi - of - ik) [dis; 
Hop4>T), shape; ficajotc, life]. Relating to an 
organism which runs through two or more 
morphologically distinct phases in its life- 
history — a free stage and a parasitic stage. 

Dimorphous (di-mor'-fus) [dis; p.op<f)-q, form]. 
Existing in two forms. 

Dinaphthyl (di-naf -thil) , C 20 H 14 = C 10 H 17 . C 10 - 
H 7 . A pearl-like hydrocarbon prepared by 
partially oxidizing naphthalene or by passing 
naphthalene vapor through a red-hot tube. 

Dineuric (di-nu f -rik) [dis; veupov, nerve]. 
Provided with two neuraxons; said of a 
nerve-cell. 

Dinitrate (di-ni' -trdt) . A compound result- 
ing from the replacement of the hydrogen of 
two molecules of nitric acid by a base. 

Dinitrocellulose (di-ni-tro-sel'-u-los). See Py- 
roxylin. 

Dinitrocresol (di-ni-tro-kre'-sol), C 7 H 6 N 2 O s . 
Explosive crystals melting at 85 C. The 
potassium salt of c-dinitrocresol is an excellent 
insecticide and an efficient remedy in scabies, 
and mixed with equal parts of soap is, under 



DINITRORESORCINOL 



352 



DIPLACUSIS 



the name of antinonnin, used as an insecticide 
and to destroy rats and mice. A mixture of the 
potassium salts of o-dinitrocresol and ^-dini- 
trocresol, a commercial substitute for saffron, 
has been employed with fatal results. 
Dinitroresorcinol (di - ni - tro -re- zor' - sin - ol) , 
C fi H 4 N 2 6 4- 2H 2 0. It is employed in histo- 
logic" preparations. Syn., Ordinary dinitro- 

Dionin {di'-o-nin), C 2 H s O . (OH) . C 17 H 17 NO . 
HC1 + H 2 0. Ethylmorphin hydrochlorate. 
It is analgesic, antispasmodic, and sedative, 
and is employed in diseases of the. respiratory 
passages and in morphinism. Dose \-^ gr. 
(0.01-0.03 Gm.). 

Diopter (di-op'-ter) [dca, through; cxpeadac, 
to see]. The unit of measurement of the 
refractive power of an optic lens. It is the 
refractive power of a lens that has a focal 
distance of one meter. 

Dioptoscopy {di-o p -to s' -ko-pe) [diopter; oKonelv, 
to examine]. A method of estimating ocular 
refraction by means of the ophthalmoscope. 

Dioptric {di-op'-trik) [diopter]. 1. Pertaining to 
transmitted and refracted light. 2. A diopter. 

Dioptroscopy (di-op-tros 1 '-ko-pe). Same as 
Dioptoscopy. See also Retinoscopy. 

Dioptry {di-op'-tre). See Diopter. 

Diosmic (di-oz' -mik) . Containing two atoms 
of osmium as a quadrivalent radicle. 

Diosmotic {di-oz-mof -ik) [dca, through; (hopioc, 
impulse]. Pertaining to osmosis. 

Diospyros {di-os'-pi-ros) [Acoc, of Jove; nupoc, 
grain; fruit]. A genus of trees of the order 
EbenacecB. The bark of D. virginiaha, the 
persimmon-tree of the United States, is 
astringent, tonic, antiperiodic, and hemo- 
static, and is used in diarrhea, intermittent 
fever, and uterine hemorrhage. Dose of fluid- 
extract 30-60 min. (3-4 Cc). 

Diostosis {di-o s -to' -sis) [dca, away from; boxkov, 
a bone]. Displacement of a bone. 

Dioviburnia {di-o-vi-bur' -ne-ah) . A proprietary 
combination of equal parts of the fkridextracts 
of Viburnum opidus, V. prunifolium, Chamce- 
lirium carolinianum, Caidophyllum thalic- 
troides, Aletris farinosa, Mitchetta re pens, Scu- 
tellaria lateriflora, and Dioscorea villosa. It is 
antispasmodic and anodyne, and is used in 
dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, etc. 

Dioxid (di-oks'-id) [dec, two; o^uc, sharp]. 
A molecule containing two atoms of oxygen. 

Dioxyanthranol, Dioxyanthrol (di-oks-e-an' '- 
thran-ol, -throl). See Anthrarobin. 

Dioxybenzene {di-oks-e-ben'-zen). See Hydro- 
quinone. 

Dioxygen (di-okf-e-jen), H 2 2 . A term in- 
troduced for a preparation of pure hydrogen 
dioxid. 

Dioxynaphthalene {di-oks-e-nafl -thal-en) , C 10 - 
H 8 2 . A toxic compound used as a roborant. 
The daily dose is 3 gr. (0.19 Gm.). 

Dioxytoluene {di-oks-e-toV -u-en) . Same as 
Orcin. 

Dip. The deviation from the horizontal posi- 
tion shown by a freely suspended magnetic 
needle. 



Diphenyl (di-fen'-il), C 12 H 10 . A hydrocarbon 
resulting from the action of sodium upon 
brombenzene in ether or benzerfe. It is also 
present in coal-tar. 

Diphtheria {dif-the'-re-ah) [dccf)dipa, a skin 
or membrane]. An acute infectious disease 
caused by the Klebs-Loffler bacillus. It is 
characterized by the formation, on a mucous 
membrane, most frequently that of the 
pharynx, of a false membrane, grayish or 
buff in color, and quite firmly adherent. Any 
mucous membrane, as the laryngeal, nasal, 
conjunctival, and, more rarely, the gastroin- 
testinal, vaginal, and that of the middle ear, 
may be the seat of the disease. The mem- 
brane may also be formed on wounds — sur- 
gical or wound-diphtheria. The constitu- 
tional symptoms result from the absorption 
of poisons elaborated by the bacteria, the 
bacilli themselves not being found in the 
blood, as a rule. These poisons are a nucleo- 
albumin and a nuclein, the former producing 
the acute, the latter the later, symptoms of 
the disease. The general symptoms are, in 
brief, fever, profound prostration, weakness 
of the heart, and a rapidly developing anemia. 
A frequent sequel is paralysis, which may be 
general, but is often confined to the palatal 
and ocular muscles. Diphtheria is eminently 
a disease of childhood and very fatal. Death 
results from systemic poisoning, from heart- 
failure, from obstruction to respiration by the 
presence of membrane in the air-passages, 
or from a complication, as pneumonia. D., 
Bretonneau's, true diphtheria of the pharynx, 
first described by P. Bretonneau (1826). D. 
Toxin, a toxalbumin produced by Bacillus 
diphtheria; it is destroyed by a temperature 
over 6o° C., and is capable of causing in sus- 
ceptible animals the same phenomena induced 
by inoculation with the living bacilli. 

Diphtheric (dif-ther f -ik) [diphtheria]. Of or per- 
taining to diphtheria. 

Diphthericide (dif-ther'-is-id). A proprietary 

» prophylactic against diphtheria, said to consist 
of thymol, sodium benzoate, and saccharin. 

Diphtherin (difl-ther-in). See Diphtheria 
Toxin. 

Diphtheritic {dif-tiier-it'-ik). See Diphtheric. 

Diphtheroid (difl - ther - oid) [diphtheria]. 1 . 
Resembling diphtheria. 2. A general term 
for all pseudomembranous formations not due 
to Bacillus diphtheria. 

Diphtherotoxin {dif-ther-o-toks' -in) . See Diph- 
theria Toxin. 

Diphthongia (dif-thon f -je-ah) [dec, double; 
(faddy-foe, a voice]. The production of a 
double tone of the voice, due to incomplete 
unilateral paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal 
nerve, or to some lesion of the vocal bands 
that causes each to produce its own sound. 

Diplacusis (dip-lak-u' '-sis) [dcnXooc, double; 
olkouocc, hearing]. 1. The hearing of a tone 
as higher by one ear than by the other. 
Syn., Diplacusis binauralis. 2. The hearing 
of two tones by one ear when only one tone 
is produced, Syn., Diplacusis uniauralis. 



DIPLEGIA 



353 



DISC 



Diplegia {di-ple' -je-ah) [dec, double; nh\rh* 
stroke]. Paralysis of similar parts on the 
two sides of the body. D., Spastic Cerebral, 
of Infancy. See Little's Disease. 

Diplo- [dcriXooc, double]. A prefix signifying 
double. 

Diploblastic {dip-lo-blas'-tik) [diplo-; fiXaoxdc, 
a germ]. Having two germinal layers. 

Diplocardiac (dip-lo-kar'-de-ak) [diplo-; napdea, 
heart]. Having a double heart. 

Diplocephalia {dip-lo-sef-a'-le-ah) [diplo-; 
K£<f>akT), the head]. A monstrosity marked 
by the presence of two heads on one body. 

Diplococcus {dip-lo-kok' '-us) [diplo-; k6kko£, 
sl berry]. A micrococcus that occurs in groups 
of two. 

Diplocoria {dip-lo-W -re -ah) [diplo-; Koprj, 
pupil]. Double pupil. 

Diploe (dip'-lo-e) [dcTzXo-q, a fold]. The can- 
cellous bony tissue between the outer and 
inner tables of the skull. 

Diploetic {dip-lo-et'-ik) [diploe]. Relating to 
the diploe; diploic. 

Diplogenesis {dip-lo-jen' -es-is) [diplo-; yhsacc, 
production]. i. The development of a 
double or twin monstrosity. 2. The process 
described by Pigne in 1846 whereby con- 
genital tumors are formed by the inclusion 
of embryonic remains. 

Diploic {dip-lo'-ik) [diploe]. Pertaining to the 
diploe. 

Diplomeric {dip-lorn' -er-ik) [diplo-; p.epoc, a 
part]. Applied to muscles arising from two 
myotomes; e. g., the supraspinatus and infra- 
spinatus muscles. 

Diplomyelia {dip-lo-mi-e' -le-ah) [diplo-; fwsXoc, 
marrow]. An apparent doubleness of the 
spinal cord, produced by a longitudinal fissure. 

Diplopia {dip-lo' -pe-ah) [diplo-; expec, sight]. 
Double vision, one object being seen 
by the eye or eyes as two. D., Bin- 
ocular, the most frequent, is due to a de- 
rangement of the muscular balance, the 
images of the object being thereby thrown 
upon nonidentical points of the retinas. D., 
Crossed, D., Heteronymous, the result of 
divergent strabismus, the image of the right 
eye appearing upon the left side and that of 
the left eye upon the right side. D., Di- 
rect, D., Homonymous, the reverse of 
f crossed diplopia, found in convergent strabis- 
mus. D., Monocular, diplopia with a single 
eye, usually due to hysteria, to double pupil, 
or beginning cataract. 

Dipolar {di-po'-lar). See Bipolar. 

Dipotassic {di-po-tas' -ik) [di, two; potassium]. 
Containing two atoms of potassium in a 
molecule. 

Dippel's Animal Oil. Oleum cornu cervi. 
An oil obtained in distilling bone and deer's 
horn. It contains pyridin and lutidin. It is 
antispasmodic and stimulant. 

Dipping Needle. A magnetic needle so hung 
that it can move freely in a vertical plane. 

Dipsomania {dip-so-ma' -ne-ah) [dc^a, thirst; 
fiavca, madness]. The uncontrollable desire 
for spirituous liquors. 
24 



Dipsorrhexia {dip-sor-eks'-e-ah) [d!(pa, thirst; 
ope&c, appetite]. Thebault's term for that 
early stage of alcoholism in which no organic 
lesions have as yet appeared in consequence 
of the alcoholic poisoning, but when the 
appetite has been developed. 

Dipterocarpus {dip-ter-o-kar'-pus) [dizrepoc, 
two-winged; tcap-6c, fruit]. A genus of 
trees, chiefly found in southern Asia, some 
of which furnish gurjun balsam. 

Dipterous {dip'-ter-us) [o/f, two; 7z~£pov, wing]. 
In biology, having two wings or wing-like pro- 
cesses. 

Dipylidium idi-pi-lid' -e-um) [d'cnuXog, with two 
entrances]. A genus of parasitic platode 
worms. 

Diradiation {di-ra-de-a' '-shun) . See Actinobolia 

^- 
Direct {di-rekt') [directus, straight]. In a 

right or straight line; without the interposi- 
tion of some medium. D. Current, a gal- 
vanic current. D. Image. See Image, Direct. 
D. Ophthalmoscopy. See Ophthalmoscopy. 
D. Vision, the perception of an object the 
image of which falls upon the macula. 

Director {di-rek'-tor) [direct]. Anything that 
guides or directs. D., Grooved, an instrument 
grooved to guide the knife in surgical opera- 
tions. 

Dirigomotor {dir-ig-o-mo' -tor) [dirigere, to di- 
rect; motor, a mover]. Controlling motor action. 

Dis- [dec, twice]. 1. A prefix denoting two 
or double. 2. A prefix denoting apart from. 

Disarticulation {dis -ar-tik-u-la' -shun) [dis-, 
articulum, a joint]. Separation at a joint; 
amputation at a joint. 

Disassimilation {dis-as-sim-il-a' -shun) [dis- 
assimilatio]. The process of transformation 
of assimilated substances into waste-products. 

Disc, Disk [discus; d canoe, a quoit or round 
plate]. A circular, plate-like organ or struc- 
ture. D., Anisotropous. See D., Sar- 
cous. D., Becquerel's, an apparatus for es- 
timating the difference in temperature be- 
tween a sound limb and a paralyzed one. 
D., Blood-. See Blood-corpuscle. D., 
Choked. See Papillitis. D., Contractile, 
D., Dark. See D., Sarcous. D., Cupped. 
See Cupped Disc. D., Epiphyseal, the broad 
articular surface with slightly elevated rim on 
each end of the centrum of a vertebra. Syn., 
Epiphyseal plate. D . , Equatorial. See Plate, 
Equatorial. D., Germinal, the small disc of 
the blastodermic membrane, in which the first 
traces of the embryo are seen. D., Interme- 
diate. See Membrane, Krause's. D., Inter- 
stitial, the more translucent cementing sub- 
stance conjoining the sarcous elements, and to 
which the lighter narrower strias of the muscle- 
fiber and the intervals of the fibrils are due. 
Syn., Englemann's lateral disc; Isotropousdisc; 
Lateral disc; Light disc . D . s , Intervertebral . 
See Intervertebral Discs. D., Invisible. See 
Corpuscles, N orris' Divisible. D., Isotropous, 
D., Lateral, D., Light. See D., Interstitial. 
D., Median, D., Middle. See Membrane, 
Krause's. D., Nuclear. See Plate, Equatorial. 



DISCHARGE 



354 



DISEASE 



D., Optic, the circular area in the retina that 
represents the termination of the optic nerve. 
D., Ovigerous. See Discus proligerus. D., 
Placido's. See Placido's Disc. D.,Sarcous, 
the dark, broad, transverse stripe of striated 
muscle-fiber; it is anisotropic and supposed 
to represent the proper contractile substance of 
the fiber. Syn., Anisotropic disc; Contractile 
disc; Dark disc; Principal disc; Transverse 
disc. D., Schiefferdecker's Intermediate, 
the substance which is assumed to fill in the 
space existing at Ranvier's nodes between 
Schwann's sheath and the axis-cylinder. It 
appears as a black line on staining with silver 
nitrate and forms the horizontal branch of 
Ranvier's Latin cross. D., Stenopeic, a lens 
allowing the passage of light-rays only through 
a straight narrow slit; it is used for testing 
astigmatism. D., Tactile, D., Terminal. 
See Meniscus, Tactile, and Ranvier's Tactile 
Discs. D., Transverse. See D., Sarcous. 
D., Vitelline. See Discus proligerus. 

Discharge (dis-charj') [OF., descharger, to 
unload], i. Any evacuation; also that which 
is evacuated. 2. A setting free or escape of 
pent-up energy. In electricity the restoration 
to a neutral electric condition by which a 
highly electrified body gives off its surplus of 
electricity to surrounding objects less highly 
electrified. D., Conductive, an electric 
discharge taking place through conduction. 
D., Convective, an electric discharge in 
which the charged particles of a fluid convey 
the electricity. D., Disruptive, an electric 
discharge with emission of heat and sound. 

Discharger {dis-char'-jer). An instrument 
for setting free electricity stored in a Leyden 
jar or other condenser. 

Discharging {dis-char'-jing). Unloading; flow- 
ing out, as pus, etc. D. Lesion, a brain- 
lesion that causes sudden discharges of ner- 
vous motor impulses. 

Disciform {dis'-e-Jorm). Disc -shaped. 

Discission (dis-ish'-un) [discissio; discindere, 
to tear or cut apart]. An operation for soft 
cataract in which the capsule is lacerated a 
number of times to allow the lens-substance 
to be absorbed. 

Discoblastic (dis-ko-blas' '-tik) [disc; filaoxbc*, a 
germ]. Undergoing discoid segmentation of 
the vitellus. 

Discoid {dis'-koid) [disc]. 1. Shaped like a disc. 
2. An excavator having a blade in the form of 
a disc. 

Discophorous (dis-kof'-or-us) [disc; (frkpetv, to 
bear]. Furnished with a disciform organ or 
part. 

Discoplasm, Discoplasma (dis r - ko - plazm, 
-plaz'-mah). The plasma of red blood-cor- 
puscles. 

Discous (dis f -kus) [disc]. Discoid. 

Discrete {dis-kret') [discretus, separated]. Not 
running together; separate. 

Discus {dis'-kus) [L., "a disc"]. A disc. See 
Disc. D. proligerus, the mass of cells of the 
membrana granulosa of the graafian vesicle 
that surround the ovum. 



Discutient {dis-ku' -shent) [discutere, to shake 
apart]. 1. Capable of effecting resolution. 
2. A medicine having the power of causing 
an exudation to disappear. 

Disdiaclast (dis-di 1 '-ak-last) [dec, double; dta, 
through; nXav, to break]. One of the small, 
doubly refractive elements in the contractile 
discs of a muscle-fiber. 

Disease {diz-ez') [dis, negative; ease, a state 
of rest]. A disturbance of function or struc- 
ture of any organ or part of the body. D., 
Acute, a disease marked by rapid onset and 
short course. D., Acute Specific. 1. An 
infectious febrile disease. 2. Acute syphilis. 
D . , Amyloid. Same as A myloid Degeneration. 
D., Autogenous, one due to failure on the 
part of some group of body-cells to perform 
its function. D., Barometer-maker's. See 
under Barometer. D., Bleeders'. Synonym 
of Hemophilia. D., Blue, cyanosis. D., 
Brass-founders', chronic poisoning from 
working in brass. D., Caisson-. See Cais- 
son-disease. D., Choleraic, a tropical affection 
resembling cholera, due to the ingestion of 
poisonous fish. Cf. Siguatera. D., Choles- 
terin, amyloid degeneration. D., Chronic, 
one that is slow in its course. D., Con- 
stitutional, one in which a system of organs 
or the whole body is involved. D., Cyclic, 
a disease following cycles or periods of exacer- 
bation or change. D., Cystic, of the 
Breast. See Rectus' Disease. D., Divers', 
an affection similar to caisson-disease. D., 
Elevator, an affection of the heart occur- 
ring in elevator-men. Syn., Liftman's heart. 
D., Enthetic, one introduced extraneously; 
an infectious disease. D., Entozootic, 
one due to the presence of animal para- 
sites within the body. D.s, Eponymic, those 
named after indrviduals. See under name 
of the individual for definition. D., Fish- 
skin, ichthyosis. D., Fish-slime, a peculiar 
form of septicemia due to punctured wounds 
by fish-spines. D., Flax-dresser's, pneu- 
monia from inhalation of particles of flax. 
D., Fleshworm, trichinosis. D., Flint. 
Synonym of Chalicosis. D., Focal, a local- 
ized disease. D., Fourth, Clement Dukes' 
term for a contagious disease resembling 
measles, scarlatina, and rubella, or rose- 
rash, but distinct. Syn., Quatrieme fievre 
eruptif. D., Functional, a disease with- 
out discoverable organic lesion. D., Fun- 
gous, of India, a prevalent endemic dis- 
ease of India affecting the extremities and 
disorganizing the tissues, due to the im- 
plantation of spores in the tissues. D., 
Guinea-worm. See Guinea-worm Dis- 
ease. D., Habit, one that results from 
long continuation and frequent repeti- 
tion of an act. D.s, Heterotoxic, those 
due to toxic substances introduced from 
without the body. D., Hydrocephaloid, a 
disease of children resembling hydrocephalus, 
following premature weaning. D., Idio- 
pathic, one that exists by itself without any 
connection with another disorder; one of 



DISENGAGEMENT 



355 



DISLOCATION 



which the cause is unknown. D. , Infectious, 

one arising from the invasion, growth, and 
multiplication in the body of specific, patho- 
genic microorganisms which produce a 
chemic poison that induces its characteristic 
effects. D., Intercurrent, a disease occur- 
ring during the progress of another of which 
it is independent. D., Internal, one affecting 
the internal organs. D., Jumping, a form of 
choromania. See Jumpers. D., Lardaceous, 
amyloid degeneration. D., Local, one con- 
fined to some particular region of the body 
or to one tissue or organ. D., Malignant 
Mold-fungus, an affection of the skin and 
mucosa, especially of the mouth, lips, and 
nose; described by de Hahn as due to a 
mold-fungus. D., Mucous (Starr), a form 
of chronic gastrointestinal catarrh in children. 
It consists of a mucous flux, from the whole 
internal surface of the alimentary canal, which 
interferes mechanically with the digestion 
and absorption of food, and so impedes nu- 
trition as to suggest the presence of tubercles. 
It usually arises between the fourth and 
the twelfth year, frequently as a sequel of 
pertussis. D., Mucous (Whitehead), D., 
Mucous (of the Colon). See Colitis, 
Mucous. D., Organic, one due to structural 
changes. D., Pandemic, a disease epidemic 
over a wide area. D., Parasitic, one due 
to an animal or vegetable parasite. D., 
Parenchymatous, that affecting the paren- 
chyma of an organ. D., Pearl, bovine tuber- 
culosis. D.s, Protozoal, pathologic condi- 
tions due to the invasion of the body by 
protozoa. D., Protozoic (of Posadas, Wer- 
nicke, etc.). See Dermatitis, Blastomycetic. 
D., Pulpy, tuberculous arthritis. D., Rag- 
sorter's. See Ragpicker's Disease. D., Sep- 
tic, one arising from the development of pyo- 
genic or putrefactive organisms within the 
body. D., Septinous, a form of septic disease 
in which there is absorption of the toxic sub- 
stance through an abrasion of the mucosa of 
the alimentary canal. D., Seven Days', 
trismus. D., Specific, one caused by the 
introduction of a specific virus or poison within 
the body; also used as a synonym of syphilis. 
D., Structural, one involving a change of 
structure in the part first affected. D., 
Summer, cholera infantum. D., Supra- 
renal-capsule, Addison's disease. D., Tea- 
taster's, a disorder characterized by extreme 
neurasthenia, rapid heart action, fibrillary 
muscular twitching, and paresthesia due to 
excessive use of tea. D., Tsetse-fly, an 
African disease of horses, cattle, and other 
stock due to the Trypanosoma brucei, which is 
transmitted by the tsetse-fly, Glossina mor- 
sitans. D., Venereal, one due to sexual 
intercourse. D., Zymotic, a disease arising 
from the introduction and multiplication of 
some living germ within the body. 
Disengagement (dis-en-gaj' '-ment) [Fr., des- 
erigager, to disengage]. Emergence from a 
confined state; especially the escape of the 
head of the fetus from the vaginal canal. 



Disgorgement (dis-gorj'-ment) [OF., desgorger, 
to vomit], i. Ejection by vomiting. 2. The 
subsidence of an engorgement. 

Disgregation (dis-greg-a'-shun) [disgregare, 
to separate]. Dispersion; separation, as of 
molecules or cells. 

Disinfectant (dis-in-fek'-tant) [dis, negative; 
inficere, to corrupt]. An agent that destroys 
the germs of disease, fermentation, and putre- 
faction. 

Disinfectin (dis-in-fek'-tin). A brown liquid 
obtained from treating 5 parts of the residue 
of naphtha -distillation with 1 part of con- 
centrated sulfuric acid and the resulting 
product with 5 parts of 10% soda solution. 
Diluted it is used as a disinfectant. 

Disinfection (dis - in - fek' - shun) [see Dis- 
infectant]. The destroying of disease- 
germs, especially by means of chemic 
substances. 

Disintegrate (dis-in' '-te-grdt) [dis; integer, the 
whole]. To break up or decompose. 

Disintoxication (dis-in-toks-ik-a'-shun). See 
Detoxification. 

Disk. See Disc. 

Dislocation (dis-lo-ka'-shun) [dis; locare, 
to place]. The displacement of one or 
more bones of a joint or of any organ 
from its natural position. See Callaway's, 
Dugas' , Hamilton's Tests., D., Complete, 
one in which the joint-surfaces are entirely 
separated. D., Compound, one in which 
the joint communicates with the external air 
through a wound. D., Consecutive, one 
in which the displaced bone is not in the 
same position as when originally displaced. 
D., Divergent, separate dislocation of the 
ulna and radius. D., Double, displacement 
at the same time of corresponding bones on 
both sides of the body. D., Habitual, one 
that recurs repeatedly from a relaxed condi- 
tion of the ligaments or from incomplete 
repair of the articular capsule. D., Monteg- 
gia's, the dislocation of the hip-joint in 
which the head of the femur is near the 4 
anterior-superior spine of the ilium, the limb 
being rotated outward. D., Nelaton's, 
upward dislocation of the ankle, the astragalus 
being wedged in between the tibia and fibula. 
D., Old, one in which inflammatory changes 
have occurred. D., Partial, D., Incom- 
plete, one in which the articulating surfaces 
remain in partial contact. Syn., Sublux- 
ation. D., Pathologic, one the result 
of disease in the joint or of paralysis of the 
controlling muscles. D., Primitive, one in 
which the bones remain as originally dis- 
placed. D., Recent, one in which no in- 
flammatory changes have ensued. D., 
Relapsing. See D., Habitual. D., Simple, 
one in which there is no communication 
with the air through a wound. D., Smith's 
(of the foot), dislocation upward and back- 
ward of all the metatarsal bones, together 
with the internal cuneiform. D., Subclav- 
icular, one of the head of the humerus 
beneath the pectoralis major below the 



DISODIC 



356 



DISTOMA 



clavicle. D., Subglenoid, one of the humerus 
directly below the glenoid fossa. D., Sub- 
pubic, dislocation of the hip-joint below 
the pubes. D., Subspinous, one in which 
the head of the humerus is held in the infra- 
spinous fossa. D., Thyroid, displacement of 
the head of the femur into the thyroid 
foramen. D., Traumatic, that due to 
injury. 

Disodic (di-so'-dik or dis-od'-ik) [di, two; sodi- 
um], i. Containing two atoms of sodium in 
the molecule. 2.' [dec, twice; ddoc, a way.] 
Furnished with or relating to two openings. 

Disoma, Disomus (di-so'-mah, -mus) [di-; 
oebfia, body; pi., disomata, disomi]. A monster 
having two trunks. 

Dispar (dis' -par) [L.]. Unequal. 

Disparate (dis'-par -at) [dispar]. Not alike; 
unequal or unmated. D. Points, nonidentical 
points of the two retinas. Diplopia is pro- 
duced when the images of a single object fall 
upon such points. 

Dispareunia (dis-par-oo'-ne-ah). See Dys- 
pareunia. 

Disparity (dis -par' -it-e) [dispar]. Differ- 
ence; inequality. D., Crossed, a condition 
of binocular relief whereby in superimposed 
similar figures having their points of sharp- 
est vision coinciding, a certain other 
point in the left field appears to be to 
the right, and the same point in the right 
field to the left, of the point of sharpest 
vision. D., Uncrossed, a similar condition 
of binocular relief, but in which a point in 
the left is seen to the left of a similar point 
in the right field. 

Dispensary (dis-pens'-ar-e) [dispensare, to dis- 
tribute]. A charitable institution where med- 
ical treatment is given to the poor. 

Dispensatory (dis-pens' -at-or-e) [dispensator- 
ium, an apothecary's diary]. A treatise on 
materia medica and the composition, effects, 
and preparation of medicines. 

Dispermin (di-sperm'-in). See Piper azin. 

Dispermy (di-sperm'-e) [di-; ankpixa, a seed]. 
The entrance of two spermatozoa into the 
ovum. 

Dispersion (dis-per'-shun) [dispersus, scattered]. 
The act of scattering. In physics, the 
separation of a ray of light into its component 
parts by reflection or refraction; also, any 
scattering of light, as that which has passed 
through ground glass. 

Dispirem (dis-pi' -rem) [di-; spira, a spiral]. 
The two skeins of a dividing nucleus formed 
from the nuclear loops and in develop- 
ment giving rise to the daughter-nuclei. 

Displacement (dis-plas'-ment) [Fr., des pla- 
cer, to displace]. 1. A putting-out of the nor- 
mal position. 2. Percolation. D., Back- 
ward, D., Dorsal (of the arm), a back- 
ward displacement, across the neck or 
occipital region, of one of the arms of the fetus, 
causing obstruction to delivery. D., Fish- 
hook, a displacement of the stomach in which 
the pyloric orifice faces directly upward and 
the duodenum extends upward and to the 



right, connecting with the pylorus at a*i angle, 
which produces a constricting hook. 

Dissect (dis-ekf) [dissecare, to cut up]. To 
cut tissues apart carefully and slowly, in 
order to allow study of the relations of a part. 

Dissection (dis-ek' '-shun) . The cutting apart 
of the tissues of the body for purposes of study. 
D. -wound, a septic wound acquired during 
dissection. 

Disseminated (dis-em' -in-a-ted) [disseminare, 
to scatter seed]. Scattered; spread over a 
large area. D. Sclerosis, a disease of the 
central nervous system in which the areas of 
sclerosis are irregularly scattered throughout 
the cord and brain. Syn., Multiple or Insular 
sclerosis. 

Dissimilation (dis -im-il-a' -shun). See Kata- 
bolism. 

Dissociation (dis-o-se-a' -shun) [dis-; sociare, 
to associate]. Separation, especially the sepa- 
ratidfti of a complex compound into sim- 
pler molecules by the action of heat. D.-. 
symptom, anesthesia to pain and to heat 
and cold, with preservation of tactile sensi- 
bility and of the muscular sense; it is ob- 
served in syringomyelia. 

Dissolution (dis-o-lu' -shun) [dissolutio; dis- 
solves, to set free]. 1. The separation of a 
body or compound into its parts. 2. Death; 
decomposition. 

Dissonance (dis'-o-nans) [dissonare, to dis- 
agree in sound]. The combination of such 
tones as are so different from each other as 
to produce discord. 

Distal (dis'-tal) [distare, to be at a distance]. 
Extreme; at the greatest distance from a cen- 
tral point; peripheral. 

Distichiasis (dis - tik-i' -as- is) [di-; ox't^oc, 
a row]. The condition in which there is 
a double row of eyelashes, the inner rubbing 
against the globe. See also Entropion and 
Trichiasis. 

Distillate (dis f -til-at) . The product obtained 
by distillation. 

Distillation (dis -iil-a' -shun) [distillare, to 
drop little by little]. The process of vapor- 
izing and collecting the vapor by condensa- 
tion. It is used mainly in purifying liquids 
by separating them from nonvolatile sub- 
stances. D., Destructive, the decomposi- 
tion of a substance in a closed vessel in such 
a manner as to obtain liquid products. D., 
Dry, distillation of solids without the addition 
of liquids, conducted within a closed vessel in 
order to hinder combustion. D., Fractional, 
a method of separating substances from each 
other by distilling the mixture containing them 
at a gradually increased temperature, the 
different substances being vaporized and col- 
lected in the order of their volatility. 

Distoma, Distomum (dis'-to-mah, -mum) 
[di-; ozdfia, a mouth]. A genus of trematode 
worms which have an oral as well as a ventral 
sucker. D. haematobium, a species which, 
becoming lodged in the portal vessels and 
the veins of the mesentery and of the urinary 
tract, causes a disease characterized by hema- 



DISTOMATOSIS 



357 



DODECADACTYLON 



turia, anemia, and diarrhea. It is endemic 
in parts of the tropics. D. ringer i, a variety 
infesting the lungs of man in China and 
Japan and causing periodic hemoptysis. 

Distomatosis {di-sto-mat-o 1 -sis). See Disto- 
mia. 

Distomia {di-sto r -me-ah) [see Distoma]. Con- 
genital duplication of the mouth. 

Distomiasis {dis-to-mi 1 '-as-is) [distoma]. The 
presence in the body of distoma. 

Distraction {dis -Irak' -shun) [distrahere, to draw 
apart]. A method of treating certain joint 
diseases and bone-fractures by extension and 
counterextension. 

Distribution {dis-tri-bu' -shun) [distribuere, to 
distribute]. The branching of a nerve or 
artery, and the arrangement of its branches 
within those parts that it supplies. 

Disulfate {di-sul'-fat) [di~; sulfur]. A sulfate 
containing one atom of hydrogen that can be 
replaced by a base. 

Disulfid {di-sul'-fid). A compound of an ele- 
ment or radicle with two atoms of sulfur. 

Disvolution {dis-vo-lu' -shun) [dis; volvere, to 
roll down]. Degeneracy; devolution; extreme 
katabolism. 

Dita-bark {di> '-tali -bark) [L.]. The bark of 
Alstonia scholar is, native to the Philippine 
Islands. It is employed as a tonic and anti- 
periodic in intermittent fever. Dose of the 
tincture 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc); of the fluidex- 
tract 2-5 min. (0.13-0.32 Cc); of the powder 
5 gr. (0.32 Gm.). 

Ditain {dit f -ah-in) , C 22 H 28 N 2 4 . An alkaloid 
from dita-bark, used hypodermatically 
in tetanus. Dose T \ gr. (0.005 Cm.) once 
or twice daily or until effectual. Syn., 
Echitamin. 

Dithan {dith'-an). See Trional. 

Dithion {dith'-e-on). A mixture of the two 
sodium dithiosalicylates occurring as a gray 
powder. It is used as an antiseptic wash (5 
to 10 %) and dusting-powder in gonorrhea 
and in foot-and-mouth disease. 

Dithymoldiiodid, Dithymoliodid {di-thi-mol- 
di-i'-o-did, di-thi-mol-i' -o-did) . Aristol. 

Dittrich's Plugs. Dirty white or yellowish 
masses, consisting chiefly of fatty detritus, 
microorganisms, and crystals of margarin; 
they are found in the sputum of putrid bron- 
chitis and pulmonary gangrene. D.'s Ste- 
nosis, stenosis of the conus arteriosus. Syn., 
Dittrich's wahre Herzstenose. 

Diureid {di-u* '-re-id). A compound containing 
two molecules of urea. 

Diuresis (di-u-re' '-sis) [dca, through; oupslv, 
to urinate]. Increase in the secretion of 
urine. 

Diuretic {di-u-ret' -ik) [diuresis]. 1. Increasing 
the flow of urine. 2. An agent that increases 
the secretion of urine. D.s, Alterative, drugs 
eliminated by the kidney and used for their local 
action on the surfaces over which they pass. 
D.s, Hydragog, those that increase the flow 
of water from the kidneys. D.s, Refrigerant, 
those that render the urine less irritating while 
not greatly increasing its flow. 



Diuretin {di-u-re' -tin) , C 7 H 7 NaN 4 2 ,C 6 H 4 OH- 
COONa. Theobromin sodiosalicylate. It 
has been found useful as a diuretic in pleuritic 
effusion and cardiac dropsy. Dose 90 gr. 
(6 Gm.) daily in four doses. 

Diurnule {di-urn'-ul) [Fr.]. A form of medicinal 
tablet or capsule that contains the maximum 
quantity of a toxic drug that may be ad- 
ministered in 24 hours. 

Divergent {di-ver 1 '-jent) [divergere, to diverge]. 
Moving in different directions from a common 
point. D. Strabismus. See Strabismus, Di- 
vergent. 

Divers' Paralysis. See Caisson-disease. 

Diverticular {di-ver -tik' -u-lar) [diverticulum]. 
Relating to or arising from a diverticulum. 

Diverticulitis {di-ver -tik-u-W '-tis). Inflamma- 
tion of a diverticulum of the urethra. 

Diverticulum {di-ver -tik f -u-lum) [divertere, to 
turn]. A small pouch or sac springing from 
a main structure. D., False, a sacciform 
dilation due to disease or injury. D., 
Heister's, the sinus of the jugular vein. D., 
Meckel's, a congenital diverticulum of the 
ileum, the remains of the omphalomesenteric 
duct. D., Pertik's, a diverticulum of the 
nasopharyngeal space which may occur close 
to Rosenmueller's fossa and show itself as 
an enlargement of the latter. D., Pulsion, 
D., Traction, a false diverticulum produced 
by traction on the outside of a hollow organ. 
D., Vater's. See Ampulla of Vater. 

Divi-divi {div - e - div f - e) [S.A.]. The seed- 
pods of Ccesalpinia coriaria, a tree of South 
America. 

Divulsion {di-vid' -shun) [divulsio, a tearing 
apart]. A tearing asunder. 

Divulsor {di-vuV -sor) [L.]. An instrument 
for dilating a part. 

Dobell's Solution, D.'s Spray. A solution of 
borax, sodium bicarbonate, and phenol in 
glycerol and water; it is used as a spray for 
nasal and throat troubles. 

Dobie's Globule. A small, round body ren- 
dered visible in the center of the transparent 
disc of a muscular fibril by staining. D.'s 
Layer, D.'s Line. See Membrane, Krause's. 

Dochmiasis {dok-mi' -as-is) [Dochmius]. The 
diseased condition caused by the presence 
in the body of parasites belonging to the 
genus Dochmius. See Uncinariasis. Cf. 
A nkylostomiasis . 

Dochmius {dok'-me-us) [doxfitoc, crumpled]. 
A genus of threadworms of the family 
Strongylidce. D. duodenalis. See Anky- 
lo stoma. 

Docimasia {dos - im - a' - se - ah) [doKt/xa^ecv, 
to examine]. Examination; testing or assay- 
ing. 

Docimasiology {dos-im-a-se-ol f -o-je) [docima- 
sia; X6foc, science]. The art or science of 
investigation, embracing medicine, surgery, 
chemistry, etc. 

Docimaster {dos-im-as'-ter). An examiner or 
tester. 

Dodecadactylon {do-dek-a-dak' '-til-on) [dd)dei<a, 
twelve; dantuXoc, finger]. The duodenum. 



DOEGLING OIL 



358 



DORSUM 



Doegling Oil (do' -eg-ling) . The oil of the 
doegling, or bottle-nosed whale. 

Dog's-bane. See Apocynum. 

Dogwood {dog' -wild). See Cornus. 

Dolicho- (dol-ik-o-). A prefix meaning long. 

Dolichocephalic, Dolicho cephalous (dol-ik-o- 
sef-al'-ik, -sef'-al-us) [dolicho-; necfraAr), head]. 
Long-headed; having a relatively long 
anteroposterior cephalic diameter. 

Dolichocephalus (dol-ik-o -se }' -al-us) [see Dol- 
ichocephalic]. A skull having a relatively 
long anteroposterior diameter; a skull- 
formation resulting from the too rapid ossi- 
fication of the longitudinal suture. The 
varieties are leptocephalus, sphenocephalies, 
and clinocephalus. D. simplex, that oc- 
curring through synostosis of the sagittal 
suture. 

Dolicho cnemic, Dolichoknemic (dol-ik-o-ne' - 
mik) [dolicho-; tcvrjjir), a leg]. Having the 
lower leg of almost the same length as that of 
the thigh. 

Dolichoderus (dol-ik-od'-er-us) [dolicho-; dipt), 
the neck]. Having the neck long. 

Dolichokerkic (dol-ik-o-kerk'-ik) [dolicho-; 
Kep/dc; a shuttle]. Having the angle which 
is formed by the crest of the scapula with 
its spinal border over 80 degrees. 

Dolichos. Same as Mucuna. 

Dolomol (dol'-o-mol). Stearate of calcium and 
magnesium; it is used as a base for dusting- 
powders, etc. 

Dolor (do'-lor) [dolere, to feel pain]. Bodily 
or mental pain or suffering. 

Dolorosus (do-lor-o'-sus) [L.]. Full of pain. 

Donda Ndttgu [African]. Brother ulcer; a 
disease common on the east coast of Africa, 
due to some organism that infests stagnant 
water. It affects especially the leg, which 
becomes inflamed and swollen and sloughs 
below the healthy tissue. 

Donders' Glaucoma. Simple atrophic glau- 
coma. D.'s Law, the rotation of the eyeball 
about the line of sight is involuntary, and 
when the eyes are fixed on a distant object, 
the amount of rotation is determined solely 
by the angular distance of that object from 
the horizon and from the median plane. D.'s 
Rings, rainbow-colored rings seen in cases 
of glaucoma and by normal and cataractous 
eyes when the pupil is dilated. They are 
attributed to the diffraction of light by the 
cortex of the crystalline lens. D.'s Schema, 
an arrangement of the dead thorax with 
manometers to gage the pressure. 

Donne's Corpuscles. 1. The colostrum cor- 
puscles. 2. See Bizzozerc's Blood-platelets. 
D.'s Test for Pus, into the mass to be 
tested stir a small piece of caustic potash. 
The mass will be converted into a tough, 
slimy material if pus is present. 

Donovan's Solution. See Arsenic Iodid, Solu- 
tion 0} Mercuric and of. 

Dormiol (dor'-me-ol). The commercial name 
for amylene chloral; recommended as a 
soporific. Dose 72 _ 45 g r - (°-5~3-° Gm.). 

Dormitio (dor-me'-she-o) [L.]. 1. Sleep. 2. A 



sedative said to consist of dilute alcohol, oil 
of anise, extract of lettuce, and sugar. 

Dorsad (dor' -sad) [dorsum; ad, toward]. Toward 
the dorsal aspect. 

Dorsal (dor'-sal) [dorsum]. Pertaining to the 
back or to the posterior part of an organ. 
D. Artery. See under Artery. D. Decu- 
bitus, recumbency in the supine position. D. 
Reflex. See under Reflexes. 

Dorsalis pedis (dor -sa' -lis pe'dis). See 
under Artery. 

Dorsi- (dor-si-). The same as Dor so-. 

Dorsicolumn (dor -se-koV -um) [dorsi-; columna, 
a column]. The dorsal column of the spinal 
cord. 

Dorsi co mmissura (dor-se-kom-is-u'-rah) [dor- 
si-; commissure]. Wilder's name for the gray 
commissure of the spinal cord. 

Dorsidu ction (dor -se-duk' - shun) [dorsi-; 
ducere, to lead]. The act of moving toward 
the back. 

Dorsiflexion (dor -se-flek' -shun) [dorsi-; flectere, to 
bend]. A flexion, as of toes, toward the back. 

Dorsispinal (dor-se-spi'-nal) [dorsi-; spina, 
spine]. Relating to the back and the spinal 
column. 

Dorsiventral (dor-se-ven'-tral). See Dor so- 
abdominal. 

Dorso- (dor-so-) [dorsum]. A prefix used to 
signify pertaining to the back. 

Dorsoabdominal (dor-so-ab-dom'-in-al) [dor- 
so-; abdomen]. Relating to both the dorsal 
and the abdominal region; extending from the 
back to the abdomen. Syn., Dorsiventral. 

Dorsoacromial (dor-so-ak-ro'-me-al). Relating 
to the back and the acromion. 

Dorsoanterior (dor-so-an-te'-re-or). Applied 
to a fetus having its back toward the ventral 
aspect of the mother. 

Dorsocervical (dor-so-ser'-vik-al). Relating 
to the back and the neck. 

Dorso costal (dor-so-kos'-tal). Relating to the 
back and the ribs. 

Dorsointerosseal, Dorsointerosseous (dor- 
so -in -ter-os'-e-al, -us). Located between the 
metacarpal or metatarsal bones and on the 
back of the hand or foot. 

Dorso intestinal (dor -so -in-test' -in-al). Situ- 
ated upon the dorsal aspect of the intestine. 

Dorsolateral (dor-so-lat'-er-al). Relating to 
the back and the sides. 

Dorsomedian (dor-so-me'-de-an). Situated in 
or relating to the middle region of the back. 

Dorsonasal (dor-so-na'-zal). Relating to the 
back of the nose. 

Dorsoposterior (dor-so-pos-te'-re-or). Applied 
to the position of a fetus having its back 
toward the dorsal aspect of the mother. 

Dorsoradial (dor-so-ra'-de-al). Relating to or 
situated upon the dorsal aspect and radial 
border of the hand, finger, or arm. 

Dorsoulnar (dor-so-ul'-nar). Relating to or 
situated upon the dorsal aspect and ulnar 
border of the arm, hand, or finger. 

Dorsum (dor' -sum) [L.]. 1. The back. 2. Any 
part corresponding to the back, as the dorsum 
of the foot, hand, tongue, penis, etc. 



DOSAGE 



359 



DRAINAGE 



Dosage (do'-saj) [dose]. The determination of 
the proper amount of a medicine or other agent 
for a given case or condition. D., Electric, 
the regulation of the strength of an electric 
current for therapeutic purposes. 

Dose (dos) [doacc, a portion given]. The 
measured portion of medicine to be taken 
at one time. D., Divided, a relatively small 
quantity of a drug taken at short intervals. 
D., Lethal, a dose sufficient to kill. D., 
Maximum, the largest dose consistent with 
safety. D., Minimum, the smallest quan- 
tity of a medicine that will produce physio- 
logic effects. 

Dosimetric {do - sim - et' - rik) [see Dosimetry]. 
Relating to or characterized by dosimetry. 

Dosimetry (do -sim' -et -re) [dose; fihpov, a 
measure]. The accurate and systematic 
measurement of a dose. 

Dossil (dos'-il) [ME., dosil, a spigot]. A 
cylindric pledget of lint for cleansing wounds. 

Dothienenteritis, Dothinenteritis (doth-e-en- 
en-ter-i'-tis, doth-in-en-ter-i'-tis) [dodcrp, aboil; 
evT-pov, bowel; ntc, inflammation]. Enteric or 
typhoid fever; inflammation of Peyer's patches. 

Douche (doosh) [Fr.]. i. A stream of water 
directed against a part, or one used to flush 
a cavity of the body. 2. An apparatus for 
directing a jet of water or other substance 
against a part. D., Air-, a current of air 
directed against some organ for therapeutic 
purposes. D., Alternating, a hot and cold 
current applied in succession. D., Capillary. 
See A qua p unc tier e. D., Charcot, a cold 
daily spinal douche. D., Galvanic, a pre- 
cision douche by means of which the faradic 
or galvanic current can be communicated 
to the douching current; especially effective 
in gastralgias and enteralgias. D., Hot-air, 
the use of a blast of heated air as a 
method of treatment, especially in gouty 
rheumatism and neuralgic conditions. D., 
Mobile, one applied successively to different 
regions of the body. D., Precision, one 
by which fluid of any desired temperature 
can be applied under any desired pressure. 
D., Rain-, a shower-bath^ D., Scotch, D., 
Scottish, one of alternating temperature. 
D., Sheet-, one in which a sheet of water 
is directed through a slit. D., Transitional. 
See D., Alternating, and D., Scotch. 

Douglas' Crescentic Fold. The lower 
border of the posterior sheath of the rectus 
abdominis. D.'s Culdesac, D.'s Pouch. 
See Culdesac, Douglas'. D.'s Ligaments, the 
rectouterine folds of the peritoneum. D.'s 
Line. See Line, Semicircular, Douglas'. 
D.'s Semilunar Fold, a thin curved mar- 
gin that forms the lower part of the pos- 
terior wall of the sheath of the abdominal 
rectus muscle. D.'s Septum, in the fetus 
the septum formed by the union of Rathke's 
folds and transforming the rectum into a 
complete canal. 

Doundake (doon-dak-a) [Fr.]. The Guinea 
peach, Sarcocephalus esculentus, yielding a 
tonic, febrifuge, and astringent bark. Dose 



of the wine (3 %) 1-2 oz. (30-60 Cc.) ; of the ex- 
tract 2^-3 gr. (0.16-0.2 Gm.); of the bark 50- 
60 gr. (3.2-3.8 Gm.); oiiheaqueous extract 3—4 
min. (0.2-0.25 Cc). 

Doundakin (doon-dak-in) . An alkaloid from 
doundake; a substitute for quinin. Dose 
3-4 gr. (0.2-0.25 Gm.). 

Dover's Powder. A powder containing 10% 
each of opium and ipecac. 

Dowieism (dow'-e-izm). A form of faith-cure 
propagated in America by a charlatan named 
Dowie (1899). 

Doyere's Eminence, D.'s Hillock, D.'s 
Papilla, D.'s Tuft {doy-yar'). The slight 
elevation in a muscular fiber corresponding 
to the entrance of a nerve-fiber. 

Dracaena (dra-se'-nah). A genus of liliaceous 
trees. D. cinnabari and D. schizantha 
of eastern Africa, and D. draco t of western 
Africa, afford part of the dragon's-blood of 
commerce. 

Drachm (dram). See Dram. 

Dracontiasis (dra-kon-ti' -as-is) [Dracunculus]. 
The skin disease caused by Dracuncidus 
medinensis. 

Dracontium (dra - kon' -she - urn) [dpancov, a 
dragon]. Skunk -cabbage. 

Dracunculus (dra - kun' - ku - lus) [dim. of 
opaKcov, a dragon; a serpent]. A genus of 
threadworms belonging to the family 
Filariidce. D. medinensis. See Filaria 
medinensis. 

Draft (draft). See Draught. 

Dragendorff's Test for Bile-pigments. 
Spread a few drops of the urine on an un- 
glazed porcelain surface, and after absorption 
has taken place add a drop or two of nitric 
acid. If bile is present, several rings of color 
will be produced, the green ring, which is 
characteristic of bile-pigments, being chief 
among them. 

Dragon's-blood (drag'-onz-blud). 1. The 
astringent resin of Calamus ratang and C. 
draco, East Indian ratan-palms. 2. The 
resin of various species of Dracaena. 3. The 
resin of Pterocarpns draco, a West Indian 
tree. The various kinds of dragon's-blood 
are astringent, but are no longer used inter- 
nally. 

Drain (drdn) [ME., drainen, to drain]. A 
material that affords a channel of exit for 
the discharge from a wound or cavity. 

Drainage (dran'-aj) [drain]. The method of 
effecting the exit of the discharges from a 
wound or cavities by means of tubes or 
strands of fibers or by a free incision. D., 
Capillary, that by means of capillary at- 
traction, using loosely woven cloth, thread 
wisps of hair, etc. D., Through-, drainage 
accomplished by means of counteropenings 
and the passage of a tube completely 
through the part to be drained, so that 
a cleansing fluid may be injected through 
one opening and allowed to escape by the 
counteropening. D.-tube, a rubber or glass 
tube with perforations for draining wounds 
or cavities. 



DRAM 3 

Dram, Drachm (dram) [dpaxM, a Greek 
weight]. The eighth part of the apothecaries' 
ounce, equal to 60 grains- or 3.9 grams. Also 
the sixteenth part of the avoirdupois ounce, 
equal to 27.34 grains. D., Fluid-. See 
Fluidram. 

Drapetomania (drap-et-o-ma' -ne-ah) [dpa7thf)c, 
a runaway; jxav'ca, madness]. A morbid desire 
to wander from home. 

Drastic (dras'-tik) \opav, to act]. 1. Severe; 
harsh; powerful. 2. A powerful and irritat- 
ing purgative. 

Draught (draft) [AS., dragan, to draw]. 
A quantity of liquid drunk at one gulp. 
D., Black, compound infusion of senna. 
D., Effervescing, one containing sodium 
or potassium bicarbonate and a vegetable 
acid. 

Drechsel's Test for Bile Acids. A beautiful 
red color is produced if bile acids are present 
in a substance treated with a little cane-sugar 
and a few drops of a mixture composed -of 
5 parts of syrupy phosphoric acid and 1 part 
water, and warmed on a water-bath. 

Drepanidium (drep-an-id'-e-um) [dpexavr), a. 
sickle]. The sickle-shaped young of certain 
protozoans. D. ranarum, a (probably) 
parasitic cytozoon of frogs' blood. 

Dressing (dres'-ing) [ME., dressen, to make 
straight]. 1. The application of various 
materials for protecting a wound and favor- 
ing its healing. 2. The material so applied. 

Dressler's Disease. Paroxysmal hemoglob- 
inuria. 

Dromomania (dro-mo-ma' -ne-ah) [dpo/xoc, a 
course; fxav'ca, madness]. An insane desire 
to wander; vagabondage. 

Dromotropic (dro - mo - tro' - pik) [dpbfioc, a 
course; rpknecv, to turn]. Applied by T. W. 
Englemann to a supposed set of fibers in 
the cardiac nerves which he holds influences 
the power of conducting the contraction. 
Cf. Bathmotropic; Inotropic. 

Drop [AS., dropa]. 1. A minute mass of liquid 
which in falling or in hanging from a surface 
assumes the spheric form. 2. The falling of 
a part, as from paralysis. D., Black, 
acetum opii. See Opium, Vinegar of. D.- 
culture, in bacteriology, a culture prepared 
by placing a little of the infected material in a 
drop of the culture-medium. D., Wrist-. 
See under Wrist. 

Dropped (dropt'). In a condition of ptosis. D. 
Foot, extreme extension of the foot, especially 
observed in alcoholic neuritis, and dependent 
upon weakness of the flexors of the foot. 
.D. Hand, a form of paralysis from lead- 
poisoning, consisting in the inability to 
contract the extensors of the wrist. D. Lid, 
ptosis of the upper lid. 

Dropsical (drop' -sik-al) [dropsy]. Affected with 
or pertaining to dropsy. 

Dropsy (drop'-se) [udpcoif), dropsy]. An infil- 
tration of the tissues with diluted lymph, or 
the collection of such lymph in the body- 
cavities. D., Abdominal, D. of Belly, 
ascites. D., Acute, dropsy due to conges- 



DUANE'S TEST 






tion of the kidneys from sudden exposure 
to cold. Syn., Active dropsy; Febrile dropsy; 
Plethoric dropsy. D., Cachectic, that occurr- 
ing in cachexia; it is due to decrease of the 
albuminous constituents of the blood and 
an increase of the watery constituents. D., 
Cardiac, that due to failure of compensation 
in cardiac disease. D. of Chest, hydro- 
thorax. D., Encysted. See Ascites saccatus. 
D. of the Gall-bladder, dilation of the 
gall-bladder with the secretion of the mucous 
glands and with epithelium: a very unusual 
condition due to obliteration of the cystic 
duct. D., General. 1. Dropsy of one or 
more of the large serous sacs of the body 
combined with anasarca. 2. Superficial 
dropsy when it affects the trunk and arms 
as well as the legs. D., Glandular, that 
due to disease of the lymphatics. D., Lym- 
phatic, infiltration of the tissues with lymph 
caused by obstruction of the lymphatics. 
D., Mechanic, that due to mechanic ob- 
struction of the veins or lymphatics. D., 
Passive. 1. That due to obstruction of the 
veins or lymphatics or to defective absorption. 
2. See D., Cachectic. D. of Pericardium, 
hydropericardium. D. of Peritoneum, 
ascites. D., Renal. 1. Anasarca due to 
disease of the kidneys. 2. Hydronephrosis. 
D., Symptomatic, that said to be in- 
duced when there is 6% of albumin in 
the blood with a simultaneous increase of 
arterial pressure. 

Drosera (dros'-er-ah) [opooepoc, covered with 
dew]. Sundew. D. rotundi folia and D. 
longifolia have been used in pulmonary tuber- 
culosis. It is an antispasmodic, and is used in 
whooping-cough and other spasmodic coughs. 

Drug [Fr., drogue]. A substance used as a 
medicine. D., Antagonistic, one that neu- 
tralizes the action of another. 

Drum [ME., drumme]. The tympanum. 
See under Ear. 

Drumhead (drum'-hed). The tympanic mem- 
brane. 

Drummond's Sign. The "oral whiff" heard 
when the mouth is closed; it disappears 
on compression of the nostrils; it is observed 
in cases of aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. 

Drumstick (drum' -stik) . A stick terminating 
in a knob. The word is used to describe 
certain microbes, clubbed organs, etc. D. 
Bacillus, Bacillus putrificus coli. See under 
Bacteria. 

Druse (drus) [Ger.]. A rupture of tissues with 
no surface-lesion. 

Dry (dri) [AS., dryge]. Free from moist- 
ure. D. -cupping, cupping without incis- 
ing the skin. D. Gangrene. See Gangrene, 
Dry. D. Labor, one in which there is but 
a slight discharge of liquor amnii. D. Pleur- 
isy, pleurisy without effusion. D. Wine, a 
wine containing little or no sugar. 

Drysdale's Ovarian Corpuscles. See Cor- 
puscles, DrysdaWs Ovarian. 

Duane's Test. A candle having been placed 
in front of the person to be examined, a 



DUBINI'S DISEASE 



361 



DUCT 



screen is held before one eye for a time and 
then suddenly transferred to the other side. 
The existence of deviation in the first eye 
■is recognized by a sudden apparent displace- 
ment of the candle-flame in the direction 
opposite to that in which the eye has 
deviated. 

Dubini's Disease. Rapid rhythmic contrac- 
tions of one or more groups of muscles, be- 
ginning in a finger, an extremity, or a half 
of the face, and extending over the greater 
part or the whole of the body. They are 
generally followed by palsies and often by 
coma and death. The affection has been 
observed thus far only in Italy. Syn., Electric 
chorea; Spasmus dubini. 

Dubois' Abscess, D.'s Disease. The presence 
of multiple necrotic foci in the thymus glands 
of infants affected with hereditary syphilis. 

Duboisin idu-bois'-in), C 17 H 23 N0 3 . An alka- 
loid from Duboisia myoporoides, a tall shrub 
of Australia identical with hyoscyamin. It 
is used as a mydriatic; also as a hypnotic 
and sedative in epilepsy. Dose fo'TV S r - 
(0.0008-0.002 Gm.). Antidotes: emetics, 
pilocarpin, muscarin. D. Hydrobromate, 
dose and uses the same as duboisin. D. 
Hydrochlorate, usage and dose as duboisin. 
D. Salicylate, used as a mydriatic in 0.2 to 
0.8% solution. D. Sulfate, used as a my- 
driatic in aqueous solution — jj gr. to 1 oz. of 
water (0.005 Gm. to 30 Cc). 

DuBois-Reymond's Inductorium. See Indnc- 
torium, Dubois-Reymond 1 s . D.-R.'s Key. See 
Key, Dubois-Reymond 's. D.-R.'s Law, it is 
not the absolute value of current density at a 
given moment that acts as a stimulus to a 
muscle or motor nerve, but the variation of 
density. 

Duchenne's Attitude. In paralysis of the 
trapezius the shoulder droops; the shoulder- 
blade seesaws so that its internal edge, instead 
of being parallel to the vertebral column, be- 
comes oblique from top to bottom and from 
without in. D.'s Disease, tabes dorsalis. 
D.'s Paralysis, progressive muscular dys- 
trophy with pseudohypertrophy. D.'s Sign, 
sinking-in of the epigastrium during inspira- 
tion in cases of marked hydropericardium or 
impaired movement of the diaphragm from 
pressure or paralysis. D.'s Syndrome, labio- 
glossolaryngeal paralysis. 

Duchenne-Aran's Disease. See Aran- 
Duchenne's Disease. 

Duchenne-Erb's Paralysis. See ErVs 
Paralysis. 

Duchenne-Landouzy's Type of Progressive 
Muscular Atrophy. See Landouzy-Dejerine 1 s 
Type of Progressive Muscular A trophy. 

Duckworth's Syndrome. Complete stop- 
page of respiration several hours before that 
of the heart in certain cerebral diseases at- 
tended by intracranial pressure. 

Duct (dukt) [diccere, to lead]. A tube or chan- 
nel, especially one for conveying the secre- 
tions of a gland. D. of Bartholin, the 
larger and longer of the sublingual ducts, 



opening into the mouth near to, or in com- 
mon with, Wharton's duct. D., Blasius'. 
See D. of Stenson. D., Common 
Bile-, a duct formed by the union of the 
cystic and hepatic ducts. D., Cowperian, 
the efferent duct of Cowper's gland. D.s of 
Cuvier, two short transverse venous trunks 
in the fetus, one on either side, opening into 
the auricle of the heart. Each is formed by 
the union of a superior vein, the primitive 
jugular, and an inferior vein. The right one 
becomes the superior vena cava; the left 
one disappears. D., Cystic, the excretory 
duct of the gall-bladder. D., Ejaculatory, 
a duct formed by the union of the vas deferens 
and the duct of the seminal vesicle and carry- 
ing the semen into the urethra. D., Endo- 
lymphatic, a tubular process of the mem- 
branous labyrinth of the ear, passing through 
the aqueduct of the vestibule into the cranial 
cavity, where it terminates below the dura 
mater in a blind enlargement, the sacculus 
endolymphaticus. D., Galactophorous, one 
of the milk-ducts of the mammary gland. 
D., Gartner's. See Canal, Gartner's. D., 
Hepatic, a duct formed at the margin of 
the transverse fissure of the liver by the 
junction of the right and left hepatic ducts. 
D., Lacrimal. See D., Nasal. D., Lac- 
tiferous. See D., Galactophorous. D., 
Lymphatic, Right, the vessel that receives 
the lymph from the lymphatics of the right 
arm, the right side of the head and neck, 
the chest, lung, and right side of the heart, 
and also from the upper surface of the liver. 
It terminates at the junction of the right sub- 
clavian and internal jugular veins. D.s of 
Miiller, ducts in the embryo, one on each 
side, parallel to the wolffian duct and ex- 
tending from the body-cavity to the cloaca. 
From them are derived the oviducts, uterus, 
and vagina. In the male they atrophy. D., 
Nasal, the duct that conveys the tears from 
the lacrimal sac into the inferior meatus of 
the nose. D., Pancreatic, one that extends 
from the pancreas to the duodenum at the 
point where the common bile-duct enters the 
bowel. D., Pancreatic, Accessory, the 
excretory duct of the lesser pancreas, opening 
into the pancreatic duct or into the duodenum, 
close to the orifice of the common bile-duct. 
D., Prostatic, any one of the ducts conveying 
the secretion of the prostate into the urethra. 
D., Rathke's, that portion of Muller's duct 
which intervenes between the latter and the 
sinus pocularis; it may persist after birth as 
a patulous duct. D., Reichel's Cloacal, 
in the embryo, the narrow cleft separating 
Deuglas' septum from the cloaca. D. of 
Rivini, one of the ducts of the sublingual 
salivary gland. D., Salivary, a duct of any 
salivary gland. See D. of Wharton, D. of 
Stenson, and D., Sublingual. D., Salivary, 
Inferior, Wharton's duct. D., Salivary, 
Superior, Stenson's duct. D.s, Schuel- 
ler's, the ducts of Skene's glands. D., 
Segmental, a tube, on each side of the 



DUCTILE 



362 



DUODENUM 



body of the embryo, situated between the 
visceral and parietal layers of the meso- 
blast, opening anteriorly into the body-cavity 
and posteriorly into the cloaca. D., Sper- 
matic, the vas deferens. D. of Steno. 
See D. of Stenson. D. of Stenson, the duct 
of the parotid gland. D., Sublingual. See 
D. of Bartholin and D. of Rivini. D., 
Thoracic, a duct 18 to 20 inches long, be- 
ginning in the receptaculum chyli, passing 
upward, and emptying into the left sub- 
clavian vein at its junction with the left 
internal jugular vein. It receives all the 
lymph and chyle not received by the right 
lymphatic duct. D.s, Walther's, the ducts 
of the accessory sublingual glands. D. of 
Wharton, the duct of the submaxillary 
salivary gland. D. of Wirsung, the main 
duct of the pancreas. It empties into the 
duodenum. D., Wolffian, the duct of the 
wolffian body of the embryo. It becomes the 
vas deferens. 

Ductile {duk'-til) [duct]. Capable of being 
drawn out thin, as a wire or thread. 

Duction {duk'-shun) [duct]. A colloquialism 
used to represent one or more of the terms 
abduction, adduction, or sursumduction. 

Ductless Glands. The spleen, thyroid and 
thymus glands, suprarenal capsules, and 
pituitary body, which have no excretory 
duct. 

Ductule {duk'-tul) [ductulus, a small duct]. 
A small duct. 

Ductus (duk f - tus) [L.]. A duct. D. 
arteriosus, a short vessel in the fetus 
connecting the pulmonary artery with the 
aorta. D. auditorius, D. cochlearis, the 
scala media of the cochlea. D. cuvieri. 
See Ducts of Cuvier. D. pancreaticus 
azygos, the accessory pancreatic duct. D. 
pancreaticus minor, D. pancreaticus 
recurrens, D. pancreaticus santorini, 
D. pancreaticus secondarius, D. pan- 
creaticus superior. See Duct, Pancreatic, 
Accessory. D. papillares, the uriniferous 
tubules. D. perilymphaticus, the aqueduct 
of the cochlea. D. rosenthalianus, the 
accessory pancreatic duct. D. seminales, 
D. seminiferi, the seminiferous tubules. 
D. venosus, a branch of the umbilical vein 
in the fetus which empties directly into the 
ascending vena cava. 

Duddell's Membrane. See Descemet's Mem- 
brane. 

Dugas' Test. In dislocation of the shoulder- 
joint the elbow cannot be made to touch the 
side of the chest when the hand of the affected 
side is placed on the opposite shoulder. 

Duhring's Disease. Dermatitis herpetiformis. 
D.'s Pruritus, pruritus hiemalis. 

Dulcamara {dul-kam-a'-ra) [dulcis, sweet; 
amarus, bitter]. Bittersweet. The young 
branches of Solanum dulcamara, containing 
an alkaloid, solanin. In overdoses it causes 
nausea, emesis, and convulsive muscular 
movements, and in toxic doses it is a narcotic 
poison. It is employed in psoriasis and 



similar skin diseases. Dose of the fluidextract 
30 min.-i dr. (2-4 Cc). Unof. 

Dulcamarin (dul-kam-a' -rin) [dulcamara], 
C 2 2^ M O 10 . A yellow, amorphous alkaloid 
found in dulcamara, with a sweetish-bitter 
taste, sparingly soluble in water, freely 
so in alcohol and acetic acid, insoluble in 
ether and in chloroform. 

Dulcify {dul'-sif-i). To render sweet. 

Dulcin {dul'-sin), C 9 H 12 N 2 2 . A toxic sub- 
stance 200 times sweeter than cane-sugar, 
obtained from paraphenetidin by action of 
potassium cyanate. It is used as a sweeten- 
ing medium. Syn., Paraethoxyphenylurea; 
Paraphenetol-carbamid; Sucrol; Valzin. 

Dulcit, Dulcitol {dul'-sit, dul'-sit-ol) [dulcis], 
C 6 H 14 O b . Sugar from Melampyrum nemoro- 
sum and other plants. 

Dulcose {duV-kos). Dulcitol. 

Dulness, Dullness {dul'-nes) [AS., dol, dull]. 
Lack of resonance on percussion. 

Dumb (dum). Unable to utter . articulate 
speech. D. Ague, a popular term for ague 
or malaria marked by obscure symptoms. 

Dumontpallier's Test for Bile-pigments. 
See Smith's Reaction. 

Duncan Bird's Sign. See Bird's Sign. 

Duncan's Folds. The folds of the loose peri- 
toneal covering of the uterus seen immediately 
after delivery. D.'s Position of the Pla- 
centa, the marginal position generally as- 
sumed by the placenta on presenting itself at 
the os uteri for expulsion. D.'s Ventricle, 
the fifth ventricle. Syn., Sinus duncanii. 

Duodenal {du-o-de' -nal or / du-od' -en-al) 
[duodenum]. Relating to the duodenum. 

Duodeno- {du-od-en-o-) [duodenum]. A prefix 
meaning relating to the duodenum. 

Duodenocholecystostomy {du-od-en-o -kol-e- 
sis -to s' -to-me) [duodeno-; x°^V> bile; cystos- 
tomy]. The formation of a fistula between the 
duodenum and gall-bladder. 

Duodenocholedochotomy {du-od-en-o-koled-o- 
kot'-o-me). A modification of choledochotomy 
consisting in incising the duodenum in order 
to reach the gall-duct. 

Duodenocystostomy {du-od-en-o -sist-os 1 f -to-me) 
[duodeno-; cystostomy]. The establishment 
of a communication between the bladder and 
the duodenum. 

Duodenoenterostomy {du-od-en-o-en-ter-os'- 
to-me) [duodeno-; enterostomy]. The for- 
mation of a fistula between the duodenum 
and small intestine. 

Duodenogastric {du-od-en-o-gas'-trik). See 
Gastroduodenal. 

Duodenostomy {du-od-en-o <s' '-to-me) [duo- 
deno-; oTOfia, a mouth]. The operation of 
forming an opening into the duodenum 
through the abdominal walls. 

Duodenotomy {du-od-en-oV '-o-me) [duodeno-; 
xkjivetv, to cut]. Surgical incision of the 
duodenum. 

Duodenum {du-o-de' '-num or du-od' -en-um) 
[duodeni, twelve each; so called because it 
is about 12 fingerbreadths long]. The first 
part of the small intestine beginning at the 



DUOTAL 



363 



DYNAMOMETRY 



pylorus. It is from 8 to 10 inches long, is the 
most fixed part of the small intestine, consists 
of an ascending, descending, and transverse 
portion, and contains the openings of the 
pancreatic duct and the common bile-ducts. 
Duotal (du'-o-tal). The commercial name for 

guaiacol carbonate. 
Duparque's Method for Detecting Ascites. 
When fluctuation is indistinct, the patient is to 
be placed on one side for a few moments, so 
that the whole quantity of fluid may gravitate 
to the depending flank; then quickly turned 
upon the back, when dulness and temporary 
fluctuation will be found at the site of ac- 
cumulation. 

Dupre's Syndrome. Meningism; pseudo- 
meningitis. 

Dupuytren's Contraction. See Contraction, 
Dupuytren's. D.'s Delirium. See Delirium, 
Dupuytren's. D.'s Egg-shell Symptom, the 
sensation of a delicate crepitant shell (egg-shell 
crackling) imparted on slight pressure in 
certain cases of sarcoma of long bones. D.'s 
Finger. See Contraction, Dupuytren's. D.'s 
Fracture, fracture of the lower end of the 
fibula, with displacement of the foot outward 
and backward. D.'s Hydrocele, bilocular 
hydrocele of the tunica vaginalis testis. Syn., 
Hydrocele enbissac. D.'s Phlegmon, unilat- 
eral phlegmonous suppuration occupying the 
anterolateral portion of the neck. D.'s Splint, 
a splint used in the treatment of Pott's fracture 
of the leg. 

Dura, Dura mater (du'-rah ma'-ter) [durus, 
hard; mater, mother]. The fibrous membrane 
forming the outermost covering of the brain 
and spinal cord. 

Duritis (du-ri'-tis). Inflammation of the dura; 
pachy me ningitis . 

Duroleum (du-ro'-le-um). An ointment -base 
obtained from petroleum. 

Duroziez's Disease. Congenital mitral steno- 
sis. D.'s Murmur, a double murmur heard 
over the femoral artery on pressure with the 
stethoscope in cases of aortic insufficiency, 
mitral stenosis, lead-poisoning, contracted kid- 
ney, and some fevers. 

Dusting-powder. Any fine powder used to 
dust on the skin to absorb or diminish its 
secretions or allay irritation. 

Dutch Liquid. See Ethene Chlorid. 

Duval's Nucleus. An aggregation of large 
multipolar ganglion-cells lying ventrolateral^ 
to the hypoglossal nucleus. 

Duverney's Foramen. See Winslow's Foramen. 
D.'s Gland. Same as Bartholin's Gland. 

Dwarfism (dwarf -izm) [ME., dwarf]. An 
abnormal stature in man, often pathologic 
(microcephalia, rickets, etc.), in which the 
height falls below i m. 25 cm. 

Dyad (di'-ad). See Diad. 

Dyaster (di-as' -ter) . See Diaster. 

Dye (di) [ME., dyen, to dye]. 1. To color a 
substance by immersing it in some coloring- 
matter. 2. The material used as a coloring 
substance. D., Acid, one produced by com- 
bining a substance having coloring properties 



and which plays the part of an acid (an anilin) 
with some ordinary base, as sodium, potas- 
sium, etc. D., Basic, one produced by com- 
bining with some acid a coloring princi- 
ple (an anilin) which plays the part of a 
base. 

Dyestuff (di'-stuf). See Dye (2). D.s, In- 
different, a group of histologic dyestuff s, 
neither basic nor acid, obtained from acid 
which possesses a peculiar affinity for fats; 
an example is sudan III (benzol-azobeta- 
naphthol). D., Neutral, Ehrlich's term for 
a salt the acid portion of which is an acid dye 
and of which the basic portion is a basic dye. 

Dymal (di'-mal). See Didymium Salicylate. 

Dymyarious (di-mi-a' -re-us) [duac, two; ptuc, a 
muscle]. Furnished with two muscles. 

Dynactinometer (di-nak-tin-om' -et-er) [duvajicc, 
power; clkxcc, a ray; /xhpov, a measure]. 
An apparatus for determining the intensity of 
the photogenic rays and estimating the power 
of object glasses. 

Dynameter (di-nam' '-et-er). See Dynamom- 
eter (2). 

Dynamia (di-na'-me-ah) [30vap.cc, power]. 1. 
Ability to resist disease or to withstand the 
effects of any strain, physical or mental. 2. 
The sthenic character of any attack of disease. 

Dynamic (di-nam'-ik) [dynamia]. Pertaining 
to energy; sthenic; characterized by energy 
or great force. 

Dynamicity (di-nam-is' '-it-e) [dynamia]. The 
greatest capacity for inherent power possessed 

. by a substance or organism. 

Dynamics (di-nam'-iks). See Mechanics. 
D., Vital, the science of the inherent power 
of an organism. 

Dynamimeter, Dynamiometer (di-nam-im'- 
et-er, di-nam-e-om' -et-er) . See Dynamometer. 

Dynamo {di' -nam-o) [pbvaptc, power]. A ma- 
chine in which an electric current is generated • 
by revolving coils of insulated wire through 
the field of a magnet intensified by the same 
current. 

Dynamogen (di-nam' -o-jen). A proprietary 
remedy resembling hematogen; used in ane- 
mia. 

Dynamograph (di - nam' - o -graf) [dynamo; 
ypa<f>£cv, to write]. An instrument designed 
to measure and record graphically muscular 
strength. 

Dynamography (di-nam-og'-ra-fe) [see Dy- 
namograph]. 1. Mechanics. 2. The meas- 
urement and graphic record of muscular 
strength. 

Dynamometer (di-nam-om' -et-er) [dynamo; 
pkxpov, a measure]. 1. An instrument for 
the measurement of muscular strength, 
particularly of the hand. 2. An instrument 
for estimating the magnifying power of 
lenses. Syn., Dynameter; Optical dynamom- 
eter. 

Dynamometry (di-nam-om' -et-re) [see Dyna- 
mometer]. The measurement of force^ by 
means of the dynamometer. D., Vital, 
the estimation of the inherent force of an 
individual. 



DYNAMOSCOPE 



364 



DYSMENORRHEA 



Dynamoscope (di - nam' -o- skop) [dynamo; 
oKoitelv, to examine]. An apparatus for 
auscultating the muscles. 

Dyne (din) [duva/juc, power]. A measure of 
force; it is the force that, when applied 
to a mass of one gram for one second, will 
give it a velocity of one centimeter a second. 

Dys- [due-]. A prefix meaning bad, difficult, 
painful. 

Dysacousma (dis-ak-ooz'-mah) [dys-; aKouo'ca, 
hearing]. A sensation of pain or discomfort 
caused by loud or even moderately loud noises. 

Dysacusia, Dysacousis (dis-ak-oo' -ze-ah, -sis) 
[see Dysacousma]. Difficulty of hearing. 

Dysesthesia (dis-es-ihe' -ze-ah). See Dyses- 
thesia. 

Dysalbumose (dis-al'-bu-moz). A variety of 
albumose, insoluble in hot or cold water or 
hydrochloric acid. 

Dysarthria (dis-ar' -thr e-ah) [dys-;apdpov, articu- 
lation]. Impairment of articulation. 

Dysarthrias (dis-ar -ihri' -tis) [dys-; arthritis]. 
Anomalous gout. 

Dysarthrosis (dis-ar -thro' -sis) [dys-; apdpov, a 
joint]. A deformed joint. 

Dysbasia (dis-ba' -ze-ah) [dys-; fiaocc, a step]. 
Impairment of the power of walking. D. 
intermittens. See Claudication, Charcot's In- 
termittent. 

Dysblennia (dis-blen' -e-ah) [dys-; [IXkvva, 
mucus]. A disordered state or formation of 
the mucus. 

Dyscatabrosis (dis-kat-ah-bro'-sis) [dys-; mra- 
Ppojocc, a devouring]. ' Difficulty in swal- 
lowing food; dysphagia. 

Dyschezia (dis-ke' -ze-ah) [dys-; xK £iV > t° go to 

- stool]. Painful or difficult defecation, as in 
cases of prolapse of the ovary. 

Dyscholia (dis-ko'-le-ah) [dys-; 70A77, bile]. A 
disordered or morbid state of the bile. 

Dyschondroplasia (dis-kon-dro-pla' -ze-ah) [dys-; 
jovdpoc, cartilage; nXaocc, molding]. A 
disease of unknown etiology, attacking the 
long bones and the metacarpal and phalangeal 
skeleton of the hand. It is characterized by 
cartilaginous tissue developing regularly but 
ossifying very slowly. 

Dyschrea, Dyschroia, Dyschroma (dis-kre'- 
ah, -kroi'-ah, -kro'-mah). See Dyschroa and 
Parachrea. 

Dyschroa, Dyschroea (dis-kro'-ah, -kre'-ah) 
[dys-; XP°h> color]. Discoloration, especially 
of the skin. 

Dyschromasia (dis-kro-ma' -ze-ah). i. See 
Dyschroa. 2. See Dyschromatopsia. 

Dyschromatope (dis-kro' '-mat-op) [dys-; xpup.a, 
color; otytg, vision]. An individual affected 
with dyschromatopsia. 

Dyschromatopsia (dis-kro-mat-op'-se-ah) [see 
Dyschromatope]. Partial color-blindness. 

Dyscoria (dis-ko'-re-ah) [dys-; nopr), pupil]. Ab- 
normity of the form of the pupil. 

Dyscrasia (dis-kra' -ze-ah) [dys-; update, com- 
bination]. A depraved condition of the 
blood or system due to general disease. 

Dysemesia, Dysemesis (dis-em-e' -ze-ah. -sis) 
[dys-; erne sis]. Painful vomiting; retching. 



Dysemia (dis-e'-me-ah) [dys-; alfia, blood]. A 
morbid state of the blood. 

Dysenteric (dis-en-ter'-ik) [dysentery]. Of the 
nature of or affected with dysentery. 

Dysenteriform (dis-en-ter'-e-form) [dysentery; 
forma, form]. Resembling dysentery. 

Dysentery (dis'-en-ter-e) [dys-; 'iv-zpov, the 
bowel]. An inflammation of the large 
intestine, probably infectious in origin, and 
characterized by pain, rectal tenesmus, and 
the frequent passage of small amounts of 
mucus and blood. Anatomically, three varie- 
ties may be distinguished: the catarrhal, 
the diphtheric, and the gangrenous. The 

. true cause of dysentery is not definitely 
known, but with many cases Amoeba coli 
is intimately associated, particularly in "the 
dysentery of the tropics (amebic dysentery). 

Dyserethisia (dis-er-e-thiz' -e-ah) [dys-; ipe- 
d'tt^ztv, to excite]. Diminished sensibility or 
irritability. 

Dysergasia, Dysergasy (dis-er-ga' -ze-ah, dis- 
er-ga'-ze) [ouasp-rrjc, difficult to effect]. Dis- 
turbances of function, especially as manifested 
in neurasthenia. 

Dysesthesia (dis-es-ihe' -ze-ah) [dys-; a'cad-qocc, 
sensation]. 1. Dulness of sensation. 2. 
Painfulness . of any sensation not normally 
painful. 

Dysgenesia (dis-jen-e' -ze-ah) [dys-; yevvav, to 
produce]. Loss or impairment of procreative 
power. 

Dysgeusia (dis-ju' -se-ah) [dys-; yeuocc, taste]. 
Morbidity or perversion of the sense of taste. 

Dysgraphia (dis-graf'-e-ah) [dys-; ypafatv, to 
write]. Impairment of the power of writing 
as a result of a brain-lesion. 

Dyshidria, Dysidria (dis-hid'-re-ah, dis-id'- 
re-ah) [dys-; v copd>g, sweat]. A morbid con- 
dition of the function of perspiration. 

Dysidrosis (dis-id-ro'-sis) [dys-; "cdpcoocg, sweat- 
ing]. Synonym of Pompholyx. 

Dyskatabrosis (dis-kat-ah-bro'-sis). See Dys- 
catabrosis. 

Dyskinesia (dis-kin-e' -ze-ah) [dys-; Klvqatc, 
movement]. Impairment of the power of 
voluntary motion. 

Dyslalia (dis-la'-le-ah) [dys-; lahlv, to talk]. 
Impairment of the power of speaking, due to 
a defect of the organs of speech. 

Dyslexia (dis-leks'-e-ah) [dys-; Xk$cg, reading]. 
Impairment of the ability to read. 

Dyslogia (dis-lo'-je-ah) [dys-; Xoyoc, speech]. 
Difficulty in the expression of ideas by speech. 

Dyslysin (dis' -lis-in) [dys-; XUcv, to dissolve], 
C^HggOy . A product of cholic acid. 

Dysmenorrhea (dis-men-or-e'-ah) [dys-; firjv, 
month; fe'tv, to flow]. Difficult or painful 
menstruation. D., Congestive, a form of 
painful menstruation due to an intense 
congestion of the pelvic viscera. D., 
Inflammatory, that due to inflamma- 
tion. D., Mechanic. See D., Obstructive. 
D., Membranous, a very painful form char- 
acterized by the discharge of shreds of de- 
cidua. D., Obstructive, that due to me- 
chanic obstruction to the free escape of the 



DYSMIMIA 



365 



DYSPNEA 



menstrual fluid. D., Ovarian, that form due 
to disease of the ovaries. D., Spasmodic, 
that form due to spasmodic uterine con- 
traction. D., Vascular, pain, congestive 
symptoms in the genital apparatus, and 
tenesmus of the bladder and anus appearing 
some days prior to menstruation. 

Dysmimia {dis-mim' -e-ah) [dys-; pLtfie'cadac, 
to mimic]. Impairment of the power to 
use signs and gestures. 

Dysmorphophobia (dis-mor}-o-}o f -be-ah) [dys-; 
fiop<f>7), form; 4>°fi°C> fear]. Morbid dread 
of deformity; it is a rudimentary form of 
paranoia. 

Dysmorphosteopalinklast (dis-morf-os-te-o- 
pal'-in-klast). An instrument for refracturing 
a bone which has united with deformity. 

Dysmorphosteopalinklasy (dis-morf-os-te-o- 
pal-in' -kla-se) [oua/xopc^oc, deformed; dozeov, 
a bone; nakcv, again; ukav, to break]. The 
operation of refracturing a bone which has 
healed with deformity after a fracture. 

Dysneuria (dis-nu'-re-ah) [dys-; vzCpov, nerve]. 
An impairment of nerve-function. 

Dysodontiasis {dis-o-don-ti' -as-is) [dys-; ddov- 
zcaacc, dentition]. Difficult dentition. 

Dysopia (dis-o'-pe-ah) [dys-; axp, eye]. Painful 
or defective vision. 

Dysorexia (dis-or-eks'-e-ah) [dys-; 5pe£ef, 
appetite]. A depraved or unnatural appetite. 

Dysosmia (dis-oz' '-me-ah) [dys-; daprj, odor]. 
Impairment of the sense of smell. 

Dysostosis (dis-os-to'-sis) [dys-; daziov, bone]. 
Defective formation of bone. D., Cleido- 
cranial, a singular congenital malformation 
compatible with life, intelligence, and purity 
of the blood, consisting in incomplete os- 
sification of the skull, malformation of the 
palatine arch, and more or less atrophy of the 
clavicles. 

Dyspareunia (dis-par-oo'-ne-ah) [duonapwvog, 
ill-mated]. Painful or difficult copulation. 
D., Climacteric, pain or difficulty in coitus 
following the menopause; it is regarded as 
a symptom of kraurosis vulvae. 

Dyspepsia {dis-pef -se-ah) [dys-; xbcreev, to 
digest]. Disturbed digestion. D., Acid, 
that attended with hyperacidity of the 
gastric juice. D., Alkaline, that accom- 
panied by lack of the normal acidity of 
the gastric juice. D., Atonic, a form due 
to insufficient quantity or impaired quality 
of the gastric juice or to deficient action of 
the gastric muscles. D., Bilious, intestinal 
dyspepsia due to impaired secretion of bile. 
D., Catarrhal, that caused by gastric 
catarrh. D., Chemic, that due to some 
change in the constitution of the digestive 
secretions. D., Feculent, that due to excess 
of starchy food in the diet. D., Flatulent, 
D., Gaseous, that marked by almost con- 
stant generation of gas within the stomach. 
D., Gastric, that confined to the stomach. 
D., Gastrointestinal, that in which both 
the stomach and the intestine are concerned. 
D., Gastrorrheal, that due to gastric catarrh 
and hypersecretion. D., Inflammatory, 



that due to some form of gastritis. D., 
Intestinal, that due to imperfect digestive 
action of the intestinal juices or to lack of 
tone in the muscular coat of the bowel. D., 
Lienteric, that due to defective nutrition 
or superalimentation, and indicated by lien- 
teric stools. D., Motor. See D., Atonic. 
D., Muscular, that due to atony of the 
muscular coat of the stomach or intestine. 
D., Nervosecretory, neurotic dyspepsia with 

Serverted or excessive gastric secretion. D., 
ervous, that characterized by gastric pains, 
coming on often when the stomach is empty 
and relieved by eating, and by various reflex 
nervous phenomena, especially by palpitation. 
D., Neuralgic, that marked by intermittent 
gastrodynia. D., Pyretic, Gendrin's name 
for the forms of inflammatory dyspepsia for- 
merly known as bilious or gastric fever. D., 
Salivary, that due to excess, deficiency, or de- 
fective quality of the saliva or to insufficient 
mastication. 

Dyspeptic (dis-pep'-tik) [see Dyspepsia], i. 
Relating to or affected with dyspepsia. 2. A 
person suffering from dyspepsia. 

Dyspeptone {dis-pep'-ton) [see Dyspepsia]. An 
insoluble and unassimilable peptone. 

Dysperistalsis {dis-per-e-stal 1 -sis) [dys-; xep'c, 
around; ozaXocg, compression]. Painful or 
perverted peristalsis. 

Dysphagia (dis-fa'-je-ah) [dys-; (payelv, to 
eat]. Difficulty in swallowing, or inability 
to swallow. D. amyotactica, a disturbance 
of the act of deglutition, not due to organic 
changes in the pharynx or esophagus nor to 
spasm or paralysis of the muscles concerned 
in swallowing; it consists in a disturbance 
of the rhythm of the function of the higher 
nerve-centers. D. callosa, that resulting 
from the destruction of the muscular layers 
of the esophagus and the formation of cica- 
tricial tissue causing constriction. D. con- 
stricta, that due to stenosis of the pharynx 
or esophagus. D. globosa, globus hystericus. 
D. lusoria, a doubtful form ascribed to 
compression of the esophagus by the right 
subclavian artery when by a freak of nature 
this artery springs from the aorta behind 
the left subclavian artery and turns to the 
right either before or behind the esophagus. 
D. spastica, that due to hysteric spasm of 
the esophagus or pharynx. 

Dysphasia (dis-fa'-ze-ah) [dys-; 4>aocc, speech]. 
Difficulty of speech depending on a central 
lesion. 

Dysphemia {dis-fe' '-me-ah) [dys-; <t>WT], a 
speech]. Stammering. 

Dysphonia {dis-jo' -ne-ah) [dys-; fjxovty voice]. 
An impairment of the voice. 

Dysphrasia (dis-fra'-ze-ah) [dys-; §paoi£, 
speech]. Imperfect speech due to impairment 
of mental power. 

Dysplasmatic, Dysplastic {dis-plaz-mat'-ik, 
dis-plast' -ik) . See Cacoplastic. 

Dyspnea (disp-ne'-ah) [dys-; -velv, to breathe]. 
Difficult or labored breathing. D., Cardiac, 
that due to heart disease. D., Renal, that 



DYSPNEIC 



366 



EARTH 



Traube's. See 



due to renal disease. 

Traube's Dyspnea. 
Dyspneic (disp-ne' -ik) [dyspnea]. Affected with 

or caused by dyspnea. 
Dysspermasia, Dysspermatism (diss per m- 

a'-ze-ah, dis-sperm' -at-izm). See Brady sper- 

matism. 
Dysspermia (diss per' '-me-ah) [dys-; oizkpua, 

seed]. An abnormal condition of the semen. 
Dysstechiasis, Dysstoechiasis, Dysstichiasis 

(disstek-i-a'sis, disstik-i-a'sis). See Dis- 

tichiasis. 
Dystasia (dis-ta' -ze-ah) [dys-; oxaotg, standing]. 

Difficulty in standing. 
Dystaxia (dis-taks' -e-ah) [dys-; xa^cc, regula- 
tion; order]. Ataxia or partial ataxia. D. 

agitans, tremor due to irritation of the 

spinal cord. Syn., Pseudoparalysis agitans. 
Dysthermasia (dis -ther -ma' -ze-ah) [dys-; dip fit], 

heat]. Insufficient production of bodily heat. 
Dysthyreosis (dis-thi-re-o' 'sis) [dys-; thyroid]. 

Impaired functional activity of the thyroid 

gland. 






Dysthyroid, Dysthyroidism (dis-thi'-roid, 
-izm). Incomplete development and function 
of the thyroid gland. 

Dystocia (dis-to' se-ah) [dys-; xokoc, birth]. 
Difficult labor. D., Fetal, difficult labor 
due to abnormities of position or size and 
shape of the fetus. D., Maternal, that 
dystocia the cause of which resides in the 
mother. 

Dystrophic (dis-tro' -fik) [see Dystrophy]. Per- 
taining to dystrophy. 

Dystrophy (dis' -tro-fe) [dys-; xpo<f)7), nourish- 
ment]. Faulty nutrition. 

Dystrypsia (dis-trip' se-ah) [dys-; trypsin]. 
Dyspepsia from lack of trypsin. D., Intes- 
tinal, a term proposed as a substitute for 
intestinal dyspepsia, since trypsin is the most 
important enzym in intestinal digestion. 

Dysuresia, Dysuresis (dis -u-re' -ze-ah, sis) 
[dys-; ouprjocc, micturition]. Any disease of the 
urinary apparatus. 

Dysuria (dis-u' -re-ah) [dys-; oupov, urine]. 
Difficult or painful urination. 



E. Abbreviation of eye and of emmetropia. 

Ear (er) [ME., ere]. The organ of hearing, 
consisting of the external ear, the middle 
ear or tympanum, and the internal ear or 
labyrinth. Th® outer ear is made up of an 
expanded portion, .the pinna, and the exter- 
nal auditory canal. The middle ear consists 
of the tympanum, with the ear-ossicles, the 
eustachian tube, and the mastoid cells. The 
tympanum is lined by mucous membrane, 
and communicates with the pharynx by 
means of the eustachian tube. It is divided 
into three parts — the atrium, the attic, and the 
antrum. Its outer end is closed by the 
tympanic membrane, from which sound is 
conducted along the ear-ossicles (the malleus, 
incus, and stapes) to the fenestra ovalis, which 
communicates with the vestibule of the in- 
ternal ear. By means of the fenestra rotunda, 
which is closed by the entotympanic mem- 
brane, it communicates with the cochlea of 
the internal ear. The mastoid cells, which 
are also part of the tympanum, are air-spaces 
in the mastoid process of the temporal bone. 
The internal ear consists of the bony and 
membranous labyrinths, which are separated 
from each other by a space containing the 
perilymph. Each labyrinth consists of three 
parts: the vestibule, the semicircular canals, 
and the cochlea. The bony vestibule com- 
municates with the tympanum by the fenestra 
ovalis, closed by the base of the stapes, and 
also with the other parts of the internal ear. 
The semicircular canals are three in number — 



the superior, the posterior, and the inferior. 
The cochlea, so named from its resemblance 
to a snail-shell, is a cylindric tube that 
winds around a central axis, the modiolus, 
which transmits the cochlear nerves and 
blood-vessels. The cochlear canal is divided 
by the spiral lamina into the scala vestibuli, 
communicating with the vestibule, and the 
scala tympani, communicating with the fe- 
nestra rotunda of the tympanum. The mem- 
branous labyrinth is made up of parts cor- 
responding to the bony labyrinth. The 
vestibule consists of two small sacs, the 
utricle and the saccule, which communicate 
through the vestibular aqueduct, and are lined 
by an epithelium, the maculce acusticce, 
which in places is largely specialized and re- 
ceives the terminations of the vestibular nerve. 
The membranous cochlea, or cochlear duct, 
contains the acoustic organ of the cochlea, 
or organ of Corti, which consists of a series 
of epithelial arches formed by the interlocking 
of the ends of the pillars or rods of Corti. 
Upon the inner rods of Corti are the inner 
acoustic hair-cells; in relation with the outer 
rods are the outer hair-cells. The organ of 
Corti is covered by the membrana tectoria, 
or Corti's membrane. E., Blainville's. See 
Blainville's Ear. E., Morel's. See Morel's 
Ear. E.-wax. See Cerumen. 
Earth (erth) [ME., erthe]. A name given to 
various metallic oxids or silicates not soluble 
in water and not affected by great heat. E.s, 
Alkaline, the oxids and hydrates of calcium, 



EAR 



367 



EAR 




The Ear— (Holden.) 
Pinna, or auricle. 2. Concha. 3. External auditory canal. 4. Membrana tympani. 5. Incus. 6. Malleus. 7. 
Manubrium mallei. 8. Tensor tympani. 9. Tympanic cavity. 10. Eustachian tube. n. Superior semicircular 
canal. 12. Posterior semicircular canal. 13. External semicircular canal. 14. Cochlea. 15. Internal auditory 
canal. 16. Facial nerve. 17. Large petrosal nerve. 18. Vestibular branch of auditory nerve. 19. Cochlear 
branch. 



Auditory Ossicles. 
Head of malleus. 2. Pro- 
cessus brevis. 3. Pro- 
cessus gracilis. 4. Man- 
ubrium. 5. Long pro- 
cess of incus. 6. Articu- 
lation between incus and 
stapes. 7. Stapes. 




Osseous Labyrinth 
of the Ear (La- 
mina Spiralis Os- 
sea). 

3. Semicircular 



1, 2, 



canals. 4. Vesti- 
bule. 5. Ampulla. 
6. Fovea semiel- 
liptica. 7. Fovea 
hemisphaerica. 8. 
Cochlea. 9. Ori- 
gin of lamina 
spiralis ossea. 10. 
Foramen rotun- 
dum. 





Osseous and Membranous Labyrinth of the Ear. — (Holden.) 
Vestibular branch of auditory nerve. 2. Branch for sacculus. 3. Branch for utriculus. 
of membranous posterior semicircular canal. 5. Branch for ampulla of external canal. 6. 
superior canal. 7. Cochlear branch of auditory nerve. 8. Cochlea. 



4. Branch for ampulla 
Branch for ampulla of 



EAR 



368 



EAR 




Cochlea. — (Holden.) 
Scala tympani. 2. Scala vestibuli. 3. Anterior or triangular canal. 4. Posterior or quadrilateral canal. 5, 5- 
Spiral ligament. 6. External spiral sulcus. 7. Membrana tectoria, or membrane of Corti. 8. Membrana basilaris. 
9. Spiral vessel. 10. Limbus laminae spiralis, n. Pillars of organ of Corti. 12. Branch of cochlear nerve. 13. 
Ganglion spirale. 14. Branch of cochlear nerve between the lamellas of the lamina spiralis ossea. 15. One of the 
orifices by which this branch penetrates the canal of Corti. 16. Part of bony cochlea. 17, 17. Lini n g periosteum. 
18. Membrane of Reissner. 





Membranous Labyrinth of the Ear. — (Holden.) 
Distribution of the vestibular branch of the auditory 
nerve to the membranous labyrinth, membranous 
vestibule, and semicircular canals. (X 3.) 
1. Vestibular branch. 2. Saccular branch. 3. Utric- 
ular branch. 4. Branch to ampulla of external 
membranous semicircular canal. 5. Branch to 
ampulla of superior membranous semicircular 
canal. 



Cochlea (Lamina Spiralis Ossea). 
1, 1. Surrounding bony structure. 2. Semiinfun- 
dibuliform lamella. 3. Its concave surface. 4. 
Concave border in which it terminates. 5. An- 
terior extremity of this border. 6. Cupola, su- 
perior two-thirds removed. 7. Inferior portion 
of base of semiinfundibuliform lamella. 8, 8. 
Lamina spiralis ossea. 9. Its origin. 10. Its 
beak or terminal portion. 11, 11. Scala tympani. 
12. Scala vestibuli. 13. Internal auditory canal. 
14. Fossa at the base of the modiolus. 



EARTHY PHOSPHATE 



369 



ECHOMATISM 



magnesium, strontium, barium, and other 
metals of the same group. E., Fuller's, 
a clay used as an absorbent application to 
irritated surfaces. 

Earthy Phosphate. See Phosphate, Earthy. 

Eastes* Test for Sugar. Place 60 Cc. of 
filtered urine in a beaker of 100 Cc. capacity, 
add 1 Gm. of sodium acetate and a little less 
of phenylhydrazin hydrochlorate; stir with 
a glass rod, which is to remain in the beaker. 
Evaporate on a water-bath to 10 or 15 Cc, 
scraping the sediment from the sides of the 
beaker, if it collects there; cool, and examine 
under the microscope. If there is 1 part to 
1000 of sugar in the urine, osazone crystals 
will be found. 

Easton's Syrup. A syrup of quinin, iron, and 
strychnin phosphates. 

Eberth's Bacillus. Bacillus typhi abdominalis. 
See under Bacteria. E.'s Lines, dark broken 
lines seen to separate the cardiac muscular cells 
on staining with silver nitrate. Syn., Linece 
scalari formes. 

Ebner's Germ Reticulum. A fine, nucleated 
reticulum existing between the inner cells of 
the seminiferous tubules. E.'s Glands, the 
acinous glands situated in the region of the 
circum vallate papillas of the tongue. 

Ebonation (e-bo-na 1 '-shun) [e, away from; bone]. 
The removal of splinters of bone after injury. 

Ebriecation (e-bri-e-ka 1 '-shun) [ebrietas, drunken- 
ness]. Mental disorder due to the use of 
alcoholic stimulants. 

Ebstein's Lesion. Hyaline degeneration and 
insular necrosis of the epithelial cells of the 
renal tubules in diabetes. 

Ebullition (eb-u-lish'-un) [ebullire, to boil]. 
Boiling. 

Eburnation (e-bur-na' '-shun) [ebur, ivory]. 
An increase in the density of bone following 
inflammation. 

Ecballium (ek-bal'-e-um). See Elaterium. 

Ecbolic (ek-bol'-ik) [inpoXij, a throwing out]. 
1. Producing or accelerating labor. 2. Any 
agent producing this effect. 

Eccentric (ek-sen' '-trik) [Sk, out; Ktvxpov, 
center]. Situated away from the center. 
E. Hypertrophy, hypertrophy of a hollow 
organ, as the heart, with dilation. 

Eccentropiesis (ek-sen-tro-pi-e' '-sis) [eccentric; 
TzUotg, a pressing]. Pressure from within out- 
ward; a method proposed for the treatment 
of anal fistula. 

TLcchon&romsL (ek-on-dro'-mah) [etc, out; yovdpog, 
cartilage; opa, tumor]. A chondroma. 

Ecchondrosis (ek-on-dro'-sis) [ecchondroma; 
pi., ecchondroses]. A cartilaginous outgrowth. 

Ecchymoma (ek-e-mo' -mah) [in, out; yup.bg, 
juice; opa, tumor]. A tumor-like swelling 
composed of extravasated blood. 

Ecchymosis (ek-e-mo' -sis) [i/c, out; yupbg, juice]. 
An extravasation of blood into the subcutane- 
ous tissues. It is marked by a purple discolor- 
ation of the skin, the color gradually chang- 
ing to brown, green, and yellow. 

Ecchymotic (ek-e-mol'-ik) [ecchymosis]. Re- 
lating to or resembling an ecchymosis. 
25 



Ecclasis (ek-la'-sis) [innXav, to break in pieces]. 
A breaking away, as of a small piece of bone 
from a larger piece. 

Ecclisis (ek-li'-sis) [ennXcvecv, to turn aside]. 
1. Dislocation. 2. The displacement of frac- 
tured bones. 

Ecclysis (ek-li'-sis) [IkkXu^csv, to wash out]. 
A washing out by injections. 

Eccope (ek'-op-e) [i/aconr), an incision]. Ex- 
cision of a part, or the vertical division of the 
cranium by a saw or other means. 

Eccorthatic (ek-or-tha' -tik) [i/c, out; nopdug, a 
heap]. Producing copious fecal discharge. 

Eccrisis (ek'-ris-is) [inKp'cveiv, to expel]. The 
expulsion of waste or morbid products; 
excretion. 

Eccritic (ek-rit'-ik) [kuKptTtKoc, secretive]. 1. 
"A medicine promoting excretion. 2. Pro- 
moting excretion. 

Ecgonin (ek'-go-nin). An alkaloid produced 
in the decomposition of cocain by HC1. 

Echidnase (ek-id'-naz) \l%cdva, viper]. A phlogo- 
genic principle found in snake-venom. 

Echidno toxin (ek-id-no-toks'-in). A principle of 
snake-venom having a general action and a 
powerful effect on the nervous system. 

Echinococcotomy (ek-in-o-kok-of -o-me) [echin- 
ococcus; rkpvecv, to cut]. The Posadas- 
Bobrow operation, consisting in the evacua- 
tion of echinococcus-cysts and closure of the 
cavity by suture. 

Echinococcus (ek-in-o-kok' -us) [iylvoc , a hedge- 
hog; KOKKog, a berry]. 1. The scolex or 
larval stage of the Tcenia echinococcus. 2. 
Hydatid. E.-cyst. See Cyst, Echinococcus. 

Echinodermatous, Echinodermous (ek-in-o- 
der' -mat-us, -mus). Having a spiny surface. 

Echinops (ek'-in-ops) [kylvog, a hedgehog; a><p, 
appearance]. A genus of composite plants. 
E. splicer ocephalus, a European species, is 
laxative and diuretic, and contains an alka- 
loid, echinopsin, similar in action to brucin 
and strychnin. 

Echitamin (ck-it' -am-in) . See Ditain. 

Echo (ek'-o) [fixdi, a sound]. A reverberated 
sound. E., Amphoric, a vocal resonance 
in which the transmitted voice sounds as 
if it were speaking into a narrow-necked 
bottle. 

Echoacousia (ek-o-ah-koo' -se-ah) [echo; anooo'ta, 
hearing]. The subjective sensation of hearing 
echoes after sounds heard normally. 

Echographia (ek-o-gra'-fe-ah) [echo; ypa&iv, 
to write]. A form of aphasia in which printed 
or written questions submitted to the pa- 
tient are copied without ability to com- 
prehend the inquiry; also, in writing, the 
last word or letter is repeated. 

Echolalia (ek-o-la' -le-ah) [echo; XaXca, babble]. 
A meaningless repetition, by a person, of 
words spoken to him by others. 

Echolalus (ek-o-la' -lus) [see Echolalia]. A hyp- 
notized person who repeats words heard 
without comprehension of their meaning. 

Echomatism (ek-om'-at-izm) [echo; paxc^scv, 
to strive to do]. The opposite of automa- 
tism. The mimicking condition produced 



— 



ECHOSCOPIA 



370 



ECTOCARDIA 



in hypnotics when the hand is pressed on the 
vertex of the head. 

Echoscopia {ek-o-sko' -pe-ah) [echo; okotzs'cv, to 
view]. Auscultation. 

Ecker's Gyrus. The gyrus descendens, the 
most posterior of the occipital convolutions. 
E.'s Sulcus, the anterior or transverse oc- 
cipital sulcus, usually joined to the horizontal 
part of the interparietal sulcus. 

Eclabium {ek-la' -be-um) [in, out; labium, a lip]. 
An e version of the lip. 

Eclampsia {ek-lamp' 'se-ah) [knXaixnecv, to shine 
or burst forth]. An acute nervous affection, 
characterized by convulsions, with loss of 
consciousness. E., Cerebral, a form in 
which the irritation is presumed to originate 
in the brain, as distinguished from uterine 
eclampsia. E., Infantile, a reflex convulsion 
of childhood. E. nutans, an affection charac- 
terized by paroxysms, in which the head and 
upper part of the body are bowed forward 
several times in succession; the attacks are 
accompanied by disordered consciousness. 
Syn., Nodding spasm; Salaam convulsion. 
E., Puerperal, a convulsion occurring toward 
the close of pregnancy or after labor, believed 
to be caused by the irritation of the vasomotor 
centers by retained excrementitious substances. 
E. tardissima, that occurring . several days 
or as long as eight weeks after parturition. 

Eclampsism {ek-lamp' -sizm) [eclampsia]. Bar's 
name for eclampsia without convulsions. 

Eclamptic {ek-lamp' -tik) [eclampsia']. Relat- 
ing to, or of the nature of, eclampsia. 

Eclamptism {ek-lamp' -tizm) . The morbid con- 
dition produced by the retention of various toxic 
principles and autointoxication, all dependent 
upon the state of pregnancy; it is prone to result 
in convulsions, but may show only prodromes, 
such as headache, impairment of vision, etc. 

Eclectic {ek-lek'-tik) [kKhsKTCnog, selected]. 
A name chosen by a school of physicians to 
denote their principle of selecting that which 
is good from all other schools. 

Ecmetropia {ek-me-tro'-pe-ah). See Ametropia. 

'Ecmnesia.{ek-ne'-ze-ah) [e/c, out; fivrjoif, remem- 
brance]. A gap in memory; amnesia in which 
there is normal memory to a certain date 
and loss of memory for a period after it. 

Ecophony {ek-of -on-e) [echo; <ficovr), sound]. 
An echo immediately following vocal sounds, 
heard on auscultation in acute congestion of 
the lungs. 

Ecostate {e-kos'-tdt) [e, priv.; costa, a rib]. 
Without ribs. 

Ecphyma {ek-fi'-mah) [Ik, out; <£>modac, to grow]. 

An excrescence on the skin. E. globulus, 

a contagious disease of Ireland marked by the 

formation, on the skin, of tubercles which 

^soften and form raspberry -like tumors. 

Ecrasement {a-krahz-mon {g) ) [F., "a, crush- 
ing"]. The removal of a part by means of an 
„ ecraseur. 

Ecraseur {a-krah-zer) [see Ecrasement], An 
instrument consisting of a chain or wire loop 
which is placed about a projecting part, and, 
by being tightened, gradually cuts through 



the tissues. E., Galvanic, one constructed 
so that the wire loop can be heated to red- 
ness while in use, by the passage through it 
of an electric current. 

Ecsomatic {ek-so-mat'-ik) [it<, out; odjfia, 
body]. Relating to ecsomatics or to material 
removed from the body, as pus, urine, etc. 

Ecsomatics {ek-so-maf -iks) . That department 
of medicine included in clinical laboratory 
methods; so called because all the material 
dealt with is removed from the body and 
examined elsewhere. 

Ecsomatist {ek-so' -mat-ist) . An individual 
who is versed in clinical laboratory methods. 

Ecstasis {ek-sta' -sis) . See Ecstasy. 

Ecstasy {eks'-ta-se) [eKoxaacg, a trance]. A 
derangement of the nervous system charac- 
terized by an exalted visionary state, absence 
of volition, insensibility to surroundings, a 
radiant expression, and immobility in statu- 
esque positions. 

Ecstrophy {ek'-stro-fe). See Exstrophy. 

Ectacolia, Ectacoly {ek-ta-ko'-le-ah, ek'-ta- 
ko-le) [eKxaKog, capable of stretching; noXov, 
the colon]. Congenital dilation of a more or 
less extensive section of the colon. 

Ectad {ek'-tad) [enroc, external; ad, to]. On 
or toward the ectal part. 

Ectal (ek'-tal) [see Ectad]. At some surface 
or aspect farther from a supposed center 
than that with which a given object is com- 
pared; external; superficial. 

Ectasia, Ectasis {ek-ta' -ze-ah, ek'-ta-sis) [enza- 
o(C, extension]. Distention; dilation. 

Ectasin {ek'-ta-sin) [see Ectasia]. A substance 
isolated from tuberculin, which causes dila- 
tion of the vessels. 

Ectatic {ek-tat'-ik) [see Ectasia]. Distended or 
dilated. 

Ecthol {ek'-thol). A proprietary remedy said 
to contain the active principles of Echinacea 
angustifolia and Thuja occidentalis ; it is anti- 
purulent and antimorbific. Dose i dr. (4 
Gm.) 3 times daily. 

Ecthyma {ek-thi'-mah) [ercdufia, a pustule]. 
An inflammatory skin disease attended with 
an eruption of large, flat, superficial pustules. 
They vary in size from a ten-cent to a twenty- 
five-cent piece, and are surrounded by a 
distinct inflammatory areola. The eruption 
appears, as a rule, on the legs and thighs 
where the hairs are thick; it occurs in crops, 
and may persist for an indefinite period. E. 
gangrenosum, E., Gangrenous, a form 
marked by the appearance of brown discolora- 
tions of the skin, usually surrounded by a halo; 
the center of these efflorescences rapidly 
becomes necrotic. It is due to Bacillus 
pyocyaneus. E., Syphilitic. See Rupia. 

Ecto- {ek-to-) [iKzoc, without]. A prefix signi- 
fying without, upon the outer side. < 

Ectoblast {ek' -to -blast) [ecto-; plaoxoc, a bud]. 
The outside membrane'of a cell. 

Ectocardia {ek-to-kar' -de-ah) [ecto-; mpdca, 
the heart]. An abnormal position of the 
heart. E. abdominalis, a malformation in 
which the heart is wholly within the abdo- 



ECTOCENTRAL 



371 



ECZEMA 



men or within a sac in the precordia. E. 
cephalica, E. cervicalis, a form in which 
the heart is at the base of the neck. E. 
extrathoracica, that in which the heart is 
external to the thoracic cavity. E. intra- 
thoracica, that in which the heart is inside 
the thorax. E. pectoralis, that in which the 
heart lies in front of the chest. 

Ectocentral (ek-to-sen'-tral) [ecto-; central]. 
Near to the center and to the external surface. 

Ectochoroidea (ek-to-rko-roid' '-e-ah) . The outer 
layer of the choroid. 

Ectocnemial (ek-to-ne' -me-al) [ecto-; kvtjjju), 
the leg]. Located on the external aspect of 
the fibula. 

Ectocolostomy (ek-to-ko-los'-to-me) [ecto-; 
colostomy]. A surgical operation upon the 
colon to establish an external opening. 

Ectoderm (ek' '-to -derm) [ecto-; depfia, skin]. 
The outer of the two primitive layers of the 
embryo. 

Ectodermal, Ectodermic (ek-to-der' -mal, 
-mik) [see Ectoderm]. Relating to the ecto- 
derm; applied to structures derived from 
the upper epithelial layers of the derma, as 
hair, chitin, enamel, etc. 

Ectogenous (ek-toj' -en-us) [ecto-; yevvav, to 
produce]. Capable of growth outside of the 
body; applied especially to bacteria and other 
parasites. 

Ectoglobular (ek-to-glob'-u-lar). Formed out- 
side the blood-globules. 

Ectokelostomy (ek-lo-kel-os' '-to -me) [ecto-; 
ktjXtj, hernia; orbfia, a mouth]. Vitrac's 
operation, by which the sac of an infected 
inguinal hernia is kept open with drainage, 
the whole being displaced through a coun- 
teropening in the abdominal wall, the hernia 
being then cured radically. 

-ectomy [Ik, out; vifivetv, to cut]. A suffix 
meaning a cutting out. 

Ectopagus (ek-top'-ag-us) [ecto-; naye.cc, 
united]. A twin monstrosity united laterally 
the full extent of the thorax. 

Ectopectoral (ek-to-pek'-tor-al). The outer of 
the two pectoral muscles; the pectoralis 
major. 

Ectoperitonitis (ek-lo-per-it-on-i'-tis) [ecto-; 
peritonitis]. Inflammation of the attached 
side of the peritoneum. 

Ectopia (ek-to' -pe-ah) [Iktotzoc, displaced]. 
Malposition. 

Ectopic (ek-top'-ik) [ectopia]. In an abnormal 
position. E. Gestation, extrauterine gesta- 
tion. 

Ectoplasm (ek f -to-plazm) [ecto-; TiXdoattv, 
to form]. The outer, hyaline, more compact 
layer of protoplasm of a cell or unicellular 
organism. 

Ectoplastic (ek-to-plas'-tik). Relating to ecto- 
plasm; applied to cells in which the ectoplasm 
is undergoing changes. 

Ectopocystis (ek-to-po-sist'-is) [ectopia; kuo- 
tcc, the bladder]. Displacement of the blad- 
der. 

Ectopotomy (ek-to -p of -o -me) [ectopia; r e fi- 
ve cv, to cut]. Laparotomy for the removal 



of the contents of an extrauterine gestation- 
sac. 

Ectorbital (ekt-orb 1 '-it-al) . Relating to the 
temporal part of the orbits. 

Ectosac (ek'-to-sak) [ecto-; ookkoc, a sac]. 
The limiting membrane of an ovum. 

Ectosteomyces (ekt-os-te-o-mi 1 '-sez) [ecto-; 60- 
zeov, a bone; fi'JKTjc, a fungus]. A fungous 
newgrowth from a bone. 

Ectothalamus (ek-to -thai' -am-us) [ecto-; thala- 
mus]. The external medullary layer of the 
thalamus. 

Ectothrix (ek'-to-thriks) [ecto-; dpi£, hair]. An 
organism parasitic upon the hair. Cf. Tricho- 
phyton. 

Ecto trochanter (ek-to-lro-kan' '-ter) [ecto-; tro- 
chanter]. The greater trochanter. 

Ectromelus (ek-trom' -el-us) [eiapcootc, abortion; 
fieXoc. a limb]. A single autositic monster 
characterized by the presence' of imperfectly 
formed limbs. 

Ectropia (ek-tro 1 '-pe-ah). See Exstrophy. E., 
Intestinal. See Adenoma, Umbilical. 

Ectropic (ek-trop'-ik). Turned out or everted. 

Ectropion (ek-tro' -pe-on) [en, out; xpkizetv, to 
turn]. Eversion of a part, especially of an 
eyelid. 




Ectropion. 

Ectropionization (ek-tro-pe-on-iz-a'-shun). In- 
version of the upper eyelid and exposure of 
the conjunctiva to facilitate therapeutic man- 
ipulation. 

Ectropionize (ek - tro '- pe-on - Iz) [ectropion]. 
To produce, by operation, the condition of 
ectropion. 

Ectropodism (ek-trop' -od-izm) [eKxpcofia, abor- 
tion; tzouc, foot]. Congenital absence of one 
or more toes. 

Eczema (ek f -ze-mah) [kn^e'cv, to boil over]. 
Tetter; an acute or chronic, noncontagious, 
inflammatory disease of the skin, character- 
ized by multiformity of lesions, and the pres- 
ence, in varying degrees, of itching, infiltra- 
tion, and discharge. The skin is reddened, 
the redness shading off insensibly into the 
surrounding unaffected parts. E. arthriti- 
cum, a vesicular form occurring about gouty 
joints. E. erythematosum, the mildest 
form of eczema, in which the skin is red- 
dened and slightly swollen. E. fissum, a 
form affecting the hands and skin over the 
articulations, and characterized by the forma- 



ECZEMATOUS 



372 



EFFERENT 



tion of deep, painful cracks or fissures. E. 
hypertrophicum, a form characterized by 
permanent hypertrophy of the papillas of 
the skin, giving rise to general or limited 
warty outgrowths. E. madidans, a form 
characterized by large, raw, weeping surfaces 
studded with red. points. It follows E. vesi- 
culosum. Syn., Eczema rubrum. E. margin- 
atum, the most severe form of ringworm of 
the body. Its seats are the groins, axillas, 
crotch, and occasionally the popliteal spaces. 
Its lesion is marked by a well-defined, fes- 
tooned, raised margin. E. papillosum, a 
variety associated with the formation of 
minute papules of a deep-red color and firm 
consistence, and accompanied by intense 
itching. E. pustulosum, the stage of eczema 
^characterized by the formation of pustules. 
E. rubrum. See E. madidans. E. sebor- 
rhoicum. Synonym of Seborrhea. E. 
solare, that form due to irritation from the 
rays of the sun. E. squamosum, a variety 
characterized by the formation of adherent 
scales of shed epithelium. E. sudamen, 
E. sudorale, that due to excess of perspira- 
tion. E. sycomatosum, E. sycosiforme, 
a pustular form occurring on the hairy parts 
and affecting the hair-follicles. E. tyloticum, 
a form occurring on the palmar aspect of 
the hands and fingers and attended with 
callosity. E. vesiculosum, an eczema char- 
acterized by the presence of vesicles. 

Eczematous iek-zem' -at-us) [eczema]. Of the 
nature of or affected with eczema. 

Eddyism (ed'-e-izm). A form of faith-cure 
propagated, under the name of Christian 
Science, by an American woman, Mary 
Patterson Baker Glover Eddy, known to her 
followers as "Mother Eddy." 

Edea, JEdada. {e-de'-ah) [acdola, the genitals]. 
The genital organs. 

Edebohls' Posture. See Simon's Posture. 

Edeitis, iEdoeitis {e-de-i' -tis) [edea; crcc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the genitals. 

Edema, (Edema {e-de'-mah) [o'ldyfia; olde'cv, to 
swell]. An infiltration of serum in a part. E., 
Acute. See (E. calidum. E., Angioneu- 
rotic. See Angioneurotic Edema. E., Blue, 
edema with cyanosis, seen in hysteric paralysis 
accompanied with pain. CE. calidum, that 
due to a serous exudation; it is sudden in 
its onset and resembles acute inflammation. 
(E. capitis, a serous effusion into the subcu- 
taneous areolar tissue of the scalp. (E. 
cardica (of the kidney), the change in the 
kidneys due to passive congestion in conse- 
quence of heart disease. E., Cerebral. 
See Hydrocephalus. E., Collateral, the 
serous infiltration of the tissue encircling an 
inflamed part. E., Compact (of infants), 
a variety of scleroderma neonatorum in which 
the skin is edematous. Syn., Scleroderma 
cedematosa. E., Cretinoid. See Myxedema. 
(E. ex vacuo, edema of a part to counteract 
the tendency to a vacuum caused by atrophy 
of some neighboring part. E., Febrile 
Purpuric, localized edema accompanying an 



eruption of purpura urticans about the joints, 
and rheumatic fever. <E. frigidum, a 
chronic swelling, cold to the touch and 
painless. CE. fugax, edema due to atmos- 
pheric changes occurring in the face, eyelids, 
and neck of chlorotic patients. E., Glot- 
tidial. See Laryngeal Edema. E., Infec- 
tious. See E., Malignant. E., Inflamma- 
tory, a serous infiltration into inflamed tis- 
sue. E., Iwanoff's (of the retina), cystoid 
degeneration of the retina. E., Laryn- 
geal. See Laryngeal Edema. E., Malignant, 
an edematous inflammation that occurs at 
times after serious injuries, and is charac- 
terized by its rapid spread, the speedy de- 
struction of the tissue involved, and the 
formation of gas. It is due to the bacillus 
of malignant edema. E., Neuroparalytic, 
E., Neuropathic, that due to paralysis of 
the vasomotor nerves or to neuroparalytic 
congestion. CE. oculi. See Hydr ophthalmia. 
CE. cedematodes. See CE. frigidum. E., 
Paroxysmal Pulmonary, a rare form of 
edema of the lungs marked by rapid onset, 
imminent asphyxia, and copious albuminous 
expectoration. The attack, lasting from a 
few minutes to some days, may terminate 
fatally or the symptoms may disappear. 
CE. puerperarum, phlegmasia alba dolens. 
E., Purulent, a purulent infiltration in which 
there is a great deal of fluid. E., Retinal, 
the development of irregular spaces filled 
with transparent fluid at the periphery of the 
retina occurring after middle age. CE. sclero- 
ticum, edema attended with induration. 

Edemamycosis, CEdemamycosis (e-de-mah- 
mi-ko' '-sis) [edema; [lOK-qc, fungus]. The name 
applied by Edington to an ectogenous in- 
fective disease, commonly referred to as 
African horse-sickness; it is characterized by 
intense congestion of the blood-vessels with 
consequent edema of the lungs and at times 
of the subcutaneous tissues of the head and 
neck. 

Edema tization {e-dem-at-iz-a' -shun) [edema]. 
Edema of the tissues produced by the injec- 
tion of a 2 % salt solution at a temperature 
lower than that of the body. 

Edematous (e-dem' -at-us) [edema]. Charac- 
terized by edema. 

Edestin (ed-esf -in) . The chief and character- 
istic proteid of the seeds of sunflower, hemp, 
squash, and castor-oil bean. 

Edinger's Law. See under Neuron. E.'s Nu- 
cleus, the .nucleus of the posterior longitu- 
dinal bundle, an aggregation of ganglion-cells 
in the gray matter of the third ventricle at the 
beginning of the sylvian aqueduct. 

Edinger-WestphaPs Nucleus. One of the 
nuclei of the third cranial nerve in the region 
of the anterior corpora quadrigemina below 
the sylvian aqueduct. It is placed antero- 
laterally. 

Efferent {ef'-er-ent) [efferens, carrying from]. 
Carrying away, as efferent nerves, nerves 
conveying impulses away from the central 
nervous system; of blood-vessels, conveying 



EFFERVESCING 



373 



EJACULATORY 



blood away from the tissues; of lymphatics, 
conveying lymph from the lymphatic glands. 

Effervescing {ej-er-ves'-ing) [effervescere, to 
boil up]. Giving off gas-bubbles; foaming. 
E. Powder. See Seidlitz Powder. 

Effleurage (ej-lur-azh) [Fr.]. In massage, 
the stroking movement. 

Efflorescence (ej-lor-es'-enz) [efflorescere, to 
bloom], i. The spontaneous conversion of 
a crystalline substance into powder by a loss 
of its water of crystallization. 2. The erup- 

■ tion of an exanthematous disease. 

Effluvium (ef-lu'-ve-um) [effluere, to flow out]. 
An odor, especially one that is offensive. 

Effumability (ef-u-ma-bil' -i-te) . Capacity for 
volatilization. 

Effusion (ef-u'-zhun) \eff under e, to pour out]. 
1. A pouring-out, especially the pouring-out 
of blood or serum into the cellular tissues 
or the serous cavities. 2. The effused fluid. 
E., Pericardial, an effusion into the peri- 
cardium. For signs of, see Auenbrugger, 
Ewart, Rotch, Roth, Sansom, and Sibson. E., 
Pleural, an effusion into the pleura. For 
signs of, see Baccelli, Kellock, Litten, de 
Mussey, Pitres, Sieur, Skoda, and Williatns. 

Egagropilus (e-gag-rop'-il-us) [alfajpoc, a goat; 
TzlXog, felt]. An intestinal concretion formed 
of hair. 

Egesta ie-jes' -tali) [egerere, to cast out]. 
The discharges of the bowels or other ex- 
cretory organs. 

Egg (eg). See Ovum. E. -albumen, albumen, 
white of egg, constituting about 60 % of the 
egg of the domestic fowl. 

Egols {e-golz'). Compounds of mercury with 
parasulfonic acid and a phenol. They are 
red-brown powders, soluble and emetic. 

Egophony (e-gof -o-ne) [a??, a wild goat; 
(frcovrj, the voice]. A modification of bronch- 
ophony, in which the voice has a bleating 
character, like that of a kid. It is heard in 
pleurisy with slight effusion. 

Egyptian Chlorosis (e-jip'-shun). See Anky- 
lostomiasis. E. Ophthalmia. See Tra- 
choma. 

Ehrenritter's Ganglion. The jugular gan- 
glion. 

Ehret's Paralysis. A traumatic neurosis 
following injury to the inner side of the foot 
or ankle, consisting in spasmodic contracture 
of the muscles which raise the inner border 
of the foot and functional paralysis of the 
peroneal muscles. 

Ehrlich's Method. The use of a saturated 
solution of anilin in water, as a mordant for 
better fixing the anilin dyes used in staining 
bacteria. E.'s Method for the Fixation 
of Blood-films, consists in boiling the 
specimen for one minute in a test-tube 
containing absolute alcohol. E.'s Re- 
action, the treatment of the urine with 
diazobenzosulfuric acid produces a deep-red 
color that is due to a combination of the 
reagent with an aromatic amido-compound 
foun'd in the urine in typhoid fever and 
pneumonia; frequently also in pleurisy, 



measles, tuberculosis, erysipelas, and peri- 
tonitis. To produce this reaction, equal parts 
of the reagent and urine are mixed and about 
one-eighth of their total volume of ammonia 
is added. The reagent consists of two solu- 
tions: (1) Sulfanilic acid, 1 Gm.; hydro- 
chloric acid, 10 Cc; distilled water, 200 Cc. 
(2) Sodium nitrate, 0.5 Gm.; distilled 
water, 100 Cc. E.'s Side-chain Theory. 
See Lateral-chain Theory of Ehrlich. E.'s 
Solution, a solution of a basic anilin dye 
in anilin oil and water. E.'s Theory of 
the Origin of Leukocytes. See Leukocytes, 
Ehrlich's TJieory Concerning. 

Eichhorst's Corpuscles. Small, spheric 
blood-corpuscles found in pernicious anemia 
and formerly regarded as characteristic of 
this disease. E.'s Neuritis, a form of neuritis 
in which the morbid process involves both 
the nerve-sheath and the interstitial tissue of 
the muscles. Syn., Neuritis jascians. E.'s 
Type of Progressive Muscular Atrophy, 
the femorotibial type. 

Eichstedt's Disease. Pityriasis versicolor. 

Eigon (i'-gon). A compound of iodin and 
albumin used as a substitute for iodin. 
a-Eigon, albumin-iodatum, a brown powder, 
odorless and tasteless; contains 20% of iodin; 
soluble in alkalis and acids; insoluble in 
water. a-Eigon-sodium, sodium iodoalbum- 
inatum, a white, odorless, nearly tasteless 
powder containing 15 % of iodin. /?-Eigon, 
peptone iodate, a yellow powder, odorless 
and tasteless; contains 15% of iodin. It 
is recommended as a substitute for iodin 
when there is digestive weakness. Dose 
45-150 gr. (3-10 Gm.) daily, a- and /?-eigons 
are also used as dusting-powders. 

Eijkman's Test for Phenol. Add to the 
phenol solution a few drops of an alcoholic 
solution of nitrous acid, ethyl ether, and an 
equal amount of concentrated sulfuric acid. 
A red coloration is produced. 

Eikonogen (i-kon'-o-jen), NH 2 C 10 H 5 (OH) . SO s - 
Na + 2p! 2 0. The sodium salt of amido- 
betanaphthol-/9-monosulfonic acid; a white 
powder, soluble in water; it is used in 
photography. See also Developer. 

Eiloid (i'-loid) [s'iXsiv, to coil; dooc, form]. 
Having a coiled structure, as an eiloid tumor. 

Eiselt's Reaction for Melanin in Urine. 
Concentrated nitric acid, sulfuric acid, 
potassium dichromate, or other oxidizing 
agents render urine containing melanin dark 
colored. 

Eitelberg's Test. If a large tuning-fork is 
held at intervals before the ear during 15 
or 20 minutes, the duration of the perception 
of the vibration, during these periods, in- 
creases in case the ear is normal, but de- 
creases when a lesion of the sound-conducting 
apparatus exists. 

Ejaculation (e-jak-u-la 1 '-shun) [ejaculatio, a 
throwing out]. The ejection of the semen. 

Ejaculatory (e-jak'-u-la-tor-e) [ejaculation]. 
Throwing or casting out. E. Duct. See 
Duct, Ejaculatory. 



EJECTA 



374 



ELBOW 



Ejecta (e-jek'-tah) [L., pi. of ejectum]. Things 
or materials cast out; excretions or excremen- 
titious matters. 

Ejection {e-jek' -shun) [ejectio, a casting out]. 
The casting out of excretions or of excre- 
mentitious matters; that which is cast out. 

Ekaiodoform {ek-ah-i-o'-do-form). A com- 
bination of iodoform and 0.5 % of para- 
formaldehyd. It is used as a dressing for 
wounds. 

Ektogan (ek'-to-gan). The commercial name 
for zinc peroxid; it is used externally. 

Ekzemin (ek' -ze-min) . An ointment consist- 
ing of precipitated sulfur with coloring- 
matter and perfume. 

Elacin (el'-a-sin). Basophil elastin. 

Elastic, (e-las' -tiK) [iXauvecv, to urge forward]. 
Returning to the original form after being 
stretched or compressed. E. Bandage, a 
rubber bandage exerting continuous compres- 
sion of a part. E. Stocking, a rubber stock- 
ing exerting continuous pressure. E. Tissue, 
a variety of connective tissue composed of 
yellow elastic fibers. 

Elastica {e-las' -tik-ah) . The official name for 
rubber. See Caoutchouc. 

Elasticin (el-as' -tis-in) . See Elastin. 

Elastin {e-las' -tin) [see Elastic]. An albuminoid 
substance forming the basis of elastic tissue. 

Elastometer (e-las-tom' ' -et-er) [elastic; fihpov, 
a measure]. An apparatus for determining 
the elasticity of tissues . 

Elaterin, Elaterinum (el-at'-er-in, el-at-er-i'- 
num) [elaterium], C^HggOs. A neutral prin- 
ciple obtained from Ecballium elaterium. It 
is a powerful hydragog cathartic. Dose ■£$ 
gr. (0.0032 Gm.). E., Powder of, Com- 
pound, contains elaterin, 1; sugar of milk, 
39 parts. Dose J-5 gr. (0.032-0.32 Gm.). 
E., Trituration of (trituratio elaterini, U. S. 
P.), elaterin, 10; sugar of milk, 90 parts; 
thoroughly mixed. Dose 5-f gr. (0.032-0.04 
Gm.). 

Elaterium (el-at-e f -re-um) [iXaryptoc, driving 
away]. The dried sediment from the juice 
of the squirting cucumber, Ecballium elate- 
rium. It is a powerful hydragog cathartic. 
Dose I gr. (0.008 Gm.). 

Elaterometer (e-lat-er-om' -et-er) [iXarrjp, a 
driver; \ikrpov, a. measure]. An apparatus 
for determining the elasticity of gases. 

Elatin (el-at'-in). See Elaterin. 

Elayl (el'-al). See Ethylene. 

Elbow (el' -bo) [AS., elboga]. The region 
corresponding to the junction of the arm and 
forearm; the bend of the arm. E.-jerk, 
one of the reflexes. 

Elder (el'-der). See Sambucus. 

Elecampane (el-e-kam' -pan) . See Inula. 

Elective (e-lek'-tiv) [eligere, to choose]. Op- 
tional; in chemistry, having a preference. 

Electric (e-lek' -trik) [electricity]. Having the 
nature of or produced by electricity. E. 
Chorea. See Dubinins Disease. E. -light 
Treatment, the therapeutic application of 
electric light by means of cabinets in which 
the patient sits with the light directed upon 




Section of Elbow. — {From Braune.) 

Biceps. 2. Brachialis anticus. 3. Musculospiral 
nerve. 4. Supinator longus. 5. Supinator brevis. 
6. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 7. Extensor carpi 
ulnaris. 8. Triceps. 




Ligaments of the Elbow from the Inner Side. — 
(From Sappey.) 

1. Anterior ligament. 2. Internal condyle. 3. Head of 
radius covered by orbicular ligament. 4. Internal 
lateral ligament. 6. Olecranon. 




Ligaments of the Elbow from the Outer Side. — 
(From Sappey.) 

1. External condyle of humerus. 2. Orbicular ligament 
covering head of radius. 3. External lateral ligament. 
4. Interosseous membrane. 5. Olecranon. 6. Ob- 
lique ligament. 



ELECTRICITY 



375 



ELECTROLEPSY 



the affected part. It is used in rheumatism, 
neuralgia, etc. 

Electricity ie-lek-tris' -it-e) [^XeKtpov, amber]. 
One of the forces of nature developed or gen- 
erated by chemism, magnetism, or friction. 
E., Chemic. See E., Galvanic. E., Far- 
adic, that produced by induction. E., 
Franklinic, frictional or static electricity. 
E., Frictional, that produced by friction. 
E., Galvanic, that which is generated by 
chemic action in a galvanic cell. E., In- 
ductive, that produced in a body by prox- 
imity to an electrified body, E., Magnetic, 
that developed by bringing a conductor near 
the poles of a magnet. E., Static, frictional 
electricity. E., Voltaic, galvanic or chemic 
electricity. 

Electrification {e-lek-trif-ik-a f -shun) . See Elec- 
trization. 

Electrify {e-lek'-trif-i) [electric; facere, to 
make]. To make electric. 

Electrization {e-lek-triz-a' -shun) {electric- 
ity]. The application of electricity to the 
body. E., Intragastric, electrotherapy prac- 
tised by the introduction of an electrode into 
the stomach. Cf . Electrode, Deglutable. 

Electro- (e-lek-tro-) [electricity]. A prefix denot- 
ing connection with or relation to electricity. 

Electroanesthesia (e-lek-tro-an-es-the' -ze-ah) 
[electro-; dvacadr)a'ca, want of feeling], i. In- 
ability to perceive the sensation made by elec- 
tricity upon the skin. 2. Local anesthesia in- 
duced by the introduction of anesthetizing sub- 
stances into the tissues by means of the electric 
current without injury to the skin. It is called 
the cataphoretic method. 

Electrobiology {e-lek-tro-bi-oV -o-je) [electro-; bi- 
ology]. 1. The science of the electric relations 
and laws of organic beings. 2 . A modern term 
for mesmerism or hypnotism. 

Electrobioscopy (e-lek-tro-bi-os'-ko-pe) [elec- 
tro-; ft toe, hfe; okotzsIv, to view]. The test 
of the existence of life by means of electricity. 

Electrocapillarity {e-lek-tro-kap-il-ar'-it-e). See 
Action, Electrocapillary . 

Electro cardiagram (e-lek-tro-kar 1 ' -de-ah-gram) 
[electro-; Kapd'ca, heart; ypapLfia, a writing]. 
A registration of electromotive variations in 
heart -action. 

Electrocautery (e - lek - tro - kaw r - ter - e) . See 
Galvanocautery . 

Electrochemistry (e - lek - tro - kern' - is - tre) 
[electro-; yT}\is.ia, chemistry]. The science 
treating of the chemic changes produced by 
electricity. 

Electroconductivity {e-lek-tro-kon-duk-tiv' - 
it-e). Capability for transmitting electricity. 

Electrode (e-lek' -trod) [electro-; dobc, a 
way]. The pieces of metal or other sub- 
stance fastened to the conducting cords of a 
battery through which electricity is applied 
to the body. E., Alleman's, a device for 
the application of electricity to cause absorp- 
tion of corneal opacities. E., Colon (Pen- 
nington's), an appliance for hydroelectric 
applications to the colon. It is a perforated 
hollow carbon electrode connected with the 



conducting cord by means of a spiral wire 
passing through and surrounded by a soft 
colon tube, through which the colon may be 
flushed with warm water or saline solution. 
E., Deglutable, an electrode suitable to 
be passed into the stomach for intra- 
gastric electrization. E., Dispersing. See 
E., Indifferent. E., Exciting, in electro- 
therapy, the small electrode used in nerve- 
and muscle-stimulation, immediately over or 
near the nerve to be examined. Syn., 
Localizing electrode. Cf. E., Indifferent. 
E., Exciting, Erb's, a bundle of 400 metal 
threads separated from one another by 
insulation and tightly incased in a hard-rubber 
tube; employed in electrotherapy. E., 
Indifferent, the large electrode used in 
nerve and muscle stimulation at a distance 
from the nerve to be examined. Syn., Dis- 
persing electrode. Cf. E., Exciting. E., Lo- 
calizing. See E., Exciting. 

Electrodiagnosis (e - lek - tro - di -ag- no'- sis) 
[electro-; diagnosis]. Diagnosis by examining 
the reaction of the excitable tissues of the body 
by means of electric currents. 

Electrodiaphane {e-lek-tro -di 1 '-af-an) [electro-; 
dta<jiacv£.cv, to show through]. An apparatus 
for illumination of the stomach. Cf. Dia- 
phanoscope. 

Electrodiaphany (e-lek-tro-di-af'-an-e). See 
Diaphanoscopy and Transillumination. 

Electrodynamics, Electrodynamism (e-lek- 
tro-di-nam'-iks, -din' -am-izm) [electro-; dyna- 
mic]. The science of the reciprocal action of 
electric currents. 

Electrodynamometer {e-lek-tro-di-nam-om' -et- 
er) [electro-; dynamometer]. An instrument 
for measuring the strength of electric currents. 

Electroendoscopy (e-lek-tro-end-os' -ko-pe). See 
Diaphanoscopy and Transillumination. 

Electrogram (e-lek'-tro-gram) [electro-; ypafifia, 
a writing]. A skiagram. 

Electrograph (e-lek'-tro-graf). See Skiagraph. 

Electrography {e-lek-trog'-raf-e). 1. Skiagra- 
phy. 2. Electrology. 

Electrohemostasis ie-lek-tro-hem-os' -ta-sis) 
[ehctro-; hemostasis]. Arrest of hemorrhage 
in a tissue or vessel by grasping it with a for- 
ceps, in the jaws of which heat is generated by 
an electric current, causing desiccation of the 
tissue and union of the arteries. 

Electrokatalysis (e-lek-tro-kat-aV '-is-is) [elec- 
tro-; katalysis]. The action of the galvanic 
current upon the trophic processes in the 
nervous system, upon the contraction of the 
vessels, the movement of the lymph in the 
lymphatics, etc., through which a resorbent 
effect is produced by means of exudation, 
infiltration, new-formation, etc. 

Electrokinetic (e-lek-tro-kin-et'-ik). Electro- 
motive. 

Electrokinetics {e-lek-tro-kin-ct'-iks) [electro-; 
Ktvtlv, to move]. 1 . The science of galvanism. 
2. The science of electricity as applied to 
mechanic motion. 

Electrolepsy {e-lek'-tro-lep-se) [electro-; epi- 
lepsy]. Electric chorea. 



ELECTROLIZER 



376 



ELEPHANTIASIS 



Electrolizer (e-lek' -tro-li-zer) . An instrument 
for removing strictures by electricity. 

Electrology {e-lek-trol'-o-je) [electro-; Xbyoc, 
science]. That branch of physics treating of 
the laws and phenomena of electricity. 

Electrolysis (e-lek-troV -is-is) [electro-; Xuocc, 
solution]. The dissolution of a chemic 
compound by an electric current. E., Cup- 
ric, electrolysis in which a bulb of chemi- 
cally pure copper is applied directly to the 
diseased area; the copper oxychlorid gener- 
ated acts as a germicide. 

Electrolyte (e-lek' -tro -lit) [see Electrolysis]. A 
substance decomposed by an electric current. 

Electrolytic (e-lek-tro-lit'-ik) [see' Electrolysis]. 
Relating to electrolysis. 

Electro lyzer (e-lek' -tro-li-zer). See Electrolizer. 

Electromagnet (e-lek-tro-mag' -net) [electro-; 
magnet]. A mass of soft iron surrounded by 
a coil of wire. A current passing through the 
wire will make the iron core magnetic. 

Electromassage (e-lek-tro-mas-azh') [electro-; 
massage]. The transmission of a current of 
electricity through a kneading instrument. 

Electromedication (e-lek-tro-med-ik-a' -shun) . 
The introduction of medicaments into the 
system by electric means. 

Electrometer (e-lek -trom'-et-er) [electro-; fiir- 
pov, a measure]. An instrument for measur- 
ing electric force. 

Electrometry (e-lek-trom' '-et-re) [see Electrom- 
eter]. The measurement of electricity. 

Electromotive (e-lek-tro-mo'-tiv). i. Pertain- 
ing to or producing electric action. 2. Pro- 
ducing electricity. E. Force, the force that 
produces an electric current. Abbreviated 
E. M. F. 

Electron (e-lek 1 '-tron) [r/XeKrpov, amber], 1. 
Amber. 2. Any medium conducting or ex- 
citing electricity. 

Electronegative (e-lek- tro-neg'-a-tiv) [electro-; 
negare, to deny]. Pertaining to the electric 
condition found at the negative pole of a bat- 
tery. 

ElectroneurOtone (e-lek-tro-nu 1 '-ro-ton) [elec- 
tro-; veopov, a nerve; xbvoc, tone]. An appa- 
ratus for applying massage by electricity. 

Electropathology (e-lek-tro-path-ol'-o-je) [elec- 
tro-; pathology]. The study of morbid condi- 
tions by the aid of electric irritation. 

Electrophotography (e-lek-tro-}o-tog' -raf-e) . 
Same as Skiagraphy. 

Electrophototherapy (e-lek-tro-fo-to-ther'-ap-e) 
[electro-; phototherapy]. Therapeutic treat- 
ment by means of electric light. 

Electrophysiology (e-lek-tro-fis-e-ol'-o-je) [elec- 
tro-; physiology]. The study of electric reac- 
tions, properties, and relations of organs and 
organic tissues. 

Electropositive (e-lek-tro-pos' -it-iv) [electro-; 
ponere, to place]. Pertaining to the electric 
state that exists at the positive pole of a bat- 
tery. 

Electropuncture (e-lek-tro-pung'-tur) [electro-; 
pungere, to prick]. The use of needles as 
electrodes, which are thrust into an organ or a 
tumor. 



Electroscope [e-lek' -tro-skop) [electro-; oko- 
tzz'cv, to view]. An instrument for detecting 
the presence of static electricity and deter- 
mining whether it is positive or negative. 

Electrosensibility (e-lek-tro-sen-si-bil'-it-e) . 
The irritability of a sensory nerve to electricity. 

Electrostatics (e-lek-tro-stat'-iks) [electro-; 
ozaxcKoc, causing to stand]. The science of 
static electricity, or that developed by friction. 

Electrosynthesis (e-lek-tro-sin' -the-s'is) [elec- 
tro-; synthesis]. Chemic combination by 
means of electricity. 

Electrotherapeutics (e-lek-tro-ther-ap-u r -tiks). 
[electro-; Oepaneca, treatment]. The science 
and art of the application of electricity for 
therapeutic purposes. 

Electrotherapy (e-lek-tro-ther'-ap-e). See Elec- 
trotherapeutics. 

Electro therm (e - lek' - tro - therm) [electro-; 
OepiiTj, heat]. An apparatus for relieving pain 
by the application of electricity to the skin. 

Electrothermal (e-lek-tro-iherm'-al). Pertain- 
ing to heat and electricity or to heat generated 
by electricity. 

Electrotonus (e-lek-trot' -o-nus) [electro-; xbvog, 
tension]. The change of condition in a nerve 
during the passage of a current of electricity. 
See Anelectrotonus and Katelectrotonus. 

Electrozone (e-lek' -tro-zon). The proprietary 
name for a disinfectant fluid produced by the 
electrolysis of sea-water. 

Electuary {e-lek' -tu-ar-e) [electuarium, an elec- 
tuary]. A soft or pasty mass, consisting of a 
medicinal substance, with sugar, honey, water, 
etc. 

Eleidin (e-le'-id-in) [kXa'ca, olive-oil]. A material 
occurring in the form of granules in the 
stratum granulosum of the epidermis. 

Element (el'-e-ment) [elementum, a first prin- 
ciple]. Any one of the ultimate parts of which 
anything is composed, as the cellular elements 
of a tissue. In chemistry, a body that cannot 
be decomposed into simpler substances. 
The recognized elements now number about 
80. See Elements, Table of Chemic, on p. 377. 

Elementary (el-e-men' -ta-re) [element]. Per- 
taining to or having the characters of an 
element. 

Elemi (el'-em-e) [Ar.]. A resinous exudation 
probably derived from the Canarium commune, 
although its botanic source is still undeter- 
mined. It contains a crystalline resin, 
elemin or amyrin. Its action is similar to that 
of the turpentines. E.,Unguentum (B.P.), 
elemi and simple ointment; it is used as an 
application to indolent sores and boils. 

Eleomyenchysis (el-e-o-mi-en' -ke-sis) [eXacov, 
oil; fiuc, muscle; eVj^v, to pour in], 1. The 
intramuscular injection and congelation of 
oils in treatment of chronic local spasm. 2. 
Surgical prosthesis by injection of paraffin. 

Elephantiasis (el-ef-an-ti'-as-is) [iXecbac, an 
elephant]. A chronic affection of the cuta- 
neous and subcutaneous tissues, due to 
obstruction of lymph-vessels, and character- 
ized by enormous thickening of the affected 
parts. The disease occurs in successive at- 



ELEMENTS 



377 



ELEMENTS 



TABLE OF CHEMIC ELEMENTS. 

Arranged alphabetically from Funk and WagnalVs Standard Dictionary [copyright]. - 
(Published by permission.) 



Name. 



hi 

o 

I 


a a 


Al 


26.9 


Sb 


"9-3 


Ar 
As 


39-6 
744 


Ba 


136.4 


Be 
Bi 


206.9 


B 


10.9 


Br 


79-36 


Cd 


111.6 


Ca 


39-8 


C 


11.91 


Ce 


139.2 


Cs 


I3I-9 


CI 


35-i8 


Cr 


5i-7 


Co 
Cb 


58.56 
93-3 


Cu 


63.1 


Di 

Er 


164.8 


F 


18.9 


Gd 


155 


Ga 
Ge 


695 
7-9 


Gl 


9-°3 


Au 


*95-7 


He 


4 


H 


1. 000 


In 
I 


113.1 
125.90 


Ir 
Fe 


I9I-5 
55-5 


Kr 
La 


81.2 
137-9 


Pb 


205.35 



fe H 



g 60 

IIS 



Where and how 
Found. 



Aluminium 

Antimony (stibium) . . 

Argentum. See Silver. 

Argon 

Arsenic 

Aurum. See Gold. 

Barium 

Beryllium. See Glucin- 

um. 
Bismuth 

Boron 

Bromin 

Cadmium 

Calcium 

Carbon 

Cerium 

Cesium 

Chlorin 

Chromium 



Cobalt 

Columbium (niobium) 

Copper (cuprum) . . . 
Coroni\im(hypothetical) 
Didymium. See Pra- 
seodymium. 
Erbium 



Ferrum. 
Fluorin 



See Iron. 



Gadolinium 



Gallium 
Germanium 



Glucinum (beryllium) . 
Gold (aurum) . . . . 



Helium 



Hydrargyrum. See 
Mercury. ' 

Hydrogen 

Indium 

Iodin 



Iridium 

Iron (ferrum) . . . . 

Kalium. See Potas- 
sium. 

Krypton 

Lanthanum 



2.58 
6-7 



i-5t 
5-7i 



9.8 
2.6 

3-19 
8.65 
1. 6-1 .8 
3-521 
6 
1 



33t 
3 



8,96 
Above 7 



8.9 



Lead (plumbum) . 



5-95 
5-47 

1.85 

19-3 



0.025! 

7-4 

4-95 

22.4 



6.1 
n.36 



627°C. (n6o°F.). 
432 C. (8o8°F.). 



— i28.6°C. (23i.4°F.). 
Ab't500°C. (932°F.). 



Above redness. 

268 C. (517 F.). 
Very high. 
— 7.2°C. (— 20°F.). 
2 3 i°C. (6o 9 °F.). 
Bright redness. 
Infusible. 
Below silver. 
26. 5 °C. (8o°F.). 
-75-6° C. (-103° F.). 
Above platinum. 
i 5 oo°C. (2 7 32°F.). 



1054 C. (1931 F.). 



30.i°C. (86° F.). 
9 oo C. (i6 5 2°F.). 

Above redness. 

io45°C. (i 9 i3°F.). 



— 200 C.f (— 328 F.). 

i 7 6°C. (348°F.). 
H4°C. (2 3 8°F.). 

i95o°C. (3542° F.). 
i6oo°C. (29i2°F.). 



1 or vii 
11 
11 

IV 

in or iv 
1 

I or vii 

II or vi 

11 or viii 

v 

1 or 11 



1 or vn 
in 



326° C. (850° F.). 



11 
1 or in 



1 
in 

I or vii 

II or iv 

11 or iv 



in 
11 or iv 



In many rocks. (The 
most abundant metal.) 

Chiefly as sulfid, and in 
various metallic ores. 

Free in the atmosphere. 

Native, as sulfid, and in 

various metallic ores. 

In barite and witherite. 



Native, as sulfid, and in 

rare minerals. 
In borax and various 

minerals. 
Mainly in sea-water and 

other natural brines. 
In small amount in zinc 

ores. 
In limestone, and. abun- 
dantly in other rocks. 
In coal, limestone, and 

all organic matter. 
In cerite and other rare 

minerals. 
In lepidolite, pollucite, 

and mineral springs. 
In common salt (NaCl) 

and other chlorids. 
Mainly in chrome-iron 

ore. 
In many metallic ores. 
In columbite and other 

rare minerals. 
Native, and in many ores. 



In rare minerals, as ga- 
dolinite, etc. 

In fluorite (CaF 2 ) and 

other minerals. 
In rare minerals, as ga- 

dolinite, etc. 
In certain zinc-blendes. 
In argyrodite, a rare 

mineral. 
In beryl and several rare 

minerals. 

free, rarely 
in various 



Generally 
combined 
ores. 

In cleveite 



and several 



other rare minerals. 



Mainly in water (H s O). 

In certain zinc ores. 

Mainly in ashes of sea- 
weeds. 

In iridosmin. 

As oxid and sulfid, and 
in nearly all rocks. 



In cerite and other rare 

minerals. 
In galena (PbS) and 

other ores. 



ELEMENTS 378 ELEMENTS 

TABLE OF CHEMIC ELEMENTS.— (Continued.) 



Name. 



Lithium . . 
Magnesium . 
Manganese . 
Masrium . . 



Mercury {hydrargy- 
rum 

Molybdenum .... 



Natrium. See Sodium. 
Neodymium 



Neon 

Nickel 

Niobium. See Colum- 

bium. 
Nitrogen 



Osmium 
Oxygen . 



Palladium 
Phosphorus 
Platinum . 



Plumbum. See Lead. 
Polonium 

Potassium (kalium) . . 

Praseodymium (did- ) 

ymium) I 

Radium 

Rhodium 



Rubidium . 
Ruthenium 
Samarium 
Scandium 
Selenium . 
Silicon . . 



Silver (argenhim\ . . 
Sodium (natrium) . . 

Stannum. See Tin. 
Stibium. See Anti- 
mony. 
Strontium 



Sulfur , 



Tantalum 



Tellurium 
Terbium . 



Thallium 



Thorium 



Li 

Mg 
Mn 

Ms 

Hg 
Mo 

Nd 

Ne 
Ni 

Nb 

N 

Os 
O 

Pd 

P 

Pt 

Po 
K 

Pr 

Ra 
Rh 

Rb 

Ru 

Sm 

Sc 

Se 

Si 



Ag 

Na 



Sr 
S 

Ta 

Te 
Tb 

Tl 
Th 



as 



6.98 
24.18 

54-6 
228 

I98-5 
95-3 

142.5 

19.9 

58.3 

13-93 
189.6 

15-88 

1057 
30-77 
193-3 

3 8'.86 

139-4 

223 

102.2 

84.8 

100. 9 

148.9 

43-8 

78.6 

28.2 

107.12 



86.94 
3I-83 

181.6 

126.6 

158.8 



230.S 



u > 



0.585 
1-75 

7.2 

I3-596 
8.6 

About 6.5 



0.38II 

22.48 

i.ng 



0.86 

About 6.5 

12. 1 

1-52 

12.26 



4-5 
2.48 



[0.5 

0.97 



2-5 
2.07 

Above 10 
6.23 

11. 19 

11.23 



55 2 < 

X H S 



i8o°C. (356° F.). 
Ab't43o°C. (8o6°F.). 
Above iron. 



— 38.8 C. (—38° F. 
Very high. 



1450° C. (2642 F.). 



Nearly infusible. 



1500 C. (2732 F.). 
44.2 C. (ii2°F.). 

1775° C. (322 5 °F.). 



62. 5 °C. (144.5° F.). 



2000° C. (3632° F.). 
3 8.5°C. (101.5° F.). 
Nearly infusible. 



217° C. (425°F.). 

Above 800° C. (1500° 
F.). 

954 C. (i75o°F.). 
95.6° C. (204° F.). 



Red heat. 
ii 4 .5°C. (235° F.). 



455° C. (851° F.). 

239-9° C (56i°F.). 
Almost infusible. 



1 

11 

11 or vii 

11 

I or 11 

II or vi 



11 or viii 

v 
11 or vii 

11 or vi 

11 or iv 

v 
11 or iv 



11 
11 or viii 

1 

11 or vii 

in 

in 

11 or vi 

IV 



Where and how- 
Found. 



11 
11 or vi 



11 or vi 
in 



In lepidolite, spodumene, 
and some rare minerals. 

In sea-water, magnesite, 
and many rocks. 

In pyrolusite and many 
other minerals. 

In bed of old river in up- 
per Egypt, in masrite. 

Native and in cinnabar 
(HgS). 

Mainly as molybdenite 
(MoS 2 ). 

In cerite and other rare 
minerals. 

In many metallic ores. 



In the atmosphere and 
organic matter. 

In iridosmin and native 
platinum. 

Free in air. (Forms one- 
half the earth's crust, 
combined.) 

Native and with platin- 
um and gold. 

In bones and in apatite 
and many minerals. 

Mainly as native plati- 
num in river-gravels. 

In pitch-blende. 

In wood-ashes and many 
rocks. 

In cerite and other rare 
minerals. 

In pitch-blende. 

With platinum and iri- 
dosmin. 

In lepidolite and some 
mineral springs. 

With platinum and iri- 
dosmin. 

In samarskite, cerite, 
and other rare minerals. 

In gadolinite and other 
rare minerals. 

Mainly in sulfur as an 
impurity. 

In quartz (SiOo). (Most 
abundant element after 
oxygen.) 

Native and in many ores. 

In common salt (NaCl) 
and many rocks. 



In celestite and stronti- 
anite. 

Native and in many 
natural sulfids and sul- 
fates. 

In tantalite and other 
rare minerals. 

In several rare minerals. 

In rare minerals, as ga- 
dolinite, etc. 

In pyrites and in flue- 
dust of sulfuric-acid 
works. 

In thorite and other rare 
minerals. 



ELEVATOR 379 

TABLE OF CHEMIC ELEMENTS. 



ELLIS' LIGAMENT 

-{Continued.) 



Name. 



►J 
o 

a 


O H . 

a « 


s 


H W 


W 


<£ 


Tu 


I69.7 


Sn 


II8.I 


Ti 


47-7 


W 


182.6 


U 


236.7 


V 


50.8 


Xe 


127 


Yb 


171,7 


Yt 


88.3 


Zn 


64.9 


Zr 


89.9 



H 

<-> > 

S < 



O £ Q 

w Q 



Where and how 
Found. 



Thulium 

Tin (st annum) . . . . 
Titanium 

Tungsten (wolfram- \ 

ium) j 

Uranium 

Vanadium 

Wolframium. See 
Tungsten. 

Xenon 

Ytterbium 

Yttrium 

Zinc (zincum) .... 

Zirconium 



7-25 



19.26 
18.69 

5-87 



233° C. (551° F.). 
Not fusible. 

Very high. 
Very high. 

In oxyhydric flame. 



iv or vi 
11 or vi 



7.12 
4-i5 



433° C. (8ii. 5 °F.). 
Above sulfur. 



In rare minerals, as 

gadolinite, etc. 
Mainly in cassiterite 

(Sn0 2 ). 
Widely diffused in rocks 

and clays, in small 

amounts. 
Mainly in wolframite 

(MnFeW0 4 ). 
In pitch-blende and other 

rare minerals. 
In vanadinite and other 

rare minerals. 



In rare minerals, as 

gadolinite, etc. 
In gadolinite and other 

rare minerals. 
In ores, as oxid, silicate, 

sulfid, and carbonate. 
In zircon and other rare 

minerals. 






*The factors in the columns of specific gravities and melting-points naturally vary with the form which the 
element takes (<?. g-., in carbon the specific gravity varies as diamond, charcoal, or lampblack is taken), but so far 
as possible the factor of the most typical form is given. 

f Of the liquid element. J Diamond. || Of the liquid at o° C. g Of the liquid at — 181 C. 






tacks accompanied by fever and by swelling 
of the affected parts, usually the lower ex- 
tremities and genital organs; it is endemic in 
certain tropical countries, and seems to be 
connected, in many cases, with the presence 
in the blood of Filaria sanguinis -hominis. 
E. ansesthetica, anesthetic leprosy. E. 
arabum. See Elephantiasis. E. asturien- 
sis, pellagra. E. congenita cystica, a state 
of malformation marked by skeletal defects, 
general anasarca, and formation of cysts 
in the subcutaneous tissue. E. dura, E. 
scirrhosa, a variety of elephantiasis marked 
by density and sclerosis of the subcutaneous 
connective tissues. E. graecorum. See 
Leprosy. E., Nevoid. See E. telangiectodes. 
E. sclerosa. See Scleroderma. E. telan- 
giectodes, elephantiasis characterized by a 
great increase in the blood-vessels. 

Elevator {el'-ev-a-tor) [elevare, to lift]. 1. The 
same as Levator. See under Muscle. 2. An 
instrument for elevating or lifting a part. 

Eliminant {e-lim' '-in-anf) [eliminare, to expel]. 
1. Promoting elimination. 2. A drug causing 
elimination. 

Elimination {e-lim-in-a' -shun) [see Eliminant]. 
The process of expelling or casting out, espe- 
cially waste-products. 

Elinguation {e-lin-gwa' -shun) [e, out; lingua, 
the tongue]. Surgical removal of the tongue. 

Elinguid {e-lin'-gwid). Tongue-tied; without 
the power of speech. 



Elixir {e-liks'-er) [Ar., el iksir, the philos- 
opher's stone]. A sweetened, aromatic, spir- 
ituous preparation, containing only a small 
amount of an active ingredient. E., Adju- 
vant {elixir adjuvans, U. S. P.), one made of 
fluidextract of glycyrrhiza and aromatic elixir. 
E., Aromatic {elixir aromaticum, U. S. P.), 
compound spirit of orange, 1.2 Cc; syrup, 37.5 
Cc; purified talc, 1.5 Gm.; deodorized alcohol, 
distilled water, each, a sufficient quantity *o 
make 100 Cc. It is used as a vehicle. E. of 
Iron, Quinin, and Strychnin Phosphates 
{elixir ferri, quinince, et strychnines phosphatum, 
U. S. P.). Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). E. of Phos- 
phorus, spirit of phosphorus, 21; oil of anise, 
0.2; glycerol, 55; aromatic elixir, a sufficient 
quantity to make 100 Cc. 

Elkoplasty {el'-ko-plas-te). See Helcoplasty. 

Elliott's Test for Sugar. Make reagents: 
(1) Copper sulfate (c. p.), 27 gr.; glycerol 
(c. p.), 3 dr.; distilled water, 2§ dr.; solution 
of potassium hydroxid, sufficient to make 4 
oz.; (2) a saturated solution of tartaric acid 
in water. Boil 1 dr. of No. 1 and add 3 
drops of No. 2 ; drop by drop add 8 drops of 
urine. 

Ellis' Ligament. That part of the recto- 
vesical fascia that extends to the side of the 
rectum. E.'s Line, the curved line followed 
by the upper border of a pleuritic effusion or 
a hydrothorax. E.'s Sign, during resorption 
of a pleuritic exudate, the upper border of 



ELLIS-DAMOISEAU'S CURVE 



380 



EMBRYOMAS 



dulness forms a curve convex toward the 
head, the highest point of which lies laterally. 

Ellis-Damoiseau's Curve. See Ellis' Sign. 

Elm. See Ulmus. 

Elongatio, Elongation (e-lon-ga'-she-o, -shun). 
i. The process of lengthening. 2. A length- 
ened condition. E. colli, pathologic length- 
ening of the cervix uteri through hypertrophy. 

Elosin (el'-o-sin). A remedy said to be a 
resinoid from the root of Chamoelirium caro- 
linianum. It is tonic, diuretic, emmenagog, 
and a vermifuge. 

Eisner's Method of Diagnosing Typhoid. 
Cultures are made from the stools, upon a 
special culture-medium composed of Holz's 
acid potato-gelatin with 1 % of potassium 
iodid. Only a few forms of bacteria will grow 
upon this medium, and among these are 
Bacterium coli and the typhoid bacillus; these 
latter are of slow growth and in 24 hours 
are scarcely visible with low power, whereas 
the coli colonies have attained considerable 
growth. After 48 hours the typhoid cultures 
appear in shining aggregations as drops of 
water with finely molded structure, and the 
coli colonies are larger, more granular, and 
brown in color. The presence of the typhoid 
bacillus can also be detected in food and 
water by this procedure. 

Elutriation (e-lu-tre-a' -shun) [elutriare, to 
wash out]. A process whereby the coarser 
particles of an insoluble substance are sepa- 
rated from the finer by decanting the fluid 
after the coarser particles have settled. 

Elytritis (el-it-ri' -tis) [IXurpov, vagina; ixtg, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the va- 
gina. 

Elytro- (el-it-ro-) . A prefix signifying relating to 
the vagina. 

Elytrocleisis, Elytroclisis (el-it-ro-kli'-sis). 
See Colpocleisis. 

Elytroplasty (el 1 ' -it-ro-plas-te) [elytro-; nXaooecv, 
to form]. A plastic operation upon the vagina. 

Elytropneumatosis (el - it -ro -nu - mat-o'-sis) 
[elytro-; nveujia, air]. A collection of air in the 
vagina. 

Elytroptosis (el-it-ro -to' -sis) [elytro-; Tzxiootc, a 
falling]. Prolapse of the vagina. 

Elytrorrhaphy (el - it - ror' - a - }e) [elytro-; 
pa(}>7), a seam]. Suture of the vaginal wall. 

Emarisio (e-man'-she-o) [L.]. A failing. E. 
mensium, delay in the first appearance of 
■the menses. 

Emballometer (em-bal-om' -et-er) [k^aXXecv, 
to throw; p.hpov, a measure]. A percussion 
instrument employed in connection with a 
stethoscope. 

Embed (em-bed'). In histology, to treat a 
tissue with some substance, as paraffin or 
celloidin, which shall give it support during 
the process of section-cutting. 

Embedding (em-bed' -in g) [embed]. The fixation 
of a tissue-specimen in a firm medium, in 
order to keep it intact during the cutting of 
thin sections. 

Embolalia (em-bo-la' -le-ah) . See Embololalia. 

Embole (em'-bo-le). See Emboly. 



Embolic (em-bol'-ik) [embolus]. Relating to or 
caused by an embolus. 

Emboliform (em-boV -if-orm) [embolus]. Re- 
sembling an embolus. 

Embolism (em' -bo-lizm) [embolus]. The obstruc- 
tion of a blood-vessel, especially an artery, by a 
fragment of matter brought from another 
point. E., Air-, obstruction of a vessel by a 
bubble of air. E., Fat-, obstruction of blood- 
vessels by globules of fat. E., Infective, em- 
bolism in which the emboli contain microor- 
ganisms and cause metastatic abscesses. E., 
Miliary, a condition in which many small 
blood-vessels are the seats of emboli. E., 
Pigment, E., Pigmental, E., Pigmentary, 
embolism due to melanemia and usually occur- 
ring in the spleen, liver, brain, or kidney. 

Embololalia (em -bo -lo -la' -le-ah) [embolus; 
XaXca, babble]. The intercalation of meaning- 
less words into the speech. 

Embolus (em'-bo-lus) [iv, in; ftaXXecv, to throw; 
pi., emboli]. A particle of fibrin or other mate- 
rial brought by the blood-current and form- 
ing an obstruction at its place of lodgment. 

Emboly (em'-bo-le) [ififtoXrj, insertion]. The 
process of invagination that gives rise to a 
gastrula from a blastosphere or vesicular 
morula. 

Embrocation (em-bro-ka' -shun) [ififtpkxetv, to 
soak in]. 1. The application, especially by 
rubbing, of a liquid to a part of the body. 2. 
The liquid so applied. 

Embryo (em'-bre-o) [iv, in; ^puscv, to swell 
with]. 1. The product of conception up to 
the fourth month of pregnancy. 2. The fer- 
tilized germ of an animal. 

Embryo cardia (em-bri-o-kar'-de-ah) [embryo; 
napo'ca, the heart]. A condition in which the 
heart-sounds resemble those of the fetus, the 
first and second sounds being almost identical. 

Embryo chemic (em-bri-o-kem'-ik) [embryo; 
%rjp.eca, chemistry]. Relating to the changes 
in the chemic distribution of nitrogen and 
phosphorus in the fertilized egg during devel- 
opment. 

Embryo ctonic, Embryoctonous (em-bri-ok- 
ton'-ik, -ok'-ton-us) [embryo; nze'ivecv, to kill]. 
Abortif acient ; relating to embryoctony. 

Embryo ctony (em-bri-ok' -to-ne) (see Embryoc- 
tonic]. The destruction of the living fetus; 
the procurement of abortion. 

Embryogenetic (em-bri-o-jen-ef -ik) [embryo; 
yevijg, producing]/ Giving rise to an embryo. 

Embryogeny (em-bri-oj'-en-e) [see Embryo- 
genetic]. That department of biology which 
deals with the development of the fecundated 
germ. 

Embryolemma (em-bri-o-lem'-ah) [embryo; 
Xi/ifia, a husk]. The special fetal membranes, 
the amnion, serolemma, etc. 

Embryology (em-bri-ol'-o-je) [embryo; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science dealing with the devel- 
opment of the embryo. 

Embryomas (em-bri-o'-mahs). A term applied 
by Wilnis to the dermoid cysts found in the 
mammalian ovary and testis, which he re- 
gards as rudimentary embryos. 



EMBRYOMETROTROPHIA 



381 



EMINENTIA 




Scheme of Human Embryo with the Visceral 
Arches still Persistent. 
A. Amnion. V. Forebrain. M. Midbrain. H. Hind- 
brain. N. After-brain. U. Primitive vertebras. a. 
Eye. p. Nasal pit. S. Frontal process, y. Internal 
nasal process, n. External nasal process, r. Superior 
maxillary process of the first visceral arch, i, 2, 3, and 
4. The four visceral arches, with the visceral clefts 
between them. o. Auditory vesicle, h. Heart, with e, 
primitive aorta, which divides into the five aortic arches. 
f. Descending aorta, om. Omphalomesenteric artery. 
b. The omphalomesenteric arteries of the umbilical 
vesicle, c. Omphalomesenteric vein. L. Liver with 
venas advehentes and revehentes. D. Intestine. f. 
Inferior cava. T. Coccyx, all. Allantois, with z, one 
umbilical artery, and x, an umbilical vein. 

Embryometrotrophia {em-bri-o-met-ro-tro'-fe- 
ah) [embryo; firjrpa, the womb; rpifecv, to 
nourish]. The nourishment of the embryo. 

Embryonate (em'-bri-o-nal) [embryo], 1. Re- 
lating to an embryo. 2. Fecundated; contain- 
ing an embryo. 

Embryonic {em-bri-on'-ik) [embryo]. Pertain- 
ing to the embryo. E. Area, an opaque circu- 
lar spot that forms on the blastoderm. E. 
Spot. See E. Area. E. Tissue, tissue in 
the undifferentiated state, consisting of small, 
round cells. 

Embryoplastic {em-bri-o-plas'-tik) [embryo; 
■jtXaooecv, to form]. Participating in the 
formation of the embryo; it is said of cells. 

Embryoscope {em'-bri-o-skop) [embryo; okotzzIv, 
to examine]. An appliance by means of 
which the course of development of the 
embryo in eggs with shells may be ob- 
served. 

Embryospastic {em-bri-o-spas'-tik) [embryo; 
OTtav, to draw]. Relating to fetal extraction 
with an instrument. 

Embryotome {em' -bri-o-tom) [embryo; to/ztj, 
section]. An instrument for performing em- 
bryotomy. 

Embryotomy {em-bri-of -o-me) [see Embryo- 
tome]. The cutting up of the fetus in the 
uterus for the purpose of reducing its size. 



Emesis (em'-es-is) [i/xkiv, to vomit]. Vom- 
iting. 

Emetic {e-met'-ik) [see Ernests]. 1. Having the 
power to induce vomiting. 2. An agent caus- 
ing emesis. E., Direct, E., Mechanic, one 
acting directly on the nerves of the stomach. 
E., Indirect, E., Systemic, one acting 
through the blood upon the vomiting center. 

Emetin {em'-et-in). 1. See Ipecacuanha. 2. 
A resinoid from ipecac-root; it is emetic, 
diaphoretic, and expectorant. Emetic dose 
\~\ g r - (0.008-0.016 Gm.); expectorant, 
lo-p g r - (0.001-0.002 Gm.). 

Emetism {em'-et-izm) [see Emesis]. Poison- 
ing from undue use of ipecac, manifested 
by acute inflammation of the pylorus, at- 
tended with hyperemesis and diarrhea and 
in some instances with paroxysms of coughing 
and asthmatic suffocation. 

Emetized {em' -et-izd) . 1. Prepared with tartar 
emetic. 2. Nauseated. 

Emetocathartic {em-et-o-kath-ar'-tik) [emesis; 
cathartic]. Having power to induce vomiting 
and purgation. 

Eminence {em h -in-ens) [eminentia, an emi- 
nence]. A projecting, prominent part of an 
organ, especially of a bone. E., Arcuate, 
a round protuberance on the upper aspect 
of the petrosa, marking the location of the 
superior semicircular canal. Syn., Jugum 
petrosum. E., Articular, the projection upon 
the zygomatic process which marks the ante- 
rior boundary of the glenoid fossa. E., Audi- 
tory. See Auditory Eminence. E., Canine. 
See Canine Eminence. E., Collateral, a pro- 
jection in the lateral ventricle of the brain be- 
tween the middle and posterior horns. E. of 
Doyfcre. See Doyere's Eminence. E., Frontal, 
the two eminences of the frontal bone' above the 
superciliary ridges. E., Iliopectinealj a 
ridge on the upper surface of the pubic bone. 
E., Median, the anterior pyramids. E., 
Nasal, the prominence above the root of 
the nose, between the superciliary ridges. 
E., Occipital, i. The ridge in the paracele 
corresponding to the occipital fissure, distinct 
in the fetus. 2. See Occipital Protuberance, 
External. E., Parietal, the eminence of 
the parietal bone. E., Posterior Portal, the 
caudate lobe of the liver. E. of the Scapha, 
one on the dorsal aspect of the external ear 
corresponding to the scapha. E., Supra- 
condylar, that formed by the internal or 
external epicondyles. E., Thenar, the emi- 
nence on the palm at the base of the thumb. 

Eminentia {em-in-en' -she-ali) [L.]. An emi- 
nence. E. acustica, the auditory eminence. 
E. caudata, an isthmus connecting the 
spigelian lobe with the under surface of 
the right lobe of the liver. E. collateralis. 
See Eminence, Collateral. E. cuneatus, 
a slight swelling of the internal funicle near 
the eminence of the clava; it contains the 
internal cuneate nucleus. E. gracilis. See 
Pyramid, Posterior. E. hepatis caudata, 
E. hepatis longitudinalis, E. hepatis 
radiata, the lobus caudata, the spigelian lobe 



EMISSARY 



382 



EMULSIVE 



of the liver. Eminentiae longitudinales. 
See E. caudata. E. mandibularis, a bony 
protuberance of the inner surface of the skull, 
beneath the fossa mandibularis. 

Emissary (em'-is-a-re) [emittere, to send forth]. 
i. An outlet. 2. Furnishing an outlet. E. 
Veins, small veins piercing the skull and 
conveying blood outward. 

Emmenagog, Emmenagogue (em-en' -ag-og) 
\efilirjva, the menses; dycoyoc, leading], 1. 
Stimulating the menstrual flow. 2. An agent 
that stimulates the menstrual flow. E., 
Direct, one acting directly on the generative 
organs. E., Indirect, one acting by relieving 
an underlying condition, as anemia, consti- 
pation, etc. 

Emmet's Operation. Trachelorrhaphy; su- 
turing of the neck of the womb. 

Emmetropia (em-et-ro'-pe-ah) [iv, in; pterpov, 
a measure; axp, the eye]. Normal or perfect 
vision. The state of an eye in which, when 
accommodation is suspended, parallel rays of 
light are brought to a focus upon the retina. 

Emmetropic (em-et-rop'-ik) [see Emmetropia]. 
Characterized by emmetropia.. 

Emol (e'-mol) [emollire, to soften]. A fine 
powder composed of talc, silica, alumin- 
ium, and a trace of lime, miscible with 
water, and used as paste in the treatment of 
various forms of hyperkeratosis. 

Emollient (e-mol'-yent) [see Emol]. 1. Soften- 
ing; relaxing; soothing. 2. A substance used 
by external application to soften the skin; or, 
internally, to soothe an irritated or inflamed 
surface. 

Emotional (e-mo'-shun-al) [emovere, to move 
out]. Pertaining to the emotions. E. In- 
sanity, insanity characterized by exaggera- 
tion of the emotions or feelings. 

Emphysatherapy (em - fiz - ah - ther' - ap - e) 
[ifufiuoav, to inflate; therapy]. The therapeu- 
tic injection of gas into a body -cavity. 

Emphysema (em-fiz-e' -mah) [ifufruoav, to inflate]. 
A condition in which there is air or gas in 
normally airless tissues or an excess of air 
in tissues normally containing a certain 
quantity of it. E., Atrophic, senile emphy- 
sema of the lung, characterized by a diminu- 
tion in the size of the lung. E., Compensa- 
tory, E., Complementary, E., Essential, 
pulmonary emphysema due to defective ex- 
pansion of some other area of the lung 
in consequence of which the affected alveoli 
have assumed the function of a number of 
others and give way under the pressure. 
E., Cutaneous, the presence of air or gas 
in the connective tissues beneath the skin, 
usually of the face. E., Gangrenous. See 
■ Edema, Malignant. E., Hypertrophic. See 
E., Pulmonary. E., Interstitial, the presence 
of gas in the connective tissue of a part, 
particularly in the connective tissue of the 
lung. E., Pulmonary, a condition of the 
lungs characterized by a permanent dilation 
of the alveoli with atrophy of the alveolar 
walls and the blood-vessels, resulting in a 
loss of the normal elasticity of the lung 



tissue. It is associated with dyspnea, with 
hacking cough and defective aeration of the 
blood. The chest becomes round or barrel- 
shaped, the right side of the heart hyper- 
trophies, the abdominal viscera are displaced 
downward. The causes are a lessened re- 
sistance on the part of the lung, which may 
be inherited or acquired, and a distending 
force, which is usually expiratory in character, 
and consists in chronic cough, the blowing 
of wind-instruments, or other labor throwing 
a strain on the respiratory function. E., 
Subcutaneous. See E., Cutaneous. E., Sub- 
stantial. Synonym of E., Pulmonary. E., 
Vesicular, that due to dilation of the air- 
vesicles. 

Empiric (em-pir'-ik) [kjxnetpcKoc, experienced]. 
1. Based on practical observation and not 
on scientific reasoning. 2. One who in 
practising medicine relies solely on experience 
and hot on scientific reasoning; a quacks 

Empis' "Granulie." Acute miliary tubercu- 
losis of the lungs. 

Emplastic (em-plas' '-tik) \ep.7z\aoTCKbc, clogging]. 
1. Suitable for a plaster. 2. A constipating 
medicine. 

Emplastration (em-plas -tra! -shun) [emplas- 
trum]. The act of applying a plaster. 

Emplastrum (em-plas' -trum) [L.]. A plaster 
(q. v.). 

Empodistic (em-pod-is' -tik) [i/modt^ecv, to 
hinder]. 1. Checking; preventing. 2. A 
preventive remedy. 

Emprosthotonos (em-pros-thot'-o-nos) \e/i- 
npoodev, forward; zovog, tension]. Tonic mus- 
cular spasm in which the body is bent forward. 

Emprosthozygosis (em - pros - tho - zi - go'- sis) 
[epxpooOev, forward; ^uyouv, to join]. The 
condition of conjoined twins in which the 
fusion is anterior. 

Empusa (em-poo' -zah) \lp.nouaa, a hobgoblin], 
A genus of fungi parasitic on living insects 
and causing their death. 

Empyema (em-pi-e'-mah) [iv, in; nbov, pus]. 
Pus in a cavity, especially in the pleural 
cavity. E. necessitatis, an empyema in 
which the pus burrows between the inter- 
costal spaces and appears as a subcutaneous 
tumor. E., Pulsating, one that transmits 
the pulsations of the heart to the chest-wall. 

Empyreuma (em-pi-ru'-mah) [ep-TiOpeufia, a 
heating; a burnt flavor]. The odor developed 
in organic matter by destructive distillation. 

Emulsify (e-mul'-se-fi) [see Emulsion]. To 
make into an emulsion. 

Emulsin (e-mul'-sin) [see Emulsion], A pro- 
teid ferment contained in bitter almonds. It 
aids in emulsifying almond oil, and, by its 
action on amygdalin, liberates hydrocyanic 
acid. 

Emulsion (e-muV -shun) [emulsum, an emul- 
sion], A preparation consisting of a liquid, 
usually water, containing an insoluble sub- 
stance in suspension. 

Emulsive (e-mul'-siv) [see Emulsion]. 1 . Form- 
ing or readily entering into an emulsion. 2, 
Affording oil on pressure, as certain seeds. 



EMULSUM 



383 



ENCEPHALOMENINGITIS 



Exrmlsum {e-mul'-sum) [L.]. An emulsion. 
The following emulsions are official: E. 
amygdala, E. asafcetida, E. chloroformi, E. 
olei morrhuce, E. olei morrhuce cum hypo- 
phosphitibus, E. olei terebinthince. 

Emunctory {e - munk' - tor - e) [emungere, to 
blow the nose; to wipe out], i. Excretory; 
removing waste-products. 2. An organ that 
excretes waste-materials. 

Emundans, Emundant {e-mun'-danz, -dant) 
[emundare, to clean out]. Cleansing and 
disinfectant; applied to certain washes. 

Emundantia, Emundants {e-mun-dan' -she-ah, 
e-mun' -dants) [see Emundans]. Detergents. 

Emundation {e-mun-da' -shun) [see Emundans], 
The rectification of drugs. 

Emusculate (e-mus' '-ku-lat) [e, out; musculus, 
a muscle]. Without muscles. 

Enadelphia {en-ah-deV -fe-ah) . See Inclusion, 
Fetal. 

Enamel {en-am' -eT) [ME., enamaile]. The 
vitreous substance of the crown of the 
tooth. E. -column, E. -fiber, E. -prism, 
E.-rod, any one of the minute, six-sided 
prisms of which the enamel of a tooth is 
composed. E. -organ, the ectodermic epithe- 
lial cap or process from which the enamel 
of a tooth is developed. 

Enantesis {en-an-te' -sis) [ivavrioc, opposite]. 
The approximation of ascending and descend- 
ing blood-vessels. 

Enanthem {en-an' -them) [iv, in; avdy/jia, 
bloom]. An eruption on an internal mucous 
membrane. 

Enanthotoxin, (Enanthotoxin [e-nan-tho- 
toks'-in), C l7 H 22 5 . A poisonous resinoid 
contained in (Enanihe crocata. It acts as 
does picrotoxin in producing violent convul- 
sions. 

Enanthrope {en-an' -thr op) [iv, in; avdpcoxoc, 
man]. A source of disease originating in- 
ternally. 

Enantiobiosis {en-an-ti-o-bi-o' -sis) [ivavrhc, 
opposite; (Hoc, life]. Commensalism in 
which the associated organisms are an- 
tagonistic to each other's development. 

Enantiopathic {en-an-te-op' -ath-ik) . 1. Pal- 
liative. 2. Pertaining to enantiopathy. 

Enantiopathy {en-an-te-op' -ath-e) [ivavrhc, 
opposite; nadoc, disease]. A disease antag- 
onistic to another disease. 

Enarkyo chrome {en-ar' -ke-o-krom) [iv, in; 
apKUC, a net; ;^od) ( ua, color]. Nissl's term for 
a nerve-cell taking the stain best in the cell- 
body, the formed part of which is arranged 
in the shape of a network. 

Enarthrodial {en -ar- thro' -de -at) [enarthro- 
sis]. Having the character of an enar- 
throsis. 

Enarthrosis {en-ar -thro' '-sis) [iv, in; apdpov, a 
joint]. A ball-and-socket joint, like that of 
the hip. 

Enarthrum {en-ar' -thrum) [see Enarthrosis]. 
A foreign body lodged in a joint. 

Encanthis {en-kan' -this) [iv, in; kovQoc, 
canthus]. A newgrowth in the inner canthus 
of the eye. 



Encapsulation {en-kap-su-la' -shun) [iv, in; 
capsula, a capsule]. The process of sur- 
rounding a part with a capsule. 

Encelitis, Enccelitis {en-se-W -Us) [iv, in; 
KocX'ca, belly; czcc, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the abdominal viscera. 

Encephalalgia {en-sef-al-al'-je-ah) [encephalon; 
alyoc, pain]. Pain in the head. E. hydro- 
pica, hydrocephalus. 

Encephalanalosis {en - sef -al-an-al - 0'- sis) 
[encephalon; avaXujoic, a wasting away]. 
Cerebral atrophy. 

Encephalasthenia {en - sef -al-as- the'- ne -ah) 
[encephalon; asthenia]. Althaus' term for the 
cerebral form of neurasthenia. 

Encephalauxe {en-sef-al-awks' -e) [encephalon; 
au$7), increase]. Hypertrophy of the brain.' 

Encephaledema {en - sef - al - e - de' - mah) 
[encephalon; edema]. Edema of the brain. 

Encephalelcosis {en-sef -al- el- ko' -sis) [en- 
cephalon; helcosis]. Ulceration of the brain. 

Encephalemia {en-sef-al-e' -me-ah) . See Enceph- 
alohemia. 

Encephalic {en-sef-al' -ik) [encephalon]. Per- 
taining to the brain. 

Encephalitis {en-sef-al-i' -tis) [encephalon; txtc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the brain. 
E. neonatorum (Virchow), localized soft- 
ening consisting of numerous yellow spots sur- 
rounded by hemorrhage; these occur most 
commonly in the brains of syphilitic infants. 

Encephalo- {en-sef-al-o-) [encephalon]. A prefix 
meaning relating to the encephalon or brain. 

Encephalocele {en-sef -al-o-sel) [encephalo-; 
ktjXt), hernia]. Hernia of the brain. 




Encephalocele.— {Moullin.) 

Encephalodialysis {en -se}-al-o-di- al'-is - is) 
[encephalo-; oca, through; Xbecv, to loose]. 
Softening of the brain. 

Encephalohemia {en-sef-al-o-he' -me-ah) [en- 
cephalo-; alfia, blood]. Congestion of the 
brain. 

Encephaloid {en-sef -al-oid) [encephalo-; elooc, 
like], 1. Resembling brain tissue. 2. Soft 
carcinoma. See Carcinoma, Encephaloid. 

Encephaloma {en-sef-al-o' -mah) [encephalo-; 
op.a, tumor]. A tumor of the brain. 

Encephalomalacia {en-sef -al-o-mal-a' -she-ah) 
[encephalo-; (xaXan'ca, softening]. Softening 
of the brain-substance. 

Encephalomeningitis {en-sef '-al-o-men-in-ji'- 
tis) [encephalo-; meninges; czcc, inflamma- 
tion]. Combined inflammation of the brain 
and membranes. 



ENCEPHALOMENINGOCELE 



384 



ENDOCARDITIS 



Encephalomeningocele (en-sef -al-o-men-in 1 '- 
go-set) [encephalo-; meningocele]. Hernia" of 
the membranes and brain-substance. 

Encephalomyelitis (en - sef - al-o-mi-el-i' -tis) . 
Encephalitis combined with myelitis. 

Encephalon (en-sef -al-on) [ifKecfraXoc, brain]. 
The brain. 

Encephalopathy (en-sef -al-op' -ath-e) [encepha- 
lo-; izadoc, disease]. Any disease of the brain. 

Encephalopyosis (en-sef -al-o-pi-o' -sis) [enceph- 
alo-; pyosis]. Abscess of the brain. 

Encephalorachidian, Encephalorrhachidian 
(en-sef -al-o-ra-kid f -e-an, en-sef -al-or-ra-kid' -e- 
an). Same as Cerebrospinal. 

Encephalo scopy (en-sef -al-os'-ko-pe) [encepha- 
lo-; o/conelv, to examine]. Examination of 
the brain. 

Encephalosepsis (en-sef-al-o-sep f -sis) [en- 
- cephalo-; ofjtfxc, decay]. Gangrene of the 
tissue of the brain. 

Encephalosis (en-sef -al-o' -sis). The formation 
of an encephaloma. 

Encephalospinal (en - sef - al - o - spi' - nal) 
[encephalo-; spina, the spine]. Pertaining 
to the brain and spinal cord. 

Encephalothlipsis (en - sef - al - o - thlip' - sis) 
[encephalo-; dXecJiec, pressure]. Pressure on 
the brain. 

Enchondral (en-kon'-dral). See Endochondral. 

Enchondroma (en-kon-dro'-mali) [iv, in; 
Xovdpoc, cartilage; bpta, tumor]. A chon- 
droma. 

Enchondrosarcoma (en-kon-dro-sar-ko f -mah) . 
Sarcoma containing cartilaginous tissue. 

Enchylema (en-ki-le' -mah) [iv, in; %v%bc, 
juice]. A fluid, granular substance filling 
the interstices of the cell-body and the 
nucleus. 

Enchyma (en'-ke-mah) [ijxtev, to pour in]. 
An organic juice elaborated from chyme, 
the formative juice of tissues. 

Encolpism, Encolpismus (en-hoV '-pizm, en- 
kol-piz' -mus) [iv, in; K.6Xizo£, the vagina], i. 
A vaginal suppository. 2. Medication by 
vaginal suppositories. 

Encyesis (en-si-e' -sis) [iyKUfjoec]. Pregnancy. 

Encysted (en-sisf -ed) [kv, in; nuaxec, a cyst]. 
Inclosed in a cyst or capsule. 

End [ME., ende]. The terminal point of a 
thing. E. -artery, one that does not com- 
municate with other arteries. E.-body, 
Wassermann's term for that substance which 
kills the bacteria in the production of im- 
munity to typhoid. Cf. Body, Immune. 
E.-bud, E.-bulb, the terminal bulb of a 
nerve in the skin. E. -organ, the terminal 
part of a sensory nerve-fiber. E. -organs, 
Ruffini's, small bodies found in the skin 
where pacinian corpuscles exist; they are 
made up of the terminal arborizations of a 
nerve and a fibrous framework. E. -plate. 
1. The expanded terminal of a motor nerve 
upon a bundle of muscular fibers. 2. The 
achromatic masses at the poles of the spindle 
in karyokinesis of Protozoa. E. -plate, Mo- 
torial Nerve. See Motorial End-plate. 

Endangium (end-an' -je-um) [endo-; ayytlov, 



The intima or inmost coat of a blood- 



a-or-ti'-tis) [endo-; aorta; exec, 
Inflammation of the intima 



vessel]. 

vessel. 

Endaortitis 

inflammation]. 
of the aorta. 

Endarterial (end-ar-te' -re-al) . Within an artery. 

Endarteritis (end-ar-ter-i'-.is) [endo-; dpxrjpea, 
artery; exec, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the inner coat of an artery. E., Oblit- 
erating, arteritis obliterans, a form in which 
the production of new connective tissue oblit- 
erates the vessel-lumen. 

Endaxoneuron (en-daks-o-nu'-ron) [endo-; axo- 
neuron]. A neuron whose nerve-process does 
not leave the spinal cord; the endaxoneurons 
include the column cells and the internal 
cells. 

Endectoplastic (end -ek-to- plas f - tik) [endo-; 
kicxoc, outward; nXaaaeev, to form]. Applied 
to cells which form tissue by a metamorphosis 
of the protoplasm at both the periphery and 
the center. 

Endemic (en-dem f -ik) [iv, in; dv/ioc, a people]. 
Of a disease, found in a certain place more 
or less constantly. 

Endemoepidemic (en - dem - o - ep-e-dem' - ik) . 
Endemic, but periodically becoming epidemic. 

Endermic (en-der' -mik) [iv, in; dip/xa, the 
skin]. Situated on or applied to the true 
skin; within the skin. E. Medication, a 
method of administering medicines through 
the skin after removal of the cuticle by means 
of a blister. 

Endermosis (en-der -mo' -sis) [see Endermic]. 
1. A method of administering medicines 
through the skin by rubbing. 2. Any her- 
petic affection of a mucosa. 

Endo- (en-do-) [svoov, within], A prefix 
meaning within. 

Endoabdominal (en-do-ab-dom' -in-al) . Within 
the abdomen. 

Endoaortitis (en-do-a-or-ti' -tis) . See End- 
aortitis. 

Endoappendicitis (en-do-ap-en-dis-i'-tis) [endo-; 
appendicitis]. Inflammation of the mucosa 
of the vermiform appendix. 

Endoauscultation (en-do-aws-kul-ta f -shun) 

[endo-; auscultare, to listen to]. A method of 
auscultation by means of an esophageal tube 
passed into the stomach. 

Endoblast (en' '-do-blast) [endo-; [jXaoxoc, a 
germ]. The cell-nucleus; the internal 
blastema. 

Endoblastic (en-do-blas'-tik) [see Endoblast]. 1 . 
Having an endoblast or nucleus. 2. Pertain- 
ing to the nucleus. 

Endobronchitis (en-do-brong-ki' '-tis) [endo-; 
bronchitis]. Inflammation of the bronchial 
mucosa. 

Endocardiac, Endocardial (en-do-kar'-de-ak, 
-de-al) [endocardium]. Situated or arising 
within the heart. 

Endocarditis (en - do - kar - di r - tis) [endocar- 
dium; exec, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the endocardium or lining membrane of 
the heart. The condition may be acute 
or chronic. Acute endocarditis is either 



ENDOCARDIUM 



385 



ENDOSEPSIS 



1 



warty or ulcerative, both of these being 
microorganismal in origin. The most 
frequent causes of the acute form are 
rheumatism and the infectious fevers. 
The disease usually affects the valves of the 
left side of the heart, and gives rise to a 
murmur, to fever, dyspnea, and rapid pulse. 
In the ulcerative forms the symptoms resem- 
ble those of pyemia (hectic fever, chills, 
sweats, embolic processes). Chronic or 
sclerotic endocarditis is either a terminal 
process following the acute forms, or is a 
primary affection beginning insidiously. The 
latter is usually associated with general arte- 
riosclerosis, and is due to gout, rheumatism, 
alcoholism, syphilis, and to other obscure 
causes. Both the acute and the chronic form 
give rise to insufficiency or obstruction of the 
valvular orifice, or to both combined. 

Endocardium {en - do - kar' - de - urn) [endo-; 
Kapdca, the heart]. The serous membrane 
lining the interior of the heart. • 

Endocervicitis {en-do -ser-vis-i' -tis) [endo-; 
cervix, neck; tree, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the lining membrane of the cervix 
uteri. 

Endochondral {en-do-kon'-dral) [endo-; xovopoc, 
cartilage]. Situated within a cartilage. 

Endocolitis {en-do-ko-W -tis) . See Colitis. 

Endocomplements {en-do-kom! -ple-ments) . A 
class of intracellular complements. 

Endocranial {en-do-kra'-ne-al). i. Relating 
to the endocranium. 2. See Intracranial. 

Endocranium {en - do - kra r - ne - um) [endo-; 
upav'cov, the skull]. 1. The cerebral dura. 
2. The inner surface of the skull. 

Endocular {end-ok' '-u-lar) . Intraocular. 

Endocytic {en-do-sit 1 '-ik) [endo-; kutoc, a cell]. 
Relating to the contents of a cell. 

Endoderm {en' - do - derm) [endo-; depixa, 
skin]. The inner of the two primitive cell- 
layers of the embryo. It lines the cavity of 
the primitive intestine and its derivatives. 
Syn., Hypoblast. See Blastoderm. 

Endodermal, Endodermic {en-do-derm' -al, 
-ik). Relating to the endoderm; applied to 
structures originating in the lower layers of 
the derma, as dentin. 

Endodiascopy {en -do - di - as' -ko- pe) [endo-; 
d'ea, through; okotzs'cv, to examine]. Explora- 
tion by means of a Crookes tube introduced 
into a natural body-cavity. 

Endoesophagitis {en-do-e-sof-aj-i' -tis) [endo-; 
esophagitis]. Inflammation of the membrane 
lining the esophagus. 

Endoexoteric {en - do - eks - - ter' - ik) [endo-; 
k^ojxepcudg, external]. Applied to a disease 
the origin of which is both endopathic and 
exopathic. 

Endogenesis, Endogeny {en-do-jen'-e-sis, en- 
do j'-en-e) [endo-; yheacc, production]. 
Growth within; endogenous formation. 

Endogenous {en -do]' -en -us) [see Endogenesis]. 
Produced within. Applied to spore-formation 
or cell-formation inside of a parent -cell. 

Endoglobular {en - do - glob' - u - lar) [endo-; 
globus, a ball]. Within the blood-corpuscles. 
26 



Endolaryngeal {en-do-lar-in'-je-al) [endo-; 
larynx]. Within the larynx. 

Endolemma {en - do -lent' - ah). Synonym of 
Neurilemma. 

Endo lymph . {en' - do - Urn}) [endo-; lympha, 
water]. The fluid of the membranous laby- 
rinth of the ear. 

Endomastoiditis {en - do - mas - toid - i' - tis) 
[endo-; mastoiditis]. Inflammation within the 
mastoid cavity. 

Endometrectomy {en - do - met - rek' - to - me) 
[endometrium; e/cro/z)}, a cutting out]. The ex- 
tirpation of the entire mucosa of the uterus 
through the abdomen and incised uterus. 

Endometritis {en - do - me - tri' - tis) [endo- 
metrium; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the endometrium. E., Cervical. See 
Endocervicitis. E. dissecans, E., Dissect- 
ing, E. exfoliativa. See Dysmenorrhea, 
Membranous. E. dolorosa, painful spasms 
or continuous pain in the region of the 
uterus, believed to be due to an inflammatory 
lesion of the uterine mucosa localized in the 
fundus at the internal orifice and opening 
of the tubes. E., Fungous, that in which 
the lining membrane is hypertrophied, with 
the formation of vascular granulations. 
Syn., Hemorrhagic endometritis. E., Hem- 
orrhagic. See E., Fungous. E., Sim- 
ple, a catarrhal inflammation of the endome- 
trium. 

Endometrium {en - do - me' - tre - um) [endo-; 
[lijxpa, uterus]. The mucous membrane lin- 
ing the uterus. 

Endomysium {en - do - miz' - e - um) [endo-; 
fiuf, muscle]. The connective tissue between 
the fibrils of a muscular bundle. 

Endoneuritis {en-do-nu-ri'-tis). Inflammation 
of the endoneurium. 

Endoneurium {en - do - nu' - re - um) [endo-; 
veupov, a nerve]. The delicate connective 
tissue holding together the fibrils of a bundle 
of nerves. 

Endoparasite {en - do - par' - as - it) [endo-; 
Tiapaoczoc, parasite]. A parasite living within 
its host. 

Endopathy {en-do p' -ath-e) [endo-; rzadoc, dis- 
ease]. Any disease arising within the body. 

Endoperiarteritis {en -do- per -e- ar-ter-i'-tis) . 
Endarteritis combined with periarteritis. 

Endoperitonitis {en-do-per-it-on-i' -tis) [endo-; 
peritonitis]. Synonym of Peritonitis. 

Endophlebitis {en-do-fle-bi'-tis) [endo-; phle- 
bitis]. Inflammation of the inner coat of a 
vein. 

Endoplasm {en'-do-plazm) [endo-; Tz\aop.a, 
a thing formed]. The inner granular proto- 
plasm of a protozoan or of a histologic cell. 

Endorhinitis {en-do -ri-ni' -tis) [endo-; rhinitis]. 
Inflammation of the membrane lining the 
nasal passages. 

Endoscope {en' - do - skop) [endo-; okoksIv, 
to observe]. An instrument for the examina- 
tion of a body-cavity through its natural 
outlet. 

Endosepsis {en-do-sep' -sis) [endo-; oijtfcc, de- 
cay]. Septicemia arising within the body. 



ENDOSKELETON 



386 



ENTACOUSTIC 



Endoskeleton (en - do - skel' - et - on) [endo-; 
oneXerbv, a dry body]. The internal support- 
ing structure of an animal. 

Endosmic (en-do s' -mik) . Relating to endos- 
mosis. 

Endosmometer (en - dos - mom' -et- er) [endos- 
mosis; pkzpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
measuring endosmosis. 

Endosmosis (en-do s-mo' -sis) [endo-; <hop.bg, 
impulsion]. The passage of a liquid through 
a porous septum from without inward. 

Endosmotic (en-do s -mot' -ik) [see Endosmosis']. 
Pertaining to endosmosis. E. Equivalent, 
the weight of distilled water that passes into 
the flask of the endosmometer in exchange for 
a known weight of the soluble substance. 

Endospore (en' - do - spor) [endo-; cnzbpoc, 
seed]. A spore formed within the parent- 
cell. 

Endosteitis (end-os-te-i'-tis). See Osteomyelitis. 

Endostethoscope (en-do-steth'-o-skop) [endo-; 
stethoscope]. A form of stethoscope for aus- 
cultation through the esophagus. 

Endosteum (end-os'-te-um) [endo-; boriov, 
bone]. The vascular membranous layer of 
connective tissue lining the medullary cavity 
of bones. 

Endothelial (en-do -the' -le-al) [endothelium]. 
Pertaining to endothelium. 

Endotheliolysin (en-do -the-le-ol' '-is-in) [endo- 
thelium; Xbacc, a loosing]. A cytotoxin 
endowed with the capacity of dissolving 
endothelial cells. Syn., Hemorrhagin. 

Endothelioma (en-do -the-le-o' -mah) [endotheli- 
um; opa, a tumor]. A variety of sarcoma 
formed by the multiplication of the endothe- 
lial cells of lymphatic spaces. 

Endotheliomyoma (en-do-the-li-o-mi-o'-mah) . 
A myoma springing from endothelium. 

Endotheliotoxin (en-do-the-le-o-toks'-in) . See 
Endotheliolysin. 

Endothelium (en-do-the' -le-um) [endo-; dr)Xi), 
a nipple]. The lining membrane of serous, 
synovial, and other internal surfaces. E., 
Subepithelial. See Membrane, Debove's. 
E., Vascular, that lining the heart -cavities, 
the blood-vessels, and lymph-vessels. 

Endothoracic (en-do-tho-ras'-ik) [endo-; thorax]. 
Situated or occurring within the thorax. 

Endotome (en'-do-tom) [endo-; ripvecv, to cut]. 
Strong shears used in decapitation of the 
fetus. 

Endotoscope (en-do' -to-skop) [endo-; ouc;, 
the ear; okotze'cv, to view]. An apparatus 
designed for examination of the ear and for 
rendering visible the movements of the tym- 
panum. 

Endotoxin (en-do-toks' -in) [endo-; xo^ckov, a 
poison]. A toxin found within the organism. 

Endotracheitis (en -do - trak - e - i' - tis) [endo-; 
tracheitis]. Inflammation of the mucous 
membrane of the trachea. 

Endotrachelitis (en-do-trak-el-i'-tis). See En- 
docervicitis . 

Endovenous (en-do-ve'-nus). See Intravenous. 
E. Medication, the introduction of medica- 
ments in solution into the veins. 



Enema (en'-em-ah) [iv, in; Uvac, to send]. 
A rectal injection for therapeutic or nutritive 
purposes. See Alimentation, Rectal, and Clys- 
ter. 

Energid (en-er'-jid) [ivepyelv, to execute]. 
Sachs' term for the cell-nucleus and the cyto- 
plasm lying within its sphere of influence. 

Energy (en'-er-je) [iv, in; epyov, work]. 
The capacity for doing work. All forms of 
energy are mutually convertible one into the 
other, without loss, a principle expressed in 
the term "conservation of energy." E., 
Kinetic, the power of a body in motion. E., 
Latent, E., Potential, the power possessed 
by a body at rest, by virtue of its position, 
as the potential energy of a suspended 
weight. 

Engelmann's Intermediate Disc. See 
Membrane, Krause's. E.'s Lateral Disc, the 
narrow zone of transparent homogeneous sub- 
stance lying on each side of Krause's mem- 
brane. 

Englobing (en-glo'-bing) [iv, in; globus, a 
globe]. The taking in of an object by a 
monad, ameba, or phagocyte. 

Engorged (en-gorjd') [see Engorgement], Con- 
gested. 

Engorgement (en-gorj'-ment) [Ft., engorge- 
ment, a choking up]. Overdistention of the 
vessels of a part with blood. 

Enhemospores (en-he' -mo- sp or s) [iv,-m; alpa, 
blood; oizbpoc, a spore]. Ray Lankester's 
name for the first spores of the malarial 
parasite produced within the human body. 

T£rika.t&rTh&phy(en-kat-ar'-af-e)[iyKazappa.nx£cv, 
to sew in]. The method of sewing the two 
sides of a furrow together to bury an epithe- 
lial structure. 

Enneurosis (en-u-ro' -sis) [iv, in; veupov, a 
nerve]. Innervation. 

Enophthalmin (en-of-thal'-min). Oxytoluyl- 
methylvinyldiacetonalkamin hydro chlorate. A 
substance closely allied to eucain; it is used 
as a mydriatic in 2 to 5 % solution. 

Enophthalmos (en - of - thai' - mos) [iv, in; 
bfydaXpbc, the eye]. Recession of the eyeball 
into the orbit. 

Enorchismus (en-or-kis'-mus). - See Cryptor- 
chidism. 

Enostosis (en-os-to'-sis) [iv, in; boxkov, bone]. 
A tumor or bony outgrowth within the 
medullary canal of a bone. 

Ensellure (ahn-sel-yur') [Ft.]. The strongly 
marked curve of the dorsolumbosacral region; 
saddleback. It is especially marked among 
Spanish women. 

Ensiform (en'-sif-orm) [ensis, a sword; forma, 
form]. Shaped like a sword. E. Appendix, 
E. Cartilage, the cartilaginous process at the 
lower extremity of the sternum. 

Ensomphalus (en-som'-fal-us) [iv, in; aojpa, 
body; SpcpaXbf, navel]. A double monstros- 
ity with practically complete and functionat- 
ing organs, but united with a more or less 
superficial bond. 

Entacoustic (ent-ak-oos'-tik) [entos; daouecv, 
to hear]. Applied to subjective auditory 



ENTAD 



387 



ENTEROL 



sensations having their origin within the ear 
or in its vicinity. 

Entad {en' -tad) [see Ental], From without in- 
ward; toward a center; the opposite of 
ectad. 

Ental {en' -tat) [kvTbc, within]. A surface, 
aspect, or structure farther from the per- 
iphery or nearer the center than that with 
which it is contrasted; the opposite of ectal. 

Entencephalic {ent-en-sef-al'-ik) [entos; en- 
cephalon]. Applied to sensations having 
origin within the brain and not in the external 
world. 

Entepicondylar {ent-ep-e-kon' -dil-ar) [entos; 
epicondyle]. Located at the inner aspect of 
the epicondyle. 

Entepicondyle {ent-ep-e-kon' -dit) [entos; epi- 
condyle']. Owen's name for the internal con- 
dyle of the humerus. 

Enteque {ahn-ta'-ka) [Fr.]. A curious disease 
of South American animals marked by the 
occurrence of hard spines of bone in the 
lungs. 

Enteraden {ent-er-ah' -den) [entero-; dorp, a 
gland; pi., enteradenes]. Any gland of the 
intestinal tract. 

Enteralgia {en-ter -al'-je-ah) [entero-; a'Apr, 
pain]. Pain in the bowels. 

Entera.ngiemphraxis{en-ter-an-ji-em-fraks'-is) 
[entero-; ayye'tov, a vessel; 'ifi<j)pa$ic, a stop- 
page]. Obstruction of the blood-vessels of the 
intestine. 

Enteratrophia {en-ter-at-ro' '-fe-ah) [entero-; 
atrophy]. Intestinal atrophy. 

Enterauxe {en-ter -awks'-e) [entero-; au$T), 
growth]. Hypertrophy of the muscles of the 
intestinal wall. 

Enterectomy {en-ter-ek' '-to-me) [entero-; Ikzo{it], 
excision]. Excision of a part of the intestine. 

Enterembole {en-ter-em' -bo-le) [entero-; kp.fio)d}, 
insertion]. Intussusception of the intestine. 

Enteremia {en - ter - e' - me - ah) [entero-; aljia, 
blood]. Intestinal congestion. 

Enteremphraxis {en-ter-em-}raks' -is) [entero-; 
'i/jic^pa^ic, a stoppage]. Intestinal obstruc- 
tion. 

Enterepiplocele {en-ter -ep-ip* '-lo-sel) [entero-; 
en'citloov, caul; /cfjXr), hernia]. Hernia in 
which both bowel and omentum are involved. 

Enteric {en-ter'-ik) [evxepov, intestine]. Per- 
taining to the intestine. E. Fever, typhoid 
fever. 

Enteritis {en-ter-i' -tis) [entero-; exec, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the intestine. 
E., Chronic Cystic, that characterized by 
the formation of cystic dilations of the in- 
testinal glands due to stenosis of the mouths 
of the gland. E., Diphtheric, E. diph- 
therica, a form in which the mucosa is 
covered by a flaky, whitish-gray deposit. E. 
nodularis, that characterized by hyperplas- 
tic enlargement of the lymph-nodules. E., 
Phlegmonous, a secondary phenomenon 
due to other intestinal diseases, particularly 
carcinomas, ulcers of tuberculous, dysenteric, 
and embolic origin, and occasionally to stran- 
gulated hernia and intussusceptions. E. 



polyposa, that characterized by polypoid 
growths in the intestine resulting from pro- 
liferation of the connective tissue. E., 
Pseudomembranous, a nonfebrile affec- 
tion of the intestinal mucous membrane 
marked by periodic formation of viscous, 
shreddy, or tubular ^exudates, composed 
chiefly of mucin. 

Entero- {en-ter -o-) [evxepov, intestine]. A pre- 
fix denoting relation to the intestine. 

Enteroanastomosis {en-te-ro-an-as-to-mo' -sis) . 
Intestinal anastomosis. 

Enterocele {en' -ter-o-sel) [entero-; ktj)^, her- 
nia]. A hernia containing a loop of intestine. 

Enteroceliac, Enterocoeliac {en - ter - o-se' - 
le-ak) . Relating to the abdominal cavity. 

Enterocholecystostomy {en-ter-o-ko-le-sis-tos'- 
to-me). Same as Cholecystenter ostomy . 

Enteroclysis {en-ter-ok' -lis-is) [entero-; kXugcc, 
a drenching]. Injection of a large quantity 
of fluid into the rectum to reach the small 
intestine. 

Enteroclysm {en' -ter-o-klizm) [entero-; K^uapta, 
a clyster]. i. A rectal injection. 2. A 
syringe. 

Enterocoele {en' -ter-o-sel) [entero-; KocX'ca, a 
cavity]. The abdominal cavity. 

Enterocolitis {en-ter-o-ko-W -tis) [entero-; coli- 
tis]. Inflammation of the small intestine and 
of the colon. 

Enteroconiosis, Enterokoniosis {en-ter-o-ko- 
ne-o'-sis) [entero-; Kov'ca, dust]. Any gastro- 
intestinal affection due to dust. 

Enterocyst {en-ter' -o-sist) . An intestinal cyst. 

Enterocystoma {en-ter -o-sist-o' -mah) [entero-; 
cystoma]. A cystic tumor formed by the per- 
sistence of a part of the vitelline duct, open- 
ing neither externally nor into the intestinal 
canal. 

Enterocystoscheocele {en-ter-o-sist-os'-ke-o-sel) 
[entero-; kOozcc, a bladder; ooxeov, the scro- 
tum; K-qXt), hernia]. A hernia of the scrotum 
containing both intestine and bladder. 

Enterodialysis {en-ter -o-di-aV '-is-is) [entero-; 
dialysis]. Complete division of an intestine 
by injury. 

Enteroenterostomy {en-ter-o-en-ter-os' -to-me) 
[entero-; enterostomy]. The surgical for- 
mation of a fistula between two intestinal 
loops. 

Enteroepiplocele {en-ter -o-e-pip' -lo-sel). See 
Enterepiplocele. 

Enterogastritis {en-ter-o-gas-tri'-tis) [entero-; 
gastritis]. Inflammation of the stomach and 
intestine. 

Enterogenetic, Enterogenous {en-ter-o-jen- 
et'-ik, en-ter -of -en-us) [entero-; yevvdv, to 
produce]. Originating in the intestine. 

Enterograph {en' ' -ter-o-graf) [entero-; ypd^ecv, to 
write]. A myograph arranged for measuring 
the movements of the intestine. 

Enterokinase {en-ter-o-kin'-az) [entero-; klvIcv, 
to move]. Pawlow's name for a ferment of 
the succus entericus which awakens proteo- 
lytic action. 

Enterol {en'-ter-ol). A mixture of cresols used 
as an intestinal antiseptic. Dose 15-75 g r « 



ENTEROLITH 



388 



ENTOTORRHEA 



(1-5 Gm.) of a solution of 0.02 Gm. in 100 
Cc. of water, daily. 

Enterolith {en' -ter-o-lith) [entero-; X'cdoc, a 
stone]. A concretion formed in the intestine. 

Enteromere {en-ter 1 -o-mer) [entero-; fiipof, a 
part]. One of the primitive transverse divi- 
sions of the embryonic alimentary tract. 

Enterometer {en-ter -om' -et-er) [entero-; ftez- 
pov, a measure]. An instrument to measure 
the lumen of the small intestine. 

Enteromphalus {en-ter -om' -jal-us) [entero-; 
ofufiaXoc, the navel]. An umbilical hernia of 
intestine. 

Enteromycosis {en-ter-o-mi-ko' -sis) [entero-; 
mycosis']. Intestinal mycosis. 

Enteromyiasis {en-ter -o-mi-i-a' -sis) [entero-; 
fiu'ca, a fly]. Intestinal disease due to the 
presence of the larvas of flies. 

Enteroparalysis {en-ter-o-par-aV -is-is) [entero-; 
paralysis']. Paralysis of the intestine. 

Enteropathy {en - ter - op' - ath - e) [entero-; 
Tiadoc, disease]. Any disease of the intestine. 

Enteroplasty {en' - ter - o - plas - te) [entero-; 
nXaooecv, to form]. A plastic operation upon 
the intestine. 

Enteroptosis {en-ter -o-to' '-sis) [entero-; Ttzwocf, 
a fall]. Prolapse of the intestine. See Stiller 's 
Sign. E., Landau's Form of, that due to 
relaxation of the abdominal walls and pelvic 
floor. 

Enteropyra {en-ter -o-pi' -rah) [entero-; -.up, a 
fire]. 1. Enteritis. 2. Typhoid fever. E. 
asiatica, cholera. E. biliosa, bilious fever. 

Enterorose {en' -ter -or -os). A dietetic recom- 
mended in gastrointestinal catarrh; a yellow 
powder miscible with water. Dose 2 dr. 
(8 Gm.) several times daily. 

Enterorrhagia {en-ter -or -af -e-ah) [entero-; 
p-qyvuvat, to burst forth]. Intestinal hemor- 
rhage. 

Enterorrhaphy {en-ter -or' -a- fe) [entero-; pa6rj, 
suture]. Suture of the intestine. E., Cir- 
cular, the suturing of a completely divided 
intestine. 

Enteroscheocele {en-ter-os' -ke-o-sel) [entero-; 
ooxeov, scrotum; fcfjAy, hernia]. A scrotal her- 
nia containing intestine. 

Enteroscope {en'-ter-o-skop) [entero-; oKoizelv, 
to examine]. An instrument for examining 
the inside of the intestine by means of electric 
light. 

Enterospasm {en'-ter-o-spazm) [entero-; onaa- 
p.6c, spasm]. Spasmodic colic. 

Enterostomy {en-ter-os' -to-me) [entero-; ordfia, 
mouth]. The formation of an artificial opening 
into the intestine through the abdominal wall. 

Enterotome {en'-ter-o-tom) [entero-; xkpjztv, 
to cut]. An instrument for cutting open the 
intestine. 

Enterotomy {en-ter -ot' -o-me) [see Enterotome]. 
Incision of the intestine. 

Enterotoxismus {en-ter-o-toks-iz'-mus) [entero-; 
to$ck6v, poison].- A pathologic condition due 
to the action of microorganisms on food- 
materials contained in the intestine. 

Enterozoon {en-ter -o-zo' -on) [entero-; t^&ov, an 
animal]. An animal parasite of the intestine. 



Enteruria {en-ter -u' -r e-ah) [entero-; odpov, 
urine]. The vicarious occurrence of urinary 
constituents in the intestine. 

Enthelioma {en-the-le-o' -mah) [ivroc, within; 
sXkoc, an ulcer; o/xa, a tumor]. A compre- 
hensive term including papilloma and ade- 
noma. 

Enthelminth {en-theV -minth) [kvxbc, within; 
eXp.ivc, a worm]. A parasitic intestinal worm. 

Enthetic {en-thef -ik) [evrcdkvac, to put in]. 
Introduced; coming from without; applied 
especially to syphilitic and other specific 
contagious diseases. 

Enthlasis {en-thla' -sis) [ivdXav, to indent]. A 
depressed, comminuted fracture of the skull. 

Ento- {en-to-)[ivzbc, within]. A prefix denoting 
within, inside, inner, internal. 

Entoblast {en' -to -blast). See Endoblast. 

Entoccipital {ent-ok-sip' -it-al) [ento-; occiput]. 
Situated entad of the. occipital gyrus or fissure. 

Entocelic, Entoccelic {en-lo-se'-lik) [ento-; 
KocXca, a cavity]. Within the intestine. 

Entocentral {en-to-sen'-tral) [ento-; center]. 
Near the center and on the inner aspect. 

Entocinerea {en-to-sin-e' -re-ah) [ento-; cine- 
reus, ashy]. The gray brain-substance sur- 
rounding the cavities of the brain and spinal 
cord. 

Entogenous {en-toj' -en-us) . See Endogenous. 

Entohyal {en-to-hi'-al). Hyoid and on the 
inner aspect. 

Entohyaloid {en-to-hi' -al-oid) [ento-; hyaloid]. 
Located within the vitreous body. 

Entomarginal {en-to-mar' -jin-al) . Near the 
margin and internal. 

Entome {en' -torn) [iv, in; ro/nj, cut]. A knife 
for dividing a urethral stricture. 

Entomiasis {en-to-mi' -a-sis) [evzo/iov, an insect]. 
Any pathologic condition due to infestation 
with insects. 

Entophyte {en' -to- fit) [ento-; forov, a plant]. 
A vegetable parasite living within the body of 
its host, as, e. g., a bacterium. 

Entoplasm {en'-to-plazm). See Endoplasm. 

Entopterygoid {en-to-ter' -e-goid) [ento-; xrepu!;, 
a wing; eldoc, resemblance]. 1. Like a wing 
and situated entad. 2. Owen's name for the 
pterygoid process of the sphenoid. 3. E. 
Coues' name for the internal pterygoid muscle. 

Entoptic {ent-op'-tik) [ento-; otzzckoc, pertain- 
ing to vision]. Pertaining to the internal parts 
of the eye. E. Phenomena, visual sensa- 
tions generated within the eye. 

Entorbital {ent-orb' -it-al) . Located on the 
inner part of the orbital lobe or entad of 
its orbital fissure. 

Entosphenoid {en-to-sfen'-oid) [ento-; sphenoid]. 
Sphenoid and internal. 

Entosylvian {en-to-siV -ve-an) . Within the 
sylvian fissure. 

Entothalamus {en-to-thaV -am-us) [ento-; 
thalamus]. Spitzka's name for the inner 
gray thalamic zone. 

Entotic {ent-o'-tik) [ento-; ouc, ear]. Pertain- 
ing to the internal parts of the ear. 

Entotorrhea {ent-o-tor-e'-ah) [ento-; otorrhea]. 
Internal otorrhea. 



ENTOTROCHANTER 



389 



EPICANTHUS 



Entotrochanter {en-to-tro-kan' -ter) [ento-; 
trochanter]. The lesser trochanter. 

Entotympanic {en-to-tim-pan' -ik) [ento-; 
tympanum]. Located within the tympanum. 

Entozoon {en-to-zo' -on) [ento-; £woy, an ani- 
mal; pi., entozoa]. An animal parasite living 
within another animal. 

Entropia (en-tro'-pe-ah) [see Entropion]. A 
turning inward. 

Entropion [en-tro' -pe-on) [iv, in; rpknecv, to 
turn]. Inversion of the eyelid, so that the 
lashes rub against the globe of the eye. E. 
musculare, that due to contraction of the 
ciliary part of the orbicular muscle resulting 
from senile atony. E., Organic, that due 
to contraction of the lid resulting from 
cicatricial contraction of the conjunctiva or 
to diphtheric conjunctivitis. E. spasmodi- 
cum, E., Spastic, E. spasticum. See 
E. musculare. 




Entropion. 

Enucleation {e-nu-kle-a' -shun) [e, out of; 
nucleus, a kernel]. The shelling-out of a 
tumor or organ from its capsule. The exci- 
sion of the eyeball. 

Enula (en'-u-lah) [L.]. The inner aspect of 
the gums. 

Enuresis {eji-u-re'-sis) [ivoupslv, to be incon- 
tinent of urine]. The involuntary emptying 
of the bladder. E., Nocturnal, that occur- 
ring at night during sleep. 

Envenomation (en-ven-o-ma 1 '-shun) [iv, in; 
venom]. The introduction and action of 
snake-venom. 

Enzym, Enzyme (en'-zim) [iv, in; "un-q, lea- 
ven], i. Any ferment formed within the 
living organism. 2. A chemic ferment, as 
distinguished from organized ferments, such 
as the yeasts. 

Enzymol {en'-zi-mol). A proprietary artificial 
gastric juice prepared from the glands of the 
stomach; it is used as a solvent and antiseptic, 
especially in the external treatment of diseases 
of the ear and nose. 

Eolipyle, iEolipyle {e-ol' -e-pil) [a'cbXoc, windy; 
ttuXtj, a narrow passage]. A form of spirit- 
lamp used to heat cautery-irons. 

Eosin {e'-o-sin) [j)d)c, the dawn], C^HgB^Os. 
Tetrabromfluorescein ; an acid dye produced 
by the action of bromin on fluorescein sus- 
pended in glacial acetic acid. It occurs in 
red or yellowish crystals, and is used as a 
stain in histology. 



Eosinophil (e-o-sin'-o-fil) [eosin; <f)iXi-~cv, to love]. 
Applied to microbes or histologic elements 
showing a peculiar affinity for eosin stain or 
for acid stains in general. 

Eosinophilia (e-o-sin-o-fil' -e-ah) [see Eosino- 
phil]. 1 . An increase above the normal stand- 
ard in the number of eosinophils in the circu- 
lating blood. 2. The condition of microbes 
or histologic elements which readily absorb 
and become stained by eosin. 

Eosot (e f -o-sot). The commercial name of 
creasote valerianate. 

Eparsalgia {ep-ars-al'-je-ah) [iizacpscv, to lift; 
aXyoc, pain]. Any disorder due to overstrain 
of a part. 

Epechontoic iep-e-kon-to' -ik) [kizkxe.iv, to delay; 
tokoc, parturition]. Capable of moderating 
uterine contraction. 

Epencephalon (ep-en-se^-al-on)[in(, upon; 
encephalon]. The after-brain or hind-brain; 
the cerebellum and pons taken together. 

Ependyma {ep-en' -dim-ah) [i~kvbup.a, an upper 
garment]. The lining membrane of the 
cerebral ventricles and of the central canal 
of the spinal cord. 

Ependymitis {ep-en-dim-i' -tis) [ependyma; trie, 
inflammation] . Inflammation of the ependyma. 

Ephedra {ej'-e-drah) [i~c, upon; edpa, a seat]. 
A genus of plants of the Gnetacece. E. anti- 
syphilitica has been used in gonorrhea. Dose 
of the fluidextract 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). E. nev- 
adensis is used as an alterative and antigon- 
orrheic. Dose of fluidextract 1-2 dr. (4-8 
Cc). E. vulgaris contains the alkaloid ephe- 
drin, which is mydriatic. 

Ephedrin (e/'-e-drin) [ephedra]. An alkaloid, 
C l0 H 15 NO, from Ephedra vulgaris; it is a 
cardiac depressant and harmless mydriatic. 
E., Pseudo-. See Pseudoephedrin. 

Ephelis {ef'-el-is) [i~'c, upon; TjXcoc, the sun]. 
A freckle. 

Ephemeral {ef-em r -er-al) [i^jiepoc, living a 
day]. Temporary. Applied to fevers that 
are of short duration. 

Ephidrosis {ej-id-ro'-sis) [stzc, upon; "wpcoocc, 
sweating]. Excessive perspiration. See Hy- 
peridrosis. 

Epi- [in?, upon]. A prefix signifying upon. 

Epiblast iep' -e-blast) [epi-; $Xao-bc, a germ]. 
The external or upper layer of the blastoderm ; 
called also the ectoderm, from which are de- 
veloped the central nervous system and the epi- 
thelium of the sense-organs, the mucous mem- 
branes of the mouth and anus, the enamel of 
the teeth, the epidermis and its derivatives 
(hair, nails, glands, etc.). 

Epiblastic {ep-e-blasV -ik) . Pertaining to or 
derived from the epiblast. 

Epiblepharon {ep-e-blef'-ar-on). See Epi- 
canthus. 

Epibole, Epiboly (ep-ib'-ol-e) [epi-; ftaXXstv, to 
throw]. The inclosure of the large yolk-mass 
of an invertebrate ovum by the overgrowth of 
cleavage-cells. 

Epicanthus {ep-e-kan' -thus) [epi-; Kavdoc, angle 
of the eye]. A fold of skin over the inner 
canthus of the eye. 



EPICARDIUM 



390 



EPIGNATHUS 



Epicardium (ep-e-kar' -de-um) [epi-; napoca, 
heart]. The visceral layer of the pericar- 
dium. 

Epicarin (ep - e - kar' - in). A condensation- 
product of cresolinic acid and betanaphthol, 
occurring as an odorless, tasteless, clear, 
yellowish-gray powder, easily soluble in 
alcohol, ether, acetone; insoluble in oil. It 
is used in scabies in 10% salve. 

Epicele (ep'-e-sel) [epi-; KocX'ca, belly]. The 
fourth ventricle. 

Epichordal (ep-e-kord'-al) [epi-; Z P°V' a cor( i]- 
Located above or dorsad of the notochord; 
applied especially to cerebral structures. 

Epichrosis (ep-e-kro' -sis) [eTz'cjpajocc, a spot]. 
A discoloration of the skin. E. alphosis, 
albinism. E. aurigo, a yellow discoloration 
of the skin, as in icterus. E. ephelis, E. len- 
ticula, pigmentation of the skin from expo- 
sure to the sun. E. leucasmus, E. poecilia, 
vitiligo. E. spilus. See Ncevus pigmentosus 
under Nevus. 

Epicolic (ep-e-kol'-ik) [epi-; colon]. Lying over 
the colon. 

Epicondylalgia (ep-e-kon-dil-al' -je-ali) [epicon- 
dyle; aXyoc, pain]. Pain in the muscular 
mass about the elbow-joint, following fatigu- 
ing work. 

Epicondyle (ep-e-kon'-dil) [epi-; novduhoc, a 
knuckle]. An eminence upon a bone above 
its condyle. 

Epicondylus (ep-e-kon'-dil-us). See Epicon- 
dyle. E. extensGrius, the external condyle 
of the humerus. E. femoris lateralis, the 
outer tuberosity of the femur. E. femoris 
medialis, the inner tuberosity of the femur. 
E. flexorius, the internal condyle of the 
humerus. 

Epicoracoid {ep-e-kor'-ak-oid) [epi-; coracoid]. 
Located upon or over the coracoid process. 

Epicostal (ep-e-kos'-tal) [epi-; costa, a rib]. 
Situated upon the ribs. 

Epicranium (ep-e-kra'-ne-um) [epi-; cranium]. 
The structures covering the cranium. 

Epicranius (ep-e-kra' -ne-us) . The occipitofron- 
talis muscle. 

Epicrisis (ep-e-kri'-sis) [k-'cupiocc, determina- 
tion]. The disease-phenomena succeeding 
crisis. 

Epicystotomy (ep-e-sis-tot' -o-me) [epi-; kOotcc, 
a bladder; zkpvetv, to cut]. Suprapubic inci- 
sion of the bladder. 

Epicyte (ep'-e-sit) [epi-; kutoc, cell]. i. The 
cell-wall. 2. A cell of epithelial tissue. 

Epidemic (ep-e-dem'-ik) [epi-; drjp.oc, people]. 
Of a disease, affecting large numbers, or 
spreading over a wide area. 

Epidemiography (ep-e-dem-e-og'-ra-fe) [epi- 
demic; ypd(f)£(v, to write]. A description of 
epidemic diseases. 

Epidemiology (ep-e-dem-e-ol'-o-je) [epidemic; 
Xbyoc, science]. The science of epidemic dis- 
eases. 

Epidermatic (ep-e-der-mat'-ik). See Epider- 
mic. 

Epidermic (ep-e-der'-mik) [epidermis]. Relating 
to the epidermis. E. Method, a method of 



administering medicinal substances by apply- 
ing them to the skin, s 

Epidermidalization {ep-e- derm - id - al- i-za'- 
shun) [epidermis]. The conversion of colum- 
nar into stratified epithelium. 

Epidermidophyton {ep-e- derm - id-o-fi' -tori) 
[epidermis; <f>u~6v, a plant]. A fungus found 
in psoriasis. 

Epidermidosis (ep-e-derm-id-o'-sis) [epidermis]. 
A collective name for anomalous growths of 
the skin of epithelial origin and type. 

Epidermis (ep-e-der'-mis) [irt'c, upon; okptia, 
skin]. The outer layer of the skin. The 
scarf-skin, consisting of a layer of horny cells 
that protects the true skin. 

Epidermolysis iep-e-der-moV -is-is) [epidermis]. 
A rare skin disease in which bullas form on 
the slightest pressure. It shows itself in in- 
fancy and is most pronounced in summer. 

Epididymectomy (ep-e-did-im-ek' '-tom-e) [epi- 
didymis; iKTop.fj, a cutting out]. Excision 
of the epididymis. 

Epididymis (ep-e-did'-im-is) [iizc, upon; d'cdu- 
p.oc, the testes]. The small body lying above 
the testis; the superior end is the globus major; 
the inferior, the globus minor. 

Epididymitis (ep-e-did-im-i'-tis) [epididymis; 
cxcg, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
epididymis. 

Epididymoorchitis (ep-e-did-im-o-or-ki'-tis) . 
Epididymitis combined with orchitis. 

Epidural (ep-e-du'-ral) [epi-; durus, hard]. Situ- 
ated upon or over the dura. 

Epifagus (ep-e-fa'-gus) [epi-; 4>rjyoc, the beech- 
tree]. A genus of plants. E. americanus has 
astringent and antiseptic properties and is used 
internally in diarrhea and externally in indo- 
lent ulcers. Dose 30-60 min. (1.8-3.7 Cc). 

Epigaea {ep-e-je'-ah) [e-'c, upon; foua, earth]. 
A genus of trailing ericaceous plants. E. 
repens, trailing arbutus of North America, 
has diuretic properties. 

Epigaster {ep-e-gas'-ter) [epigastrium]. The 
large intestine; hindgut. 

Epigastric (ep-e-gas f -trik) [epigastrium]. Re- 
lating to the epigastrium. E. Reflex. 
See under Reflexes. 

Epigastriocele, Epigastrocele {ep-e-gas' -tre-o- 
sel, ep-e-gas' -tro-seT) [epigastrium; ktjXt), a 
hernia]. A hernia in the epigastrium. 

Epigastrium (ep-e-gas' -tre-um) [epi-; ' yao-^p, 
stomach]. The upper and middle part of the 
abdominal surface corresponding to the posi- 
tion of the stomach; the epigastric region. 
See Abdomen. 

Epiglottic (ep-e-glot'-ik) [epiglottis]. Relating 
to the epiglottis. 

Epiglottidean (ep-e-glot-id'-e-an). See Epi- 
glottic. 

Epiglottis (ep-e-glot'-is) [epi-; yliD-x'cc, glot- 
tis]. A fibrocartilaginous structure that aids 
in preventing food and drink from passing 
into the larynx. 

Epignathus (ep-ig'-na-thus) [epi-; yvaQoc, jaw]. 
A monstrosity in which the rudimentary 
organs of a twin are united to the superior 
maxillary bone. 



EPIGUANIN 



391 



EPISARKIN 



Epiguanin {ep-e-gwan'-in), C 10 H 13 N 9 O 2 . A 
xanthin base isolated from the urine of 
lunatics; it is similar to guanin in solubilities. 

Epihyal Bone (ep-e-hi'-al) [epi-; hyoid]. The 
stylohyoid ligament when it is ossified. 

Epilating Forceps. Forceps for plucking 
out hairs. 

Epilation (ep-il-a' -shun) [e, out of; pilus, a 
hair]. The extraction of hair. 

Epilatory (ep'-il-at-o-re). Removing hair; a 
remedy for removing hair. 

Epilepsy (ep 1 '-il-ep-se) [k-'d^cg, a laying hold 
of]. A chronic nervous affection characterized 
by sudden loss of consciousness, with general 
tonic and clonic convulsions, the paroxysms 
lasting but a short time. An epileptic seizure 
is often preceded by a peculiar sensation, or 
aura, and as the patient falls he some- 
times makes an outcry — the epileptic cry. 
Syn., Grand mal. See Petit Mai. E., 
Cortical, E., Focal, E., Jacksonian, 
spasmodic contractions in certain groups 
of muscles, with retention of consciousness, 
due to local disease of the cortex. E., 
Latent, a form due to some local irritation, 
generally in the stomach, which ceases on 
removal of the irritation, but is liable to 
recur upon any indulgence. E., Masked, 
in this, involuntary actions, often violent, 
replace the convulsion. Syn., Epilepsia 
larvata. E., Motorial, Jacksonian epilepsy. 
E., Nocturnal, epilepsy in which the attack 
occurs during sleep. E., Procursive, a 
form in which the patient runs rapidly for- 
ward before falling. E., Spinal, paroxysms 
of clonic spasm in the lower extremities 
sometimes observed in the course of spastic 
paraplegia. E., Vasomotor, that in which 
extreme contraction of the arteries precedes 
the attacks. 

Epileptic (ep-il-ep'-tik). i. Pertaining to or 
like epilepsy. 2. One affected with epilepsy. 
E. Aura, E. Cry. See under Epilepsy. E. 
Dementia, the dementia which is frequently 
the terminal stage of epilepsy. E. Equiva- 
lents, transient psychic disturbances replac- 
ing the typical convulsions. E. Mania, mania 
following or taking the place of the fit. 

Epileptiform (ep-il-ep' -tif-orm) [epilepsy; 
forma, form]. Resembling an epileptic 
attack. 

Epileptisant (ep-il-ep' -tiz-ant) . 1. Producing 
epileptoid convulsions. 2. A drug which pro- 
duces epileptoid convulsions; e. g., absinthe. 

Epileptogenic (ep-il-ep-to-jen f -ik). See Epi- 
leptogenous. 

Epileptogenous (ep-il-ep -to j' '-en-us) [epilepsy; 
ytvvav, to produce]. Producing epilepsy. 

Epileptoid (ep-il-ep' -toid) [epilepsy; dooc, like- 
ness]. Resembling epilepsy. 

Epimandibular (ep-e-man-dib' -u-lar) [epi-; 
mandibulum, jaw]. Upon or above the lower 
jaw. 

Epimysium (ep-e-miz 1 '-e-um) [epi-; jj.Dc, a mus- 
cle]. The sheath of areolar tissue surround- 
ing a muscle. 

Epinephrin (ep-e-nef -rin) [epi-; ve<f)p6c, kid- 



ney], C, 7 H 1S N0 4 . The active principle of the 
suprarenal capsule. 

Epineurium (ep-e-nu' -re-um) [epi-; veupov, a 
nerve]. The connective-tissue sheath of a 
nerve -trunk. 

Epipastic {ep - e - pas' - tik) [eTzi-aoascv, to 
sprinkle]. Having the qualities of a dusting- 
powder. 

Epiperipheral (ep-e-per-if '-er-al) [epi-; periph- 
ery]. Exterior; at the periphery. 

Epipharyngeal (ep - e - far - in' - je - al) [epi-; 
pharynx]. Located upon or above the 
pharynx. 

Epiphenomenon (ep-e-fe-nom' -en -on) [epi-; 
(f>acv6p:evov, phenomenon]. An exceptional 
sequence or unusual complication arising in 
the course of a disease. 

Epiphora (ep-if -or-ah) [epi-; fyipeiv, to bear]. 
A persistent overflow of tears, due to excess 
sive secretion or to impeded outflow. 

Epiphyseal, Epiphysial (ep-e-fiz'-e-al) [epi- 
physis]. Relating to or of the nature of 
an epiphysis. E. Plate. See Disc, Epi- 
physeal. 

Epiphyseitis (ep -e -fiz-e -i' - tis) [epiphysis; 
crcc, inflammation]. Inflammation of an 
epiphysis. 

Epiphyseolysis (ep-e-fiz-e-ol'-is-is) [epiphysis; 
\O01c, a loosing]. The separation of an 
epiphysis. 

Epiphysis (ep-if -is -is) [epi-; (fybzodac, to grow]. 
A process of bone attached for a time to an- 
other bone by cartilage, but in most cases soon 
becoming consolidated with the principal 
bone. E. cerebri, the pineal gland. 

Epiphysitis (ep-if -is-i' -tis). See Epiphyseitis. 

Epiphyte (ep'-e-fit) [epi-; (f>uz6u, a plant]. A 
vegetable parasite growing on the exterior 
of the body. 

Epipial (ep-e-pi'-al) [epi-; pia]. Upon or above 
the pia mater. 

Epipleural (ep-e-plu'-ral) [epi-; pleura]. 1. 
Relating to a pleurapophysis. 2. Located on 
the side of the thorax. 

Epiplocele (ep-ip'-lo-sel) [epiploon; ktIt], her- 
nia]. A hernia containing omentum. 

Epiploic (ep-ip-lo'-ik) [epiploon]. Relating or 
belonging to the omentum. E. Appendages, 
small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat, 
found on the colon. 

Epiploon (ep-ip'-lo-on) [e-'c-.Xoov, from er.'c, 
upon; xhb, to float]. The omentum. 

Epiplopexy (ep-ip'-lo-peks-e) [epiploon; -fj^cc, 
a fixing in]. Talma's operation of suturing 
the great omentum to the anterior abdominal 
wall for the purpose of establishing a col- 
lateral venous circulation in cirrhosis of the 
liver. 

Epipolic (ep-e-pol'-ik) [e-i-o\r h at the top]. 
Relating to fluorescence. 

Epipteric (ep-ip-ter'-ik) [epi-; pterion]. Upon 
or above the pterion. E. Bone. See under 
Bone. 

Episarkin (ep-e-sark'-in) [epi-; aap$, flesh], 
C 4 H 6 N 3 0. A xanthin base which occurs in 
normal urine of man and dogs and in the 
urine in leukemia. 



EPISCLERA 



392 



EPITHELIUM 



Episclera (ep-e-skle'-rah) [epi-; okXt)poc, hard]. 
The loose connective tissue lying between the 
conjunctiva and the sclera. 

Episcleral (ep-e-skle'-ral) [episclera]. Situated 
on the outside of the sclerotic coat. 

Episcleritis (ep - e - skle - ri' - tis) {episclera; 
exec, inflammation]. An inflammation of 
the subconjunctival tissues or of the sclera 
itself. 

Episio- (ep-iz-e-o-). A prefix signifying relation 
to the pubes. 

Episioelytrorrhaphy (ep-iz-e-o-el-it-ror'-af-e) 
[episio-; elytrorrhaphy]. The operation of 
suturing a ruptured perineum and narrowing 
the vagina for the support of a prolapsed 
uterus. 

Episioperineorrhaphy (ep-iz-e-o-per-in-e-or 1 '- 
af-e). See Episioelytrorrhaphy . 

Episiorrhaphy (ep-iz-e-or'-a-fe) [episio-; pacfyrj, 
seam]. An operation for the repair of tears 
about the vulva. 

Episiostenosis (ep-iz-e-o-sten-o'-sis) [episio-; 
ozsvoc, narrow]. Contraction or narrowing of 
the vulva. 

Episiotomy (ep-iz-e-ot'-o-me) [episio-; rop.ii, 
section]. Incision through the vulva in child- 
birth, to prevent rupture of the perineum and 
to facilitate labor. 

Epispadias (ep-e^spa' -de-as) [epi-; aizattv, to 
pierce]. A condition in which the urethra 
opens on the upper part of the penis, either 
on the dorsum or on the glans. 

Epispastic {ep-e-spas'-tik) [epi-; anaatc, a draw- 
ing], i. Blistering. 2. A substance produc- 
ing a blister. 

Epistasis (e-pis' -las-is) [epi-; "coraoda!, to stand]. 
1. A scum or film of substance floating on the 
surface of urine. 2. A checking or stoppage 
of a hemorrhage or other discharge. 

Epistaxis (ep-is-taks' '-is) [kntaxa^iv, to cause 
to drop]. Hemorrhage from the nose. 

Episternal (ep-e-ster 1 '-nal) [epi-; oxkpvov, the 
sternum]. Above the sternum. 

Episthotonos, Episthotonus (ep-is-ihoV '-o-nos, 
-us). See Emprosthotonos. 

Epitela (ep-e-te'-lah) [epi-; tela, a web]. The 
delicate tissue of Vieussen's valve. 

Epithalamic (ep-e-thaV '-am-ik) [epi-; thalamus]. 
Situated upon the thalamus. 

Epithelial (ep-e-the 1 '-le-al) [epithelium]. Per- 
taining to or made up of epithelium. 

Epitheliogenetic (ep - e - the -le-o - jen-et'-ik) 
[epithelium; ykvtacg, generation]. Originat- 
ing from undue epithelial proliferation. 

Epithelioid {ep-e-the' -le-oid) [epithelium; eldoc, 
likeness]. Resembling epithelium. 

Epitheliolysin (ep-e-the-le-oV -is-in) [epithelium; 
Xuoic, a loosing]. A cytolysin produced by 
inoculation with epithelial cells. 

Epitheliolytic (ep-e-the-le-o-lif '-ik) . Capable 
of bringing about the destruction of epithelial 
cells. Metchnikoff found that the introduc- 
tion of comminuted epithelium into the 
blood gave this power to the serum. 

Epithelioma (ep-e-the-le-o'-mah) [epithelium; 
bpa, a tumor]. Properly, any tumor in 
which epithelium forms the prominent 



element; by usage the word is restricted to 
carcinoma of the skin and mucous mem- 
branes. E., Columnar. See E., Cylindric. 
E., Corneous, one in which the cells resemble 
the outer layer of epidermal cells. E., 
Cylindric, one in which the epithelial cells 
resemble ordinary columnar epithelium and 
the structure resembles ordinary mucosa. 
Syn., Cylinder-cell cancer; Cylindriform epi- 
thelial cancer; Columnar-celled carcinoma. 
E., Cylindrocellular. See E., Cylindric. 
E., Cystic, a form containing pits filled with 
fluid. E., Diffuse, a form marked by rapid 
infiltration of the adjacent connective tissue 
with epithelial cells. E., Glandular, a not 
very malignant form composed of gland-cells 
occurring in mucosas, especially of the nose 
and palate, and of slow growth. E., Multiple 
Cystic, a variety in which scattered . cysts 
are formed in consequence of mucoid de- 
generation and the fusion of adjacent drops 
of fluid. E. myxomatodes psammosum, 
a tumor of the third ventricle of the brain, 
of the character of a very soft myxoma, and 
containing very hard, granular, milk-white 
contents. 

Epitheliomatous (ep-e-the-le-om' -at-us) . Hav- 
ing the nature of an epithelioma. 

Epitheliomuscular (ep-e-the-le-o-mus' '-ku-lar) . 
Resembling epithelium and muscle. 

Epithelium (ep-e-the' -le-um) [in!, upon; 
dt)\i}, nipple]. A term applied to the group 
of cells that forms the epidermis that lines all 
canals having communication with the exter- 
nal air, and that are specialized for secretion 
in certain glands, as the liver, kidneys, etc. 




Goblet Cells. 



Squamous Cells. 



Epithelium is divided, according to the shape 
and arrangement of the cells, into columnar, 
cuboidal, flat, pavement, squamous, stratified, 
and tessellated epithelium; according to 
function, into protective and glandular or 



EPITONIC 



393 



EQUIPOTENTIAX 






i 



secreting. E., Ciliated, a form in which the 
cells bear vibratile filaments or cilia on their 
free extremities. E., Columnar, distinguished 
by prismatic-shaped or columnar cells. E., 
Fibrillated. See E., Rod. E., Germ, E., 
Germinal, E., Germinative. i. See Ridge, 
Genital. 2. The single layer of columnar 
epithelial cells covering the free surface of 
the ovary. E., Glandular, that composed 
generally of spheroid cells and constituting 
the proper secreting substance of a gland. 
E., Intestinal, columnar epithelium. E., 
Malpighian. See E., Mucous. E., Mucous. 
1. The rete mucosum. 2. The entire em- 
bryonic epidermis with the exception of the 
epitrichium. E., Nerve, epithelium in which 
sensory cells combined with ordinary epithe- 
lial cells form the peripheral terminations 
of the nerves in the organs of sense. E., 
Pigmentary, E., Pigmented, epithelial 
cells holding pigment-granules. E,, Protec- 
tive, that serving for protection, as the 
epidermis, as distinguished from that serving 
for secretion or sensation. E., Pyramidal, 
columnar epithelium. E., Rod, striated cells 

f lining certain glands. E., Sensory. See E., 
Nerve. E., Striated, that consisting of 
striated cells. E., Subcapsular, the epithe- 
lial-like lining of the internal surface of the 
capsule of the nerve-cells of spinal ganglions. 
E., Tabular, E. tabulare, pavement 
epithelium. E., Tegumentary, the epider- 
mis. E., Transitional, epithelium inter- 
mediate between simple and stratified. E., 
Vascular, vascular endothelium. E. vi- 
brans, E., Vibratile, E., Vibrating, E. 
vibratorium, ciliated epithelium. 

Epitonic {ep-e-ton'-ik) [iznetvscv, to stretch]. 
Tightly drawn; on the stretch. 

Epitonos, Epitonus {ep - e - to' - nos, - nus). 
1. See Epitonic. 2. Anything exhibiting ab- 
normal tension or stretched from one point to 
another. 

Epitrichium (ep-e-trik'-e-um) \epi-; rpr/cov, 
hair]. Superficial layer of fetal epidermis. 

Epitrochanterian (ep-e-tro-kan-te' '-re-an) \epi-; 
trochanter]. Situated upon the trochanters. 

Epitrochlea (ep-e-trok'-le-ah) \epi-; -poyak'ta, a 
pulley]. The internal condyle of the humerus. 

Epitrochiear (ep-e-trok'-le-ar). Applied to 
muscles of the forearm which are attached 
to the epitrochlea. 

Epitympanic (ep-e-tim-pan 1 '-ik) \epi-; xbp.izavov, 
the tympanum]. Upon or above the tym- 
panum. E. Recess, the attic. 

Epitympanum (ep-e-tim'-pan-um). The attic. 

Epityphlon (ep-e-tif '-Ion) \epi-; xufylbv, the 
cecum]. Kuster's name for the vermiform 
appendix. 

Epivertebral {ep-e-ver' -te-braT) \epi-; vertebra]. 
1. Situated upon a vertebra. 2. A spinous 
process of a vertebra. 

Epizoon {ep-e-zo'-on) \epi-; C<poy, an animal]. 
An animal parasite living upon the exterior of 
the body. 

Epizootic (ep-e-zo-ot'-ik) [see Epizoon]. An 
epidemic disease of the lower animals. 



Epoikic (ep-oi'-kik) \epi-; ohwf, a house]. Ap- 
plied to diseases limited to the household or 

• other circumscribed locality. 

Eponymic iep-o-nim'-ik) [kn6jvup.oc, named 
-after a person]. Named after some person. 

Epoophoron (ep-o-oj'-or-on) \epi-; tiov, egg; 
(fykpecv, to bear]. The parovarium. 

Epoptic (ep-op'-tik) [L., epopticus]: Fluores- 
cent. 

Epsom Salt {ep'-sum). See Magnesium 
Sulfate. 

Epstein's Pearls. Small, slightly elevated, 
yellowish-white masses on each side of the 
median line of the hard palate at birth. 

Epulis {ep-u'-lis) \epi-; ouAa, the gums]. A tu- 
mor of the alveolar processes of the jaws. E., 
Malignant, a giant-cell sarcoma of the jaw. 

Equation (e-kwa'-zhun) [cequare, to make equal]. 
In chemistry, a collection of symbols so 
arranged as to indicate the reaction that will 
take place if the bodies represented by the 
symbols are brought together. E., Per- 
sonal, an allowance for individual pecu- 
liarity or error in an observer's work. 

Equator (e-kwa'-tor) [see Equation]. An imagi- 
nary circle surrounding a sphere so as to di- 
vide it into equal halves. E. of a Cell, the 
boundary of the plane through which division 
takes place. E. of the Eye, the aequator 
oculi; a line joining the four extremities of the 
transverse and vertical axes of the eye. 

Equilibrating Operation (e-kwil'-ib-ra-iing). 
An operation on the ocular muscles to equal- 
ize their action in cases of squint. 

Equilibration {e-kwil-ib-ra' -shun) [equilibrium]. 
The maintenance of equilibrium. 

Equilibrium {e-kwil-ib' -re-um) [cequus, equal; 
libra, balance]. A state of balance. E., 
Nitrogenous, the condition of the system in 
which the amount of nitrogen in the matter 
discharged from the body exactly equals the 
amount taken in. E., Physiologic, the 
state of the system in which the amount of 
material discharged from the body exactly 
equals the amount taken in. 

Equinia (e - kwin' - e - ah) [equus, a horse]. 
Glanders; farcy. 

Equinocavus {e-kwi-no-ka' -vus) [equinus; 
cavus, hollow]. Dorsal talipes equinus in 
which the plantar surface is excessively 
hollowed and creased. 

Equinovarus {e-k-wi-no-va' -rus) [equinus; varus, 
bent outward]. A variety of talipes pre- 
senting the characteristics of talipes equinus 
and talipes varus. 

Equinus (e-kwi'-nus) [equus, a horse]. 1. 
Talipes equinus. 2. Relating to the horse; 
equine. E. dorsalis, a form of talipes 
equinus in which the patient walks on the 
dorsal surface of the flexed toes. E. plan- 
taris, the form of talipes equinus in which 
the toes are extended throughout or only at 
the metatarsophalangeal joint. 

Equipotential (e-k-wi-po-ten' -shal) [ccquus, 
equal; potentia, power]. Of equal power; 
applied in electricity to bodies with equal 
dynamic units. 



EQUISETUM 



394 



ERGOTISM 



Equisetum (ek-wis-e' -turn) [equus, a horse; 
sceta, a bristle]. A genus of cryptogamous 
plants. E. hiemale is used in dropsy and 
diseases of genitourinary origin. Dose of 
fluidextr act 30-60 min. (1.8-3.7 Cc). 

Equivalence, Equivalency \e-kwiv' -al-ens, 
-en-se) [cequus, equal; valere, to be worth]. 
The property possessed by an element or 
radicle of replacing another element or 
radicle in a compound body in definite 
proportions. 

Equivalent (e-kwiv'-al-ent). Of equal valency; 
having the same value. E., Endosmotic, 
the ratio obtained by dividing the amount 
of the replacing liquid in osmotic action by 
the amount replaced. E., Joule's, the 
mechanic equivalent of heat or the amount 
of work that, converted into heat, will raise 
the temperature of one pound of water i° F. 
E., Psychic Epileptic, mental disturbance 
or excitement which may take the place of 
epileptic attacks. E., Toxic, the quantity 
of poison capable of killing, by intravenous 
injection, one kilogram of animal. 

Erasion (e-ra'-zhun) [e, out; radere, to scrape]. 
The act of scraping. 

Erb's Disease. Severe pseudoparalytic my- 
asthenia; asthenic bulbar paralysis. E.'s 
Juvenile Form of Progressive Muscular 
Atrophy, the scapulohumeral type. E.'s 
Myotonic Reaction. See E.'s Waves. E.'s 
Palsy, E.'s Paralysis, a paralysis involving 
the deltoid, biceps, brachialis anticus, and 
supinator longus; often also the supinator 
brevis, and at times the infraspinatus; rarely 
the subscapularis. It is traumatic in origin; 
it may occur during birth. E.'s Point, a 
point about two fingerbreadths above the 
clavicle and one fingerbreadth external to the 
sternomastoid. Electric stimulation at this 
point produces contraction of the deltoid, bi- 
ceps, brachialis anticus, and supinator longus. 
E.'s Symptom. 1. Increase of the electric 
irritability of the motor nerves in tetany. 
2. Dulness on percussion over the manu- 
brium sterni in akromegaly. E.'s Waves, 
undulatory movements produced in a muscle 
by passing a moderately strong constant 
current through it and leaving the elec- 
trodes in place, the circuit remaining closed. 
They are sometimes seen in Thomsen's 
disease. 

Erb-Charcot's Disease. Spastic spinal paral- 
ysis; spasmodic tabes dorsalis. 

Erben's Phenomenon. A temporary slow- 
ing of the pulse on bending forward or 
attempting to sit down; it has been observed 
in neurasthenia. 

Erb-Goldflam's Symptom-complex. See 
Erb's Disease. 

Erb-Westphal's Symptom. See WestphaVs 
Sign. 

Erect (e-rekf) [erigere, to set up]. To raise 
through engorgement of the tissues. 

Erectile (e-rek'-til) [erect]. Having the quality 
of becoming erect. E. Tissue, a tissue con- 
sisting of a network of expansile capillaries 



that, under stimulus, become engorged with 
blood and cause erection of the part. 

Erection {e-rek'-shun) [erect]. The state of 
being erect, as erection of the penis or 
clitoris. 

Erector {e-rek'-tor) [erect]. 1. A muscle that pro- 
duces erection of a part. See under Muscle. 
2. A prism frequently attached to the eye- 
piece of the microscope, for correcting the 
inversion of the image. E. Nerves. See 
Nervi erigentes. E. pili, the unstriped 
muscular fibers causing the erection of the 
hair and the phenomenon called goose- 
flesh or goose-skin. 

Eremacausis {er-e-mak-aw' -sis) [-qpkfia, slowly; 
Kauacc, burning]. Slow oxidation or gradual 
decay, without combustion. 

Erepsin {er-ep'-sin) [kps'cTcecv, to destroy]. A 
ferment produced by the intestinal mucosa, 
having no effect on unaltered albumin but 
causing cleavage of peptones. 

Erethetic, Erethetical {er-e-ihet'-ik, -at). See 
Ereihismic. 

Erethism, Erethismus (er'-e-thizm, er-e-thiz'- 
mus) [epedcop-oc, irritation]. An abnormal 
increase of nervous irritability. 

Erethisma {er-e-thiz'-mah). An irritant. 

Erethismic, Erethistic (er-e-thiz'-mik, -this'- 
tik). Relating to, or affected with, erethism. 

Erg [epyov, work]. A unit of work, represent- 
ing the work done in moving a body against 
the force of one dyne through a space of 
one centimeter. 

Ergoapiol ier-go-a'-pe-ol). A proprietary com- 
bination of apiol, 5 parts; ergotin, 1 part; 
savin oil, \ part; aloin, \ part; it is used 
as an emmenagog. Dose 7-14 gr. (0.45- 
0.9 Gm.). 

Ergot, Ergota {er'-got, er-go f -tah) [Ft., ergot, 
sl spur]. The sclerotium of the Claviceps 
purpurea, a fungus growing on rye. It is a 
vasomotor stimulant and causes contraction 
of the involuntary muscles. It is used to 
control hemorrhage and to cause uterine 
contraction; it is also employed in cerebral 
and spinal congestion, in diabetes insipidus, 
and in night -sweats. Dose 10 gr.-i dr. (0.65- 
4.0 Gm.). E., Extract of (extractum ergota, 
U. S. P.), ergot. Dose 5-20 gr. (0.3-1.3 
Gm.); hypodermatically, |~5 gr. (0.016-0.32 
Gm.). E., Fluidextract of (fluidextractum 
ergotce, U. S. P.). Dose § dr.-| oz. (2-16 
Cc). E., Infusion of {injusum ergotce, B. 
P.). Dose 1-2 oz. (30-60 Cc). E., In- 
jection of (injectio ergotince hypodermica, 
B. P.), ergotin and camphor-water. Dose 
subcutaneously 3-10 min. (0.2-0.65 Cc). 
E., Tincture of (tinctura ergotce, B. P.). 
Dose 10 min. -1 dr. (0.6-4.0 Cc). E., Wine 
of (vinum ergotce., U. S. P.). Dose 2 dr. (8 
Cc). 

Ergotin (er 1 '-go-tin). Extract of ergot. 

Ergotinin {er-gof -in-in), C35H 40 N 4 O 6 . An 
alkaloid from ergot of rye. 

Ergotinum (er-go-ti'-num). See Ergotin. 

Ergotism (er'-got-izm) [ergot]. The constitu- 
tional effects following the prolonged use of 



ERICHSEN'S DISEASE 



395 



ERYSIPELAS 



ergot, or of grain containing the fungus Clavi- 
ceps purpurea. The symptoms are of two 
types, either a spasmodic form with contrac- 
tions and cramps of the muscles, or a form 
characterized by dry gangrene. 

Erichsen's Disease. Railway-spine; rail- 
way-brain. A train of symptoms following 
accidents, which may assume the form of 
traumatic hysteria, neurasthenia, hypochon- 
driasis, or melancholia. E.'s Ligature, one 
consisting of a double thread, one-half of 
which is black, the other white; it is -used in 
the ligation of nevi. E.'s Sign, to differ- 
entiate coxalgia from sacroiliac disease: com- 
pression of the two iliac bones causes pain in 
the latter, but not in the former, affection. 

Erigens {er'-e-jenz) [L.]. Producing erection, 
as the nervi erigentes. 

Erigeron (er-ij'-er-on) {fjpcykpojv, groundsel]. 
Fleabane. The plant E. canadensis, having 
physiologic actions like those of oil of tur- 
pentine, but less irritant. It contains oil of 
erigeron, and is used as a hemostatic. E. 
bellidi folium and E. philadelphicus afford 
similar oil, and have the same properties. 
E. canadensis is used in dropsy and diseases 
of the genitourinary tract. E., Fluidextract 
of. Dose 30-60 min. (1.8-3.7 Cc). E., Oil of 
{oleum erigerontis, U. S. P.). Dose 10 min.- 
| dr. (0.65-2.0 Cc). 

Eriocomous (er-e-ok'-om-us). Villous; covered 
with fine hair. 

Eriodictyon (er-e-o-dik'-te-on) \epcov, wool; 
o'ciaoov, a net]. Yerba santa or mountain- 
balm. The leaves of E. calif or nicum, a shrub 
of California, are expectorant and an excipient 
for quinin, the taste of which they largely con- 
ceal. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). E., Extract of . 
Dose 2-10 gr. (0.13-0.65 Gm.). E., Fluid- 
extract of (fluidextr actum eriodictyi, U. S. 
P.). Dose 15 min.-i dr. (1-4 Cc). 

Erodent {e-ro'-dent) [e, out; rodere, to gnaw]. 
1. Caustic; causing erosion. 2. A caustic 
drug. 

Erosion (e-ro'-zhun) [erodere, to eat out]. 
The eating away of tissue. E., Aphthous, 
the formation of flat ulcers on a mucosa. E., 
Dental, a progressive decalcification, affect- 
ing most commonly the labial and buccal 
faces of the teeth, not due to the causes of 
dental caries, and usually associated with 
the gouty diathesis. E., Papillary", a con- 
dition developed from simple erosion; after 
the destruction of the epithelium the exposed 
points of the papillas swell and appear as 
granular, dark-red, and easily bleeding 
elevations. 

Erotic (er-ot'-ik) \epojc, love]. Pertaining to 
the sexual passion. 

Erotism ier'-o-tizm). A condition of erotic 
intoxication. 

Erotomania {er-ot-o-ma' -ne-ali) {epcoc, love; 
fiavca, madness]. Morbid exaggeration of 
the affections, usually toward the opposite sex. 

Erotopathy , Erotopathia (er-ot - op' - ath-e, 
er-o-to-path' -e-ah) \epoJc, love; rtadoc, disease]. 
Perverted sexual instinct. 



Errabund {er'-a-bund) [errare, to wander]. 
Erratic; wandering. 

Errhine {er'-in) [iv, in; pec, the nose]. 1. 
Causing discharges from the nose. 2. A med- 
icine that increases nasal secretions; a ster- 
nutatory. 

Errhysis (er'-is-is) \eppe~cv, to go slowly]. Slow 
bleeding. 

Eructation {e-ruk-ta' -shun) [eructare, to belch]. 
Belching. 

Eruption {e-rup'-shun) \erumpere, to burst 
out]. A bursting forth, especially applied to 
the skin-lesions of the exanthematous dis- 
eases. E., Koch's, a morbilliform eruption 
.following the injection of tuberculin. E., 
Miliary, an eruption of little vesicles occur- 
ring in the course of febrile diseases. 

Eruptive {e-rup'-tiv) [see Eruption]. Attended 
by an eruption, as an eruptive fever. 

Eryngium {er-in'-je-um) [ipoyyt], a sort of 
thistle]. A genus of plants of the order 
Umbelliferce. E. yuccazjolium is indigenous 
to the western prairies and southern barrens 
of the United States. The root is diaphoretic, 
expectorant, and refrigerant. Dose of fluid- 
extract 30-60 min. (1.8-3.7 Cc). 

Erysipelas {er-is-ip'-el-as) \ipu6poc, red; ~kX\a, 
skin]. An acute infectious disease due to 
Streptococcus erysipelaiis (which is pro- 
bably identical with the Streptococcus pyoge- 
nes), and characterized by an inflammation 
of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. E. 
ambulans. See E., Wandering. E. bul- 
losum, that attended with formation of bullas. 
E. chronicum. Synonym of Erysipeloid. 
E. diffusum, that in which the affected area 
is not sharply defined, the redness merging 
gradually with the color of the surrounding 
skin. E., Facial, erysipelas of the face, the 
most common form. After an initial chill 
the temperature rises very high; there may 
be vomiting and delirium, and the disease may 
spread rapidly over a great part of the body. 
The affected area is swollen, has a deep-red 
color, an elevated margin, and itches. E. 
glabrum, that in which the skin is tightly 
stretched and has a smooth, shining appear- 
ance. Syn., Erysipelas lave; Erysipelas 
Icevigatum. E., Idiopathic, erysipelas oc- 
curring without any visible wound. E., 
Internal, E. internum, that affecting 
the interior of the body, especially the 
mucosas. E. lagve, E. laevigatum. See E. 
glabrum. E. medicamentosum, a medi- 
cine rash resembling erysipelas, but marked 
by rapid development, the absence of well- 
defined areas, and tenderness on pres- 
sure. E. migrans. See E., Wandering. 
E., Phlegmonous, a form of erysipelas in 
which there is pus -formation. E., Pustular, 
E. pustulosum, a variety of erysipelas 
bullosum in which the bullas contain pus. 
E., Serpiginous, a form which extends by 
involving neighboring parts of the skin. E., 
Spontaneous, that to which no external 
cause can be assigned. E., Surgical, E., 
Traumatic, erysipelas occurring in the site of 



ERYSIPELATOUS 



396 



ERYTHRODEXTRIN 



a wound . E . , Symptomatic , that dependent 
on some constitutional disorder. E., True, 
that due to infection with Streptococcus erysipe- 
latis, Fehleisen. See under Bacteria. E., Ven- 
ous, that accompanied by venous conges- 
tion and marked by a dark-red color which 
does not entirely disappear on pressure. E. 
verrucosum, that characterized by a warty 
or lumpy appearance. E., Wandering, a 
form in which the erysipelatous process 
successively disappears from one part of the 
body to appear subsequently at another part. 
E., White, a variety of erysipelatous edema 
in which there is no manifest dilation of the 
blood-vessels. 

Erysipelatous (er-is-ip-eV -at-us) [erysipelas]. 
Of the nature of or affected with erysipelas. 

Erysipelococcus (er-is-ip-el-o-kok'-us). A 
name for Streptococcus erysipelatis, to which 
erysipelas is due. 

Erysipeloid (er-is-ip 1 '-el-oid) [erysipelas; e}ooc, 
likeness]. A noncontagious disease resembling 
erysipelas. It is due to Cladothrix dichotoma. 
Syn., Erysipelas chronicum; Erythema mi- 
grans. 

Erythema (er-ith-e'-mah) [epuda'cvecv, to make 
red]. A redness of the skin occurring in 
patches of variable size and shape. E. 
aestivum, an intense itching and burning, 
attended with swelling and formation of 
bullas, attacking the feet and ankles of those 
who walk barefooted in hay -fields. E. a 
frigore, E. a gelu, chilblain. E., Amor- 
phous, that in which the efflorescence is irregu- 
lar in outline and arrangement. E. angeiec- 
taticum, Auspitz's term for rosacea in order 
to convey the idea of its dependence upon 
dilation of the cutaneous blood-vessels. E. 
annulare, a form of erythema multiforme in 
which the lesions shrink and desquamate at 
the center, but continue to extend at the 
periphery by a raised margin. E., Choleraic, 
erythema multiforme occurring in cholera 
patients, chiefly affecting the extremities and 
marked by papules bluish-red or livid in color. 
It has been observed as occurring at both the 
initial and the declining stage of the disease. 
E. diffusum, a form resembling scar- 
latina, with ill-defined outline, the red 
color of the affected skin merging gradually 
into that of the surrounding parts. E. 
enematogenes, an eruption sometimes ob- 
served in children on the anterior surface of 
the knees, backs of the elbows, buttocks, and 
face, appearing from 12 to 24 hours after the 
administration of enemas. It lasts from 24 
to 48 hours, is rarely followed by desquama- 
tion, and gives rise to no constitutional dis- 
turbance. E., Infectious, a name given to 
erythema multiforme to express the theory of 
its infectious character. E. intertrigo, in- 
tertrigo; a hyperemia of the skin occurring 
where the folds of the integument come in 
contact. The epidermis may be abraded. 
E., Lewin's, of the Larynx, simple syphilitic 
catarrh of the larynx. E. migrans. Synonym 
of Erysipeloid. E. multiforme, an acute 



inflammatory skin disease characterized by 
reddish macules, papules, or tubercles, usually 
appearing on the legs and forearms. It is 
often ushered in by gastric distress and 

. rheumatic pains. E. nodosum, dermatitis 
contusiformis, an inflammatory disease char- 
acterized by the formation, especially on the 
tibial surfaces, of rounded, elevated, erythema- 
tous nodules. E. solare. See E., Symptoma- 
tic. E., Symptomatic, a hyperemia of the 
skin, either diffuse or in nonelevated patches. 
It is either idiopathic, as when arising from 
the action of the sun (erythema solare), or due 
to various poisons (erythema venenatum), or 
it is symptomatic of systemic disease or gastro- 
intestinal disorder. E. venenatum. See 
E., Symptomatic. 

Erythematica (er-ith-e-mat'-ik-ah) [erythema]. 
A form of idiopathic enteritis, according to 
Cullen. 

Erythematous (er-ith-em' -at-us) [erythema]. 
Of the nature of erythema. 

Erythrasa (er-ith-re' -ah) [kpudpa'coc, red]. A 
genus of gentians. E. centaurium, the 
European centaury, is tonic . and antipyre- 
tic. Dose of extract 5-30 gr. (0.32-1.9 Gm.). 
E. venusta, a California species, is a valuable 
bitter tonic and stomachic. 

Erythrasma (er-ith-raz'-mah) [ipodpog, red]. 
A rare skin disease attacking the axillas or 
inguinal region or the buttocks. It forms 
reddish or brownish, sharply defined, slightly 
raised, desquamating patches, that cause no 
itching or inconvenience. It is due to Ba- 
cillus epidermidis. 

Erythremelalgia (er-ith-rem-el-aV -je-ah) . See 
Erythromelalgia . 

Erythro- (er-ith-ro-) [ipudpoc, red]. A prefix 
signifying of a red color. 

Erythroblast (er-ith'-ro-blast) [erythro-; ftXaoxoc, 
a germ]. A rudimentary red blood -corpuscle. 

Erythrocyte (er-ith'-ro-sil) [erythro-; nuzog, a 
cell]. A red blood-corpuscle. 

Erythro cytolysis (er-ith-ro-si-toV -is-is) [erythro- 
cyte; Xbocc, a loosing]. The plasmolysis of red 
blood-corpuscles; the escape of soluble sub- 
stances and the reduction of the volume of 
the corpuscle. 

Erythrocytometer (er-ith-ro-si-tom' -et-er) [ery- 
throcyte; fiirpov, a measure]. A heavy, gradu- 
ated, glass capillary tube, the lumen of which 
is expanded near the upper end into a bulb 
containing a small cubic glass bead which 
serves as a stirrer. It is used in counting 
erythrocytes. Cf. Leukocytometer. 

Erythrocytorrhexis (er-ith-ro-si - tor - reks' -is) . 
See Plasmorrhexis. 

Erythro cy to schisis (er - ith - ro - si - tos' - kis - is) 
[erythrocyte; ox'cocc, cleavage]. The splitting- 
up of red blood-corpuscles into discs resemb- 
ling blood-platelets. Cf. Plasmoschisis. 

Erythrocytosis (er-ith-ro-si-to'-sis) [erythrocyte]. 
1. The formation of red blood-corpuscles. 2. 
The presence in the blood, before birth, of red 
cells with nuclei and with karyokinetic figures. 

Erythrodextrin (er-ith-ro-deks'-trin) [erythro-; 
dexter, right]. A dextrin formed by the 



ERYTHROGRANULOSE 



397 



ESERIN 



action of saliva on starch. It yields a red 
color with iodin. 

Erythrogranulose {er - ith -ro - gran' - u- Ids) 
[erythro-; granulum, a little grain]. A 
granular substance, found in starch-grains, 
coloring red with iodin. 

Erythrol {er' -ith-rol) [ipudpoc, red], i. C 4 H 6 - 
(OH) 4 . A crystalline alkaloid from certain 
algae and lichens. 2. A double salt of bis- 
muth and cinchonidin. It is used in rare 
forms of dyspepsia in which acid reaction 
of the gastric juice is accompanied by the 
production of butyric acid. E. Tetranitrate, 
(CH 2 ON0 2 ) 2 (CHO . N0 2 ) 2 , large scales, solu- 
ble in alcohol, insoluble in water, exploding 
on percussion; recommended as a substitute 
for amyl nitrite and nitroglycerin in angina 
pectoris, asthma, lead colic, and cardiac af- 
fections. Dose J-i gr. (0.03-0.06 Gm.). 

Erythro ly sin {er -ith-rol' -is-in) . See Hemolysin. 

Erythromelalgia {er - ith -ro- mel - al'-je - ah) 
[erythro-; [ikXoc, a limb; dXyog, pain]. An 
affection of the distal parts of the extremi- 
ties, particularly the feet, characterized by 
redness and neuralgic pain. The disease is 
very obstinate; its pathology is not well un- 
derstood. It may be a vasomotor neurosis, 
a neuritis of the peripheral nerves, or it may 
be due to changes in the spinal cord. 

Erythromelia {er-ith-ro-me' -le-ah) [erythro-; 
fieXoc, limb]. An affection of the extensor 
surfaces of the arms and legs, characterized 
by painless progressive redness of the skin; 
it is distinct from erythromelalgia. 

Erythronium {er-ith-ro' -ne-um) [ipudpoc, red]. 
A genus of liliaceous plants. E. ameri- 
canum is a species indigenous to the United 
States; the bulb and all parts of the plant 
are emetic. Dose 20-30 gr. (1.3-1.9 Gm.). 

Erythrophil {er-ith' -ro-fil) [erythro-; (f>cXelv, to 
love]. Auerbach's term for the red-staining 
nuclear substance of animal _and vegetal 
cells. 

Erythrophilous {er-ith-ro j'-il-us) [see Erythro- 
phil]. Having an especial affinity for red dyes. 

Erythrophlein {er-ith-ro}' -le-in) [erythro-; 
<f>Xoibe, bark]. A poisonous alkaloid from 
casca-bark. E. Hydro chlorate, a local 
anesthetic and cardiac tonic; used chiefly in 
ophthalmology in 0.05 to 0.25% solution. 
Dose 3V —tV gr. (0.002-0.004 Gm.). 

Erythrophleum {er-ith-rof'-le-um). Casca- 
bark. 

Erythropsia {er-ith-rop' -se-ah) [erythro-; o^cc, 
vision]. An abnormity of vision in which all 
objects appear red; red vision. 

Erythropykno sis {er - ith -ro- pik - no' - sis) 
[erythro-; nunvbc, thick]. Degenerative 
changes in the invaded erythrocyte, charac- 
teristic of the estivoautumnal infections. It 
consists in the development of a brassy 
appearance of the blood-cell, together with 
distinct crenation. 

Erythrosin {er-ith-ro' -sin) [erythro-; tyrosin], 
CaoHjgN^Og. A compound product by the 
action of HN0 3 on tyrosin. It is used as a 
coloring-matter. 



Erythrosis {er-ith-ro' -sis) [ipodpoc, red]. 1. Ar- 
terial plethora, or the redness of the skin due to 
it. 2. An exaggerated tendency to blush. 

Erythroxylin {er-ith-roks' -il-in) [erythro-; $uXov, 
wood]. Synonym of Cocain. 

Erythroxylon {er-ith-roks' -il-on) [see Erythrox- 
ylin]. Coca. The leaves of E. coca, a shrub 
indigenous to the Andes. It contains an alka- 
loid, cocain, C 17 H 21 N0 4 , to which its properties 
are mainly due. It is an aromatic tonic and 
cerebral stimulant. Dose of coca {erythroxy- 
lon coca, B. P.) 2-15 gr. (0.13-1.0 Gm.); of 
the fluidextract {fluidextractum cocce, U. S. 
P.) 20 min.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 Cc); of the liquid 
extract {extr actum cocce liquidum, B. P.) 20 
min.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 Cc). 

Eschar {es'-kar) [£o%apa, a scab]. A slough, 
especially that produced by the thermocau- 
tery. E., Neuropathic, a bed-sore. 

Escharotic {es-kar-of -ik) [ia^npcorcKoc;]- 1. 
Caustic; producing _ a slough. 2. A sub- 
stance that produces an eschar; a caustic. 

Esciorcin, ^Esciorcin {es-e-or' -sin) [Aisculus, 
a genus of trees; orcin], C a H 8 4 . A product 
of esculetin by action of sodium amalgam. 
It dissolves in alkalis, green changing to red, 
and is used in discovering corneal defects and 
lesions of conjunctival epithelium, the red 
color being more distinct on the iris than the 
green color of fluorescein. Application, 1 drop 
of 10 to 20% aqueous solution. 

Esciorcinol {es-e-or' -sin-ol) . Same as Esciorcin. 

Escorcin, iEscorcin {es-kor'-sin). See Es- 
ciorcin. 

Esculetin {es-ku-W -tin) [Msculus, a genus of 
trees], C 9 H 6 4 . A substance present in the 
bark of the horse-chestnut, partly free, and 
partly as the glucosid esculin, from which it 
is prepared. 

Esculin {es'-ku-lin) [see Esculetin], C 15 H 16 9 . A 
glucosid from horse-chestnut bark. 

Eseridin {es-er' -id-in) . An alkaloid, C 15 H 23 - 
N3O3. It is a laxative and motor excitant 
and is recommended as a cathartic in veterin- 
ary practice. Its uses are the same as eserin, 
but it is only -one-sixth as powerful. Sub- 
cutaneous dose \-\ gr. (0.01-0.02 Gm.). 

Eserin, Eserinum {es'-er-in, es-er-e' -num) [esere, 
native name of the plant or bean]. An alka- 
loid obtained from the Calabar bean, and said 
to be identical with physostigmin {q. v.). E. 
Benzoate, C 15 H 21 N 3 2 . C 7 H fi 2 , used in 
the same way as is eserin. E. Borate, is 
mydriatic; the solutions are permanent and 
nonirritating, used in same way as is eserin. 
E.-pilocarpin, a combination of eserin and 
pilocarpin forming a white, crystalline,, soluble 
powder. It is anodyne and laxative and used 
in veterinary practice in colic of horses. 
Injection, 6 gr. (0.4 Gm.) in 5 Cc. of water. 
E. Salicylate, C 15 H 2: N 3 2 . C 7 H 6 3 , is used 
in 5 % solutions to contract the pupil ; red 
solutions have lost their power. It is also 
used in intestinal atony. Dose ^V^o EF- 
(0.0016-0.003 Gm.), divided into 2, 3, or 4. 
doses; other uses and dosage the same as 
of eserin. E. Sulfate, used in same way as 



ESM ARCH'S BANDAGE 



398 



ESTIVOAUTUMNAL FEVER 



eserin; also, hypodermatically in veterin- 
ary practice for colic. Dose i| gr. (o.i Gm.). 
E. Tartrate, (C 15 H 21 N 3 2 ) 2 C 4 H 6 6 , uses and 
dosage the same as of eserin. 

Esmarch's Bandage, E.'s Apparatus. An 
elastic rubber bandage used upon a limb to 
be amputated, in order to drive the blood out 
of it by the pressure of progressive turns 
about the limb toward the trunk. E.'s 
Tubes, tubes on the sides of which agar 
or gelatin has been solidified in a thin layer, 
by rapid turning of the tube on ice or under 
ice-water. 

Esodic (e-sod'-ik) [ic, into; odoc, way]. Afferent. 

Esoethmoiditis (es - o - eth - moid - i' - tis) [eoaj,- 
within; ethmoiditis]. Osteomyelitis of the 
ethmoid. 

Esohyperphoria (es -o -hi- per-Jo f -re-ah). See 
Hyperesophoria under Heterophoria. 

Esophageal (e-sof-af-e-al) [esophagus]. Per- 
taining or belonging to the esophagus. 

Esophageurysma (e-so-faj-ur-iz' -mah) [esoph- 
agus; eupuveev, to widen]. Abnormal dilation 
of the esophagus. 

Esophagismus (e-sof-aj-iz'-mus) [esophagus]. 
Spasmodic contraction of the esophagus. 

Esophagitis (e-sof-aj-i'-tis) [esophagus; exec, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the esophagus. 

Esophago- (e-sof-a-go-) [esophagus]. A prefix 
meaning relating to the esophagus. 

Esophagocele (e-sof'-ag-o-sel) [esophago-; ktjXtj, 
hernia]. An abnormal distention of a portion 
of the esophagus. 

Esophagoectasis (e-sof-ag-o-ek-ta 1 '-sis) [esopha- 
go-; enrEcvecv, to stretch]. Diffuse spindle- 
form dilation of the esophagus, almost always 
due to stenosis of the cardia. 

Esophagoenterostomy (e-sof-ag-o-en-ter-os' -to- 
me) [esophago-; enterostomy]. Schlatter's 
operation for the total extirpation of the 
stomach; the esophagus is first sutured to 
the duodenum. 

Esophagometer (e-sof-ag-om' '-et-er) [esophago-; 
p.kxpov, a measure]. An instrument for measur- 
ing the esophagus. 

Esophagomycosis (e-sof-ag-o-mi-ko' -sis) [esoph- 
ago-; mycosis]. Disease of the esophagus 
caused by fungi. 

Esophagoplasty (e-sof ' -ag-o-plast-e) [esophago-; 
nXaooeev, to shape]. Plastic surgery of the 
esophagus. 

Esophagoptosis (e-sof-ag-o-to 1 '-sis) [esophago-; 
nzcbocc, a falling]. Prolapse of the esophagus. 

Esophagoscope (e-sof-ag'-o-skop) [esophago-; 
oKoxelv, to view]. An instrument for examining 
the interior of the esophagus by artificial light. 

Esophagoscopy ((e-sof-ag-os' -ko-pe) [see Esoph- 
agoscope]. Examination of the interior of the 
esophagus by means of the esophagoscope. 

Esophagospasm (e-sof -ag-o-spazm). See Eso- 
phagismus. 

Esophagostenosis (e-sof-ag-o-sten-o' -sis) [esoph- 
ago-; oxkvwoec, constriction]. Constriction 
of the esophagus. 

Esophagostoma (e-sof-ag-os' -to-mah) [esopha- 
go-; o-6/j.a, a mouth]. An abnormal aperture 
or passage into the esophagus. 



Esophagectomy (e-sof-ag-os' -to-me) [see Eso- 
phagostoma]. The formation of an artificial 
opening in the esophagus. E. externa, the 
surgical opening of the esophagus from the 
surface of the neck for the removal of foreign 
bodies. E. interna, incision of the esophagus 
from the inside by means of the esophago- 
tome for relief of stricture. 

Esophagotome (e - so} - ag' - o - torn) . An in- 
strument devised for cutting into the esoph- 
agus. 

Esophagotomy (e-sof -ag-ot' -o-me) [esophago-; 
ropLTj, a cutting]. Opening of the esophagus 
by an incision. 

Esophagus (e-sof -ag-us) [oeoocfrayoc, the gul- 
let]. The gullet, a musculomembranous 
canal, about nine inches in length, extending 
from the pharynx to the stomach. 

Esophoria (es-o-fo'-re-ah). See Heterophoria. 

Esosphenoiditis (es-o-sfe-noid-i'-tis) [eoco, with- 
in; sphenoid; exec, inflammation]. Osteomye- 
litis of the sphenoid bone. 

Esoteric (e-so-ter'-ik) [iocoxepoc, within]. Aris- 
ing within the organism. 

Esothyropexy (es-o-thi'-ro-peks-e). See Exo- 
thyropexy. 

Esotropia (e-so-tro'-pe-ah) [eoco, inward; xpkizzev, 
to turn]. Convergent strabismus. 

Espnoic (esp-no'-ik) [ic, into; nvorj, vapor], 
i. Inspiratory. 2. Relating to the injection 
of gases or vapors. 

Essence (es'-ens) [essentia, essence]. 1. That 
which gives to anything its character or 
peculiar quality. 2. The peculiar qualities 
of a drug extracted and reduced to a small 
compass. 3. A solution of an essential oil 
in alcohol. 

Essential (es-en'-shal) [essence]. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the essence of a substance. 2. Of 
diseases, occurring without a known cause. 
E. Oils, the volatile oils obtained from aro- 
matic plants by distillation or fermentation. 

Ester (es'-ter). A compound ether containing 
both an acid and an alcohol radicle. 

Esthesioblast (es-the 1 ' -ze-o-blast) [a'eodrjoec, sen- 
sation; ftXaoxoc, a germ]. Same as Ganglio- 
blast. 

Esthesiometer (es-ihe-ze-om'-e-ter) [a'eadrjoec, 
sensation; jitcpov, a measure]. An instru- 
ment for measuring tactile sensibility. 

Esthesioneure (es - the' -ze-o - nur) [a'eadrjaec, 
sensation; vtbpov, a nerve]. A sensory 
neuron. 

Esthiomene (es-the-om'-en-e) [iodeofievT), eating]. 
Lupus vulgaris. 

Estival (es'-tiv-al) [cestas, summer]. In biology, 
produced in summer. 

Estivoautumnal Fever. See Fever, Remittent. 
E. Parasite, a parasite found in the blood in 
cases of malaria; two forms have been found, 
that of the quotidian type differing from that 
found in tertian estivoautumnal fever. The 
stages of growth are the hyaline body, pig- 
mented body, segmenting body, and crescent 
phase. The cycle of development is completed 
in 24 hours in the quotidian, and in 48 hours 
in the tertian cases. 



ESTLANDER'S OPERATION 

Estlander's Operation. An excision of por- 
tions of one or more ribs for the relief of 
empyema. 

Estimation (es-tru-a' -shun) [eslrum]. Sexual 
excitement; the socalled heat of animals. 

Estrum (es'-trum) [olorpoc, gadfly]. Sexual 
desire; the orgasm. 

Estuarium {es-tu-a'-re-um) [cestus, heat], i. A 
vapor-bath; also a stove designed to apply 
warm, dry air to all parts of the body at the 
same time. 2. A tube through which a hot 
cautery-iron can be passed to the part to 
be operated upon. 

Esuritis (es-u-ri' -tis) [esuries, hunger]. 'Gastric 
^ulceration from inanition. 

Etat Mamellone (et-ah mah-mel-on-a) [Fr.]. 
A condition of the stomach in chronic gastritis 
in which there is a projection of small eleva- 
tions consisting of hyperplastic mucous mem- 
brane. 

Ethane (eth'-dn) [ether]. Paraffin; any one of 
the products of the dry distillation of wood, 
turf, bituminous shales, lignite, bituminous 
coal, and other coals rich in hydrogen. 

Ethanol (eth' -an-ol) . See Alcohol (2). 

Ethene (eth' -en). Same as Ethylene. E. 
Chlorid, C 2 H 4 C1 2 . Dutch liquid. An anes- 
thetic resembling chloroform, but less danger- 
ous. 

Ether, iEther (e'-ther) [afflrjp, the upper 
air]. 1. The subtle fluid filling space and 
penetrating all bodies, the medium of trans- 
mission of light, heat, electricity, and magne- 
tism. 2. A compound formed hypothetically 
from H 2 by the substitution of two alcohol 
radicles for the H. 3. Diethylic oxid (C 2 H 5 ) 2 - 
O, a thin, colorless, volatile, and highly in- 
flammable liquid. The ether of the U. S. P. 
contains 96 % by weight of absolute ether 
and about 4 % of alcohol containing a little 
water; its specific gravity at 15 C. is 0.725- 

f 0.728. Its chief use is as an anesthetic, 
it being less dangerous than chloroform. It 
is also employed as a cardiac stimulant in 
sudden heart-failure and as a carminative. 
Dose by the mouth 30 min.-2 dr. (2-8 Cc.) 
in ice -water. Syn., Ethyl oxid; Ethy lie ether; 
Sulfuric ether. E., Acetic ((Ether aceticus, 
U. S. P.), has properties like those of ethy lie 
ether. Dose 10 min.-i dr. (0.65-4.0 Cc). 
E., Anesthetic. 1. A mixture of ether, 20 
parts; rhigolene, 80 parts; and petroleum 
ether, 80 parts; it is used as a local 
anesthetic. 2. A mixture of absolute alcohol 
and ether, each, 1 part, and petroleum 
ether, 4 parts. E., Chlormethylmenthyl-, 
C 10 . H 19 — O . CH 2 C1, obtained from the 
action of formaldehyd upon menthol in the 
presence of hydrochloric acid. It is used 
in the treatment of catarrhal affections of 
the air-passages. Syn., Forman. E., Com- 
pound Anesthetic, a combination of equal 
parts of rhigolene and anhydrous ethyl-ether 
employed as a spray to produce local anesthe- 
sia. E., Ethylic. See Ether (3). E., Ethyl- 
methyl, CH3O . C 2 H 5 , obtained from sodium 
methylate by the action of ethyl iodid; it is 



399 ETHMOCARDITIS 

said to be an effectual anesthetic, free from 
baleful effects. M. fortior, the ether of the 
U. S. P. E., Hydriodic. See Ethyl Iodid. 
E., Hydrobromic, ethyl bromid. Dose 10 
min.-i dr. (0.65-4.0 Cc). E. -menthol- 
chloroform, a combination of ether, 15 
parts; chloroform, 10 parts; and menthol, 
1 part; it is used as an anesthetic spray. 
E., Methylethyl, C 3 H 8 0, a mixed ether 
composed of one molecule of ethyl and one 
of methyl, combined with one atom of 
oxygen. It is used as an anesthetic. 
Syn., Three-carbon ether. E., Ozone, E., 
Ozonic, E., Ozonized, a mixture of ether, 
hydrogen peroxid, and alcohol. It is used in 
diabetes and whooping-cough. Dose 30-60 
gr. (2-4 Gm.) 3 times daily. It is used also 
as a local antiseptic in scarlatina. E., 
Spirit of (spiritus (Ether is, U. S. P.), a solution 
of ether in twice its volume of alcohol. E., 
Spirit of, Compound (spiritus celheris com- 
posilus, U. S. P.). See Hoffmann's Anodyne. 
E., Sulfurated, a mixture of sulfur, 1 
part; ether, 10 parts. It is used in cholera 
in teaspoonful doses mixed with carbonated 
water. E., Sulfuric. See Ether (3). E., 
Terebinthinated, a combination of ether, 
4 parts, and oil of turpentine, 1 or 2 parts. 
It is used in the treatment of gall-stone. Dose 
10-20 min. (0.6-1.2 Cc). E., Wiggers' 
Anesthetic. See Ethyl Chlorid, Polychlorated. 

Ethereal (e-the'-re-al) [ether]. 1. Pertaining to 
the ether. 2. Made of ether, as ethereal 
tinctures. 3. Volatile. 

Etheride (e'-ther-id). A comprehensive term 
for any combination of formyl with a haloid. 

Etherin, Etherine (e'-thcr-in, -en). 1. C 16 H 32 
( ?) . A solid, crystalline body, obtained from 
ethylene by distillation. 2. A toxin extracted 
in ether, by Auclair, from tubercle bacilli. 
Syn., Ether obacillin. 

Etherioscope (e-the'-re-o-skop) [ether; otconeev, 
to examine]. An apparatus for estimating 
the proportions of ether or of acetic acid to 
water in a given solution. 

Etherization (e-ther-iz-d '-shun) [ether]. The 
administration of ether to produce anesthesia. 
This is effected by inhalation of the vapor. 

Etherize (e'-ther -iz) [ether]. To administer ether. 

Etherobacillin (e-ther-o-bas-iV -in) . See Ether- 
in (2). 

Ethero chloroform (e-ther-o-klo'-ro-form). A 
mixture of ether and chloroform employed in 
long-continued anesthesia. 

Etheryl (e'-ther-il). See Ethylene. 

Ethidene (eth' -id-en) [ether], C 2 H 4 . Ethylidene, 
a bivalent radicle. E. Chlorid, E. Dichlorid, 
a colorless fluid, tasting and smelling like 
chloroform. It has been used as a general 
anesthetic. See under Anesthetic. 

Ethin, Ethine (eth' -in, -en). See Acetylene. 

Ethiomopemphigus (eth-e-o-mo-pem'-fe-gus) 
[Wifioc, accustomed; nipefic^, a pustule]. Con- 
tinued or habitual pemphigus. 

Ethionic (eth-e-on'-ik) [ethylene; duov, sulfur]. 
Made up of ethylene and a sulfur compound. 

Ethmocarditis (eth-mo-kar-di'-tis) [rfipioc, a 



ETHMOCEPHALUS 



400 



ETHYLENIMID 






sieve; napo'ca, heart; a eg, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the connective tissue of the heart. 

Ethmocephalus (eth-mo-sej f -al-us) [rjd/xoc, a 
sieve; K£<f>aXi}, head]. A variety of single 
autositic monsters in which there is a rudi- 
mentary nose in the shape of a proboscis 
terminating anteriorly in two imperfect nos- 
trils or in a single opening. 

Ethmodermitis (eth-mo-derm-i' -tis) [rjOiiog, a 
sieve; dipfia, the skin; ex eg, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the connective tissue of the 
skin. 

Ethmoid (eth' '-moid) \j)d[xog, a, sieve; eldoc, 
likeness], i. The sieve-like bone of the nose, 
perforated for the transmission of the olfac- 
tory nerve; it forms a part of the base of the 
skull. 2. Relating to the ethmoid bone. 

Ethmoiditis (eth-moi-di' -tis) [ethmoid; txec, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the ethmoid 
bone or of the ethmoid sinuses. 

Ethmoidofrontal (eth-moid-o-}ront r -at) . Re- 
lating to the ethmoid and frontal bones. 

Ethmolacrimal (eth-mo-lak' '-re-mat) . Relat- 
ing to the junction of the ethmoid and lacrimal 
bones. 

Ethmopalatine (eth-mo-paV -a-ten) . Relating 
to the ethmoid and palatal bones, area, or 
cartilage. 

Ethmophlogosis (eth-mo-flo-go' '-sis) . See Cel- 
lulitis. 

Ethmosphenoid (eth-mo-sfe' -noid) . Relating to 
the ethmoid and sphenoid bones. 

Ethmo vomerine (eth-mo-vo'-mer-en). Relat- 
ing to the ethmoid bone and the vomer. 

Ethmyphitis (eth-mif-i f -tis). See Cellulitis. 

Ethnology (eth-nol r -o-je) [edvoc, a nation; Xoyoc, 
science]. The comparative study of the races 
of mankind. 

Ethoxid (eth-oks'-id), R. O . C 2 H 5 . A com- 
pound of ethyl, oxygen, and a radicle or ele- 
ment; an ethylate. 

Ethoxycaffein (eth-oks-e-kaf'-e-in), C 10 H 14 N 4 O 3 . 
A remedy recommended in herpes zoster and 
migraine. Dose 4 gr. (0.26 Gm.). 

Ethyl (eth'-il) [ether; Mr), matter]. The 
alcohol radicle, C 2 H 5 . Syn., Deutyl. E.- 
acetanilid, C 10 H 13 NO, obtained from ethyl, 
anilin, and acetyl chlorid by heating. It is an- 
algesic and antipyretic. Syn., Acetethylanilid. 
E. -alcohol, ordinary alcohol of the phar- 
macopeia. See under Alcohol. E. Bisulfid, 
C 4 H 10 S 2 , a highly inflammable, colorless, oily 
liquid with odor of garlic; soluble in alcohol, 
ether, and chloroform; slightly soluble in 
water. E. Bromid, C 2 H 5 Br, a rapid and tran- 
sient anesthetic; internally it has been recom- 
mended as a soporific in doses of 5-20 min. 
(0.3-1.3 Cc.) greatly diluted with ice-water. 
Syn., Bromethyl; Monobromethane. See under 
Anesthetic. E. Carbamate (cefhylis carbamis, 
U. S. P.), urethane. E. Carbonate. 
C 5 H 10 O 3 , an inflammable, colorless, fragrant 
liquid, soluble in alcohol and ether, boils at 
126 C.; sp. gr., 0.999 at o° C. E.-chloral- 
urethane. SeeSomnal. E. Chlorid (cethylis 
chloridum, U. S. P.), C 2 H 5 C1, an anesthetic 
resembling chloroform in action. E. Chlorid, 



Polychlorated, a combination of chlorinated 
ethyl chlorids; a clear, colorless liquid, with 
aromatic odor, miscible in alcohol and ether. 
It is a local anesthetic and irritant. E. 
Formate, C 3 H 6 2 , a colorless liquid with 
fragrance of peach-kernels, soluble in ether, 
water, and alcohol. It is hypnotic and anal- 
gesic. Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). Syn., 
Formic ether. E. Iodid, C^TIT, hydriodic 
ether, used to relieve the dyspnea of bronchitic 
asthma and edematous laryngitis. Dose to 
be inhaled 5 min. (0.32 Cc.) 3 or 4 times 
daily. E. Lactate, C 5 H 10 O 3 , a yellowish or 
colorless limpid- liquid, soluble in water; it 
is hypnotic and sedative. Dose 8-16 min. (0.5- 
1 Cc). E. Nitrite, C^NO,, a very volatile, 
inflammable, ethereal liquid; it is used in 
alcoholic solution and called sweet spirit of 
niter. E. Oxid. See Ether (3) . E.-pyoktanin, 
is recommended in surgery and ophthalmology 
as more active than ordinary pyoktanin. E. 
Sulfid, C 4 H 10 S, an oily liquid with an odor of 
garlic, soluble in alcohol; melts at 93 C; sp. 
gr., 0.837 at 20 C. E.-thallin, C i2 H 17 NO, an 
antipyretic alkaloid. E. Thiocarbimid, C 3 - 
H 5 NS; it is used as a local irritant in rheu- 
matism, etc Syn., Ethyl mustard oil. E. 
Valerianate, C 7 H 14 2 , a reaction-product of 
sodium isovalerianate, alcohol, and sulfuric 
acid; it is antispasmic and sedative. Dose 
1-2 min. (0.06-0.12 Cc.) several times daily. 
Syn., Isovaleric ether. 

Ethylamin (eth -if -am- in) [ethyl; amin], 
C 2 H 7 N. A ptomain found in putrefying 
yeast. E. Urate, a remedy for gout and vesical 
calculi. 

Ethylate (eth'-il-dt). A compound of ethylic 
alcohol in which the H of the hydroxy! is 
replaced by a base. 

Ethylene (eth'-il-en) [ethyl], defiant gas, C 2 H 4 . 
A colorless, poisonous gas which burns with a 
bright, luminous flame, and when mixed with 
air explodes violently. It is one of the constit- 
uents of illuminating gas. E. Bichlorid, E. 
Chlorid. See Ethene Chlorid. E. Bromid, 
a light, brownish-colored liquid with the 
formula C 2 H 4 Br 2 . It has been used in epilepsy. 
Dose f-2 min. (0.05-0.13 Cc). E. Chlorid, 
Monochlorinated, CXIgClg, a colorless liquid 
with pleasant odor, obtained from vinyl chlorid 
by action of antimony pentachlorid ; it is used 
as an anesthetic. Syn., Monochlor ethylene 
chlorid; Vinyl trichlorid. E.-guaiacol. See 
Guaiacol Ethylenate. 

Ethylenediamin (eth-il-en-di'-a-min). A non- 
poisonous base isomeric with ethylidene- 
diamin; a solvent of albumin and fibrin, 
used in diphtheria. E.-cresol, a color- 
less liquid used as a wound antiseptic 
E.-tricresol, a mixture of ethylenediamin, 10 
parts; tricresol, 10 parts; distilled water, 500 
parts; it is used as an antiseptic in 0.1 to 1 % 
solution. Syn., Kresamin. 

Ethylenethenyl diamin (eth-il-en-eth-en-il-dl'- 
am-in). See Lysidin. 

Ethylenimid, Ethylenimin (eth-il-en-im f -id, 
-4n). 1. See Piper azin. 2. C 2 H 5 N. A non- 



ETHYLIC 



401 



EUDOSMOI. 



poisonous base found in cholera cultures and 
believed to be identical with spermin. 

Ethylic (eth-iV-ik). Relating to or obtained 
from ethyl. E. Alcohol, ethyl-alcohol. E. 
Aldehyd, acetic aldehyd. E. Ether. See 
Ether (3). ' 

Ethylidene (eth-iV -id-en). See Ethidene. 

Ethylidenediamin (eth-il-id-en-dV -a -min), 
C 2 H 4 ,(NH 2 ) 2 . A poisonous ptomain obtained 
from decomposing haddock. Injections into 
mice and guineapigs produce hypersecretion 
from mouth, nose, and eyes, mydriasis, exoph- 
thalmos, great dyspnea, and death. 

Ethylism (eth'-il-izm). Poisoning by ethyl- 
alcohol. 

Ethylization (eth-il-i-za r -shun) . The induction 
of the physiologic effects of ethyl bromid. 

Ethylize (etli'-il-iz). To anesthetize with ethyl 
bromid. 

Ethylol (eth'-il-ol). Ethyl chlorid. 

Ethylphenylcarbamate, Ethylphenylure- 
thane (eih-il-je-nil-kar' -ba-mat, -u' -re-thdn) . 
See Euphorin. 

Etiologic (e-te-ol-oj'-ik) . Pertaining to etiology. 

Etiology (e-te-ol'-o-je) [ahca, a cause; Xoyoc, 
science]. 1. The causation of disease. 2. 
The science of the causes of the phenomena 
of life and their relation to physical laws in 
general. 

Etionymous, ^Etionymous (e-te-on' -im-us) 
[ahca, a cause; ovufxa, name]. A term de- 
rived from the name of a cause; it is applied 
to diseases; e. g., alcoholism, lead-colic. 

Eubiol (u'-be-ol). A preparation of hemoglobin. 

Eubiose (u'-be-oz). A highly concentrated 
proprietary hematogenous substance. 

Eucain (u'-ka-in) . The commercial name for a 
local anesthetic used as a substitute for cocain. 
a-E.,E.A,Alpha-e.,C 19 H 27 N0 4 . HC1 + H 2 0, 
abenzoyl-n-methyltetramethyl-y-oxypiperidin- 
carboxylicmethylester, occurring in glossy 
prisms melting at 104 C. The hydrochlorate 
is used. Application to nose or throat, 5 to 
10% solution; dental surgery, 10% solution. 
/?-E., E. B, Beta-e., _ C 15 H 21 N0 2 . HC1, 
benzoylvinyldiacetonalkamin hydrochlorid ; 
white crystals soluble in 3 J parts of water, 
melting at 263 C. It is used in 2 % solution 
in dental surgery as more active and less 
toxic than cocain, for which it is used as a 
substitute. /?-E. Acetate, recommended for 
use in ophthalmology. 

Eucalyptene (u-kal-ip'-ten), C 10 H 16 . A hydro- 
carbon from eucalyptol; the hydrochlorid is 
used as an intestinal antiseptic. Dose 20-30 
gr. (1.33-2.0 Gm.). E. Hydrochlorate. See 
Eucalypteol. 

Eucalypteol (u-kal-if-le-ol), C 10 H 16 2HC1. It 
is used as an intestinal antiseptic. Dose 24 
gr. (1.6 Gm.) daily. Children, 4-12 gr. 
(0.26-0.78 Gm.) daily. Syn., Terpilene 
dihydrochlorate. 

Eucalyptol (u-kal-ip'-tol) [eucalyptus], C 10 H ]8 - 
O. A neutral principle obtained from the 
volatile oil of Eucalyptus globulus and of some 
other species of Eucalyptus. It is used in 
bronchitis and malaria, and also in ear 
27 



diseases and in urethritis, and externally 
in various liniments and washes. Dose 5-10 
min. (0.32-0.65 Cc), in capsules, 3 times daily. 

Eucalyptus (u-kal-ip' -tus) [s5, well; KaXOnrecv, 
to cover]. The leaves of E. globulus, native 
to Australia, but now cultivated in California. 
It contains a volatile oil from which eucalyptol 
is obtained. The properties largely depend 
on the volatile oil. Eucalyptus has been used 
as an antiseptic, as a stimulant to mucous 
membranes, as an antispasmodic in asthma, 
in migraine, and, with doubtful success in 
malaria. E. rostrata is recommended in sea- 
sickness. Dose 1 gr. (0.06 Gm.) 3 or 4 times 
daily. E., Fluidextract of (fuidextr actum 
eucalypti, U. S. P.). Dose 30 min. (2 Cc). 
E., Oil of (oleum eucalypti, U. S. P.), the 
volatile oil. Dose 5 min. (0.32 Cc.) in 
capsules or emulsion. E., Ointment of 
(unguentum eucalypti, B. P.), contains 20% 
of the oil. 

Eucanthus (u-kan' '-thus) [eu, expressive of 
greatness; canthus]. Any enlargement of 
the fleshy papilla at the inner canthus of 
the eye. 

Eucasin (u f -ka-sin) . A casein food-preparation 
soluble in warm water, obtained by pouring 
ammonia over casein. 

Euchinin (u'-kin-in), C 2 H s O . CO . OC 20 H 23 O. 
An ethylcarbonic ester of quinin. It is used 
in whooping-cough, pneumonia, malaria, etc. 
Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). 

Euchlornydria (u-klor-hi 1 '-dre-ah) [so, well; 
%Xwpbc, green; udcbp, water]. The presence 
of a normal amount of hydrochloric acid in 
the gastric juice. 

Euchlorin (u-klor'-in) [eft, well; j^w^oc, green]. 
1. Chlorin protoxid, an antiseptic. 2. A 
mixture of potassium chlorate and hydro- 
chloric acid; it is used as a spray and gargle 
in diphtheria. 

Euchromatopsia (u-kro-mat-op'-se-ah) [eb, 
well; %p<Lp.a, color; o<J)ic, sight]. Capacity 
for correct recognition of colors. 

Eucol (u'-kol). A combination of eucalyptol, 
santal oil, cubeb, oleoresin, creasote, and 
cod-liver oil; it is used in bronchitis and 
pulmonary consumption. 

Eucrasia (u-kra' -ze-ah) [eu, well; Kpaocc, a 
mixture]. A sound state of health. 

Eucrasic (u-kra' -sik) [see Eucrasia]. 1. In a 
condition of good health. 2. Opposed to dys- 
crasia or capable of bettering it. 

Eudermol (u-der'-mol). The proprietary name 
of nicotin salicylate; used as an ointment in 
the treatment of skin diseases. 

Eudiaemorrhysis (u-di-a-em-or' -is-is) [ed, well; 
dta, through; alp.a, blood; pbatc, a flowing]. 
The normal flowing of the blood through the 
capillaries. 

Eudiaphoresis (u-di-af-o-re'-sis) [$u, well; dia- 
phoresis). A healthy condition of perspiration. 

Eudiometry (u-di-om'-et-re). See Analysis, 
Gasometric. 

Eudosmol (u-doz'-mol), C 10 H 16 O. A crystalline 
camphor obtained from various species of 
Eucalyptus. 



EUDOXIN 



402 



EUROBIN 



Eudoxin (u-doks'-in). The proprietary name 
of the bismuth salt of tetraiodophenolphthal- 
ein (nosophen); it is used as an intestinal 
antiseptic. Dose 3-8 gr. (0.2-0.5 Gm.) 3 
times daily. 

Euformol {u-jorm'-ol). A proprietary anti- 
septic fluid containing oils of eucalyptus 
and wintergreen, thymol, menthol, boric acid, 
extract of wild indigo, and formaldehyd. 
It is used as a disinfectant and deodorant. 

Eugallol {u-gal'-ol). Pyrogallol monoacetate; 
it is used in skin diseases, applied with a 
brush to the affected part, being a powerful 
inflammatory irritant upon healthy skin. 

Eugenia {u-je' -ne-ah) [after Prince Eugene, 
of Savoy]. A genus of trees and shrubs, 
mostly tropical, among which are E. caryo- 
phyllata, which yields caryophyllus, and E. 
pimenta, which produces pimenta. 

Eugenic Acid (u-jen'-ik). See Eugenol. 

Eugenics (u-jen'-iks) [euyevfjc , well-born]. The 
science of generative or procreative develop- 
ment. The doctrine of progress of humanity 
through improved conditions in the relations 
of the sexes. 

Eugenoform {u-jen'-o-form). The sodium 
salt of eugenolcarbinol; it is an antiseptic 
and bactericide. Dose 8-15 gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.). 

Eugenol (u'-jen-ol), C 10 H 12 O 2 . Eugenic acid; 
a phenol-like compound that occurs in clove- 
oil and in allspice, and is convertible into 
vanillin. It is used as an antiseptic and as 
a local anesthetic in dentistry. Dose 15 gr. 
(1 Gm.) well diluted. E.-acetamid, C 12 - 
H 15 3 N, used in the form of a fine powder 
as a local anesthetic and wound antiseptic. 

Eugoform (u' -go-form) . A fine, insoluble 
powder, recommended as a dusting-powder 
or in ointments (2.5 to 10%) in skin diseases. 
Syn., Acetylized guaiacol-methylene. 

Eulactol (u-lak' -tol) . A dietetic preparation 
of milk and eggs. 

Eulexin (u-leks' -in) . A proprietary remedy 
for diabetes mellitus; it is said to consist 
of jambul, Paraguay tea, cascara sagrada, 
aromatics, and glycerol. Dose 16 min.-2 dr. 
(1-8 Cc.) every 4 hours. 

Eulyptol (u-lip'-tol). An antiseptic preparation 
composed of salicylic acid, 6 parts; phenol 
and essence of eucalyptus, of each, 1 part. 

Eulysin (u'-lis-in). A greenish-yellow resin 
found with bilin in bile. 

Eumenol {u' -men-ol) . A nontoxic fluid extract 
of Aralia cor data, of China and Japan. It 
is said to be an efficient emmenagog. Dose 
1 teaspoonful (5 Cc.) 3 times daily. 

Eunatrol (u-nat'-rol). Oleate of sodium, 
recommended as a cholagog. Dose 15 gr. 
(1 Gm.) twice daily. 

Eunol (u'-nol). A preparation of naphthols 
and eucalyptols used in the treatment of 
skin diseases. 

Eunuch (u'-nuk) [euvouyoc, guardian of the 
couch]. A male whose genital organs have 
been removed or mutilated so as to render 
him impotent. 

Euonymin {u-on'-im-in). A precipitate from 



the tincture of euonymus; it is tonic, laxative, 
and expectorant. Dose J-3 gr. (0.032-0.2 
Gm.). 

Euonymit {u-on' -im-it) . See Dulcitol. 

Euonymus (u-on'-im-us) [eud)uu/j.oc, having a 
good name]. Wahoo; the bark of E. atropur- 
purea, a mild purgative and cholagog. 
E., Extract of {extr actum euonymi, U. S. P.). 
Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gm.). E., Fluid- 
extract of (fluidextr actum euonymi, U. S. P.). 
Dose 8 min. (0.5 Cc). 

Eupatorium iu - pat - o' -re - urn) [euna-opcov, 
agrimony]. A genus of composite-flow- 
ered plants. The leaves and flowering tops 
of E. perjoliatum, thorough wort or boneset. 
It is a bitter tonic, diaphoretic, and feeble 
emetic. Dose of the powdered leaves 20—30 gr. 
(1.3-2.0 Gm.). E., Fluidextract of {fiuid- 
extractum eupatorii, U. S. P.). Dose iomin- 
1 dr. (0.65-4.0 Cc). 

Euphorbia {u-for'-be-ah). A genus of trees, 
shrubs, and herbs, yielding a milky juice. 
E. corollata, E. ipecacuanha, American 
species, have been employed in medicine on 
account of their emetic, diaphoretic, and 
expectorant properties. E. pilulifera, of 
South America and Australia, is used in 
asthma and bronchitis. E. resinijera, of 
Africa, affords euphorbium. Dose of the 
extract 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.); of the fluidextract 
J- 1 dr. (2-4 Cc); of the tincture §-1 dr. 
(2-4 Cc). 

Euphorbium (u-for'-be-um). An acrid gum- 
resin obtained from Euphorbia resinifera. 
It is strongly purgative and vesicant, and is 
now mainly employed in veterinary medicine. 

Euphoria {u-for'-e-ah) [eucfropoc, easily car- 
ried]. The sense of well-being; health. 

Euphorin (u'-for-in) [see Euphoria], C 9 2 H n . 
Phenylurethane, a white, crystalline powder 
derived from anilin. It is recommended as an 
analgesic and antipyretic in neuralgia and 
rheumatism. Dose 5-30 gr. (0.32-2.0 Gm.) 
daily. 

Euphthalmin {uf -thai' -min) [eu, well; 6cf)daX/i6e, 
the eye], C 16 H 25 NO s HCl. The hydrochlorid 
of the mandelic acid derivative of /?-eucain; 
it is used as a mydriatic in 2 to 10 % solutions. 

Euplastic {u-plas' -tik) [ed, well; izXaojecv, 
to form]. Capable of being transformed into 
healthy tissue. 

Eupnea {up - ne' - ah) [eu, well; izve'tv, to 
breathe]. Normal or easy respiration. 

Eupyrin {u-pi'-rin). A compound of vanillin- 
ethyl carbonate and paraphenetidin; used 
as an antipyretic. Dose, adults, 15-24 gr. 
(1.0-1.5 Gm.); children, 5-8 gr. (0.3-0.5 
Gm.). 

Euquinin {u-hwin' -in) . Quininethylcarbonate, 
a crystalline, tasteless compound. Dose 
5-30 gr. (0.32-2.0 Gm.). 

Euresol {u f -re-sol). The commercial name of 
resorcinol monacetate; dissolved in acetone 
it is recommended in skin diseases. 

Eurobin (u'-ro-bin). The commercial name 
of chrysarobin triacetate; it is insoluble in 
water, but dissolves freely in acetone, cbloro- 



EUROPHEN 



403 



EVULSION 



form, and ether. It is used in a 2 to 3% 
ointment in skin diseases. 

Europhen {u'-ro-}en). Diisobutylorthocresol 
iodid, an amorphous yellow powder, re- 
commended as a substitute for iodoform. It 
is used hypodermatically in doses of |-i| gr. 
(o. 016-0. 09 Gm.) in syphilis. 

Eurygenesis (u-re-jen'-es-is) [eupug, broad; 
■fkveotc, origin]. The theory of the origin of 
a species by gradual amelioration of a race 
of precursors having a wide-spread or cos- 
mopolitan distribution. 

Eurynter (u-rint'-er) [eupuvetv, to dilate]. An 
instrument used in dilating. Cf. Colpeur- 
ynter. 

Euryon (u'-re-on) [edpug, broad]. The cranio- 
metric point at the end of the greatest trans- 
verse diameter of the skull. 

Eurysma (u-riz'-mah) [supuvetv, to dilate]. 1. 
Dilation. 2. A structure which has under- 
gone dilation. 

Eurythrol (u-rith'-rol). An extract from the 
spleen of oxen, having a honey -like consistence 
and of aromatic taste and odor. Dose 1 to 
2 teaspoonfuls in soup daily. 

Eustachian Artery (u - sta f - ke - an) [Eusta- 
chio, an Italian anatomist]. 1. A branch 
of the vidian artery. 2. A branch of the 
pterygopalatine artery. E. Catheter. See 
Catheter, Eustachian. E. Muscle, the laxator 
tympani. E. Tube, a canal, partly bony 
and partly cartilaginous, connecting the 
pharynx with the tympanic cavity. E. 
Valve, the fold of the lining membrane of 
the right auricle of the heart, situated between 
the opening of the inferior vena cava and the 
auriculoventricular orifice. 

Eustachitis (u-sta-ki' -tis) . Inflammation of 
the eustachian tube. 

Eustachium (u-sta'-ke-um). The eustachian 
tube. 

Eustrongylus (u-stron'-jil-us) [eu, well; avpoj-jru- 
Xoc, round]. A genus of parasitic nematode 
worms. E. gigas, the largest of the parasi- 
tic nematodes. Its habitat is the kidney. 
It is met in many of the lower animals and 
rarely in man. The symptoms arising from 
its presence resemble those of renal abscess 
or calculus. The finding of the eggs in the 
urine is the most important diagnostic con- 
sideration. Oil of turpentine may cause 
migration of the worm, but extirpation is 
indicated. 

Eutectic (u-tek'-tik) [so, well; t'iktelv, to 
produce]. 1. Well combined; stable; ap- 
plied to a chemic combination which, in 
passing from a liquid to a solid state, acts 
as a simple body, maintaining a constant 
temperature and its constituent substances 
remaining associated during solidification. 
2. [eu, well; ttjkecv, to melt.] Melting easily; 
said of a compound substance which has a 
lower fusing-point than its constituents have 
separately. 3. A eutectic substance. 

Eutexia (u-teks' '-e-ali) . 1. The condition of 
being stable and well combined. 2. The 
quality of fusing at a low temperature. 



Euthanasia (u - than - a' - ze - ah) [s5, weU; 
davaxog, death]. An easy or calm death. 

Euthermic (u-therm' -ik) [eu, well; dip/XT], heat]. 
Promoting warmth. 

Euthymol (u-thi'-mol). A nontoxic liquid 
antiseptic said to contain oils of eucalyptus 
and wintergreen, extract of wild indigo, 
boric acid, menthol, and thymol. It is used 
as a spray or internally in doses of 1 dr. 
(4 Cc.) in water 3 or more times daily. 

Eutocia {u-to' -se-ah) [eu, well; tokoc, child- 
birth]. Natural or easy childbirth. 

Eutocous (u-to'-kus) [see Eutocia']. 1. Having 
an easy delivery. 2. Prolific. 

Evacuant (e-vak' -u-ant) [evacuare, to empty]. 

1. Emptying. 2. A medicine that causes 
the emptying of an organ, especially the 
bowels; a purgative. 

Evacuation (e-vak -u-a' -shun) [evacuate]. 1. 
The act of emptying, especially of the bowels. 

2. That which is evacuated. 

Evacuator (e-vak' -u-a-tor) [evacuate]. An 
agent to produce emptying, especially an 
instrument for removing from the bladder 
fragments of stone after htholapaxy. 

Evagination (e-vaj-in-a'-shun) [e, out; vagina, 
a sheath]. Protrusion from a sheath or 
invaginating structure. Cf. Invagination. 

Evalvate (e-val'-vdt) [evalvis, without valves]. 
Destitute of valves. 

Evaporation (e - vap -or -a' - shun) [e, out ; 
vaporare, emit vapor]. The conversion of a 
liquid into vapor. 

Evenimation, Evenomation (e-ven-e-ma'- 
shun, -o-ma'-shun) [e, from; venom]. The 
process of counteracting the effects of a venom. 

Eventration (e-ven-tra' -shun) [e, out; venter, 
the belly]. Protrusion of the abdominal 
viscera through the abdominal walls. 

Eversion (e-ver' '-shun) [eversio, a turning out]. 
A turning outward. 

Evidement (a-ved-mon(g)) [Fr.]. Splitting open 
foci of disease and scraping them clean 
with the sharp curet. 

Evisceration (e-vis-er-a' -shun) [e, out; viscera, 
the bowels]. The removal of the viscera. 
E. of the Eye, removal of the entire contents 
of the globe of the eye, leaving the sclerotic 
intact. E., Obstetric, the removal of the 
abdominal or thoracic viscera of the fetus to 
facilitate delivery. 

Evittate (e-vit'-at) [e, out; vitta, a band]. 
Destitute of bands or stripes. 

Evolution (ev-o-lu'-shun) [evolvere, to unroll]. 
The process of unfolding or developing from 
a simple to a complex, specialized, perfect 
form. E., Spontaneous, a series of changes 
whereby a shoulder presentation is trans- 
formed within the pelvis into a combined 
breech-and-shoulder presentation and de- 
livery effected without artificial aid. E., 
Threefold Law of (Huxley): (1) Excess of 
development of some parts in relation to 
others. (2) Complete or partial suppression 
of parts. (3) Coalescence of parts usually 
distinct. 

Evulsion (e-vuV -shun) [evellere, to pluck 



EWALD'S TEST 



404 



EXCIPIENT 



out]. The forcible tearing or plucking away 
of a part. 

Ewald's Test for Hydrochloric Acid in 
Contents of Stomach. Dilute 2 Cc. of a 
10% solution of potassium sulfocyanid and 
0.5 Cc. of a neutral solution of iron acetate 
to 10 Cc. with water. This makes a ruby- 
red solution; if a few drops of it are placed 
in a porcelain dish, and 1 or 2 drops of the 
liquid to be tested are allowed to come in 
contact with it, a faint violet cloud is ob- 
served in the presence of HC1. On mixing, 
the color becomes brown. 

Ewart's Sign. In marked pericardial effusion 
the left clavicle is so raised that the upper 
border of the first rib can be felt with the 
finger as far as the sternum. 

Exacerbation {eks-as-er-ba' -shun) [exacerbare, 
to be violent]. An increase in the symptoms 
of a disease. 

Exalgin (eks-al'-jin) [is, out; aljog, pain], 
C 9 H n NO. Methylacetanilid; a benzene de- 
rivative allied to phenacetin. It is an anal- 
gesic and antipyretic in doses of from J-4 
gr. (0.032-0.26 Gm.). 

Exanthem, Exanthema (eks - an' - them,, eks- 
an'-them-ah) [i^avdrjaa, eruption]. 1. An 
eruption upon the skin. 2. Any exanthema- 
tous or eruptive fever. 

TABLE OF EXANTHEMS. 
Cerebrospinal Meningitis: Period of incuba- 
tion, unknown. Stage of invasion, sudden. 
Eruption, second to fourth day. Character of 
eruption, herpes labialis, purpuric spots, dusky 
erythema. Location, herpes on lips; pur- 
puric spots over entire body. Duration of 
disease, variable; many sequels. Convales- 
cence by lysis. Erysipelas : Period of incu- 
bation, few hours to 3 or 4 days. Stage of 
invasion, 1 to 3 days. Eruption, within 24 
hours. Character of eruption, bright-red, 
shining patches with well-defined raised 
margin. Duration of eruption, 4 to 8 days. 
Location: Begins usually on face, may spread 
to trunk and arms; in the traumatic form 
begins at the wound. Desquamation, branny or 
in large flakes. Disease lasts 1 to 3 weeks. 
Convalescence by crisis. Measles : Period of 
incubation, 10 to 12 days. Stage of invasion, 
4 days. Eruption, fourth day. Character of 
eruption, small dark -red macules arranged in 
crescenticform; complete in 24 hours. Dura- 
tion of eruption, 4 to 5 days. Location, face; 
then downward over body. Desquamation, 
branny, 8 to n days. Disease lasts 2 weeks. 
Convalescence by crisis. Rotheln : Period 
of incubation, 8 to 17 days. Stage of invasion, 
24 to 48 hours. Eruption appears within 48 
hours. Character of eruption, rose-colored, 
rounded, discrete macules. Duration of 
eruption, 3 days. Location, face and scalp; 
then downward over body. Desquama- 
tion, slightly branny. Disease lasts 4 to 7 
days. Convalescence by crisis. Scarlatina: 
Period of incubation, 1 to 21 days. Stage of 
invasion, 1 to 2 days. Eruption appears 



within 24 hours. Character of eruption, diffuse, 
scarlet, punctate. Duration of eruption, 7 to 
10 days. Location, neck, chest, face; then 
over body. Desquamation, scales or large 
flakes about one week. Disease lasts 2 to 3 
weeks. Convalescence by lysis. Typhoid 
Fever : Period of incubation, 5 to 35 days. 
Stage of invasion, 6 to 8 days. Eruption 
appears on seventh day. Character of erup- 
tion, rose-colored, lenticular spots, coming 
on in successive crops. Duration of eruption, 
each crop 3 to 5 days. Continues 10 to 20 
days or throughout the whole course of the 
fever. Location, abdomen, chest, and back. 
Desquamation, slightly branny or none. Dis- 
ease lasts 3 to 4 weeks. Convalescence by lysis. 
Typhus Fever: Period of incubation, 4 to 12 
days. Stage of invasion, 5 days. Time of 
appearance, from the third to the seventh day, 
usually the fifth day. Character of eruption, 
dusky spots or papules or petechias. Dura- 
tion of eruption, few days or throughout the 
course of the disease. Location, sides of chest 
and abdomen, arms, back. Desquamation, 
slightly branny. Disease lasts 2 to 4 weeks. 
Convalescence by crisis. Varicella : Period of 
incubation, 4 to 14 days. Stage of invasion, 
1 to 2 days. Time of appearance, from 12 to 
24 hours. Character of eruption, vesicles in 
crops. Duration of eruption, 5 to 8 days. 
Location, back, chest, arms. Desquamation, 
crusts, 5 to 8 days. Disease lasts 2 weeks. 
Convalescence by lysis Variola : Period of 
incubation, 8 to 14 days. Stage of invasion, 
3 days. Time of appearance, fourth day. 
Character of eruption: first, shot -like papules, 
then vesicles, then umbilicated pustules. 
Duration of eruption, 21 to 25 days. Location, 
face and over body. Desquamation, crusts, 12 
to 22 days. Disease lasts 4 to 5 weeks. 
Convalescence by lysis. 

Exanthematous (eks-an-them' ' -at-us)[exanthem\. 
Of the nature of or characterized by exanthem 
or eruption; of the nature of an eruptive 
fever. 

Exarteritis {ehs-ar-ter-i' -tis) [If, out; dp-ypta, 
artery; crcc, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the outer coat of an artery. 

Exarticulation (eks-ar-tik-u-la' '-shun) [ex; 
articulus, joint]. 1. Dislocation of a joint. 
2. Amputation at a joint. 

Exasperate {eks-as'-per-at) [exasperare, to make 
rough]. Rough; covered with sharp points. 

Excarnation (eks-kar-na' '-shun) [ex; caro, flesh]. 
Separation of injected vessels from a con- 
tiguous part. 

Excavation {eks-kav-a' -shun) [excavare, to 
hollow out]. A hollow or cavity. E. of 
the Optic Nerve, a hollowing or "cupping" 
of the optic disc that may be physiologic, 
congenital, or pathologic, the result of glau- 
coma, optic atrophy, etc. 

Excentric {eks-sen' -trik) . See Eccentric. 

Excipient (ek-sip' -e-ent) [excipere, to take 
up]. Any substance combined with an active 
drug to give the latter an agreeable or con- 
venient form. 



EXCISION 



405 



EXOGENOUS 



Excision (ek-sizh' -un) [excisio, a cutting out]. 
The cutting out of a part. 

Excitability (ek-si-ta-biV -it-e) [excitare, to 
rouse]. The property of reacting to a stim- 
ulus. 

Excitant {ek-si'-tant) [see Excitability], i. 
Stimulating. 2. A remedy that stimulates 
the activity of an organ. 

Excitation (ek-si-ta' 'shun) [see Excitability]. 
The act of stimulating or irritating. E., 
Direct, the stimulation of a muscle by placing 
an electrode on the muscle itself. E., Indi- 
rect, the stimulation of a muscle through its 
nerve. 

Exciting (ek-si' -ting) . Calling forth directly, 
as an exciting cause." 

Excitoglandular (ek-si-to-gland' -u-lar) . Arous- 
ing or exciting glandular function. 

Excitometabolic (ek-si-to-met-ah-boV -ik) . Ex- 
citing metabolic processes. 

Excitomotor (ek-si-to-mo'-tor). Exciting or 
arousing motor function; also, a drug or 
agent that increases the activity of the motor 
nerve-centers. 

Excitomuscular (ek-si-to-mus'-ku-lar). Ex- 
citing muscular activity. 

Excitor (ek-si' -tor) [excitare, to rouse]. 1. One 
who or that which stimulates or excites. 2. 
A discharger. 3. An electrode which, placed 
in contact with a nerve, causes excitation. 

Exclave (eks'-kldv) [Fr.]. A detached portion 
of any organ, as of a pancreas or ovary. 

Exclusion (eks-klu'-zhun) [excludere, to shut 
out]. A shutting-out. E., Diagnosis by, 
the reaching of a diagnosis by excluding one 
hypothesis after another until only one 
remains. 

Excoriation (eks-ko-re-a' -shun) [ex, from; 
corium, the skin]. Abrasion of a portion of 
the skin. 

Excortication (eks -kor-tik-a' -slum). See De- 
cortication. 

Excrement (eks f -kre-ment) [excernere, to sep- 
arate; to excrete]. An excreted substance; 
the feces. 

Excrementitious (eks-kre-men-tish' -us) . Per- 
taining to excrement. 

Excrescence (eks - kres' - ens) [excrescere, to 
grow out]. An abnormal outgrowth upon 
the body. 

Excreta (eks-kre'-tah) [excrete]. The natural 
discharges of the body, particularly those of 
the bowel. 

Excrete (eks-krW). To remove useless sub- 
stances from the body. 

Excretin (eks' '-kre-tin) , C 20 H 36 O. A crystalline 
substance found in feces. 

Excretion (eks-kre' -shun) [excrete]. The dis- 
charge of waste-products. 

Excretory (eks' -kre-to-re) [excrete]. Pertaining 
to excretion. 

Excursion (eks -kur' -shun) [ex, out of; currere, 
to run]. 1. A wandering from the usual 
course. 2. The extent of movement, as of 
the eyes from a central position. 

Excurvation (e ks -kur -va' -shun) [ex; curvare, 
to curve]. 1. Outward curvature. 2. A 



deformity of the upper eyelid in which the 
tarsal cartilage becomes turned outward. 

Exdermoptosis (eks-derm-o-to' -sis) [ex; dipua, 
the skin; Ttrcoocc, a falling]. Hypertrophy 
of the sebaceous glands with retention of the 
secretion. 

Exencephalus (eks-en-sef -al-us) [ex; iyi<ecf)aXoc, 
brain]. A species of monsters characterized 
by a malformed brain, situated without the 
cranial cavity. 

Exenteration (eks-en-ter-a' -shun) [ex; 'ivrepov, 
intestine]. Removal of the intestine of the 
fetus, to allow delivery. 

Exercise Bone. An osseous growth in muscle 
due to overexercise. 

Exesion (eks -e' -shun) [exedere, to corrode]. 
The gradual superficial destruction of organic 
parts, particularly bone, in consequence of 
abscesses and other destroying agencies. 

Exfoliation (eks-fo-le-a'-shun) [exfoliare, to 
shed leaves]. The separation of bone or 
other tissue in thin layers. 

Exhalation (eks-hal-a' -shun) [exhalare, to 
breathe out]. The giving off of matters in 
the form of vapor. 

Exhauster (eg-zawst'-er) [exhaurire, to pour 
out]. An instrument for the removal of soft 
cataracts. 

Exhaustibility (eg-zawst-e-bil'-it-e). Capacity 
for being exhausted. E., Faradic, the 
cessation of excitability in a muscle under 
repeated stimulation. Cf. Reaction, My- 
asthenic. • 

Exhaustion (eg-zawst'-yun) [see Exhauster]. 
1. Loss of vital and nervous power from 
fatigue or protracted disease. 2. The phar- 
maceutic process of dissolving out one or 
more of the constituents of a crude drug 
by percolation or maceration. E., Heat-, 
E., Solar. See Insolation. E. Hypothesis. 
See under Immunity. 

Exhibit (ek-zib'-ii) [exhibere, to give]. To ad- 
minister, as a medicine. 

Exhumation (eks-hu-ma' -shun) [ex; humus, 
the ground]. The removal of a corpse from 
the ground. 

Exinanition (eks-in-an-ish' -un) [exinanitio, an 
enfeebling]. Excessive exhaustion. 

Exner's Plexus. A layer of nerve-plexuses, 
probably formed by the junction of sensory 
and motor fibers, in the cerebral cortex, near 
the surface. 

Exo- (eks-o-) [e£(o, without]. A prefix meaning 
without; outside. 

Exocardia (eks-o-kar' -de-ah) [exo-; aapo'ca, the 
heart]. Displacement of the heart. 

Exocardiac, Exocardial (eks-o-kar' -de-ak, -al) 
[exocardia]. Originating or situated outside 
of the heart. 

Exocystis (eks-o-sist'-is) [exo-; kuotcc, the 
bladder]. Prolapse of the urinary bladder. 

Exodic (eks-od'-ik) [exo-; odoc, a way]. Trans- 
mitting; efferent. 

Exogenetic (eks - - jen - et f - ik) [exo-; yswdv, 
to produce]. Due to an external causey 
not arising within the organism. 

Exogenous (eks - of - en - us) [see Exo- 



EXOGNATHION 



406 



EXTENSION 



genetic]. Growing by accretions to the outer 
surface. E. Disease. See Exopathy. 

Exognathion (eks-og-na' -the-on) [exo-; jvadog, 
the jaw]. The alveolar process of the superior 
maxilla. 

Exometra (eks - o - me' - trah) [exo-; p-^rpa, 
the womb]. Prolapse or inversion of the 
uterus. 

Exomphalia (eks-om-fa'-le-ah). Protrusion of 
the navel. 

Exomphalocele (eks-om-Jal'-o-sel). An um- 
bilical hernia. 

Exomphalos (eks-om'-fal-os) [exo-; o/i^aXoc, 
navel]. Undue prominence of the navel; 
also, umbilical hernia. 

Exoncoma {eks-ong' '-ko-mah) [i^oyKWpia, any- 
thing swollen]. A protruding tumor. 

Exoncosis (eks-on-ko'-sis). The formation of 
a prominent tumor. 

Exopathy {eks-op'-ath-e) [exo-; nadoc, disease]. 
A disease having its origin in some cause 
external to the organism. 

Exophoria (eks-o-fo' -re-ah) . See Heterophoria. 

Exophthalmic (eks-of-thal'-mik) [exophthal- 
mos]. Pertaining to exophthalmos. E. 
Goiter. See Goiter, Exophthalmic. 

Exophthalmos, Exophthalmus (eks-oj-thaV- 
mos, -mus) [exo-; 6<f>6a\n6c, eye]. Abnormal 
protrusion of the eyeballs. 

Exoskeleton (eks-o-skeV '-et-ori) [exo-; ontXexov, 
a dried body]. The rigid outer envelop of 
many of the lower forms of life for the 
protection and attachment o'f organs. 

Exosmosis (eks-os-mo'-sis) [exo-; d>o/wc, 
thrust]. Outward osmosis. See Osmosis. 

Exosplenopexia, Exosplenopexy (eks-o-sple- 
no-peks'-e-ah, eks-o-sple 1 '-no-peks-e) [exo-; 
gtzXtjv, spleen; 7irj$cc, fixation]. An operation 
substituted for splenectomy, which consists in 
attaching the spleen in the abdominal wound 
and fixing it there by its capsule. 

Exostosis (eks-os-to'-sis) [exo-; oaxkov, bone]. 
A bony outgrowth from the surface of a bone. 

Exotery (eks-ot'-er-e). See Exopathy. 

Exothyropexy (eks-o-thi' -ro-peks-e) [exo-; 
thyroid; nfj^cc, fixation]. Exposing the 
enlarged thyroid gland by a median incision 
and drawing it outside. 

Exoticosymphysis {eks -ot-ik-o- sim' - fe-sis) 
[Izojtckoc, foreign; obfi^uacg, a growing to- 
gether]. The union of a substance or body 
with the organism. 

Exotospore (eks-o' -to-spor) [e£ oorc koc, outward; 
oizbpoc, seed]. The malarial germ brought 
by the stab of the mosquito {Anopheles) 
into the human blood-vessels; so named 
from being formed outside the human body. 

Exotropia (eks-o-tro'-pe-ah). See Strabismus. 

Expectant (eks-pek' -tant) [expectare, to look 
out for]. Awaiting or expecting. E. Treat- 
ment, watching the progress of a disease, 
and not interfering unless warranted by 
special symptoms. 

Expectation of Life. The average number 
of years that persons of a given age live. 

Expectorant (eks-pek' -to-rant) [see Expectora- 
tion], i. Promoting expectoration. 2. A 



remedy that promotes or modifies expecto- 
ration. 

Expectoration (eks-pek-tor-a' -shun) [ex, out; 
pectus, breast]. 1. The ejection from the 
mouth of material brought into it from the 
air-passages. 2. The fluid or semifluid 
matters from the lungs and air-passages 
expelled by coughing and spitting. E., 
Prune- juice, a sputum containing altered 
blood expectorated in gangrene and cancer 
of the lung and in grave pneumonias in the 
aged. E., Rusty. See Sputum, Rusty. 

Expiration (eks-pi-ra' -shun) [expirare, to 
breathe out]. The act of breathing forth or 
expelling air from the lungs. 

Expiratory (eks - pi' -ra - to - re) [see Expir- 
ation]. Relating to expiration. 

Exploration (eks-plo-ra' -shun) [explorare, to 
search out]. The act of exploring; investi- 
gation of a part hidden from sight by means 
of touch, by artificial light, etc. 

Exploratory (eks-plor'-at-o-re). Pertaining to 
exploration. E. Puncture, the puncture of 
a cavity or tumor and extraction therefrom 
of some of the contents to learn their nature. 

Exploring Needle. A needle with a grooved 
side to allow the passage of fluid along it 
after it is plunged into a part where the 
presence of fluid is suspected. 

Expression (eks-presh'-un) [expressus; ex- 
primer e, to press out]. A pressing out. E. 
of Fetus or E. of Placenta, assisting the 
expulsion of fetus or placenta by pressure 
upon the uterus through the abdominal walls. 
E., Rectal, assisting the expulsion of the 
fetal head by means of two fingers inserted 
into the rectum and hooked into the mouth 
or under the chin. 

Expulsive (eks-pul'-siv) [expellere, to drive 
out]. Forcing out. 

Exsanguinate (ek-san' -gwin-dt) [ex; sanguis, 
blood]. 1. To render bloodless. 2. Bloodless. 

Exsanguination (ek-san-gwin-a' -shun) [ex- 
sanguinate]. The act of making bloodless. 

Exsection (ek-sek' -shun) [ex; secare, to cut]. 
The act of cutting a part out from its sur- 
roundings. 

Exsertor (ek-serf -or) [exserere, to protrude]. 
A muscle which protrudes a part. 

Exsiccation (ek-sik-a' -shun) [ex; siccus, dry]. 
The act of drying; especially the depriving 
of a crystalline substance of its water of 
crystallization. 

Exsiccative (ek-sik'-a-tiv). Drying. 

Exstrophy (ek'-strof-e) [ex; oTpkfotv, to turn]. 
Eversion; the turning inside out of a part. 
E. of Bladder, a congenital condition in 
which the lower part of the abdominal wall, 
the anterior wall of the bladder, and usually 
the symphysis pubis are wanting, and the pos- 
terior wall of the bladder is pressed through 
the opening. 

Extasis (ek' -stasis) . See Ecstasy. 

Extension (eks - ten' - shun) [extendere, to 
stretch out]. A straightening out, especially 
the muscular movement by which a flexed 
limb is made straight. Counter extension 



EXTENSOMETER 



407 



EXUDATION 



is traction made on a part in a direction 
opposite to that in which traction is made by 
another force. 

Extensometer {eks-tens-om' -et-er) [extension; 
pihpov, a measure]. A micrometer to measure 
the expansion of a body. 

Extensor {eks-tens' -or) {extension}. That which 
stretches out or extends, as extensor muscles. 
See under Muscle. ' 

Exterioration {eks-te-re-or-a' -shun) {exterior, 
outer]. The faculty of mind by which the 
image of an object seen is referred to the 
real situation of the object. 

External {eks-ter'-nal) {externus, outward]. On 
the exterior, or on the side removed from 
the center or middle line of the body. 

Externalize (eks-ter' -nal-iz) {external]. i. In 
psychology, to transform an idea or im- 
pression which is on the percipient's mind 
into a phantasm apparently outside him. 2. 
To refer to some outside source, as the voices 
heard by the subject of psychomotor hal- 
lucinations. 

Extirpation (eks-ter-pa' '-shun) [extirpare, to 
root out]. Complete removal of a part. 

Extra- (eks-trah-) . A prefix meaning outside; 
without. 

Extraamniotic (eks-trah-am-ne-ot' -ik) . Out- 
side of the amnion; between the amnion 
and the chorion. 

Extraarticular (eks-trah-ar-tik' '-u-lar) . Out- 
side of the proper structures of a joint. 

Extracapsular {eks-trah-kap'-su-lar) . Outside 
of the capsular ligament of a joint. 

Extracellular {eks-trah-seV -u-lar) . External to 
the cells of an organism. 

Extracranial (eks-trah-kra f -ne-al). Outside of 
the cranial cavity. 

Extract, Extractum (eks'-trakt, -trakt'-um) {ex- 
trahere, to extract]. In pharmacy, a solid or 
semisolid preparation, made by extracting the 
soluble principles of a drug with water or 
alcohol and evaporating the solution. E., 
Alcoholic, that in which alcohol is the solvent. 
E.s, Animal, fluidextracts obtained by pro- 
longed digestion of finely chopped organs 
of animals in glycerol, boric acid, and alcohol, 
and believed to contain the active principle of 
the organ. See Musculin, Ovarin, Testin, 
Thyrotdin, etc. E., Aqueous, that prepared 
by using water as the solvent. Extractum 
ferri pomatum (N. F.), an extract made 
from iron, in the form of fine, bright wire, 1 
part; ripe sour apples, 50 parts; water, a 
sufficient quantity. E., Fluid-. See Fluid- 
extract. 

Extraction {eks-trak'-shun) [extract]. 1. The 
act of drawing out. 2. The process of mak- 
ing an extract. E. of Cataract, removal of 
a cataractous lens by surgical operation. 

Extractive (eks-trak'-tiv) {extract]. Any or- 
ganic substance that may be extracted in 
small amount from animal tissues. 

Extractor (eks-trak'-tor) {extract]. An instru- 
ment for extracting bullets, sequestrums, etc. 

Extradural {eks-trah-du'-ral) {extra-; durus, 
hard]. Situated outside of the dura. 



Extraembryonic (eks-trah-em-bre-on'-ik). Sit- 
uated without or not forming a part of the 
embryo; it is said of certain structures of the 
ovum. 

Extraepithelial (eks-trah-ep-e-the f -le-al). Out- 
side of an epithelium. 

Extragenital (eks-trah-jen'-it-al). Not situated 
upon the genitals; applied to chancres. 

Extraligamentous {eks-trah-lig-a-ment'-us) . 
External to a ligament. 

Extralobular {eks-trah-lob' -u-lar) . Outside of a 
lobe. 

Extramedullar (eks-trah-med'-ul-ar-e) {ex- 
tra-; medidla]. Situated or occurring outside 
of the medulla. 

Extraneous {eks-tra'-ne-us) [extraneus, exter- 
nal]. Existing or belonging outside the or- 
ganism. 

Extranuclear {eks-trah-nu'-kle-ar). Outside 
the nucleus of a cell. 

Extraorganismal (eks-trah-or-gan-iz'-mal) . 
External to the organism. 

Extraperitoneal {eks-trah-per-it-on-e'-al). Ex- 
ternal to the peritoneal cavity. 

Extrapolar {eks-trah-po' -lar) [extra-; polus, a 
pole]. Not lying in the space between the 
electrodes of a battery. 

Extraradical {eks-trah-rad'-ik-al). Applied to 
hydrogen atoms not replaceable by a negative 
or alcoholic radicle, but replaceable by a base. 

Extrarenal (eks-trah-re'-nal). External to the 
kidney. 

Extrasystole {eks-trah-sis'-to-le). A heart-con- 
traction occurring earlier than the normal 
systole if the heart-muscle is irritated during 
the diastolic period. 

Extrathoracic (eks-trah-tho-ras f -ik). External 
to the thoracic cavity. 

Extratriceps {eks-trah-tri'-seps). The outer 
head of the triceps muscle. 

Extrauterine {eks-trah-u' -ter-in) {extra-; uterus]. 
Outside of the uterus. E. Pregnancy. See 
Pregnancy, Extrauterine. 

Extravasation {eks-trav-as-a' -shun) {extra-; vas, 
a vessel]. 1. The passing of fluid outside of 
the cavity or space normally containing it. 2. 
The fluid that has passed out. 

Extravascular (eks-trah-vas' -ku-lar) [see Ex- 
travasation]. Outside of the vessels. 

Extra ventricular {eks-trah-ven-trik' '-u-lar) . Ex- 
ternal to a ventricle. 

Extrinsic (eks-trin' '-sik) {extrinsicus, from 
without]. External; not directly belonging 
to a part. E. Muscles, those situated on the 
exterior of an organ. 

Extroversion [eks-tro-ver' -shun) . See Exstrophy. 

Exudate (eks' -u-ddt) {exudare, to sweat]. The 
material that has passed through the walls of 
vessels into the adjacent tissues. E., Fibrin- 
ous, coagulation of fluid soon after its escape 
from the vessels within the spaces into which 
it has exuded. E., Serofibrinous, serous 
fluid in which flocculi of coagulated matter 
float. 

Exudation (eks-u-da' '-shun) {exudate]. The pass- 
ing out of serum or pus; the material that has 
passed out. 



EXUDATIVE 



408 



EYELID 



Exudative (eks-u-da'-tiv) [exudate]. Of the 
nature of or characterized by exudation. 

Exutoria (eks-u-to' -re-ah) [exurere, to burn]. 
Substances which cause a superficial ulcera- 
tion of the skin when applied. 

Eye (i) [AS., edge]. The organ of vision. It 
occupies the anterior part of the orbit, is 



lems by representing the two nodal points 
and the two principal points of the eye 
by a mean nodal point and a mean prin- 
cipal point. E., Reduced, of Donders, 
a representation of the eye in such a way 
that all the distances needed in the calcu- 
lations are represented by whole numbers. 



INT.TROCHLEAR 



CILIARY BR 





View of Optic and Lower Nerves of Orbit. 
—(Holden.) 



Posterior Hemisphere of the Globe of 
the Eye. — (Gould and Pyle.) 

i. Optic nerve. 2. Central artery of the 
retina. 3. Short, posterior, and exter- 
nal ciliary arteries. 4. Short, posterior, 
and internal ciliary arteries. 5, 5, 6, 
6, 6. External and internal posterior 
ciliary arteries. 7. Posterior long cil- 
iary artery and long ciliary nerve. 8. 
Artery and nerve of opposite side. 9, 

10. Superior and external choroid veins. 

11, 12. Inferior choroid veins. 13. At- 
tachment of inferior oblique muscle. 
14. Tendon of superior oblique. 



nearly spheric in outline, and is composed of E. -speculum, instrument for retracting the 

three concentric coats : the sclerotic and cornea, eyelids. 

the choroid and iris, and the retina. The Eyebrow (i'-brow): The hair-covered skin on 
sclerotic is an opaque, dense, white, ' fibrous the upper margin of the orbit, 
membrane, into the anterior part of which the Eyelashes {i'-lash-es). The hairs of the eye- 
transparent cornea is fitted. The choroid is lid. 

the vascular tissue, and is continuous with Eyelid (i'-lid). The protective covering of the 

the iris in front. The latter is a circular eyeball, composed of skin, glands, connec- 



tive and muscular tissue, the tarsus and 
conjunctiva, with the cilia at the free 
edge. 



membrane with a central perforation, the 
pupil. Within the choroid is the retina, a 
delicate, transparent membrane containing the 
terminations of the optic nerve. 
The greater part of the eyeball is 
filled with a mucoid substance, the 
vitreous humor, against the anterior 
surface of which rests the crystal- 
line lens. The space between the 
lens and the cornea is divided by 
the iris into two compartments, 
communicating through the pupil- 
lary opening, the anterior and pos- 
terior chambers, which contain the 
aqueous humor. Anteriorly the eye 
is covered by conjunctiva, poste- 
riorly by a fibrous capsule {capsule 
of Tenon). The eyeball is moved 
by a series of muscles attached on 
the outer surface. Changes in the 
curvature of the lens are brought 
about by the ciliary muscle, while 
the size of the pupil is modified 
by the action of dilator and con- Muscles of the Eye. Tendon or Ligament of Zinn — (Holden.) 
Strictor fibers in the iris. E., 1. Tendon of Zinn. 2. External rectus divided. 3. Internal rectus. 
Dino-rfl-mmntir nf T istincr a 4- Inferior rectus. 5. Superior rectus. 6. Superior oblique. 7. 

diagrammatic, OI listing, a Pulley for superior oblique. 8. Inferior oblique. 9. Levator pal - 

scheme for simplifying optic prob- pebrae superioris. 10, 10. Its anterior expansion. 11. Optic nerve. 




EYE 



409 



EYE 



The Lacrimal and Meibomian Glands 
and Adjacent Organs of the Eye. 
—{H olden.) 

i, i. Inner wall of orbit. 2. 2. Inner por- 
tion of orbicularis palpebrarum. 3, 
3. Attachment to circumference of 
base of orbit. 4. Orifice for trans- 
mission of nasal artery. 5. Muscle of 
Horner (tensor tarsi). 6. 6. Mei- 
bomian glands. 7, 7. Orbital portion 
of lacrimal gland. 8, 9, 10. Palpe- 
bral portion. 11, n. Mouths of ex- 
cretory ducts. 12, 13. Lacrimal 
puncta. 



18. Hi 





Relations or the Eye and the Lacrimal 

Excretory Apparatus. — (H olden.) 
1, 1. Canaliculi. 2, 2. Puncta lacrimalia. 3, 

3. Inner extremity of tarsal cartilage. 4, 

4. Free borders of lids. 5. Lacrimal sac. 
6. Attachment to maxillary bone of super- 
ior tendon. 7. Bifurcation of lacrimal sac. 
8, 8. Two branches. 



e ' 7 162 34 



The Ciliary Muscle. — {Gould and 
Pyle.) 

1, 1. Crystalline lens. 2. Hyaloid 
membrane. 3, 3. Zone of Zinn. 
4. Iris. 5, 5. Radiating portion 
of ciliary muscle. 6. Section of 
circular portion. 7. Venous 
plexus of a ciliary process. 8. 
Sclerotic. 9. Middle layer of 
cornea. 10. Anterior hyaline 
layer of cornea. 11. Epithelial 
covering of this layer. 12. Pos- 
terior hyaline layer of the cornea, 
or membrane of Descemet. 13. 
Fibers in which this layer ter- 
minates, or ligamentum pectina- 
tum. 14. Epithelial covering of 
posterior hyaline layer. 15.. 
Junction of sclerotic and cornea. 
16. Section of canal of Schlemm. 




EYE 



410 



EYE 




Vertical Section Through the Upper Eyelid. — 
(Gould and Pyle.) 
Cutis, i. Epidermis. 2. Corium. B, 3. Subcu- 
taneous connective tissue. C, 7. Orbicularis 
muscle. D. Loose submuscular connective tissue. 
E. Insertion of H. Midler's muscle. F. Tarsus. 
G. Conjunctiva. /. Inner; K. Outer edge of the 
lid. 4. Pigment-cells. 5. Sweat-glands. 6. 
Hair-follicles. 8, 23. Sections of nerves. 9. 
Arteries. 10. Veins. n. Cilia. 12. Modified 
sweat-glands. 13, 13, 13. Circular muscle of 
Riolan. 14. Meibomian gland. 15, 15. Section 
of an acinus of the same. 16. Posterior tarsal 
glands. 18, 19. Tissue of the tarsus. 20. Pre- 
tarsal or submuscular connective tissue. 21, 22. 
Conjunctiva, with its epithelium. 24. Fat. 25. 
Loosely woven posterior end of the tarsus. 26. 
Section of a palpebral artery, 




Section of Ciliary Body and Iris. — 
(Could and Pyle.) 

1, 1. Ciliary processes. 2, 2. Their base 
or rounded extremity. 3, 3. Their 
apex. 4. A process with bifurcated 
extremity. 5, 5. Reticulated folds, or 
ciliary processes of the second order. 

6, 6. Venules that emanate from these. 

7, 7. Ora serrata of choroid. 8, 8. 
Veins of choroid. 9, 9. Section of 
iris. 10, 10. Circumference of iris. 
11, 11. Small ring of iris. 12, 12. 
Large ring of iris. 



Iris and Choroid. 
Optic nerve. 2, 2, 2, 2. Sclerotic, divided 
into four equal parts and turned back. 3,3. 
Pigmentary granulation of its inner layer. 
4. Section of lamina fusca. 5, 5, 5, 5. 
Cornea, divided into four equal parts. 6, 6. 
Canal of Schlemm. 7. Outer surface of 
choroid. 8. Superior and internal trunk 
of vasa vorticosa. 9, 9. Irregular border 
limiting the choroid zone posteriorly. 10, 
10. Anterior half of this zone; ciliary 
muscle. 11, 11. Ciliary nerves. 12. 
Long ciliary artery. 13, 13, 13, 13. An- 
terior ciliary arteries. 14. Iris. 15. 
Small arterial circle of iris. 16. Pupil- 
lary orifice. 



EYEPIECE 



Eyepiece (i'-pes). Synonym of Ocular. 
Huygenian. See Ocular, Huygenian. 



411 

E., Eyeteeth (i'-teth). 

upper jaw. 



FALSE 



The canine teeth of the 



F. i. Abbreviation of Fahrenheit. 2. Symbol 
of fluorin. 

Fabella (fa-bel'-ah) [dim. of faba, a bean]. A 
sesamoid fibrocartilage or small bone occa- 
sionally developed in the gastrocnemius 
muscle. 

Face (fas) [fades, the face]. A name applied 
to the lower and anterior part of the head, 
including the eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, lips, 
etc. F., Adenoid, a half-idiotic expression, 
combined with a long, high nose, flattened 
at the bridge, narrow nostrils, open mouth 
displaying irregular upper teeth, a drooping 
jaw, and broadening between the eyes. 
F.-ague. See Ague, Brow-. F. grippee, 
the pinched face observed in peritonitis. 
F., Mask-like, a face frequently seen in 
alcoholic multiple neuritis, in which an ex- 
pressionless band stretches across the nose 
and cheeks between the eyes and lips, the 
skin remaining motionless while the eye- 
brows, forehead, and lips may be moving 
freely. 

Facet (fas'-et) [Fr., facette, a little face]. A 
small plane surface, especially on a bone or 
a hard body, like a calculus. 

Facial (fa'-shal) [face]. Pertaining to the 
face. F. Angle, an angle measured in 
different ways by different authorities. 
That of Virchow and Holder is formed bv 
the union of a line joining the frontonasal 
suture and the most prominent point of the 
lower edge of the superior alveolar process, 
and a line joining the superior border of the 
external auditory meatus and the lower por- 
tion of the orbit. That of Camper is formed 
by the union of Camper's line (a line touching 
the most prominent points of the upper and 
lower face) and a line joining the acanthion 
and the auricular point. 

Facies (fa'-she-ez) [L., "face"]. The appear- 
ance of the face. F. hippocratica, an ap- 
pearance of the face indicative of the rapid 
approach of dissolution: the nose is pinched, 
the temples hollow, the eyes sunken, the ears 
leaden and cold, the lips relaxed, the skin 
livid. F. leontina. See Leontiasis. 

Faciolingual (fa-she-o-lin 1 '-gwal) . Relating to 
the face and tongue. 

Factitious (fak-tish' -us) [facere, to make]. 
Artificial. 

Facultative (fak'-ul-ta-tiv) [facultas, capabil- 
ity]. Voluntary; optional. F. Aerobic. 
See under Aerobic. F. Anaerobic. See An- 
aerobia, Facultative. F. Manifest Hyperopia, 
that part of the manifest hyperopia that can be 



"concealed by the accommodation. F. Para- 
site, an organism that, while usually para- 
sitic, can also live outside of its host. 

Faecal, Faeces (fe'-kal, fe'-sez) . See Fecal, Feces. 

Faenum-graecum (Jen - um - gre' - kum) . See 
Fenugreek. 

Faex (feks) [L., "lees" ; pi., fceces]. The dregs or 
sediment of any liquid; fecula. F. medicinalis 
liquida, liquid yeast. It is used in the treat- 
ment of acne in the young. Dose J teaspoon- 
ful to 1 tablespoonful mixed with water 
once or twice daily with meals. F. me- 
dicinalis sicca, dry yeast. It is used inter- 
nally in smallpox to diminish suppuration; 
also in bronchopneumonia occurring in 
measles. Dose i^ teaspoonfuls mixed with 
80 Cc. of boiled water in high rectal injection. 

Fahrenheit's Thermometer. See Thermom- 
eter, Fahrenheit. 

Faint (fdnt) [feindre, to feign; ME., faynt, 
weak]. 1. A condition of languor. 2. A 
state of syncope or swooning. 

Faith-cure. The system or practice of at- 
tempting or pretending to cure disease by 
religious faith and prayer alone. 

Falciform (faV -si-form) [falx; forma, form]. 
Having the shape of a sickle. F. Ligament. 
See Ligament, Falciform. F. Process, a pro- 
cess of the dura mater that separates the 
hemispheres of the brain; the falx. 

Falcular (fal'-ku-lar) [falx]. Sickle-shaped. 

Falling (fawV-ing) [AS., feallan, to fall]. 
Dropping down. F. -sickness, epilepsy. 
F. of the Womb, a descent of the uterus 
into the vagina. 

Fallopian (fal-o'-pe-an). Described by Fallopio 
or Fallopius. F. Aqueduct, F. Canal, a canal 
in the petrosa, extending from the internal 
auditory meatus to the stylomastoid foramen 
and transmitting the facial nerve. F. Gesta- 
tion, tubal gestation. F. Hiatus, an opening 
on the anterior surface of the petrosa, which 
serves for the transmission of the petrosal 
branch of the vidian nerve. F. Ligament. 
1. See Pouparfs Ligament. 2. See Hunter's 
Ligament. F. Muscle, the pyramidalis. F. 
Tube, the oviduct. F. Valve. See Bauhin's 
Valve. 

Fallopius, Aqueduct of. See Fallopian Aque- 
duct. F., Hiatus of. - See Fallopian Hiatus. 

Falret's Type of Mania of Persecution. 
A form of paranoia occurring in degenerates. 
Syn., "Idees de persecution et de perse'cuteur." 

False (fawls) [falsus, deceptive]. Not genuine; 
not real; imitating. F. Aneurysm. See 
Aneurysm, False. F. Ankylosis, ankylosis 



FALX 



412 



FASCICULUS 



due to rigidity of the soft tissues. F. Image, 
in diplopia, the image of the deviating eye. 
F. Membrane, a fibrinous exudate upon a 
surface. F. Pains, pains that precede true 
labor-pains. F. Passage, a passage formed 
by the laceration of any canal. F. Pelvis, 
the portion of the pelvic cavity situated 
above the iliopectineal line. F. Ribs. See 
Ribs, False. 

Falx {falks) [L.]. A sickle; a sickle-shaped 
structure. F. cerebelli, a sickle-like process 
of dura mater between the lobes of the cere- 
bellum. F. cerebri, the process of the dura 
separating the hemispheres of the cerebrum. 

Familial {fam-il'-yal). Characteristic of a 
family. 

Famine Fever. Same as Relapsing Fever. 

Fang [AS., fangan, to seize]. The root of a 
tooth. 

Fango {fan' -go). Clay from the hot springs 
of Battaglio, Italy; it is used as a local 
application in gout. F. -therapy, the thera- 
peutic application of heat and pressure by 
means of heated fango or other mud. 

Farad {far'-ad) [after Michael Faraday, a 
physicist]. The unit of electric capacity; a 
capacity sufficient to hold one coulomb of 
current having a potential of one volt. 

Faraday's Law of Electrolysis. The amount 
of an ion liberated at an electrode in a 
given time is proportional to the strength of 
the current. 

Faradic, Faradaic {far-ad' -ik, far-ad-a' -ik) . 
Pertaining to induced electric currents. F. 
Current, the induced electric current. 

Faradism {far' -ad-izm) [see Farad], i. The 
electricity produced in an induced or faradic 
current. 2. Faradization. 

Faradization {far-ad-iz-a! -shun) [see Farad]. 
Faradism; the application of the induced 
current to a diseased part. F., General, 
the therapeutic application of the electric 
current to the organism as a whole. 

Farcy {far'-se) [farcire, to stuff]. The form 
of glanders that attacks the skin and lym- 
phatic glands. 

Farfara {far' -far -ah). See Coltsfoot. 

Farina (Jar-e'-nah) [L., "meal"]. The ground 
or powdered starchy part of seeds, especially 
that of corn, barley, rye, and wheat. 

Farinaceous {far-in-a' -she-us) [farina]. Hav- 
ing the nature of or yielding flour. 

Far-point. The most distant point at which 
an eye can see distinctly when accommo- 
dation is completely relaxed. 

Farre's Tubercles. Cancerous masses on 
the surface of the liver. F.'s White Line, 
the boundary-line at the hilum of the ovary 
between the germ epithelium and the squa- 
mous epithelium of the broad ligament; it 
marks the insertion of the mesovarium. 

Farre-Waldeyer's Line. See Farre's White 
Line. 

Far-sightedness. Hyperopia. 

Fascia {fah'-she-ah) [L., "a band"]. 1. The 
areolar tissue forming layers beneath the 
skin {superficial fascia) or between muscles 



{deep fascia). 2. A bandage. F., Anal. 
See F., Ischiorectal. F., Cervical, Deep, 
that which invests- the muscles of the neck 
and incloses the vessels and nerves. F., 
Colles , , the deep layer of the superficial 
fascia of the perineum. F. colli. 1. The 
deep and superficial fascias of the neck 
regarded as one. 2. The deep cervical fascia. 
F., Cremasteric, a thin covering of the 
spermatic cord, formed by the stretched 
fibers of the cremaster muscle. F., Cribri- 
form, the sieve-like covering of the saphenous 
opening. F. dentata, a serrated band of 
gray matter of the hippocampal gyrus of 
the cerebrum. F., Infundibuliform, the 
process of the transversalis fascia extended 
over the spermatic cord. F., Intercolumnar, 
a fascia attached to the margins of the ex- 
ternal abdominal ring and forming a sheath 
for the cord and testis. F., Ischiorectal, 
that covering the perineal aspect of the 
levator ani muscle. F. lata, the dense 
fascia surrounding the muscles of the thigh. 
F.s of Origin, those serving for the origin 
of muscles. F.s, Partial, aponeuroses cover- 
ing the muscles of a limb and retaining 
them in position; they are chiefly attached 
by their extremities to bones. F., Preverte- 
bral, a band of connective tissue covering 
the front of the cervical vertebras and the 
prevertebral muscles, adherent to the basilar 
process above and running to the third 
thoracic vertebra below. It is attached to 
the esophagus and pharynx by loose con- 
nective tissue. F. propria, F. propria of 
the Scrotum, the infundibuliform fascia 
together with the underlying areolar tissue. 
F., Semilunar, F. semilunaris, a fibrous 
band extending downward and inward from 
the inner aspect of the biceps humeri and 
its tendon and connecting with the fascia 
investing the antibrachial muscles arising 
from the inner condyle of the humerus. F., 
Transversalis, that lying between the trans- 
versalis muscle and the peritoneum. 

Fascial {fah'-she-al) [fascia]. Pertaining to 
or of the nature of a fascia. 

Fascicle (fas'-ik-l) [dim. of fascis, a bundle]. 
A small bundle of fibers. See Fasciculus. 
F., Fornicate, the white matter of the forni- 
cate gyrus, the fibers of which extend longi- 
tudinally and ramify upward and backward 
into its secondary gyri. Syn., Fillet of 
the corpus callosum. F., Fundamental, a 
part of the anterior column extending into 
the oblongata. F.S, Gyral. See Fibers, As- 
sociation-. F., Pyramidal, a portion of the 
anterior column of the cord extending to the 
pyramid. 

Fasciculated {fas-ik' -u-la-ted) . United into 
bundles or fascicles. 

Fasciculus {fas-ik' -u-lus) [dim. of fascis, a 
bundle]. A little bundle, particularly of 
muscle-fibers; a fascicle {q.v.). F. ,Cuneate, 
the continuation of Burdach's column, or the 
posteromedian column of the spinal cord. 
F., Gracile, the posterior pyramid of the 



FASCITIS 



413 



FEDERICI'S SIGN 



medulla. F., Longitudinal Inferior, a 

bundle lying close to the outer wall of the 
medicornu and postcornu and connecting 
the occipital and temporal lobes. Syn., 
Inferior longitudinal bundle. F., Longitu- 
dinal Posterior. See F., Posterolongitu- 
dinal. F., Longitudinal Superior, a bundle 
of fibers passing through the oblongata 
• external to the cingulum and beneath the 
lower border of the frontal and parietal 
gyri. Fasciculi occipitothalamici, the bun- 
dles of nerve-fibers uniting the thalamus 
with the occipital lobe. F., Olivary. See 
Fillet, Olivary. F., Perpendicular (of 
Wernicke), a broad band of vertical fibers 
extending in width from the point of the 
occipital lobe to the dorsal point of the 
parietal lobe and extending from the super- 
ior occipital lobule to the inferior occipital 
gyrus and fusiform lobule. F., Posterolongi- 
tudinal, fibers connecting the corpora quad- 
rigemina and the nuclei of the fourth and 
sixth nerves with the parts below. F., 
Solitary, fibers connecting the internal cap- 
sule and the lenticular nucleus with parts 
below. See Solitary Bundle. F., Sphenoid, 
the part of the corona radiata which enters 
the temporosphenoid lobe. F. subcallosus, 
a tract of long association-fibers lying under 
the corpus callosum, and connecting the 
frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. F. 
teres, the funiculus teres. F. trineuralis, 
F., Trineural. See Solitary Bundle. F. 
unciformis, F. uncinatus, a bundle of 
medullated axons extending between the 
uncus and the basal portions of the frontal 
lobe, and connecting the temporal sense area 
with the olfactory sense area. 

Fascitis (fas-i'-tis). Inflammation of a fascia. 

Fastigatum Qas-tig-a' -turn) . See Nucleus 
fastigii. 

Fastigium {fas-tif-e-um) [L., "summit"]. The 
acme of a disease. 

Fat [ME.]. A greasy substance, a com- 
pound of oleic, palmitic, or stearic acid with 
glycerol. F.-cell, a connective-tissue cell 
containing oil-globules. F. -necrosis, a pecu- 
liar form of necrosis of a fatty tissue occur- 
ring in pinpoint-sized areas of a dead-white 
color. 

Fatigue {fa-teg') [fatigo, weariness]. Weariness. 
F. Diseases, those caused by constant 
repetition of certain muscular movements. 
F. Fever, fever following excessive exertions, 
and supposed to be caused by the absorption 
of waste-products. 

Fatty (fat'-e) [fat]. Containing fat or de- 
rived from fat. F. Acids, a series of acids 
with the general formula C n H 2n 2 , some of 
the members of which combine with glycerol 
to form fats. F. Degeneration. See Degen- 
eration, Fatty. 

Fauces (faw'-sez) [L., "the upper part of the 
throat"]. The space surrounded by the 
palate, tonsils, and uvula. F., Isthmus of 
the, the space at the back of the mouth 
inclosed by the margin of the palate, the 



back of the tongue, and the pillars of the 
fauces. F., Pillars of the, the folds formed 
by the palatoglossus muscle in front of the ton- 
sils and by the palatopharyngeus behind them. 

Fau chard's Disease. Alveolodental perios- 
titis; pyorrhoea alveolaris; progressive ne- 
crosis of the dental alveoli. 

Faucial (faw'-se-al) [fauces]. Pertaining to the 
fauces. 

Faucitis (faw-si'-tis) [jauces; ncc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the fauces. 

Favosoareolate (fa-vo-so-ar-e' '-o-lat) [favus; 
areola]. Pitted with reticular markings. 

Favus (fa'-vus) [L., "a honeycomb"]. A para- 
sitic skin disease due to the presence of a 
vegetable parasite, Achorion schonleinii. 
It is characterized by the presence of round, 
sulfur-yellow, cup-shaped crusts, having a 
peculiar musty odor, and which are found 
on microscopic examination to be composed 
almost entirely of the elements of the fungus. 
The disease affects most frequently the 
scalp, but may occur anywhere. Syn., Tinea 
favosa. F.-cup, any one of the cup-shaped 
crusts that characterize favus. 

Febralgene (feb-ral'-jen). A proprietary anti- 
pyretic and sedative. Dose 2^-5 gr. (0.16- 
0.32 Gm.). 

Febricide {feb r -ris-ld) [jebris; ccedere, to kill]. 
Destructive fever. 

Febricula (feb^rik'-u-lah) [Jebris]. A slight 
fever of short duration, most frequently en- 
countered among children. 

Febrifuge (feb'-rif-uj) [jebris; fugare, to dispel]. 
1. Dispelling fever. 2. An agent that lessens 
fever. 

Febrile {jcb'-ril) [jebris]. Pertaining to or 
characterized by fever. 

Febrinol {jeb'-re-noT). A proprietary antipy- 
retic and analgesic remedy. 

Febris (feb'-ris) [L.]. A fever (q. v.). 

Fecal {fe'-kal) [feces]. Pertaining to, consisting 
of, or discharging feces. 

Feces (fe'-sez) [fccx, dregs]. The excretions 
of the bowels. The feces consist of excretions 
and secretions from the intestine and of 
undigested food, the latter being made up of 
digestible substances that escaped digestion 
and of indigestible matters, such as nuclein, 
cellulose, chlorophyl, and mineral salts. 

Fechner's Law. See Law, Fechner's. 

Fecula {jek'-u-lah) [dim. of ftzx, sediment]. 
The starchy part of a seed. Also the sedi- 
ment subsiding from an infusion. 

Feculent {fek f -u-lent) [fcrculentus, dreggy]. 
Having sediment. 

Fecundation (fe-kun-da' -shun) [fecundity]. 
The act of fertilizing. F., Artificial, fecun- 
dation brought about by the injection of 
semen into the vagina or uterus through a 
syringe or other instrument. 

Fecundity (fe-kun'-dit-e) [fecunditas, fruitful- 
ness]. The ability to produce offspring. 

Federici's Sign. Perception of the heart- 
sounds over the whole abdomen in cases of 
perforative peritonitis with escape of gas into 
the peritoneal cavity. 



FEEDING 



414 



FERCREMOL 



Feeding (fe'-ding) [ME., feden, to nourish]. 
The taking of food or aliment. F., Extra- 
buccal, the introduction of food into the 
system by channels other than the mouth: 
by subcutaneous nutritive enemas or intra- 
vascular injection of food-materials; feeding 
after gastrotomy through gastric fistulas. 

Fehling's Solution. See under F.'s Test for Glu- 
cose. F.'s Test for Glucose, two solutions 
are required to be kept in two distinct parts 
in well-stoppered bottles. (A) Dissolve 
36.64 Gm. of copper sulfate in 500 Cc. of 
water. (B) Dissolve 173 Gm. of rochelle 
sal.s in 100 Cc. of a solution of caustic soda 
having a specific gravity of 1.34, and dilute 
with water to 500 Cc. Mix equal volumes 
of A and B for use; the result is a dark- 
blue fluid known as Fehling's solution. The 
solution should always be fresh, as tartaric 
acid has a tendency to become converted 
into racemic acid, which reduces cupric salts 
like sugar. Its absence should always be 
ascertained by boiling the Fehling solution, 
which should remain unaltered by this pro- 
cess. On addition of a solution of glucose 
and then boiling, a red precipitate of the 
cuprous oxid or hydrate occurs. 

Fel [L.]. Bile. F. bovis (U. S. P.), oxgall. F. 
bovis purificatum (U. S. P.), purified oxgall; 
it is said to be tonic and laxative. Dose 
5-10 gr. (c.3— 0.6 Gm.). 

Fellifluous (fel-if -lu-us) [fel; fluere, to flow]. 
Flowing with gall. 

Fellitin (fel'-it-in). A proprietary preparation 
of oxgall for use in frost-bite. 

Felon (fel' -on). See Paronychia. 

Felt Treatment of Sciatica. Subcutaneous 
injection of jj gr. (2 mg..) of atropin, followed 
in 48 hours by a second dose of ^t § r - ( 2 -6 
mg.), 48 hours after, ^ gr. (3 mg.). 

Female (fe'-mal) [femina, woman]. 1. Per- 

. taining to the sex that conceives and bears 
young; pertaining to woman. 2. Denoting 
that part of a double-limbed instrument 
that receives the complementary part. F. 
Catheter, a catheter for emptying the female 
bladder. 

Femoral (fern' -or-al) \]emur\ Pertaining to 
the femur. F. Arch, Poupart's ligament. 
F. Artery. See under Artery. F. Canal, a 
canal in the sheath of the femoral ves- 
sels, to the inner side of the femoral vein, 
through which, at times, a hernia descends. 
F. Hernia. See Hernia, Femoral. F. Liga- 
ment of Hey. See Liga7nent,Hey's. F.Ring, 
the abdominal end of the femoral canal, nor- 
mally closed by the crural septum and the 
peritoneum. F. Sheath, a continuation down- 
ward of the fascias that line the abdomen. 
It contains the femoral vessels. 

Femoropopliteal (fem-or-o-pop-lit-e'-al). 1. 
Relating to or contained in the thigh or 
popliteal space. 2. Relating to the dorsal 
aspect of the thigh. 

Femoropretibial (fem-or-o-pre-tib'-e-al). Re- 
lating to the thigh and the anterior part 
of the leg. 




The Femoral Ring and Saphenous Opening. — 
{After H olden 
(The arrow is introduced into the femoral ring.) 
1. Crural arch. 2. Saphenous opening of the fascia lata. 
3. Saphena vein. 4. Femoral vein. 5. Gimbernat's 
ligament. 6. External abdominal ring. 7. Position 
of internal ring. 

Femorotibial (fem-or-o-tib'-e-al). Relating to 
the femur and the tibia. 

Femorovascular (fem-or-o-vas' '-ku-lar) [femur; 
vasculum, a little vase]. Relating to the 
femoral canal. 

Femur (fe'-mur) [L.]. The thigh-bone. 

Fence (fens) [abbreviation of defense]. A 
line of cross-scarification made on the 
skin surrounding an erysipelatous area, to 
which a germicide is applied, to prevent 
progress of the disease. 

Fenestra (fen-es'-trah) [L., "a window"]. A 
window-like opening, as the open space in 
the blade of an obstetric forceps, or an open- 
ing in a bandage or dressing for drainage, 
etc. F. cochleae, F. cochlearis, F. tri- 
quetra, the fenestra rotunda. See under Ear. 
F. semiovalis, F. vestibularis, F. vestibuli, 
the fenestra ovalis. See under Ear. 

Fenestrated (fe-nes'-tra-ted) [fenestra]. Perfor- 
ated. F. Membrane of Henle, the layer of 
elastic tissue in the intima of large arteries. 

Fennel (fen' -I). See Fceniculum. 

Fenthozon (fen'-tho-zon). A proprietary dis- 
infectant and deodorant said to consist of 
acetic acid, 26 Gm.; phenol, 2 Gm.; menthol, 
camphor, and oil of eucalyptus, of each, 
1 Gm., and oils of verbena and lavender, of 
each, 0.5 Gm. 

Fenugreek (fen'-u-greh). The Trigonella fee- 
num-gr cecum, a leguminous plant cultivated 
in France and Germany, the seeds of which 
contain two alkaloids, cholin and trigonellin. 
The seeds are employed for the preparation 
of emollient poultices, enemas, ointments, 
and plasters. They are not used internally. 

Fen wick's Disease. Primary atrophy of the 
stomach. 

Feralboid (fer-aV -bo-id). A peptonized albu- 
minate of iron. It is used in anemia, neuras- 
thenia, etc. Dose |-| gr. (0.021-0.042 Gm.) 
3 times a day. Syn., Feraldoid. 

Fercremol {fer'-kre-mol). A brown, tasteless 



FEREOL'S NODOSITIES 



415 



FERREIN'S CANAL 



compound of iron and hemoglobin, containing 
3% of iron. Dose 3-8 gr. (0.2-0.52 Gm.). 

Fereol's Nodosities. Inconstant subcutane- 
ous nodosities observed in cases of acute 
articular rheumatism. 

Fereol-Graux's Type of Ocular Palsy. 
Associated paralysis of the internal rectus 
muscle of one side and of the external rectus 
of the other; it is of nuclear origin. 

Ferisol {fer'-is-ol). A derivative of cinnamic 
acid and guaiacol; a very soluble powder. 
Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.); intramuscularly, 15 
min (0.92 Cc.) of a 10% solution 

Fermanglobin {fer-man-gW -bin) . Hemoglobin 
combined with iron and manganese; used 
in anemia. Dose a teaspoonful to a dessert- 
spoonful (5-10 Cc). 

Ferment {fer'-ment) [fermentum, leaven; yeast]. 
Any substance which, in contact with another 
substance, is capable of setting up changes 
{fermentation) in the latter without itself 
undergoing much change. Ferments are 
classified into unorganized, or soluble, and 
organized, or living, ferments. According 
to the character of the fermentation, the 
unorganized ferments are divided into anxio- 
lytic, proteolytic, fat-decomposing, milk-curd- 
ling, and coagulating ferments. Amylolytic 
ferments (sugar-producing or diastatic fer- 
ments) convert starch into sugar. The most 
important is ptyalin of the saliva; but similar 
ferments are found in the pancreatic and 
intestinal juice, bile, blood, milk, urine, etc. 
Proteolytic ferments convert proteids into 
peptones and albumoses. They are found in 
the stomach {pepsin), in the pancreatic juice 
{trypsin), and elsewhere. A fat-decomposing 
ferment is found in the stomach and in the 
pancreatic juice. Milk-curdling ferment is 
found in the stomach and the intestinal 
juice. The best example of a coagulating fer- 
ment is the fibrin-ferment . The organized or liv- 
ing ferments are the yeasts and bacteria. See 
also Fermentation. F., Animal, one secreted 
by the animal organism. F., Chemic. See 
Enzym. F.s, Coagulating, the milk -curdling 
ferment (chymosin) and fibrin-forming fer- 
ment (thrombin). F., Digestive, an enzym, 
either of animal or vegetable production, 
which acts upon a certain kind of food. The 
digestive ferments embrace the amylolytic, 
proteolytic, invertive, emulsive, and the milk- 
curdling ferments. F., Fibrin-. See Fibrin- 
ferment. F., Glycolytic. 1. One exist- 
ing in the liver, which changes starch 
into sugar; also any ferment capable of 
decomposing sugar. 2. Lepine's name for 
the internal secretion of the pancreas which 
reaches the general circulation without enter- 
ing the intestinal tract. F.s, Hydrolytic. 
See Hydrolytic Ferments. F., Inversive, F., 
Inverting. See Invertin. F.s, Oxidation, 
F.s, Oxidizing, ferments existing in the 
cells and tissues of the body which act as 
oxygen-carriers and act on hydrogen dioxid 
and neutral oxygen as well; their activity is 
destroyed by heat. Syn., Oxidases; Oxydases; 



Tissue ferments. F., Piarolytic, one which 
decomposes fat. F., Soluble. See Enzym. 
F., Steatolytic, one that splits fat into fatty 
acids and glycerol, as steapsin of the pan- 
creatic juice and similar ferments found in 
seeds of poppy, castor-oil beans, Indian 
hemp, corn, etc. 

Fermentation {fer-men-ta'-shun) [ferment]. 
The decomposition of complex mole- 
cules under the influence of ferments. F., 
Acetic, the fermentation whereby weak 
alcoholic solutions are converted into vinegar; 
caused by Bacillus aceti, etc. F., Alco- 
holic, F., Spirituous, the conversion of 
saccharine substances into alcohol; it is due 
to yeast-germs. F., Ammoniacal, that 
giving rise to ammoniacal gas and carbon 
dioxid, which combine to form ammonium 
carbonate. The agent of the ammoni- 
acal fermentation of urine is Micrococcus 
urea. F., Butyric, the conversion of sugars, 
starches, milk, etc., into butyric acid, 
due to various microorganisms, especially 
Bacillus butyricus. F., Lactic, the "sour- 
ing" of milk, caused by Bacillus lacticus. 
F., Propionic, the production of propionic 
acid by Bacillus cavicida, which decom- 
poses saccharine solutions. F. Test for 
Glucose, half fill a test-tube with a solution 
of dextrose, and add a little dried German 
yeast. Invert the tube over mercury and 
alloAv it to stand in a warm place for 24 
hours. The sugar will ferment, carbonic-acid 
gas accumulates in the tube, and the liquid 
gives the tests for alcohol. A control-experi- 
ment should be made with yeast and water 
in another test-tube, as a small yield of 
carbonic acid is often obtained from impuri- 
ties in the yeast. See also Roberts. F., 
Viscous, a fermentation characterized by the 
production of a gummy substance. 

Fern. Any cryptogamous plant of the order 
Filices . See A spidium . 

Ferralbumose {fer-al'-bu-moz). A meat pre- 
cipitate treated with artificial gastric juice 
and ferric chlorid. 

Ferralia {fer-a'-le-ah) [ferrum, iron]. Me- 
dicinal preparations of iron. 

Ferrated {fer'-a-ted). Combined with iron; 

• containing iron. 

Ferratin {fer'-at-in). A chemic compound of 
iron and albumin, introduced as identical 
with the organic iron component of all food. 
It is used in anemia and malnutrition. Dose 
7|gr. (0.5 Gm.) 3 times daily. F., Schmiede- 
berg's, a nuclein in combination with 
iron contained in liver. Syn., Zaleski's 
he pa tin. 

Ferratogen {fer-af -o-jen) . An iron nuclein 
obtained by cultivating yeast on a medium 
impregnated with iron. It is used in treat- 
ment of chlorosis, the preparation containing 
1% of metallic iron. Syn., Ferric nuclein. 

Ferrein's Canal. See Canal of Ferrein. F.'s 
Cords, the true vocal cords. F.'s Foramen. 
See Fallopian Hiatus. F.'s Pyramids, 
the medullary rays, pyramidal in shape, 



FERRIC 



416 



FERROUS 



having their apexes at the periphery of the 
cortex of the kidney and their bases in the 
boundary layer. F.'s Tubes, the convoluted 
uriniferous tubules. 

Ferric {}er'-ik). i. Pertaining to or of the 
nature of iron. 2. Containing iron as a 
trivalent or quadrivalent radicle. F. Ammo- 
nium Sulfate {Jerri et ammonii sulphas, U. S. 
P.). Dose 7^ gr. (0.5 Gm.). F. Ammonium 
Tartrate (Jerri et ammonii tartras, U. S. P.), 
iron and ammonium tartrate. Dose 4 gr. (0.25 
Gm.). F. Chlorid {Jerri chloridum, U. S. P.), 
iron perchlorid. Dose 1 gr. (0.065 Cm.). F. 
Chlorid, Solution of {liquor ferri chloridi, U. 
S. P.). Dose 2-10 min. (0.13-0.65 Cc). F. 
Chlorid, Tincture of {tinctura ferri chloridi, 
U. S. P.). Dose 10-30 min. (0.65-2.0 Cc). 
F. Citrate {Jerri citras, U. S. P.). Dose 3-10 gr. 
(0.2-0.65 Gm.). F. Citrate, Soluble {Jerri et 
ammonii citras, U. S. P.), ammonioferric citrate; 
iron and ammonium citrate. Dose 2-5 gr. 
(0.12-0.32 Gm.). F. Citrate, Solution of. 
Dose 10 min. (0.65 Cc). F. Citrate, Wine of 
(vinum ferri, U. S. P.). Dose 1-4 dr. (4-16 
Cc). F. Hydroxid {ferri hydroxidum, U. S. P.), 
hydrated oxid of iron, an antidote to arsenic 
F. Hydroxid with Magnesium Oxid {ferri hy- 
droxidum cum magnesii oxido, U. S. P.), an 
antidote to arsenic. Dose 3-5 gr. (0.2—0.3 
Gm.). F. Hypophosphite {Jerri hypophos- 
phis, U. S. P.). Dose 3 gr. (0.2 Gm.). F. 
Nuclein. See Ferratogen. F. Phosphate, 
Soluble {ferri phosphas solubilis, U. S. P.). 
Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). F. Pyro- 
phosphate, Soluble {ferri pyrophosphas solu- 
bilis, U. S. P.). Dose 2-5 gr. (0.23—0.32 Gm.). 
F. Subsulfate Solution of {liquor ferri sub- 
sulphatis, U. S. P.), Monsel's solution. Dose 
3 min. (0.2 Cc). 

Ferrichthol {fer-ik'-thoT). A form of ichthyol 
iron sulfonate which contains 3-5% of 
organically combined iron together with 
96.5% of ichthyol sulfonic acid. It is odor- 
less and tasteless, and is used in the treatment 
of anemia and chlorosis. Dose 2 gr. (0.13 
Gm.). 

Ferricyanid {fer-e-si' -an-id) . A compound of 
ferricyanogen, with an element or radicle. 

Ferri cyanogen {fer-e-si-an'-o-jen). A hexad 
radicle, (FeC 6 N ) 2 . 

Ferrinol (jer'-in-ol). Iron nucleid, a compound 
of nucleol and iron oxid containing 6% of 
iron. 

Ferripton {fer-ip'-lon). A proprietary prepara- 
tion said to contain 4% of iron, 7% of pro- 
teids, and 89 % of water. It is-used in anemia 
and chlorosis. 

Ferro- {fer-o-) [ferrum, iron]. A prefix used 
with the names of ferrous compounds. 

Ferrocyanate {fer-o-si'-an-at). See Ferro- 
cyanid. 

Ferrocyanic {fer-o-si-an'-ik). Composed of 
iron and cyanogen. 

Ferrocyanid {fer-o-si'-an-id). A compound 
of ferrocyanogen, with an element or radicle. 

Ferrocyanogen {fer-o-si-an'-o-jen). A tetra- 
valent radicle, Fe(CN) 6 . 



Ferrocyanuret {fer-o-si-an' -u-ret) . See Ferro- 
cyanid. 

Ferroferric {fer-o-fer'-ik). Containing iron 
in both ferric and ferrous combinations. 

Ferrohemol {fer-o-hem'-ol). Hemol containing 
3% of added iron. Dose 8 gr. (0.5 Gm.). 

Ferrol, Ferroleum {fer'-ol, fer-o' -le-um). A 
proprietary 50% emulsion of cod-liver oil 
containing iron phosphate. 

Ferromagnesium Sulfate {fer-o-mag-ne'-se-um 
sul'-fat), FeS0 4 . MgS0 4 + 6H 2 0. A greenish 
powder, used in anemia and chlorosis. 
Dose 8 gr. (0.5 Gm.). 

Ferromagnetic {fer-o-mag-nel'-ik). Having 
iron as a constituent and possessing mag- 
netic properties. 

Ferrometer {fer-om'-et-er) [ferrum; jikxpov, a 
measure]. An apparatus for estimating quan- 
titatively the iron in a minimum quantity of 
blood. 

Ferropyrin {fer-o-pi'-rin), (C n H 12 N 2 0) 3 Fe 2 Cl 6 . 
A hemostatic containing antipyrin, 64 % ; iron, 
12%; chlorin, 24%. It is styptic, antiseptic, 
and astringent, and is applied externally in 
gonorrhea and nosebleed. It is used intern- 
ally in anemia, chlorosis, neuralgia, in doses 
of from 8-15 gr. (0.52-1.0 Gm.). Application, 
1 to 1.5% solution for gonorrhea; 20 % solu- 
tion for nosebleed. 

Ferrosin {fer'-o-sin). A granular or fine red 
powder used as a pigment and said to contain 
iron oxid, 70 to 75%; lime and albumin, 
10 to 20%; water, 10 to 15 %. 

Ferrosodium-citroalbuminate {fer -o-so-de- 
um-sit-ro-al-bu' -min-at) . A hematinic con- 
taining 30% of ferric oxid. Dose 23 gr. (1.5 
Gm.); children, 4-8 gr. (0.26-0.52 Gm.) in 
soup or syrup. 

Ferrosoferric {fer-o-so-fer' '-ik) . Containing iron 
as a bivalent and a trivalent radicle. 

Ferrosoferrous {fer-o-so-fer' -us). Applied to 
a salt which is compounded of two ferrous 
salts. 

Ferrosol (fer'-o-sol). A double combination 
of ferric saccharate and saccharate of sodium 
chlorid occurring as a clear, black-brown 
liquid ; used in chlorosis, anemia, and neuras- 
thenia. Dose 1 teaspoonful (5 Cc.) 3 times 
daily. 

Ferrosomatose {fer-o-so' -mat-oz) . A combina- 
tion of 2% of iron with somatose; an odor- 
less, tasteless powder, soluble in water. It 
is used as a tonic in chlorosis, anemia, and 
debility. Dose 75-150 gr. (5-10 Gm.) daily; 
as a laxative, 150 gr. (10 Gm.). 

Ferrostyptin {fer-o-stip'-tin). A preparation 
of iron and formaldehyd occurring in cubic 
crystals or crystalline powder, soluble in 
water, melting at 120 C. It is used as a 
noncaustic, antiseptic hemostatic in den- 
tistry. Dose 5-8 gr. (0.3-0.5 Gm.). 

Ferrous {fer' -us) [ferrum]. Containing iron 
as a bivalent element. F. Carbonate, Mass 
of {massa ferri carbonatis, U. S. P.), Vallet's 
mass. Dose 3-5 gr. (0.2-0.32 Gm.). F. 
Carbonate, Pills of {pilulce ferri carbonatis, 
U. S. P.), Blaud's pills, consist of ferrous sul- 



FERROVIN 



417 



FEVER 



fate, potassium carbonate, sugar, tragacanth, 
althea, glycerol, and water. F. Carbonate, 
Saccharated (ferri carbonas saccharatus, U. 
S. P.). Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). F. 
Iodid, Pills of (pilules ferri iodidi, U. S. P.), 
Blancard's pills; each pill contains 1 gr. of 
ferrous iodid. F. Iodid, Syrup of (syrupus 
ferri iodidi, U. S. P.). Dose 15-30 min. (1-2 
Cc). F. Sulfate (ferri sulphas, U.S. P.). 
Dose 5 gr. (0.32 Gm.). F. Sulfate, Dried 
(ferri sulphas exsiccatus, U. S. P.). Dose 3 
gr. (0.2 Gm.). F. Sulfate, Granulated (ferri 
sulphas granulatus, U. S. P.). Dose 3 gr. 
(0.2 Gm.). 

Ferrovin (fer'-o-vin). A readily absorbable 
iron preparation, used in anemia. 

Ferruginated (fer-u' '-jin-a-ted) . Having the 
properties of iron. 

Ferruginous (fer-u' -jin-us) [ferrum]. 1. Chaly- 
beate. 2. Having the color of iron-rust. 

Ferrum (fer'-um) [L.]. Iron, Fe = 56. Quan- 
tivalence n, iv. The most familiar and 
most useful of all metals; it is found in 
many minerals, in nearly all soils, in many 
mineral waters, and also occurs pure, especi- 
ally in the form of meteoric iron. Pure iron 
is rare, nearly all commercial irons containing 
carbon in various proportions. In pharmacy, 
iron is used in the form of fine, bright, non- 
elastic wire, as reduced iron, a metallic iron 
with a variable amount of iron oxid, and in 
the form of salts. The therapeutic properties 
of iron depend on its power to build up the 
blood, it being a normal constituent of the 
red corpuscles; hence it is useful in all forms 
of anemia and in the diseases depending upon 
the latter. Externally many of the soluble 
salts of iron are used as styptic and astrin- 
gent lotions. F. dialysatum, dialyzed iron.* 
Dose of the solution 10—20 min. (o. 65—1.3 
Cc). F. reductum (U. S. P.), reduced iron; 
iron by hydrogen; Quevenne's iron. Dose 
3-6 gr. (0.2-0.4 Gm.). See also under Ferric, 
Ferrous, and Iron. 

Fersan (fer f -san). A proprietary food -product 
made from the red corpuscles of beef -blood. 

Fertile (jer'-til) [jcrtilis, fruitful]. Prolific; 
fruitful. 

Fertilization (fer-til-i-za' -shun) [fertile]. The 
art of making fertile ; impregnation. 

Ferula (fer'-u-lah) [L.]. A genus of the order 
Umbelliferce. See Asafetida and Galbanum. 

Fester (fes'-ter) [ME.]. 1. To suppurate. 2. 
An ulcer. 

Festination (fes-tin-a 1 '-shun) [jestinare, to 
hasten]. A gait that increases in rapidity; 
it is seen in paralysis agitans. 

Fetal (fe'-tal) [fetus]. Pertaining to the fetus. 
F. Markings, furrows and embryonic mark- 
ings found in the adult kidney. 

Fetation (fe-ta' -shun) [fetus]. 1. The formation 
of a fetus. 2. Pregnancy. 

Feticide (fe'-tis-id) [fetus; ccedere, to kill]. The 
killing of the fetus in the womb. 

Fettmilch of Gartner. A preparation ob- 
tained by putting equal parts of milk and 
sterile water into the drum of a centrifuge, 
28 



which is then revolved 4000 times a minute. 
The fat in the milk collects at the center, 
and may be drawn off with a tube inserted. 
The milk obtained should contain the same 
amount of fat as mother's milk, and by the 
addition of 35 Gm. of lactose to the liter 
a milk is produced which in composition 
resembles human milk very closely. This 
should be sterilized. 

Fetus (fe'-tus) [fcetus, offspring]. The unborn 
offspring of viviparous animals in the later 
stages of development. 

Fever (fe'-ver) [febris, a fever]. 1. An ele- 
vation of the body-temperature above the 
normal. 2. A disease the distinctive charac- 
teristic of which is elevation of temperature, 
accompanied also by quickened pulse and 
respirations, increased tissue-waste, and dis- 
ordered secretions. F., Absorption-, a 
fever often occurring during the first 12 
hours after parturition. F., African Hemo- 
globinuric. See F., Blackwater. F., Asthe- 
nic, one in which there are a weak circulation, 
a clammy skin, and a low state of the ner- 
vous system. F., Bilious Remittent. 1. A 
term sometimes used as a synonym of Black- 
water fever. 2. Relapsing fever. F., Black- 
water, a disease of the tropics characterized 
by sudden onset, fever, chills, vomiting, 
and dyspnea. Syn., Bilious hematuric fever; 
Bilious remittent fever; Hematuric fever; 
Hemoglobinuric fever. According to R. 
Koch and others, in the majority of 
cases it is the result of quinin-poisoning 
in malarial patients. F. -blister. See Her- 
pes facialis. F., Brain-, fever associated 
with inflammation of the cerebral meninges; 
meningitis. F., Breakbone. Synonym of 
Dengue. F., Bubonic Typhus, typhus fever 
with inflammation, swelling, and suppuration 
of the inguinal, parotid, axillary, submaxillary, 
or mammary region. F., Catarrhal, in- 
fluenza. F., Catheter. See F., Urethral. 
F., Cavite, an acute contagious disease 
confined almost exclusively to Cavite naval 
station in the Philippines. It is marked 
by sudden onset, high temperature, severe 
muscular pain, and extremely tender and 
painful eyeballs, the incubation period vary- 
ing from two days to two weeks. F., Cerebro- 
spinal, an acute infectious disease charac- 
terized by inflammation of the meninges 
of the brain and cord with involvement of 
the superficial layers of nerve-substance. 
See Cerebrospinal Meningitis under Exan- 
thems, Table of. F., Chagres, a malignant 
form of malaria endemic on the isthmus 
of Panama. F., Continued, one the 
course of which is free from remissions 
or intermissions. F., Dandy. Synonym 
of Dengue. F., Enteric. See Typhoid Fever. 
F., Eruptive, one that is accompanied by 
an eruption on the skin. F., Estivoau- 
tumnal. See F., Remittent. F., Famine. 
See Relapsing Fever. F. , Fatigue , th at follow- 
ing excessive muscular exercise. F., Fracture, 
fever due to fracture of a bone. F., Gaspard's 



FEVER 



418 



FIBER 



Putrid, fever due to putrefaction of the 
intestinal contents. F., Gastric, a term 
used indefinitely to indicate any febrile ail- 
ment associated with abdominal symptoms. 
F., Hay-. See Hay-}ever. F., Hectic, a 
diurnal ly intermittent fever with the highest 
temperature in the evening and accompanied 
by sweats and chills. It is found in tubercu- 
losis and other diseases associated with the 
absorption of septic products. F., Hema- 
turic Bilious, F., Hemoglobinuric. See 
F., Black-water. F., Hill-, the pernicious 
malarial fever of the hill regions of India. 
F., Intermittent, one in which the symp- 
toms intermit, with intermediate periods 
of freedom from the febrile attacks. F., 
Littoral, malarial fever in coast regions. 
F., Low, fever of an asthenic type. F., 
Lung, croupous pneumonia. F., Malarial. 
See Malarial Fever. F., Malignant, a 
severe and fatal form of any fever. F., 
Malta. See F., Mediterranean. F., Manila, 
a special type of pernicious fever occurring 
in the hot months (April and May) in Manila 
and sometimes becoming epidemic. F., 
Mediterranean, a specific febrile disease 
of the Mediterranean coast, characterized 
by long, irregular pyrexia, frequent relapses, 
rheumatic complications, constipation, with 
no ulceration of Peyer's patches. The 
incubation period is from 6 to 9 days. Tem- 
perature may rise to 106 F. ; in fatal cases 
to 1 io° F. It is due to Micrococcus melitensis, 
Bruce. F., Melanuric (Remittent), black- 
water fever. F., Metabolic, a form of fever 
common in children' during the summer, 
due to increased metabolism and increased 
tissue-waste clogging the system, owing to 
inability of the excretory organs to dis- 
pose of the waste rapidly enough. F., Milk-, a 
slight form of puerperal septicemia, formerly 
thought to be due to the formation of milk 
in the mother's breast. F., Paratyphoid, 
a condition clinically identical with typhoid 
fever, but due to a bacillus differing from 
Bacillus typhosus and B. coli communis. F., 
Puerperal. See Puerperal Fever. F., Puru- 
lent, the pyrexia attending suppuration. 
F., Relapsing. See Relapsing Fever. F., 
Remittent, a paroxysmal fever with ex- 
acerbations and remissions, but not inter- 
missions; usually applied specifically to 
remittent malarial fever, the type caused 
by the estivoautumnal malarial parasite. 
F., Rheumatic, febrile symptoms developed 
in the course of acute rheumatism. F., 
Roman, a malignant malarial fever occurring 
in the Roman Campagna. F., Scarlet. 
See Scarlatina. F., Septic, one due to the 
entrance of septic matter into the system. 
F., Simple Continued, a continued, non- 
contagious fever, varying in duration from 
1 to 12 days, and usually ending in recovery. 
F., Spirillum. Synonym of Relapsing 
fever. F., Splenic. Synonym of Anthrax. 
F., Spotted. 1. Synonym of Cerebrospinal 
meningitis. 2. The local name, among 



the eastern foot-hills of the Bitter Root 
Mountains (western U. S.), for an endemic 
disease characterized by initial chill, con- 
stipation, fever, rapid pulse, enlarged spleen, 
muscular soreness, severe pain in head and 
back, and an eruption of macular spots, 
varying from' bright red to purple or brown- 
ish-red in color. It is due apparently to 
a hematozoon to which the name Piroplasma 
hominis has been given. F., Sthenic, a 
fever characterized by rapid, full pulse, 
heat and dryness of the skin, high tempera- 
ture, scanty urine, and delirium. F., Sur- 
gical, the pyrexia consequent upon a surgical 
operation. F., Texas. See Texas Fever. F., 
Thermic. Synonym of Heat-stroke. F.,Tick. 

1. Texas fever. 2. Spotted fever (2). F., 
Traumatic, that following traumatism. F., 
Tropical, yellow fever. F., Typhoid. See 
Typhoid Fever. F., Typhotyphus, Pepper's 
name for mild typhus marked by laxity of 
the bowels, tympanites, epistaxis, and bron- 
chial disturbance, the eruption occurring on 
the fourth day and the crisis from the tenth 
to the fourteenth day. F., Typhus. See 
Typhus Fever. F., Urban, a fever enduring 
about three weeks, and similar to mild typhoid 
except that specific symptoms are absent. F., 
Uremic, one due to poisoning from urinary 
ptomains; it has been observed after opera- 
tions on the urinary tract and in urinary 
diseases. F., Urethral, the febrile disturb- 
ance that follows the use of the catheter or 
bougie. F., Walking Typhoid. See under 
Typhoid Fever. F., Yellow. See Yellow 
Fever. 

Fiat, Fiant (fi'-at, fi'-ant) [pres. subj., third 
person, sing, and pi., of fieri, to be made]. 
Let there be made. 

Fiber (fi'-ber) [fibra, a thread]. A filamentary 
or thread-like structure. F.s, Accelerating, 
nerve-fibers which convey impulses that 
hasten the rapidity and increase the force 
of the heart-beat. F.s, Arciform, F.s, 
Arcuate, bow-shaped fibers on the anterior 
aspect of the oblongata. F.s, Association-, 
white nerve-fibers situated just beneath the 
cortical substance and connecting the ad- 
jacent cerebral gyri. F.s, Augmented, 
F.s, Augmentor. See F.s, Accelerating. 
F.s, Auxiliary. See F.s, Secondary. F., 
Axial. 1. The axial band of a nerve-fiber. 

2. The central spiral filament, probably 
contractile, of the flagellum of the semen- 
cell. F.-cell, a cell elongated into a fiber. 
F.s, Collateral, the delicate lateral branches 
of the nerve-process of a neuron; the 
paraxons. F., Elastic. See Tissue, Yel- 
low Elastic. F. of Gerdy, a transverse band 
of fibers supporting the hand crosswise 
and forming the web of the fingers. F.s, 
Involuntary Muscular, straight or slightly 
bent, elongated, spindle-shaped, nucleated 
cells, bearing more or less distinct longitu-. 
dinal striations, which make up involuntary 
or unstriped muscles . Syn ., N onstriated fibers; 
Unsiriated fibers; Unstriped fibers. See M us- 



FIBRIFORM 



419 



FIBROIDECTOMY 



cular Tissue. F., Muscle-. See Muscle -fiber. 
F., Nerve-. See Nerve- fiber. F.s, Osteogen- 
ic. See Sharpens Intercrossing Fibers. F.s of 
Remak, the nonmedullated nerve-fibers. 
F.s, Rivet-, protoplasmic processes on the 
basal surface of the columnar cells of strati- 
fied squamous epithelium. F.s, Secondary, 
in a fibrous structure, those of secondary- 
importance. Syu., Auxiliary fibers. F.s of 
Sharpey. See under Sharpey. F., Smooth 
Muscular, a muscular fiber-cell. F.s, 
Spindle-, achromatic fibrils. F., Spiral, 
the coiled fiber peculiar to spiral fiber-cells. 
See under Cell, Spiral Fiber-. F. , Straight, the 
coiled fiber in a bipolar ganglion-cell. See 
under Cell, Spiral Fiber-. F., Sweat-, a 
nervous fibril which on stimulation produces 
sweating. F.s, Sympathetic, those of the 
sympathetic nerve. F., T-, a branch given 
off at right angles to the axis-cylinder of a 
nerve-cell. F.s of Tome. See Tome, Fibers of. 

Fibriform {fib' -ri-form) [fiber; forma, shape]. 
Shaped like a fiber. 

Fibril (fi'-bril) [fiber]. A little fiber, particu- 
larly one of the ultimate fibers of muscle or 
of fibrous connective tissue. F.s, Achro- 
matic, fibrils of achromatic, nuclear, or cell- 
substance forming lines which extend from 
pole to pole in a dividing nucleus so as to form a 
spindle- or barrel-shaped figure. F.s, Chro- 
matic, F.s, Nuclear, the thread-like fibrils 
consisting of the chromatin in a cell-nucleus. 

Fibrillar (fi'-bril-ar) [fibril]. Pertaining to 
fibrils. F. Contractions, spontaneous con- 
tractions successively taking place in different 
bundles of muscular fibers; they are seen in pro- 
gressive muscular atrophy and other diseases. 

Fibrillary (fi'-bril-a-re). Same as Fibrillar. 

Fibrillation (fi-bril-a' '-shun) [fiber]. A local- 
ized quivering of muscular fibers. 

Fibrin (fi'-brin) [fiber]. A proteid formed 
in shed blood, lymph, in other body- 
fluids, and in tissues when these coagulate. 
It exists in the shape of fibrils, granules, 
plates, or as a homogeneous material. Fibrin 
forms about 0.2% of the blood. F.-factors, 
the substances necessary for and concerned 
in the formation of fibrin. They are fibrino- 
gen, fibrin-ferment, and certain salts. F.- 
ferment, a ferment obtained from blood- 
serum after clotting has occurred. Tt is one 
of the fibrin-factors, and is probably derived 
from the leukocytes. F. -globulin, Ham- 
marsten's name for a globulin-like substance 
which coagulates at about -|-64 -C., in blood- 
serum, and in the serum from coagulated 
fibrinogen solutions. F. of Henle, a light, 
flocculent precipitate which is separated when 
semen is diluted with water. F., Vegetable. 
See Casein, Vegetable. 

Fibrino- (fi-brin-o-) [fibrin]. A prefix meaning 
relating to fibrin. 

Fibrinogen (ft-brin' '-o-jen) [fibrino-; ysvvav, to 
produce]. A proteid of the globulin class, ob- 
tained from blood-plasma and serous trans- 
udations. It is one of the chief elements in 
the formation of fibrin, 



Fibrinogenous (fi-brin-o f-en-us) [see Fibrino- 
gen]. Forming or producing fibrin. 

Fibrinoglobulin (fi - brin -0 - glob'- u - lin) . See 
Fibrin- globulin. 

Fibrinolysis (fi-brin-oV -is-is) [fibrino-; Xbecv, to 
loose]. The partial dissolution which takes 
place in fibrin if allowed to stand in con- 
tact with the blood from which it was 
formed. 

Fibrinoplastic (fi-brin-o-plas'-tik)[fibrino-; nXaa- 
oecv, to form]. Of the nature of fibrinoplastin. 

Fibrinoplastin (fi - brin - o - plas' - tin). See 
Par a globulin. 

Fibrinous (fi'-brin-us) [fibrin]. Of the nature 
of or containing fibrin. 

Fibrinuria (fi-brin-u' -re-ah) [fibrin; ovpov, 
urine]. Chyluria in which the urine coagu- 
lates spontaneously. 

Fibro- (fi-bro-) [fiber]. A prefix signifying rela- 
tion to fibers or to fibrous tissue. 

Fibroadenoma (fi-bro-ad-en-o' -mah) . Adeno- 
ma having fibrous tissue. 

Fibroareolar (fi-bro-ar-e'-o-lar) [fibro-; areola]. 
Containing fibrous tissue with an areolar 
arrangement. 

Fibroblast (fi'-bro-blast) [fibro-; ^Xaorog, a 
germ], A cell that forms new fibrous tissue. 

Fibrocalcareous (fi-bro-kal-ka' -re-us) . Ap- 
plied to fibrous tumors which have undergone 
calcareous degeneration. 

Fibrocartilage (fi-bro-kar'-til-aj) [fibro-; carti- 
lage]. Cartilage with an intermixture of 
fibrous elements. 

Fibrocellular (fi-bro-sel' -u-lar) [fibro-; cellular]. 
Both fibrous and cellular; fibroareolar. 

Fibrochondritis (fi-bro-kon-dri' -tis) [fibro-; %ov- 
dpoc~, cartilage; crcc, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of fibrocartilage. 

Fibroconnective (fi-bro-kon-ek'-tiv) . Having 
a fibrous structure and the function of con- 
necting. 

Fibrocyst (fi'-bro-sist) [fibro-; kuouc, a cyst]. 
A fibroma that has undergone cystic degenera- 
tion. 

Fibrocystic (fi-bro-sist'-ik). Fibrous and hav- 
ing undergone cystic degeneration. 

Fibrocystoid (fi-bro-sisf -oid) . Having the 
structure of a fibrocyst. 

Fibrocystoma (fi-bro-sist-o'-mah). Fibroma 
combined with cystoma. 

Fibro fatty (fi-bro-fat'-e). Consisting of fibrous 
tissue and fat-corpuscles. 

Fibroglioma (fi-bro-gli-o'-mah) [fibro-; glioma]. 
A tumor having the elements of a fibroma and 
a glioma. 

Fibroid (fi'-broid) [fiber; eldoc, likeness]. 
Resembling fibers or composed of fibers; 
also*, a fibroid tumor. F. Heart, a chronic 
form of myocarditis in which there is 
a development of fibrous connective tissue 
in the cardiac muscle. F. Induration. See 
Induration, Fibroid. F. Phthisis, chronic 
phthisis in which there is a formation of 
fibrous tissue. F. Tumor, a fibroma. 

Fibroidectomy (fi-broid-ek' -to-me) [fibroid; 
inTOfir), excision]. Excision of a uterine 
fibroid. 



FIBROLAMINAR 



420 



FILAMENT 



Fibrolaminar (fi-bro-lam'-in-ar). Relating to 
a fibrous layer. 

Fibrolipoma (fi-bro-lip-o' -mah) [fibro-; lipoma]. 
A tumor of fibrous and fatty tissue. 

Fibroma (fi-bro' -mah) [fibro-; b/ia, a tumor]. 
A benign tumor composed of fibrous tissue. 
F., Hard, one containing few cells, being 
chiefly composed of fibers. F. lipomatodes. 
Same as Xanthoma. F. molluscum. Syn- 
onym of Molluscum fibrosum. F., Soft, 
one rich in cells. 

Fibromatosis (fi-bro-mat'-o-sis). See Fibrosis. 

Fibromatous (fi-bro' -mat-us). Relating to a 
fibroma. 

Fibromucous (fi - bro - mu' - kus) . Consisting 
partly of mucosa and partly of fibrous tissue. 

Fibromuscular (fi-bro-mus'-hu-lar). Made up 
of connective tissue and muscle. 

Fibromyoma (fi-bro-mi-o' -man) [fibro-; myoma], 
A tumor composed of fibrous and muscular 
tissue. 

Fibromyomotomy (fi -bro -mi -o -mot' ' -o- me) 
[fibromyoma; zk^vecv, to cut]. The surgical 
removal of a fibromyoma. 

Fibromyxoma (fi-bro -miks-o' -mah) [fibro-; 
myxoma]. A tumor composed of fibrous and 
myxomatous tissue. 

Fibromyxo sarcoma (fi - bro -miks -o - sar-ho'- 
mah). i. A tumor containing sarcomatous 
and myxoid tissue. 2. A fasciculated sar- 
coma which has undergone myxoid degenera- 
tion. 

Fibroneuroma (fi-bro-nu-ro' -mah) [fibro-; neu- 
roma]. A tumor composed of fibrous tissue 
and nerve-fibers. 

Fibronuclear, Fibronucleated (fi-bro-nu'- 
kle-ar, -nu' -kle-a-ted) . Relating to tissue which 
shows many nuclei and fibers. 

Fibropericarditis (fi-bro-per-e-kar-di' '-lis) . Fi- 
brinous pericarditis. 

Fibroplastic (fi-bro-plas'-tik) [fibro-; nlaoaztv, 
to form]. Tending to form fibers. 

Fibropsammoma (fi-bro-sam-o'-mah). See 
Psammoma. 

Fibroreticulate (fi-bro-re-tik' '-u-lat) . Consist- 
ing of a fibrous network or marked with 
interlacing fibers. 

Fibrosarcoma (fi-bro -sar-ko 1 '-mah) [fibro-; sar- 
coma]. A sarcoma containing fibrous tissue. 
F., Mucocellular (of the ovary), a form 
marked by a layer of large, round, bladdery 
cells lying between the fibrils of the con- 
nective tissue. 

Fibrosis (fi-bro' -sis) [fiber]. The development 
of fibrous tissue. F.,Arteriocapillary, arterio- 
sclerosis ; a primary and general fibroid degen- 
eration of the arterioles and capillaries de- 
veloping about middle life; the caliber of 
the vessels becomes diminished and they 
lose their elasticity; there is atrophy of the 
adjacent tissue, especially in the kidneys, 
together with cardiac hypertrophy. 

Fibrous (fi'-brus) [fiber]. Containing fibers; 
of the character of fibrous tissue. 

Fibula (fib'-u-lah) [L., "a buckle"]. 1. The 
slender bone at the outer part of the leg, 
articulating above with the tibia and below 



with the astragalus and tibia. Syn., Perone. 
2. A clasp serving to unite the edges of a 
wound or the opening of a canal. 

Ficiform (fis'-e-form) [ficus; forma, form]. Fig- 
shaped. 

Ficus (fi'-kus) [L., "a fig-tree"]. The fig. 
The ficus of the U. S. P. is the partially dried 
fruit of F. carica, native of Asia Minor, and 
cultivated throughout Europe and tropical 
America. It is laxative and nutritious, and is 
a constituent of confectio sennae. 

Field (feld) [ME., feeld]. An open space or 
area. F. of Audition, F., Auditory, the 
area surrounding the ear, in every portion 
of which a given sound is audible to the ear. 
F. of Fixation. See Fixation, Field of. F.s 
of Innervation, special expansions in which 
the motor nerves to the voluntary muscles 
terminate. F., Magnetic, the portion of 
space about a magnet in which its action is 
felt. F. of a Microscope, the area that 
can be seen through a microscope at one 
time. F. of Vision, the space in which the 
patient can see when the eye is fixed stead- 
ily on the object held in the direct line of 
vision. 

Fieux's Test for Antipyrin. Add 2.5 Gm. 
of sodium metaphosphate and 12 drops of 
sulfuric acid to the suspected fluid, filter, 
and to the clear filtrate add a few drops of 
sodium nitrate. If antipyrin is present, a 
clear green color will develop. 

Fifth Nerve. See Trifacial Nerve. F. Ven- 
tricle. See Ventricle, Fifth. 

Fig. See Ficus. F.-wart, a moist condyloma. 

Figurate (fig' -u-rat) . Having a fixed and 
definite shape; arranged in a definite shape: 
said of skin eruptions. 

Figure (fig'-ur) [figura, a form]. The visible 
form of anything; the outline of an organ 
or part. F., Achromatic (Spindle), F., 
Achromatin, a fusiform figure assumed by 
the achromatic fibrils in a dividing cell. 
F.s, Adhesion, Rindfleisch's term for the 
pattern produced in living protoplasm by 
the adhesion of the two interpenetrating 
substances, the reticular framework and the 
intervening matrix. F., Bistellate. See 
Amphiaster. F., Chromatic (Nuclear), 
F., Chromatin, one of the figures formed 
by the chromatic fibrils of the nucleus during 
karyokinesis. F., Nuclear (Spindle or Divi- 
sion). 1. Flemming's name for any one of 
the forms assumed by the nucleus during 
karyokinesis. 2. Strassburger's name for the 
spindle stage of karyokinesis. 

Figwort (fig'-wert). The herb Scrophularia 
nodosa, an alterative, diuretic, and anodyne. 
It is sometimes used in the form of an oint- 
ment for piles. Dose of the fiuidextract 
^-i dr. (2-4 Cc). 

Filaceous (fi-la' -she-us) [filum, a thread]. 
Consisting of threads or thread-like fibers 
or parts. 

Filament (fiV-a-meni) [filum]. A small, thread- 
like structure. F., Spermatic, the caudal 
filament of a spermatozoon. 



FILAMENTOUS 



421 



FISSURE 



Filamentous (fil-a-ment' -us) [filament], i. 
Like a thread, or made up of threads or fila- 
ments. 2. Capable of being drawn out into 
filaments, like mucus. 3. Containing a stringy 
substance, as filamentous urine. 

Filaria (fil-a'-re-ah) [filum, a thread]. A genus 
of nematode or threadworms, of the. family 
Filariidce. F. medinensis, an animal para- 
site, the female of which works its way 
from the intestinal tract to the subcutaneous 
tissue, where, after developing its embryos, 
it is sooner or later set free by abscess-forma- 
tion and discharge. Syn., Guinea-worm. 
F. sanguinis-hominis, the female adult 
worm was discovered by Bancroft of Brisbane; 
the male by Aranjo, and the embryo by 
Demarquay and Lewis. The embryos are 
about 0.35 mm. long, and inhabit the lymph- 
channels of the lower extremities and the 
scrotum. They lead to dilation of the 
lymphatics, to hyperplasia of the tissues, to 
chyluria, hematuria, abscesses, etc. They 
are found in the blood at night. Elephantiasis 
arabum and lymph-scrotum are said to be 
due to the filaria. 

Filariasis (fil-ar-i'-as-is) [filaria]. A diseased 
state due to the presence in the body 
of Filaria. sanguinis-hominis or allied 
species. 

Filatow's Disease. Acute febrile cervical 
adenitis of children, probably identical with 
Pfeiffer's glandular fever. 

Filicic Acid (fil'-is-ik). An acid, C 14 H 16 5 , 
extracted from Aspidium filix-mas. 

Filicism (fil r -e-sizm) . Poisoning from over- 
dosage of extract of male-fern. 

Filiform (fil'-i-form) [filum, a thread; forma, 
form]. Thread-like. F. Bougie. See Bougie, 
Filiform. F. Papillas, the smallest and most 
numerous of the papillas of the tongue, 
occurring over its whole surface. 

Filipowicz's Sign. A yellowish discoloration 
of the prominent portions of the palmar and 
plantar surfaces, seen in typhoid fever. Syn., 
Palmoplantar phenomenon. 

Filipuncture (fil-e-punk' -chur) [filum, a, thread; 
punctura, a puncture]. A method of treating 
aneurysm by inserting wire threads, hair, or 
the like to promote coagulation. 

Filix (fi'-liks) [L.]. A fern. F.-mas, male- 
fern. See Aspidium. 

Fillet (fil'-et) [Fr., filet, a thread]. 1. A loop 
for the purpose of making traction on the 
fetus. 2. The lemniscus, a band of nerve- 
fibers connected below with the nucleus 
gracilis and nucleus caudatus of the medulla 
and running upward through the pons and 
crus cerebri to the cerebrum, a portion of 
the fibers (lateral fillet) entering the posterior 
corpora quadrigemina, another (mesal fillet) 
passing to the anterior corpora quadrigemina 
and the optic thalamus. A part of the mesal 
fillet is continued into the cortex. F. of the 
Corpus Callosum. See Fascicle, Fornicate. 
F., Olivary, a fasciculus of nerve-fibers in- 
closing the olivary body of the medulla. 

Filmogen (fil'-mo-jen). A protective vehicle 



for applying medicaments in skin diseases, 
consisting of pyroxylin dissolved in acetone 
with a small quantity of castor-oil. 

Filter (fil'-ter) [filtrum]. An apparatus for 
straining water or other liquids to remove 
any undissolved matters. F. -paper, an un- 
glazed paper used for filtration. F., Pasteur- 
Chamberland, a hollow column of unglazed 
porcelain through which solutions are fil- 
tered by means of a vacuum exhaust or by 
pressure. 

Filtrate (fil'-trat) [filter]. The liquid that has 
passed through a filter. 

Filtration (fil-tra' -shun) [filter]. The oper- 
ation of straining through a filter. 

Filtrum (fil'-trum) [L., "felt"; pi., filtra]. 
1. Felt. 2. A filter or strainer. Filtra ven- 
triculi, small vertical channels on the back 
of the larynx between Morgagni's cartilage 
and the inner edge of the arytenoid cartilage. 
They end between the vocal bands at the 
dorsal end of Morgagni's ventricle. 

Filum terminale (fi'-lum ter-min-a'-le). A 
long, slender thread of pia mater, the termi- 
nation of the spinal cord. 

Fimbria (fim'-bre-ah) [L., "a fringe"]. A 
fringe. F. of Fallopian Tube, the fringe- 
like process of the outer extremity of the 
oviduct. 

Fimbriated (fim' -bre-a-ted) [fimbria]. Fringed. 

Fimbriatum (fim-bre-a'-tum) [fimbria]. The 
corpus fimbriatum. 

Finger (fing'-ger) [ME.]. A digit of the hand. 
F., Clubbed, a finger the terminal pha- 
lanx of which is short and broad, with 
overhanging nail. It is seen in cases of 
pulmonary tuberculosis, congenital heart dis- 
ease, etc. F.-cot, a covering of rubber or 
other material to protect the finger or to pre- 
vent infection. 

Finsen's Light. See Light, Finsen. F. Light- 
treatment. See under Phototherapy. 

Fir {fur). See Abies. F., Balsam-. See 
Abies balsamea. 

Fishberry. See Cocculus indicus. 

Fisher's Brain-murmur. A systolic murmur 
heard over the anterior fontanel or in the 
temporal region in rachitic infants. F.'s 
Sign, a presystolic murmur heard in cases of 
adherent pericardium without valvular dis- 
ease. 

Fish-skin Disease. See Ichthyosis. 

Fiske-Bryson's Symptom. See Bryson's 
Sign. 

Fission (fish'-un) [fissus; findere, to cleave]. 
Reproduction by splitting into two or more 
equal parts. 

Fissiparous (fis-ip' -ar-us) [fission; parere, to 
produce]. Propagating by fission. 

Fissura (fish-u'-rah) [L.]. A fissure. 

Fissure (fish'-ur) [fissura]. A groove or 
cleft. A term applied to the clefts or 
grooves in various organs, as the skull, 
the brain, the liver, the spinal cord; 
also to cracks in the skin or linear ulcers in 
mucous membranes. F. of the Anus, a 
linear ulcer at the mucocutaneous junction 



FISTULA 



422 



FLANK 



of the anus, giving rise to intense suffering 
on defecation. F. of Bichat, the transverse 
curved fissure passing below the splenium; 
its extremities correspond to the beginning of 
the sylvian fissure. It affords passage to the 
pia, which forms within the hemispheres the 
tela choroidea and choroid plexus. F. of 
Broca, one surrounding Broca's lobe. F., 
Calcarine, one on the mesal aspect of the 
cerebrum, between the lingual lobule and the 
cuneate lobe. F., Callosomarginal, one on 
the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, 
dividing the area between the corpus callosum 
and the margin into nearly equal parts. 
F., Central. See F. of Rolando. 
F., Collateral, one on the mesal aspect of 
the cerebrum, between the subcalcarine and 
subcollateral gyri. It is collocated with the 
collateral eminence. F. of the Gall-bladder. 
See Fossa cystica. F., Interlobular, F., 
Longitudinal, the deep fissure that divides 
the cerebrum into two hemispheres. F., Oc- 
cipital, a deep fissure situated between the 
parietal and occipital lobes of the brain. F., 
Palpebral, the space between the eyelids ex- 
tending from the outer to the inner canthus. 
F., Portal. See F., Transverse. F., Pos- 
terior Median (of spinal cord)., a deep, narrow 
groove extending the whole length of the 
spinal cord, in the middle line posteriorly. 
F., Precentral, a fissure in front of the fissure 
of Rolando and parallel to it. F., Presyl- 
vian, the anterior branch of the fissure of 
Sylvius. F., Primary (of His), a fold extend- 
ing along the mesal line of the hemisphere, 
producing an external groove and an internal 
ridge. It begins at the olfactory lobe, which 
it divides into a ventral and a dorsal part, and, 
continuing backward in a curved direction, 
joins the hippocampal sulcus. F. of Ro- 
lando, a fissure on the lateral aspect of the 
cerebrum, extending downward from near the 
longitudinal fissure at about its middle point. 
It separates the frontal from the parietal 
lobe. F., Sphenomaxillary, one between 
the lateral margin of the superior maxilla 
and the orbital plate of the sphenoid bone. 
F. of Sylvius, a deep fissure of the 
brain beginning on the outer side of the 
anterior perforated space, and extending 
outward to the lateral surface of the hemi- 
sphere. It has two branches — a short verti- 
cal and a long horizontal, the latter separating 
the parietal from the temporosphenoid lobe. 
Between the branches lies the island of Reil. 
F., Transverse (of liver), a fissure crossing 
transversely the lower surface of the right 
lobe of the liver. It transmits the portal 
vein, hepatic artery and nerves, and hepatic 
duct. 
Fistula (fis'-tu-lah) [L., "a pipe"]. A narrow 
canal or tube left by the incomplete healing 
of abscesses or wounds, and usually trans- 
mitting some fluid — either pus or the secre- 
tions or contents of some organ or body- 
cavity. F., Anal, a fistula in the neighbor- 
hood of the anus, which may or may not 



communicate with the bowel. F. ani con- 
genita, an anomaly of the anus the derivation 
of which is attributed to the remains of the 
posterior part of the blastopore. F., Ano- 
perineal, an anal fistula opening on the 
perineum. F., Bimucous, one making a 
communication between two mucous sur- 
faces. F., Blind, a fistula open at one end 
only. F., Blind, External, one the only 
opening of which is on the exterior of the 
body. F., Blind, Internal, one which 
opens only upon an internal surface. F., 
Branchial, an opening that extends from 
the surface of the neck to the pharynx; it is 
an unclosed branchial cleft. F., Cicatricial, 
one lined with a cicatricial membrane. F., 
Complete, one having two openings — an 
internal and an external. F., Cysticocolic, 
one leading from the gall-bladder to the 
colon. F., Fecal, a fistula communicating 
with the intestine. F., Labiform, one 
characterized by lip-like protrusions at the 
outer margin. F., Ostial. See F., Labiform. 
F., Rectovesicovaginal, a double fistula 
giving rise to communication between the 
rectum, the vagina, and the urinary bladder. 
F. sacra, the sylvian aqueduct. F., Sacral, 
a congenital fistula occurring in the lumbo- 
sacral region. 

Fistulous (fis'-tu-lus) [fistula]. Of the nature 
of or affected with a fistula. 

Fit [AS., fitt, a struggle]. A term applied to 
any sudden paroxysm of a disease, but especi- 
ally to an epileptic convulsion. 

Fixation (fiks-a'-shun) [fixus, fixed], i. The 
act of fixing or making firm. 2. The opera- 
tion of rendering fixed, by means of sutures, 
a displaced or floating organ. F., Field of, 
in optics, the region bounded by the utmost 
limits of distinct or central vision, and which 
the eye has under its direct control through 
its excursions, without movements of the 
head. F. -forceps, those used for fixing or 
holding a part in position during a surgical 
operation. 

Fixative (fiks'-a-tiv). 1. Applied to any sub- 
stance used to fix tissues in the structural 
condition and shape found in life or for 
fastening a microscopic section to a slide. 
2. See Body, Immune. 

Fixing (fiks'-ing). The preparation of tissue 
for microscopic study by means of some 
agent that hardens it and preserves the form 
and arrangement of the cells. 

Flabellum (fla-bel' -urn) [L., "fan"]. A group 
of divergent fibers in the corpus striatum. 

Flaccid (flak' '-sid) [flaccus, flaccid]. Soft; 
flabby; relaxed. 

Flag, Sweet-. See Calamus. 

Flagellate (flaj' -el-at) [flagellum]. Furnished 
with slender, whip-like processes. 

Flagellum (flaj-el'-um) [L., "a whip"]. A 
whip-like, mobile process; the organ of loco- 
motion of certain bacteria and infusoria. 

Flajani's Disease. See Goiter, Exophthal- 
mic. 

Flank (flank) [ME., flank, from L., flaccus, 



FLAP 



423 



FLOOR 



soft]. The part of the body between the 
ribs and the upper border of the ilium. 

Flap [ME.]. A loose and partly detached por- 
tion of the skin or other soft tissue. F.- 
amputation, one in which flaps of soft 
tissues are left to cover over the end of the 
bone. F., Anaplastic, a skin-flap aiding in 
the restoration of a neighboring part. F., 
Autoplastic, one to replace a part that is 
destroyed. F. -extraction, a method of ex- 
tracting the crystalline lens so as to make a 
flap of the cornea. 

Flat [ME.], i. Lying on one plane; having 
an even surface. 2. Of a percussion -sound, 
having no resonance. F.-foot, depression 
of the plantar arch. 

Flatau's Law. See Law, Flatau's. 

Flatness (flal'-nes) [flat]. The sound obtained 
by percussing over an airless organ or a large 
effusion. 

Flatulence (flat' '-u-lens) [flatus]. A condition 
marked by the presence of gas in the stomach 
and intestinal canal. 

Flatulent (flat' -u-lent) [flatus]. Characterized 
by flatulence. 

Flatus (fla'-tus) [L.]. Gas, especially gas in 
the gastrointestinal canal. 

Flavopurpurin (flav-o-pur' -pu-rin) [flavus, 
yellow; purpura, purple], C u H 8 O s . A pig- 
ment occurring in golden-yellow, acicular 
crystals. 

Flax (flaks). See Linum. F.-dresser's 
Phthisis, a fibroid pneumonia resulting 
from the inhalation of particles in flax- 
dressing. 

Flaxseed (flak'-sed). See Linum. 

Flea (fle). See Pulex. 

Fleabane (fle' -ban). See Erigeron. 

Fleam (flem) [(fiXeftorofiov, a lancet; from (f>Xiip, 
a vein; zepLvecv, to cut]. A phlebotome; a 
lancet for venesection. 

Flechsig's Column. The direct cerebellar 
tract of the spinal cord. F.'s Tract, F.'s 
Oval Field, the septomarginal tract of the 
spinal cord. 

Fleischl's Reaction for Bile-pigments. Add, 
by means of a pipet, concentrated sulfuric 
acid to urine already treated with a concen- 
trated solution of sodium nitrate. The sul- 
furic acid sinks to the bottom of the test- 
tube and produces color-layers, as in Gmelin's 
test. 

Fleischmann's Bursa. A bursa lying in the 
sublingual space beneath the lingual frenum. 
Its existence is disputed. 

Fleming's Tincture. An alcoholic prepara- 
tion of aconite stronger than the official 
tincture. Dose 2 min. (0.13 Cc). 

Flemming's Germ-centers. The areas in 
the adenoid tissue of the spleen and lymph- 
atic glands in which leukocytes are formed. 
F.'s Solutiom, a mixture used in histologic 
study as a fixing agent for tissues. It con- 
sists of 15 parts of 1% solution of chromi- 
um trioxid, 4 parts of a 2 % solution of osmic 
acid, 1 part of glacial acetic acid. 

Flesh [AS., flaesc]. The soft tissues of the 



body, especially the muscles. F., Proud, 
the soft and exuberant granulations of a 
wound or ulcer. F. -quotient, Argutinsky's 
term for the relationship of the carbon to 
nitrogen in flesh; it is, on an average, 3.24 : 1. 

Flex (fleks) [fleeter e, to bend]. To bend. 

Flexibilitas (fleks-ib-il'-.it-as) [L.]. Flexibility. 
F. cerea, a condition of the limbs in catalepsy 
in which they seem as if made of wax. 

Flexible (fleks'-e-M) [flex]. That which may 
be bent, as a flexible catheter, flexible collo- 
dion. 

Flexion (flek'-shun) [flex]. The act of bending; 
the condition of being bent. 

Flexor (fleks'-or) [flex]. A muscle that bends 
or flexes a limb or a part. See under Mus- 
cle. 

Flexure (fleks' -ur) [flex]. A bending. F., 
Caudal, the bend at the lower portion of 
the embryo. F., Cephalic, the arching over 
of the cephalic end of the embryo. F., 
Hepatic (of the colon), an abrupt bend 
in the ascending colon to the right of the 
gall-bladder at the under surface of the 
■liver. F., Sigmoid. See Sigmoid Flexure. 
F., Splenic (of the colon), an abrupt turn 
beneath the lower end of the spleen, con- 
necting the descending with the transverse 
colon. 

Flindt-Koplik's Sign. See Koplik's Sign. 

Flint-disease. Synonym of Chalicosis. 

Flint's Arcade. The arteriovenous arch 
around the base of the renal pyramids. 
F.'s Murmur, a second systolic murmur 
heard over the apex in cases of marked 
dilation of the ventricle from aortic insuf- 
ficiency. 

Floating (flo'-ting) [AS., fleotan, to float]. 
Swimming; free to move around. F. Kid- 
ney, one that is detached from its normal 
position and abnormally movable. F. Liver, 
one with abnormal mobility; movable liver. 
F. Rib. See Rib. Floating. 

Floccitation (flok-sit-a' -shun) . Same as Carph- 
ology. 

Flocculence (flok' -u-lens) [see Flocculus]. 
Flakiness; the state of being flocculent. 

Flocculent (flok'-u-lent) [see Flocculus]. Flaky, 
downy, or woolly; coalescing in flocky 
masses. 

Flocculus (flok'-u-lus) [dim. of floccus, a flock 
of wool; pi., flocculi]. 1. A prominent lobe 
of the cerebellum situated behind and below 
the middle cerebellar peduncle on each side 
of the median fissure. 2. A small flock of 
wool or something resembling it; a tuft, 
shred, or flake. 

Floegel's Layer. The layer of granules in 
the transparent lateral disc of a muscle- 
fibril. 

Flood's Ligament. See Ligament, Flood's. 

Flooding (flud'-ing) [AS., flod, a flood]. A 
copious bleeding from the uterus. 

Floor (flor) [ME.]. The basal limit of 
any hollow organ or open space. F.- 
cells, those found in the floor of Corti's 
arch. F. of the Pelvis, the united mass of 



FLORENCE'S CRYSTALS 



424 



FLUX 



tissue forming the inferior boundary of the 
pelvis. 

Florence's Crystals. See Crystals, Florence's. 
F.'s Reaction, on the addition of a strong 
solution of iodin and potassium iodid to 
human spermatic fluid brown crystals in the 
shape of needles or plates are formed. This 
is not wholly reliable as a test for human 
spermatic fluid, since the crystals can also 
be found in the spermatic fluid of animals. 

Flore S {flo'-rez) [pi. of flos, a flower], i. The 
flowers or blossoms of a plant. 2. A floccu- 
lent or pulverulent form assumed by certain 
substances after sublimation, as flores sul- 
phur is, flowers of sulfur. 

Florida Allspice. See Allspice, Carolina. 

Flour [flos, a flower]. The finer part of the 
ground grain, especially of wheat. 

Flouren's Doctrine. A theory that the whole 
of the cerebrum is concerned in every psychic 
process. 

Flow (flo) [AS., flowan, to flow]. The free 
discharge of a liquid, as the blood; the 
menses. 

Flower {flow'-er) . See Flores. 

Flucticuli {fluk-tik' -u-li) [pi. of flucticulus, a 
wavelet]. Bergmann's name for the fine, 
wave-like markings on the surface of the 
lateral wall of the third ventricle, ventrad 
of the anterior commissure. 

Fluctuation {fluk-tu-a' -shun) [fluctuare, to 
float or roll]. The wave-like motion pro- 
duced when a body containing fluid is tapped 
between the fingers or hands. 

Fluid (flu' -id) [fluere, to flow]. A substance 
whose molecules move freely upon one 
another; any liquid secretion of the body. 
F., Darby's Prophylactic, a solution of 
potassium hypochlorite. F., Haffkine's 
Prophylactic, not a serum nor a lymph, 
but a fluid culture of pest-bacilli, grown for 
several weeks under conditions most favorable 
to the development of the toxic properties; 
it is finally deprived of its infective quality 
by being heated to a temperature that is 
fatal to the living bacteria, but which 
does not alter the specific toxin. F., 
Labyrinthine, the perilymph. F., Lang's 
Fixative and Hardening, mercuric chlorid, 
5 parts; sodium chlorid, 6 parts; acetic 
acid, 5 parts; water, 100 parts. F., Sub- 
arachnoid. See Cerebrospinal Fluid. F., 
Van Gehuchten's Fixative and Harden- 
ing, consists of glacial acetic acid, 10 
parts; chloroform, 30 parts; absolute alco- 
hol, 60 parts. See also, generally, under 
Stains. 

Fluidextract (flu-id-ek r -strakt). A solution of 
the solid principles of a vegetable drug, of 
such strength that 1 Gm. of the drug is fully 
represented by 1 Cc. of the fluidextract. 

Fluidounce {flu-id-owns'). A liquid measure; 
eight fluidrams. 

Fluidram (flu-id-ram') . A liquid measure 
equal to 56.96 grains of distilled water. 

Fluke {fluk) [ME., floke]. Any trematode 
worm. 



Flumen {flu' -men) [L.; pi., flumena]. 1. A flow. 
2. A name given by Duret to the principal 
cerebral fissures. 

Fluor albus {flu' -or al'-bus) [L., "a white 
flow"]. Leukorrhea. 

Fluorescein {flu-or-es'-e-in), C 20 H 12 O 5 + H 2 O. 
An anhydrid of resorcinol, prepared by heating 
phthalic anhydrid with resorcinol to 200 C. 
It has the property of coloring abrasions 
of the cornea greenish, and on this account 
has been used for diagnostic purposes. F.- 
sodium, a 2 % alkaline solution employed 
in diagnosing corneal lesions and in the 
detection of minute foreign bodies in that 
tissue; it is suggested as a means of deter- 
mining apparent death by injection of 16 gr. 
(1.03 Gm.): if circulation remains, the mu- 
cosas will be stained yellow within a few 
minutes. Syn., Uranin. 

Fluorescence {flu-or-es' -ens) [fluor {fluor-spar), 
because first observed in this mineral]. A 
property possessed by certain substances of 
converting obscure actinic rays, such as the 
ultraviolet, into luminous rays. 

Fluorescent {flu-or-es' -ent). Having the pro- 
perty of fluorescence. F. Screen, a screen 
covered with substances which become 
fluorescent on exposure to the roentgen-rays. 

Fluorid {flu'-or-id) [see Fluorin]. A com- 
pound of fluorin and a base. 

Fluorin {flu' -or-in) [fluor-spar], F= 19; quan- 
tivalence I. An element belonging to 
the chlorin group. Its intense chemic affinity 
has so far rendered its isolation impossible. 
The salts formed with the alkaline metals, 
fluorids, have been used in goiter and in 
rheumatism. See Elements, Table 0} Chemic. 

Fluoroform {flu-or'-o-form) [fluorin; forma, 
form], CHF 3 . A gas, the fluorin analog of 
chloroform. F. -water {aqua fluoroformii), 
a watery solution (2.8%) of fluoroform, used 
in tuberculosis and lupus. Dose 1 table- 
spoonful 4 times daily. Syn., Fluoroformol. 

Fluoroformol {flu-or-o-form'-ol). See Fluor o- 
form-water . 

Fluorol {flu'-or-ol), NaF. Sodium fluorid, an 
antiseptic. 

Fluorometer {flu-or-om' -et-er) [fluorescence, 
fifrpov, a measure]. A device for adjusting 
the shadow in skiagraphy; a localizer in 
roentgen-ray examination. 

Fluoroscope {flu'-or-os-kop) [fluorescence ; a Kone'cv, 
to examine]. The instrument for holding 
the fluorescent screen in roentgen-ray exami- 
nation. 

Fluoroscopy {flu-or-os' -ko-pe) . The process of 
examining the tissues by means of a fluores- 
cent screen. 

Fluorrheumin {flu-or-ru'-min). The com- 
mercial name of fluorphenetol-difluorodi- 
phenyl, prepared as an ointment and used 
in the treatment of rheumatism. Dose 77 gr. 
(5 Gm.) externally. 

Flux {fluks) [fluxus, flowing]. 1. An excessive 
flow of any of the excretions of the body, 
especially the feces. 2. Dysentery. F., 
Alvine, diarrhea. F., Bloody, dysentery. 



FOCAL 



425 



FONTANEL 



Focal (fo'-kal) [focus]. Pertaining to or oc- 
cupying a focus. F. Depth, the power of 
a lens to give clear images of objects 
at different distances from it. F. Disease, 
F. Lesion, one that is limited to a small 
area. F. Distance, the distance from the 
focus to a reflecting or refracting surface, or, 
in the case of a lens, to the principal point 
of the lens. F. Epilepsy, epilepsy due to 
a focal lesion of the brain. Syn., Jacksonian 
epilepsy. 

Focus (fo'-kus) [L. , "a fireplace" ; pi., foci], i. 
The principal seat of a disease. 2. The point 
(called principal focus or real focus) at which 
rays of light converge that pass through a 
convex lens or are reflected from a concave 
mirror. F., Negative, F., Virtual, the 
point at which divergent rays would meet if 
prolonged in a backward direction. 

Fceniculum (fen-ik'-u-lum) [L.]. Fennel. The 
fruit of F. vulgare, the properties of which 
are due to a volatile oil. It is a mild stimu- 
lant and aromatic carminative. Fceniculi, 
Aqua (U. S. P.), 2 parts of the oil of fennel 
in 1000 of water. Dose \ dr.-i oz. (2-32 Cc). 
Foeniculi, Oleum (U. S. P.), oil of fennel. 
Dose 2-5 min. (0.13-0.32 Cc). 

Foerster's Shifting Type. Variations in the 
visual field, the limits of which differ according 
as they are determined by moving the disc 
from the center outward or from without 
toward the center; they are seen in traumatic 
neuroses . 

Foetal (fe'-tal).- See Fetal. 

Foetus (fe'-tus) . See Fetus. 

Fogging Maneuver. In repression treatment 
of esophoria, the reduction of vision to about 
go by combining prisms (varying with the 
muscular imbalance), bases in, with a convex 
sphere, with which combination glasses the 
patient reads a half-hour at night before 
retiring. 

Fold (fold) [ME.]. A plication or doubling of 
various parts of the body. F., Arytenoepi- 
glottidean. See under Arytenoepiglottic. F., 
Costocolic, that which extends from the 
diaphragm opposite the tenth and eleventh 
ribs to the splenic flexure of the colon, and 
forms a shelf-like structure above which 
lies the spleen. F., Ileocolic, a semilunar fold 
of the peritoneum which is attached to the 
anterior layer of the mesentery, the anterior 
aspect of the ascending colon, and the cecum 
as far as the vermiform appendix. Syn., 
Luschka's fold. F., Palpebral, that formed 
by the reflection of the conjunctiva from 
the eyelids on to the eye. There are two 
folds — superior and inferior. F., Pituitary, 
the two layers of dura inclosing the hypo- 
physis. 

Folia (fo'-le-ah) [folium, leaf]. Leaves. 

Folian (Folius') Process. The processus 
gracilis of the malleus. ■ 

Follicle (fol'-ik-l) [folliculus, dim. of follis, a 
bellows]. 1. A small lymphatic gland, the 
tissue of which is arranged in the form of a 
little sac; also a small tubular gland. 2. A 



simple tubular gland. F., Dental, the dental 
sac and its contents, the developing tooth. 
F., Graafian, one of the small vesicular 
bodies in the ovary, each of which contains 
an ovum. F.s of Lieberkiihn. See Crypts 
of Lieberkiihn. F.s, Sebaceous, the sebaceous 
glands of the skin. F.s, Solitary, small 
discrete lymph-follicles found in the mucous 
membrane of the intestine. 

Follicular (fol-ik' -u-lar) [jollicle]. Pertaining 
to a follicle. 

Folliculitis (fol-ik-u-li f -tis) [jollicle; exec, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a group of follicles. 
F. barbae. See Sycosis parasitaria. F. de- 
calvans. See Acne decalvans. 

Folliculoma (fol-ik-u-lo'-mah). A tumor orig- 
inating in a follicle. F. ovarii malignum, 
a malignant tumor of a graafian vesicle. 

Folliculose (fol-ik'-u-los) [follicle]. Full of 
follicles. 

Folliculosis (fol-ik-u-lo'-sis). A disease of 
the follicles. 

Fomentation (fo-men-ta' -shun) [fomentare, to 
foment]. 1. The application of heat and 
moisture to a part to relieve pain or reduce 
inflammation. It may be made by means 
of cloths soaked in hot water or medicated 
solution or by a poultice. 2. The substance 
applied to a part to convey heat or mois- 
ture. 

Fomes (fo'-mez) [L., "tinder"; pi., fomites]. 
Any substance capable of acting as the 
medium for transmitting contagion. 

Fomites (fo'-mi-tez). Plural of Fomes. 

Fontana's Bands. The wavy arrangement 
presented by nerve-fibers, which lie along- 
side one another in loose spirals, in places 
where considerable mobility. is possible. F.'s 
Spaces, the minute spaces occupying the 
angle of the iris and communicating with 
the aqueous chamber and Schlemm's canal. 

Fontanel, Fontanelle (jon-tan-eV) [Fr., fon- 
tanelle, a little fountain]. A membranous 
space between the cranial bones in fetal life 
and infancy. F., Anterior, that at the point 




Fontanels of Fetal Skull. 

of union of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal 
sutures. F.s, Lateral, two membranous 
spaces, one in front between the parietal, 
frontal, and temporal bones (the anterior 
lateral or sphenoid fontanel), and one behind 
between the parietal, occipital, and temporal 



FONTICULUS 



426 



FORAMEN 



bones (the posterior lateral, mastoid, or 
Casser's fontanel). They usually disappear 
the year after birth. F., Posterior, that at 
the point of junction of the lambdoid and the 
sagittal sutures. 

Fonticulus (jon-tik'-u-lus) [dim. of fons, a 
fountain], i. A fontanel. 2. An issue. 

Food [AS., foda]. Anything which, when 
taken into the body, is capable of building 
up tissue, or, by oxidation, of supplying 
heat. 

Foot [ME.]. 1. The terminal extremity of 
the leg. It consists of the tarsus, meta- 
tarsus, and phalanges, or toes. 2. The base 
of a microscope. 3. A measure of length 
equal to 12 inches, or 30.479 cm. F.-and- 
mouth Disease, a febrile affection of sheep, 
cows, pigs, and horses, rarely of man, mani- 
festing itself by the appearance of vesicles 
and bullas in the mouth and on the feet. It 
is probably due to a special microorganism. 
F. -clonus. See Ankle-clonus. F.-drop, a 
falling of the foot due to a paralysis of the 
flexors of the ankle. F., Fungus-. See 
Madura-foot. F. -pound, the work equal to 
that of raising a pound to the height of one 
foot. F., Tabetic. 1. An extension of the 
foot in preataxic tabes observed when the 
patient is lying down. 2. An affection of 
the foot in the beginning of tabes, marked by 
numbness and formication, followed by hyper- 
trophy of the head of the astragalus, scaphoid, 
cuneiform, and metatarsal bones. 

Forage (for'-aj) [OF., fourage]. Fodder. F.- 
poisoning, the preferred term for the socalled 
epizootic cerebrospinal meningitis of horses. 
It is attributed to a fungus upon the ensi- 
lage. 

Foramen (for-ah'-men) [for are, to pierce]. A 
perforation or opening, especially in a bone. 
F., Auditory, External, one located in the 
external meatus of the auditory canal; it 
transmits sound-waves to the tympanic mem- 
brane. F., Auditory, Internal, one located 
in the petrous portion of the temporal bone; 
it transmits the auditory and facial nerves. 
F., Bichat's, one connecting the subarachnoid 
space and third ventricle ( ?) ; it transmits 
the cerebrospinal fluid. F., Botallo's, one sit- 
uated between the two auricles in the fetal 
heart. F., Cecal (of Frontal Bone), a 
small foramen formed by the frontal bone 
and the crista galli of the ethmoid; it trans- 
mits a vein occasionally. F., Cecal (of Me- 
dulla oblongata), one located in a depression 
at the termination of the anterior median 
fissure. F., Cecal (of Pharynx), one 
located in a depression in the mucous mem- 
brane, in the median line of the posterior 
wall of the pharynx. F., Cecal (of Tongue), 
one located in the posterior termination of 
the median raphe of tongue; a number of 
small glands open into it. F., Condyloid, 
Anterior (sometimes double), that anterior to 
and to the outer side of each occipital condyle, 
passing downward, outward, and forward 
through the basilar process; it transmits the 



hypoglossal nerve; occasionally a meningeal 
branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery. 
F., Condyloid, Posterior, the fossa behind 
the occipital condyles; it transmits a vein to 
the lateral sinus. F., Cotyloid, a notch in 
the acetabulum converted into a canal by a 
ligament; transmits vessels and nerves. F., 
Dental, Inferior, the external aperture of 
the inferior dental canal, in the ramus of 
the inferior maxilla; it transmits inferior 
dental vessels and nerves. F., Esophageal, 
passage through the diaphragm for the 
esophagus. F., Ethmoid, Anterior, a canal 
between the ethmoid and frontal bones, 
transmitting the nasal branch of the oph- 
thalmic nerve and anterior ethmoid ves- 
sels. F., Frontal, the supraorbital notch of 
the frontal bone when it is converted into a 
canal by a bony process; it transmits the 
supraorbital vessels and nerves. F., Galen's, 
the opening of the anterior cardiac vein in 
the right auricle. F., Incisor, the aperture of 
the incisor canal in the alveolar margin; it 
transmits nerves and vessels to the incisor 
teeth. F., Infraorbital, in the superior 
maxilla, the external aperture of the infra- 
orbital canal; it transmits the infraorbital 
nerve and artery. F., Interclinoid, Com- 
mon, a canal formed by an anomalous pro- 
cess connecting the anterior, middle, and pos- 
terior clinoid processes of the sphenoid bone. 
F., Intervertebral, Anterior, the aperture 
formed by the notches opposite to each other 
in the laminas of adjacent, vertebras; it is 
a passage for the spinal nerves and vessels. 
F., Intervertebral, Posterior, the space 
between the articular processes of adjacent 
vertebras, except the first cervical. F., 
Jugular. See F., Lacerated, Posterior. F., 
Lacerated, Anterior. See F., Lacerated, 
Middle. F., Lacerated, Middle, an irregular 
aperture between the apex of the petrous 
portion of the temporal bone and the body 
and great wing of the sphenoid, and the 
basilar process of the occipital bone; it is an 
opening for the carotid artery and the large 
superficial petrosal nerve. F., Lacerated, 
Posterior, the space formed by the jugular 
notches of the occipital and temporal bones, 
divided into two portions: the posterior por- 
tion transmits the internal jugular vein; the 
anterior portion, the ninth, tenth, and eleventh 
cranial nerves and the inferior petrosal sinus. 
F. lacerum. Same as F., Lacerated. F., 
Magendie's, an orifice in the pia mater of 
the roof of the fourth ventricle. F. magnum, 
a large oval -aperture, centrally placed in the 
lower and anterior part of the occipital bone; 
it transmits the spinal cord and its membranes; 
the spinal accessory nerves; the vertebral 
arteries. F,, Mastoid, a small foramen 
behind the mastoid process. It transmits 
a small artery from the dura; a vein opening 
into the lateral sinus. F., Medullary. See 
F ., Nutrient. F., Mental, a foramen in 
the inferior maxilla, external to the incisive 
fossa, forming a passage for the mental nerve 






FORAMEN 



427 



FORCED 



and vessels. F. of Monro, an opening 
behind the anterior pillars of the fornix, 
through which the lateral ventricle of the 
brain communicates with the third ventricle; 
it transmits the choroid plexus. F., Nutrient, 
the canal conveying the nutrient vessels to 
the medullary cavity of a bone. F., Ob- 
turator-, the large ovoid opening between 
the ischium and the pubis, internal and 
inferior to the acetabulum; it is partly closed 
in by a fibrous membrane; it transmits the 
obturator vessels and nerves. F., Occipital. 
See F. magnum. F., Olfactory, numerous 
foramens in the cribriform plate of the eth- 
moid, transmitting the olfactory nerves. F., 
Omental, Lesser or Small. See F. of 
Winslow. F., Optic, the canal at the apex of 
the orbit, the anterior termination of the optic 
groove, just beneath the lesser wing of the 
sphenoid bone; it transmits the optic nerve 
and ophthalmic artery. F. ovale (of the 
Heart) , a fetal opening between the two auri- 
cles of the heart, situated at the lower pos- 
terior portion of the septum. F. ovale (of the 
Sphenoid), an ovoid aperture near the pos- 
terior margin of the great wing of the sphenoid, 
transmitting the inferior maxillary division 
of the trigeminal nerve; the small meningeal 
artery; occasionally, the small petrosal nerve. 
F., Palatine, Anterior, the orifice of the 
incisor canal in the anterior part of the roof 
of the mouth, constituting the opening for 
the nasopalatine nerve and a branch : of 
the posterior palatine artery. F., Palatine, 
Great Posterior, the orifice of the posterior 
palatine canal upon the posterior part of the 
hard palate; it transmits the descending 
palatine artery. F., Parietal, is near the 
posterior superior angle of the parietal bone; 
inconstant. It conveys an emissary vein of 
the superior longitudinal sinus; occasionally 
a small branch of the occipital artery. F., 
Pterygopalatine, the external aperture of 
the pterygopalatine canal, transmitting the 
pterygopalatine vessels and pharyngeal nerve. 
F., Quadrate, a passage in the diaphragm 
for the inferior vena cava. F. rotundum, 
a round opening in the great wing of the 
sphenoid bone for the superior division of 
the fifth nerve. F., Sacral, Anterior (four 
on each side), on the anterior surface of the 
sacrum, connecting with the sacral canal, 
and transmitting the anterior branches of 
the sacral nerves. F., Sacral, Posterior 
(four on each side), on the posterior surface 
of the sacrum, external to the articular pro- 
cesses, and transmitting the posterior branches 
of the sacral nerves. F., Sacrosciatic, 
Great, the oval space between the lesser 
sacrosciatic ligament and the innominate 
bone, conveying the pyriformis muscle, the 
gluteal, sciatic, and pudic vessels and nerves. 
F., Sacrosciatic, Small, the space included 
between the greater and lesser sacrosciatic 
ligaments and the portion of the innominate 
bone between the spine and tuberosity of 
the ischium; it transmits the internal ob- 



turator muscle, the internal pudic vessels and 
nerves. F.s of Scarpa, bony canals opening 
into the incisor canal, transmitting the naso- 
palatine nerves. F. of Soemmering, the 
fovea centralis. F., Sphenopalatine, the 
space between the sphenoid and orbital 
processes of the palate bone; it opens into 
the nasal cavity and transmits branches from 
Meckel's ganglion and the nasal branch of 
the internal maxillary artery. F. spinosum, 
a passage in the great wing of the sphenoid 
bone, near its posterior angle, for the middle 
meningeal artery. F.s of Stenson, the 
lateral pair of the four orifices of the anterior 
palatine foramen, which transmit the terminal 
branches of the posterior palatine arteries. F., 
Stylomastoid, one between the styloid and 
mastoid processes of the temporal bone; it is 
the external aperture of the fallopian aque- 
duct. F., Supraorbital, a notch in the supe- 
rior orbital margin at the junction of the mid- 
dle with the inner third, sometimes converted 
into a foramen by a bony process or a liga- 
mentous band; it transmits the supraorbital 
artery, veins, and nerve. F.s of Thebesius, 
small depressions on the inner surface of the 
heart, especially in the right auricle; some 
of these are culdesacs; others are the mouths 
of the venae minimae cordis. F., Thyroid, 
i. One in the ala of the thyroid cartilage. 2. 
See F., Obturator. F.s, Transverse Acces- 
sory, anomalous foramens in the transverse 
processes of the cervical vertebras transmit- 
ting an inconstant accessory vertebral artery. 
F., Vertebral, the space included between 
the body and arch of a vertebra, transmitting 
the spinal cord and its appendages. F.s, 
Vertebrarterial, foramens in the transverse 
processes of the cervical vertebras for the 
vertebral artery and vein. F., Weitbrecht's, 
one in the capsule of the shoulder-joint, 
through which the synovial membrane com- 
municates with the bursa lining the under 
surface of the tendon of the subscapularis 
muscle. F. of Winslow, an aperture be- 
tween the liver and stomach, bounded in front 
by the portal vein, hepatic artery and duct, 
behind, by the inferior vena cava, below, by the 
hepatic artery, and above, by the liver. It is 
formed by folds of the peritoneum, and estab- 
lishes communication between the greater and 
lesser cavities of the peritoneum. 

Foraminulate, Foraminulous, Foraminu- 
lose (for-am-in'-u-lat, -lus, -Ids). Furnished 
with very minute openings. 

Force (fors) [fortis, strong]. That which pro- 
duces or arrests motion. F., Absolute Mus- 
cular, the maximum capacity of shortening 
shown by a muscle subjected to maximum 
stimulus. F., Electromotive, the force pro- 
ducing an electric current. F., Plastic, the 
generative force of the body. 

Forced (forst) [fortis, strong]. Accomplished 
by an exertion of force. F. Feeding. 1. 
Systematic overfeeding as a therapeutic 
measure. 2. Feeding performed against the 
will of the patient. 



FORCEPS 



428 



FORMIN 



Forceps (for'-seps) [L., "a pair of tongs"]. 
An instrument with two blades and handles 
used for purposes of drawing on or compress- 
ing an object. F., Bone-, a cutting forceps 
for use in operations upon bones. F., Duck- 
bill, forceps furnished with duckbill-shaped 
beaks used for extraction of roots of teeth. 
F., Hemostatic, a forceps for controlling 
hemorrhage. F., Sequestrum, strong 
forceps with serrated jaws of medium 
length; used for holding or removing the 
detached portion of bone forming a seques- 
trum. 

Forchheimer's Exanthem. A maculopapular 
rose-red eruption on the soft palate and 
uvula, regarded by Forchheimer as charac- 
teristic of rubeola in the absence of any 
cutaneous eruption. 

Forcipal {] or' -sip -at). Relating to forceps. 

Forcipressure {for' -se- presh - iir) [forceps; 
pressura, a pressing]. The catching the 
end of the divided vessel with a pair of 
spring-forceps, which are left on for some 
time for the purpose of preventing hemor- 
rhage. 

Fore (for) [AS.]. In front; coming first. 
F. -brain, the anterior of the encephalic 
vesicles into which the primary nervous 
axis of the embryo divides at an early stage; 
the prosencephalon. F.-gut, the embry- 
onic tube corresponding to the pharynx, 
esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. 

Forearm (for' -arm). That part of the arm 
between the wrist and the elbow. 

Forefinger (for'-fing-er). The index-finger. 

Foregilding (for' -gild-ing) . A term designating 
the histologic process of treating perfectly 
fresh nerve tissues with salts. Cf. After- 
gilding. 

Forehead (for'-ed). That part of the face 
above the orbits. 

Forel's Decussation. See Decussation, Forel's. 

Forensic (for-en'-sik) [forensis, belonging to 
the forum]. Pertaining to a court of law. 
In medicine, that part of the science con- 
nected with judicial inquiry. 

Foreskin (for' -skin). The prepuce. 

Formacoll (for'-mak-ol). See Formaldehyd- 
gelatin. 

Forrnad's Kidneys. The elongated and en- 
larged kidneys of chronic alcoholism. 

Formagen (f or' -ma j -en). A proprietary dental 
cement. 

Formal (for'-mal). See Methylal. 

Formalbumin (for-mal'-bu-min). See For- 
maldehyd-casein . 

Formaldehyd (for - mal' -de- hid) . Formic 
aldehyd (q. v.). F. Acetate, C 5 H 8 4 , an anti- 
septic. F. Bisulfite, H . COH . Na 2 S ? 5 , 
an antiseptic. F. -casein, a condensation- 
product of casein and formaldehyd; it 
is an inodorous surgical antiseptic. Syn., 
Formalbumin. F.-cotoin, used in tuber- 
culous diarrhea and in chronic catarrh of 
the bowels. Dose 4-8 gr. (0.25-0.5 Gm.). 
Syn., Fortoin; Methylenedicotoin. F.-gela- 
tin, a combination of 2% of formaldehyd 



added to a warm aqueous solution of gelatin; 
the resultant mass is powdered and used as 
a surgical dressing. Syn., Formacoll; Glutol. 
F., Para-, (CH 2 0) 3 , obtained from formal- 
dehyd by heat; antiseptic and astringent; used 
internally in cholera nostras and as a surgical 
dressing. Dose 8-15 gr. (0.52-0.97 Gm.) 
several times daily. Syn., Polymerized for- 
maldehyd; Tri formal. F. Phenolsulfonic 
Acid, 2 (CH 2 OH) . C 6 H 3 . OH; a wound anti- 
septic. F., Solution of (liquor for maldehydi, 
U. S. P.), an aqueous solution containing 
not less than 37% by weight of absolute 
formaldehyd. It is a powerful antiseptic. 
By means of heat it may be converted into a 
gas, which is widely used for the disinfection 
of rooms and dwellings previously exposed 
to contagion. F., Test for, phenylhy- 
drazin has been proposed by Vitali as a test 
for formaldehyd. A mixture of the two gives 
rise to a milky discoloration; eventually a 
yellowish deposit is precipitated upon the sides 
of the test-tube. In concentrated solutions 
the turbidity appears immediately. In solu- 
tions of a strength of 1 : 100 the reaction 
occurs after a few seconds; in those of 
1 : 1000, in 1 minute; in those of 1 : 10,000, 
in 5 minutes; in those of 1 : 100,000, in 2 to 
3 hours. See also Kentmann. 

Formalin (for 1 -mal-in) [formica, an ant]. A 
proprietary substance composed of a 40% 
solution of formaldehyd. It is used as an 
antiseptic and as a fixing-agent in histologic 
studies. 

Formalith (for' -mal-ith) . The proprietary 
name for diatomaceous earth saturated with 
a solution of formaldehyd. 

Formalose (for' -mal-os) . A 40% solution of 
formaldehyd. 

Formamid (for' -mam-id), CH 3 NO. One of 
the amids. 

Forman (for' -man). See Ether, Chlormethyl- 
menthyl-. 

Formate (for' -mat). A salt of formic acid. 

Formatio (for-ma'-she-o) [L.]. A formation. 
F. reticularis, the intercrossing of the fibers 
of the anterior columns in the medulla. 

Formation (for -ma' -shun) [formatio]. A thing 
formed or the process by which it is formed. 

Formative (for' -ma-tiv) [formatio]. Concerned 
in the formation of tissue. 

Formatol (for'-mat-ol) . A dusting-powder con- 
taining formaldehyd. 

Formes frustes (form frist) [Fr.]. Incomplete 
forms of Graves' disease. 

Formic, Formicic (for' - mik, for - mis' - ik) 
[formica, an ant]. Relating to or derived from 
ants, or pertaining to formic acid. F. Acid. 
See Acid, Formic. 

Formication (for-mik-a' -shun) [see Formic]. 
A sensation like that produced by ants or 
other insects crawling upon the skin. 

Formin (for'-min), C 6 H 12 N 4 . A condensation- 
product of formaldehyd and ammonia; it 
is a uric-acid solvent, diuretic, and vesical 
antiseptic. Dose 15-24 gr. (1. 0-1.5 Gm.) 
in the morning in aqueous solution. Syn., 



FORMOCHLOR 



429 



FOSSA 



Hexamethylenetetramin; Urotropin. F. Sali- 
cylate. See Saliformin. 

Formochlor {form' '-o-klor) . A solution of 
formaldehyd and calcium chlorid. It is used 
as a disinfectant by spraying or vaporizing. 

Formoforin, Formoform (form -o- for' -in, 
form'-o-form). A dusting-powder for per- 
spiring feet; said to consist of formaldehyd, 
0.13%; thymol, 0.1%; zinc oxid, 34.44%; 
and starch, 65.27%. If the formaldehyd is 
omitted, it may be used on purulent sores. 

Formol (form'-ol). See Formalin. 

Formomethylal (form-o-meth'-il-al), C 3 H g O. 
An ethereal oil obtained from the distillation 
of a mixture of methyl-alcohol, sulfuric acid, 
and manganese peroxid. It is anesthetic. 

Formonitril (form-o-ni' -tril). Hydrocyanic 
acid. 

Formopyrin (form-o-pi'-rin). A combination 
of antipyrin with formaldehyd. 

Formula (form'-u-lah) [dim. of forma, a form]. 
1. A prescribed method. 2. The representa- 
tion of a chemic compound by symbols. F., 
Constitutional, one that indicates by means 
of symbols the exact proportion by weight 
in which the elements enter into a compound. 
Syn., Rational formula. F., Dental, one 
snowing the number and arrangement of 
teeth. F., Empiric, one that indicates only 
the constituents and their proportions in a 
molecule, as HNO a , nitric acid. F., Glyptic, 
a chemic formula designed to illustrate the 
arrangement and connection of the atoms of 
a molecule. F., Graphic. See F., Struc- 
tural. F., Official, one given in an official 
publication. F., Officinal, a pharmaceutic 
formula which, though not official, is com- 
monly followed by pharmacists. F., Ra- 
tional. See F., Constitutional. F., Struc- 
tural, one in which the symbols are united 
by the bonds of affinity according to their 
quantivalence, as H-O-H. F., Vertebral, 
one used to indicate the number and arrange- 
ment of the vertebras. 

Formulary (form'-u-la-re) [formula']. A collec- 
tion of formulas or recipes. F., National, a 
collection of widely used and well-known pre- 
parations, omitted from the United States 
Pharmacopeia, but collected and published 
by the American Pharmaceutic Association. 

Formyl (for'-mil) [formic acid; bXrj, matter]. 
1. CHO. The radicle of formic acid. Syn., 
Formoxyl. 2. The trivalent radicle, CH"". 
Syn., Formylene. F.-amid. See Formamid. 
F. Bromid, bromoform. F. Chlorid, F. 
Perchlorid, chloroform. F. Iodid, iodoform. 
F.-phenetidin, C 9 H n N0 2 , a substance ob- 
tained from phenetidin hydrochlorate by 
action of formic acid with anhydrous sodium 
formate; it is antiseptic. F. Sulfid, sulfo- 
form. F. Tribromid, bromoform. F. Tri- 
chlorid, chloroform. F. Triiodid, iodoform. 

Fornical (for'-nik-al). Relating to the fornix. 

Fornicate (for'-nik-dt) [fornix]. Arched. F. 
Gyrus. See Convolution, Fornicate. 

Fornix (for r -niks) [L., "an arch"]. 1. A trian- 
gular body of white matter beneath the corpus 



callosum. From the apex, situated anteriorly, 
the anterior pillars arise and descend to form 
the corpora mamillaria. From the extremi- 
ties of the base the posterior pillars descend 
into the lateral ventricles. The fornix serves 
as an anteroposterior commissure between 
the optic thalamus and the hippocampus 
major and the uncinate gyrus. 2. An 
arched body or surface; a concavity or cul- 
desac. F., Cerebral. See Fornix (1). F. 
conjunctivae, the culdesac at the point where 
the bulbar conjunctiva is reflected upon the 
lid. F. vaginae, the vault of the vagina, 
the upper part of the vagina, forming when 
the passage is distended a V _ hke structure 
surrounding the cervix uteri. 

Fortification-spectra (for-tif-ik-a-shun-spek'- 
trah). Scotoma scintillans (q. v.). 

Fortoin (for'-to-in). See Formaldehyd-cotoin. 

Fossa (fos'-ah) [L., "a ditch"]. A depression 
or pit. F., Acetabular, a depression in the 
center of the acetabulum. F., Amygdaloid. 
See Amygdaloid Fossa. F., Anconeal. See 
F ., Olecranoid. F., Broesike's. See Broes- 
ike's Fossa. F. caecalis, a fold of peritoneum 
forming a pouch upon the surface of the 
right iliopsoas muscle, and extending to the 
apex of the cecum. F., Canine, a de- 
pression on the external surface of the supe- 
rior maxilla, above and to the outer side of 
the socket of the canine tooth. F.s, Cere- 
bellar, two shallow, concave recesses on the 
lower part of the inner surface of the occipital 
plate for the reception of the hemispheres of 
the cerebellum. Syn., Inferior occipital fossas. 
F.s, Cerebral, two shallow,, concave recesses 
on the upper part of the internal surface of 
the occipital plate for the reception of the 
hemispheres of the cerebrum. Syn., Superior 
occipital fossas. F., Claudius'. See Clau- 
dius' Fossa. F., Coronoid, a depression in 
the humerus into which the apex of the 
coronoid process of the ulna fits in extreme 
flexion of the forearm. F.s, Costal, the 
facets on the bodies of the vertebras where 
articulation occurs with the heads of the ribs. 
F.s, Costotransverse, depressions (usually 
three) on each side, upon the dorsal aspect of 
the three upper segments of the sacrum. F., 
Cranial, any of the three depressions in the 
base of the skull for the reception of the lobes 
of the brain. See F.s, Mesocranial; F.s, Post- 
cranial; F.s, Precranial. F. cystica, F. 
cystidis felleae, a depression on the lower 
surface of the right lobe of the liver, which 
holds the gall-bladder. F., Digastric, a deep 
groove on the inner aspect of the mastoid 
process. F., Digital, a depression at the base 
of the inner surface of the great trochanter of 
the femur. F., Epigastric. See Infraster- 
nal Depression. F., Glenoid,, the fossa in the 
temporal bone that receives the condyle of the 
lower jaw. F., Hartmann's. See Hart- 
mann's Fossa. F. hemielliptica. See Fo- 
vea hemielliptica. F. hemisphaerica. See 
Fovea hemisphcerica. F., Hyaloid, a de- 
pression in the anterior surface of the vitreous 



FOSSA 



430 



FOSSA 



body for the crystalline lens. F. hypophy- 
seos. See F., Pituitary. F. ileocaecalis 
anterior, an inconstant pouch of the peri- 
toneum upon the upper border of the ileocecal 
valve; open above and on the left side. Syn., 
Fossa ileoccBcalis superior. F. ileocaecalis 
infima. See Harimann's Fossa. F., Ileo- 
colic. See Luschka's Fossa. F., Iliac, 
External, the outer surface of the ilium. F., 
Iliac, Internal, the smooth internal surface 
of the ilium. F. iliopectinea, Scarpa's 
triangle. F., Infraclavicular. See Moh- 
renheim's Fossa. F., Infraspinous, the 
recess on the posterior surface of the scapula 
occupied by the infraspinous muscle. F., 
Infrasternal. See I n}r asternal Depression. 
F., Ischiorectal, the depression on either 
side of the anus, bounded on the outer side 
by the tuberosity of the ischium. F., Lacri- 
mal, the depression in the orbital plate of the 
frontal bone for the reception of the lacri- 
mal gland. F., Landzert's. See Landzert's 
Fossa. F., Luschka's. See Luschka's Fossa. 
F. mandibularis, the glenoid fossa. F., 
Mastoid, the groove extending along the 
inner surface of the mastoid portion of the 
temporal bone, and forming part of the 
lateral sinus. F.s, Mental, Fossae 
mentalis, shallow depressions, on each side 
of the mental protuberance of the mandible. 
F.s, Mesocranial, F.s, Middle, of the 
Skull, one of the three pairs (right and left) of 
fossas into which the interior base of the 
cranium is divided; they are deeply concave 
on a much lower level than the precranial 
fossas, and lodge the sphenotemporal lobes 
of the cerebrum. Cf. F.s, Poster anial; F.s, 
Precranial. F., Mohrenheim's. See Moh- 
renheim's Fossa. F. navicularis. i. The di- 
lated portion of the urethra in the glans penis. 
2. In the vulva, the depression between the 
posterior commissure and the fourchet. 3. 
See F., Scaphoid (1 and 2). F., Olecranon!, 
one at the dorsal side of the distal end of 
the humerus, for the reception of the ole- 
cranon. F. ovalis, an oval depression in 
the right auricle of the heart. F., Ovarian. 
See Claudius' Fossa. F., Paracecal, F. 
paracaecalis, an infrequent peritoneal pouch 
behind and to one side of the cecum. F., 
Paraduodenal. See Landzert's Fossa. F., 
Parajejunal. See Broesike's Fossa. F., 
Patellar. See F., Hyaloid. F. phrenico- 
hepatica, a pouch of the peritoneum between 
the left lateral ligament of the liver and the 
extremity of the left lobe. F., Pituitary, 
a depression in the sphenoid bone lodging 
the pituitary body. F.s, Postcranial, the 
lowest in position of the three pairs (right and 
left) of the cranial fossas; they lodge the 
cerebellum, p*>ns, and oblongata. Each 
fossa is formed by the posterior surface of 
the pyramid and inner surface of the mastoid 
portion of the temporal bone and the inner 
surface of the occipital bone below the hori- 
zontal limb of the occipital cross. F.s, 
Precranial, the most elevated in position of the 



three pairs (right and left) of fossas into which 
the internal base of the skull is divided. They 
lodge the frontal lobes of the brain and are 
formed by the orbital plates of the frontal 
bones, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid 
bone, and the small wings of the sphenoid 
bone. Cf. F.s, Mesocranial; F.s, Postcranial. 
F., Radial, F. radialis, the depression on 
the humerus above the capitellum which 
accommodates the head of the radius in 
extreme flexion of the forearm. F., Rec- 
touterine, Douglas' culdesac. F., Rosen- 
m tiller's. See Rosenmuller's Fossa. F., 
Scaphoid, F. scaphoidea. 1. A depression in 
the base of the internal pterygoid plate of the 
sphenoid bone. 2. A depression between the 
helix and antihelix of the auricle. Syn., Fossa 
navicularis; Fossa tensoris palati. F. subar- 
cuata, F., Subarcuate, an orifice situated 
in the newborn on the superior margin of 
the petrosa, through which the vessels pass 
to the temporal bone. This opening disap- 
pears after birth and is represented in the 
adult by a depression beneath the arcuate 
eminence. F. subauricularis, the depression 
just below the external ear. F., Subclavic- 
ular. See Mohrenheim's Fossa. F., Sub- 
inguinal. See Scarpa's Triangle. F., Sub- 
lingual, a depression on the internal surface 
of the inferior maxillary bone for containing 
the sublingual gland. F., Submaxillary, 
the oblong depression on the internal surface 
of the inferior maxillary bone, containing 
the submaxillary gland. F., Suborbital. 
See F., Canine. F., Sulciform, a shallow 
furrow in the inner fore part of the cavity 
of the vestibule of the ear, behind the fovea 
hemielliptica and the fovea hemisphaerica, 
and into which the vestibular aqueduct opens. . 
F., Supraclavicular, F. supraclavicularis 
major, a depression above the clavicle within 
which lie the axillary blood-vessels and nerves 
as they emerge from the chest into the armpit. 
F. supraclavicularis minor, the area be- 
tween the sternal and clavicular origins of 
the sternomastoid muscle. F., Suprascapu- 
lar, F., Supraspinous. See Supraspinous 
Fossa. F., Suprasternal, F. supraster- 
nal, the area between the ventral borders 
of the sternomastoid muscle, the interscapular 
ligament, the lower border of the mandible, 
and lines extended between the angles of the 
jaw and the mastoid process of the temporal 
bones. F., Supratonsillar, the embryonic 
space above the tonsil covered by a triangular 
extension of membrane from the anterior 
pillar; it sometimes persists to adult life. 
Syn., Palatal recess. F., Temporal, the 
depression which holds the temporal muscle. 
F. tonsillaris. See Amygdaloid Fossa. F., 
Trochlear, a hollow in the frontal bone, 
below the internal angular process, fur- 
nishing attachment to the pulley of the su- 
perior oblique muscle. F., Urachal, the 
prevesical space. F., Zygomatic, a cav- 
ity below and on the inner side of the 
zygoma, 



FOSSET 



431 



FRENULUM 



Fosset, Fossette {fos-et') [Fr.]. i. A dimple; 
a small depression. 2. A small deep ulcer 
of the cornea. 

Fossula {fos-u'-lah) [dim. of fossa, a ditch], 
A small fossa; any one of the numerous slight 
depressions on the surface of the cerebrum. 

Fothergill's Disease. Neuralgia of the trigem- 
inus. F.'s Sore Throat, the ulcerative angina 
of severe scarlatina (scarlatina anginosa). 

Foudroyant (foo-droi-on(t) ) [Fr.]. Sudden and 
overwhelming; fulminant; fulgurant. 

Fourchet, Fourchette (foor-shet') [dim. of 
fourche, a fork]. 1. A fold of mucous mem- 
brane just inside the posterior commissure 
of the vulva. 2. A forked instrument used 
in division of the frenum linguae. 

Fourth Cranial Nerve. The pathetic nerve, 
supplying the superior oblique muscle. 

Fovea (fo-ve'-ah) [L., "a small pit"]. A small 
depression or pit. Applied to many depres- 
sions in the body, but more particularly to 
the fovea centralis retina, a small pit in the 
macula lutea, opposite the visual axis; the 
spot of most distinct vision. F. centralis 
retinae. See Fovea. F. hemielliptica, a, 
small depression on the inner wall of the 
labyrinth. It is perforated for the passage 
of filaments of the auditory nerve. F. 
hemisphaerica, a depression in the roof of 
the labyrinth. 

Foveate {fo'-ve-at) [fovea]. Pitted. 

Foveau-Trouve Apparatus. A parabolic 
mirror with an incandescent or arc lamp in 
the focus; the former is joined to a concen- 
trating cone which terminates in two quartz 
plates with a chamber between them; cold 
water circulates through this chamber and 
through the whole apparatus, absorbing the 
heat -rays. The quartz plate is pressed di- 
rectly upon the part to be treated. 

Foveolate (fo-ve'-o-lat). Marked with slight 
depressions, dimples, or pits. 

Foville's Tract. The direct cerebellar tract 
of the spinal cord. 

Fowler's Solution. A solution containing 
arsenic trioxid, potassium bicarbonate, and 
tincture of lavender. See under Arsenic. 

Foxglove {foks'-gluv). See Digitalis . 

Fractional (frak' '-shun-al) [fractio, a breaking]. 
Divided. F. Cultivation, the isolation of 
microorganisms from one another by diluting 
the mixture containing them to such a degree 
that a given quantity contains but few or- 
ganisms. F. Distillation. See Distillation, 
Fractional. F. Sterilization, intermittent 
sterilization. 

Fracture {frak'-tur) [frangere, to break]. A 
breaking, especially of a bone. For Signs 
and Tests of, see Allis, Cleemann, Hueter, 
Keen, Morris. See also Aran's Law, Tee- 
van's Law. F.-bed, a bed designed for 
patients having fractures. It usually has a 
hole in the center to transmit the discharges. 
F.-box, a long box, without ends or cover, 
used in the immobilization of fractured 
legs. F., Buttonhole-, one in which a 
missile has perforated the bone. F., Capil- 



lary, one consisting of only a fine crack or fis- 
sure. F., Colles'. See Colles' Fracture. F., 
Comminuted, one in which the bone is splin- 
tered. F., Complete, one in which the bone 
is entirely broken through. F., Complicated, 
one associated with injury of adjacent parts. 
F., Compound, one in which the point of 
fracture is in communication with the external 
air through a wound of the overlying parts. 
F. by Contrecoup, a fracture of the skull 
caused by transmitted violence, and occurring 
at a distance from the point struck, usually 
opposite. F., Dentate, one in which the 
ends of the fragments are so toothed and 




Comminuted Fracture of Clavicle. — (Moullin.) 

interlocked as to prevent displacement. F., 
Depressed, one in which the fractured part 
is depressed below the normal level, as in 
fracture of the skull. F., Double, the ex- 
istence of two fractures in the same bone. 
F., Formed, a fracture suggesting the instru- 
ment which caused it. F., Greenstick, one 
in which one side of the bone is broken, the 
other bent. F., Helicoid, a spiral fracture 
from twisting of the long bones. Syn., Spiral 
fracture. F., Impacted, one in which one 
fragment is driven into the other so as to be 
held fast. F., Pott's, fracture of the fibula 
about three inches above the ankle-joint, usu- 
ally with a splitting-off of the tip of the inner 




Greenstick Fracture of the Radius. — {Moullin.) 

malleolus, and at times rupture of the internal 
lateral ligament, with outward displacement 
of the foot. F., Simple, one in which the 
overlying integument is intact. F., Smith's, 
fracture of the lower end of the radius, from 
a quarter of an inch to an inch from the 
articular surface. F., Spiral. See F., 
Helicoid. F., Spontaneous, one due to a 
slight force, as when there is disease of the 
bone. F., Starred, F., Stellate, one in 
which there are fissures radiating from one 
point. F., Ununited, one in which bony 
union has failed to occur. F., Willow-, a 
greenstick fracture. 

Fraenkel's Glands. See Glands, Fraenkel's. F.'s 
Leukemia, acute leukemia with large mono- 
nuclear lymphocytes. F.'s Sign, diminished 
tone (hypotonic) of the muscles of the lower 
extremities in tabes dorsalis. 

Frasnulum {fren r -u-lum) . See Frenulum, 



FRENUM 



432 



FRIEDREICH'S ATAXIA 



Fraenum (fre'-num). See Frenum. 

Fragiform (fraf '-e-form) \jraga, strawberries; 
forma, form]. Strawberry-shaped. 

Fragilitas (fraj-il'-it-as) [L.]. Brittleness. F. 
crinium, an atrophic condition of the hair 
in which the individual hairs split into num- 
erous fibrils. F. ossium, abnormal brittle- 
ness of the bones. 

Fragmentation (frag-men-ta' -shun) [f ragmen- 
turn, a piece]. The breaking up into frag- 
ments. 

Frambesia (fram-be' -ze-ah) [framboise, rasp- 
berry]. A tropical contagious disease of the 
skin, of long duration, characterized by dirty 
or bright-red, raspberry-like tubercles, appear- 
ing usually on the face, toes, and genital or- 
gans. It is most frequent in young negroes. 
Syn., Plan; Yaws. 

Frangula (fran'-gu-lah) [L.]. The bark of 
Rhamnus frangula, or alder-buckthorn. The 
young bark is very irritant; bark at least a 
year old is laxative, resembling rhubarb in 
action. F., Fluidextract of (fluidextractum 
frangula, U. S. P.). Dose 10-20 minj 
(0.65-1.3 Cc). 

Frangulin (fran'-gu-lin), C^H^O^. A purga- 
tive glucosid from frangula. Dose 1^-3 gr. 
(0.097-0.19 Gm.). 

Frankenhaeuser's Ganglion. The ganglion 
cervicale, a cluster of small ganglions at the 
side of the neck of the uterus. 

Frankincense (frangk' -in-sens) [francum in- 
censum, pure incense]. An aromatic gum- 
resin. See Olibanum. F., Common, a con- 
crete turpentine obtained from Pinus palustris 
and other species of Pinus. 

Franklin Plate. See Plate, Franklin. F. Spec- 
tacles [named after B. Franklin, their in- 
ventor], spectacles with each eyeglass divided 
horizontally into an upper lens, suited for 
far vision, and a lower, for close work. 

Franklinic Electricity. Static or frictional 
electricity. F. Reaction of Degeneration, 
a rare form of reaction of degeneration pro- 
duced by static electricity and similar to that 
obtained by the faradic current. F. Taste, 
an acid taste perceived on applying the positive 
pole of the electrode of the static machine at 
a minimum distance of 1 or 2 mm. 

Franklinization {frangk - lin - i - za' - shun) . 
Treatment by static or frictional electricity. 

Frasera (fra'-ze-rah). The root of American 
calumba; it is a mild tonic and simple bitter. 
Dose in powder 1 dr. (4 Gm.). 

Fraunhofer's Lines. Black lines in the solar 
spectrum. See Absorption Lines. 

Fraxinus (fraks-in' -us) . See Manna. 

Freckles (frek'-lz). See Lentigo. 

Freezing (fre'-zing). The process of hardening 
or congealing with cold. F. -microtome, a 
microtome provided with a contrivance for 
freezing artificially the tissue to be cut. F.- 
mixture, a mixture of salt and snow or ice, 
which absorbs a great deal of heat in under- 
going solution. F. -point, the temperature 
at which a liquid freezes. 

Fremitus (frem'-it-us) [L., "a murmur"]. A 



vibration. F., Friction-, the vibrations pro- 
duced by the rubbing together of two dry 
surfaces, and felt by the hand. F., Hepatic, 
F., Hydatid. See Hydatid Fremitus. F., 
Rhonchal, vibrations produced by the pas- 
sage of air through a large bronchial tube 
containing mucus. F., Tactile, the vibra- 
tory sensation conveyed to the hand applied 
to the chest of a person speaking. F., Vocal, 
the sounds of the voice transmitted to the 
ear applied to the chest of a person speaking. 

Frenal {fre'-nal). Relating to the frenum. 

Frenator (fre-na' '-tor) [frenare, to curb]. 1. 
Anything that inhibits, curbs, or checks. 2. 
Dupre's name for any one of the muscles 
which move the head on the atTas and axis. 

Frenulum {fren' -u-lum) [dim. of frenum, a 
bridle]. A small frenum; a slight ridge on 
the upper part of the valve of Vieussens. F. 
pudendi, the fourchet. 

Frenum (fre'-num) [L., "a bridle"]. A fold of 
integument or mucous membrane that checks 
or limits the movements of any organ. F. 
linguae, the vertical fold of mucous membrane 
under the tongue. F. praeputii, F. of Penis, 
* the fold on the lower surface of the glans penis 
connecting it with the prepuce. 

Frenzy (fren'-ze) [(f>prjv, mind]. Violent mania. 

Fret [ME., freten, to eat up]. An abrasion; a 
chafing; herpes. 

Fretum (fre'-tum) [L., "a strait"]. 1. A con- 
striction. 2. A strait; a channel. 

Freund's Law. In the progress of their growth 
ovarian tumors undergo changes of position: 
(1) While pelvic, they show a tendency to 
grow downward behind the uterus; (2) 
when they have risen out of the pelvis, they 
tend to fall forward toward the abdominal wall. 

Friable (fri'-ab-l) [friare, to break into pieces]. 
Easily broken or crumbled. 

Friars' Balsam (fri'-arz bawl'-sam). The com- 
pound tincture of benzoin. 

Friction (frik'-shun) [fricare, to rub]. The act 
of rubbing. F. -fremitus. See Fremitus, Fric- 
tion-. F. -sound, the sound observed in auscul- 
tation as a result of the rubbing together of 
adjacent parts, e. g., of the pleural folds, the 
pericardium, or the peritoneum, when the 
layers are dry or roughened. 

Friedlaender's Decidual Cells. The large 
connective-tissue cells of the uterine mucosa 
that form the compact layer of the uterine 
decidua. F.'s Disease, obliterative arteritis. 

Friedmann's Vasomotor Symptom-com- 
plex. A train of symptoms following injury 
to the head, consisting of headache, vertigo, 
nausea, and intolerance of mental and phy- 
sical exertions and of galvanic excitation; it 
is occasionally associated with ophthalmo- 
plegia and mydriasis. These phenomena may 
subside and recur with greater intensity, 
with fever, unconsciousness, and paralysis of 
the cranial nerves, ending in fatal coma. 
They are probably due to an encephalitis of 
slow development with acute exacerbations. 

Friedreich's Ataxia. See F.'s Disease. 
F.'s Change of Pitch, at the height of 



FRIGHT 



433 



FULGURANT 



deep inspiration the tympanitic . sound over 
pulmonary cavities becomes higher in pitch. 
F.'s Disease. i. Hereditary ataxia. 2. 
Paramyoclonus multiplex. F.'s Foot, talipes 
cavus, with hyperextension of the toes, ob- 
served in hereditary ataxia. F.'s Sign, dias- 
tolic collapse of the jugular veins in adherent 
pericardium. 

Fright {frit) [ME., frizi]. Sudden and 
extreme fear. F. -neuroses, certain neuro- 
mimetic disorders following injury; generally 
considered under the name of "traumatic 
hysteria." F., Precordial, the precordial sen- 
sations of anxiety felt immediately before 
an attack of melancholic frenzy. 

Frigorific {frig-or-if -ik) [frigus, cold; facer e, 
to make]. Producing extreme cold. 

Frigotherapy {frig-o-ther' '-ap-e) [jrigus; depa- 
ne'ca, therapy]. The treatment of disease by 
cold. 

Froehde's Reaction for Proteids. A dark- 
blue coloration is produced by heating a 
solid proteid with sulfuric acid containing 
molybdic acid. 

Frog-belly. The flaccid abdomen seen in 
children suffering from rickets or from atony 
of the abdominal cells the result of dyspepsia 
with flatulent distention. 

Frohmann's Solution. A local anesthetic 
used in dentistry and said to consist of cocain 
hydrochlorid, 0.2; morphin hydrochlorid, 
0.25; sodium chlorid, 0.2; antipyrin, 1—2; 
guaiacol, 2 drops; distilled water, 100. 

Frohn's Reagent. Add 7 Gm. of potassium 
iodid and 10 Cc. of hydrochloric acid to 1.5 
Gm. of freshly precipitated bismuth subni- 
trate which has been treated with 20 Cc. of 
water and heated to the boiling-point. 

Frommann's Lines. Transverse strias ap- 
pearing on treatment with silver nitrate in 
the axis-cylinder of a nerve near Ranvier's 
nodes. 

Frontad {front' -ad) [front; ad, to]. Toward the 
frontal aspect. 

Frontal (front' -al) [front]. 1, Pertaining 
to the anterior part or aspect of an 
organ or body. 2. Belonging to the forehead. 
F. Bone, the anterior bone of the skull and 
superior bone of the face. F. Eminence. See 
Eminence, Frontal. F. Lobe. See Lobe, 
Frontal. F. Section. See Section, Frontal. 
F. Sinuses, the hollow air-spaces in the 
frontal bone. F. Suture. See Suture, 
Frontal. 

Fronto- {fron-to-) [jrons, forehead]. A prefix 
denoting anterior position or expressing a 
relation with the forehead. 

Frontomalar {fron-to-ma' -lar) . Relating to 
the frontal and to the malar bones. F. 
Suture. See Suture, Frontomalar. 

Frontomaxillary {fron-to-mak'-sil-a-re). Re- 
lating to the frontal bone and the upper jaw 
bones. 

Frontomental {fron-to -men' -taV). Running 
from the top of the forehead to the point 
of the chin or relating to the forehead and 
chin. 
29 



Frontonuchal {fron-to-nu'-chal). Relating to 
the forehead and the nape of the neck. 

Frontoparietal {fron-to-pa-ri'-e-tal). Relating 
to the frontal and parietal bones. 

Frontotemporal {fron-to-tem' -po-ral) . Relat- 
ing to the frontal and temporal bones. 

Front-tap Contraction. See under Reflex. 

Froriep's Induration. Myositis fibrosa. 

Frost-bite. The morbid condition of a part 
the result of extreme cold. 

Frosted Feet {fros'-ted). See Chilblain. 

Frost-itch. A name for pruritus hiemalis. 

Fructose {fruk'-tos). See Levulose. 

FTUctosuiia. {fruk-to-su'-re~ah). See Levulosuria. 

Fruit {frut) [fructus, fruit]. 1. The developed 
ovary of a plant, and especially the succulent, 
fleshy parts gathered about the same. 2. The 
offspring of animals. F. -sugar. See Levu- 
lose. 

Frumentum {fru-men' -turn) [L.]. Wheat or 
other grain. Frumenti, Spiritus (U. S. P.), 
whisky. 

Ft. Abbreviation of flat or flant, L. for "let 
there be made." 

Fuchs' Coloboma. See Coloboma, Fucks'. 
F.'s Optic Atrophy, peripheral atrophy of 
the bundles composing the optic nerve. 

Fuchsin {fook'-sin) [after Leonhard Fucks'], 
C 20 H 19 N 3 . C 2 H 4 2 . The hydrochlorid or ace- 
tate of rosanilin, a lustrous, green, crystalline 
salt, imparting an intense red color to solu- 
tions. It is employed as a staining agent in 
microscopy, and has been used internally in 
albuminuria. Dose Yf~h g r - (0.006-0.01 Gm.). 
F. Bodies. See Russell's Bodies. 

Fuchsinophil {fook-sin' -o-fll) [fuchsin; <f>th1v, 
to love]. Stainable with fuchsin. 

Fucus {fu'-kus) [<j)UKoc, seaweed]. A genus of 
marine algae, the rockweeds. F. vesiculosus, 
bladder wrack, sea-wrack, is employed in 
goiter and glandular enlargements and in 
obesity, under the name of antifat. Dose of 
the solid extract 10 gr. (0.65 Gm.); of the 
fluidextract 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). Unof. 

Fuerbringer's Reaction for Albumin. Gel- 
atin capsules holding the double salt of 
mercuric chlorid and sodium chlorid with 
citric acid, opened at both ends and intro- 
duced into the urine, causes a cloudiness 
or flocculent precipitate in the presence of 
albumin. F.'s Sign, a subphrenic abscess 
may be distinguished from a collection of 
pus above the diaphragm by the transmission, 
in case of the former, of the respiratory move- 
ments to a needle inserted into the abscess. 

Fuh's Test for Albumin. Equal volumes 
of nonalbuminous urine and a mixture of 
equal parts of phenol and glycerol form an 
emulsion which clears up on agitation, leav- 
ing a transparent and highly refractive liquid. 
Equal volumes of albuminous urine and this 
solution when mixed produce a white tur- 
bidity which remains in spite of agitation and 
does not precipitate. The test will show 
0.1 % of albumin. 

Fulgurant {ful'-gu-rant) [fulgur, lightning]. 
Lightning-like. F. Pains, pains that are 



FULGURATION 



434 



FURROW 



excruciating and come on with lightning-like 
suddenness, and disappear as quickly. 

Fulguration {}ul-gu-ra' -shun) [see Fulgurant]. 
i. Lightning-stroke. 2. Sensation of darting 
pain. 

Fulminant, Fulminating (fuV -min-ant, ful'- 
min-a-ting) [see Fulgurant]. Sudden, severe, 
and rapid in course, as fulminant glau- 
coma. 

Fumigation {ju-mig-a' -shun) [fumigare, to 
smoke]. Disinfection by exposure to the 
fumes of a vaporized disinfectant. 

Fuming (fu'-ming) \jumus, smoke]. Emitting 
smoke or vapor. 

Function (fungk'-shun) [fungi, to perform]. 
The normal or special action of a part. 

Functional {jungk' -shun-al) . Pertaining to 
the special action of an organ. F. Disease, 
a derangement of the normal action of an 
organ without structural alteration. 

Funda (fun'-dah) [L., "a sling"; pi., fundce]. 
A four-tailed bandage. 

Fundal [jun'-dal) [fundus]. Pertaining to the 
fundus. 

Fundament (fun'-dam-ent) [fundus]. 1. The 
foundation or base of a thing. 2. The rudi- 
ment. 3. The anus. 

Fundamental (fun-dam-enf -al) [fundament]. 
Pertaining to the foundation. 

Fundus {fun'-dus) [L., "the bottom"]. The 
base of an organ; the part farthest removed 
from the opening of the organ. F. oculi, 
the posterior portion of the interior of the 
eye seen by the ophthalmoscope. F. -reflex 
Test. See Retinoscopy. F. uteri, the part 
of the uterus remotest from the cervix. F. 
vesicae, the floor or bas fond of the urinary 
bladder. 

Fungal {fun' -gal). Belonging to or like fungi. 

Fungate {fun' -gat) [fungus]. 1. To grow up 
with a fungal appearance; also, to grow 
rapidly, like a fungus, as certain pathologic 
growths. 2. A salt of fungic acid. 

Fungating (fun'-gat-ing). Applied to ulcers 
assuming a fungous appearance. 

Fungicide {fun' -ji-sid) [ficngus; ccsdere, to kill]. 
1. Destructive to fungi; bactericide. 2. An 
agent that destroys fungi or bacteria. 

Fungiform {fun' - jif - orm) [fungus; forma, 
form]. Having the form of a mushroom, as 
the fungiform papillas of the tongue. 

Fungoid {fun'-goid) [fungus; eldoc, likeness]. 
Resembling a fungus. 

Fungosity (fun-gos'-it-e) [fungus]. A soft 
excrescence. 

Fungus {fun'-gus) [L.]. 1. One of the lowest 
orders of plants, without stems, leaves, or 
roots, and destitute of chlorophyl. The chief 
classes of fungi are the molds, or Hypho- 
mycetes, the yeasts, or Saccharomycetes, and 
the bacteria, or Schizomycetes. 2. A spongy, 
morbid excrescence, as proud flesh. F. 
articuli. See Arthritis fungosa. F. of 
Brain, hernia cerebri. F. of Dura mater, 
a tumor of malignant nature springing from 
the dura and perforating the skull and 
its integuments. F.-foot. See Madura-foot. 



F. haematodes, a bleeding tumor, generally 
a soft carcinoma. F., Ray-, the actinomyces. 

Funic {fu'-nik) [funis]. Pertaining to the funis. 

Funicle (fu'-nik-l) [funis]. A slender cord. 

Funicular (fu-nik'-u-lar) [funis]. Relating to 
the umbilical or spermatic cord. F. Process, 
the portion of the tunica vaginalis that sur- 
rounds -the spermatic cord. 

Funiculate (fu-nik' -u-ldt) . Furnished with a 
funiculus. 

Funiculitis {fu-nik-u-W -tis) [funiculus; cue, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the sper- 
matic cord. 

Funiculus {fu-nik' -u-lus) [dim. of funis, a 
cord]. 1. A cord -like structure, as the sper- 
matic cord or the umbilical cord . 2 . A bundle 
of nerve-fibers in a sheath of perineurium. 
3. A name for the different columns of the 
spinal cord and medulla oblongata, as the 
funiculus cuneatus, funiculus gracilis, funicu- 
lus of Rolando, funiculus teres. F., Cuneate, 
F. cuneatus, the column of Burdach. F., 
Cuneate Lateral, F. of Rolando, a longi- 
tudinal prominence on the surface of the ob- 
longata, between the cuneate funiculus and 
the line of roots of the spinal accessory nerve. 
F. gracilis, the column of Goll. F. teres, a 
column on each side of the median furrow 
on the floor of the fourth ventricle. Syn., 
Corpus teres; Fasciculus teres. 

Funis (fu'-nis) [L.]. A cord; the umbilical 
cord. 

Funnel (fun' -el) [etymology doubtful; Welsh, 
ffynel, an air-hole]. 1. A wide-mouthed, 
conic vessel ending in an open tube, used to 
transfer liquids from one vessel to another, 
and as a support for paper filters. F. -breast, 
F. -chest. See Breast; Funnel-. F.s, Golgi's, 
F.s, Golgi and Rezzonico's, funnel-shaped 
structures composed of spiral threads de- 
scribed by Golgi and others as surrounding 
the axis-cylinder of a myelinic nerve-fiber and 
supporting the myelin. They appear to be 
artificially produced in the process of staining. 
F., Nephridial, the funnel-shaped beginning 
of a renal tubule. 

Furfuraceous (fur-fur-a' -she-us) [furfur, bran]. 
Resembling the scales of bran, as furfuraceous 
desquamation. 

Furfural, Furfuraldehyd (fur' -fur -al, fur- 
fur-aV '-de-hid) . See Furfurol. 

Furfurol (fur'-fu-rol) [furfur, bran; oleum, oil], 
C 5 H 4 2 . A distillation-product from bran, 
sugar, etc. F. Reaction for Proteids, fur- 
furol is produced on heating proteids with sul- 
furic acid. 

Furfuron (fur' -fur-on). A proprietary liniment 
for gout and rheumatism said to consist of 
soap, camphor, salicylic acid, acetic ether, 
ammonia, and extract of peppermint. 

Furfurous (fur' -fur -us). See Furfuraceous. 

Furibund (fu' -re-bund) [furibundus, raging]. 
Raging; maniacal: applied to certain insane 
patients. 

Furrow (fur'-o) [AS., furh, a groove]. A 
groove. F., Digital, one of the transverse 
lines or furrows on the palmar surface of the 



FURUNCLE 



435 



GAIT 



fingers. F., Genital, a groove appearing on 
the genital tubercle of the fetus at the end 
of the second month. F.s, Interventricular, 
two longitudinal grooves separating the two 
ventricles of the heart. F.s, Liebermei- 
ster's, depressions on the superior surface of 
the liver due to pressure of the ribs. 

Furuncle (fu r -rung-kl) . A boil. See Furunculus. 

Furuncular {fu-rung' -ku-lar) [furuncle]. Per- 
taining to a furuncle. F. Diathesis. See 
Furunculosis. 

Furunculin (fu-rung' -ku-lin) . A preparation 
of yeast intended for use in furuncles, gastric 
and intestinal catarrhs, etc. 

Furunculosis (fu-rung-ku-lo' -sis) [furunculus']. 
A condition associated with the formation 
of furuncles. 
I Furunculus (fu-rung' '-ku-lus) [L.]. A furuncle. 
A local inflammatory affection, commonly 
involving a skin-gland or hair-follicle, and 
ending in suppuration. It begins with a pain- 
ful induration, followed by swelling, suppu- 
ration of the corium and subcutaneous con- 
nective tissue, and the discharge of a central 
slough or core. F. anthracoides, a small 
carbuncle. Syn., Anthracoid furuncle. F. 
gangraenescens, F. gangragnosus, anthrax. 
F. malignus, anthrax. F. orientalis, a 
disease marked by the successive formation 
of papule, tubercle, scab, and sharply circum- 
scribed ulcer on the face, especially the cheeks 
and angles of the mouth. It is common along 



the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Syn., 
Aleppo boil; Biskra-button; Delhi boil; 
Natal sore; Oriental boil; Pendjeh sore. F. 
vespajus, a large, indolent furuncle bearing 
a fancied resemblance to a wasp's nest from 
its having a number of openings through 
which it suppurates. 

Fuscin (fus'-in) [fuscus, dark]. The black 
pigment of the retina. 

Fusel-oil (fu'-zel), C 5 H n HO. Amyl-alcohol. 
An oily liquid of strong odor. It is an in- 
gredient of crude alcohol obtained by dis- 
tilling grain and potatoes. 

Fusible (fuz'-ib-l) [fusus, to melt]. Capable 
of being melted. F. Calculus, a calculus 
that can be liquefied by heat. 

Fusiform (fuz 1 '-if-orm) [jusus, a spindle; forma, 
shape]. Spindle-shaped. F. Lobule, the 
convolution on the median aspect of the brain 
below the collateral fissure. F. Papillas, 
the slender papillas covering the anterior two- 
thirds of the tongue. 

Fusion (fu'-zhun) [fundere, to pour out]. The 
process of melting; the act of uniting or 
cohering. 

Fusocellular (fu-zo-seV -u-lar) [fusus, a spindle; 
cella, a cell]. Spindle-celled. 

Fustigation (fus-tig-a' -shun) [fustigare, to beat]. 
Flogging. F., Electric, an application of 
electricity in which the surface of the body 
is rapidly tapped with the electrodes of an 
induced current. 



Gadberry's Mixture. A combination of iron 
sulfate, ioogr.; quinin sulfate, ioo gr.; nitric 
acid, ioo min.; potassium nitrate, 300 gr.; 
water enough to make 16 oz. 

Gadinin (gad'-in-in), C 7 H l7 N0 2 . A ptomain 
obtained from decomposing haddock and 
also from cultures of the bacteria of human 
feces. 

Gadolinium (gad-o-lin' -e-um) . See Elements, 
Table of C hemic. 

Gaduin (gad' - u - in) [gadus], C ?5 IT 46 9 . A 
fatty principle occurring in cod-liver oil. 

Gadus (ga f - dus) [yddoc, the whiting]. A 
genus of fish. G. morrhua, the cod; a fish 
from the livers of which cod-liver oil is 
obtained. 

Gag [ME., gaggen, to gag]. An instrument 
placed between the teeth to prevent closure of 
the jaws. 

Gage's Test for Bacterium coli in Water. 
Dissolve 100 Gm. of dextrose and 50 Gm. of 
peptone in a liter of boiling water; when 
cool, filter through paper until clear and add 
0.25 % of phenol. To 100 Cc. of the water to 
be tested add 10 Cc. of the dextrose broth 
and place in an incubator at 38 C. for 20 



hours, when, if Bacterium coli is present, there 
will be a bead on the surface. Give the bottle 
one vigorous shake and place it before a 
window. The gas will separate from the 
liquid and can be seen rising to the surface. 

Gaiacyl (gi f -as-il). See Guaiacyl. 

Gaiethol (gi'-eth-ol). See Guaethol. 

Gait (gat) [Icel., gata, a way]. The manner of 
walking. G., Ataxic, a gait in which the 
foot is raised high, thrown forward, and 
brought down suddenly, the whole sole striking 
the ground at once. G., Cerebellar, a gait 
associated with a staggering movement. G., 
Paraparetic, that observed in chronic mye- 
litis in which the steps are short and the feet 
dragged, from inability to lift them. G., 
Paretic, a gait in which the steps are short, 
the feet dragged, the legs held more or less 
widely apart, and, as the disease progresses, 
there are uncertainty, shuffling, and stagger- 
ing. G., Spastic, a gait in which the legs 
are held close together and move in a stiff 
manner, and the toes tend to drag and catch. 
G., Steppage, a gait observed in certain 
neurotic conditions, in which the foot is 
thrown forcibly forward, the toe lifted high 



GALA- 



436 



GALL 



in the air, the heel being first brought down 
and then the entire foot. G., Tabetic. See 
G., Ataxic. 

Gala- (gal-ah-) [jaXa, milk]. A prefix denoting 
relating to milk. 

Galactagog, Galactagogue {gal-ak' -la g-og) 
[gala-; ajwybg, leading]. i. Inducing the 
secretion of milk. 2. An agent that in- 
creases the secretion of milk. 

Galactase {gal-ak' -tdz) [jaXa, milk]. An enzym 
of milk. It is a normal constituent, is soluble, 
and is active in ripening cheese. 

Galactidrosis {gal-ak-tid-ro' -sis) [gala-; Idpcbg, 
sweat]. The sweating of a milk-like fluid. 

Galactin {gal-ak' -tin) [gala], C^H^Nfi^. An 
amorphous alkaloid found in milk. 

Galactoblast {gal-ak' -to-blast) [gala-; (HXaoroc, 
a germ]. A peculiar fat-containing globule 
found in the acini of the mammary gland. 

Galactocele {gal-ak' '-to-sel) [gala-; nrjXr}, tumor]. 
1. A cystic tumor of the female breast due 
to a collection of milk resulting from clo- 
sure of a milk-duct. 2. Hydrocele with milky 
contents. 

Galacto chloral {gal-ak-to -klo'-r at), C 8 H 4 C1 3 6 . 
A mixture of galactose and chloral heated in 
presence of hydrochloric acid; similar to 
chloralose. 

Galactometastasis {gal -ok -to-met- as 1 ' -tas -is). 
See Galacto plania. 

Galactometer {gal-ak-tom' -et-er) . See Lac- 
tometer. 

Galactopathy {gal-ak-top' -ath-e) [gala-; izhBoc, 
disease]. The application of a wet pack of 
warm milk (not boiled), used in the Trans- 
vaal, South Africa, in zymotic diseases. 

Galactophlysis {gal-ak-to}' -lis -is) [gala-; <f)\uocc, 
eruption]. A vesicular eruption containing a 
milk-like fluid. 

Galactophorous {gal -ok - to}' - or - us) [gala-; 
(fiepecv, to bear]. Milk-bearing. G. Ducts, 
the excretory ducts of the mammas. 

Galactophygous {gal-ak-to}' -ig-us) [gala-; 4>°TVy 
flight]. Arresting the secretion of milk. 

Galactoplania {gal-ak-to-pla' -ne-ah) [gala-; 
Tzlav-q, a wandering]. The metastasis of milk; 
a disease due to the suppression of lactation 
and the metastasis of the milk. 

Galactopoietic {gal -ak-to- poi -et' - ik) [gala-; 
rcocelv, to make]. Galactagog. 

Galactoposia {gal-ak-to-po' -ze-ah) [gala-; noocc, 
drinking]. The treatment of diseases by the 
use of a milk-diet; the milk -cure. 

Galactopyretus {gal-ak-to-pi-re'-tus) [gala-; 
KOpsroc, fever]. Milk-fever. 

Galactorrhea {gal-ak-tor-e'-ah) [gala-; po'ca, a 
flow]. An excessive flow of milk. 

Galactoscope {gal-ak' -to-skop) . See Lactoscope. 

Galactose {gal-ak' -to s) [yaXa, milk], C 6 H 12 O e . 
A sugar formed by boiling milk-sugar with 
dilute acids. It readily reduces alkaline cop- 
per solutions and is fermentable with yeast. 

Galactosis {gal-dk-to' -sis) [yaXaKrajocc']. The 
secretion of nilk. 

Galactostasis {gal-ak-tos'-tas-is) [gala-; oxaotg, 
stoppage]. A stoppage of the milk. 

Galactotherapy {gal-ak-to-ther' -ap-e) 



depaizrtv, treatment]. 1. The treatment 
of disease in suckling infants by the ad- 
ministration of remedies to the mother or wet- 
nurse. 2. Milk-cure. 

Galactotoxin {gal-ak-to-toks' -in) . A basic 
poison generated in milk by the growth of 
microorganisms. See Tyrotoxicon. 

Galactotoxism {gal-ak-to-toks' -izm) [gala-; ro^c- 
kov, poison]. Milk-poisoning. 

Galactozymase {gal-ak-to-zi'-maz) [gala-; C^r), 
leaven]. A ferment found in milk capable of 
liquefying starch. 

Galanga, Galangal {gal-an'-gah, gal'-an-gal) 
[Chin.]. The rhizome of Alpinia ofjicinarum 
and of Kcempferia galanga {greater galangal). 
The active principles are a volatile oil and a 
resin; the actions are those of a stimulant 
aromatic. Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). 

Galassi Pupillary Phenomenon. When the 
orbicularis palpebrarum is brought into ener- 
getic use and the eye closed with vigor, there 
is a narrowing of the pupil, which dilates 
when the eye is opened. 

Galbanum {gal' -ban-urn) [Heb., khelUndh, 
white milk]. 1. A gum-resin of Ferula 
galbaniflua and F. rubricaulis. It is ex- 
pectorant, stimulant, and antispasmodic, and 
is useful in chronic bronchitis, amenorrhea, 
and chronic rheumatism. Locally it is em- 
ployed in the form of a plaster for indolent 
swellings. Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 Gm.). 
G., Compound Pills of, pills of asafetida, 
galbanum, myrrh, and syrup of glucose. G. 
Plaster, galbanum, 16; turpentine, 2; Bur- 
gundy pitch, 6; lead-plaster, 76 parts. 

Galea {ga'-le-ah) [L., "helmet"]. The aponeu- 
rotic portion of the occipitofrontalis muscle. 

Galeati's Glands. See Crypts, Lieberkuhn's. 

Galega {gal-e'-gah) [yaXa, milk; dys.iv, to lead]. 
Goat's-rue. A genus of plants belonging in the 
order Leguminosce. G. officinalis is a European 
species said to be an efficient galactagog. 
Dose of fluidextract 8-15 gr. (0.52-1.0 Gm.); 
of tincture, containing 6.5 % of extract, 
50-100 min. (3.08-6.16 Cc.) 5 times daily. 

Galen's Ampulla. A dilation of the vena 
magna galeni, occurring in the middle of 
Bichat's fissure, between the splenium and 
the quadrigeminal bodies. It receives the 
two basilar and several small cerebral and 
cerebellar veins. G.'s Anastomosis. See 
G.'s Nerve. G.'s Cardiac Vein, the anterior 
cardiac or right marginal vein. G. 's Chancre. 
See Celsus 1 Chancre. G.'s Duct. See Botal, 
Duct of. G.'s Foramen, the opening of the 
anterior cardiac vein in the right auricle. 
G.'s Nerve, a small branch of the superior 
laryngeal nerve that passes along the posterior 
surface of the cricoarytenoideus posticus and 
anastomoses with the ascending branch of 
the inferior laryngeal nerve. G.'s Veins, 
two large venous trunks formed by the deep 
cerebral veins; they unite to form the vena 
magna galeni, which opens into the straight 
sinus. G.'s Ventricle. See MorgagnVs 
Ventricle. 

Gall {gawl) [AS., gealla, bile]. The bile. 



GALLA 



437 



GAMBIR 



G.-bladder, the pear-shaped sac on the 
under surface of the right lobe of the liver, 
constituting the reservoir for the bile. G.- 
cyst, the gall-bladder. G. -stones, the con- 
cretions occasionally formed in the gall- 
bladder and bile-ducts. G.-stones, Cour- 
voisier's Law Concerning, when the com- 
mon duct is obstructed by a stone, dilation 
of the gall-bladder is rare; when the common 
duct is obstructed by other causes, dilation 
of the gall-bladder is common. 

Galla {gal' -ah) [L.]. Nutgall. The galla of the 
U. S. P. is an excrescence on the leaves of 
Quercus infectoria, caused by the deposited ova 
of an insect. It contains tannic acid, from 10 
to 75 %, gallic acid, 5 %. Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32- 
1.0 Gm.). Gallae, Tinctura (U. S. P.), 20%. 
Dose J-3 dr. (2-12 Cc). Gallae, Unguentum 
(U. S. P.), nutgall ointment. Gallae, Un- 
guentum, cum Opio (B. P.), an astringent 
and sedative ointment. 

Gallacetophenone {gal-as-et-o-fe' '-non) [galla; 
acidum, acid; phenone], CH 3 CO . C 6 - 
H 2 (OH) 3 . A yellow powder prepared from 
pyrogallic acid; used as a 10% ointment in 
dermatology. 

Gallanilid {gal-an' -il-id) . See Gallanol. 

Gallanol {gal'-an-ol), C 13 H n 4 N + 2ll 2 0. The 
anilid of gallic acid obtained by boiling tannin 
with anilin; used in skin diseases in 3 to 
20% ointment, or as a dusting-powder when 
mixed with French chalk. 

Gallate (gal' -at). A salt of gallic acid. 

Gallianin {gal-e' -an-in) . A fluid consisting of 
4 parts by volume of ozone dissolved in 
1 part of an indifferent vehicle. It is used 
in veterinary surgery, in heat-stroke, acute 
pneumonia, etc. 

Gallic Acid {gal'-ik). See Acid, Gallic. 

Gallicin {gal'-is-in), C 6 H 2 (OH) 3 COOCH s . A 
methyl ether of gallic acid; recommended as 
a dusting-powder. 

Gallinol {gal' -in-ol) . See Gallanol. 

Gallipot {gal'-e- pot) [OD., gleypot]. An 
apothecary's pot for holding ointments or 
confections. 

Gallobromol {gal-o-bro'-mol), C 7 Br 2 5 H 4 . A 
compound obtained from bromin by action 
of gallic acid; it is sedative, antiseptic, and 
astringent. Dose 30-45 gr. (2-3 Gm.) a day. 
Application in 1 to 4% solution or paste. 

Galloformin {gal-o-form' -in) . A compound 
of formaldehyd and gallic acid; used as an 
internal antiseptic. 

Gallois' Test for Inosit. Allow the inosit 
solution to evaporate to incipient dryness; 
moisten the residuum with a little mercuric 
nitrate solution and it assumes a yellow color 
on drying, which becomes a fine red on heating 
strongly, but disappears on cooling. Tyrosin, 
sugar, and proteids must be absent. 

Gallol {gal'-ol). See Aluminium Gallate, Basic. 

Gallon {gal'-on) [ME., galon]. A standard 
unit of volumetric measurement, having 
in the United States a capacity of 231 cubic 
inches. 

Galtah, Galtia {gal'-tah, gal'-she-ah) [gala, 



throat, as galtah is a form of surra in camels, 
in which the throat affection is one of the 
prominent symptoms]. Vernacular term in 
India for trypanosomiasis. 

Gallon's Whistle. An instrument used for de- 
tecting the perception of high tones by the ear. 

Galvanic {gal-van' -ik) [Galvani, an Italian 
scientist]. Pertaining to galvanism. G. 
Battery. See Battery, Galvanic. 

Galvanism {gal' -van-izm) [see Galvanic], Pri- 
mary electricity produced by chemic action. 

Galvanization {gal-van-iz-a'-shun) [see Gal- 
vanic]. The transmission of a current of low 
electromotive force through any part of the 
body for the purpose of diagnosticating or 
curing disease. 

Galvano- {gal-van-o-) [see Galvanic]. A pre- 
fix denoting a galvanic or primary current 
of electricity. 

Galvanocaustics {gal-van -o-kaws'-liks). The 
science of the caustic action of galvanism. 

Galvano cautery {gal-van-o-kaw'-ter-e) . A form 
of thermal cautery in which the heat is pro- 
duced by a galvanic current. 

Galvanochemistry {gal-van-o-kem'-is-tre) . See 
Electrochemistry. 

Galvanocontractility {gal-van -o-kon-trak-til'- 
it-e). The property of being contractile 
under stimulation by the galvanic current. 

Galvanofaradization {gal - van -o -far -ad- i- 
za'-shun). The simultaneous excitation of a 
nerve or muscle by both a galvanic and a 
faradic current. 

Galvanolysis {gal-van-oV -is-is) . See Electrol- 
ysis, 

Galvanometer {gal-van-om' -et-er) [galvano-; 
fiirpov, a measure]. An instrument used for 
the qualitative determination of the presence 
of an electric current. 

Galvanopuncture {gal - van - o - pungk'- tiir) . 
The introduction of fine needles that complete 
an electric circuit. 

Galvanoscope {gal - van' - o - shop) [galvano-; 
oKOTitlv, to view]. An instrument for detecting 
the presence and direction of a galvanic current. 

Galvanoscopy {gal-van-os' -ko-pe) [see Galvano- 
scope]. The use of the galvanoscope. 

Galvanosurgery {gal-van-o-sur' -jer-e) . The 
surgical use of galvanism. 

Galvanotherapeutics {gal - van - - ther - a - 
pu'-liks). Treatment by means of the 
galvanic current. 

Galvanothermy {gal-van-o-ther'-me). The 
galvanic production of heat. 

Galvanotonic {gal-van-o-ton'-ik). Both gal- 
vanic and tonic; relating to galvanotonus. 

Galvanotonus {gal -van -of -on -us) [galvano-; 
xbvoc, tension]. 1. Electrotonus. 2. The con- 
tinued tetanus of a muscle between the make 
and break contraction. 

Gambir {gam' -Mr). An extract from the twigs 
and leaves of Ourouparia gambir. Gambir 
yields the same substances as catechu, and its 
action and uses are the same as those of 
catechu. G., Compound Tincture of 
{tinctura gambir composita, U. S. P.), used in 
Dlace of the compound tincture of catechu. 



GAMBOGE 



438 



GANGLION 



Dose i dr. (4 Cc). G., Troches of (troch- 
isci gambir, U. S. P.), made of gambir, sugar, 
tragacanth, and stronger orange-flower water. 

Gamboge (gam-bozh'). See Cambogia. 

Gamete (gam'-et) [jo,p.kxt], wife]. In biology, 
any sexual reproductive body. 

Gammacism (gam' - as - izm) [gammacismus; 
yap.ua, the Greek letter G]. Difficulty in pro- 
nouncing the letters " g" and "k" 

Gamogenesis (gam-o-]en' -es-is) [yajiof, mar- 
riage; jkvtocc, generation]. Sexual repro- 
duction. 

Gangliate, Gangliated (gan'-gle-dt, -ed). 1. 
Furnished with ganglions. 2. Intertwined 
or intermixed. 

Gangliform (gan' '-gle-form) [ganglion; forma, 
form]. Having the shape of a ganglion. 

Gangliitis (gan-gle-V -tis) . See Ganglionitis. 

Ganglioblast (gan 1 ' -gle-o-blast) [ganglion; ftXao- 
roc, a germ]. An embryonic ganglion-cell. 
Syn., Esthesioblast. 

Ganglioma (gan-gle-o' '-mah) [ganglion; ofta, 
tumor]. A tumor or swelling of a lymphatic 
ganglion. 

Ganglion (gan'-gle-on) [yajyltov, a knot]. 1. 
A well-defined collection of nerve-cells and 
fibers forming a subsidiary nerve-center. 
2. An enlarged bursa in connection with a 
tendon. G., Andersen's. See G., Petrous. 
G., Arnold's. See G., Otic. G., Auditory, a 
prominence on the lateral wall of the fourth 
ventricle traversed by the auditory strias. 
Syn., Tuberculum acusticum. G., Auricular. 
SeeG., Otic. G.s, Basal, those at the base of 
the cerebrum; they include the corpora striata 
(caudate and lenticular nuclei) and optic 
thalami. G., Bidder's, an accumulation of 
ganglion-cells in the interauricular septum 
and the auriculoventricular groove of the 
frog's heart. G., Bochdalek's, a small 
gangliform enlargement above the root of 
one of the upper incisor teeth, at the point 
of communication between the posterior 
nasal branch of Meckel's ganglion and the 
anterior dental nerve. G., Cardiac, Supe- 
rior. See Wrisberg's Ganglion (1). G., 
Carotid, one in the lower part of the 
cavernous sinus, beneath the carotid artery; 
roots, filaments from the carotid plexus ; distri- 
bution, carotid plexus. G. , Carotid, Inferior, 
one of the lower portion of the carotid canal; 
root, carotid plexus; distribution, filaments to 
the carotid artery. G., Carotid, Superior, 
one in the upper portion of the carotid canal; 
root, carotid plexus; distribution, filaments 
to the carotid artery. G., Casserian. See 
G., Gasserian. G.-cell, the large nerve-cell 
characteristic of the ganglions; similar cells 
are found in other parts of the nervous system. 
G.s, Cephalic, sympathetic ganglions of 
the head. They include the ophthalmic, sphe- 
nopalatine, otic, and submaxillary. G., Cer- 
vical, Inferior, that between the neck of 
the first rib and the transverse process of 
the last cervical vertebra; roots, three lower 
cervical, first dorsal; distribution, cardiac 
nerves and plexus, etc. G., Cervical, 



Middle, or Thyroid, that opposite the fifth 
cervical vertebra, near the inferior thyroid 
artery; roots, fifth and sixth cervical nerves, 
spinal nerves and ganglions; distribution, 
thyroid gland, cardiac nerve, cavernous 
plexus. G., Cervical, Superior, that oppo- 
site the second and third cervical vertebras; 
roots, four upper cervical, petrosal, vagus, 
glossopharyngeal, and hypoglossal nerves; 
distribution, superior, inferior, external, in- 
ternal branches; carotid and cavernous 
plexuses. G., Cervical (of Uterus), that 
near the cervix uteri; roots, filaments from 
the hypogastric plexus, sacral ganglions, and 
sacral nerves; distribution, uterine nerves. 
G., Ciliary. See G., Ophthalmic. G. of 
Cloquet. See Cloquet's Ganglion. G., Coccy- 
geal. See G. impar. Gr., Corti's. See 
Corti's Ganglion. G., Gasser's. See G., Gas- 
serian. G., Gasserian, G., Semilunar, 
location, fossa on the anterior part of the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone, near 
the -apex; roots, fifth cranial nerve, carotid 
plexus; distribution, ophthalmic, superior 
and inferior maxillary nerves. G., Genicu- 
late, one in the aqueduct of Fallopius; roots, 
large and small superficial petrosal; distri- 
bution, facial. G., Hepatic, one around the 
hepatic artery; roots, hepatic branches of the 
semilunar ganglion; distribution, liver. G. 
impar, G., Coccygeal, that on the ante- 
rior surface of the tip of the coccyx, uniting 
the two sympathetic nerves; root, sympa- 
thetic; distribution, sympathetic. G., In- 
ferior (of Vagus), one near jugular foramen; 
roots, hypoglossal and cervical nerves and 
various plexuses; distribution, vagus. G., 
Inframaxillary, Anterior, one near the 
incisor teeth; root, inferior maxillary nerve; 
distribution, filaments to the teeth. G., 
Inframaxillary, Posterior, one near the 
last molar tooth; root, inferior maxillary 
nerve; distribution, filaments to the teeth. 
G., Jugular (Ehrenritter's), one in the 
upper part of the jugular foramen; root, 
glossopharyngeal; distribution, continuation 
of the glossopharyngeal. G., Jugular (of 
Vagus), one in the jugular foramen; root, 
vagus; distribution, vagus. G., Lowit's, 
the bulbus arteriosus. G., Ludwig's, one 
in the wall of the right auricle of the heart; 
root, cardiac plexus; distribution, cardiac 
plexus. G.s, Lumbar (4 or 5), on each 
side and behind the abdominal aorta; root, 
sympathetic; distribution, sympathetic. G., 
Meckel's. See G., Sphenopalatine. G., 
Mesenteric, Inferior, one in the inferior 
mesenteric artery; root, inferior mesenteric 
plexus; distribution, mesentery and intestine. 
G., Mesenteric, Lateral, one in connection 
with superior mesenteric plexus, on left side; 
root, superior mesenteric plexus; distribution, 
mesentery and bowel. G., Mesenteric, Su- 
perior, one near the origin of the superior 
mesenteric artery; -root, superior mesen- 
teric plexus; distribution, sympathetic. G., 
Nasal. See G., Sphenopalatine. G., Naso- 



GANGLION 



439 



GANGRENE 



palatine. See Cloquefs Ganglion. G., 
Ophthalmic, that in the posterior part 
of the orbit; roots, nasal branch of the 
ophthalmic, third nerve, cavernous plexus, and 
Meckel's ganglion; distribution, short ciliarv 
G. Orbital. See G., Ophthalmic. G., Otic 
(Arnold's), one below the foramen ovale; 
roots, inferior maxillary, auriculotemporal, 
glossopharyngeal, facial, sympathetic, and 
internal pterygoid; distribution, tensor tym- 
pani, tensor palati, chorda tympani. G., 
Petrous (Andersen's), one on the lower 
border of the petrous portion of the temporal 
bone; root, glossopharyngeal; distribution, 
tympanic, sympathetic, and vagus. G., 
Pharyngeal, one near the ascending pharyn- 
geal artery; root, carotid plexus; distribution, 
carotid plexus. G., Phrenic, one under the 
diaphragm at the junction of the right phrenic 
nerve and phrenic plexus; root, sympathetic ; 
distribution, to the diaphragm, inferior vena 
cava, suprarenal capsule, hepatic plexus. 
G.s, Pneumogastric. See G., Vagus. 
G., Prostatic (of Miiller), one on the pros- 
tate; root, prostatic plexus; distribution, 
filaments to seminal vesicles and cavernous 
tissue of penis. G., Pterygopalatine. See 
G., Sphenopalatine. G., Remak's, located 
in the tissue of the heart, near the superior vena 
cava; root, sympathetic; distribution, sympa- 
thetic. G., Renal, one around the renal 
artery; root, renal plexus; distribution, renal 
artery. G. of Ribes, location, anterior com- 
municating artery of the brain. It is the 
upper termination of the sympathetic; roots, 
branches from the two superior ganglions; 
distribution, sympathetic. G., Sacral, four 
or five pairs on the ventral surface of the 
sacrum; root, sympathetic; distribution, 
sympathetic. G., Scarpa's, lies near the 
internal auditory meatus, at the point of 
junction of the facial nerve and the vestibular 
branch of the auditory nerve; roots, facial 
and auditory nerves; distribution, internal ear. 
G.,Schacher's. See G., Ophthalmic. G., Sem- 
ilunar. SeeG.,Gasserian. G.s, Semilunar, 
two ganglions, right and left, near the suprare- 
nal bodies, in front of the crura of the dia- 
phragm ; roots, solar plexus and great splanch- 
nic nerves; distribution, solar plexus. G.s, 
Solar. See G.s, Semilunar. G., Sphenopal- 
atine (Meckel's), one in the sphenomax- 
illary fossa, near the sphenopalatine foramen; 
roots, superior maxillary, facial, sympathetic; 
distribution, anterior, posterior, and external 
palatine, nasopalatine, superior nasal, vidian, 
pharyngeal. G. spirale. See Cor ti's Ganglion. 
G.s, Splanchnic. See G.s, Semilunar. G., 
Submaxillary, that above the submax- 
illary gland; roots, gustatory, chorda tym- 
pani, submaxillary, sympathetic; distribution, 
mouth, submaxillary gland, and Wharton's 
duct. G., Superior (of Vagus), located at 
the jugular foramen; roots, superior cervical 
and petrous ganglions and spinal accessory; 
distribution, vagus. G., Suprarenal, that 
at the junction of the great splanchnic nerves; 



root, solar plexus; distribution, suprarenal 
plexus. G., Thoracic, twelve pairs between 
the transverse processes of the vertebras and 
the heads of the ribs; root, sympathetic; 
distribution, splanchnic nerves and branches 
to spinal nerves and plexuses. G., Thyroid, 
Inferior. See G., Cervical, Middle. G., 
Thyroid, Superior. See G., Cervical, Supe- 
rior. G., Tympanic, that in the canal be- 
tween the lower surface of the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone and the tympanum; 
root, tympanic branch of the glossopharyn- 
geal; distribution, tympanum. G., Vagus: 
(i) Of the root. See G., Jugular. (2) Of 
the trunk: location, below the jugular 
foramen; root, vagus; distribution, vagus. 
G., Valentin's, a gangliform enlargement 
found occasionally above the root of the second 
bicuspid, at the junction of the middle and pos- 
terior dental nerves; root, posterior and mid- 
dle dental nerves ; distribution, filaments to the 
teeth. G., Ventricular. See G., Bidder's. 
G., Vestibular, that in the aqueduct of 
Fallopius; root, geniculate ganglion; dis- 
tribution, vestibular nerve. G., Walther's. 
See G. impar. G. of Wrisberg. See Wris- 
berg's Ganglion. 

Ganglioneure, Ganglioneuron (gan-gle-o-nur' ', 
-nu'-ron) [ganglion; veupov, a nerve]. A 
neuron the cell-body (nerve-cell) of which 
lies within the spinal or the cerebral ganglions. 

Ganglionic (gan-gle-on f -ik) [ganglion']. Per- 
taining to or of the nature of a ganglion. 

Ganglionica (gan-gle-on' -ik-ah) . Drugs affect- 
ing the sensibility of the regions supplied by 
the sympathetic nerve. 

Ganglionitis {gan-gle-on-i'-tis) [ganglion; czeg, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of a ganglion. 

Gangolphe's Sign. In intestinal obstruction 
a serosanguineous effusion in the abdomen 
soon after strangulation has taken place. 

Gangrasna oris {gan-gre' -nah o'-ris). Cancrum 
oris (q. v.). 

Gangrene (gan r -gren) [yayypacva, a sore, from 
ypaivs.iv, to gnaw]. The putrefactive fer- 
mentation of dead tissue. G., Atrophic, 
that due to embolism or thrombosis. G., 
Carbolic-acid, dry gangrene from carbolized 
dressings. G., Diabetic, a moist gangrene 
sometimes occurring in diabetic persons. 
G., Dry, shriveling and desiccation from 
insufficiency of arterial blood. G., Embolic, 
that caused by an embolus that cuts off the 
supply of blood. G., Hospital, a contagious, 
rapidly fatal form arising under crowded 
conditions, particularly in military hospitals. 
G., Mixed, dry gangrene with moist patches. 
G., Moist, a form with abundance of serous 
exudation and rapid decomposition. G., 
Nosocomial, hospital gangrene. G., Pri- 
mary, that without preceding inflammation 
of the part. G., Pulpy. See G., Hospital. 
G., Secondary, a form with preceding inflam- 
mation. G., Senile, that attacking the ex- 
tremities of the aged. G., Symmetric, that 
attacking corresponding parts of opposite 
sides. Syn., Raynaud's disease. G., Ta- 



GANGRENOUS 



440 



GASTRELCOMA 



chetic, a form marked by the appearance of 
ecchymotic spots, of greater or less extent, 
on various parts of the body. It is believed 
to be due to blood-poisoning. 

Gangrenous (gan'-gren-us) [gangrene]. Per- 
taining to or of the nature of gan- 
grene. G. Emphysema. See Edema, Malig- 
nant. 

Ganister, Gannister (gan'-is-ter) [MHG., 
ganster, a spark]. A very hard silicious fire- 
•clay forming the floor of coal-seams in York- 
shire and Lancaster, England. G. Disease, 
the formation of fibroid tissue in the lungs, 
occurring in ganister miners and grinders, 
from the irritation produced by breathing 
the fine dust. 

Ganjah (gan'-jah). See Gunjah. 

Gant's Line. An imaginary line below the 
greater trochanter, serving as a guide in 
section of the femur. 

Gap [ME.]. A cleft, fissure, or opening. 

Garbled (gar'-bld) [OF., garbeler, to inspect 
closely]. Applied to crude drugs which have 
been separated from worthless material and 
made ready for market. 

Gardenin {gar-de' -nin) . A compound, C 23 H 30 - 
O l0 , obtained from Gardenia lucida. 

Gardiner-Brown's Test. In labyrinthine 
disease the patient ceases to hear the sound 
of a tuning-fork placed upon the vertex from 
half a second to several seconds before the 
examiner ceases to feel its vibrations. 

Garel's Sign, Garel-Burger's Sign. Lumi- 
nous perception by the eye of the sound side 
only when an electric light is placed in the 
buccal cavity; it is observed in empyema of 
the antrum of Highmore. 

Garget {gar' -get) [ME., gar gat, the throat], 
i. A swelling of the throat in swine or cattle. 
2. A knotty condition of the udder in cows, 
attended with inflammation. Syn., Mam- 
mitis; Weed. 

Gargle (gar'-gl) [OF., gargouiller, to gargle], 
i. A solution for rinsing the pharynx and 
nasopharynx. 2. To rinse the pharynx and 
nasopharynx. 

Garland's S-curve. See Ellis' Sign. 

Garlic (gar f -lik). See Allium. 

Garofen (gar'-o-fen). A vegetable analgesic 
and antipyretic intended as a substitute for 
morphin and acetanilid. 

Garrod's Test for Hematoporphyrin in the 
Urine. Add to 100 Cc. of urine 20 Cc. of 
a 10% solution of caustic soda and filter. 
To the filtrate, thoroughly washed in water, 
add absolute alcohol and enough hydro- 
chloric acid to dissolve perfectly the precipi- 
tate. Spectroscopic examination may now 
be made of the solution for the two absorption 
bands characteristic of hematoporphyrin. 
G.'s Test for Uric Acid in the Blood, to 
30 Cc. of serum add 0.5 Cc. of acetic acid, 
and immerse a fine thread. The thread 
becomes incrusted with uric-acid crystals. 
This is obtained especially in gout, but also 
in leukemia and chlorosis. 

Garrot (gar'-ot) [Fr., garrotter, to bind]. An 



instrument for compression of an artery by 
twisting a circular bandage about the part. 

Gartner's Canal, G.'s Duct. See Canal, 
Gartner's. 

Gartnerian Cyst. See Cyst, Gartnerian. 

Gas [a word coined by the Belgian chemist, 
van Helmont]. An air-like fluid. The word 
is especially applied to those fluids that, 
under normal conditions, are aeriform; while 
those that can be readily condensed to liquids 
are termed vapors. G., Clayton's, sulfurous 
acid gas generated by means of the Clayton 
furnace, for disinfection and for destroying 
rats and other vermin. G.-eye, a peculiar 
disease prevalent among the employes of the 
gas-pumping stations in the natural gas 
regions of the United States. The eyes 
are inflamed, tender, and sensitive to light. 
G., Laughing, nitrous oxid. G., Marsh-, 
methane. G., Olefiant, ethylene. G., Per- 
manent, a term formerly applied to those 
gases, as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, that 
were thought nonliquefiable. G., Phlogis- 
ticated, nitrogen. 

Gaseous (gas'-e-us). Of the nature of a gas. 

Gaskaral-H (gas' -kar-al) . A proprietary as- 
tringent and diuretic remedy. Dose if-2 
oz. (50-60 Cc.) of the infusion (1 : 20). Syn., 
Aghara. 

Gasometric (gas-o-met' -rik) . Relating to the 
measurement of gases. 

Gasserectomy (gas-er-ek' -to-me) [gasserian gan- 
glion; EKTOfir), excision]. Excision of the gas- 
serian ganglion. 

Gasserian Artery. 1. A branch given off 
by the internal carotid to the gasserian gan- 
glion. 2. A branch of the middle meningeal 
artery to the gasserian ganglion. G. Gan- 
glion, the ganglion of the sensory root of the 
fifth cranial nerve. See Ganglion, Gasserian. 

Gasterasthenia (gas-ter-as-the'-ne-ah) [yaorfjp, 
stomach; asthenia]. Debility of the stomach. 

Gasterhysterotomy (gas-ter-his-ter-ot'-o-me) . 
See Gastrohysterotomy . 

Gasteric (gas-ter'-ik). Same as Gastric. 

Gasterin (gas'-ter-in). A preparation of the 
gastric juice of dogs; it is used as is pepsin. 

Gastou's Syndrome. Anesthetic prurigo, 
sometimes observed in cases of alcoholism. 

Gastralgia (gas-tral' -je-ah) [gastro-; aXyoc, pain]. 
Paroxysmal pain in the stomach. 

Gastraneuria (gas-trah-nu'-re-ah) [gastro-; 
vsupov, a nerve]. Impaired or defective action 
of the nerves of the stomach. 

Gastraneurysma (gas-lra-nu-riz'-mah) . See 
Gastrectasis. 

Gastrasthenia (gas-tras-the-ne'-ah). See Gas- 
terasthenia. 

Gastratrophia (gas-tra-tro'-fe-ah) [gastro-; 
axpo<f>'ca, atrophy]. Atrophy of the stomach. 

Gastrectasis (gas-trek' -tas-is) [gastro-; enxaote, a 
stretching out]. Dilation of the stomach. 

Gastrectomy (gas-trek' -to-me) [gastro-; iicTOfjnf], 
a cutting out]. Excision of the whole or a 
part of the stomach. 

Gastrelcoma (gas-lrel-ko'-mah) [gastro-; IXkoc, 
ulcer]. A gastric ulcer. 



GASTRELCOSIS 



441 



GASTROENTEROPTOSIS 



Gastrelcosis (gas-trel-ko' -sis) [see Gastrel- 
coma]. Ulceration of the stomach. 

Gastric (gas'-trik) [yaax-qp, stomach]. Pertain- 
ing to the stomach. G. Artery. See under 
Artery. G. Crisis, a severe paroxysmal attack 
of pain in the stomach, accompanied by ob- 
stinate vomiting, occurring in the course of 
locomotor ataxia. G. Juice, the secretion 
of the glands of the stomach. It is a clear, 
colorless liquid, having an acid reaction and 
a specific gravity of 1002.5, and containing 
5 % of solid matter. A small amount — 0.2 
to 0.4% — of hydrochloric acid and a ferment 
called pepsin are the essential elements. It 
digests proteids and precipitates the casein 
of milk. G. Juice, Hydrochloric Acid in, 
Maly's Theory of, that there occurs a re- 
action between the phosphates and chlorids 
of the blood which results in the formation 
of HC1. This diffuses through the gastric 
glands into the stomach. G. Juice, Psychic, 
Pawlow's term for the gastric juice caused 
to be secreted by simply showing food to 
hungry animals. 

Gastritis (gas-tri'-tis) [gastro-; crcg, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the stomach. It 
may be acute or chronic, catarrhal, sup- 
purative or phlegmonous, or diphtheric. 
G., Atrophic, a chronic form with atrophy 
of the mucous membrane. G., Croupous, 
G., Diphtheric, G. membranacea, a rare 
form, characterized by formation of a false 
membrane and necrotic hyaline products 
upon the mucosa. It may occur as an ex- 
tension of pharyngeal diphtheria or secondary 
to other infectious diseases. G., Hyper- 
trophic, the early stage of chronic gastritis, 
in which there is a hyperplasia of the mucous 
membrane . G. , Phlegmonous , G. , Purulent , 
G. submucosa, G., Suppurative, acute inter- 
stitial suppurative inflammation of the stom- 
ach-walls; it occurs as a circumscribed abscess 
or as a diffuse purulent infiltration. G., Poly- 
pous, G. polyposa, a form of chronic gas- 
tritis characterized by a great overgrowth of 
the connective tissue of the organ, giving 
rise to polypoid projections of fibrous tissue 
covered by epithelium. G., Toxic, G. 
venenata, acute gastric inflammation due 
to the ingestion of poisonous or corrosive 
substances. 

Gastro- (gas-tro-) [yaorrjp, stomach]. A prefix 
denoting relation to the stomach. 

Gastroadynamic (gas - tro - ah - din - am' - ik) 
[gastro-; adhvap-oc, without strength]. Marked 
by gastric symptoms and prostration. 

Gastroanastomosis (gas-tro-an-as-to-mo'-sis) 
[gastro-; anastomosis]. In hour-glass contrac- 
tion, the formation of a communication be- 
tween the two pouches of the . stomach. 
Syn., Gastro gastrostomy. 

Gastroataxic (gas-tro-ah-taks'-ik) . Character- 
ized by gastric symptoms and ataxia. 

Gastroatonia (gas-tro-at-o' -ne-ah) . Atonic dys- 
pepsia. 

Gastroblennorrhea (gas-tro-blen-or-e' -ah) . An 
excessive formation of mucus in the stomach. 



Gastrobrosis (gas-tro-bro'-sis) [gastro-; ftpaJotc, 
a gnawing]. Perforating ulcer of the stomach. 

Gastrocele (gas'-tro-sel) [gastro-; ki'jXt), hernia]. 
A hernia of the stomach. 

Gastrocnemius (gas-trok-ne r -me-us) . See 
under Muscle. 

Gastrocolic (gas-tro-kol f -ik) [gastro-; koXov, the 
colon]. Pertaining to the stomach and the 
colon. G. Omentum, the great omentum. 

Gastrocolitis (gas-tro-ko-li'-tis) [gastro-; koXov, 
the colon; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the stomach and colon. 

Gastrocolostomy (gas-tro-ko-los' -to-me) [gastro-; 
koXov, the colon; oro/xa, mouth]. The for- 
mation of a fistula between the stomach and 
colon. 

Gastrocolpotomy (gas - tro - kol - pot' - o - me) 
[gastro-; koXtzoc, vagina; rqivecv, to cut]. The 
operation of cesarean section in which the 
opening is made through the linea alba into 
the upper part of the vagina. 

Gastrodiaphane (gas-tro-di' '-a} -an) [gastro-; dta, 
through; <j>acveiv, to show]. A small electric 
light introduced into the stomach in gastro - 
diaphany. 

Gastrodiaphany (gas-tro-di-af '-an-e) [see Gas- 
trodiaphane]. A method of exploration of 
the stomach by means of an electric lamp. 

Gastrodidymus (gas-tro-did' -im-us) [gastro-; 
d'idup.oc, double]. A double monster with one 
abdominal cavity. 

Gastroduodenal (gas-tro-du-od' -en-al) [gastro-; 
duodenum]. Pertaining to the stomach and 
the duodenum. 

Gastroduodenitis (gas-tro-du-od-en-i' -tis) [gas- 
tro-; duodenum; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the stomach and duodenum. 

Gastroduodenostomy (gas-tro-du-od-en-os' -to- 
me) [gastro-; duodenum; orofia, mouth]. The 
surgical formation of a fistula between the 
stomach and duodenum. 

Gastrodynia (gas-tro-din' -e-ah) [gastro-; doovq, 
pain]. Pain in the stomach. 

Gastroelytrotomy (gas-tro-el-it-rot'-o-me). See 
Gastrocolpotomy . 

Gastroenteralgia (gas-tro -en-ter-aV '-je-ah) [gas- 
tro-; evrepov, bowel; aXyoc, pain]. Pain in the 
stomach and bowel. 

Gastroenteric (gas-tro-en-ter' -ik) [gastro-; 

evrepov, bowel]. Pertaining to both stomach 
and bowel. 

Gastroenteritis (gas-tro-en-ter-i'-tis) [gastro-; 
evrepov, bowel; crcc, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of stomach and bowel. 

Gastroenterocolitis (gas-tro-en-ter-o-kol-i'-tis) 
[gastro-; evrepov, bowel; koXov, colon; trcg, 
inflammation]. Combined inflammation of 
the stomach, small intestine, and colon. 

Gastroenterocolostomy (gas-tro-en-ter-o-ko- 
los'-to-me). The formation of a passage be- 
tween the stomach, small intestine, and colon. 

Gastroenteropathy (gas-tro-en-ter-op'-ath-e) 
[gastro-; evrepov, bowel; TiaOog, disease]. Any 
disease affecting the stomach and intestine. 

Gastroenteroptosis (gas-lro-en-ter-o-to' -sis) 

[gastro-; evrepov, bowel; izribatg, falling]. 
Prolapse of the stomach and intestine. 



GASTROENTEROSTOMY 



442 



GASTROPHRENIC 



Gastroenterostomy {gas-tro-en-ter-os' -to-me) 
[gastro-; 'ivrspov, bowel; oxdjia, mouth]. 
The formation of a communication between 
the stomach and the small intestine. 

Gastroenterotomy {gas-tro-en-ter-ot' -o-me) 

[gastro-; 'ivrspov, bowel; xkpvicv, to cut]. 
Incision of the intestine through the abdomi- 
nal wall. 

Gastroepiploic {gas-tro-ep-ip-lo'-ik) [gastro-; 
kit'cnXoov, caul]. Pertaining to the stomach 
and omentum. 

Gastrogastrostomy {gas-lro-gas-tros' -to-me) . 
The same as Gastroanastomosis. 

Gastrograph {gas' -tro-graf) [gastro-; ypafyttv, to 
write]. An apparatus for registering the 
peristaltic movements of the stomach from the 
outside. Syn., Gastrokineso graph. 

Gastrohelcoma {gas-tro-hel-ko' -mah) . SeeGas- 
trelcoma. 

Gastrohelcosis {gas-tro-hel-ko' -sis). See Gas- 
trelcosis. 

Gastrohepatic (gas-tro-he-pat'-ik) [gastro-; 
fjnap, the liver]. Relating to the stomach- and 
liver. 

Gastrohepatitis {gas-tro-hep-at-i'-tis) [gastro-; 
hepatitis]. Gastritis and hepatitis occurring 
simultaneously. 

Gastrohyperneuria, Gastrohypernervia {gas- 
tro-hi-per-nu' -re-ah, -ner'-ve-ah) [gastro-; urckp, 
over; vsupov, a nerve]. Morbid activity of 
the nerves of the stomach. Syn., Gastryper- 
neuria. 

Gastrohypertonic (gas-tro-hi-per-ton'-ik) [gas- 
tro-; unip, over; xovoc, tone]. Relating to 
morbid or excessive tonicity or irritability of 
the stomach. 

Gastrohyponeuria, Gastrohyponervia {gas- 
tro-hi-po-nu' -re-ah, -ner'-ve-ah) [gastro-; bnb, 
under; vsupov, a nerve]. Defective activity 
of the nerves of the stomach. Syn., Gastrypo- 
neuria. 

Gastrohysterectomy (gas-tro-his-ter-ek' -to-me) 
[gastro-; hysterectomy]. Removal of the 
uterus through the abdominal wall. 

Gastrohysteropexy {gas-tr o-his'-ter-o-peks-e) 
[gastro-; uaxepa, the uterus; izfj^cc, a fasten- 
ing]. Abdominal fixation of the uterus by a 
surgical operation. 

Gastrohysterotomy {gas-tro-his-ter-ot'-o-me) 
[gastro-; uaxkpa, the uterus; Tkp.vs.iv, to cut]. 
Incision of the uterus through the abdominal 
wall, usually for the purpose of removing a 
fetus; cesarean section. 

Gastroid {gas'-troid) [gastro-; eldoc, likeness]. 
Like a stomach. 

Gastrointestinal {gas-tro-in-tes'-tin-al). See 
Gastroenteric. 

Gastrojejunostomy {gas-tro-jej -u-nos' -to-me) 
[gastro-; jejunum; oxopa, mouth]. The 
formation of a passage from the stomach to 
the jejunum. 

Gastrokinesograph, Gastrokynesograph 

{gas-tro-kin-es' -o-graf) . See Gastrograph. 

Gastrolienal {gas-tro-W -en-al) . See Gastro- 
splenic. 

Gastrolith {gas' -tro-lith) [gastro-; XWoc, a 



stone]. A calcareous formation in the 
stomach. 

Gastrolithiasis {gas-lro-lith-i' -as-is) [gastro- 
lith]. A morbid condition associated with 
the formation of gastroliths. 

Gastrologist {gas-troV -o-jist) [see Gastrology]. 
A specialist in gastric disorders. 

Gastrology {gas-troV -o-je) [gastro-; Xdyoc, 
science], i. A treatise on the stomach. 2. 
The sum of knowledge regarding the stomach 
and its diseases. 

Gastrolysis {gas-trol' -is-is) [gastro-; Xuocf, a 
loosing]. The breaking-up of adhesions be- 
tween the stomach and adjacent organs. 

Gastromalacia {gas-tr o-mal-a' -she-ah) [gastro-; 
fiaXatcta, softening]. An abnormal softening 
of the walls of the stomach. 

Gastromegaly {gas-tro-meg' -al-e) [gastro-; 
peyaXfj, large]. Abnormal enlargement of the 
stomach. 

Gastromelus {gas-trom' -el-us) [gastro-; pkXog, 
a limb]. A monster with accessory limbs at- 
tached to the abdomen. 

Gastromenia {gas-tro-me' -ne-ah) [gastro-; p.i\v, 
month]. Vicarious menstruation by the 
stomach. 

Gastrometrotomy {gas-tro-met-rot'-o-me). See 
Laparohysterotomy. 

Gastromucous {gas-tro-mu'-kus). Character- 
ized by gastric disturbance and abnormal 
secretion of mucus. 

Gastromycosis {gas-tro-mi-ko'-sis) [gastro-; 
fi'JKTjC, fungus]. Gastric disease due to in- 
vasion of fungi. 

Gastromyeloma {gas-tr o-mi-e-lo' -mah) [gastro-; 
myeloma]. A medullary sarcoma of the 
stomach. 

Gastromyxin {gas-tro-miks'-in). A proprie- 
tary preparation of pepsin. 

Gastronesteostomy {gas-tro-nes-te-os' -to-me) . 
See Gastrojejunostomy . 

Gastroneuria, Gastronervia {gas-tro-nu' -re- 
ah, -ner'-ve-ah) [gastro-; veupov, nerve]. The 
action of the nerves of the stomach. 

Gastroomental {gas-tro-o-men' -tal) . See Gas- 
troepiploic. 

Gastroparalysis {gas-tr -par -al' -is-is) [gastro-; 
paralysis]. Paralysis of the stomach. 

Gastroparietal {gas-tro-pa-ri' -et-al) [gastro-; 
parietal]. 1. Relating to the stomach-wall. 2. 
Relating to the stomach and the abdominal 
wall. 

Gastropathy {gas-trop' -ath-e) [gastro-; nadog, 
disease]. Any disease or disorder of the 
stomach. 

Gastroperiodynia {gas-tro-per-e-o-din' -e-ah) 
[gastro-; nzp'codoc, period; oduvq, pain]. 
Periodic gastralgia. 

Gastropexis, Gastropexy {gas-tr o-peks' -is, 
gas'-tro-peks-e) [gastro-; nfj^cc, a fixing]. 
The fixation of a displaced stomach in its 
normal position by suturing it to the abdomi- 
nal wall. 

Gastrophrenic {gas-tro-fren'-ik) [gastro-; <£>pr]v, 
diaphragm]. Relating to the stomach and 
diaphragm. 



GASTROPLASTY 



443 



GAUZE 



Gastroplasty (gas-tro-plas'-te) [gastro-; Ttkaooetv, 
to form]. Plastic operation on the stomach. 

Gastroplegia (gas-tro-ple' -je-ah) [gastro-; nX-qy-q, 
stroke]. Paralysis of the stomach. 

Gastroplication (gas-tro-pli-ka' -shun) [gastro-; 
plicare, to fold]. An operation for relief of 
chronic dilation of the stomach, consisting 
in suturing a large horizontal fold in the 
stomach-wall. 

Gastroptosis (gas-tro-to' '-sis) [gastro-; ptosis]. 
A prolapse or downward displacement of the 
stomach. 

Gastropylorectomy (gas-tro-pi-lor-ek' -to-me) 
[gastro-; pylorus; iKrofiq, excision]. Ex- 
cision of the pyloric portion of the stomach. 

Gastrorrhagia (gas-tro-ra'- je-ah) [gastro-; 
pqyvovac, to break forth]. Hemorrhage from 
the stomach. 

Gastrorrhaphy (gas-tror'-a-fe) [gastro-; pa<f)-q, 
suture], i. Suture of a wound of the stom- 
ach or abdominal wall. 2. See Gastroplica- 
tion. 

Gastrorrhea (gas-tror-e' -ah) [gastro-; fro'ca, a 
flow]. Excessive secretion of gastric mucus 
or of gastric juice. 

Gastroschisis (gas-lros f -kis-is) [gastro-; ai'iocc, 
cleft]. A congenital malformation in which 
the abdomen remains open. 

Gastroscope (gas'-tro-skop) [gastro-; okotze'iv, 
to see]. An instrument for examining the 
interior of the stomach. 

Gastroscopy (gas-tros'-ko-pe) [see Gastroscope]. 
The inspection of the interior of the stomach 
by means of the gastroscope. 

Gastrosia (gas-tro'-ze-ah). See Gastroxia. 

Gastrosplenic (gas-tro-splen'-ik) [gastro-; 
spleen]. Relating to the stomach and the 
spleen. 

Gastrostegous (gas-tros'-te-gus) [gastro-; oxkyoc, 
a roof]. Covering the stomach. 

Gastrostenosis (gas-tro-ste-no' '-sis) [gastro-; 
stenosis], A narrowing or stricture of the 
stomach. 

Gastrostomy (gas-tros' -to-me) [gastro-; oroua, 
mouth]. The establishing of a fistulous 
opening into the stomach. 

Gastrosuccorrhea (gas-tro-suk-or-e' -ah) [gas- 
tro-; succus, juice; poca, a flow]. Hyper- 
secretion of the gastric juice. Gastrosuc- 
corrhoea mucosa, an excessive secretion of 
mucus by the gastric mucosa. 

Gastrothoracodidymus (gas-tro-tho-rak-o-did '- 
im-us) [gastro-; thorax; d'couuoc, a twin]. A 
double monster united at the thorax and ab- 
domen. 

Gastrotome (gas'-tro-tom) [gastro-; to/itj, a 
cutting]. A cutting instrument used in 
gastrotomy. 

Gastrotomy (gas-trot' v -o-me) [see Gastrotome]. 
Incision of the abdomen or the stomach. 

Gastrotoxin (gas-tro-toks'-in) [gastro-; to^ckov, 
poison]. A cytolysin found in the stomach. 

Gastrotrachelotomy (gas-tro-tra-kel-ot f -o-me) 
[gastro-; Tpa.%eA.oc, neck; rifivecv, to cut]. 
An operation differing from cesarean section 
only in that the uterus is opened by a trans- 
verse incision of the cervix. 



Gastrotubotomy (gas-tro-tu-bot'-o-me). See 
Laparosalpingotomy . 

Gastroxia, Gastroxynsis (gas-troks'-e-ah, gas- 
troks-in' -sis) [gastro-; 6£uc, acid]. Exces- 
sive secretion of hydrochloric acid by the sto- 
mach, a condition that characterizes a form 
of dyspepsia. G. fungosa, that in which the 
organic acids are due to mold-vegetation in 
the stomach. 

Gastrula (gas' -tru-lah) [yaozqp, stomach]. The 
embryo at that stage of its development when 
it consists of two cellular layers formed by 
the invagination of the blastula. 

Gastrulation (gas-tru-W -shun) [gastrula]. The 
process of formation of the gastrula by the 
invagination of the blastula. 

Gastryperneuria (gas-trip-er-nu'-re-ah). See 
Gastrohyperneuria . 

Gastryperpathia (gas-trip-er-pa' -the-ah) [gas- 
tro-; uitkp, over; nadoc, a disease]. Any 
severe disease of the stomach. 

Gastryponeuria (gas-trip-o-nu' -re-ah) . See 
Gastrohyponeuria . 

Gathering [AS., gaderung, a gathering]. A 
collection of pus beneath the surface. 

Gatism (gah'-tizm) [Fr., gdtisme, incontinence of 
feces]. Rectal or vesical incontinence. 

Gaucher's Disease. An affection described 
by Gaucher as "primary epithelioma of the 
spleen," but probably identical with splenic 
anemia. 

Gaultherase (gawl'-ther-az). An enzym found 
in the bark of Betula lenta, in the leaves and 
berries of Gaultheria procumbens, in the root 
of Spircea ulmaria, and in several species of 
Poly gala. It effects the hydrolysis of gaul- 
therin, forming methyl-salicylic acid and 
glucose. 

Gaultheria (gawl-the' -re-ah) . The plant, G. 
procumbens, the leaves of which yield a vola- 
tile oil. G., Oil of (oleum gaultherice, U. S. 
P.), contains 90% of methyl salicylate, and 
is used in acute rheumatism and as a local 
antiseptic. Dose 3-10 min. (0.2-0.65 Cc). 
G., Oil of, Synthetic. See Methyl Salicy- 
late. G., Spirit of (spiritus gaultherice, 
U. S. P.), consists of oil of gaultheria, 5; 
alcohol, 95 parts. It is used chiefly as a 
flavoring agent. Dose 10-20 min. (0.65- 
1.3 Cc). Syn., Teaberry; Winter green. 

Gaultherin (gawl'-ther-in). 1. A glucosid ob- 
tained from the bark of the black birch 
(Betula lenta), which, by the action of alkali, 
is converted into an oil almost identical 
with the volatile oil of wintergreen. 2. A 
sodium salt of methyl salicylate (artificial oil pf 
wintergreen) in a nearly pure condition. 

Gaultherolin (gawl-ther 1 '-ol-in) . Methyl sali- 
cylate. 

Gautier's Test for Carbon Monoxid. Carbon 
monoxid has the power of decomposing iodic 
anhydrid and forming CO L >, the iodin being 
liberated and absorbed by copper. It is em- 
ployed by Niclaux to show normal presence 
of carbon monoxid in blood. 

Gauze (gawz) [so called because first imported 
from Gaza in Syria]. A thin, open-meshed 



GAVAGE 



444 



GEMINATE 



cloth used for surgical dressings. When 
impregnated with antiseptic substances, it is 
called antiseptic gauze, or, according to the 
substance used, it is spoken of as iodoform 
gauze, sublimate gauze, etc. 

Gavage (gav-ahzh) [Fr.j. The administration 
of liquid nourishment through the stomach- 
tube. 

Gavard's Muscle. The oblique muscular 
fibers of the walls of the stomach. 

Gayet's Disease. A rare and fatal form of 
narcolepsy somewhat resembling the African 
sleeping-sickness . 

Gay-Lussac's Law. See Law, Charles'. 

(von) Gebhart's Test for Glucose. To 10 or 
15 drops of urine add 10 Cc. of water and a 
tablet containing sodium carbonate and ortho- 
nitrophenylpropionic acid; warm carefully 
for 2 or 4 minutes, and if sugar is present, the 
mixture becomes greenish and then dark 
indigo-blue. 

Geigel's Reflex. The inguinal reflex in the 
female, corresponding to the cremasteric reflex 
in the male. 

Geisoma, Geison (ji-so'-mah, ji'-son) [ye'caov, 
anything projecting]. The superciliary ridge 
of the frontal bone. 

Geissler's Tube. A glass tube having a piece 
of platinum wire sealed into it at each end. 

Gelanthum (jel-an'-thum). A mixture of 
gelatin, tragacanth, rose-water, and thymol 
recommended as an ointment -vehicle. 

Gratification (jel-at -if-ik-a' -shun). 1. The 
production of gelatin. 2. See Gelification. 

Gelatin (jel'-at-in) [gelare, to congeal]. An 
albuminoid substance of jelly-like consistence, 
obtained by boiling connective tissue in water. 
G., Bone-, the gelatin extracted from osseous 
tissue. G. Capsules, capsules of gelatin de- 
signed for containing medicines of nauseating 
taste. G. Culture, a culture-medium for 
bacteria containing from 8 to 15% of gelatin, 
in order to give it a solid consistence. G., 
Glycerinated (gelatinum glycerinatum, U. 
S. P.), a preparation of gelatin, glycerol, and 
water. Used as a vehicle for suppositories 
and bougies. Syn., Glycerin- jelly. G., Med- 
icated, gelatin discs or lamellas mixed 
with medicated substances. The gelatin 
lamellas of the British Pharmacopeia contain 
traces of alkaloids, for introduction into the 
conjunctival sac. They are dissolved by the 
tears, and the effects of the alkaloids are thus 
obtained. 

Gelatination (jet-at-in-a'-shun). See Gelifi- 

, cation. 

Gelatinif erous (jel -at- in - if -er- us) {gelatin; 
ferre, to bear]. Producing gelatin. 

Gelatiniform (jel-at'-in-if-orm) [gelatin; forma, 
form]. Resembling gelatin. 

Gelatinize (jel-af -in-lz) [gelatin]. To convert 
into a jelly-like mass. 

Gelatinosa (jel-at-in-o'-sah). Wilder's term 
for the substantia gelatinosa. 

Gelatinous (jel-af -in-us) [gelatin]. Resem- 
bling or having the nature of gelatin. 

Gelatol (jel'-at-ol). An ointment-base consist- 



ing of a mixture of oil, glycerol, gelatin, and 
water. 

Gelatose (jel'-a-toz). A product of the action 
of gastric juice on gelatin. It is capable of 
osmosis. G. Silver. See Albargin. 

Gelid (jel' -id) [gelidus, cold]. Ice-cold. 

Gelification (jel-if-i-ka'-shun). Gelatinization; 
the conversion of a substance into a jelly-like 
mass. Syn., Gelatination. 

Gelle's Test. The vibrations of a tuning-fork 
placed in contact with a rubber tube, the 
nozle of which is inserted into the meatus, 
are distinctly perceived when the air is com- 
pressed by pressure upon the bulb attached 
to the tube. This does not occur when the 
chain of ossicles is diseased. 

Gelose (jel'-oz) [gelare, to freeze]. The gelatin- 
izing principle of agar. 

Gelotherapy, Gelototherapy (jel-o-ther'-ap-e, 
jel-o-to-ther'-ap-e) [yeAav, to laugh; therapy]. 
Treatment of disease by the induction of 
laughter. 

Gelsemin (jel'-sem-in) [gelsemium]. 1. A 
resinoid from the root of Gelsemium sem- 
pervirens; it is antipyretic, antispasmodic, 
emmenagog, and narcotic. Dose J-i gr. 
(0.008-0.065 Gm.). Unof. 2. A poisonous 
alkaloid, C 12 H u N0 2 , from gelsemium; it is 
sometimes employed locally in the eye for 
the production of mydriasis. 

Gelsemism (jeV -sem-izm) . Poisoning from the 
use of Gelsemium sempervirens. In light 
cases it is marked by dizziness, ptosis, and 
weakness of the legs; in severe cases, by 
tremor, anesthesia, and dyspnea. 

Gelsemium (jel-sem' -e-um) [gelseminum, jas- 
mine]. Yellow jasmine. The root of G. 
sempervirens, the properties of which are 
mainly due to a bitter alkaloid, gelsemin, 
C 12 H 14 N0 2 , a powerful motor depressant, 
antispasmodic, and diaphoretic. In toxic 
doses it produces diplopia, extreme muscular 
weakness, and anesthesia, death occurring 
from asphyxia. Gelsemium is used in neu- 
ralgia, especially in migraine, in dysmenor- 
rhea, hysteria, chorea, delirium tremens, and 
in malarial and typhoid fevers. G., Fluid- 
extract of (fluidextractum gelsemii, U. S. 
P.). Dose 2-5 min. (0.13-0.3 Cc). G., 
Tincture of (tinctura gelsemii, U. S. P.). 
Dose 5-15 min. (0.3-0.9 Cc). 

Gelsemperin (jel-sem' -per -in) . A preparation 
from Gelsemium sempervirens. Dose |-i gr. 
(0.008-0.065 Gm.). 

Gely's Suture. An intestinal suture applied 
by a thread with a needle at each end. 

Gemellary (jem-el'-ar-e) [gemellus]. Relating 
to or like twins. 

Gemelliparous (jem-el-ip'-ar-us) [gemellus; 
parere, to bring forth]. Bearing twins. 

Gemellus (jem-el'-us) [dim. of geminus, a 
twin]. Applied to one of two muscles, gemel- 
lus superior and gemellus inferior; also to 
the gastrocnemius muscle, on account of its 
two heads of origin. 

Geminate, Geminous (jem'-in-at, jem' -in-us) 
[geminus, a twin]. In pairs. 



GEMMATION 



445 



GENTILITIOUS 



Gemmation {jem-a f -shun) [gemmare, to put 
forth buds]. Budding; a mode of reproduc- 
tion seen in low forms of animal and vegetal 
life, and characterized by the formation of a 
small projection from the parent-cell, which 
becomes constricted off and forms an inde- 
pendent individual. 

Gemmule (jem'-ul) [gemmula, dim. of gemma, 
a bud]. A small bud. 

Genal {je'-nal) [jkvug, the cheek]. Relating to 
the cheek. 

Genera (jen'-er-ah) [L.]. Plural of genus. 

General (jen'-er-al) [genus, race]. Common 
to a class; distributed through many parts; 
diffuse. G. Anatomy, anatomy of the tissues 
in general, as distinguished from special 
anatomy, that dealing with special organs. 
G. Paralysis, G. Paresis. See Paralysis, Gen- 
eral. G. Pathology. See Pathology, General. 

Generation (jen-er-a 1 '-shun) [generare, to be- 
get], i. The act of begetting offspring. 2. 
A period extending from the birth of an in- 
dividual to the birth of his offspring, usually 
estimated at a third of a century. G., Alter- 
nate, the alternation of asexual with sexual 
generation in the same species of animals or 
plants, the offspring of one process differing 
from that of the other. G., Asexual, re- 
production without previous union of two 
sexual elements; reproduction by fission or 
gemmation. G., Organs of, those that are 
functional in reproduction. G., Sexual, re- 
production by the union of a male and a 
female element. G., Spontaneous, the gen- 
eration of living from nonliving matter. 

Generic (jen-er'-ik) [genus, a kind]. Pertaining 
to the same genus. 

Genesial, Genesiac (jen-e'-ze-al, jen-e' -ze-ak) 
[genesis]. Pertaining to generation. 

Genesic, Genetic (jen-e'-zik, jen-et'-ik) [genesis]. 
1. Pertaining to generation; producing. 2. A 
drug acting on the genital apparatus. 3. A 
disease affecting the genital organs. 

Genesis (jen'-es-is) [jkveocc, production]. Be- 
getting; development; origin; formation; 
generation. 

Genetous (jen'-et-us) [genesis]. Congenital. 

Genial (je'-ne-al) [jkvecov, chin]. Pertaining to 
the chin. G. Tubercles, four prominent tu- 
bercles on the internal surface of the lower jaw. 

Geniculate, Geniculated (jen-ik'-u-lat, -ed) 
[geniculatus, with bended knee]. Abruptly 
bent. G. Bodies, the corpora geniculata, two 
oblong, flattened bodies, the external (pre- 
geniculum) and the internal {postgeniculum) 
geniculate bodies, on the posterior inferior part 
of the optic thalamus. G. Ganglion. See 
Ganglion, Geniculate. 

Genib- (je-ne-o-) [ykvztov, chin]. A prefix 
denoting connection with the chin. 

Geniohyoglossus Muscle. See under Muscle. 

Geniohyoid Muscle. See under Muscle. 

Genion (je'-ne-on) [yhecov, chin]. The chin. 

Genioplasty (je' ' -ne-o-plas-te) [genio-; TzXhooncv, 
to form]. The operation of restoring the chin. 

Genital (jen'-it-al) [genitalis, pertaining to 
generation; from gignere, to beget]. Per- 



taining to the organs of generation or to 
reproduction. G. Eminence, G. Tubercle, 

an elevation appearing about the sixth week 
of embryonic life, in front of the cloaca, and 
from which the penis or clitoris is developed. 
G. Furrow. See Furrow, Genital. 

Genitalia (jen-it-a' -le-ah) [genital]. The organs 
of generation. In the male these consist of 
two testicles or seminal glands, with their 
excretory ducts, the prostate, the penis, and 
the urethra. The female genitalia include 
the vulva, the vagina, the ovaries, the fallo- 
pian tubes, and the uterus. 

Genitality (jen-it-al' -it-e) [genital]. Capacity 
for taking part in generation. 

Genito- (jen-it-o-) [genitalis, genital]. A pre- 
fix denoting connection with or relation to the 
genital organs. 

Genitocrural (jen-it-o-kru'-ral). See under 
Nerve. 

Genitourinary (jen-it-o-w '-rin-a-re) . Relating 
to the genitalia and the urinary organs. 

Genius (je'-ne-us) [gignere, to beget]. Some 
dominant, distinctive quality. G. epidemi- 
cus. 1. The predominant characteristic of 
an endemic or epidemic disease (inflam- 
matory, catarrhal, etc.). 2. The totality of 
conditions (atmospheric, supernatural, etc.) 
which favor the prevalence of an endemic 
or epidemic disease. G. morbi, the special 
or predominant feature of a disease. 

Gennari's Layer. See Baillarger's Layer. 

Genoplasty (jen' -o-plas-le). See Genyplasty. 

Gentele's Test for Gluqose. On the addition 
of a glucose solution to a solution of potas- 
sium ferricyanid rendered alkaline with caus- 
tic soda or potash it is decolorized, with the 
formation of potassium ferrocyanid on apply- 
ing gentle, heat. Uric acid gives this same 
reaction. 

Gentian {jen' -she-an) [gentiana, gentian]. The 
common name for species of Gentiana. The 
gentian of the U. S. P. is the dried rhizome and 
roots of Gentiana lutea, containing a neutral 
bitter principle, gentiopicrin, C 20 H 30 O 12 , and 
gentianin, or gentisin, C 14 H 10 O 5 . There are 
several other species of gentian (G. purpurea, 
G. catesbcei), very similar in action to G. 
lutea. Gentian is an excellent tonic, simple 
bitter. G., Extract of (extr actum gentiana, 
U. S. P.). Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gm.). 
G., Fluidextract of (fluidextt -actum genti- 
ana, U. S. P.). Dose |-i dr. (2-4 Cc). 
G., Infusion of, Compound. Dose 1 dr- 
t oz. (4-32 Cc). G., Tincture of, Com- 
pound (tinctura gentiana composita, U. S. P.). 
Dose \-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). G. -violet, a basic 
anilin dye, staining tissues violet. 

Gentianin (jen-she-an'-in). A crude bitter 
substance from gentian; it is used as a tonic 
in dyspepsia, hysteria, etc. Syn., Crude 
gentianic acid; Crude gentisin. 

Gentianose (jen' ' -she-an-oz), C 16 H 66 31 . A 
crystallizable polysaccharid obtained from 
gentian root. 

Gentilitious (jen-til-ish' -us) [L., gentilicius]. 
Peculiar to a family or race. 



GENU 



446 



GERM 



Genu (je'-nu) [L., "the knee"], i. The knee. 
2. Any structure bent like a knee, as the 
genu of the corpus callosum or of the optic 
tract. G. extrorsum, out-knee; outward 
bowing of the knee; bowleg. G. recurva- 
tum, the backward curvature of the knee- 
joint. G. valgum, inward curving of the 
knee; • knock-knee; in-knee. G. varum. 
Same as G. extrorsum. 

Genuclast (jen r -u-klast) [genu; nXaecv, to break]. 
An instrument for breaking adhesions of the 
knee-joint. 

Genucubital {jen-u-ku' -bit-al) [genu; cubitus, 
elbow]. Relating to or supported by the 
knees and elbows. 

Genupectoral (jen-u-pek' '-to-ral) [genu; pectus, 
breast], i. Relating to the knee and the 
chest. 2. Pertaining to the knee-chest posture 
; — the patient resting upon the knees and chest. 

Genus (jen'-us) [L.]. A species or collection of 
species having in common characteristics 
differing greatly from those of other species. 

Geny- (jen-e-) [yevug, jaw or cheek]. A prefix de- 
noting relation to the jaw or the cheek. 

Genyantrum, Genyantron (jen-e-an'-trum, 
-iron) [geny-; avzpov, cave]. The maxillary 
antrum or antrum of Highmore. 

Genycheiloplasty (jen-e-ki' -lo-plas-te) [geny-; 
%ecXoc, lip; TtXaooecv, to form]. Plastic 
surgery of both cheek and lip. 

Genyplasty {jen r -e-plas-te) [geny-; nXaoaecv, to 
form]. An operation for restoring the cheek or 
the jaw. 

Geoform {je' -o-form) . A tasteless, odorless, 
nontoxic compound of guaiacol and form- 
aldehyd; it is used as an antiseptic. 

Geophagism {je-of'-aj-izm) [yrj, earth; (frayelv, 
to eat]. The practice of eating earth or clay. 

Georget's Stupidity. Simple mental confusion 
without hallucination or delusion. 

Georgina Paper (jor-je'-nah). See Dahlia- 
paper. 

Geosote {je'-o-sot). See Guaiacol Valerate. 

Geranium (jer-a' -ne-um) [yepdvcov, geranium]. 
The geranium of the U. S. P. is the root of G. 
maculatum, crane's-bill root, the properties of 
which are due to tannic and gallic acids. It is 
an astringent, useful in diarrhea, etc. G., 
Fluidextract of {jluidextr actum geranii, U.-S. 
P.). Dose |-i dr. (2-4 Cc). 

Geratology {jer-at-ol'-o-je) [y^pac, old age; 
Xeyscv, to speak]. 1. A department of biology 
treating of the decadence and gradual ex- 
tinction of a group of organisms. 2. See 
"Gereology. 

Gerdy, Fibers of. The superficial transverse 
ligament of the fingers, a fibrous band bound- 
ing the distal margin of the palm. G., Fon- 
tanel of, an abnormal or supernumerary 
fontanel existing between the two parietal 
bones at the point at which the sagittal suture 
ceases to be serrated and becomes nearly 
rectilinear. G., Ligament of, the suspensory 
ligament of the axilla that extends along the 
lower border of the pectoralis major and 
latissimus dorsi beneath the skin surrounding 
the hollow of the axilla. G., Tubercle of, 



a more or less pronounced elevation situated 
anteroexternally to the tubercle of the tibia, 
to which it is joined by a short ridge; it serves 
for the attachment of the tibialis anticus. 

Gereology, Geraeology {jer-e-oV '-o-je) [ffjpac, 
old age; Xojoc, science]. The science of old 
age; the structural changes and diseases in- 
cident to it, its hygiene, etc. 

Gerhardt's Change of Pitch. The tympanitic 
sound heard over partly filled cavities is of a 
lower pitch when the patient is sitting than 
when he is lying down. G.'s Disease. See 
Erythromelalgia. G.'s Reaction for Ace- 
toacetic (Diacetic) Acid in the Urine, 
a premonitory sign of diabetic coma. Treat- 
ment with a solution of ferric chlorid causes 
a gray precipitate, which is removed by fil- 
tration; on the further addition of the reagent 
a deep, Bordeaux-red color is produced, which 
disappears on adding a few drops of sulfuric 
acid. G.'s Sign. 1. A systolic bruit heard 
between the mastoid process and spinal 
column in cases of aneurysm of the vertebral 
artery. 2. Incomplete filling of the external 
jugular vein on the affected side, occasionally 
seen in thrombosis of the transverse sinus. 
3. A band of dulness on percussion, super- 
imposed upon the normal precordial dulness, 
about 3 cm. in width and extending toward 
the left clavicle; it is observed in cases of 
the persistence of the ductus arteriosus. 4. 
The absence of the movement of the larynx 
in dyspnea due to aneurysm of the aorta. 
In dyspnea from other causes the excursions 
of the larynx are extensive. G.'s Test for 
Urobilin,, shake the urine with chloroform 
to extract the urobilin; add to this chloroform 
extract an iodin solution, and then a solution 
of caustic potash; a green fluorescence will 
result. 

Gerhardt-Semon's Law. Certain central or 
peripheral lesions of the recurrent laryngeal 
nerve cause the vocal cord to assume a posi- 
tion midway between adduction and abduc- 
tion, the lesion of the nerve being insufficient 
to destroy it and to provoke a complete paral- 
ysis of the vocal cord (cadaveric position). 

Gerlach's Network. The interlacing of the 
dendritic processes of the ganglion-cells in 
the gray matter of the spinal cord. The net- 
work is only apparent, since the processes do 
not anastomose, but are merely in contact or 
contiguity. G.'s Tubal Tonsil, a mass of 
adenoid tissue in the lower part of the 
eustachian tube, particularly along its median 
wall and about the pharyngeal orifice. G.'s 
Valve, a circular valve sometimes existing at 
the orifice of the vermiform appendix in the 
cecum. 

Gerlier's Disease. An endemic disease char- 
acterized by vertigo, ptosis, paresis of the 
extremities, and great depression. Syn., 
Vertige paralysant. 

Germ (jerm) [germen, sprig; offshoot]. 1. A 
portion of matter capable of developing into 
a living organism; a spore, seed, or embryo. 
2. A bacterium. G,-area, the spot on an 



GERMAN MEASLES 



447 



GILLENIA 



ovum where the development of the embryo 
begins. G.-centers, Flemming's, the areas 
in the adenoid tissue of the spleen and lym- 
phatic glands in which leukocytes are formed. 
G.s, Cohnheim's Tumor-, small aberrant 
or heterotopic masses of embryonic tissue 
from which newgrowths may originate. G.- 
epithelium, a thickening on the ventromesial 
aspect of the wolffian body, giving rise to 
the male and female sexual elements. G.- 
force, plastic or constructive force. G. -layer, 
any one of the layers of a developing embryo. 
G.-plasm, the reproductive or hereditary 
substance of living organisms, which is passed 
on from the germ-cell in which an organism 
originates in direct continuity to the germ- 
cells of succeeding generations. G. -ridge. 
Same as G. -epithelium. G. Theory, the 
doctrine of the origin of every organism from 
a germ or germ -plasm; also the theory that 
certain diseases are due to the development 
of microorganisms in the body. 

German Measles. See Rubeola. 

Germander (jer-man' -der) [ME., germawnder]. 
A popular name for plants of the labiate 
genus Teucrium. 

Germicidal (jer-mis-i' '-dal) [see Germicide]. 
Destroying germs. 

Germicide (jer' '-mis-Id) [germ; ccedere, to kill]. 
An agent that destroys germs. 

Germiletum (jer -mil-e' -turn) . An antiseptic 
said to consist of a solution of borohydrofluoric 
and borosalybenzoic acids, boroglycerol, and 
formaldehyd, with potassium permanganate, 
menthol, thymol, and aromatics. 

Germinal (jer'-min-al) [germ]. Pertaining to 
a germ or to the development of a tissue or 
organ. G. Area. See Germ-area. G. Disc. 
See Disc, Germinal. G. Membrane, the 
blastoderm. G. Spot, the nucleolus of the 
ovule. G. Vesicle, the blastodermic vesicle. 

Germination {jer -min-a! -shun) [germinatio, 
sprouting; budding]. Sprouting of a seed 
or spore. 

Germol (jer'-mol). A bactericidal preparation 
analogous to cresol-. 

Gerodermia (jer-o-der' -me-ah) . See Geromor- 
phism. 

Geromorphism (jer-o-mor'-fizm) [jT]pag, old 
age; piopcfrrj, form]. The appearance of age 
in a young person. 

Gerontic (jer-on'-tik) [yepovTCKoc, belonging to 
an old man]. Pertaining to old age. 

Gerontin {jer -on' -tin). See under Leukomains, 
Table of. 

Gerontopia (jer-on-to'-pe-ah). See Presbyopia 

Gerontoxon (jer-on-toks'-on) [yepcov, an old 
man; tocov, a bow]. The arcus senilis. 

Gerrard's Test for Glucose. To a 5 % solution 
of potassium cyanid add Fehling's solution 
until the blue color just commences to dis- 
appear. On heating this solution to boiling 
with one containing glucose, no precipitation 
of cuprous oxid results, but the solution will 
be more or less decolorized. 

Gersuny's Paraffin Prosthesis. See under 
Prosthesis. G.'s Symptom, a peculiar sen- 



sation of adhesion of the mucosa of the bowel 
to the fecal mass while pressure is made with 
the tips of the fingers in cases of coprostasis. 

Gestation {jes - ta' - shun) [gestare, to bear]. 
Pregnancy. G., Abdominal, the form of 
extrauterine gestation in which the product 
of conception is developed in the abdominal 
cavity. G., Double. 1. Twin pregnancy. 
2. The coexistence of uterine and extrauterine 
pregnancy. G., Ectopic. Same as G., Ex- 
trauterine. G., Extrauterine, pregnancy 
in which the product of conception is not 
contained in the uterine cavity. 

Ghee, Ghi [Hind.]. Butter clarified and lique- 
fied by slow boiling and used as a base for 
ointments and as a dressing for wounds. 

Giacomini's Band. A grayish band, contin- 
uous with the gyrus dentatus, which passes 
from the cleft between the hippocampal and 
uncinate gyruses transversely over the latter 
and disappears on its ventricular surface. 

Giant {ji'-ant) [y'cyac, giant]. A being or 
organism abnormally large. G.-cell. See Cell, 
Giant-. G.-fmger. Synonym of Macrodactyly. 

Giantism (ji'-ant-izm). See Gigantism. 

Gianuzzi's Cells, G.'s Crescents. See Cres- 
cents of Gianuzzi. 

Gibber (gib'-er) [gibbus, a hump]. A sac-like 
enlargement. G. inferior thalami. See 
Pulvinar. G. ulnae, the olecranon. 

Gibbons' Hydrocele. Hydrocele with a 
voluminous hernia. 

Gibbosity {gib-os'-it-e) [gibbus]. The condition 
of being humpbacked. 

Gibbous (gib' -us) [gibbus]. Humpbacked. 

Gibert's Pityriasis. Pityriasis rosea. 

Gibson's Bandage. A bandage for fracture 
of the lower jaw. 

Giddiness (gid'-e-nes) [ME., gidi, dizzy]. A 
sensation of whirling or unsteadiness of the 
body; vertigo. 

Gierke's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles, Gierke's. 
G.'s Respiratory Bundle. See Krause's 
Respiratory Tract. 

Gifford's Reflex. Contraction of the pupil, 
occurring when a strong effort is made to 
close the lids, which are kept apart. The 
phenomenon is noted in a certain proportion 
or normal eyes, but more frequently in cases 
of reflex and accommodative iridoplegia, 
especially in dementia paralytica, tabes, 
partial or total blindness from diseases of the 
optic nerve or retina, etc 

Gigantism (ji-gan'-tizm) [ycyac, giant] Ab- 
normal overgrowth or excessive size of the 
whole or of part of the body. 

Gigantoblast (ji - gan' -to - blast) [gigantism; 
(Haoxdc, a germ]. A large nucleated red cor- 
puscle, found in the blood in pernicious ane- 
mia. 

Gigantocyte (ji-ganf -o-sit) [gigantism; k'jxoc, 
cell]. A large nonnucleated red blood-cor- 
puscle. 

Gill (Jit) [gillo, a flask]. A measure of capacity 
containing one-fourth of a pint. 

Gillenia (jil-e'-ne-ah) [after A. Gill, a, German 
botanist]. A genus of rosaceous herbs. G. 



GILLENIN 



448 



GLAND 



stipulated (bowman's root; Indian physic) and 
G. trijoliala, of North America, are safe and 
effective substitutes for ipecac. Dose of 
fluidextract of G. trifoliata, as expectorant, 3-8 
min. (0.2-0.5 Cc); mild emetic, 20-30 min. 
(1.2-1.8 Cc). 

Gillenin (jil'-en-in) [see Gillenia]. The active 
principle of American ipecac. Dose 4-6 gr. 
(0.26-0.4 Gm.). 

Gilles de la Tourette's Disease. See under 
Tourette. G. de la TVs Sign. See under 
Tourette. 

Gilvor (jil'-vor) [gilvus, pale yellow]. The 
earthy complexion accompanying certain 
forms of cachexia and dyscrasia. 

Gimbernat's Ligament. See Ligament, Gim- 
bernat's. 

Gin (Jin) [OF., genevre, juniper]. Common 
grain-spirit distilled and flavored with juniper- 
berries. It is a stimulant and diuretic. 
Spiritus juniperi compositus is its official sub- 
stitute in the U. S. P. G.-drinker's Liver, 
the liver of atrophic cirrhosis. 

Ginger {jin'-jer). See Zingiber. 

Gingiva (jin-ji' -vah) [L.]. The gum; the 
vascular tissue surrounding the necks of the 
teeth and covering the alveoli. 

Gingival (jin'-jiv-al) [gingiva]. Pertaining to 
the gums. G. Line, a line along the gums, 
seen in chronic metallic poisoning, as the 
blue line of lead. 

Gingivitis (Jin-jiv'-i' -tis) [gingiva; cxcg, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the gums. 

Ginglymus (gin'-glim-us). See Diarthrosis. 

Ginseng (jin'-seng) [Chinese, jin-tsan, ginseng]. 
The root of several species of Panax or At alia. 
It has no other medicinal virtues than those 
of a demulcent, but it has a wonderful repu- 
tation in China, to which country most of 
it is exported. 

Giovannini's Disease. A rare form of nodular 
disease of the hair caused by a fungus. 

Giraldes' " Bonnet a Poll." Widening of 
the cranium in the frontal region in chronic 
hydrocephalus. G.'s Organ, the paradidymis, 
a small, tubular organ found at the junction 
of the spermatic cord and epididymis. It is a 
remnant of some of the lower wolffian tubules, 
and corresponds to the parovarium in the 
female. 

Giraldesian Organ. See Giraldes' Organ. 

Giraud-Teulon's Law. See Law, Giraud-Teu- 
lon's. 

Girdle {gir'-dl) [AS., gyrdel, a waistband]. A 
band designed to go around the body; a 
structure resembling a circular belt or band. 
G.-pain, a sensation as if a girdle were 
drawn tightly around the body. G., Pelvic, 
the bones (the two ossa innominata) form- 
ing the support for the lower limbs. G.-sen- 
sation. Same as G.-pain. G., Shoulder-, 
the system of bones supporting the upper 
limbs or arms. 

Githagism (gith'-a-jism) [gith, a black-seeded 
plant; agere, to carry]. The condition of 
chronic poisoning produced in man and 
animals attributed to the seeds of the corn- 



cockle (Lychnis githago), which often find 
their way into cereal foods. 

Giuffrida-Rugieri's Stigma of Degenera- 
tion. The absence or incompleteness of the 
glenoid fossa. 

Gizzard (giz'-ard) [L., gigeria, the cooked 
entrails of poultry]. The strong muscular 
stomach of birds used for triturating the food. 
A proprietary substance, ingluvin, prepared 
from it, has been used in dyspepsia. 

Glabella, Glabellum (gla-bel'-ah, -urn) [dim. of 
glaber, smooth]. The smooth triangular 
space between the eyebrows, just above the 
root of the nose. 

Glabrification (gla-bri-fi-ka'-shun) [glaber, 
smooth; facer e, to make]. The process of 
becoming smooth, glistening, and hairless. 

Glabrificins (gla-brif -is-ins) . See Antibodies. 

Glacial (gla' -she-al) [glades, ice]. Icy; re- 
sembling ice in appearance, as glacial acetic 
or phosphoric acid. 

Gladiolin (glad-i' -o-lin) [gladiolus']. An alkaloid 
in brain tissue. 

Gladiolus (glad-e-o' -lus) [dim. of gladius, a 
sword]. The middle or second piece of the 
sternum. 

Glairin {glar' -in) [OF., glair e, the white of 
egg; from clarus, clear]. A peculiar organic, 
gelatinous substance found on the surface of 
some thermal waters Syn., Baregin. 

Glairy (gldr'-e) [see Glairin]. Slimy; albuminous. 

Gland [glans, an acorn]. 1. An organ which 
secretes something essential to the system or 
excretes waste materials the retention of 
which would be deleterious to the body. The 
word is also applied to structures which were 
formerly thought to secrete, as the suprarenal 
capsules, the pineal gland, etc., but which 
have no visible secretion. In structure glands 
may be tubular or racemose, simple or com- 
pound. 2. The bulbous end of the penis and 
clitoris. G.s, Absorbent. See G.s, Lymphatic. 
G., Accessory Thyroid, a small mass of 
gland-tissue connected with the thyroid 
gland. G., Acinous. See G., Racemose. 
G., Admaxillary, an accessory parotid or 
salivary gland. G.s, Agminated. See Peyer's 
Glands. G.s, Axillary, the lymph-glands 
situated in the axilla. G. of Bartholin, a small 
gland on each side of the vagina, opening 
through a duct, on the inner side of the nym- 
pha; the vulvovaginal gland. G.s, Blood-. 
See G.s, Hematopoietic. G.s, Bronchial, the 
lymph-glands of the root of the bronchi. 
G.s, Brunner's, the racemose glands found 
in the wall of the duodenum. G.s, Bulboure- 
thral. See Cowper's Glands. G.s, Cabelli's, 
a ring of mucous glands in the mucosa of the 
esophagus, just above the cardia. G.s, Ceru- 
minous, the glands secreting the cerumen 
of the ear. G.s, Cervical, the lymph-glands 
of the neck. G.s, Clapton-Havers'. See 
Havers' Glands. G., Coccygeal, a small 
vascular body at the tip of the coccyx. Syn., 
Luschka's gland. G., Compound, one 
composed of a number of small pouches; a 
gland the duct of which is branched. G., 



GLAND 



449 



GLANDULA 



Conglobate. See G.s, Lymphatic. G.s, 
Cowper's. See Cowper's Glands. G., Ductless, 

a gland without a duct, as the suprarenal 
capsule. In reality ductless glands are not 
true glands. G., Duodenal. See G.s, Brun- 
ner's. G., Duverney's. See G. of Bartholin. 
G.s, Fraenkel's, minute glands opening 
immediately below the edge of the vocal 
cords. G.s, Gley's. G.s, Parathyroid. G.s, 
Havers', G.s, Haversian. See Havers' 
Glands. G.s, Hematopoietic, the socalled 
glands that are supposed to take part in 
the formation of the blood, as the spleen, 
thymus, suprarenal capsules, etc. G.s, He- 
molymph, certain glands occurring chiefly 
in the retroperitoneal region. They are 
intermediate between the spleen and ordi- 
nary lymph-glands. Their function is mainly 
hemolytic. There are two types to which 
the names splenolymph and manolymph 
or marrow-lymph are applied. G., Hu- 
guier's. See G. of Bartholin. G.s, Integu- 
mentary, the sebaceous and sudoriparous 
glands. G.s, Intercapsular, a long, nar- 
row, paired organ, found in the human embryo, 
corresponding in position and general appear- 
ance to the hibernating glands of the lower ani- 
mals, but from its inner lymphoid structure it 
is supposed to be a hemolymph gland; no trace 
of it persists to adult life. G.s, Intestinal, 
Solitary, the isolated lymph-glands distrib- 
uted through the intestinal mucous mem- 
brane. G., Lacrimal, a compound racemose 
gland in the upper and outer portion of the 
orbit, the function of which is to secrete the 
tears. G.s of Lieberkiihn. See Crypts of 
Lieberkuhn. G.s of Littre, G.s of Morgagni, 
the small racemose muciparous glands in 
the mucous membrane of the urethra. G., 
Luschka's. See Luschka's Gland. G.s, Lym- 
phatic, small oval masses of lymphatic tissue 
in the course of lymphatic vessels. Their 
functions are to act as filters to the blood, 
retaining foreign particles, and also to form 
white corpuscles. G.s, Mammary, the glands 
that secrete milk. G., Manolymph, G., 
Marrow-lymph, a variety of hemolymph 
gland. G.s,Manz\ See Manz's Glands. G.s, 
Meibomian, the minute sebaceous follicles 
between the cartilage and conjunctiva of the 
eyelids. G.s, Montgomery's, the sebaceous 
glands of the areola of the breast. G.s, 
Muciparous, G.s, Mucous, the glands in 
mucous membranes secreting mucus. G.s, 
Parathyroid, small lymphatic glands lying 
near the thyroid, but differing from it in 
histologic structure and not accessory to it. 
Syn., Gley's glands; Sandstroem' s glands. 
G., Parotid, a large salivary gland situated 
in front of the ear. G.s, Peptic. See Peptic 
Glands. G.s, Peyer's. See Peyer's Glands. 
G., Pineal. See Pineal Gland. G., Pitui- 
tary, a term for the hypophysis of 
the brain. G., Prostate. See Prostate 
Gland. G.s, Pyloric, the glands of the 
stomach situated near the pylorus and 
3° 



secreting pepsin. G., Racemose, a gland 
composed of a number of acini communicat- 
ing with several excretory ducts, which usu- 
ally join to form a common duct. G. , Rivini's. 
See G.s, Sublingual. G., Salivary, a gland 
that secretes saliva. G.s, Sandstroem's. 
See G.s, Parathyroid. G.s, Schiiller's, 
urethral glands, diverticulums of Gartner's 
ducts. G.s, Sebaceous, the glands in the 
corium of the skin, secreting sebum. G., 
Seminal, the testicle. G., Serous, a secreting 
gland, the cells of which are granular and 
spheric in form, with central nuclei, and which 
secrete a thin, watery fluid. G., Skene's. 
See Skene's Gland. G.s, Splenolymph, 
certain hemolymph glands intermediate 
between the spleen and ordinary lymph- 
glands. G.s, Sublingual, the smallest of the 
salivary glands, situated one on each side 
beneath the tongue. G., Submaxillary, a 
salivary gland situated below the angle of 
the jaw. G.s, Sudoriparous, the convoluted 
glands in the skin that secrete sweat. G., 
Suzanne's. See Suzanne's Gland. G., Thy- 
mus. See Thymus.. G., Thyroid. See 
Thyroid. G., Tiedemann's. See G. 
of Bartholin. G., Tubular, a gland having 
a tube-like structure. G., Tubular, Com- 
pound, one composed of a number of small 
tubules with a single duct. G., Urethral. 
See G.s of Littre. G., Vaginal, one of the 
glands in the vaginal mucous membrane. 
G., Virchow's. See Virchow's Gland. G., 
Vulvovaginal. See G. of Bartholin. G.s, 
Waldeyer's, modified sudoriparous glands, 
located at the attached border of the tarsal 
plates of the eyelids. G.s, Wasmann's, 
the peptic glands. G.s, Willis', the corpora 
albicantia. 

Glanderous {glan r -der-us) [glanders]. Affected 
with glanders. 

Glanders {glan'-derz) [gland]. A contagious 
disease of horses and asses, but communic- 
able to man, and due to the bacillus of 
glanders or Bacillus mallei. It appears in 
two forms — as glanders proper, when affecting 
the mucous membranes, and as farcy, when 
limited to the skin and lymphatic glands. 
On mucous membranes, especially the nasal, 
it manifests itself as isolated nodules which 
coalesce and break down into deep ulcers 
that involve the cartilages and bones. It is 
apt to extend down to the lungs and give rise 
to suppuration and pneumonic processes. In 
man the disease usually runs an acute febrile 
course, typhoid in type, and terminates 
fatally. Farcy is characterized by nodules 
{farcy-buds) in the skin and lymphatic glands, 
which break down into irregular chronic 
ulcers. 

Glandiform {glan' -de-form) [gland; forma, form]. 
r. Acorn-shaped. 2. Adenoid. 

Glandilemma (glan-dil-em' '-ah) [gland; Ikp-iia, 
husk]. The capsule of a gland. 

Glandula, Glandule (glan'-du-lah, glan'-dul) 
[L.]. A little gland. 



GLANDULAR 



450 



GLISCHROBACTERIUM 



Glandular (glan'-du-lar) [glandula]. Relating 
to, or of the nature of, a gland. 

Glandulen (glan' -du-len) . A preparation of 
the bronchial glands of sheep, used in the 
treatment of tuberculosis. Dose 12-20 gr. 
(0.77-1.3 Gm.) 3 times daily, 

Glanduliform (glan-du'-le-form). Shaped like 
a gland. 

Glans (glanz) [L., "an acorn"]. An acorn- 
shaped body. G. clitoridis, the rounded 
end of the clitoris, analogous to the glans 
penis of the male. G. penis, the conic body 
forming the head of the penis. 

Glaserian Artery. The tympanic artery. 
G. Fissure, the glenoid or petrotympanic 
fissure, which divides transversely the glenoid 
fossa of the temporal bone. 

Glasgow's Sign. A systolic sound in the 
brachial artery, heard in latent aneurysm of 
the aorta. 

Glass (glas) [AS., glees]. 1. A brittle, hard, 
transparent substance, consisting usually 
of the fused amorphous silicates of potassium 
and calcium, or sodium and calcium, with 
an excess of silica. 2. Any article made of 
glass. G., Crown-, a very hard glass, is a 
silicate of sodium and calcium. G., Flint-, 
that composed of lead and potassium silicates. 
G., Soluble, potassium or sodium silicate, 
used as a substitute for plaster-of-paris. 
G.-Wool, white, silky threads obtained by 
the action of a powerful blast on a falling 
stream of molten glass; it is used in draining 
wounds and in filtering strong acids and 
alkalis. Syn., Slag-wool. 

Glasses (glas'-es) [see Glass]. The popular term 
for spectacles or eye-glasses. G., Bifocal, 
those that have a different refracting power 
in the upper part from that in the lower; the 
effect is usually produced by the superposition 
of segment lenses. G., Prismatic, those 
formed of prisms; used in insufficiency and 
paralysis of the ocular muscles. 

Glauber Salt (glaw'-ber) [from Glauber, a Ger- 
man chemist]. Sodium sulfate. 

Glaucoma (glaw-ko' -mah) [yXaoKoc, sea-green]. 
A disease of the eye characterized by height- 
ened intraocular tension, resulting in hardness 
of the globe, excavation of the papilla or optic 
disc, a restriction of the field of vision, corneal 
anesthesia, colored halo about lights, and 
lessening of visual power that . may proceed 
to blindness. The etiology is obscure. G. 
absolutum, G. consummatum, the com- 
pleted glaucomatous process when the eyeball 
is exceedingly hard and totally blind. G. 
hsemorrhagicum, that associated with retinal 
hemorrhage. Syn., G. apoplecticum. G., Sec- 
ondary, that consequent upon other ocular 
diseases. G. simplex, that form without 
inflammatory symptoms. 

Glaucomatous (glaw-kom' '-at-us) [see Glau- 

. coma]. Affected with or pertaining to glau- 
coma. 

Gleet (gist) [AS., glidan, to glide]. The chronic 
stage of urethritis, characterized by a slight 
mucopurulent discharge. 



Gleety (gle'-te) [gleet]. Resembling the dis- 
charge of gleet. 

Glenard's Disease. Enteroptosis; abdominal 
ptosis. 

Glenohumeral (gle-no-hu 1 '-mer-al) [glenoid; 
humerus]. Pertaining to the glenoid cavity 
and the humerus. G. Ligaments, three 
ligaments of the capsule of the shoulder- 
joint. 

Glenoid (gle'-noid) [fXrjvr), a cavity; eldoc, 
likeness]. Having a shallow cavity; resem- 
bling a shallow cavity or socket. G. Cavity, 
the depression in the scapula for the reception 
of the head of the humerus. G. Fissure. 
See Glaserian Fissure. G. Fossa, a depres- 
sion in the temporal bone for articulation with 
the condyle of the lower jaw. 

Gley's Glands. The parathyroid glands. 

Glia (gli'-ah) [yX'ca, glue]. The neuroglia. 

Gliabacteria (gli-ah-bak-te' -re-ah) [glia; bac- 
teria]. Bacteria in the zooglea stage, em- 
bedded in a gelatinous matrix. 

Gliacyte (gW -ah-sit) [glia; kuzoc, cell]. A 
neuroglia cell. 

Gliadin (gli'-ad-in) [glia]. A proteid found 
in wheat-gluten. 

Gliococcus (gli-o-kok'-us) [glia; kokkoc, a 
berry]. A micrococcus invested with a gel- 
atinous envelop. 

Glioma (gli-o'-mah) [glia; ofia, a tumor]. A 
tumor composed of neuroglia cells, and 
occurring in the brain, spinal cord, retina, 
nerves, and suprarenal capsules. In the 
brain it closely resembles the brain-substance, 
but is usually more gelatinous and darker. 
In the retina it is often combined with sar- 
coma (glio sarcoma). It may also be com- 
bined with fibroma, myxoma, and neuroma. 
The last combination is known as neurogli- 
oma ganglionar e. 

Gliomatosis (gli-o-mat-o' -sis) [glioma]. The 
development of exuberant masses of glioma- 
like tissue in the nerve -centers. It is seen 
in the spinal cord in some cases of syringo- 
myelia. 

Gliomatous (gli-o' '-mat-us) . Of the nature of, 
or affected with, glioma. 

Gliomyoma (gli-o-mi-o' -mah) . Glioma com- 
bined with myoma. 

Gliomyxoma (gli-o-miks-o' -mah) . A glioma 
with a mucoid degeneration. 

Glioneuroma (gli-o-nu-ro' -mah) . See Neu- 
roglioma, Ganglionar. 

Gliosarcoma (gli-o-sar-ko' -mah) . A tumor 
having the neuroglia cells of glioma and the 
fusiform cells of sarcoma. 

Gliosis (gli-o' -sis) [glia; vooog, disease]. A 
brain disease marked by foci of sclerosed 
gray substance, with the formation of lacunar 
spaces within the foci. It differs from ordin- 
ary diffused sclerosis. G. cervicalis, syringo- 
myelia. 

Glischrin (glis'-krin). Malerba's name for a 
nitrogenous mucus formed in urine by Bac* 
terium gliscrogenum. 

Glischrobacterium (glis - kro - bah - te'-re - um) 
[yX'coxpoc, viscid; bacterium]. The micro- 



GLISCHROGENOUS 



451 



GLOSSOMANTEIA 



organism Bacterium gliscrogenum, causing 
mucous degeneration of the urine. 

Glischrogenous (glis-kroj'-en-us) [j-Xcoxpoc, 
viscid; yevvav, to produce]. Giving rise to 
viscidity. 

Glisson's Capsule. The interlobular connec- 
tive tissue of the liver, enveloping the portal 
vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic duct. 

Glissonian Cirrhosis. Perihepatitis. 

Glissonitis (glis-on-i'-tis). Inflammation of 
Glisson's capsule. 

Globin (glo'-bin) [globus]. A proteid derived 
from hemoglobin. 

Globomyeloma (glo-bo-mi-el-o' '-mah) [globus; 
myeloma]. A round-celled sarcoma. 

Globular Value. The relative amount of 
hemoglobin contained in a red corpuscle. 
It is a fraction of which the numerator is 
the percentage of hemoglobin and the de- 
nominator the percentage of corpuscle. 

Globularetin, Globularrhetin (glob-u-lar-e f - 
tiri), C 12 Hj 4 3 . A decomposition-product of 
globularin by the action of dilute acids. It 
is a powerful diuretic, stimulates the secretion 
of bile, and in large doses causes acute irrita- 
tion of the intestine. It is used with globu- 
larin in gout. Dose f gr. (0.038 Gm.). 

Globularin (glob-u-lar'-in), C 30 H 44 O H . A glu- 
cosid from the leaves of Globular ia alypum. 
Its action upon the heart and nervous sys- 
tem is similar to that of caffein, while it 
diminishes the quantity and specific gravity 
of the urine and its contained urates and uric 
acid. It is used in connection with globula- 
retin in gout, rheumatism, etc. 

Globule (glob' -ill) [dim. of globus]. A 
small spheric particle, as a blood-corpuscle 
or lymph-corpuscle; also a small pill or 
pellet. G.s, Directing, G.s, Directive, 
G.s, Extrusion, G.s, Polar. See Bodies, 
Direction. 

Globulicidal (glob-u-lis'-i-dal) [globule; ccedere, 
to kill]. Destructive to the blood-corpuscles. 

Globulin (glob' -u-lin) [globule]. 1. A gen- 
eral name for various proteids compris- 
ing globulin, vitellin, paraglobulin or 
serum-globulin, fibrinogen, myosin, and glo- 
bin, which differ from the albumins in not 
being soluble in water, but soluble in dilute 
neutral saline solutions. These solutions are 
coagulated by heat and precipitated by a 
large amount of water. 2. Specifically, a 
proteid found in the crystalline lens. See 
Hammarsten, Pohl. 

Globulinuria (glob-u-lin-u'-re-ah) [globulin; 
obpov, urine]. The presence of globulin in 
the urine. 

Globus (glo'-bus) [L.]. A ball or globe. G. 
hystericus, the "lump" or choking sensation 
occurring in hysteria, caused probably by 
spasmodic contraction of the esophageal and 
pharyngeal muscles. G. major, the larger 
end or head of the epididymis G. minor, 
the lower end of the epididymis. 

Glomer (glo'-mer) [glomus]. A conglomerate 
gland. 

Glomerate (glom' - er - at) [glomerare, to wind 



around]. Rolled together like a ball of 
thread. 

Glomerule, Glomerulus (glom'-er-ul, glom- 
er-u'-lus) [dim. of glomus]. 1. A small 
rounded mass. 2. A coil of blood-vessels 
projecting into the expanded end (Bowman's 
capsule) of each uriniferous tubule, and with 
it composing the malpighian body. G. of 
the Pronephron. See Glomus (1). G.s of 
the Spleen, round masses of lymphoid tissue 
developed in the adventitia of the arteries 
of the spleen. 

Glomerulitis (glom-er-u-W -tis) [glomerule; 
ctcc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
glomerules of the kidney. 

Glomerulonephritis (glom-er-u-lo-ne}-ri f -tis) 
[glomerule ; ve<j)p6<;, the kidney; txcc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the malpighian 
bodies of the kidney. 

Glomus (glo'-mus) [L., "a ball"; pi., glomeres]. 
1. A fold of the mesothelium arising near 
the base of the mesentery in the pronephron, 
and containing a ball of blood-vessels. Syn., 
Glomerule of the pronephron. 2. The part of 
the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle 
which covers the thalamus. Syn., Glomus 
chorioideum. 

Glonoin (glon' -o-in) [from Gl = glyceryl; 
O = oxygen; N = nitrogen, in the formula 
G10 3 (N0 2 ) 3 , in which Gl stands for glyceryl]. 
Nitroglycerin.* 

Glonoinism, Glonoism (glon'-o-in-izm, glon'- 
o-izm) [glonoin]. Intoxication by nitro- 
glycerin. 

Glossal (glos'-al) [yXtoooa, tongue]. Pertaining 
to the tongue. 

Glossalgia (glos-al'-je-ah) [glossa; aXyog, pain]. 
Pain in the tongue. 

Glossectomy (glos-ek'-to-me) [glossa; hxop.^, 
excision]. Amputation or excision of the 
tongue. 

Glossitis (glos-i'-tis) [glossa; txcc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the tongue. G. scle- 
rosa, fibroplastic cellular infiltration of the 
tongue, producing a sclerosis. 

Glosso- [yXuJeoa, tongue]. A prefix signifying 
the tongue. 

Glossodynamometer (glos-o-di-nam-om' -et-er) . 
An apparatus for estimating the capacity of 
the tongue to resist pressure. 

Glossoepiglottidean (glos-o-ep-e-glol-id' '-e-an) 
[glosso-; epiglottis]. Pertaining to both tongue 
and epiglottis. 

Glossograph (glos'-o-graf) [glosso-; ypafesv, 
to write]. An instrument for registering the 
movements of the tongue in speech. 

Glossohyal, Glossohyoid (glos - o - hi' -al, - oid) 
[glosso-; hyoid]. Pertaining to the tongue and 
the hyoid bone. 

Glossolabial (glos-o-la' -be-al) [glosso-; labium, 
lip]. Relating to the tongue and lips. 

Glossolabiolaryngeal Paralysis (glos-o-la-be-o- 
lar-in' -je-al) . See Bulbar Paralysis. 

Glossology (glos-ol'-o-je) [glosso-; XSyoc, a treat- 
ise]. A treatise concerning the tongue. 

Glossomanteia, Glossomantia (glos-o-man f - 
te-ah) [glosso-; p.avxeca, divination]. Progno- 



GLOSSOPALATINE 



452 



GLUTEN 



sis of a disease based on the appearance of the 
tongue. 

Glossopalatine (glos -o- pal'- at - en) [glosso-; 
palatum, palate]. Relating to the tongue 
and the palate. 

Glossopalatinus (glos -o -pal- at -i' -nus). See 
under Muscle. 

Glossopathy (glos-of -ath-e) [glosso-; rcadoc, 
disease]. Any disease of the tongue- 

Glossopeda (glos-o-pe' '-dah) [glosso-; pes, foot]. 
Synonym of Foot-and-mouth disease. 

Glossopharyngeal (glos-o-}ar-in r -je-al) [glosso-; 
pharynx], i. Pertaining to the tongue and 
the pharynx. 2. Pertaining to the glosso- 
pharyngeal nerve. 

Glossophytia (glos-o-fl' -te-ah) [glosso-; (j>uzov, 
a growth]. A dark discoloration of the 
tongue, due to the accumulation of spores and 
dead epithelium. Syn., Black tongue. 

Glossoplegia (glos-o-ple' -je-ah) [glosso-; nl-qy-q, 
stroke]. Paralysis of the tongue. 

Glossospasm (glos'-o-spazm) [glosso-; o7caojj.dc, 
spasm]. Spasm of the tongue. 

Glossotrichia (glos-o-trik' -e-ah) [glosso-; 6pi£, 
hair]. Hairy tongue. 

Glossy Skin. A peculiar shining condition 
of the skin, due to trophic changes follow- 
ing injury or disease of the cutaneous 
nerves. 

Glottis (glot'-is) [fXojTTic, glottis]. The space 
between the vocal bands. 



Thyroid Cartilage. 
Vocal Bands. 




Arytenoid Cartilage. 
Elastic Ligament. 



Shape of the Glottis When at Rest.— (Holden.) 



Glou-glou (gloo'-gloo). A gurgling sound sup- 
posedly produced in the stomach by the 
respiratory pressure of the diaphragm; heard 
only when the stomach has become more or 
less vertical and while a tight corset is. on. 
It is explained as being due to a temporary 
biloculation of the stomach by the corset. 

Glove-area. The area of anesthesia of the 
fingers, hand, and forearm in multiple neu- 
ritis. It corresponds to the region of skin 
covered by gloves of various lengths. 

Glovers' Stitch. The continuous suture used 
especially in repairing wounds of the intes- 
tine. 

Glucase (glu'-kdz). The enzym that hydrolyzes 
maltose. It is found in the blood, tissues, 
and juices of the animal body and in various 
species of yeast. 

Glucin (glu' -sin). The sodium salt of amido- 
triazin-sulfonic acid; a substance resembling 
saccharin, but less sweet. 



Glucohemia (glu-ko-he' '-me-ah) . See Glyco- 

hemia. 
Gluconic (glu-kon' -ik) [glucose]. Of or per- 
taining to glucose. 
Glucose (glu'-kos) [yXunuc, sweet]. 1. C 6 H 12 6 . 
Grape-sugar; dextrose. A form of sugar 
found in many fruits, in blood and in lymph, 
and in the urine in diabetes. It is crystal- 
line; its solution turns the plane of polarized 
light to the right; it is less soluble and less 
sweet than cane-sugar, and ferments readily. 
It can be obtained from starch by the action 
of diastatic ferments, or by boiling with dilute 
mineral acids, and crystallizes in nodular 
masses melting at 86° F. 2. A generic name 
for a class of carbohydrates having the com- 
position C 6 PI 12 6 , and of which ordinary 
glucose is the type. G., Tests for. SeeAlmen, 
Baeyer, Barfoed, Baumann, Boettger, Braun, 
Crismer, Fehling, v. Gebhart, Gentele, Gerrard, 
Haines, H assail, v. Jaksch, Knapp, Loewen- 
thal, Maumene, Molisch, Moore, Mulder, 
Nylander, Pavy, Penzoldt, Roberts, Rubner, 
Saccharimeter, Schiff, Silver, Soldani, Tollen, 
Trommer, Wender, Worm-M tiller. 
Glucosid (glu'-ko-sid) [glucose]. Any mem- 
ber of a series of compounds that may be 
resolved by an acid into glucose and another 
principle. The more important ones are 
amygdalin, arbutin, myronic acid, and salicin. 
Glucosin (glu'-ko-sin) [glucose]. Any one of 
a series of bases obtained by the action of 
ammonia on glucose. 
Glucovanillin (glu-ko-van-il'-in). See Gly- 

covanillin. 
Glue {glu) [Low L., glutem, accus. of glus, 
glue]. An impure gelatin prepared by boil- 
ing the skin, hoofs, and horns of animals. 
It is a very adhesive substance, and when 
cold, holds the surfaces between which it, is 
placed firmly together. 
Gluge's Corpuscles (glu'-gez) [Gluge, a pro- 
fessor of the University of Brussels]. Com- 
pound granular corpuscles; compound gran- 
ule-cells occurring in tissues that are the seat 
of fatty degeneration. 
Gliih Blocks. See Carboformal. 
Glutamic Acid (glu-tam'-ik), C 5 H 9 N0 4 . A 
crystalline acid found in gluten and other 
proteids. 
Glutaric Acid (glu-tar'-ik), C 5 H 8 4 . A crys- 
talline acid found in decomposed pus. 
Gluteal (glu-te'-al) [gluteus]. Pertaining to 
the buttocks. G. Artery. See under Artery. 
G. Muscles. See under Muscle. G. 
Nerve. See under Nerve. G. Reflex. See 
under Reflex. 
Gluten (glu'-ten) [L., "glue"]. A nitrogenous 
substance found in the seed of cereals. It 
consists mainly of gluten-fibrin, gluten-casein, 
gliadin, and mucedin. G.-bread, bread made 
from wheat-flour from which all the starch 
has been removed; it is used as a substitute 
for ordinary bread in diabetes. G. -casein, 
a nitrogenous substance resembling the casein 
of milk, and forming about 15 % of the gluten 
of flour. Syn., Vegetable casein. G. -fibrin, 



GLUTENIN 



453 



GLYCOPROTEIDS 



C^HsqNjoOh, a brownish mass extracted 
from gluten. 

Glutenin (glu'-ten-in). A proteid of wheat. 

Gluteofascial (glu-te-o-)ah' -she-al) [gluteus; 
fascia, bundle]. Relating to the fascia of 
the gluteal region. 

Gluteofemoral (glu-te-o-fem f -or-al) [gluteus; 
femur]. Relating to the buttock and the thigh. 

Gluteus (glu-te'-us) [yXouzoc, buttock]. One of 
the large muscles of the buttock. See under 
Muscle. 

Glutin (glu'-tin). i. See Gelatin. 2. Synonym 
of Gluten-casein. 

Glutinpeptone Sublimate (glu-tin-pef -ton) . 
An antiseptic preparation of mercury con- 
taining 25 % of mercury bichlorid and 
obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid 
on gelatin. It occurs as a hygroscopic white 
powder or a noncorrosive liquid used hypo- 
dermatically in syphilis. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). 

Glutoform, Glutol (glu'-to-form, glu'-tol). See 
Formaldehyd- gelatin. 

Gluton (glu'-ton) . A dietetic substance obtained 
from gelatin by the action of acids at a high 
temperature for several hours. 

Gluzinske's Test for Bile-pigments. Boil 
the solution for a few minutes with formalin, 
and an emerald-green coloration will result, 
changing to an amethyst-violet on the addition 
of a few drops of hydrochloric acid. 

Glycemia (gli-se' -me-ah) [^glucose; al[xa, blood]. 
The presence of glucose in the blood. 

Glyceric (glis-er' -ik) . Derived from glycerid 
or glycerol. 

Glycerid (glis r -er-id) [glycerol]. A compound 
of glycerol and an acid; the neutral fats 
are glycerids. 

Glycerin, Glycerinum (glis'-er-in, glis-er-i'- 
num) [yXunuc, sweet]. 1. See Glycerol. 2. In 
the British Pharmacopeia, a solution of a 
medicinal substance in glycerol; a glycerite. 
G. Suppositories (suppositoria glycerini, U.S. 
P.), each contains 6 Gm. of glycerol; they 
are used in constipation. 

Glycerite, Glyceri turn (glis'-er-it, glis-er-i'-tum) 
[see Glycerin]. A mixture of medicinal sub- 
stances with glycerol. The following glycerites 
are official : Glyceritum acidi tannici; G. amyli; 

« G. boro glycerini; G. ferri quinina et strych- 
nine phosphatum; G. Hydrastis; G. phenolis. 

Glycerol (glis' -er-ol) [see Glycerin], C 3 H 5 (HO) 3 . 
Glycerin. A colorless substance, of syrupy 
consistence, sweetish to the taste, obtained 
from fats and fixed oils. Chemically it is a 
triatomic alcohol, and may be looked upon 
as propenyl alcohol. It is soluble in water 
and in alcohol, and has a specific gravity of 
1.25 at 15 C. It is used as a vehicle in 
pharmaceutic preparations, as an emollient 
application to the skin, as a laxative adminis- 
tered by the mouth or in suppository, for 
tajnpons in pelvic congestion, as a substitute 
for sugar in diabetes, as a mounting-medium 
in microscopy, and as an addition to bacterio- 
logic culture-mediums. 

Glycerolate, Glycerolatum (glis'-er-o-lat, glis- 
er -o-la' -turn). Same as Glycerite. G., Aro- 



matic, a sticky, transparent substance con- 
sisting of tragacanth, 4 parts; acetone, 30 
parts; glycerol, 46 parts; water, 18 parts; 
aromatic perfume, 4 parts; it is recommended 
in the treatment of skin diseases. 

Glycerophosphate (glis-er -o-fos' -fat). A com- 
bination of glycerol and phosphoric acid with 
a base. 

Glyceryl (glis'-er-il) [glycerol]. The trivalent 
radicle, C 3 H 5 , of glycerol, combining with the 
fatty acids to form the neutral fats. G. Trini- 
trate, Spirit of (spiritus gly eery lis nitratis, U. 
S. P.), spirit of nitroglycerin. 

Glycin (gli' -sin). Synonym of Glycocoll. 

Glyco- (gli-ko-) [fXoKoc, sweet]. A prefix meaning 
sweet. 

Glycocholic Acid (gli-ko-koV -ik) [glyco-; joH], 
bile]. An acid found in the bile. See Acid, 
Glycocholic. 

Glycocoll (gli' -ko-kol) [glyco-; noXXa, glue], 
C 2 H 5 N0 2 . It is obtained when glyco- 
cholic acid is boiled with caustic potash, 
baryta-water, or with dilute mineral acids; 
also by boiling gelatin with dilute acids. It 
is capable of acting as a base and as an acid. 
Syn., Amidoacetic acid; Gelatin-sugar; Glycin. 

Glycogelatin (gli-ko-jeV -at-in) . An ointment- 
base consisting of glycerol and gelatin. 

Glycogen (gli'-ko-jen) [glyco-; yevvdv, to 
produce]. A carbohydrate found in the 
form of amorphous granules in the liver- 
cells, in all tissues of the embryo, in the 
testicle, muscles, leukocytes, fresh pus-cells, 
cartilage, and other tissues. It is formed 
from carbohydrates and probably also from 
proteids, and is stored in the liver, where it 
is converted, as the system requires, into 
sugar (glucose). Glycogen is soluble in 
water, is dextrorotatory, and is colored red by 
iodin. 

Glycogenal, Glycogenol (gli-ko' -jen-al, -ol). 
A substance allied to glycogen. It is used 
in tuberculosis by inhalation and internally. 
Dose 15-23 gr. (1.0-1.5 Gm.). 

Glycogeny (gli - kof - en - e) [glycogen]. The 
normal production of glycogen. 

Glycohemia (gli-ko -he f -me-ah) [glyco-; al/xa, 
blood]. A saccharine condition of the blood. 
Syn., Glycemia. 

Glycoheroin (gli-ko-her'-o-in). A proprietary 
liquid expectorant said to contain heroin and 
hyoscyamin. Dose- 1 dr. (4 Cc). 

Glycol (gli'-kol) [yXuKvc, sweet]. A diatomic 
alcohol; a compound intermediate in its 
properties and chemic relations between mono- 
hydric alcohol and trihydric glycerol. 

Glycolamin (gli-kol-am' '-in)-. Synonym of 
Glycocoll. 

Glycoline (gli' -kol-en) . A purified petroleum 
for use in atomizers. 

Glycolytic (gli-kol-it' -ik) [glucose; Xuotc, dissolu- 
tion]. Splitting up glucose. 

Glyconin (gli'-ko-nin). A mixture of yolk of 
egg, 45, and glycerol, 55 parts. Syn., Glyceri- 
tum vitelli. 

Glycoproteids (gli-ko-pro' -te-ids) [glyco-; pro- 
teid]. Compound proteids which on decom- 



GLYCOSAL 



454 



GOLDENSEAL 



position yield a proteid on one side and 
a carbohydrate or derivatives of the same on 
the other. Some glycoproteids are free from 
phosphorus (mucins, mucinoids, and hyalo- 
gens) and some contain it (phosphoglycopro- 
teids) . 

Glycosal (gW -ko-sal) . Monosalicylic glycerol 
ester, a white powder readily soluble in hot 
water and alcohol, and less freely in ether 
and chloroform. It is antirheumatic. Dose 
8-150 gr. (0.52-9.75 Gm.) a day. Applied 
in 20% alcoholic solution. 

Glycosemia (gli-ko-se' -me-ah) . See Glycemia 
and Glycohemia. 

Glycosuria (gli-ko-su'-re-ali) [glucose; oOpov, 
urine]. The presence of grape-sugar in 
the urine. For tests see under Glucose. G., 
Alimentary, that due to excessive inges- 
tion of carbohydrates. G., Anxiety (of v. 
Noorden), a transitory form due to worry. 
G., Artificial, a condition resulting from 
puncture of the diabetic center in the bulb. 
Syn., Artificial diabetes; Traumatic glycosuria. 
G., Diabetic, that in which sugar and 
oxybutyric acid and its derivatives are passed 
in the urine. G., Lipogenic, the glycosuria 
of obese subjects which does not amount to 
true diabetes. G., Persistent. Synonym 
of Diabetes mellitus. G., Toxic, that observed 
after poisoning by chloral, morphin, or curara, 
after inhalation of chloroform or carbonic 
oxid, and after the ingestion of phloridzin. 
G., Traumatic. See G., Artificial. G. of 
Vagrants, a transient form occurring in 
underfed vagrants. 

Glycothymolin (gli-ko-thi' '-mol-iri) . An anti- 
septic cleansing solution for the treatment 
of diseased mucous membrane. Said to con- 
sist of glycerol, sodium, boric acid, thymol, 
menthol, salicylic acid eucalyptol, and other 
antiseptics. 

Glycovanillin (gli-ko-van-il'-in), C 6 H 3 (OCH) 3 - 
(OC 6 H n 5 )CHO + 2FTO. The glucosid of 
vanillin, formed by the oxidation of coniferin 
with dilute chromium trioxid. Syn., Glucovan- 
illin. 

Glycozone (gW -ko-zon) . A combination of 
pure glycerol with 15 times its own volume 
of ozone at o° C. It is a healing agent, used 
in gastric ulcer, etc., in teaspoonful doses 
diluted with water. 

Glycuronic Acid (gli-ku-ron' '-ik) . See Acid, 
Glycuronic. 

Glycyrrhiza {glis-ir-i f -zah) [t^koc, sweet; p'c^a, 
root]. Licorice. The root of G. glabra, a de- 
mulcent and mild laxative of sweet taste. It 
is used in catarrhal affections and as an in- 
gredient of pills. G., Extract of {extr actum 
glycyrrhiza, U. S. P.). Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). 
G., Extract of, Pure {extr actum glycyr- 
rhiza purum, U. S. P.), used for making pills. 
G., Fluidextract of (fiuidextr -actum glycyr- 
rhizce, U. S. P.), used as a vehicle for ad- 
ministering quinin. G., Mixture of, Com- 
pound (mis tier a glycyrrhizce composita, U. 
S. P.), brown mixture. Dose 1-4 dr. (4-16 
Cc). G., Powder of, Compound (pulvis 



glycyrrhizce compositus, U. S. P.). Dose 
1 dr. (4 Gm.). G., Troches of, and Opium 
(trochisci glycyrrhizce et opii, U. S. P.). 
Dose 1 or 2. 

Glycyrrhizin, Glycyrrhizinum (glis-ir-iz'-in, 
-iz-i'-num) [glycyrrhiza]. The active principle 
of licorice-root. It is in reality an acid, glycyr- 
rhizic acid, QJHeyNOjg. G., Ammoniated 
(glycyrrhizinum ammoniatum, U. S. P.), a 
sweet preparation used as a substitute for 
licorice. Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32-1.0 Gm.). 

Glykaolin (gli-ka' -ol-in) . A compound of 
aluminium silicate, phenyl salicylate, and 
glycerol made into a smooth paste; it is 
indicated in the treatment of wounds, ulcers, 
sprains, burns, etc. 

Gm. An abbreviation of gram. 

Gmelin's Test for Bile-pigments in the 
Urine. Fuming nitric acid is carefully added, 
so that it forms a sublayer. At the junction 
of the two liquids a series of colored layers 
is formed, in the following order, from above 
downward: green, blue, violet, red, and red- 
dish-yellow. The green ring must always be 
present, and the reddish-violet at the same 
time; otherwise the reaction might be con- 
founded with that for lutein. 

Gnathic (na'-thik) [gnathion]. Pertaining to 
the jaw. G. Index. See Index, Gnathic. 

Gnathion (na'-the-on) [yvadoc, jaw]. The 
lowest point in the median line of the inferior 
maxilla. 

Gnathocephalus (nath - o-sef' -al- us) [gnathion; 
tce<f>aXr], the head]. A monster lacking all 
parts of the head except large jaws. 

Goa-powder. See Araroba. 

Goblet-cells. Beaker-shaped cells found in 
mucous membranes. 

Goggles (gog'-lz) [Irish and Gael., gog, a nod]. 
Spectacles with colored lenses and wire or 
cloth sides, to protect the eyes from excessive 
light or dust. 

Goiter (goi'-tr) [guttur, throat]. Enlargement 
of the thyroid gland. Syn., Bronchocele; 
Derbyshire neck; Tracheocele. G., Exoph- 
thalmic, a disease characterized by cardiac 
palpitation, goiter, exophthalmos, tremor, 
palpitation being usually the initial symptom. 
Syn., Basedow's disease; Graves' disease. 
See A badie, Dalrymple, Graeje, Stellwag, Vig- 
oroux, under Signs and Symptoms. Also see 
under Ballet, Becker, Bryson, Joffroy, Marie, 
Mobius. G., Pituitary, cystic and follicular 
degeneration in the hypophysis similar to that 
occurring in the thyroid gland. 

Goitriferous (goi-trif -er-us) [goiter; ferre, to 
bear]. Giving rise to goiters. 

Goitrous (goi'-trus) [goiter]. Relating to or 
affected with goiter. 

Gold. See Aurum. G.-beaters' Skin, a thin 
membrane prepared from the cecum of the 
ox. G., Fulminating, Au 2 3 (NH 3 ) 4 , a 
compound obtained from auric oxid or 
auric hydrate by action of ammonia; a green- 
ish-brown powder exploding with great vio- 
lence on heating or percussion. 

Goldenseal. See Hydrastis. 



GOLDFLAM'S DISEASE 



455 



GORGET 



Goldfiam's Disease. See Erb's Disease. 

Goldscheider-Marinesco's Law. The fewer 
connections a neuron has, and, consequently, 
the fewer stimuli it receives, the less is its 
tendency to degeneration. 

Golgi's Cells. Nerve-cells with very short 
processes found in the gray matter of the 
brain and spinal cord. G.'s Corpuscles. 
See Corpuscles, Golgi's. G.'s Funnels, funnel- 
shaped structures composed of spiral threads, 
described by Golgi and others as surrounding 
the axis-cylinder of a myelinic nerve-fiber and 
supporting the. myelin. They appear to be 
artificially produced in the process of staining. 

Golgi- Mazzoni's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles, 
Mazzoni's. 

Golgi-Rezzonico's Funnels. See Golgi's 
Funnels. 

Goll's Column. The posterointernal column 
of the spinal cord G.'s Nucleus, a small 
nucleus in the fasciculus gracilis of the oblon- 
gata in which the long fibers of Goll's column 
terminate. 

Golonboff's Sign of Chlorosis. An acute 
pain located directly over the spleen, and 
pain on percussion over the ends of the long 
bones, especially the tibias. 

Goltz's Experiment. Arrest of the heart's 
action produced in the frog by repeated tap- 
ping of the abdomen. 

Gombault-Phillippe's Triangle. The tri- 
angular area formed in the conus medullaris 
by the fibers which, higher up, compose the 
oval field of Flechsig. 

Gomenol (go' -men-ol) . A syrup used in per- 
tussis said to be prepared from the leaves of 
Melaleuca leucadendron. Dose 5-50 min. 
i. Q -33~3-33 Cc.) in capsules. 

Gomphiasis (gom-fi'-as-is) [yopcfiiaocc, tooth- 
ache]. Looseness of the teeth. 

Gomphosis (gom-fo'-sis). See Synarthrosis. 

Gonae (go'-ne) [L.]. The genitals. 

Gonagra (gon-a'-grah) [yo^o, knee; aypa, seiz- 
ure]. Gout of the knee-joint. 

Gonangiectomy (go-nan-je-ek' -to-me) [rovof, 
generation; ayyilov, vessel; i/czoprj, excision]. 
Excision of a portion of the vas deferens. 

Gonarthritis (gon-ar-thri'-tis) \jovu, knee; 
arthritis]. 1. Inflammation of the knee-joint. 
2. Synonym of Gonorrheal synovitis. 

Gonarthrocace (gon-ar-throk' -as-e) [ybvu, knee; 
apdpov, a joint; kolhtj, evil]. White swelling 
of the knee-joint. 

Gonarthromeningitis (gon-ar-thro-men-in-ji'- 
tis) \joiy'j, knee; apdpov, a joint; pffjcyz, mem- 
brane; crcc, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the synovial membrane of the knee. 

Gonecyst (gon'-e-sist) [your], semen; kuotcc, 
cyst]. A seminal vesicle. 

Gonecystitis (gon-e-sis-ti' '-tis) [gonecyst; c~ig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the seminal 
vesicles. 

Gonepoietic (gon-e-poi-et'-ik) [yovrj, semen; 
-o.'cZv, to make]. Pertaining to the secretion 
of semen. 

Gongyloid ( gon' -jil-oid) [yoyyuXog, round; eldoc, 
likeness]. Having an irregular round shape. 



Gonid (go'-nid). See Gonidium. 

Gonidium (go-nid '-e-um) \jovr), seed; pi., go- 
nidia]. In biology, (a) one of the grass-green 
algal elements of the lichen thai! us; (b) also 
called gonid, and applied to various asexually 
produced reproductive bodies. 

Goniometer (go-ne-om' -et-er) [gonion; ph- 
pov, a measure]. An apparatus for measur- 
ing lateral curvatures, adduction and abduc- 
tion in hip-joint disease, the angle of anky- 
losed joints, etc., and the angles of crystals. 
G., Vesical, an apparatus to measure the 
angle formed by the long axis of the urethra 
with a line drawn from the internal urethral 
orifice to the mouth of the ureter. 

Gonion (go' -tie-on) [yio^'ca, an angle]. In cranio- 
metry, the outer side of the angle of the in- 
ferior maxilla. 

Gonococcemia (gon-o-kok-se'-me-ah) [gonococ- 
cus; alua, blood]. The presence of gonococci 
in the blood. 

Gonococcia (gon-o-kok' -se-ah) . Same as Gono- 
hemia. 

Gonococcus (gon-o-kok' -us) [yo^r /} semen; kokkoc, 
a berry]. The organism causing gonorrhea. 
See Micrococcus gonorrhoea' under Bacteria. 

Gonocyte (gon'-o-sit) [yow t , semen; kjzoc, cell]. 
Van Beneden's name for the ovum which 
contains only the female pronucleus, the male 
part having been expelled as directive bodies. 
G., Male, a spermatozoon. 

Gonohemia (gon-o-he' -me-ah) [gonorrhea; alpa, 
blood]. Generalized gonorrheal infection. 

Gonorrhea (go n -or -e' -ah) [yo^i n semen; po'ca, 
a flow]. A specific infectious inflammation 
of the mucous membrane of the urethra and 
adjacent cavities, due to the gonococcus of 
Neisser. The disease is characterized by 
pain, burning urination, a profuse muco- 
purulent discharge, and a protracted course. 
It is likely to become chronic, and is frequently 
accompanied by complications — prostatitis, 
periurethral abscess, epididymitis, cystitis, 
purulent conjunctivitis. It may also cause 
arthritis (gonorrheal rheumatism), endocar- 
ditis, and, in women, salpingitis. G., Dry, a 
form unassociated with discharge. 

Gonorrheal (gon-or-e'-al) [gonorrhea]. Relating 
to gonorrhea, as gonorrheal ophthalmia. G. 
Rheumatism, inflammation of one or more 
'joints as a sequel of gonorrhea. 

Gonotoxemia (gon-o-toks-e' -me-ah). Toxemia 
attributable to infection with the gonococcus. 

Gonotoxin (gon-o-toks'-in). A nondialyzable 
toxin produced both in the cocci and in the 
culture-mediums by gonococci. 

Goodell's Law, G.'s Sign. When the cervix 
is as hard as one's nose, pregnancy does not 
exist; when it is as soft as one's lips, preg- 
nancy is probable. 

Goose [AS., gos]. A bird of the family 
Anserine. G.-flesh, G.-skin, a condition of 
the skin marked by prominence about the 
hair -follicles. Syn., Cutis anserina. 

Gorget (gor'-jei) [gurges, a chasm]. A chan- 
neled instrument, similar to a grooved director, 
used in lithotomy. 



GOSSELIN'S FRACTURE 



456 



GRADUATE 



Gosselin's Fracture. A V-shaped fracture of 
the lower end of the tibia. 

Gossypium (gos-ip' '-e-um) [L.]. The cotton- 
tree, Gossypium herbaceum, and other species 
of Gossypium, of the order Malvaceae. 
Gossypii cortex (U. S. P.), cottonroot bark, 
is used as an emmenagog, especially in the 
form of the fluidextract. Dose ^-i dr. (2-4 
Cc). G. purificatum (U. S. P.), purified 
cotton; absorbent cotton; cotton-wool; the 
hairs of the seed of Gossypium herbaceum 
■ and of other species of Gossypium, used as 
a dressing and as a substitute for sponges 
in surgery; in pharmacy, as a filtering medium. 
Gossypii seminis, Oleum (U. S. P.), cotton- 
seed oil, is used in ointments. See also Cotton. 

Gottstein's Basal Process. The attenuated 
process of an outer hair-cell connecting the 
latter with the basilar membrane of Corti's 
organ. 

Gouge (gowj) [Fr.]. An instrument for cut- 
ting or removing bone or other hard struc- 
tures. 

Goulard's Cerate. A mixture of lead sub- 
acetate, 20, and cerate of camphor, 80. G.'s 
Extract, an aqueous liquid containing lead 
acetate, 180; lead oxid, no; distilled water, 
710. Syn., Liquor plumbi subacetatis. 

Gould's Bowed-head Sign. In retinitis pig- 
mentosa or other disease destroying the 
peripheral portion of the retina the patient 
often bows the head low to see the pavement, 
in order to bring the image upon the func- 
tional portion of the retina. 

Goundou {goon'-doo). An affection occurring 
among the negroes of the western coast of 
Africa. It consists of the growth of two bony, 
ovoid, symmetric tumors which arise at the 
root of the nose on each side and which, by 
their growth, narrow the nasal fossas and 
interfere with vision. 

Gousset's Symptoms of Phrenic Neuralgia. 
A painful point, always present and well 
defined, to the right of the fourth or fifth 
chondrosternal articulation; it must not be 
confounded with the retrosternal pain of 
chronic aortitis. 

Gout (gowt) [gutta, a drop]. A disease charac- 
terized by a paroxysmal painful inflammation 
of the small joints, particularly the great toe, 
accompanied by the deposit of sodium urate. 
The attack usually comes on at night, is 
attended by a dusky, glazed swelling of the 
joint and agonizing pain, and disappears with 
a sweat in the morning, to recur again at 
night. In some cases gout presents an atypi- 
cal form, appearing as dyspepsia, bronchitis, 
or intestinal catarrh; at times it produces 
pneumonia and inflammation of the serous 
membranes. The cause of gout is not definitely 
known, but is connected with an excess of uric 
acid or urates in the blood. The diseaseis most 
common in high livers. G., Anomalous, G., 
Atypical, that marked by unusual symp- 
toms or at first affecting unusual parts of the 
body. G., Asthenic, G., Atonic, a chronic 
form marked by enlargement of the joints 



and thickening and distention of the ligaments 
and tissues. G., Edematous, that in which 
the swelling is not attended with heat, redness, 
nor severe pain. G., Latent, G., Masked, 
lithemia, a condition ascribed to a gouty 
diathesis, but not presenting the typical symp- 
toms of gout. G., Poor-man's, gout due 
to exposure, poor food, and excess in the 
use of malt liquors. G., Retrocedent. 1. 
That form that presents severe internal mani- 
festations, without the customary arthritic 
symptoms. Syn., Anomalous, Misplaced, or 
Wandering gout; Arthritis aberrans; Arthri- 
tis erratica. 2. Gout which leaves the joints 
suddenly, to appear in the brain, stomach, 
or other internal organ. Syn., Abarticular, 
Displaced, Extraarticular, Flying, Metastatic, 
Migrating, Recedent, Retrograde, or Trans- 
ferred gout. G., Rheumatic. See Arthritis, 
Rheumatoid. G., Tophaceous, a form 
marked by a deposit of sodium urate on the 
joint-cartilages and the formation of bony or 
cartilaginous growths around the ends of the 
bones. 

Gouty (gow'-te) [gout]. Of the nature of 
gout; affected with gout. G. Kidney, 
chronic interstitial nephritis due to gout. 

Gowers' Column. The ascending antero- 
lateral tract of the spinal cord. G.'s Inter- 
mediate Process, the lateral horn, a pro- 
jection of the intermediate gray substance in 
the dorsal region of the spinal cord. G.'s 
Symptom, intermittent and abrupt oscilla- 
tions of the iris under the influence of light, 
anterior probably to the total loss of the reflex; 
it is occasionally seen in tabes dorsalis. 

Goyrand's Hernia. Inguinointerstitial hernia; 
incomplete inguinal hernia. 

Graafian Follicles, G. Vesicles [Ragner de 
Graaf, a Dutch anatomist]. Vesicular bodies 




Graafian Follicle and Ovule 
Disc. 



WITH PROLIGEROUS 



found in the cortical layer of the ovary, and 

each containing an ovum. G. Oviduct. See 

Oviduct. 
Gracilis (gras'-il-is). See under Muscle. 
Gradatory (grad' -at-o-re) [graduate]. Adapted 

for walking. 
Graduate (grad f -u-at) [gradus, a step]. A 



GRADUATED 



457 



GRANULE 



vessel upon which the divisions of liquid 
measure have been marked. 

Graduated (grad'-u-a-ted). Arranged in de- 
grees or steps. G. Compress, a compress 
made of pieces decreasing progressively in 
size, the apex or smallest piece being applied 
to the focus of pressure. 

(von) Graefe's Disease. Progressive ophthal- 
moplegia, v. G.'s Knife, a narrow knife for 
the performance of the operation for cataract. 
v. G.'s Sign, v. G.'s Symptom. See under 
Signs and Symptoms, v. G.'s Spots, certain 
spots near the supraorbital foramen, or over 
the vertebras, which, when pressed upon, cause 
a sudden relaxation of the spasm of the eyelids 
in cases of blepharofacial spasm. 

Graft [ME., graffe, from ypafecv, to write]. 
A small portion of skin, bone, periosteum, 
nerve, etc., used to replace a defect in 
a corresponding structure. G., Auto- 
plastic, a graft taken from the patient's own 
body. G., Heteroplastic, a graft taken from 
a person other than the subject. G., Omen- 
tal, a small strip of omentum used to 
strengthen the line of suture in enterorrhaphy. 
G., Periosteal, one of periosteum to cover 
denuded bone or to be placed where bone 
has been removed to favor new formation. 
G., Skin-, a small portion of skin inserted 
upon a raw surface, such as is produced by 
a burn, to assist in reproducing the integu- 
ment. G., Sponge-, the insertion of a piece 
of sponge into the tissues to act as a frame- 
work for granulations. 

Graham's Law. The rate of diffusion of 
gases through porous membranes is in inverse 
ratio to the square root of their density. 

Grain {gran) [granum, grain], i. Seed, as that 
of the cereals. 2. A body resembling a seed, 
as a starch -grain. 3. The unit of weight of 
the troy and the avoirdupois system of weights. 
See Weights and Measures. G.s of Paradise, 
the unripe fruit of Amomum melegueta and 
of A. granum-paradisi, brought from West 
Africa. It is an aromatic stimulant and 
diuretic, useful in some cases of neuralgia. 
Unof. 

Gram, Gramme {gram) [ypa/ijia, inscription]. 
The gravimetric unit of the metric system of 
weights and measures, equivalent to the 
weight of a cubic centimeter of distilled water 
at its maximum density. See Weights and 
Measures. 

Gram's Method. A method for staining bac- 
teria. The bacteria on the cover-glass or in 
the section are stained first with Ehrlich's 
solution, and then are treated with Gram's 
solution (iodin. 1; potassium iodid, 2; water, 
300), and then with alcohol. Some bacteria 
give up the color when washed with alcohol. 
G.'s Solution. See under G.'s Method. 

Grammolecule {gram-moV-e-kul). In a solu- 
tion or mixture, the weight of an atom or 
molecule of the active chemical expressed in 
grams. Syn., Grammole; Mol; Mole. 

Gramnegative {gram-neg' '-at-iv) . Incapable 
of staining by Gram's method. 



Grampositive {gram-pos'-it-iv). Capable of 
staining by Gram's method. 

Granatum {gran-a' -turn) . Pomegranate. The 
bark of the stem and root of Punica granatum. 
The bark contains punicotannic acid and man- 
nite, but the active principle is the alkaloid pel- 
letierin, C 8 H 13 NO. The chief use of pomegran- 
ate and its preparations is as a teniacide. The 
decoction consists of 2 oz. of bark in 2 pints 
of water, boiled down to a pint. See also 
Pelletierin. Granati, Fluidextractum (U. S. 
P.), fluidextract of pomegranate. Dose 30 
min. (2 Co). 

Grancher's Disease. A form of pneumonia 
with splenization of the lung, the coagulable 
exudate filling not only the alveoli, but also the 
larger bronchi. Syn., Desnos' pneumonia, 
Pneumonie pleuretique; S pi eno pneumonic 
G.'s Sign, a raised pitch of inspiratory mur- 
mur, an indication of pulmonary consolida- 
tion. G.'s Triad, the three symptoms char- 
acteristic of incipient pulmonary tuberculosis: 
weakened vesicular murmur, increased vocal 
fremitus, and skodaic resonance. 

Grand mal [Fr., "great evil"]. Epilepsy. See 
also Petit mal. 

Grandry's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles, 
Grandry's. 

Granula {gran' -u-lah) {granum, a grain]. The 
granules, cytoblasts, or microsomes of proto- 
plasm. 

Granular {gran'-u-lar) [granide]. Made up of, 
or containing, granules. G. Layer. See under 
Retina. G. Lids, trachoma. G. Pharyngitis, 
pharyngitis characterized by the presence of 
prominent follicles. 

Granulase {gran'-u-laz) [granum]. An enzym 
found in cereals, converting starch into ach- 
roodextrin and maltose. 

Granulation {gran-u-la' -shun) [granide']. 1. A 
capillary loop of blood-vessels surrounded by a 
group of connective-tissue cells; also the pro- 
cess by which these are formed. 2 . The forma- 
tion of new or cicatricial tissue in the repair of 
wounds or ulcers, the surface of which has 
a granular appearance; also, any one of the 
elevated points of such a surface or formation. 
G.s, Erethistic, G.s, Erethitic, an acestoma 
in which severe pain and hemorrhage are 
caused by slight irritation. G., Exuberant, 
G., Fungous, an acestoma secreting thin, 
mucopurulent matter due to local edema or 
to excessive formative power. G. Tissue, 
the material consisting of granulations by 
which the repair of loss of substance or the 
healing together of surfaces is brought about. 

Granule {gran'-uT) [granidum, a. little grain]. A 
small grain, body, or particle, as the granules 
of a cell; also a small pill. G.s, Altmann's. 
See Altmann's Granules. G.s, Chromophil. 
See Nissl's Bodies. G.s, Claude Bernard's, 
the granules in the secreting cells of the 
pancreas. G.s, Edematin, the micro- 
somes forming the mass of the nuclear 
sap. They have been identified with the 
1 ' cyanophilous granules" of the nucleus. 
G.s, Interstitial, those occurring in the 



GRANULIFORM 



458 



GRAWITZ'S TUMOR 



sarcoplasm of striated muscle-fibers; they 
consist of fat and probably also of lecithin. 
G.s, Leukocyte, the amphophil, basophil, 
eosinophil, neutrophil, or oxyphil bodies 
observed in leukocytes. Cf. Color -analysis. G.s, 
Lymph, lymph-corpuscles. G.s, Malpighi's, 
malpighian corpuscles. G.s, Neusser's, baso- 
philic granules sometimes found in the leuko- 
cytes of the blood, near the nuclei. G.s, 
Nissl's. See Nissl's Bodies. G.s, Osseous, 
very small granules of inorganic matter which 
are found in the matrix of bone. G.s, Vitel- 
line, G.S, Yolk. See Spheres, Vitelline. 
G.s, Zimmermann's. Same as Bizzo- 
zerd's Blood-platelets. G.s, Zymogen, G.s, 
Zymogenous, certain granules in the pan- 
creatic cells supposed to give origin to the 
pancreatic ferments. 

Granuliform (gran-u'-le-form) [granule; forma, 
form]. Resembling small grains. 

Granulofatty (gran-u-lo-fat'-e). Applied to 
cells in tissue undergoing fatty degeneration, 
which contain granules of fat. Syn., Granu- 
loadipose. 

Granuloma {gran-u-lo' -mah) [granule; bjia, a 
tumor]. A tumor or tumor-like nodule made 
up of granulation tissue. G. annulare, a 
peculiar disease midway between inflamma- 
tion and a neoplasm, characterized by the 
formation of pale-red or violaceous red nodules 
on the wrists, backs of the hands, and neck, 
which develop slowly and form circles by 
confluence. The lesions are firm; the mu- 
cous layer is enormously thickened. G., 
Infectious, that due to a specific micro- 
organism, as tubercle, gumma, etc. G. 
trichophyticum, granuloma due to Tricho- 
phyton. G. tropicum, frambesia. 

Granuloplasm {gran 1 ' -u-lo-plazm) [granule; 
plasma, something formed]. The granular 
protoplasmic mass in the inner part of a cell. 

Granulose (gran f -u-los) [granule]. The mate- 
rial that forms the inner portion of starch- 
granules. 

Granum (gra'-num). See Grain. 

Grape-cure (grap'-kur). A treatment of pul- 
monary tuberculosis consisting in the inges- 
tion of large quantities of grapes. 

Grape-sugar. See Glucose and Dextrose. 

Graphic (graf'-ik) [ypafocv, to write]. Relating 
to writing or recording, or to the process of 
making automatic tracings of phenomena, 
showing degree, rhythm, etc. 

Graphite {graf'-it) [see Graphic]. Plum- 
bago or black-lead, an impure allotropic 
form of carbon. It has been applied exter- 
nally in skin diseases. 

Grapho- (graf-o-) [jpafecv, to write]. A prefix 
meaning to write. 

Graphology {gra}-oV-o-je) [grapho-; Xoyoc, 
science]. The study of the handwriting 
for the purpose of diagnosing nerve 
disease. 

Graphomotor {graf-o-mo'-tor) [grapho-; movere, 
to move]. Relating to graphic movements. 

Graphorrhea {graf-or-e' -ah) [grapho-; peia, flow]. 
An intermittent condition in certain forms 



of insanity, marked by an uncontrollable desire 
to cover pages with usually unconnected and 
meaningless words. 

Graphoscope (graf'-o-skop) [grapho-; oKonelv, 
to view]. A convex lens devised for the 
treatment of asthenopia and progressive 
myopia. 

Graphospasm {graf'-o-spazm) [grapho-; cnzao- 
fj.dc, spasm]. Writers' cramp. 

Grashey's Aphasia. Aphasia due to dimin 
ished duration of sensory impressions, with 
consequent disturbance of perception and as- 
sociation ; it is seen in concussion of the brain 
and in certain acute diseases. 

Grasset-Rauzier's Type of Syringomyelia. 
A form with marked sudoral and vasomotor 
symptoms. 

Grating (grafting) [grata, a grating], i. A 
frame or screen composed of bars. 2. A 
sound produced by the friction of very rough 
surfaces against each other. 3. A glass 
ruled with exceedingly fine parallel lines to 
produce chromatic dispersion in the rays of 
light reflected from it. 

Gratiolet's Optic Radiation. Fibers that 
pass from the optic center in the occipital 
lobe to the pulvinar and external geniculate 
body. Syn., GratiolePs fibers. 

Grattage (grat-ahzh) [Ft.]. A method of 
removing morbid growths, as polyps or 
trachomatous granulations, by rubbing with 
a harsh sponge or brush. 

Gravative (grav'-ah-tiv) [gravis, heavy]. At- 
tended by a sense of weight; said of the 
pressure-pains of tumors. 

Gravel {grav'-l) [Fr., gravelle, from Bret., 
grouan, gravel]. A granular, sand-like ma- 
terial forming the substance of urinary cal- 
culi, and often passed with the urine in the 
form of detritus. 

Graves' Disease. See Goiter, Exophthalmic. 
G.'s Sign, an increase of the systolic impulse 
often noted in the beginning of pericarditis. 

Gravid {grav'-id) [gravidus, pregnant]. - Pregnant. 
G. Uterus, the uterus during pregnancy. 

Gravida {grav' -id-ah) [gravid]. A pregnant 
woman. 

Gravidocardiac {grav-id-o-kar'-de-ak) [gravid; 
cardiac]. Relating to cardiac disorders due 
to pregnancy. 

Gravimetric (grav-e-met'-rik) [gravis, heavy; 
ixkxpov, a measure]. Pertaining to measure- 
ment by weight. G. Analysis. See Analy- 
sis, Gravimetric. 

Gravistatic {grav-is-tat'-ik) [gravis; orarctcrj, 
the art of weighing]. Due to gravitation; 
applied to a form of congestion. 

Gravity {grav'-it-e) [gravis]. Weight. G., 
Specific, the measured weight of a sub- 
stance compared with that of an equal volume 
of another taken as a standard. For gaseous 
fluids, hydrogen is taken as the standard; 
for liquids and solids, distilled water at its 
maximum density. 

Grawitz's Tumor. A lipomatoid tumor of 
the kidney having its origin in aberrant 
masses of suprarenal tissue and situated 



GRAY 



459 



GROOVE 



immediately beneath the renal capsule. Syn., 
Uypemep hroma. 

Gray (gra) [AS., grceg]. The color obtained by 
mixing white and black. G. Hepatization. 
See Hepatization, Gray. G. Matter, that 
forming the outer part of the brain and the 
inner part of the cord, containing the 
specialized cells of these parts. G. Powder. 
See Mercury with Chalk. 

Green {gren) [ME., grene]. Of the color of 
grass, obtained by mixing yellow and blue. 
G\ -blindness, a variety of color-blindness 
in which green is not distinguished. G., 
Paris-, copper acetoarsenite. G., Scheele's, 
copper arsenite. G., Schweinfurt. Synonym 
of G., Paris-. 

Greensickness {gren' -sik-nes) . Chlorosis. 

Greenstick Fracture. See Fracture, Greenstick. 

Greffotome (gref'-o-tom) [Fr., greffe, graft; 
zo [i6c, cutting]. A knife used in cutting slips 
for surgical grafting. 

Gregarina {greg-ar-i'-nah) [grex, a herd]. A 
genus of Protozoa. 

Gregory's Powder. Compound rhubarb pow- 
der. 

Grehant's Method for Determining Urea 
in Blood and Tissues. It makes use of a 
solution of mercury, i Gm., in 10 Cc. of pure 
nitric acid, for decomposing the urea; the 
C0 2 and N are liberated, enabling one to 
estimate the urea. 

Griesinger's -Disease. Uncinariasis. G.'s 
Sign. i. An edematous swelling behind the 
mastoid process in thrombosis of the trans- 
verse sinus. 2. In thrombosis of the basilar 
artery, compression of the carotids produces 
symptoms of cerebral anemia (pallor, syncope, 
convulsions). This sign is of doubtful value, 
as it may also be caused by disturbances of 
the cerebral circulation resulting from car- 
diac and vascular lesions (especially arterio- 
sclerosis) . 

Griess' Red Paper. Paper charged with 
sulfanilic acid and naphthylamin sulfate, used 
in testing for nitrous acid, nitrites, bilirubin, 
and aldehyds. G.'s Test for Nitrous Acid, 
an intense yellow color is produced by the 
addition of a solution of metadiamidobenzol 
to a dilute solution containing nitrous acid 
previously acidified with a few drops of sul- 
furic acid. G.'s Yellow Paper, paper 
charged with sulfanilic acid and metadi- 
amidobenzene ; used as a sensitive test for 
nitrites. 

Griffith's Mixture. A mixture of iron sulfate, 
6; myrrh, 18; sugar, 18; potassium carbo- 
nate, 8; lavender, 50; rose-water, 900. 

Grigg's Test for Proteids. A precipitate is 
formed with all proteids except peptones on 
adding a solution of metaphosphoric acid. 

Grinbert's Test for Urobilin. Boil together 
equal parts of urine and hydrochloric acid 
and shake with ether. In the presence of 
urobilin the ether assumes a brownish-red 
color with a greenish fluorescence. 

Grindelia (grin-de 1 '-le-ah) [after H. Grindel, 
a German botanist]. The leaves and flower- 



ing tops of G. robusta, wild sunflower or gum- 
plant, and G. squarrosa. G., Fluidextract 
of {fluidext? -actum grindelice, U. S. P.). Dose 
J-i dr. (2-4 Cc). It is used in asthma, 
bronchitis, and whooping-cough, and locally 
in rhus-poisoning. 

Grinder {grin'-der) [AS., grindan, to grind]. 
A molar tooth. ', 

Grinders' Asthma. A fibroid pneumonia, 
a chronic affection of the lungs resulting 
from the inspiration of metallic or silicious 
dust. 

Grip, la Grippe {grip, lah grip). See Influ- 
enza. 

Gripe {grip) [ME., gripen, to seize]. 1. To 
suffer griping pain. 2. A spasmodic pain in 
the bowel. G., Cutting on the, an old 
method of operating for vesical calculus by 
cutting down directly on the stone in the 
perineum after having forced it down with 
the fingers inserted in the rectum. G. -stick, 
a tourniquet. 

Gripes {grips) [see Gripe]. Colic; tormina. 

Grippotoxin {grip-o-toks'-in). A name for the 

' toxin elaborated by Bacillus influenza. 

Grisolle's Sign. The early eruption of small- 
pox is distinguished from that of measles 
by the fact that the papules remain distinct 
to the touch even when the skin is tightly 
stretched. 

Gristle {gris'-T) [AS., gristel\. Cartilage. 

Grocers' Itch. A peculiar psoriasis or eczema 
of the hands due to irritation from flour, 
sugar, etc. 

Groin [Icel., grein, a branch or arm]. The 
depression between the abdomen and thigh. 

Groove {groov) [D., groe}~\. A furrow or 
channel. See also Furrow. G., Alveo- 
lingual, one between the tongue and 
the lower jaw. G., Bicipital, the deep 
groove on the anterior surface of the 
humerus, separating the greater and 
lesser tuberosities and containing the long 
tendon of the biceps. G., Cavernous, a 
broad groove on the superior surface of the 
sphenoid bone lodging the internal carotid 
artery and the cavernous sinus. G., Dorsal, 
the medullary groove. G., Mastoid, the 
digastric fossa. G., Medullary, a long shal- 
low furrow that appears along the dorsal 
line of the neural tube of the embryo. G., 
Musculo spiral, one on the external aspect 
of the humerus 'which lodges the musculo- 
spiral nerve and the superior profunda vessels. 
G., Neural, the medullary groove. G., 
Obturator, the furrow at the superior and 
external border of the obturator foramen 
lodging the subpubic vessels and nerves when 
they emerge from the pelvic cavity. G., 
Peroneal, one on the external aspect of the 
os calcis lodging the tendon of the peroneus 
longus. G., Pterygopalatal, G., Pterygo- 
palatine. 1. One in the ventral aspect of 
the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. 2. A 
furrow on the vertical part of the palate bone. 
G., Radial. See G., Musculospiral. G., 
Scapular, the scapular notch. G.,Sckmorl's, 



GROSS 



460 



GUAIACOL 



that resulting from emphysematous inflation 
of those portions of the lungs which lie be- 
tween the ribs. G., Sigmoid. See G., 
Cavernous. G., Sternal, one lying between 
the sternum and the pectoral muscles. G., 
Subcostal, a deep furrow lying along the 
lower border and inner surface of a rib for 
lodgment of the intercostal vessels and nerves. 
G. of Sylvius, the fissure of Sylvius. G., 
Ventricular, two furrows, one on the anterior, 
one on the posterior, surface of the heart; 
they indicate the interventricular septum. 
G., Verga's Lacrimal, a groove extending 
downward from the lower orifice of the nasal 
duct. 

Gross (gros) [Ft., gros, great]. Coarse; large. 
G. Anatomy. See Anatomy, Gross. 

Gross' Disease. See Physick's Encysted 
Rectum. 

Ground (grownd) [ME.]. The bottom; soil; 
earth. G.-bundle, the principal bundle 
of nerve-fibers in a group, as the 
ground-bundle of the ventral and lateral 
columns of the spinal cord. G.-bundle, An- 
terior, of Flechsig, that portion of the 
anterior column outside of the direct pyram- 
idal tracts and running throughout the 
entire length of the cord; it is made up 
of fibers having a short course. G.-bundle, 
Posterior, of Flechsig, Burdach's column. 
G.-itch. See Itch, Coolie. 

Grove Cell. See Cell, Grove. 

Growing-pains (gro'-ing) [AS., grdwan, to 
grow; pain]. A term applied to pains in the 
limbs occurring during youth, and probably of 
rheumatic origin. 

Gruber's Bursa. The synovial cavity of the 
tarsal sinus. G.'s Reaction, the addition 
of some of the culture of Spirillum cholera 
asiaticce to the serum of an animal rendered 
immune to cholera causes these organisms to 
b*ecome nonmotile and to agglutinate. The 
reaction does not occur with other species. 
G.'s Test for Hearing, if the end of the 
finger is inserted into the ear after the sound 
of a vibrating tuning-fork held before the 
ear has completely ceased, and the tuning- 
fork is then firmly placed upon the finger, a 
weakened sound becomes again audible, and 
remains so for some time. 

Gruber-Widal's Reaction. See WidaVs Re- 
action. 

Gruby's Disease. Alopecia areata. 

Gruel (gru'-T) [AS., grut, groats]. A decoction 
of corn-meal or oatmeal boiled in water to 
a thick paste. 

Grumous (gru'-mus) [grumus, a little heap]. 
Clotted; consisting of lumps. 

Grutum (gru' -turn) . See Milium. 

Grymfelt's Triangle. A triangular space 
bounded above by the twelfth rib and the 
lower border of the serratus posticus inferior, 
behind by the anterior border of the quadratus 
lumborum, and anteriorly by the posterior 
border of the internal oblique. Lumbar 
hernia may occur in this space. 

Gryochrome (gri f -o-krom) \ypo, a morsel; 



%pd){ia, color]. A somatochrome nerve-cell 
the stainable portion of which consists of 
minute granules which tend to form threads 
or heaps. 

Gtt. Abbreviation of gutta, or guttce, drop, 
or drops. 

Guachamaca (gwa-shaw-maw' -kah) . The bark 
of an apocynaceous tree. G. toxifera, or 
Malouetia nitida, furnishes a virulent arrow- 
poison, somewhat resembling curara; it has 
been employed in tetanus and hydrophobia. 
Unof. 

Guaco {gwa'-ko). The Mikania guaco and 
other species of Mikania and Aristolochia, 
used in South America for snake-bites; it 
has been employed in rheumatism, gout, 
and in various skin diseases. Dose of a 
watery extract 3 min. (0.19 Cc). 

Guaethol (gwa-eth' -ol) . Guaiacol ethyl, C 6 H 4 - 
OC 2 H 5 OH. It resembles guaiacol in thera- 
peutic action. Dose 2-4 gr. (0.1-0.25 Gm.). 
Application, 15% ointment. Syn., Ajacol; 
Pyrocatechin-monoethyl ether; Thanaiol. 

Guaiac, Guaiacum {gwi'-ak, -um). ' The resin 
(guaiacum, U. S. P.) of the wood (guaiaci 
lignum) of G. officinale and G. sanctum. 
It contains guaiacic acid, C 12 H 16 6 , guaiac- 
yellow, guaiacene, C 5 H 8 0, guaiacol, and 
pyroguaiacin. It is alterative, expectorant, 
and diaphoretic. It is used in syphilis, 
chronic rheumatism, and gout. G., Tincture 
of (tinctura guaiaci, U. S. P.), a solution of 
the resin in alcohol. Dose \-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). 
G., Tincture of, Ammoniated {tinctura 
guaiaci ammoniata, U. S. P.), a solution 
of the resin in aromatic spirit of ammonia. 
This tincture is the preferred one for the 
administration of guaiac. Dose §-2 dr. 
(2-8 Cc). 

Guaiacamphol (gwi-ah-kam'-fol). The cam- 
phoric acid ester of guaiacol; employed in 
treatment of night-sweats of tuberculosis. 
Dose 3-8 gr. (0.2-0.5 Gm.). 

Guaiacetin (gwi-as' -et-in) . Pyrocatechin -mono- 
acetate, C 6 H 4 . OH . OCH 2 COOH. It is 
used like guaiacol in tuberculosis. Dose 
7^ gr. (0.5 Gm.) 3 times daily and reduced 
in 3 weeks to 7J gr. (0.5 Gm.) daily. 

Guaiacol (gwi' - ak - ol) [S.A.], C 7 H 8 2 . 
Methylpyrocatechin, a substance obtained 
from beechwood creasote and also, syntheti- 
cally, from pyrocatechin and methylsulfuric 
acid. It is used as a substitute for creasote 
in tuberculosis in doses of 3-5 min. (0.19- 
0.32 Cc); externally it has been employed 
as an antipyretic, 20-40 min. (1.25-2.5 Cc), 
being painted on the skin. Syn., Methylcate- 
chol. G.-benzylester, C 6 H 4 (OCH 3 . OCH 2 .- 
C 6 H 5 , a local anesthetic. Syn., Brenzcain. 
G. Biniodid, C 7 H 5 I 2 2 , is alterative and anti- 
tuberculous. Dose 2 min. (0.12 Cc.) 3 times 
daily. G. Cacodylate, a stable preparation 
recommended in tuberculosis. Dose \-2 gr. 
(0.032-0.13 Gm.). Syn., Cacodiacol; Cacody- 
liacol. G. Carbonate (guaiacolis carbonas, 
U. S. P.), (C 7 H 7 0) 2 C0 3 , used in tuberculosis. 
Dose 3-8 gr. (0.2-0.52 Gm.) 3 times daily 



GUAIACOLATE 



461 



GUINEA-WORM 



and gradually increased to po gr. (6 Gm.) 
daily. Syn., Ductal. G. Cinnamate. See 
Styracol. G. Ethyl. See Guaethol. G. Ethyle- 
nate, CH 3 . C 6 H 4 0-C 2 H 46 . C 6 H 4 OCH 3 , a 
guaiacol ethylene ester, used in tuberculosis. 
Dose 8-15 gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.) twice daily. 
Syn., Ethylene guaiacol. G.-glycerylester. 
See Guaiamar. G. Oleate, a reaction- 
product of oleic acid, guaiacol, and phos- 
phorus trichlorid; it is antiseptic and antitu- 
berculous. Dose 5-10 min. (0.3-0.6 Cc.) 3 
times daily in capsules. Syn., Oleo guaiacol. 
G.-phosphal,G.Phosphite,P(OC 6 H 4 OCH 3 ) 3 , 
used in tuberculosis. Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 
Gm.) daily. G. Phosphate, (C G H 4 OCH 3 ) 3 - 
P0 4 , obtained from guaiacol dissolved in 
soda solution with addition of phosphorus 
oxychlorid; used in fever of tuberculosis. 
Dose 4 gr. (0.25 Gm.) every 3 or 4 hours. 
G. Salicylate, G.-salol, C 14 Hi 2 4 , is an 
intestinal antiseptic and is employed in phthi- 
sis, dysentery, rheumatism, etc. Dose 15 
gr. (1 Gm.) several times daily; maximum 
dose 150 gr. (10 Gm.) a day. G. Succinate, 
(C 6 H 4 OCH 3 ) 2 C 4 H 4 4 , obtained from a mix- 
ture of guaiacol and succinic acid with phos- 
phorus oxychlorid. Dose 2 min. (0.12 Cc.) 
3 times daily in tuberculosis. G. Valerate, 
G. Valerianate, an oily liquid used in pul- 
monary affections and for hypodermatic 
injection in tuberculous joints. Dose 3-9 
gr. (0.2-0.6 Gm.) 3 times daily. Syn., 
Geosote. 

Guaiacolate (gwi-aW -ol-at) . A combination 
of guaiacol with a base. 

Guaiacyl {gwi'-as-il), C 7 H 7 2 S0 3 . The cal- 
cium salt of a sulfocompound of guaiacol; 
used as a local anesthetic injected in quanti- 
ties of 8-25 gr. (0.5-1.5 Gm.) of a 5 % solution 
or 15 gr. (1 Gm.) of a 10% solution. 

Guaiamar (gwi'-am-ar), C C H 4 . OC 3 H 7 2 .- 
OCH 3 , guaiacolgly eery lest er; employed in 
tuberculosis and as an intestinal antiseptic. 
Dose 5-20 gr. (0.33-1.33 Gm.) before meals. 
It is also applied in arthritis. 

Guaiaperol (gwi-ap'-er-ol). See Piperidin 
Guaiacolate. 

Guaiaquin (gwi'-ah-kwin), (C ? H 4 2 CH 3 HS0 3 ) ? - 
C^H^NgO^, the guaiacol bisulfonate of qui- 
nin; it is used in malaria, typhoid fever, 
anemia, etc. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.33-0.65 Gm.) 
3 times daily. Syn., Quinin guaiacol bisul- 
fonate. 

Guanin {gwah'-nin) [see Guano], C 5 H 5 N 5 0. 
A leukomain found in the pancreas, liver, 
and in muscle-extract as a decomposition-pro- 
duct of nuclein. It also occurs in guano, 
and is nonpoisonous. See Capranica. 

Guano {gwah'-no) [Per., huanu, dung]. The 
excrement of sea-fowl found on certain islands 
in the Pacific Ocean. It contains guanin and 
alkaline urates and phosphates, and is used 
externally in certain skin diseases. 

Guarana {gwah-rah' -nah) [Braz.]. A dried 
paste prepared from the seeds of Paullinia 
cupana, found in Brazil. It contains an alka- 
loid, guaranin, C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 . H 2 0, identical 



with caffein. It is employed in nervous 
sick -headaches. Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Gm.); of 
guaranin 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.19 Gm.). G., 
Fluidextract of {fluidextr actum guarana, U. 
S. P.). Dose 5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). 
Guarnieri's Vaccine-bodies. See Cytoryctes. 
Guavacin (gwah'-vas-in), C 6 H 9 N0 2 . An alka- 
loid forming colorless crystals soluble in 
water, obtained from areca-nut, Areca catechu. 
It is used as an anthelmintic. 
Gubernaculum {gu-ber-nak e -u-lum) [L., "a 
rudder"]. A guiding structure. G. dentis, 
a bundle of fibrous tissue connecting the 
tooth-sac of a permanent tooth with the gum. 
G., Hunter's, G. hunteri. See G. testis. 
G. testis, the conic cord attached above to the 
lower end of the epididymis, below to the 
bottom of the scrotum, and governing the 
descent of the testes. 
Gubler's Hemiplegia. Hemiplegia of the 
extremities with crossed paralysis of the 
cranial motor nerves, especially the facial. 
G.'s Line, an imaginary line connecting the 
superficial points of origin of the trifacial 
nerves on the lower surface of the pons. A 
lesion of the pons below this line causes 
crossed paralysis. G.'s Tumor, a distention 
of the synovial sheaths on the dorsum of the 
hand in palsies of the antibrachial type, and 
particularly in lead palsy, 
(von) Gudden's Inferior Commissure. See 
Commissure, Gudden's Inferior. v. G.'s 
Hemispheric Bundle, one in the optic tract 
passing over to the most lateral portion of the 
base of the peduncle and thence to the cere- 
bral hemisphere, v. G.'s Law, the proximal 
end of a divided nerve undergoes cellulipetal 
degeneration. 
Gueneau de Mussey's Point. See under 

Mussey. 
Guenz's Ligament. The ligamentous fibers 
of the obturator membrane which form the 
upper and inner wall of the canal transmit- 
ting the obturator vessels and nerves. 
Guenzburg's Test for Free Hydrochloric 
Acid in Gastric Juice. Two drops of a 
solution consisting of phloroglucin, 2 Gm.; 
vanillin, 1 Gm.; alcohol, 30 Cc, mixed with 
2 drops of filtered gastric juice, are carefully 
heated in a porcelain capsule. The presence 
of free HC1 is indicated by the appearance 
of a bright-red color; if absent, the color 
will be brown or brownish -red. 
Guerin's Glands. See Skene's Glands. G.'s 
Sinus, the lacuna magna, situated in the 
mesial line of the upper wall of the urethra, 
near the external meatus. G.'s Valve, a fold 
of mucous membrane bounding Guerin's 
sinus. 
Guidi's Canal. See Canal, Vidian. 
Guinea-worm. Filaria medinensis, a nema- 
tode worm of the tropics, occasionally para- 
sitic in human tissues. G. Disease, a disease 
caused by the presence of Filaria medinensis 
in the subcutaneous cellular tissue of various 
parts of the body, particularly the feet and 
legs. 



GUINON'S DISEASE 



462 



GYNOCYANAURIDZARIN 



Guinon's Disease. Tic de Guinon. See 
Tourette's (Gilles de la) Disease. 

Gujasanol (gu-jas'-an-ol). See Diethyl Glyco- 
coll-guaiacol Hydro chlorate. 

Gull's Disease. Myxedema. 

Gullet (gul'-ei). See Esophagus. 

Gullstrand's Law. See Law, Gullstrand's. 

Gull-Sutton's Disease. Arteriocapillary fibro- 
sis; diffuse arteriosclerosis. 

Gull-Toynbee's Law. In otitis media the 
cerebellum and lateral sinus are likely to be- 
come involved by mastoid disease, while the 
cerebrum is threatened by caries of the roof 
of the tympanum. 

Gum [gummi, gum], i. A concrete vegetable 
juice exuded from many plants. When 
treated with nitric acid it yields mucic acid. 
Gums are either entirely soluble in water or 
swell up in it into a viscid mass. Various 
names are given to gums, usually indicating 
the place whence exported. 2. The gingiva. 
G.-arabic. See Acacia. G., Benjamin-. See 
Benzoin. G., Blue. Synonym of Eucalyptus 
globulus. G., Spongy, interstitial infiltration 
and thickening of the gums with dilation of 
the capillaries, due to scurvy or analogous 
conditions. G. Tragacanth. See Traga- 
canth. 

Gumma (gum'-ah) [gum]. The gummy tumor 
characterizing the tertiary stage of syphilis. 
It consists of granulation tissue, with giant- 
cells, and is the seat of a peculiar degen- 
eration which causes the gummy appear- 
ance. 

Gummatous (gum'-at-us) [gumma]. Of the na- 
ture of or affected with gummas. 

Gummide (gum' -id). Any compound which 
yields glucose on decomposition with acids or 
alkalis. 

Guncotton (gun' -kot-n) . See Pyroxylin. 

Gun j ah (gun' -j ah). The official part of 
Indian hemp, consisting of the dried flowering- 
tops of the female plant, from which the rosin 
has not been removed. Syn., Ganjah. 

Gunn's Dots. Brilliant white dots seen, on 
oblique illumination, about the macula lutea; 
they do not seem to be pathologic. 

Gunstock Deformity. One caused by fracture 
of either condyle of the humerus, in which 
the long axis of the fully extended forearm 
deviates outwardly from that of the arm. 

Gurgling [Dan., gurgle, gargle]. The peculiar 
sound caused by the passage of gas through a 
liquid. It is observed upon palpation of the 
abdomen in enteric fever and other condi- 
tions in which the bowel is distended with 
gas and contains liquid. G. Rale, a sound 
heard over the chest when the bronchi or 
pulmonary cavities contain fluid. 

Gurjun Balsam (ger'-jun). An oleoresin ob- 
tained from several species of Dipterocarpus. 
trees native to southern Asia. It is similar to 
copaiba, but more decided in therapeutic 
effects, and is less unpleasant. It is used as an 
expectorant, and in leprosy and gonorrhea. 
Dose 15-40 min. (1.0-2.6 Cc). Syn., Bal- 
samum dipterocarpi; Wood-oil. 



Gustatory (gus'-ta-to-re) [gustare, to taste]. 
Pertaining to taste. G. Bud, a taste-bud. 
G. Nerve. See under Nerve. 

Gut [ME.]. The intestine. G., Blind, the 
cecum. 

Guthrie's Muscle. The deep transversus 
perinsei. 

Gutta ((gut'-ah) [L.]. A drop. G. rosacea, 
acne rosacea. G. serena, amaurosis. 

Guttapercha (gut-ah-per'-cha) [Malayan gutta, 
gum; pertja, the tree furnishing the gum]. 
The concrete juice of Dichopsis gutta and 
other species of the natural order Sapotacece. 
It is used to make splints, as a dressing for 
wounds, and as a vehicle for caustic sub- 
stances. 

Guttatim (gut-a'-tim) [L.]. Drop by drop. 

Guttiform (gut' -e- form) [gutta; forma, form]. 
Drop-shaped. 

Guttur (gut'-er) [L.]. The throat. 

Guttural (gut'-u-ral) [guttur]. Pertaining to 
the throat. 

Gutturotetany (gut -u-ro- tet' -an-e) [guttur; 
tetanus]. A form of stuttering in which the 
pronunciation of such sounds as g, k, q, is 
difficult. 

Guye's Sign'. Aprosexia occurring in child- 
hood with adenoid vegetations of the naso- 
pharynx. 

Guyon's Isthmus. Narrowing and prolon- " 
gation of the internal os uteri, which thus 
forms a small canal; it is not pathologic. 
G.'s Sign, ballottement in cases of renal 
tumor. 

Gymnastics (jim-nas'-tiks) [yo\ivbg, naked]. 
Physical exercise, especially systematic ex- 
ercise, for the purpose of restoring or main- 
taining the bodily health. G., Antagonistic, 
G., Resistance-, physical exercise engaged 
in by two persons, the one resisting the other, 
as that adopted in the Schott treatment for 
cardiac affections. G., Ocular, regular mus- 
cular exercise of the eye by the use of prisms 
or other means to overcome muscular insuffi- 
ciency. G., Swedish, a system of exercises 
to restore strength to paretic muscles, con- 
sisting in movements made by the patient 
against the resistance of an attendant. 

Gymnobacteria (jim-no-bak-te' -re-ah) [gymnos; 
bacteria]. Nonflagellate bacteria. 

Gymnoplast (jim r -no-plast) [gymnos; tcXolooecv, 
to form]. A protoplasmic body without a 
limiting membrane. 

Gynatresia (gin-at-re'-ze-ah) [ywr], woman; 
drpf)a'ca, atresia]. Imperforation of the 
vagina. 

Gynecean, Gynecian (gin-e-se'-anj [yovq, 
woman]. Pertaining to women. 

Gynecology (gin-e-kol'-o-je) [juvtj, woman; 
Xoyoc, science]. The science of the diseases 
of women, especially of those affecting the 
sexual organs. 

Gynephobia (gin-e-fo'-be-ah) [yovi], woman; 
4>6{3oc, fear]. Morbid aversion to the society 
of women. 

Gynocyanauridzarin (gin-o-si-an-aw-rid'-za- 
rin), (C 9 H 21 7 ) 2 KCNOAu 3 , used in leprosy, 



GYPSUM 



463' 



HALLER'S ANSA 



tertiary syphilis, tuberculosis, psoriasis, etc. 

Dose Tnkimh gr- (0.03-0.2 mg.) 3 times 

daily. 
Gypsum (jip'-sum) [yuipoc, chalk], CuS0 4 + 

2H 2 0. Native calcium sulfate. Deprived 

of its water of crystallization it constitutes 

plaster-of-paris. 
Gyroma (ji-ro'-mah) [yupoc, a circle]. Myoma 



to degenerative changes in the fibrous tissue 
surrounding old contracting corpora lutea. 
Gyromele (p'-rom-eV) [gyros; fieXe, a kind of 
cup]. Of Turck, a stomach-tube or probe 
with a rotating center, which can be fitted 
with various attachments and used in esti- 
mating the size of the stomach, cleansing, mas- 
sage of the walls, securing cultures, etc. 
of the ovary in which the fibrous tissue Gyrus (ji'-rus) [gyros; pi., gyri\. A convolu- 
presents a wavy appearance; it is ascribed tion of the brain. See Convolution. 



H 



H. 1. Symbol of hydrogen 1 . 2. Abbreviation 
of hyperopia and of haustus, a draught. 

Haab's Pupil-reflex. If a bright object al- 
ready present in the visual field is looked at, 
the pupils contract, while there is no appre- 
ciable change during convergence or accom- 
modation. This points to a cortical lesion. 

Habenula {hab-en' -u-lah) [habena, a rein]. 
1. A ribbon-like structure; a name applied 
to different portions of the basilar membrane 
of the internal ear. 2. A peduncle of the 
pineal gland. Habenulae, Ganglion, a small, 
club-shaped body on the mesial surface of 
the optic thalamus, in which the correspond- 
ing peduncle of the pineal gland terminates. 

Habit (hab'-it) [habere, to have]. 1. The gen- 
eral condition or appearance of an individual, 
as a full habit, a condition of plethora indi- 
cated by congestion of the superficial vessels 
and obesity. 2. /The tendency to repeat an 
action or condition. H. -spasm, H. -chorea, 
a spasmodic, constantly recurring movement 
of certain voluntary muscles, usually seen 
in children. 

Habitat {hab'-it-at) [habitare, to dwell]. The 
natural home of an animal or vegetal species. 

Habitus {hab'-it-us) [habere, to have]. General 
appearance or expression. 

Hachement (hahsh-mon(g) ) [Fr., "hacking" 
or "chopping"]. A form of massage consist- 
ing of a succession of strokes performed with 
the edge of the extended fingers or with the 
whole hand. 

Hacking {hak'-ing). See Hachement. 

Hadernkrankheit (hah' -dern-kronk-hlt) [Ger.]. 
A disease of rag-pickers, by some supposed 
to be anthrax; others look upon it as malig- 
nant edema. 

Haema- (hem-ah-). See Hema-. 

Haeser's Coefficient. See Christison's For- 
mula. 

Haffkine's Method. See under Immunization. 
H.'s Prophylactic, H.'s Serum, H.'s 
Virus. See Serum, Haffkine's. 

Haffkinin (haf -kin-in) . Haffkine's plague 
serum. See Serum, Haffkine's. 

Haidinger's Brushes. A brush-like image 
seen on directing the eye toward a source 



of polarized light, due to the doubly refrac- 
tive character of the elements of the macula. 

Haines' Solution for Detecting Glucose. 
Copper sulfate, 3; potassium hydroxid, 9; 
glycerol, 100; water, 600. Use as Fehling's 
solution; a red precipitate will be formed. 

Hair [AS., har\ A delicate filament growing 
from the skin of mammals; collectively, all 
the filaments forming the covering of the 
skin. Hair is a modified epidermal structure, 
and consists of a shaft and a root, the latter 
expanded at its end into the hair-bulb, which 
is concave and caps the hair -papilla. H.-cell, 
an epithelial cell with delicate, hair-like pro- 
cesses, as, e. g., the hair-cells of the organ 
of Corti. H. -follicle, the depression in the 
corium and subcutaneous connective tissue 
containing the root of the hair. 

Halimetry (hal-im'-et-re) [aXc, salt; [ikxpov, a 
measure]. The process of determining the 
quantity of salts in a mixture. 

Halisteresis (hal-is-ter-e' -sis) \akc, salt; oxkp- 
fjocc, privation]. The loss of lime-salts of 
bone. 

Halitus (hal'-it-us) £L.]. A vapor, as that ex- 
pired from the lung. 

Hall's (Marshall) Disease. Hydrocephaloid 
occurring in infants suffering from severe 
chronic intestinal catarrh. H.'s Facies, the 
prominent forehead and small features pecu- 
liar to hydrocephalus. 

Haller's Ansa. A loop formed in front of 
the internal jugular vein by a small nerve 
branching off from the facial just below the 
stylomastoid foramen, and joining the glosso- 
pharyngeal a little below Andersch's gan- 
glion. It is not constant. H.'s Circle. See 
Circle, Haller's. H.'s Colic Omentum, a 
process of the upper right border of the 
greater omentum which may become adherent 
to the testis during fetal life and be included 
in the sac of an inguinal hernia. H.'s Cones, 
the coni vasculosi of the epididymis, small 
conic masses made up of the convolutions of 
the efferent tubules of the testicle. They 
form part of the globus major, and their 
tubules opening into a common duct form the 
origin of the vas deferens. H.'s Congen- 



HALLOPEAU'S DISEASE 



464 



HAND 



ital Hernia. See Malgaigne's Hernia. 
H.'s Fretum. See H.'s Isthmus. H.'s 
Habenula, the slender cord formed by the 
obliteration of the canal which during early 
life connects the cavity of the peritoneum with 
that of the tunica vaginalis. H.'s Isthmus, 
the constriction which separates the ventricle 
from the aortic bulb during early fetal life. 
Syn., Fretum halleri. H.'s Network, the 
rete vasculosum of the testis. H.'s Plexus, 
the network formed by branches of the ex- 
ternal laryngeal and sympathetic nerves on 
the outer surface of the inferior constrictor 
pharyngis. Syn., Halter's laryngeal plexus. 
H.'s Splendid Line, the longitudinal fibrous 
band of the pia corresponding to the site 
of the anterior median fissure of the spinal 
cord. Syn., Lima splendens. H.'s Tripod, 
the celiac axis. Syn., Tripus halleri. H.'s 
Tunica vasculosa, the lamina vasculosa of 
the choroid. H.'s Vas aberrans, a small, 
convoluted duct connected with the tail of 
the epididymis or the beginning of the vas 
deferens. H.'s Venous Circle, an incom- 
plete circle of superficial veins frequently seen 
through the integument of the mammas, 
especially during lactation. 

Hallopeau's Disease. Chronic pustular der- 
matitis, a form of Neumann's disease. 

Hallucal (haV-u-kal) [hallux]. Pertaining to the 
hallux, or great toe. 

Hallucination {ha-lu-sin-a' -shun) [alucinari, 
to wander in mind]. A false sense-perception; 
it is the perception of an object or phenom- 
enon which has no external existence, as 
hallucination of sight, sound, smell, taste, or 
touch. 

Hallux (hal'-uks) [L.]. The great toe. H. 
valgus, displacement of the great toe 
toward the other toes. H. varus, displace- 
ment of the great toe away from the other 
toes. 

Halo {ha'-lo) [a\a>c, a round threshing-floor]. 
i. The areola of the nipple. 2. The luminous 
circles seen about a light. 

Halogen (hal'-o-jen) [dXc, salt; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. A univalent element that forms a 
compound of a saline nature by its direct 
union with a metal. The halogens are chlorin, 
iodin, bromin, and fluorin. H. Acid, an acid 
formed by the combination of a halogen with 
hydrogen. 

Haloid (hal'-oid) [dXc, salt; eldoc, likeness]. 
Resembling sea-salt. H. Salts, any one of 
those compounds that consist of a metal 
directly united to chlorin, bromin, iodin, or 
fluorin. 

Halology (Jial-oV -o-je) [oUo, salt; Xbyog, science]. 
The chemistry of salts. 

Haloscope {hal'-o-skop) [aAf, salt; okotzecv, to 
examine]. An apparatus for determining the 
amount of salt in a solution. 

Halstern's Disease. Endemic syphilis. 

Ham [AS., hamm]. The back part of the knee; 
the popliteal space. 

Hamamelis (ham-a-me' '-lis) [a/xa, together with; 
pifjXov, apple]. Witch-hazel. H, Bark (hama- 



melidis cortex, U. S. P.), the bark and twigs of 
Hamamelis virginiana, used in the prepara- 
tion of hamamelis water. H. Leaves (hama- 
melidis folia, U. S. P.), the leaves of Hama- 
melis virginiana, used in preparing the fluid- 
extract. H. Leaves, Fluidextract of (fluidex- 
tractum hamamelidis foliorum, U. S. P.), fre- 
quently employed as an astringent gargle in sub- 
acute sore throat; internally as a hemostatic, 
and in suppository or ointment in the treatment 
of bleeding piles. Dose 5-40 min. (0.3-2.6 Cc). 
H. Water {aqua hamamelidis, U. S. P.), an 
aqueous extract of hamamelis bark; under 
the name of extract of witch-hazel it is a 
popular household remedy. Dose J-i dr. (2-4 
Cc). 

Hamilton's Test. In dislocation of the shoul- 
der-joint a ruler applied to the dislocated 
humerus may be made to touch the acromion 
and external condyle at the same time. 

Hammarsten's Test for Globulin. To the 
neutral solution add powdered magnesium 
sulfate until no more of the salt dissolves. 
Separate the globulin thus precipitated by 
filtration, and wash with a saturated solution 
of magnesium sulfate. H.'s Theory of 
Blood-coagulation, that paraglobulin takes 
no part in the process, there being only two 
factors, fibrinogen and fibrin-ferment. The 
action of the ferment splits the fibrinogen 
into fibrin, which is insoluble, and into fibrin- 
globulin, which remains in solution. 

Hammer {ham'-er) [ME., hamer]. 1. In anat- 
omy, the malleus. 2. An instrument for strik- 
ing. H., Mayor's, one with rounded faces 
to produce counterirritation on the skin by 
application when heated. H., Neef, H., 
Wagner, an interrupter or circuit-breaker 
employed with many induction-coils. H., 
Percussion-, a plexor. H., Thermal, a 
hammer-shaped cautery-iron. H.-toe, a 
term applied to a condition of the second toe 
in which the proximal phalanx is extremely 
extended while the two distal phalanges are 
flexed. 

Hammerman's Cramp. A spasmodic, often 
painless affection of the muscles of the upper 
extremity; it is seen in those who use a ham- 
mer, and is due to overuse. 

Hammond's Disease. Athetosis. 

Hamose (ham'-oz) [hamus, a hook]. Hooked 
at the apex. 

Hamstring. The tendons bounding the ham 
above on the outer and inner side. H., 
Inner, the tendons of the semimembranosus, 
sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus mus- 
cles. H., Outer, the tendons of the biceps 
flexor cruris. 

Hamular (ham'-u-lar) [hamus]. Pertaining to 
or shaped like a hook. 

Hamulus (ham'-u-lus) [dim. of hamus, sl hook]. 
A hook-shaped process, as of a bone. H. of 
the Cochlea, the hook-like process of the 
osseous lamina at the cupola. 

Hand [ME.]. The organ of prehension in 
bimana and quadrumana, composed of the 
carpus, the metacarpus, and the phalanges. 



HANDKERCHIEF 



465 



HAY-FEVER 



H., Ape-, H., Claw-, H., Monkey-. See 

Claw-hand. 

Handkerchief {hang'-ker-chi}) [ME., hand; 
kerchef, a kerchief]. A square piece of cloth 
for wiping the face or nose. H. -dressing, 
a form of temporary dressing for wounds and 
fractures, made of handkerchiefs. 

Hangnail (hang'-ndl). A partly detached 
piece of epidermis at the root of the nail, the 
friction against which has caused inflamma- 
tion of the abraded surface. 

Hankin's Defensive Proteids. Germicidal 
globulins found by Hankin in the blood of 
certain animals and giving immunity to cer- 
tain toxins. 

Hannover's Canal. The artificial passage 
produced between the anterior and posterior 
fibers of the zonules of Zinn by the injection 
of a viscous fluid. H.'s Intermediate Mem- 
brane, the enamel membrane; the inner, cel- 
lular layer of the enamel-organ of the dental 
germ of the fetus. 

Hanot's Disease. Hypertrophic cirrhosis of 
the liver with icterus. 

Hapalonychia (hap-al-o-nik' -e-ah) [dnaXoc , soft 
to the touch; 3vu£, nail]. A soft condition of 
the nails. 

Haphalgesia (haf-al-je'-ze-ah) [&<f>7), touch; 
aXyoc, pain]. A feeling of pain produced by 
merely touching an object. 

Haptic (hap'-tik) [aTzrdf, subject to the sense 
of touch]. Pertaining to touch; tactile. 

Haptine (hap'-ten) [amecv, to bind]. In Ehr- 
lich's lateral-chain theory, any thrown-off 
receptor. 

Haptogen (hap'-to-jen) \aTzrecv, to bind; yevvdv, 
to produce]. A pellicle forming around fatty 
matter when brought into contact with albu- 
min. Syn., Haptogenic membrane. 

Haptophil (hap'-to-fil) [axrecv, to bind; fatelv, 
to love]. In Ehrlich's side-chain theory ap- 
plied to a receptor having an affinity for the 
haptophore of a toxin. 

Haptophore {hap' -to -for) {anxccv, to bind; 
(f>kpscv, to bear]. That complex of atoms of 
a toxic unit which unites it to the cell-receptor. 

Hardening (hard' '-en-ing) [AS., hearde, hard]. 
A stage in the preparation of tissues for 
microscopic examination in which they are 
rendered firm, so that they may, after embed- 
ding, be readily cut. 

Harderian Gland (har-de'-re-an). A race- 
mose gland located at the inner canthus of 
the eye of most vertebrates, and especially 
of those having a well-developed nictitating 
membrane, first described by John Jacob 
Harder, a Swiss anatomist. 

Hardy -Behier's Symptom. See Behier- 
Hardy's Symptom. 

Harelip. Congenital fissure of the lip, due to 
arrested facial development. H., Compli- 
cated, that with cleft or malformation of the 
superior maxillary bone also. H., Double, 
two clefts of the lip or one of each lip. H. 
Suture, a figure-of-8 suture about a pin 
thrust through the lips of the freshened edges 
of the cleft. 
3i 



Harley's Disease. See Dressier 's Disease. 

Harmony (har'-mo-ne) [dp/jtovia, harmony]. A 
form of articulation between two bones that 
are closely and immovably apposed. 

Harrison's Groove. A curve extending from 
the level of the ensiform cartilage toward the 
axilla, and corresponding to the insertion of 
the diaphragm; it is pronounced in rickets. 

Harrowing (har' -o-ing) . The action of teasing 
the fibers of a nerve or tearing them apart 
with any blunt instrument. — 

Hartmann's Fossa. A small, infundibular 
fossa of the peritoneum lying between Turn- 
er's inferior ligament and the mesoappendix. 
Syn., Fossa ileoccecalis infima. 

Hartshorn (harts' -horn). 1. Cornu cervi, 
the horn of the stag, formerly a source of 
ammonia, or spirit of hartshorn. 2. A name 
popularly given to ammonia-water. 

Hashish (hash'-esh). See Cannabis. 

Hasner's Valve. An inconstant valvular fold 
of mucosa at the inferior meatus of the nasal 
duct. 

Hassall's Bodies. Concentrically striated 
corpuscles, apparently of a degenerative char- 
acter, found in the thymus gland. H.'s Test, 
the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisice, ob- 
served under the microscope, is indicative of 
the presence of sugar in the urine. 

Haunch (hawnsh) [Fr., hanche]. The part of 
the body including the hips and the buttocks. 
H.-bone, the innominate bone. 

Haustus (haws' -tus) [hauriri, to draw]. A 
draught. 

Havers' Canals. See Canals, Haversian. H.'s 
Glands, fatty bodies connected with the syno- 
vial fringes of most of the joints. They were 
believed by Havers to secrete the synovia. 
Syn., GlandulcB mucilaginosce. H.'s Lamel- 
las, the concentric lamellas of bone which 
form the haversian canals. H.'s Spaces, 
large, irregularly shaped spaces found chiefly 
in growing bones. H.'s System, the concen- 
tric arrangement of the bony lamellas, usually 
8 or 10 in number, around a haversian canal. 

Hawking (haw' -king) [ME., hauk, to hawk]. 
Clearing the throat by a forcible expiration. 

Hay's Method. A method of removing drop- 
sical effusions by producing frequent serous 
evacuations by means of saline cathartics 
combined with a dry diet. 

Hay-asthma. See Hay-fever. 

Hayem's Corpuscles, H.'s Hematoblasts. 
See Bizzozero's Blood-platelets. H.'s Dis- 
ease, apoplectiform myelitis. H.'s Solution, 
used in the microscopic examination of blood; 
it consists of sodium chlorid, 1 Gm.; sodium 
sulfate, 5 Gm.; mercuric chlorid, 0.5 Gm.; 
dissolved in 200 Cc. of distilled water. 

Hay-fever. An acute affection of the con- 
junctiva and upper air-passages, coming on 
periodically at certain seasons of the year, 
especially in summer and autumn, in persons 
predisposed to the disease. The exciting 
factor in some cases is the pollen of grasses; 
in others the disease seems to be caused 
reflexly by polyps and other diseased condi- 



HAYGARTH'S NODES 



466 



HEART 



tions of the nose. The chief symptoms are 
coryza, sneezing, headache, cough, and asth- 
matic attacks. Syn., Hay-asthma; Hay-cold. 

Haygarth's Nodes. Nodosities of the joints 
in arthritis deformans. 

Hb. Abbreviation of hemoglobin. 

Head (hed) [ME., hed]. i. The uppermost 
part of the body; that part of the body 
containing the brain, the organs of sight, 
smell, taste, and hearing, and part of the 
organs of speech. 2. The top, beginning, or 
most prominent part of anything, as the head 
of the femur, the head of the muscle, etc. 
H.-drop, a peculiar disease seen in Japan 
during the spring and early summer, sup- 
posed to be miasmatic in origin. It is at- 
tended with inability to hold the head erect, 
paralytic symptoms in the limbs, and optic 
disorders. One attack predisposes to others. 
H.-gut. See Foregut. H. -kidney, proneph- 
ros H. -louse, pediculus capitis. H., Scald, 
H., Scalled, any scabby disease of the scalp. 

Headache {hed' -ok). Pain in the head. 
The following varieties of headache are de- 
scribed: local, general; organic, functional; 
toxemic — alcoholic, caffeinic, diabetic, lith- 
emic, malarial, rheumatic, uremic; reflex — 
gastric, ocular, nasal, uterine; cardiac, pul- 
monic, anemic, congestive; hysteric, neu- 
rasthenic. Syn., Cephalalgia. H., Acad- 
emy. See H., Panorama. H., Bilious, 
migraine. H., Ocular, pain in and about 
the head that results from ametropia, organic 
disease in, or from impaired function of, any 
part of the visual apparatus. H., Pano- 
rama, H., Sightseer's, headache resulting 
from the strain of the eyes exposed to brilliant 
lights or moving objects, etc. H., Sick, 
migraine. H., Theater. See H '., Panorama. 

Healing {he' -ling) [AS., Man, to heal]. The 
process or act of getting well or of making 
whole; especially the getting well of an ulcer 
or wound. H. by First Intention, H., 
Primary, the union of two accurately apposed 
surfaces without any visible granulating pro- 
cess. H. by Second Intention, healing 
through the medium of granulations, which fill 
up the gap of the wound. H. by Third Inten- 
tion, that in which the two granulating sur- 
faces are approximated so as to unite and heal 
readily. 

Health (helth) [see Healing]. That con- 
dition of the body in which all the functions 
are performed normally. 

Hearing (he' -ring) [AS., hyran, to hear]. The 
special sense by which the sonorous vibrations 
of the air are communicated to the mind. 
The organ of hearing is the ear, whence the 
vibrations are carried by the auditory nerve 
to the center of hearing, situated in the tem- 
porosphenoid lobe of the cerebrum. H., 
Double, diplacusis. H., Eitelberg's Test 
for. See Eitelberg. 

Heart (hart) [AS., heorte]. A hollow, muscu- 
lar organ, the function of which is to pump 
the blood through the vessels. It is en- 
veloped by a serous sac called the peri- 




Anatomy of the Heart (Right Side). — {Holden.) 
, Cavity of right auricle. 2. Appendix auriculae. 3. Su- 
perior vena cava. 4. Inferior vena cava. 5. Fossa 
ovalis; the prominent ridge surrounding it is the an- 
nulus ovalis. 6. Eustachian valve. 7. Opening of the 
coronary vein. 8. Coronary valve. 9. Entrance of 
the auriculoventricular opening. Between the figures 
1 and 9 several foramina thebesii are seen. a. Right 
ventricle, b, c. Cavity of right ventricle, e, }. Tri- 
cuspid valve. g. Long columna carnea. h. The 
"long moderator band." i. The two columnar car- 
neae of the right curtain, k. Attachment of chordae 
tendineae of the left limb of the anterior curtain. /, I. 
Chordae tendineae of the " fixed curtain " of the valve. 
tn. Valve of the pulmonary artery, n. Apex of left 
appendix auriculae. 0. Left ventricle, p. Ascending 
aorta. q. Its transverse portion. r. Descending 
aorta. 




Anatomy of the Heart (Left Side). — {Holden.) 
1. Cavity of left auricle. 2. Cavity of the appendix auric- 
ulae. 3. Opening of the two right pulmonary veins. 

4. The sinus into which the left pulmonary veins open. 

5. Left pulmonary veins. 6. Auriculoventricular open- 
ing. 7. Coronary vein. 8. Left ventricle. 9, 9. 
Cavity Of the left ventricle, a. Mitral valve, b, b, b. 
Columnas carneae. c, c. Fixed columnae carneae. d. 
Arch of the aorta, e. Pulmonary artery. /. Obliter- 
ated ductus arteriosus, g. Left pulmonary artery, h. 
Right ventricle, i. Point of the appendix of right 
auricle. 



HEART-BERG 



467 



HECATOMERAL 



cardium, and consists of two symmetric 
halves, a right auricle and ventricle and a left 
auricle and ventricle. The right auriculo- 
ventricular orifice is guarded by the tricuspid 
valve; the left by a valve with two leaflets — 
the mitral. These valves are broad and thin, 
consisting of two layers of the lining mem- 
brane of the heart, the endocardium, separated 
by a slight amount of connective tissue. To 
support them, thin chorda tendinece join their 
free margins to the muscles in the wall of the 
ventricle — the columnce carnece. The outlet of 
the right ventricle into the pulmonic artery, and 
the left into the aorta, are guarded 
by stout, short, tricuspid valves — 
the semilunar valves. H.-berg, the 
thoracic portion of the thymus 
gland of animals. See also 
Neck-berg. H., Bicycle, cardiac 
disease due to excessive use of 
the bicycle. H., Blocked, a con- 
dition due to stoppage of some 
of the auricular contractions at 
the auriculoventricular boundary. 
H., Fatty, a name given to 
two distinct pathologic conditions 
of the heart tissue. In the first 
there is a true fatty degeneration 
of the muscular fibers of the 
heart; in the second there is an 
increase in the quantity of sub- 
pericardial fat — a fatty infiltration. 
H., Hairy. See Cor villosum. 
H., Icing, Eichhorst's name for a 
heart the whole surface of which 
is covered with a dense, thick, 
marble-white tissue. H., Irrit- 
able, a peculiar cardiac excitability, 
marked by pain, palpitation, dysp- 
nea, and rapid pulse; it has been 
noted especially among soldiers in 
the field, in whom it has been ascribed to 
muscular exhaustion. H.,Low, a low position 
of the heart due to anatomic conditions, not 
to disease. Syn., Bathycardia. H., Luxus, a 
condition in which a primary dilation of 
the heart is followed by hypertrophy of the 
left ventricle; often found in gourmands. 
H., Peripheral, a term applied to the mus- 
cular coat of the blood-vessels other than the 
heart. H., Typhoid, overdistention and 
laceration of the blood-vessels of the heart, 
with atrophy of the muscle-fibers, due to 
typhoid fever. H., Villous. See Cor 
villosum. 

Heartburn (hart' -berri) . A burning sensation 
at the epigastrium and lower part of the 
chest, caused by gastric fermentation. 

Heat (het) [AS., h(Etu\ A form of kinetic 
energy communicable from one body to 
another; it is that form of molecular motion 
which is appreciated by a special thermal sense. 
H., Atomic. See Atomic Heat. H., Ca- 
pacity for, the number of heat-units required 
to raise the temperature of a body i° C. H.- 
centers, centers in the brain for stimulating 
heat-production or heat-elimination, and for 



regulating the relation of these. H., Latent, 
the quantity of heat necessary to convert a 
body into another state without changing its 
temperature. H., Molecular, the product 
of the molecular weight of a compound 
multiplied by its specific heat. H., Prickly, 
H.-rash, miliaria. H., Specific, the ratio of 
the capacity for heat of a body to that of an 
equal weight of water. H. -stroke, the symp- 
toms produced by exposure to great heat — 
either that of the sun or that of heated 
rooms. H.-unit, the amount of heat required 
to raise the temperature of one kilogram of 




Horizontal Section of Lungs and Heart, 
i. Upper lobes of lungs. 2, 2. Lower lobes. 3. Dorsal vertebra. 
4, 4. Two ribs. 5. Heart. 6. Right auricular appendix. 7. Su- 
perior vena cava. 8. Aorta. 9. Pulmonary artery. 10. Left 
auricle, n. Left auricular appendix. 12, 12. Mouths of right 
pulmonary veins. 13. Mouths of left pulmonary veins. 14. 
Thoracic aorta. 15. Esophagus. 



water from o° to i° C; it is technically called 
a calory. 

Hebephrenia {he-be- j re' -ne-ah) [t)/?7?, puberty; 
<f>pr]v, mind]. A form of mental derangement 
occurring in young persons at or soon after 
the age of puberty, and characterized by 
mental deterioration and a gradually increas- 
ing egoism. It may end in a permanent de- 
mentia. 

Heberden's Disease. Angina pectoris. H.'s 
Nodes, H.'s Nodosities, deformity of the 
fingers in arthritis deformans. 

Heberden-Rosenbach's Nodes. See Heber- 
den's Nodes. 

Hebetude (heb'-e-tud) [hebetudo, bluntness] 
Dulness of the special senses and intellect: a 
condition present in grave fevers. 

Hebotomy (heb-ot'-o-me) [JJ/fy, pubes; rifivscv, 
to cut]. Van de Velde's operation of sawing 
the pelvis in cases of obstructed delivery. 

Hebra's Erythema. Polymorphous erythema. 
H.'s Pityriasis, pityriasis rubra. H.'s Pru- 
rigo, true prurigo. 

Hecatomeral, Hecatomeric (hek-at-om'-er-al, 
-ik) [sKazspov, each singly; fxipoc, a part]. 
Applied to a neuron the processes of which 



HECKEL'S PRASOID TINCTURE 468 



HELIUM 



divide into two parts, one going to each side 
of the spinal cord. 

HeckePs Prasoid Tincture. A remedy for 
gout, consisting of globularin and globularetin 
in proportion of 15 to 17 cgm. in a teaspoonful. 
Dose 1-4 teaspoonfuls daily. 

Hectic (hek'-tik) [kKxckog, habitual]. Habitual. 
H. Fever, a fever caused by absorption of 
toxic substances formed in the process of 
suppuration, and characterized by daily inter- 
missions and frequent drenching sweats. 
It occurs in pulmonary tuberculosis, in pye- 
mia, etc. H. Flush, the flushed cheek seen 
in hectic fever. 

Hecto- (hek-to-) [eKarov, a hundred]. A prefix 
signifying one hundred. 

Hectogram (hek' -to-gram) [hecto-; jpappa, 
an inscription]. One hundred grams, or 
I543-.2349 grains. 

Hectoliter (hek'-to-le-ter) [hecto-; Acxpa, a 
pound]. One hundred liters, e'qual to 22.009 
imperial or 26.4 United States gallons. 

Hectometer {hek' -to-me-ter) [hecto-; pkxpov, a 
measure]. One hundred meters, or 328 feet 
1 inch. 

Hedeoma (he-de-o' -mah) [rjdjc, sweet; 6a pi], 
smell]. American pennyroyal. The leaves 
and tops of H. pulegioides, the properties of 
which are due to a volatile oil. It is stimu- 
lant, carminative, and emmenagog. It is 
used in suppression of the menses, the flatu- 
lent colic of children, and, on account of 
its pungent odor, to drive off fleas and mos- 
quitos. H., Oil of {oleum hedeomce, U. S. P.). 
Dose 2-10 min. (0.13-0.65 Cc). 

Hedgehog Crystals. Crystals of ammonium 
urate, found as a urinary deposit in the form 
of globular crystals with spiny projections. 

Hedonal {lied' -on-al) . The ester of methyl- 
propyicarbinol-carbamic acid; recommended 
as a safe hypnotic in the milder forms of 
insomnia. Dose 20-45 g r - ( I -33 _2 -9 Gin.). 

Hedroceie {hed'-ro-sel) [e3pa, breech; ktjXtj, 
hernia]. 1. A hernia through the notch of the 
ischium. 2. Prolapse of the anus. 

Heel (hel) [AS., hela]. The hinder part of 
the foot. H.-bone, the calcaneum. 

Hegar's Method of Diagnosing Fibroma. 
This consists in drawing downward the uterus 
with a volsellum while the finger is passed 
into the rectum and pressed against the 
tumor: if it is ovarian, it will be immovable; 
if uterine, there will be great resistance to 
drawing down the cervix. H.'s Sign, com- 
pressibility of the lower segment of the uterus 
and the upper half of the cervix, noticed on 
bimanual examination during the first two 
or three months of pregnancy. 

Hefmer's Test for Formaldehyd in Milk. 
Place 5 Cc. of the milk in a test-tube and dilute 
with an equal volume of water. Carefully 
pour down the sides of the test-tube strong 
sulfuric acid containing a trace of ferric 
chlorid, so as to form a layer of acid below 
the milk. In the presence of formaldehyd a 
violet ring is formed at the junction of the 
two liquids; 1 part in 100,000 may be de- 



tected. The acid should be of 1.81 to 1.83 sp. 
gr., and must contain a trace of ferric salt. 
The charring due to the action of the acid 
on the milk must not be mistaken for color- 
reaction. 

Heidenhain's Demilunes. Same as Crescents 
of Gianuzzi. H.'s Rods, H.'s Strias, the 
slender columnar cells of uriniferous tubules. 

Heim-Kreyssig's Sign. See Kreyssig's Sign. 

(von) Heine's Infantile Paralysis. Spastic 
spinal paralysis of infancy. 

Heister's Diverticulum.' See Diverticulum, 
Heister's. H.'s Valves, the transverse valvu- 
lar folds of the cystic duct. 

Helcodermatosis {hel-ko-der-mat-o'-sis) [hel- 
coma; dtp pa, skin]. Skin disease with the 
formation of ulcers. 

Helcoid (Jiel'-koid) [helcoma; eldog, likeness]. 
Resembling an ulcer. 

Helcoma {hel-ko' -mah) [U/coc, an ulcer]. An 
ulcer. 

Helcoplasty (hel' -ko-plas-te) [helcoma; nXaooecv, 
to form]. The treatment of ulcers by skin- 
grafting. 

Helenin ihel'-en-in), C 6 H g O. A stearopten 
from Inula helenium; it is used as an internal 
and external antiseptic. Dose ^— J gr. (0.011- 
0.022 Gm.). 

Heliciform {hel-is'-e-form) [helix; forma, 
form]. Spiral; shaped like a snail-shell. 

Helicina {hel-is' -in-ah) . A mixture of snail 
mucus and -sugar; a white powder, soluble 
in water, and used as a pectoral remedy. 
Syn., Saccharated snail-juice. 

Helicine {hel'-is-in) [helix]. 1. Spiral in struc- 
ture. 2. Pertaining to the helix. H. Arteries, 
spirally winding arteries supplying the erec- 
tile tissue of the penis. 

Helicoid {hel' -ik-oid) [helix; eloof, form]. 
Spiral; coiled like a snail-shell. 

Helicoproteid (hel-ik-o-pro' -te-id) . A phospho- 
glycoproteid obtained from the glands of the 
snail, Helix pomatia. It is converted by 
action of alkalis into a gummy, levorotatory 
carbohydrate called animal sinistrin. 

Helicotrema (hel-ik-o-tre f -mah) [helix; xprjpa, 
hole]. The opening connecting the scalse 
tympani and vestibuli of the spiral canal of the 
cochlea. 

Heliophilia {he-le-oj-iV -e-ah) [tjXcoc, sun; 
<f>c\e~cv, to love]. Morbid affinity for the sun- 
light, resulting in ecstacy and muscular con- 
traction. 

Heliophobia (he-le-o-fo' -be-ah) [helios; <p6(3of, 
fear]. Morbid fear of exposure to the sun's 
rays. 

Heliotherapy (he-le-o- ther' -ap -e) [helios; 
depaTze'ca, treatment]. The treatment of dis- 
ease by exposure of the body to sunlight. 
Sun-bathing. 

Heliotropic (he-le-o-trop'-ik) [helios; xpknecv, 
to turn]. Relating to the movements of pro- 
toplasm under the influence of light. 

Helium (he'-le^um) [r))uoc, sun]. A gaseous 
body, a supposed atmospheric element, boil- 
ing below 264 C, which has refisted all 
attempts to liquefy it. It forms compounds 



HELIX 



469 



HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA 



with hydrogen, carbureted hydrogen,, and 
nitrogen. 

Helix (he'-liks) [eAeg, a spiral], i. The rounded, 
convex margin of the pinna of the ear. 2. A 
coil of wire, as that of an electromagnet. 

Hellebore, Helleborus (hel'-e-bor, he-leb' -or-us) 
[kllkfiopoc, hellebore]. A plant of the genus 
Helleborus, particularly iJ.- niger, black helle- 
bore, the root of which contains two glucosids, 
helleborin, C 36 H 42 6 , and helleborein, C 26 H 44 15 , 
to which its properties are due. It is a dras- 
tic hydragog, cathartic, and an emmenagog, 
and has been used as a drastic purge in in- 
sanity, dropsy, and amenorrhea. Dose of the 
powdered root, as a purge, 10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 
Gm.). H., White. See Veratrum. 

Heller's Plexus. The network of arteries in 
the deeper layer of the intestinal submucosa. 
H.'s Test. 1. A test for albumin in the urine. 
A little nitric acid is placed in a test-tube 
and the urine allowed carefully to flow down 
the side of the tube, so as to form a layer 
on the acid without mixing. The develop- 
ment of an opaque white ring indicates albu- 
min. 2. A test for the presence of blood- 
coloring-matter in the urine. The urine is 
boiled with half its volume of caustic potash, 
whereby the phosphates are precipitated. The 
precipitate is colored red if blood is present. 

Helmholtz's Ligament. The anterior liga- 
ment of the malleus that encircles the long 
process of the latter and is inserted into the 
anterior part of its neck, and head. H.'s 
Line, the line perpendicular to the plane of 
the axis of rotation of the eyeballs. 

Helminth (hel'-minth) [Upcvc, a worm]. A 
worm. 

Helminthagog, Helminthagogue (hel-minth' - 
ag-og). See Anthelmintic. 

Helminthiasis (hel-min-thi' -as-is) [helminth]. 
The diseased condition produced by the pres- 
ence of worms in the body. H. elastica, 
elastic tumors of the axillas and groins due 
to filaria. 

Helminthism (hel-minth' -izm) [helminth]. 
The existence of intestinal worms in the body. 

Helminthochorton (hel-minth-o-kor'-ton) [hel- 
minth; yopzoc, grass]. Corsican moss. 

Helminthology (hel-min-thol' -o-je) [helminth; 
Xbjoc, science]. The science of worms, espe- 
cially those parasitic within the body. 

Helmitol (hel'-mit-ol). Hexamethylenetetra- 
min anhydromethylene citrate, an analgesic 
and urinary antiseptic. Dose 10-15 S 1 "- (0.64- 
0.97 Gm.) 3 times daily in a wineglassful of 
water. 

Helophilous (hel-of -il-us) \iloc a marsh; 
(b'cXoc, loving]. Inhabiting marshes. 

Helotic (hel-of '-ik) [fjXoc, a nail]. 1. Relating 
to corns. 2. A vesicant. 

Helthin (hel'-thin). An acidulated solution of 
sodium parasulfanilate and of sodium or 
potassium amidonaphthol disulfonate. It is 
used as a test for nitrites in potable waters. 

Helweg's Triangular Bundle. The triangular 
or olivary tract situated in the ventral part 
of the anterolateral column of the spinal cord. 



Hemabarometer (hem-ab-ar-om 1 '-et-er) [alpa, 
blood; barometer]. An instrument for the 
determination of the specific gravity of the 
blood. 

Hem-, Hema-, Hemato- (hem-, hem-ah-, hem- 
at-o-) [alpa, blood]. Prefixes signifying of or 
pertaining to the blood. 

Hemachromatosis (hem-ak-rom-at-o' -sis) 

[see Hemachrome]. General hematogenous 
pigmentation. 

Hemachrome (hem' -ak-rom) [hema-; ypcbpa, 
color]. The coloring-matter of the blood; 
hematin. 

Hemacyanin (hem-as-i' -an-in) . See Hemo- 
cyanin. 

Hemacyte (hem'-as-lt). See Hematocyte. 

Hemad (hem'-ad) [hema-; ad, toward]. Toward 
the hemal aspect; opposed to neurad. 

Hemadromometer (hem -a-dro - mom'- et -er) 
[hema-; dpopoc, course; pkrpov, a meas- 
ure]. An instrument for measuring the ve- 
locity of the blood-current. 

Hemadynamometer (hem-a-di-na-mom' -et-er) 
[hema-; ouvap.cc, strength; phpov, a measure]. 
An instrument for measuring the tension or 
pressure of blood within the arteries. 

Hemafacient (hem -a-fa'- she - ent) [hema-; 
Jacere, to make]. An agent that increases the 
quantity and quality of the blood. 

Hemagglutination, Hemoagglutination 

(hem-ag'-hc-tin-a' -shun, hem-o-a g-lu-tin-a' - 
shun) [see Hemagglutinins]. The clumping 
of red blood-corpuscles. 

Hemagglutinins, Hemoagglutinins (hem-ag- 
lu'-tin-inz, hem-o-ag-lu' -tin-ins) [hema-; ag- 
glutinin]. Agglutinins which have the power 
to clump red blood-corpuscles. Syn., Erythro- 
agglutinins. 

Hemagog, Hemagogue (hcm'-ag-og) [hema-; 
ajiojbc, leading]. Promoting the menstrual or 
hemorrhoidal discharge of blood. 

Hemal (hem'-al) [alpa, blood]. 1. Pertaining 
to the blood or vascular system. 2. Per- 
taining to the ventral aspect of the body, 
that part containing the heart and blood- 
vessels. 

Hemalbumin (hem - al' - bu - min) [hema-; 
albumin]. 1. A predigested iron albuminate 
used in anemic conditions. Dose 15 gr. 
(1 Gm.) several times daily. 2. A preparation 
of the salts and albuminoid constituents of 
the blood. 3. A preparation of iron contain- 
ing hematin, hemoglobin, serum-albumin, 
paraglobulin, and inorganic constituents of 
the blood. 

Hemalum (hem-aV -um) . A stain for bone- 
tissue consisting of hematoxylin and alum. 

Hemameba (hem-am-e'-bah) [hema-; a?neba]. 
A white blood-cell. Haemamceba leukemic 
magna, H. leukemiae parva, bodies sup- 
posed to be of protozoan nature and specific 
causes of leukemia, shown by Tiirck to be 
artefacts resulting from the action of a basic 
dye upon the mast-cell granules. 

Hemanalysis (hem-an-aV -is-is) [hema-; analy- 
sis]. Analysis of the blood. 

Hemangioendothelioma (hem- an- je-o -en-do- 



HEMANGIOMA 



470 



HEMATOGENIC 



the-li-o' -mail) [hema-; dyyslov, vessel; endo- 
thelioma]. Epithelial hyperplasia of the 
capillaries. 

Hemangioma (hem - an - je - o' - mah) [hema-; 
dyyelov, vessel; ofia, a tumor]. An angioma 
made up of blood-vessels. 

Hemangiosarcoma (hem-an-je-o-sar-ko' -mah) 
[hema-; dyyslov, vessel; sarcoma]. A vascular 
sarcoma. 

Hemanutrid (hem-an-u' -trid) . A liquid prepa- 
ration of hemoglobin, 70%; glycerol, 20%; 
brandy, 10%. 

Hemaphein (hem -aj -e' - in) [hema-; <f>acoc, 
dusky]. A brown coloring-matter from blood, 
regarded as a decomposition-product of 
hematin. 

Hemapoiesis (hem-ap-oi-e' -sis) . See Hem- 
atopoiesis. 

Hemapoietic (hem-ap-oi-ef '-ik) . See Hema- 
topoietic. 

Hemarthrosis (hem -ar - thro' - sis) [hema-; 
apdpov, a joint]. Effusion of blood into a 
joint. 

Hemastatics (hem-as-taf -iks) [hema-; axazcKog, 
standing]. That branch of physiology treat- 
ing of the laws of the equilibrium of the blood. 

Hematachometer (hem-at-ak-om' -et-er) . See 
Hemotachometer . 

Hematalloscopy (hem-at-al-os' '-ko-pe) [hema-; 
aXXog, other; anone'cv, to examine]. In medi- 
cal jurisprudence the examination of the blood 
to distinguish one kind from another. 

Hematein (hem-at-e' '-in) [alfia, blood], C 16 H 12 O e . 
A crystalline principle derived from, and 
reconvertible into, hematoxylin. H. -ammo- 
nium, C 10 H 9 O 5 . NH 4 + 4H 2 0, a violet-black 
granular powder, purple in aqueous solution, 
brown-red in alcoholic solution, used as a 
stain. 

Hematemesis (hem - at - em' - es - is) [hema-; 
emesis, to vomit]. The vomiting of blood. 

Hematherapy (hem -ah- ther' - ap ~ e) [hema-; 
depaizn'ca, therapy]. 1. The therapeutic use 
of prepared arterial blood of bullocks. 2. 
Treatment applied to diseases of the blood. 

Hematic (hem-at'-ik) [alfia, blood]. Bloody; 
pertaining to, full of, or having the color of, 
blood. 

Hematidrosis (hem -at- id - ro' - sis) [hema-, 
Ydpioc, sweat]. A sweating of blood. 

Hematimeter (hem-at-im' -et-er) [hema-; pttcpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for counting the 
corpuscles in a given volume of blood. 

Hematin (hem'-at-in) [alfia, blood], C^H^N^ 
FeO s . A decomposition-product of hemoglo- 
bin. It is bluish -black, amorphous, contains 
iron, and is soluble in dilute alkalis and 
acids, insoluble in water, in alcohol, and in 
ether. H. -albumin, a fine brown-red, taste- 
less, odorless powder obtained by drying 
blood-fibrin. Dose, in anemia, 1-2 teaspoon- 
fuls 3 times daily. H., Reduced, hemo- 
chromogen. H., Vegetable, aspergillin. 

Hematinic (hem-at-in'-ik) [hematin]. 1. Same 
as Hematic. 2. Relating to hematin. 3. An 
agent which tends to increase the proportion 
of hematin or coloring-matter in the blood. 



Hematinometer (hem-at-in-om' -et-er) . Same 
as Hemoglobinometer. 

Hematinuria (hem-at-in-u' -re-ah) . Same as 
Hemoglobinuria. 

Hematobium (hem-at-o' -be-um) [hemato-; /?/of, 
life]. 1. A blood-corpuscle. 2. A blood- 
parasite. 

Hematoblast (hem'-at-o-blast) [hemato-; /3Xaor6c, 
a germ]. A blood-plate; an immature red 
blood-corpuscle. 

Hematocathartic (hem-at-o-kath-ar'-tik) [hem- 
ato-; KadapuKoc, cleansing]. 1. Purifying the 
blood. 2. Any remedy that purifies the 
blood. 

Hematocele (hem'-at-o-sel) [hemato-; ktjXtj, a 
tumor]. A tumor formed by the extrava- 
sation and collection of blood in a part, espe- 
cially in the tunica vaginalis testis or in the 
pelvic cavity (pelvic hematocele). 

Hematocephalus (hem-at-o-se)' -al-us) [hem- 
ato-; Ke<f)aXr], head]. 1. An effusion of 
blood into the brain. 2. A monstrosity char- 
acterized by an effusion of blood into the 
cerebral hemispheres. 

Hematochlorin (hem-at-o-klo' -rin) [hemato-, 
xXojpoc, green]. An amorphous green pig- 
ment contained in the marginal zone of the 
placenta. 

Hemato chyluria (hem -at-o - ki - lu' - re - ah) 
[hemato-; %uX6c, chyle; odpov, urine]. The 
presence of blood and chylous material in the 
urine. 

Hematocolpos (hem -at-o- kol' - pos) [hem- 
ato-; koXtioc, vagina]. A collection of blood 
within the vagina. 

Hematocrit (hem' - at - o - krit) [hemato-; 
KphtLv, to separate; to judge]. An instru- 
ment for making volumetric estimation of the 
blood-corpuscles by separating, by Centrifugal 
action, the corpuscles from the plasma. 

Hematocyst (hem' -at-o- sist) [hemato-; kuotcc, 
bladder]. 1. A cyst containing blood. 2. 
An effusion of blood into the bladder. 

Hematocyte (hem'-at-o-slt). See Hemocyte. 

Hematocytometer (hem-at-o-si-tom' -et-er) . See 
Hemacytometer . 

Hematodes (hem-at-o' -dez) [L., hcematodes, re- 
sembling blood]. Bloody. 

Hematogaster (hem-at-o- gas' -ter) [hemato-; 
yaazrjp, stomach]. Extravasation of blood 
into the stomach. 

Hematogen (hem-af -o'-jen) [hemato-; yevvav, 
to produce]. 1. A nucleoalbuminoid prepara- 
tion of iron 0.3%. 2. Defibrinated blood 
with minute percentage of creasote, containing 
0.5 % of iron and mixed with glycerol and 
wine; used in anemia. Dose 1-2 tablespoon- 
fuls. 3. A yellowish powder containing 7% 
of iron or a liquid formed by adding ferric 
citrate and acetic acid to an alkaline solution 
of albumin. Dose of liquid 1-4 teaspoonfuls. 
4. A decomposition-product of vitellin. 

Hematogenesis (hem -at-o- jen'-es - is) [hem- 
ato-; yevvav, to produce]. The develop- 
ment of blood or blood-corpuscles. 

Hematogenic (hem-at-o-jen'-ik) [see Hemato- 
genesis]. Pertaining to the formation of blood. 



HEMATOGENOUS 



471 



HEMATOSCHEOCELE 



Hematogenous (liem-at-of -en-us) [see Hemato- 
genesis]. Derived from, or having origin in, 
the blood. 
Hematoglobin (hem-at-o- glo' -bin) . See Hemo- 
globin. 
Hematoid {hem' -at-oid) [hemato-; eldoc, like- 
ness]. Resembling blood. 
Hematoidin (hem-at-oi' -din) [see Hematoid], 

C 16 H 18 NO s . 
An iron-free 
derivative of 
hemoglobin, 
occurring in 
old blood- 
clots as yel- 
lowish-brown 
rhombohe- 
dral crystals. 
Hematokol- 
pos (hem-at- 
o-kol'-pos). 
See Hemato- 
colpos. 
See Hemato- 




Hematoidin Crystals. 



Hematokrit (hem f -at-o-krit) . 
crit. 

Hematol (hem'-at-ol). A sterilized hemoglobin 
mixed with glycerol and brandy. 

Hematologist (hem-at-ol' -o-jist) [see Hematol- 
ogy]. One who makes a special study 
of the blood and is skilled in the technic 
of blood-examinations. 

Hematology (hem-at-ol' -o-je) [hemato-; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science of the blood, its 
nature, functions, and diseases. 

Hematolymphangioma (hem-at-o-limf-an-je- 
o'-mah) [hemato-; lymph; dyyelov, a vessel; 
op.a, sl tumor]. A tumor involving blood-ves- 
sels and lymph-vessels. 

Hematolysis (hem-at-ol' '-is-is) [hemato-; Xbocg, 
a solution]. Destruction or disorganization 
of the blood or of the corpuscles. 

Hematolytic (hem-at-o-lif '-ik) [see Hematolysis]. 
Marked by or tending to blood-impoverish- 
ment. 

Hematoma (hem-at-o' -mah) [hemato-; '6/ia, 
tumor]. A tumor or swelling containing 
blood. Haematoma auris, insane ear; an 
effusion of blood or serum between the carti- 
lage of the ear and its covering, occurring 
in various forms of insanity as the result of 
injuries or trophic changes. H. of the Dura 
mater, an effusion of blood beneath the dura 
mater, forming membranous layers. H., 
Pelvic, an effusion of blood into the cellular 
tissue of the pelvis. H.s, Valve-, of the 
Newborn, those due to imperfect develop- 
ment leading to the formation of clefts; they 
are not produced by hemorrhage and have 
no relation to the minute hemorrhages found 
beneath the pericardium and endocardium 
in cases of death from suffocation. 

Hematomediastinum (hem-at-o-me-de-as-ti' - 
num) [hemato-; mediastinum, the medi- 
astinum]. An effusion of blood into the 
mediastinal spaces. 

Hematometer (hem-at-om' -et-er) . See Hemo- 
globinometer . 



Hematometra (hem-at-o-me'-trah) [hemato-; 
/XTjrpa, uterus]. An accumulation of blood 
within the uterine cavity. 

Hematomonas (hem-at-om' -on-as) [hemato-; 
[iovac, monad]. A genus of protozoan para- 
sites inhabiting the blood. 

Hematomphalocele (hem-at-om- fal 1 '-o-sel) [hem- 
ato-; 6p.(j)aX6c, navel; ktjXt], hernia]. An 
umbilical hernia distended with blood. 

Hematomyces (hem-at-om' '-is-ez) [hemato-; 
/jl'jktjc, a fungus]. A bleeding variety of en- 
cephaloid cancer; medullary sarcoma. Syn., 
Fungus hcematodes. 

Hematomyelia (hem-at-o-mi-e' -le-ah) [hemato-; 
jiueXof, marrow]. Hemorrhage into the spinal 
cord; an accumulation of blood in the central 
canal of the spinal cord. 

Hematomyelitis (hem-at-o-mi-el-i'-tis) [hem- 
ato-; myelitis]. An acute myelitis attended 
with an effusion of blood into the spinal 
cord. 

Hematomyelopore (hem -at- o -mi- e'-lo-por) 
[hemato-; [xueXog, marrow; nopoe, pore]. 
A cavity in the substance of the myelon re- 
sulting from hemorrhage. 

Hematopericardium (hem -at-o - per - ik- ar'- 
de-um) [hemato-; pericardium]. An effusion 
of blood into the pericardium. 

Hematophagous (hem -at- of -ag- us) [hem- 
ato-; <j>af£~cv, to eat]. Feeding on blood; 
blood-sucking. 

Hematophyte (hem f -at-o-jlt) [hemato-; fyozbv, 
a plant]. A vegetable organism, such as a 
bacterium, living in the blood. 

Hematoplastic (hem-at-o-plas 1 '-tik) [hemato-; 
TzlaaxtKoc, plastic]. Blood-forming.. 

Hematopoiesis (hem - at - o - poi - e' -sis) [hem- 
ato-; novate, a making]. The formation of 
blood. 

Hematopoietic (hem - at - o - poi - el'-ik) [see 
Hematopoiesis]. Relating to the processes of 
blood-making. H. Organs, the blood-making 
organs. 

Hematoporphyrin (hem-at-o-por'-fe-rin) [hem- 
ato-; 7iop<f)upa, purple], C 68 H 74 N 8 ]2 . Iron- 
free hematin, a decomposition-product of 
hemoglobin occurring in the urine in condi- 
tions associated with destruction of red cor- 
puscles. It is produced by dissolving hematin 
in concentrated sulfuric acid. H., Test for. 
See Garrod. 

Hematoporphyrinuria (hem-at-o-por-fi-rin-u' '- 
re-ali) [hematoporphyrin; oupov, urine]. The 
presence of hematoporphyrin in the urine. 

Hematoposia (hem -at-o - po' - ze - ah) [hem- 
ato-; Tibaig, a drinking]. The drinking of 
blood. 

Hematorachis, Hematorrhachis (hem-at-or'- 
ak-is) [hemato-; paitc, spine]. Hemorrhage 
within the vertebral canal. 

Hematorrhea (hem-at-or-e' -ah) [hemato-; po'ca, 
a flow]. A copious flow or discharge of 
blood . 

Hematosalpinx (hem-at-o-sal f -pinks) [hemato-; 
aalncy^, a trumpet]. A collection of blood in 
a fallopian tube. 

Hematoscheocele (hem-at-o s' -ke-o-sel) [hemato-; 



HEMATOSCOPE 



472 



HEMIANESTHESIA 



oo%£oi>, scrotum; ktjAt), tumor]. A hemor- 
rhagic tumor or distention of the scrotum. 

Hematoscope {hem' -at-o - skop) [hemato-; 
oKone'cv, to view]. An instrument used in 
the spectroscopic examination of the blood, 
by means of which the thickness of the layer 
of blood can be regulated. 

Hematoscopy (hem-at-os' '-ko-pe) [see Hemato- 
scope]. Visual examination of the blood; 
examination of the blood by means of the 
hematoscope. 

Hematosepsis {hem-at-o-sep' -sis) [hemato-; 
ot)<J>!c, putrefaction]. Septicemia. 

Hematosis (hem-at-o' -sis) [at/xa, blood]. The 
process of the formation of blood and the 
development of blood-corpuscles. 

Hematospectroscope ihem-at-o-spek' -tro-skop) 
[hemato-; spectroscope]. A spectroscope 
adapted to the study of the blood. 

Hematospermia {hem-at-o-sper' '-me-ah) [hem- 
ato-; onepfxa, seed]. The discharge of bloody 
semen. 

Hematothorax (hem -at-o- tho' - raks) . See 
Hemothorax. 

Hematotic {hem-at-ot' -ik) . Relating to hema- 
tosis. 

Hematoxic {hem-at-oks' -ik) [hemato-; to£oc6v, 
a poison]. Pertaining to a poisoned or impure 
state of the blood. 

Hematoxylin {hem-at-oks' -il-in) [hemato-; 
£ f Aov, wood], C 16 H 14 6 . The coloring-matter 
of logwood. It is a crystalline substance and 
is used as a stain in microscopy. 

Hematoxylon {hem-at-oks' -il-on) [see Hema- 
toxylhi]. Logwood. The hoematoxylon of the 
U. S. P. is the heart-wood of Hamatoxylon 
campechianum; it contains tannic acid and a 
coloring principle, hematoxylin, and is a mild 
astringent. H., Decoction of {decoctum hoe- 
matoxyli, B. P.). Dose 1—2 oz. (32-64 Cc). 
H., Extract of {extr actum hcematoxyli, U. 
S. P.). Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). 

Hematozemia {hem-at-o-ze' -me-ah) [hemato-; 
tjiiica, a loss]. A gradual or periodic dis- 
charge of blood. 

Hematozoon {hem-at-o-zo' -on) [hemato-; £c3oy, 
animal; pi., hematozoa]. Any animal parasite 
in the blood. Haematozoon malariae, a 
hyaline ameboid body found in the blood of 
malarial patients. 

Hematozymosis {hem-at-o-zi-mo' -sis) [hemato-; 
^biuoacg, fermentation]. Fermentation of the 
blood. 

Hematropin {hem-af -ro-pin) . Phenylglycolyl- 
tropein; a fluid preparation of hemoglobin. 

Hematuresis {hem-at-u-re' -sis) [see Hematuria]. 
The passage of bloody urine. 

Hematuria {hem - at - u' -re - ah) [hemato-; 
obpov, urine]. The discharge of urine con- 
taining blood. When only the coloring- 
matter of the blood is found in the urine, it 
is termed hemoglobinuria or hematinuria. 
Haematuria aegyptica. See H., Endemic. 
H., Chylous, hematochyluria. H., Endemic, 
a form occurring in tropical countries due to 
parasites peculiar to the particular locality. 
H., False, the discharge of red urine, due to 



the ingestion of food or drugs containing 
red pigments. 

Hemautography {hem-aw-tog' -ra-fe) [aljia, 
blood; auTOf, self; ypafotv, to write]. The trac- 
ing produced by a jet of blood from a divided 
artery caught upon paper drawn in front of it. 

Hemelytrometra {hem-el-it-ro-me' -trah) [alLta, 
blood; eXoxpov, a sheath; jiyzpa, uterus]. An ac- 
cumulation of blood in the uterus and vagina. 

Hemeralopia (hem-er-al-o' -pe-ah) [y/J-epa, day; 
to<J>, eye]. Day-vision or night-blindness; a 
symptom of pigmentary degeneration of the 
retina, failure of general nutrition, etc. 
Vision is good by day or in a strong light, but 
fails at night. See Nyctalopia. 

Hemeropathia {hem-er-o-path' -e-ah) [yLiepa, 
day; nadoc, disease]. 1. Any disease lasting 
but one day. 2. A disease that is more severe 
during the day. 

Hemi- [r)Lt.c-, half]. A prefix signifying half. 

Hemiablepsia {hem-e-ab-lep' -se-ah) . See Hemi- 
anopia. 

Hemiacephalia {hem-e-ah-sej-a' -le-ah) [hemi-; 
a, priv.; Ke<j>aXi], head]. A monstrosity having 
a shapeless tumor representing the head, in 
which portions of the encephalon are con- 
tained. Syn., Acephalia spuria; Hypaceph- 
alia. 

Hemiachromatopsia {hem -e-ah- kro - mat - op'- 
se-ah) [hemi-; a, priv.; %pojp.a, color; o(ptc, 
vision]. Color-blindness in one-half of the 
field of vision. 

Hemiageusia {hem-e-ah-gu' -se-ah) [hemi-; 
a, priv.; ytbotg, taste]. One-sided loss or 
diminution of the sense of taste. 

Hemialbumin {hem-e-aV '-bu-min) . See Antial- 
bumin. 

Hemialbuminose (hem-e-al-bu'-min-os). The 
same as Hemialbumose. 

Hemialbumose {hem-e-aV '-bu-mos) [hemi-; 
albumen, the white of egg]. The most char- 
acteristic and most frequently obtained by- 
product of proteid digestion. It is the fore- 
runner of hemipeptcne. 

Hemialgia {hem-e-al' -je-ah) [hemi-; aXyoc, 
pain]. Unilateral neuralgia. 

Hemiamaurosis {hem-e-am-aw-ro' -sis) [hemi-; 
amaurosis]. A form of transitory blindness in 
which hemianopia is combined with amblyo- 
pia in the other half of the visual field. 

Hemiamblyopia {hem-e-am-ble-o' -pe-ah) . See 
Hemianopia. 

Hemianalgesia {hem -e -an - al- je' -ze- ah) 
[hemi-; dv, priv.; alyog, pain]. Insensibility 
to pain throughout one lateral half of the 
body and limbs. 

Hemianesthesia {hem - e - an-es -the' -ze-ah) 
[hemi-; avaiodr)o'ca,\\ 7 &ntoi feeling]. Anesthesia 
of one lateral half of the body. H., Alternate, 
that affecting one side of the head and the 
opposite side of the body.' H., Bulbar, that 
due to disease of the oblongata. H., Cere- 
bral, that due to lesion in one of the cerebral 
hemispheres in the part of the capsula between 
the thalamus and dorsal part of the lenticula. 
H., Crossed. 1. That associated with motor 
paralysis of the opposite half of the body. 



HEMIANOPIA 



473 



HEMINEURASTHENIA 



2. See H., Alternate. H., Functional, that 
due to functional causes rather than to cere- 
bral or spinal lesion. H., Hysteric, tactile 
and thermal hemianesthesia coming on grad- 
ually or suddenly and of variable duration 
in hysteric subjects. H., Organic, that due 
to lesion in the central nervous system. H., 
Saturnine, that due to lead-poisoning. H., 
Turck's, anesthesia affecting the functions 
of the posterior spinal roots of one side, at 
times also those of the nerves of special sense. 
It is caused by lesions of the posterior portion 
of the capsula and the contiguous region of 
the corona radiata. 

Hemianopia, Hemianopsia {hem - e - an - o'- 
pe-ah, hem-e-an-op'-se-ah) [hemi-; dv, priv.; 
bifjcc, sight]. Blindness in one-half of the 
visual field. It may be bilateral {binocular) 
or unilateral {unilocular). H., Binasal, 
blindness on the nasal side of the visual field, 
usually due to disease of the outer sides of 
the optic commissure. H., Bitemporal, 
blindness on the temporal side of the visual 
field, due to disease of the central parts of 
the commissure. H., Crossed, H., Heter- 
onymous, a general term for either binasal 
or bitemporal hemianopia. H., Homony- 
mous, the form affecting the inner half of 
one field and the outer half of*the other. H., 
Lateral, H. lateralis, a form in which the 
temporal half of one visual field and the nasal 
half of the other visual field are wanting; a 
vertical line through the center of vision 
sharply defining the defect. H., Vertical. 
See H ., Lateral. 

Hemiarthrosis {hem-e-ar -thro' -sis) [hemi-; 
apdpajocf, a joining]. A false synchondrosis. 

Hemiataxia {hem-e-at-aks' -e-ah) [hemi-; 
a, priv.; ra&c, order]. Ataxia limited to 
one side of the body. 

Hemiathetosis {hem-e-ath-et-o' -sis) [hemi-; 
adezof, without fixed position]. Athetosis of 
one side of the body. 

Hemiatonia {hem-e-at-o' -ne-ah) [hemi-; dzov'ca, 
want of tone]. Diminution or loss of muscu- 
lar or vital energy in one-half of the body. 
H. apoplectica, hemihypertonia postapo- 
plectica. 

Hemiatrophy {hem-e-at'-ro-fe) [hemi-; dzpo- 
(f>ia, lack of nourishment]. Atrophy confined 
to one side of the body. 

Hemic {hem'-ik) [alfia, blood]. Pertaining to 
or developed by the blood. 

Hemicellulose {hem - e-sel' -u- Ids) [hemi-; 
cellula, a little cell]. A term for all the carbo- 
hydrates in the cell-wall which are not colored 
blue by chlorzinc iodid. 

Hemicephalus {hem - e-sej' - a - lus) [hemi-; 
KscjiaXrj, head]. A monster in which the cere- 
bral hemispheres and skull are lacking. 

Hemichorea {hem - e - ko - re' -ah) [hemi-; 
%opsca, chorea]. A form of chorea in which 
the convulsive movements are confined to 
one side of the body. 

Hemichromanopsia {hem-e-kro-man-op' -se-ah) . 
See Hemiachromatopsia. 

Hemichromosome {hem-e-kro' -mo-som) [hemi-; 



chromosome]. The body formed by the 
longitudinal splitting of the chromosome. 

Hemicrania (hem - e - kra' -ne-ah) [hemi-; 
npavcov, head], i. Neuralgia of one-half of 
the head; migraine. 2. Imperfect develop- 
ment or absence of the anterior or posterior 
part of the skull. 

Hemicraniectomy {hem - e -kra - ne - ek'-lo-me) 
[hemi-; craniectomy]. Doyen's operation of 
sectioning the cranial vault near the mesial 
line, from before backward, and pressing the 
entire side outward to expose one-half of the 
brain. 

Hemidiaphoresis {hem-e-di-af-or-e'-sis) [hemi-; 
dca<f)6pr)occ, sweating]. Sweating of one lat- 
eral half of the body. 

Hemidrosis {hem-id-ro'-sis). See Hemati- 
drosis. 

Hemidysesthesia {hem - e - dis - es - the' - ze-ah) 
[hemi-; due-, difficult; a'ced-qote, sensation]. 
Dysesthesia of a lateral half of the body. 

Hemiencephalus {hem -e -en - sef - al - us) 
[hemi-; iyK£(f)aXoc, brain]. A monster without 
organs of sense, but having otherwise a nearly 
normal brain. 

Hemiepilepsy {hem-e-ef -il-ep-se) [hemi-; 
encXrul'ca, epilepsy]. A form of epilepsy in 
which the convulsions are confined to one 
lateral half of the body. 

Hemiglo ssitis {hem -e- glos-i' - tis) [hemi-; 
yXwoaa, tongue; czee, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of one-half of the tongue. 

Hemihyperesthesia {hem-e-M-per-es-the' -ze-ah) 
[hemi-; UTzip, over; a'codyocc, sensation]. 
Hyperesthesia confined to one lateral half of 
the body. 

Hemihypertonia {hem - e - hi - per - to' - ne - ah) 
[hemi-; hypertonia]. Increased muscular ton- 
icity confined to one-half of the body. H. post- 
apoplectica, an intermittent tonic spasm 
distributed over one-half of the body, affecting 
at times different groups of muscles without 
loss of power in the muscles affected. It 
follows an apoplectic attack. 

Hemihypertrophy {hcm-e-hi-per'-tro-}e) [hemi-; 
hypertrophy]. Hypertrophy of half of the 
body. 

Hemihypogeusia {hem-e-hi-po-gu' -se-ah) . See 
Hernia geusia. 

Hemihypothermia {hem-e-hi-po-ther'-me-ah) 
[hemi-; utzo, under; dip fit], heat]. Diminu- 
tion of the temperature limited to one side 
of the body. 

Hemilytic {hem-e-li/'-ik) [hemi-; loocg, 'a 
loosing]. Relating to a condition of retarded 
change. 

Hemimelus {hem-im' -el-us) [hemi-; p-kXog, 
a limb]. A monster with incomplete or stunted 
extremities. 

Hemin {hem'-in) [alfia, blood], C, 2 H 30 N 4 Fe- 
O3 . HC1. Crystalline hematin chlorid, of 
which Teichmann's crystals, doubly refractive 
crystals derived from blood by heating a drop 
of blood on a glass slide with a little glacial 
acetic acid, are composed. H., Test for. 
See Teichmann. 

Hemineurasthenia {hem - e - nu-ras-the' -ne-ah) 



HEMIOPIA 



474 



HEMOGLOBIN 



\hemi-; veupov, a nerve; aodevca, weak- 
ness]. Neurasthenia affecting one lateral half 
of the body. 

Hemiopia (hem-e-o' -pe-ah). See Hemianopia. 

Hemiopic {hem-e-o' '-pik) . Pertaining to hem- 
ianopia. H. Pupillary Reaction, Wernicke's 
reaction. 

Hemiparaane sthe sia ( hem-e-par-ah -an-es-the'- 
ze-ah) [hemi-; paraanesthesia]. Paraanesthesia 
limited to one side of the body and due to de- 
structive lesion of the lateral half of the spinal 
cord. 

Hemiparesis (hem - e - par' - es - is) [hemi-; 
7ia.ps.acg, impairment of strength]. Paresis 
of one side of the body. 

Hemiplectic (hem-e-plek' '-tik) . Same as Hemi- 
plegic. 

Hemiplegia (hem-e-ple f -je-ah) [hemi-; 7iXrjyrj, 
stroke]. Paralysis of one side of the body, 
due usually to a lesion in the internal capsule 
or corpus striatum, but at times caused by 
an extensive lesion of the cortex, or a lesion 
of the crus, pons, medulla, or upper part of 
the spinal cord. If in the brain, the lesion is 
on the side opposite to the paralysis. H., 
Alternate, paralysis of the facial muscles 
upon one side, with paralysis of the trunk 
and extremities upon the opposite side of the 
body. H., Bilateral Spastic. See Para- 
plegia, Infantile Spasmodic. H., Cerebral, 
the ordinary form first described. H., Chor- 
eic, that followed by chorea, especially in 
young adults. H., Crossed. Same as H., 
Alternate. H., Facial, motor paralysis of 
one side of the face. H., Homolateral, 
uncrossed hemiplegia. H., Spastic, a form 
occurring in infants, in which the affected 
extremities are spastically contracted. H., 
Spinal. See Brown-Sequard' s Paralysis. 

Hemiplegiac (hem-e-ple'-je-ak). An individual 
affected with hemiplegia. 

Hemiplegic (hem-e-plef '-ik) . Relating to or 
affected with hemiplegia; hemiplectic. 

Hemispasm (hem'-e-spazm) [hemi-; aTzaa\ibc, 
a spasm]. A spasm affecting only one side 
of the body. 

Hemisphere (hem'-is-fer) [hemi-; ofyalpa, 
a sphere]. Half a sphere-. H., Cerebellar, 
either lateral half of the cerebellum. H., 
Cerebral, either lateral half of the cerebrum. 

Hemisystole (hem - e - sis' - to - le) [hemi-; 
ouozoXr], a contraction]. A peculiar kind of 
irregular action of the heart -muscle, in which, 
with every two beats of the heart, only one 
beat of the pulse is felt. 

Hemiterata (hem-e-ter' -at-ah) [hemi-; xkpac, 
a monster]. A class of malformations not 
grave enough to be called monstrous. 

Hemiteratic (hem-e-ter -at' -ik). Pertaining 
to hemiterata. 

Hemithermoanesthesia (hem-e-ther-mo-an-es- 
the'-ze-ah) [hemi-; dipfij), heat; anesthesia]. 
Insensibility to heat and cold limited to one 
side of the body. 

Hemitonia (hem-e-to' -ne-ah) [hemi-; rovoc, 
tension]. One-sided tonic muscle-contraction 
in brain disease. 



Hemitoxin (hem-e-toks' -in) [hemi-; toxin]. 
A toxin deprived of half of its original toxicity. 

Hemlock (hem'-lok). See Conium. 

Hemo- (hem-o-) [alp.a, blood]. A prefix signify- 
ing of or pertaining to the blood. 

Hemoblast (hem' -o-blast) . See Hematoblast. 

Hemocatatonistic (hem - o - kat -at -on- is' -tik) 
[hemo-; Kara, down; rovoc, tension]. Tend- 
ing to diminish the cohesion between the 
hemoglobin and the red blood-corpuscles. 

Hemochromatosis (hem - o - kro - mat - o' - sis) 
[hemo-; xp6)p.a, color]. Discoloration of the 
tissues, particularly the skin, by deposition 
of a pigment from the blood. 

Hemochromogen (hem-o-kro'-mo-jen) [hemo-; 
Xpcbfia, color; yevvav, to produce], i. Hemo- 
globin. 2. A hypothetic substance formed 
by the decomposition of hemoglobin with 
acids or alkalis in the absence of oxygen. 

Hemocyanin (hem - o - si' - an - in) [hemo-; 
Koavoc, blue]. . A coloring-matter found in 
the blood of certain invertebrates. It con- 
tains copper, and gives to the blood a blue 
color. 

Hemocyte (hem'-o-sit). A blood-corpuscle. 

Hemocytolysis (hem-o-si-tol' -is-is) [hemo-; 
kOtoc, a cell; Xuecv, to unloose]. The disso- 
lution of blood-corpuscles by means of heat. 

Hemocytometer (hem-o-si-tom' -et-er) [hemo-; 
kuxoc, a cell; jxhpov, a measure]. An instru- 
ment for estimating the number of corpuscles 
in the blood. (See illustrations on p. 475.) 

Hemocytotripsis (hem-o-si-to-trip'-sis) [hemo-; 
tcuzoc, a cell; Tptfiecv, to rub]. The breaking 
up of blood-corpuscles under strong pressure. 

Hemocytozoon (hem-o-si-to-zo'-on) [hemo-; 
kuxoc, a cell; C^Wj an animal]. The Plas- 
modium of malaria. 

Hemodia (hem-o' -de-ah) [hemo-; Sdooc, a 
tooth]. Excessive sensibility of the teeth. 

Hemodiastase (hem - o - di' - as - taz) [hemo-; 
dcaoraocc, separation]. The amylolytic en- 
zym of the blood. 

Hemodromometer (hem-o-dro-mom' -et-er). See 
Hemadromometer. 

Hemodynamometer (hem-o-di-nam-om' -et-er) . 
See Hemadynamometer. 

Hemof errogen (hem-o-fer' -o-jen) . A dry prepa- 
ration of blood proposed as a remedy in anemic 
conditions. 

Hemof errum (hem-o-fer' -um). See Oxyhemo- 
globin. 

Hemofuscin (hem-o- f us' -in) [hemo-; jus- 
cus, dark]. The yellowish-brown, iron-free 
pigment found in hemochromatosis. 

Hemogenesis (hem-o-jen' -es-is) . See Hemato- 
genesis. 

Hemogenic (hem-o-jen' -ik) . See Hematogenic. 

Hemoglobic (hem-o-glo'-bik). Applied to cells 
containing or generating hemoglobin. 

Hemoglobin (hem-o-glo' -bin) [hemo-; globus, 
a ball]. The coloring-matter of the red 
corpuscles. It is an exceedingly complex 
body, containing iron; it crystallizes in rhom- 
bic plates or prisms, and is composed of 
hematin and a proteid substance, called 
globulin. It has a strong affinity for oxygen, 



HEMOGLOBINEMIA 



475 

A 



HEMOGLOBINOMETER 





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Capillary Mixing-tube 
of the Thoma-Zeiss 
Apparatus. — (v. 
Jaksch.) 



and the greater part of the oxygen in the 
blood is in combination with it as oxy- 
hemoglobin. When it 
gives up the oxygen to 
the tissues it becomes 
reduced hemoglobin. It 
is used in treatment of 
anemia in daily doses 

o f 75-i5° g r - (5-i° 
Gra.). Syn., Purple 
cruorin. H., Tests for. 
See Robert, Tallqvist. 

Hemoglobinemia (hem- 
o - glo - bin - e'-me - ah) 
[hemoglobin; alpta, 

blood]. A condition in 
which the hemoglobin 
is dissolved out of the 
red corpuscles, prob- 
ably as the result of 
the destruction of the 
latter, and is held in so- 
lution in the serum. The 
blood is "lake" colored. 
It occurs in some infectious diseases and after 
injecting certain substances into the blood. 

Hemoglobinometer (hem - o-glo- bin-om' -et-er) 
{hemoglobin; [ihpov, a measure]. An in- 
strument for the quantitative estimation of 



Counting Chamber of the Thoma-Zeiss Hemocytometer. 
— (Landois.) 

A. Sectional view. On the upper surface is shown cover- 
glass in position. Beneath the center of the cover is a 
glass platform upon which are ruled the divisions shown in 
the surface view, C The space between the cover and 
the ruled platform is o.i mm. On each side of the 
ruled platform is shown the moat that prevents the fluid 
from reaching the outer disc, upon which the cover-glass 
rests. B. Appearance of the ruled surface under micro- 
scope and showing uniform distribution of the red cells 
as they should appear in a properly prepared dilution. 




Gowers' Hemoglobin- 
ometer, Improved 
Form. 



Dare's Hemoglobinometer. 

hemoglobin in the blood. H., Dare's, an 
instrument consisting of a pipet and two glass 



HEMOGLOBINORRHEA 



476 



HEMOPTIC 



plates by means of which the undiluted blood 
is arranged into a stratum of exact thickness. 
It is illuminated by direct candle-light, and 
compared with a glass color-scale which is 
shifted by means of an adjusting wheel. 
The percentage of hemoglobin is shown by 
an indicator. H., Fleischl's, in this a certain 
dilution of the blood is made, and its color 
then compared with that of different thick- 
nesses of a sliding wedge of red glass. H., 
Gowers', in this the calculation is made by 
measuring the amount of dilution necessary 
to make the blood of the same shade as a 
standard solution of carmin in gelatin. 

Hemoglobinorrhea (hem - o - glo - bin-or-e' -ah) 
[hemoglobin; pom, a flow]. The escape of 
hemoglobin from the blood-vessels. Haemo- 
globinorrhoea cutis, an effusion of hemo- 
globin into the skin, due to venous engorge- 
ment. 

Hemoglobinuria (hem-o-glo-bin-u' -re-ah) [hemo- 
globin; obpov, urine]. The presence of 
hemoglobin in the urine, due either to its 
solution out of the red corpuscles or to 
disintegration of the red corpuscles. H., 
Epidemic, hemoglobinuria of the new- 
born associated with jaundice, cyanosis, and 
nervous symptoms. Syn., WinckeVs disease. 
H., Intermittent, H., Paroxysmal, a form 
characterized by recurring periodic attacks. 
It is related to cold, and is also closely associ- 
ated with Raynaud's disease. H., Toxic, that 
form occurring in consequence of poisoning 
by various substances. 

Hemogregarina (hem-o-greg-ar-e' -nah) [hemo-; 
Gregarina, a genus of Protozoa]. Gregarine- 
like bodies found in the blood of persons 
affected with malaria. 

Hemohydronephrosis (hem-o-hi-dro-nef-ro r -sis) 
[hemo-; udcop, water; v£(ppog, kidney]. A 
cystic tumor of the kidney with blood and 
urine in the contents. 

Hemokelidosis (hem-o-kel-id-o 1 '-sis) [hemo-; 
kt)\coouv, to stain]. Contamination of the 
blood; purpura. 

Hemokonia (hem-o-ko 1 '-ne-ah) [hemo-; kovco., 
dust]. Minute, colorless, highly refractive, 
spheroid or dumb -bell -shaped bodies con- 
stantly present in normal and pathologic 
blood. They are not more than i p. in diam- 
eter, and possess active, limited molecular 
motility, but not true ameboid motion. Syn., 
Blood-dust; Blood-motes. 

Hemol (hem'-ol) [a} pa, blood]. A dark -brown 
powder obtained by the action of zinc upon 
defibrinated blood, and said to contain i % 
of soluble iron. Dose in anemia i|-6 gr. 
(0.1-0.5 Gm.). 

Hemology (hem-ol'-o-je) [hemo-; Xbyoc, sci- 
ence]. The science treating of the blood. 

Hemolysin (hem-oV '-is -in) [hemo-; Xuocc, so- 
lution]. A substance produced in the body 
of one species of animal by the introduction 
of red blood-corpuscles derived from the body 
of another species. It is capable of dissolving 
the red blood-corpuscles of the animal species 
from which the blood was obtained. Syn., 



Erythrolysin. H., Bacterial, that formed 
by the action of bacteria. 

Hemolysis (hem-oV -is-is) . See Hematolysis. 

Hemolytic (hem-ol-it' -ik) . See Hematolytic. 

Hemomanometer (hem - - man - om' - et - er) 
[hemo-; pavoc, thin; pkxpov, a measure]. A 
manometer used in estimating blood-pres- 
sure. 

Hemomere (hem'-o-mer) [hemo-; pepoc, a 
part]. A portion of a metamere derived 
from the vascular system or taking part in 
its formation. 

Hemometer (hem-om' -et-er) . See Hemoglo- 
binometer. 

Hemometra (hem-o-me' -trah) . See Hemato- 
melra. 

Hemometrectasia (hem - - met-rek - ta' - ze - ah) 
[hemo-; prjrpa, uterus; hixaacg, a stretching]. 
Dilation of the uterus from effusion of blood 
into its cavity. 

Hemometry (hem-om' -et-re) [hemo-; pkxpov, 
a measure]. Estimation of the amount of 
hemoglobin or of the number of corpuscles 
in the blood. Normal Count: Erythrocytes 
(red corpuscles), 5,000,000; leukocytes (white 
corpuscles), 6000 to 8000; hemoglobin, 100%. 
Differential Count of Leukocytes : Poly- 
morphonuclears, 62 to 70%; small lympho- 
cytes, 20 to 30 % ; large lymphocytes, 4 to 8 % ; 
transitionals, 1 to 2%; eosinophils, 0.5 to 
4%; mast-cells, 0.25 to 0.5%. 

Hemopathology (hem-o -path-oV '-o-je) [hemo-; 
pathology]. The pathology of the blood. 

Hemopexia (hem-o-peks'-e-ah) [hemo-; iz^cg, 
a fixing]. A general name for diseases char- 
acterized by a tendency of the blood to coagu- 
late. 

Hemopexin (hem-o-peks'-in). A ferment capa- 
ble of coagulating blood. 

Hemophilia (hem-o-fiV -e-ah) [hemo-; <j)cXelv, 
to love]. Bleeder's disease, an abnormal 
tendency to hemorrhage. It is usually hered- 
itary, and though it is most common in males , 
the hereditary influence is transmitted through 
the mother. 

Hemophiliac (hem-o- fil'-e-ak) [see Hemophilia]. 
One who is affected with hemophilia. 

Hemophotograph (hem-o-Jo'-to-graf) [hemo-; 
photograph]. A photograph of blood-corpus- 
cles; it is used in determining the hemoglo- 
bin content. Syn., Hemaphoto graph. 

Hemophthalmia (hem-oj-thaV -me-ah) [hemo-; 
dcpdaXpdf, eye]. A hemorrhage into the inte- 
rior of the eye. 

Hemophysallis (hem -o -fis-al' - is) [hemo-; 
(puoaXX'cg, a bladder]. A pustule or vesicle 
filled with blood. 

Hemopneumothorax (hem-o-nu-mo-tho'-raks) 
[hemo-; nvsupa, air; dcupa£, the chest]. A 
collection of air and blood within the pleural 
cavity. 

Hemoproctia (hem - - prok' - te - ah) [hemo-; 
■KpioKxbc, the anus]. Rectal hemorrhage. 
Bloody discharge from hemorrhoids. 

Hemoptic, Hemoptoic (hem-op' '-tik,. hem-op- 
to'-ik). Relating to or attended by hemop- 
tysis. 



HEMOPTYIC 



477 



HENLE'S AMPULLA 



Hemoptyic, Hemoptysic {hem-op' -te-ik, hem- 
op' -tis-ik). See Hemoptic. 

Hemoptysis (hem-op' -tis-is) \hemo-; nxuecv, 
to spit]. The spitting of blood from the 
larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs. H., 
Parasitic, a disease due to the fluke, Para- 
gonimus Westermanii, which lodges in the 
lungs, and exceptionally in other organs. The 
diagnosis is made by finding the characteristic 
ovums in the sputum. 

Hemorrhage (hem'-or-dj) [hemo-; pijjvO- 
vat, to burst forth]. An escape of blood from 
the vessels, either by diapedesis through intact 
walls or by rhexis through ruptured walls. 
H., Accidental, hemorrhage during pregnancy 
from premature detachment of the placenta 
when normally situated. H., Capillary, 
oozing of blood from the capillaries. H., 
Concealed, a variety of accidental hemor- 
rhage in which the bleeding takes place 
between the ovum and the uterine walls, 
without escape from the genital tract. H., 
Consecutive,, one ensuing some time after 
injury. H., Critical, occurring at the turning- 
point of a disease. H., Petechial, hemor- 
rhage under the surface in the form of minute 
points. H., Postpartum, hemorrhage oc- 
curring shortly after labor. H., Primary, 
that immediately following any traumatism. 
H., Secondary, that occurring some time 
after the traumatism. H., Unavoidable, 
hemorrhage from detachment of a placenta 
praevia. H., Vicarious, a discharge of blood 
from a part owing to the suppression of a 
flow in another part, as vicarious menstruation . 

Hemorrhagic (hem - or - a'-jik) [hemorrhage]. 
Relating to or accompanied by hemorrhage. 
H. Diathesis. See Hemophilia. H. Infarct. 
See Infarct, Hemorrhagic. 

Hemorrhagiferous (hem-or-aj-if -er-us) [hem- 
orrhage; ferre, to bear]. Attended by hemor- 
rhage; giving rise to hemorrhage. 

Hemorrhagin, Haemorrhagin (hem-or-aj'-in). 
Flexner's name for endotheliolysin, since it 
causes extravasations of blood through its 
direct solvent action upon capillary endo- 
thelium. 

Hemorrhagiparous (hem-or-aj-ip'-ar-us). See 
Hemorrhagiferous . 

Hemorrhea (hem-or-e'-ah) [hemo-; po'ca, a 
flow]. A hemorrhage. 

Hemorrhoid (hem'-or-oid) [aqwppoo^, flowing 
with blood]. A pile. An enlarged and vari- 
cose condition of the veins of the lower portion 
of the rectum and the tissues about the anus. 
H., Blind, one that does not cause bleeding. 
H.s, External, those situated without the 
sphincter ani. H.s, Internal, those within the 
anal orifice. 

Hemorrhoidal (hem-or-oi'-dal) [hemorrhoid]. 
i. Pertaining to or affected with hemor- 
rhoids. 2. Applied to blood-vessels, nerves, 
etc., belonging to the anus. H. Veins, 
the three veins which form a plexus about 
the lower end of the rectum; through them 
the general venous system and the portal sys- 
tem communicate. 



Hemosiderin (hem - o - sid' - er - in) [hemo-; 
oiOTjpoc, iron]. A granular pigment, a product 
of the decomposition of hemoglobin. It is 
found where blood is extravasated in contact 
with active cells, and contains iron. 

Hemosiderosis (hem - o - sid - er - o' - sis) [see 
Hemosiderin]. A form of hemochromatosis 
characterized by the deposit of pigments con- 
taining iron in the tissues, especially those of 
the liver and spleen. 

Hemospasia (hem-o-spa'-ze-ah) \hemo-; onaeiv, 
to draw]. The drawing of blood to a part, as 
by dry-cupping. 

Hemospast (hem' -o-spasf) [see Hemospasia]. 
A device for drawing blood to a part. 

Hemostasia, • Hemostasis (hem-o-sta'-se-ah, 
hem-os' -ta-sis) [hemo-; oxaocc, a standing], 
i. Stagnation of the blood-current. 2. Ar- 
rest of a flow of blood. 

Hemostat (hem' -o-stat) [see Hemostasia]. 1. 
Hemostatic forceps. 2. A proprietary exter- 
nal remedy for nosebleed said to consist of 
tannin, quinin sulfate, and benzoated fat. 

Hemostatic (hem-o-slat'-ik). 1. Arresting hem- 
orrhage. 2. An agent or remedy that arrests 
hemorrhage. H. Forceps. See Forceps, Hemo- 
static. H., Martin's. See Martin's Hemostatic. 
H., Pavesi's, a mixture of collodion, 100 parts: 
phenol, 10 parts; pure tannin, 5 parts; benzoic 
acid, 3 parts. Syn., Pavesi's styptic collodion. 

Hemostatin (hem-o-slat'-in). An extract from 
the thymus of calves, containing sodium 
hydroxid and calcium chlorid. 

Hemosterol (hem-os' -ter-ol). A therapeutic 
compound from blood of animals. 

Hemotachometer (hem-o-tak-om' -et-er) [hemo-; 
xayoc, swiftness; [.ikxpov, a measure]. An in- 
strument for measuring the rate of flow of 
blood. 

Hemothorax (hem-o-tho'-raks) [hemo-; 6cupo£, 
the chest]. An accumulation of blood in a 
pleural cavity. 

Hemotoxic (hem-o-toks'-ik). See Hematoxic. 
H. Sensitizer, Metchnikoff's name for the 
intermediary body. 

Hemotoxin (hem - - toks' - in) [hemo-; xo^c- 
kov, a poison]. A cytotoxin from defibrinated 
blood. 

Hemotropic (hem - - trop' - ik) [hemo-; 
xpk.rcs.tv, to turn]. Applied to the haptophore 
by which the intermediary body combines 
with the corpuscle. 

Hemp [ME.]. Cannabis saliva, the bast-fiber 
of which is used for textile purposes. H., 
Indian. See Cannabis indica. 

Henbane. See Hyoscyamus. 

Henke's Retrovisceral Space. The pre- 
vertebral space of the thorax which is con- 
tinuous with the cervical space and is filled 
with areolar and fatty tissue. H.'s Triangle, 
the inguinal triangle, formed by the lateral 
border of the rectus muscle and the descend- 
ing portion of the inguinal fold. 

Henle's Ampulla. 1. The fusiform dilation 
of the vas deferens near its junction with the 
seminal vesicle. 2. The expanded outer half 
of the fallopian tube. H.'s Cells, large cells 



HENOCH'S PURPURA 



478 



HEPATIZON 



with granular protoplasm and one or more 
relatively small nuclei in the seminiferous 
tubules. H.'s Fenestrated Membrane, the 
subendothelial fibroelastic layer of the tunica 
intima of an artery. H.'s Fissures, inter- 
stices filled with connective tissue between 
the muscular fibers of the myocardium. H.'s 
Glands, tubular glands found in the palpebral 
conjunctiva. H.'s Internal Cremaster, the 
smooth muscular fibers, remains of the guber- 
naculum, surrounding the vas deferens and 
the vessels of the spermatic cord. H.'s Liga- 
ment, the inner portion of the conjoined 
tendon which is chiefly attached to the sheath 
of the rectus muscle. H.'s Loop, the U- 
shaped section of a uriniferous tubule which 
is formed by a descending and an ascending 
loop-tube. H.'s Membrane. See Bruch's 
Layer. H.'s Outer Fibrous Layer, the 
zone of cone-fibers at the margin of the fovea 
centralis. H.'s Sheath, i. The perineural 
sheath. 2. The cellular layer forming the 
outer portion of the inner root-sheath of the 
hair. H.'s Sphincter, the striated muscular 
fibers which encircle the prostatic and mem- 
branous portions of the urethra. H.'s Spine, 
spina suprameatum; an inconstant small 
spine at the junction of the posterior and 
superior walls of the external auditory meatus. 
It serves as a landmark in trephining the 
mastoid process. H.'s Stratum nerveum. 
See Bruecke's Tunica nervea. 

Henoch's Purpura. A variety of purpura with 
gastrointestinal symptoms occurring chiefly 
in young subjects; also a rapidly fatal form 
of purpura {purpura fulminans) . 

Henoch-Bergeron's Disease. See Bergeron's 
Disease. 

Henry's Law. See Law, Henry's. 

Hensen's Canal. See Canal, Hensen's. H.'s 
Cells, columnar epithelial cells found in 
the organ of Corti. H.'s Disc, H.'s Stria, 
the colorless transverse band which divides a 
dark (anisotropic), sarcous element in. the 
middle. H.'s Node, in the embryo, an ac- 
cumulation of cells at the anterior end of the 
primitive streak, through which the neuren- 
teric canal passes from the outside into the 
blastodermic vesicle. 

Hensing's Fold. The superior ligament of 
the cecum. A more or less triangular 
fold of the peritoneum which is attached 
to the abdominal wall, from the lower 
extremity of the kidney to the iliac fossa, by 
its lower border, and to the posteroexternal 
aspect of the colon, at times also to the cecum, 
by its anterior or internal border. The apex 
is fixed in the lumbar fossa, the lower free 
border extending from the iliac fossa to the 
intestine. Syn., Parietocolic fold. 

Hepar {he' -par) \i]~ap, the liver]. 1. The liver. 
2. A substance having the color of liver, as 
hepar sulphur is. H. induratum, an affection 
differing from cirrhosis, occurring after long- 
continued fevers, frequently characterized by 
melanemic pigmentary deposits in or near 
the capillaries and hyperplasia of the inter- 



acinous connective tissue. H. siccatum, the 
dried and powdered liver of swine freed from 
blood. Dose, in atrophic cirrhosis of liver, 
300 gr. (20 Gm.) daily. H. sulphuris, 
potassium sulfid; formerly much used in 
medicine, now used mainly by homeopathists. 

Heparaden {hep -ar' -ad-en) [hepar; dorjv, a 
gland]. A therapeutic preparation of liver- 
substance, 2 parts; lactose, 1 part. It is 
used in icterus. Dose 92-154 gr. (6-10 Gm.) 
daily. 

Hepatalgia {hep-at-aV -je-ah) [hepar; aXyoc, pain]. 
Neuralgic pain in the liver. 

Hepatatroptiia {hep-at-at-ro'-fe-ah) [hepar; 
drpo(f)ca, atrophy]. Atrophy of the liver. 

Hepatauxe {hep-at-awk'-se) [hepar; au^t], in- 
crease]. Enlargement of the liver. 

Hepatectomy {hep - at - ek f -to- me) [hepar; 
eKTOfirj, a cutting out]. Excision of the liver, 
wholly or in part. 

Hepathemia, Hepathsemia {hep-ath-e' -me-ah) 
[hepar; ai/ia, blood]. Sanguineous hepatic 
congestion. Syn., Hepatohemia. 

Hepatic {hep-at'-ik) [hepar]. Pertaining to the 
liver. 

Hepatica {hep-at'-ik-ah). Liverwort; a genus 
of ranunculaceous plants. H. triloba and H. 
acutiloba were formerly esteemed in the treat- 
ment of hepatic, renal, and pulmonary com- 
plaints. 

Hepaticocholecystostcholecystenterostomy 
{hep-at-ik-o-ko -le - sist-ost-ko-le- sist-en-ter-os' '- 
to-me). An anastomosis between the gall- 
bladder and hepatic duct, on one hand, and 
between the intestine and gall-bladder, on the 
other. 

Hepaticopulmonary {hep-at-ik-o-pul'-mon-a-re) 
[hepar; pulmo, lung]. Relating to the liver 
and the lungs. 

Hepaticostomy {hep-at-ik-os' -to-me) [hepar; 
ordfjia, mouth]. The formation of a fistula 
into the hepatic duct. 

Hepaticotomy {hep - at -ik -of -o -me) [hepar; 
t£[xvecv, to cut]. Incision of the hepatic duct. 

Hepatin {hep'-at-in) [hepar]. Glycogen. 

Hepatitis {hep-at-i' -tis) [hepar; mc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the liver. H., 
Indurative, a form marked by formation 
of fibrous tissue causing the liver-cells to 
atrophy from compression. H., Interstitial, 
inflammation of the connective tissue of the 
liver leading in some cases to the formation 
of abscesses or to softening and atrophy of 
the glandular structure, and in others to 
induration and cirrhosis. H., Interstitial, 
Chronic, cirrhosis of the liver. H., Paren- 
chymatous, Acute, acute yellow atrophy of 
the liver. H., Suppurative, abscess of the 
liver. 

Hepatization {hep-at-iz-a' -shun) [hepar]. A 
change of a tissue into a condition in which 
it resembles the liver, as hepatization of the 
lung. H., Gray, that in which the hepatized 
lung tissue is gray. H., Red, that in which 
it is red from an excess of blood. 

Hepatizon {hep-at-i' -zon) [ijTzazi^siv, to be like 
the liver]. Chloasma. 



HEPATO- 



479 



HERMAPHRODISM 



Hepato- {hep-at-o-) [hepar]. A prefix denoting 

relation to the liver. 
Hepatocele {hep'-at-o-sel) [hepato-; ktjAt), a her- 
nia]. Hernia of the liver. 
Hepato cirrhosis {hep-at-o-sir-o' 'sis) [hepato-; 

cirrhosis]. Cirrhosis of the liver. 
Hepatoduodenostomy {hep-at-o-du-od-en-os 1 '- 
to-me) [hepato-; duodenum; azop.a, mouth]. The 
formation of an opening from the liver into 
the duodenum. 

Hepatodysentery {hep-at-o-dis' '-en-ter-e) . In- 
flammation of the liver attended with dysen- 
tery; hepatic dysentery. 

-Hepatogenic, Hepatogenous {hep-at-o-jen'-ik, 
hep-at-of -en-us) [hepato-; yevvav, to produce]. 
Produced by or in the liver. H. Icterus, 
jaundice caused by the absorption of bile 
from the liver. 

Hepatohemia (hep-at-o-hem r -e-ah) . SeeHepa- 
t hernia. 

Hepatolithiasis {hep-at-o-lith-i' -as-is) [hepato-; 
lithiasis]. A diseased condition characterized 
by the formation of gall-stones in the liver. 

Hepatomalacia {hep-at-o-mal-a' '-she-ah) [hep- 
ato-; tiaXan'ta, softness]. Softening of the liver. 

Hepatomphalocele {hep-at-om-faV -o-sel) [hep- 
ato-; 6fi(f)aA6c, the navel; K-qXrj, a hernia]. An 
umbilical hernia with part of the liver con- 
tained in the sac. 

Hepatopathy {hep-at-o p' -ath-e) [hepato-; izaBog, 
disease]. Any disease of the liver. 

Hepatopexy {hep 1 ' -at-o-peks-e) [hepato-; 7rfj£;cc, 
fixation]. Surgical fixation of a floating liver. 

Hepatophage {hep'-at-o-faj) [hepato-; <j>aye~cv, 
to eat]. A giant -cell peculiar to the liver, 
which is said to destroy liver-cells. 

Hepatophlebitis {hep-at-o-fleb-i' -tis) [hepato-; 
phlebitis]. Inflammation of the veins of the liver. 

Hepatophlebotomy {hep -at-o-fleb- ot'-o-me) 
[hepato-; <f)\k$, a vein; zepvecv, to cut]. The 
aspiration of blood from the liver. 

Hepatoptosis {hep-at-o-to' '-sis) [hepato-; tzzojocc, 
a falling]. Synonym of Floating liver. 

Hepatorrhaphy {hep-at-or' '-a-fe) [hepato-; pa<f>r], 
suture]. Suture- of the liver. 

Hepatorrhea {hep-at-or-e'^ah) [hepato-; poca, 
flow]. Morbid or excessive secretion of bile 
by the liver. 

Hepatorrhexis {hep-at-or-eks' -is) [hepato-; pfj^cc, 
a rupture]. Rupture of the liver. 

Hepatostomy {he p-at-os' -to-me) [hepato-; ozojia, 
a mouth]. The establishment in the liver- 
substance of communication between parts 
of the liver obstructed by concretions. 

Hepatotomy {hep-at-of -o-me) [hepato-; zkjivecv, 
to cut]. Incision of the liver. 

Hepatotoxemia {hep-at-o-toks-e' '-me-ah) [hep- 
ato-; toxemia]. Toxemia due to disturbance of 
the hepatic functions. 

Hepatotoxin {hep-at-o-toks'-in) [hepato-; zo^ckov, 
a poison]. A cytotoxin found by E. Metch- 
nikoff in the liver. 

Hephestic {hef-es'-tik) ['Hcfraiozoc, Vulcan] 
Prevailing or occurring among hammermen, 
as hephestic cramp. 

Hephestiorrhaphy {he-fes-te-or'-af-e) ["H^Wcr- 
ror, Vulcan; pacprj, a seam]. The applica- 



tion of the actual cautery to the edges of a 
wound to bring about adhesion. 

Heptad {hep'-tad) [knza, seven]. An element 
having a quantivalence of seven. 

Heptadicity {hep-tad-is' -it-e) [see Heptad]. 
Septivalence. 

Heptane {hep' -tan) [see Heptad], C 7 H 16 . A 
liquid hydrocarbon of the paraffin group, 
contained in petroleum and also obtained 
from the resin of Pinus sabiniana by dry 
distillation. Syn., Abietene. 

Herb {erb) [herba, an herb]. A plant the stem 
of which contains but little wood and dies 
down to the ground at the end of the season. 

Herbivorous {her - biv' - or - us) [herb; vorare, 
to devour]. Living on vegetable food. 

Herbst's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles, Herbst's. 

Hereditary {he-red' -it-a-re) [heres, an heir]. 
Transmitted from parent to offspring, as 
hereditary disease. H. Ataxia, a family dis- 
ease of the young, depending on combined 
posterior and lateral sclerosis of the cord. It 
differs from tabes and ataxic paraplegia in the 
early age of its appearance, its hereditary 
nature, and some other features. H. Syphilis. 
See Syphilis, Hereditary. 

Hereditation {her -ed- it - a' - shun) [heredity]. 
The effect or influence of heredity. 

Heredity {he-red' -it-e) [hereditas, heredity]. 
The transmission of physical or mental quali- 
ties or tendencies from ancestor to offspring; 
the principle or force by reason of which the 
offspring resembles the parent. 

Heredo- {her-e-do-) . In composition, hereditary. 

Hering's Law. The distinctness or purity of 
any sensation or conception depends upon 
the proportion existing between their inten- 
sity and the sum-total of the intensities of 
all simultaneous sensations and conceptions. 
H.'s Test, on looking with both eyes through 
a tube blackened inside and having a thread 
across one end, if a small round object is 
dropped immediately in front of or behind the 
thread, a subject with binocular vision can 
at once tell whether it has fallen nearer to 
his eyes or further away from them than the 
thread. In the absence of binocular vision 
a few trials will show that the relative dis- 
tances of the falling object and the thread 
cannot be appreciated. H.'s Theory of 
Color-sensation, this predicates disassimi- 
lation and assimilation (decomposition and 
restitution) of the visual substance in vision — 
white, red, and yellow representing the sensa- 
tion of disassimilation ; black, green, and 
blue, that of restitution. 

Hermaphrodism, Hermaphroditism {her- 
nial' -ro-dizm, her-maf'-ro-di-tizm) [''Ep/mf^, 
Mercury; 'A<f)podiX7), Venus]. The coexist- 
ence, in a single individual, of ovaries and 
testicles. H., Complex, a condition in which 
there are present the internal and the ex- 
ternal organs of both sexes. H., Lateral, 
a form in which male organs (especially a 
testicle) are more or less developed on one 
side, and female organs (especially an ovary) 
on the opposite side. H., Spurious, a con- 



HERMAPHRODITE 



480 



HERNIA 



dition in which the individual is of one sex, 
but presents the outward signs of the other. 
H., Transverse, an instance in which the 
external organs indicate the one sex, and the 
internal, the opposite. H., Unilateral, that 
in which there are on one side an ovary and 
a testicle, and, on 'the other, an ovary or a 
testicle. 

Hermaphrodite (her-maf'-ro-dlt) [see Her- 
maphrodism]. An individual affected with 
hermaphrodism; usually the condition is due 
to some congenital malformation of the 
genital organs, such as epispadias, hypospa- 
dia, cleft of the scrotum, etc., that makes the 
determination of sex somewhat doubtful. 

Hermetic (her -met' -ik) ['Epfirjg; Mercury]. 
Protected from exposure to air; air-tight, as 
the hermetic sealing of a wound. 

Hermophenol, Hermophenyl (her-mo-)e' -nol, 
-nil). A mercuriosodic phenol disulfonate 
containing 40% of metallic mercury, used as 
an antiseptic and antisyphilitic On wounds, 
in a solution of 1 : 100; injection in syphilis, 
64 min (4 Cc.) of a solution of o 5 eg. to the 
cubic centimeter every 2 or 3 days. Syn., 
Sodium mer euro phenyl disulfonate. 

Hernia (her'-ne-ah) [L.]. A protrusion of a 
viscus through an abnormal opening in the 
wall of the containing cavity; used without 
qualification, the word refers to hernia of 
the intestine H., Abdominal, a protrusion 
of a portion of the abdominal viscera through 
some portion of the parietes. H. adiposa, 
a liparocele. H. adnata, a congenital hernia. 
H. annularis, umbilical hernia. H. of the 
Bladder, the protrusion of a part of the 




Oblique Inguinal Hernia. — (Moullin.) 

Bubonocele on right side, but passing through external 

ring on left. 

bladder through one of the openings of the 
abdominal cavity. H. of the Brain, H. 
capitis, H. cerebri, a protrusion of the brain 
through the skull. Syn., Fungus cerebri. H., 
Complete, a hernia in which the sac and 
its contents have passed the hernial orifice 
H., Congenital, a form of indirect inguinal 
hernia in which, the vaginal process of the 
peritoneum having remained patulous, the 
bowel descends at once into the scrotum, in 



direct contact with the testicle. H., Cooper's. 
See Cooper's Hernia. H. cordis, displacement 
of the heart with encroachment on the dia- 
phragm or mediastinal wall. H., Crural. See 




Direct Inguinal Hernia. — {Moullin.) 

H., Femoral H., Cystic. Same as Cys- 
tocele. H., Diaphragmatic, a protrusion of 
a portion of some of the abdominal vis- 




Femoral Hernia. — (Moullin.) 

cera into the thorax, through a congenital 
defect in the diaphragm, or through a dila- 
tion or laceration of one of the natural 




Strangulated Hernta. — (Moullin.) 

openings. H., Displaced, one that has been 
forced from the scrotum into the subperitoneal 
connective tissue of the abdomen. H,, 
Diverticular, hernia of a congenital diver- 



HERNIA 



481 



HERNIOPLASTY 




Unstrangulated Hernia. 
{Moullin.) 



ticulum of the intestine; hernia of Meckel's 
diverticulum. Syn., Littre's hernia. H. 
dolorosa, a painful incarcerated hernia. H., 
Duodenojejunal. See H., Retroperitoneal. 
H., Encysted, a form in which the pouch 
forming the tunica vaginalis is closed at its 
upper end, but open below The hernia in de- 
scending along the inguinal canal enters the 
scrotum behind the tunica vaginalis, and is 
more or less completely surrounded by its 
posterior layer H., Epiploic, H. epiploica. 
See Epiplocele. H., 
Fatty. See Lipa- 
rocele and Steatocele. 
H., Femoral, a 
hernia through the 
femoral canal, the 
tumor appearing on 
the upper inner as- 
pect of the thigh, 
below Poupart's 
ligament. H., 
Femoro inguinal, a 
femoral hernia co- 
existent with an 
inguinal hernia. 
H., Free, a re- 
ducible hernia. H., 

Hesselbach's. See Hesselbach's Hernia. 
H., Holthouse's. See Holtho use's Hernia. 
H., Incarcerated, a hernia which has become 
occluded by the accumulation of gas, feces, 
or undigested food, thus causing obstruction 
of the bowels. H., Incomplete, one that 
has not entirely passed through the hernial 
orifice. H., Infantile. See H., Encysted. 
H., Inguinal, a hernia occupying the in- 
guinal canal. H., Intercostal, a protrusion 
through the last costal interspaces, due to 
an intercostal wound. H., 
Interstitial, a displaced 
hernia in which the sac has 
found a way between two 
layers of aponeurosis. H. 
of Iris, a protrusion of a 
portion of the iris after 
iridectomy, trauma, etc. 
H., Irreducible, one in 
which the protruded viscus 
cannot be returned by 
manipulation. H., Ischi- 
atic, a protrusion of the 
bowel through the great 
sacrosciatic foramen. H.- 
knife, a probe-pointed 
knife for incising the con- 
striction of a hernial sac. H., Labial, a pro- 
trusion of the bowel between the vagina and 
the ramus of the ischium into a labium majus. 
H., Lacrimal, H. of the Lacrimal Sac, 
H. lacrimalis, protrusion of the mucosa 
of the lacrimal sac through ,an opening in 
its anterior wall. H., Lateral, H. lateralis, 
diverticular hernia. H., Lavater's. See 
H., Richter's. H. lienalis, hernia of 



The term is improperly applied to Richter's 
hernia. H., Malgaigne's. See Malgaigne's 
Hernia. H., Mesocolic, a protrusion of the 
bowel between two layers of the mesocolon. 
H., Obstructed. See H., Incarcerated. H., 
Obturator, a protrusion of bowel through 
the obturator foramen. H., Omental, a 
hernia containing omentum; epiplocele. H., 
Pectineal, one that, having made its way 
internal to and behind the femoral vessels, 
rests upon the pectineus muscle. H., Peri- 
neal, a protrusion of the abdominal contents 
between the fibers of the levator ani muscle 
in front of or to one side of the anus. H., 
Pudendal. Same as H., Labial. H., Rec- 
tal, i. See Proctocele. 2. A protrusion of 
part of the pelvic or abdominal contents 
through the anus, held in a sac formed by 
eversion of the rectum. H., Reducible, 
one that may be returned by manipulation. 
H., Retrocecal, a protrusion of the bowel 
occupying an inconstant pouch dorsad of 
the cecum. Syn., Rieux's hernia. H., Retro- 
peritoneal, a hernia in which the intestine 
lodges in the fossa duodenojejunalis. H., 
Richter's, partial enterocele; hernia par- 
tially strangulated, so that the lumen of 
the intestine remains more or less open. 
H., Rieux's. See H., Retrocecal. H., 
Sacrorectal, posterior proctocele from de- 
fective ossification of the sacrum. H., Scro- 
tal, that form of inguinal hernia in which 
the protrusion has entered the scrotum. H., 
Strangulated, a hernia which is so tightly 
constricted at its neck as to interfere with 
its return, with the circulation of blood, and 
the passage of feces. H., Umbilical, a 
protrusion of the abdominal contents through 
the umbilicus. H., Umbilicovesical, hernia 




The pillars open, the cord held up. 



The pillars sutured, 
the cord held up. 



The deep fascia 
closed over 
the cord. 



Radical Operation for Inguinal Hernia. — (Horwitz, after Bassini.) 



of the bladder through the umbilicus. H., 
Ventral, the name applied to protrusions 
of the abdominal contents through the ab- 
dominal walls in situations not usually subject 
to hernia. 
Hernial {her' -ne-al) . Pertaining to hernia. 
H. Sac, the diverticulum of the peritoneum 
which the hernia pushes before it or into 
which it descends. 



the spleen. H. of Littre, a hernia in which Hernioplasty (her'-ne-o-plas-te). The opera- 
only a diverticulum of the bowel is affected. tion for the radical cure of hernia. 
32 



HERNIOPUNCTURE 



482 



HETEROCHROMIA 






Herniopuncture (her-ne-o-punk'-chur) [hernia; 
punctura, a pricking]. The puncture of a 
hernia. 

Herniotome (her' -ne-o-tom) [hernia; rofirj, a 
cutting]. A hernia knife. 

Herniotomy (her-ne-ot'-o-me) [see Herniotome]. 
Operation for the relief of hernia by section 
of the constriction. 

Heroic (he-ro'-ik) [rjpcoc, a hero]. Bold or 
daring; rash or unusually severe; applied 
usually to medical treatment by large doses or 
by measures involving risk. 

Heroin (her'-o-in), C 17 H 17 NO(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 . The 
diacetic-acid ester of morphin. It is anodyne 
and sedative, and is used in coughs, dyspnea, 
and pectoral pains. Dose j2~h g 1 " (°-°°5~ 
0.032 Gm.). 

Herophilus, Torcular of. The dilation at 
the junction of the superior longitudinal, 
straight, two lateral, and two occipital sinuses. 

Herpes (her'-pez) \lp7zecv, to creep]. An 
acute inflammatory affection of the skin 
or mucous membrane, characterized by the 
development of groups of vesicles on an in- 
flammatory base. H. circinatus. See 
Tinea circinata. H. exedens, a general term 
for the varieties of herpes and lupus charac- 
terized by hard vesicles in thronged clusters 
and containing dense reddish or yellow fluid. 
H. facialis, an acute, noncontagious, in- 
flammatory disorder of the skin that appears 
in the form of one or more groups of vesicles. 
It is commonly called fever-blisters, a form 
of herpes appearing especially on the lips. It 
is frequent in "cold," malaria, croupous 
pneumonia, and cerebrospinal meningitis. 
Syn., Herpes febrilis. H. febrilis. See H. 
facialis. H. iris, a form of erythema with 
vesicles growing in a ring. It is usually 
seen on the backs of the hands and feet. 
H. labialis. See H. facialis. H. praepu- 
tialis, H. progenitalis, a form of herpes 
in which vesicles, the size of a pin's head 
to that of a small pea, occur upon the glans 
and prepuce. H. tonsurans. See Tinea 
tonsurans. H. zoster, herpes in which the 
lesions are distributed in relation to the 
course of a cutaneous nerve, and, as a rule, 
unilateral. They are usually seen in the line 
of the intercostal nerves, but may follow the 
course of any nerve. The outbreak of the 
eruption is generally preceded by severe 
neuralgic pain. Syn., Ignis sacer; Shingles; 
Zona; Zoster. 

Herpetic (her-pet'-ik) [herpes]. Pertaining 
to herpes. H. Sore Throat. See Tonsillitis, 
Herpetic. 

Herpetiform (her-pet 1 '-if-orm) [herpes; forma, 
form]. Resembling herpes. 

Herpetism (her' -pet-izm) . A constitutional 
tendency to eruptions of herpes. 

Herxheimer's Spiral Fibers. Spiral fibers 
found in the rete mucosum of the epidermis. 

Heryng's Benign Ulcer. A solitary ulcer 
situated on the anterior fauces and resembling 
a large herpetic vesicle. H.'s Sign, an in- 
fraorbital shadow observed on introducing an 



■ electric light into the mouth in empyema of 
the antrum of Highmore. 

Herzberg's Reagent for Free Hydrochloric 
Acid. Moisten paper with a solution of 
Congo red; when dried, it turns blue or 
bluish-black upon being moistened with hy- 
drochloric acid. , 

Hesselbach's Hernia. A lobulated hernia 
passing through the cribriform fascia. H.'s 
Ligament, the ligamentum interfoveolare; 
a thin, fibrous band extending from the pos- 
terior surface of the fascia transversalis, near 
the plica semilunaris, to the pubic bone and 
Gimbernat's ligament; it forms part of the 
conjoined tendon. H.'s Triangle, a space 
bounded by Poupart's ligament below, the 
external border of the rectus abdominis inter- 
nally, and the deep epigastric artery exter- 
nally. Direct inguinal hernia occurs in this 
space. 

Heteradelphus (het -er -ad- el' fus) [hetero-; 
ddeX(f)6c, brother]. A joined twin monster, 
consisting of an autositic monster with an 
attached parasite, the head of the latter 
being absent. 

Heteradenia (het-er-ad-e' -ne-ah) [hetero-; dorjv, 
a gland]. 1. Normal glandular structure oc- 
curring in a part normally not provided with 
glands. 2. Glandular structure departing 
from the normal type. 

Heteradenic (het-er-ad-e' -nik) [see Heteradenia]. 
Pertaining to or consisting of tissue that is 
unlike normal glandular tissue, or to glandular 
tissue occurring in an abnormal place. 

Heteralius (het-er-a'-le-us) [hetero-; aXwc, a 
disc] A double monster in which the para- 
site is very incomplete, and with no direct 
connection with the umbilical cord of its host. 

Heterecism, Hetercecism (het -er - e' - sizm) 
[hetero-; oIkoc, sl house]. Parasitism upon 
one host during one stage of growth or 
generation, and upon another host for the 
development of another stage or generation. 

Hetero- (het-er-o-) [erepoc, other]. A prefix 
denoting unlikeness. 

Heteroalbumose (het-er-o-al'-bu-mos) [hetero-; 
albumose]. A variety of albumose soluble 
in salt solutions, insoluble in water, and 
precipitated by saturation with sodium chlorid 
or magnesium sulfate. 

Heteroautoplasty (het -er - o - aw' - to - plas-te) 
► [hetero-; auxbc, self; izXaooziv, to form] Graft- 
ing of skin from one person upon the body 
of another. 

Heteroblastic (het-er-o-blas'-tik) [hetero-; [IXao- 
toc, germ; bud]. Arising from tissue of a 
different kind. 

Heterocelous, Heteroccelous (het-er-o-se'-lus) 
[hetero-; ko'cXoc, hollow]. Convexoconcave. 

Heterocentric (het -er - o - sen' - trik) [hetero-; 
fcivrpov, center]. Applied to rays that do 
not meet in a common center. 

Heterochromatosis (het-er-o-kro-mat-o'-sis) 
[hetero-; ip<l>p.a, color] 1. Pigmentation of 
the skin due to substances foreign to the 
body. 2. See Heterochromia. 

Heterochromia (h&t-er-o-kro'-me-ah) [see 



HETEROCHYLIA 



483 



HETEROTROPHIA 



Heterochromatosis]. A difference in color, as 
of the irises of the two eyes, or, different parts 
of the same iris. 

Heterochylia (het-er-o-ki'-le-ah) [hetero-; %uX6c, 
chyle]. A variable condition of the gastric 
contents, changing suddenly from normal 
acidity to hyperacidity or anacidity. 

Heterocrisis (het-er-o-kri'-sis) [hetero- ; up to eg, 
a crisis]. An abnormal crisis in disease. 

Heterodesmotic (het-er-o-dez-mot'-ik) [hetero-; 
deajwc, a bond]. Connecting other parts; 
applied to nerve-fibers connecting centers of 
unequal value or associating nervous centers 
with other parts. 

Heterodymus (het-er-od' -im-us) [hetero-; dedu- 
p.oc, twin]. A double monster, the accessory 
part being but an imperfect head, with a 
neck and thorax by which it is implanted in 
the anterior abdominal wall of its host. 

Heteroepidermic (het - er - o - e.p - e - der r - mik). 
Pertaining to or taken from the skin of some 
other person; a form of skin-grafting. 

Heteroganglionic (het-er-o-gan-gle-on'-ik) . Re- 
lating to different ganglions; applied to the 
connecting nerve-fibers between ganglions. , 

Heterogeneous (het - er - o - je' - ne - us) [hetero-; 
ykvoc, kind]. Differing in kind or nature; 
composed of different substances; not homo- 
geneous. 

Heterogenesis (het - er -o - jen' - es - is) [hetero-; 
ykvzctg, generation]. A mode of reproduction 
in which the living parent gives rise to off- 
spring that pass through totally different 
series of states from those exhibited by the 
parents, and do not return into the cycle of 
the parents. 

Heteroglaucous (het-er-o-glaw' '-kus) [hetero-; 
yXauKoc, bluish- green], i. Having one eye 
blue and the other black or gray. 2. Re- 
lating to the anomalous production of 
greenish or glaucous spots. 

Heteroid, Heteroideous (het'-er-oid, -oid'-e-us) 
[erspoc, other]. Formed diversely; applied 
to inclosed structures which differ from their 
investment. 

Heteromfection (het-er-o-in-iek' '-shun) [hetero-; 
infection]. 1. Infection transmitted by a per- 
son who is himself not affected. 2. Infection 
of any organism by a poison not produced 
within itself; opposed to autoinfection. 

Heteroinoculation (het-er-o-in-ok-u-la' '-shun) 
[hetero-; inoculation]. Inoculation of one 
person by another. 

Heterologous (het-er-oV -o-gus) [hetero-; Xbyoc, 
relation]. Differing in structure or form from 
the normal. H. Tumors, tumors constituted 
of a tissue different from that of the part in 
or on which they are situated. 

Heterolysin (het-er-oV -is-in) [hetero-; Xbatc, 
solution]. A lysin produced in the body 
of one species of animal by the introduction 
of blood from a different species. Cf. 
Isolysin. 

Heterolysis (het-er-oV -is-is) [see Heterolysin]. 
The hemolytic action of the blood-serum of 
one animal upon the corpuscles of another 
species. Cf. Isolysis. 



Heterometry (het-er-om' -et-re) [hetero-; jihpov, 
a measure]. Deviation from the normal 
state in a part, in regard to the amount of its 
contents. 

Heteromorphous (het-er-o-mor' -jus) [hetero-; 
p.op<j)T}, form]. Differing from the normal 
in form. 

Heteronymous (het -er - on' - im - us) [hetero-; 
bvup.a, name]. On opposite sides. 

Heteropagus (het-er-op' -ag-us) [hetero-; itayoc. 
fixture]. A double monster in which the 
parasite, having a head and extremities, is 
attached to the anterior abdominal wall 
of its host. 

Heteropathy (het-er-op' -ath-e) [hetero-; itadoc, 
suffering]. 1. The treatment of a disease 
by inducing a different morbid condition to 
neutralize it. 2. Abnormal reaction to 
stimulus or irritation. 

Heterophasia (het-er-o-fa' -ze-ah) . See Hetero- 
phemy. 

Heterophemy (het-er-of -em-e) [hetero-; <f>T]fir), 
utterance]. The saying of one thing while 
another is intended. 

Heterophoralgia (het-er-o-for-al'-je-ah) [hetero- 
phoria; aXyoc, pain]. Eye-strain or ocular 
pain caused by heterophoria. 

Heterophoria (het-er-o-fo'-re-ah) [hetero-; fyopbc, 
tending]. A relation of the visual lines of 
the two eyes other than that of parallelism. 
Esophoria is a tending of the lines inward; 
exophoria, outward; hyperphoria, a tending 
of the right or left visual line in a direction 
above its fellow; hyper esophoria, a tending 
of the visual lines upward and inward; 
hyper exophoria, upward and outward. 

Heterophthalmos (het-er-of -thai' -mos). See 
Heterochromia. 

Heteroplasia (het-er-o-pla' -ze-ah) [hetero-; 
nXaooecv, to form]. The presence, in a part, 
of a tissue that does not belong there normally. 

Heteroplasm (het'-er-o-plazm) [see Hetero- 
plasia]. Abnormal or false tissue. 

Heteroplasty (het'-er-o-plas-te) [see Hetero- 
plasia]. 1. Heteroplasia. 2. The operation 
of grafting parts taken from another species. 

Heteroproteose (het-er-o-pro'-te-oz) . A product 
of the digestion of syntonin in the stomach. 

Heteroptics (het-er-op' -tiks) [hetero-; 6tlxckoc, 
belonging to sight], 1. Clairvoyance. 2. 
Perverted vision. 

Hetero scope (het'-er-o-skop) [hetero-; okotzuv, 
to examine]. An apparatus for the accurate 
measurement of the various angles at which 
a deviating eye in strabismus can see. 

Heterotaxis (het-er-o-taks'-is) [hetero-; ra&c, 
order]. The anomalous disposition or trans- 
position of organs. 

Heterotopia (het-er-o-to' -pe-ah) [hetero-; totcoc, 
place]. A misplacement of normal tissue, 
especially a congenital malformation of the 
brain, in which masses of gray matter are 
found transplanted into the white. 

Heterotrichous (het-er-ot' -rik-us) [hetero-; dp'c£, 
hair]. Furnished with two kinds of cilia. 

Heterotrophia, Heterotrophy (het-er-o-tro'- 
fe-ah, het-er-ot'-ro-fe) [hetero-; rpocfir], sus- 



HETEROTROPIA 



484 



HIGHMORE, ANTRUM OF 






tenance]. Any perversion or disorder of 
nutrition. 

Heterotropia (het-er-o-trop' -e-ah) . See Strabis- 
mus. 

Heterotypus (het-er-o-ti'-pus) [heiero-; xbnog, a 
type]. A double monster having the 
parasitic fetus hanging from the ventral 
wall of the principal subject. 

Heterovalvate {het-er-o-vaV -vat) [hetero-; 
valva, valve]. Having two kinds of valves. 

Heteroxanthin (het - er - o - zan' - thin) [hetero-; 
$avdoc, yellow], C 6 H 6 N 4 2 . A leukomain 
that can be isolated in crystalline form from 
urine. 

Heteroxeny (het-er-oks' '-en-e) [hetero-; ^evog, 
a guest]. The quality of living upon dif- 
ferent hosts. Cf . Heterecism. 

Hetocresol, Hetokresol (het-o-kre'-sol). See 
Cinnamyl-metacresol. 

Hetoform (het'-o-form). Bismuth cinnamate. 

Hetol (het'-ol) See Sodium Cinnamate. 

Heubner's Disease. Syphilitic endarteritis 
of the brain. 

Hexa- (heks-ah-) [is cif , six]. A prefix signifying 
six. 

Hexad (heks'-ad) [Ifaf, six]. An element the 
atom of which has a quantivalence of six. 

Hexadactylism (heks-ah-dak 1 '-til-izm) [hexa-; 
oaKTuXoc, a finger]. Having six fingers or toes. 

Hexahydrohematoporphyrin (heks-ah-hi-dro- 
hem-at-o-por 1 '-fi-rin) . A reduction-product of 
hematin. 

Hexamethylenamin (heks-ah-meth-il-en'-am- 
in), C 6 H 12 N 4 , the hexamethylenamina of the 
U. S. P., a condensation-product obtained by 
the action of ammonia on formaldehyd. Syn., 
H examethylenetetramin; Urotropin. 

Hexane (heks'-an) [leaf, six], C 6 H 14 . The 
sixth member of the paraffin series of hydro- 
carbons. It is a liquid, boiling at about 71 
C, found in various natural oils. 

Hexatomic (heks-at-om f -ik) [hexa-; drofioc, an 
atom]. Consisting of six atoms; also ap- 
plied to atoms that are hexavalent, and to 
alcohols or other compounds having six re- 
placeable hydrogen atoms. 

Hexavalent (heks-av' -al-ent) [hexa-; valens, hav- 
ing power]. Having the same combining 
power as six hydrogen atoms. 

Hexhydric (heks-hi' -drik) [hexa-; odcop, water]. 
1. Containing six atoms of replaceable hydro- 
gen. 2. Containing six molecules of water. 
H. Alcohols, alcohols containing six hydroxyl 
groups attached to six different carbon atoms; 
they approach the sugars closely in their prop- 
erties. Moderate oxidation converts them 
into glucoses. 

Hexoses (heks-o'-sez) [i?af , six]. The aldehyd or 
ketone derivatives of the hexhydric alcohols. 

Hey's Infantile Hernia. See Cooper's Hernia. 
H.'s Internal Derangement, dislocation 
of the semilunar cartilages of the knee-joint, 
especially the internal. H.'s Ligament, 
the femoral ligament, a falciform expansion 
of the fascia lata. 

Heynsius' Test for Albumin. Add to the 
solution acetic acid sufficient to acidify, and 



a few cubic centimeters of a saturated solution 
of sodium chlorid, and boil. A flocculent 
precipitate is produced by the presence of 
albumin. 

Hiant (hi f -ant) [hiare, to gape]. Yawning; 
gaping; opening by a fissure. 

Hiatus (hi-a'-tus) [L., "a gap"]. 1. A space or 
opening. 2. The vulva. H. of Fallopius, 
a shallow groove on the petrous portion of 
the temporal bone for the passage of the 
petrosal branch of the vidian nerve. H. 
maxillaris, one on the inner aspect of the 
nasal part of the superior maxilla, establish- 
ing communication between the nose and 
the antrum of Highmore. Syn., Hiatus 
supramaxillaris . H. cesophageus, the open- 
ing for the esophagus in the diaphragm. H., 
Scarpa's. Sec Scarpa's Hiatus. H. subar- 
cuatus, a depression in the petrosa lodging 
the flocculus. 

Hiccup, Hiccough (hik'-up) [Dan., hikke, to 
hiccup]. A spasmodic contraction of the dia- 
phragm causing inspiration, followed by a sud- 
den closure of the glottis. Syn., Singultus. 

Hicks' (Braxton) Sign. Intermittent uterine 
contractions beginning at the end of the third 
month of pregnancy; they may also be pro- 
duced by tumors distending the uterus. 

Hidebound Disease. See Scleroderma. 

Hidradenitis, Hidroadenitis {hi-drad-en-i'-tis, 
hi-dro-ad-en-i'-tis). See Hidrosadenitis. H. 
suppurativa, a condition marked by the for- 
mation of tumors the size of a pea which tend 
to develop into abscesses. 

Hidradenoma (hi - drad - en - o' - mah) [lopojc, 
sweat; adenoma}. Hyperplasia of an existing 
inflammatory tumor of a sweat-gland. 

Hidropoiesis (hid-ro-poi-e'-sis) [lopcog, sweat; 
7toi7)oc£, formation]. The formation of sweat. 

Hidropoietic (hid-ro-poi-et' -ik) [see Hidro- 
poiesis']. Relating to hidropoiesis. 

Hidrosadenitis (hid-ros-ad-en-i' -tis) [lopojc, 
sweat ;ddr]v, gland; eric, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the sweat-glands. H., Phlegmon- 
ous, a furunculus beginning in the coil of a 
sweat-gland. H., Ulcerative, a variety occur- 
ring as superficial ulceration in circular or 
horse-shoe-shaped areas attacking the palmar 
or plantar surfaces; it is prone to relapse. 

Hidrose (hi'-dros) [Idpoog, sweat]. Relating to 
sweat. 

Hidrosis (hid-ro' -sis) [see Hidrose] 1. The 
formation and excretion of sweat. 2. Ab- 
normally profuse sweating. 3. Any skin dis- 
ease marked by disorder of the sweat-glands. 

Hiera-picra (hi-er-ah-pi'-krah) [L., "sacred 
bitters"]. Powder of aloes and canella. 

Hieromania (hi-er-o-ma' -ne-ah) [hpdf, sacred; 
[tavca, madness]. Religious frenzy. 

Highmore, Antrum of {hi'-mor) [N. High- 
more, an English physician]. A cavity in 
the superior maxillary bone communicating 
with the middle meatus of the nose. H., 
Body of, H.'s Corpus, a thickening of the 
tunica albuginea at the posterior part of the 
testis, from which connective-tissue septums 
diverge. 



HIGHMORITIS 



485 



HISTOGENETIC 



Highmoritis (hi-mor-i'-tis). Inflammation of 
the antrum of Highmore. 

Hildenbrand's Typhus. Typhus fever. 

Hilton's Law. The nerve-trunk supplying a 
joint supplies also the muscles moving the 
joint, and the skin over the insertion of these 
muscles. H.'s Line, a white line marking 
the junction of the skin of the perineum with 
the mucosa of the anus. H.'s Muscle, the 
arytenoepiglottideus muscle. H.'s Sac. See 
Morgagni's Ventricle. 

Hilum, Hilus (hi'-lum, hi'-lus) [L., "a little 
thing"]. A pit, recess, or opening in an 
organ, usually for the entrance and exit of 
vessels or ducts. 

Hind {hind) [AS., hindan, after; back]. 
Pertaining to the rear or posterior extremity. 
H. -brain, a division of the brain in the em- 
bryo that becomes the cerebellum and the 
medulla oblongata. H.-gut, that part of 
the embryonic intestine from which the cecum, 
vermiform appendix, colon, and rectum are 
developed. 

Hindenlang's Test for Albumin. On the 
addition of solid metaphosphoric acid to the 
liquid to be tested a precipitate is formed in 
the presence of albumin. 

Hinge-joint (hinj' -joint). See Diarthrosis. 

Hip [AS., hype]. i. The upper part of 
the thigh at its junction with the buttocks. 
2 The hip-joint. H.-bath. See Bath, Hip-. 
H.-bone, the ischium. H. -girdle, the 
pelvic arch. H. -joint, the articulation of the 
femur with the haunch-bone or innominate 
bone. H. -joint Disease, an inflammation 
of the hip-joint, usually tuberculous, and 
occurring most commonly in the young, and, 
according as it begins in the head of the 
femur, the acetabulum, or in the synovial 
membrane and proper structures of the joint, 
divided into femoral, acetabular, and arthritic. 
The symptoms are shuffling gait, pain often 
referred to the inner side of the knee, pain 
in the hip elicited by jarring the heel, de- 
formity, abduction and eversion of the- thigh, 
slight flexion of the knee, and arching of the 
lumbar spine; later, adduction and inversion 
of the thigh, with flexion of the knee and 
shortening of the limb. Suppuration with 
formation of fistulas occurs in the advanced 
stages. Syn., Coxitis. 

Hippocampal {hip-o-kam f -paT) [see Hippo- 
campus]. Relating to the hippocampus. 

Hippocampus (hip-o-kam'-pus) [jtztzoc, horse; 
kclhtzoc, a sea-monster]. A name applied to 
two elevations, hippocampus major and 
hippocampus minor, the former situated in 
the middle, and the latter in the posterior, 
horn of the ventricles of the brain. 

Hippocratic (hip-o-krat'-ik) [Hippocrates, a 
Greek physician of the fifth century B. C.]. 
Described by Hippocrates. H. Expression, 
H. Facies, an anxious, pinched expression 
of the countenance, described as characteristic 
of peritonitis. H. Finger, hypertrophy of 
the ungual phalanx and nail in phthisis and 
other wasting diseases. H. Sound, the suc- 



cussion sound. See Hippocratis succus- 
sio. 

Hippocratis chorda, H. funis. The achilles 
tendon. H. morbus sacer, epilepsy. H. 
succussio, succussion employed to obtain 
a splashing sound in seropneumothorax and 
pyopneumothorax . 

Hippuric Acid (hip-u' -rik) . See Acid, Hip- 
puric. H. Acid, Reaction for. See Luecke's 
Reaction for Hippuric Acid. 

Hippus (hip'-us) [ctlTlOc, horse, from analogy 
to the movements of this animal]. Spasmodic 
pupillary movement, independent of the ac- 
tion of light. 

Hirschberg's Test. A rough estimate of the 
amount of strabismus is made by observing 
the position of the corneal reflection of a can- 
dle-flame held one foot in front of the eye to 
be tested, the examiner placing his own eye 
near the candle and looking just over it. 

Hirschf eld's Disease. A form of diabetes 
of rapid march, which usually ends in death 
in three months, by progressive cachexia or by 
complication. H.'s Ganglion, the gyrus 
hippocampi. 

Hirschsprung's Disease. Congenital hyper- 
trophic dilation of the colon. 

Hirsute (her-suf) [hirsutus, shaggy]. Shaggy; 
hairy. 

Hirsuties (her-su'-te-ez) [see Hirsute]. Exces- 
sive growth of hair. 

Hirtz's Rale. A moist, subcrepitant rale, of 
a somewhat metallic character, pathognomonic 
of tuberculous softening. 

His' Canal. See Canal, His\ H.'s Perivas- 
cular Spaces, lymph-spaces surrounding the 
blood-vessels of the brain and spinal cord. 
H.'s Stroma, the trabecular framework of 
the mammary gland. 

Histidin (his'-tid-in), C 6 H 9 N 3 2 . A base 
present among the hydrolytic products of 
casein, albumin, blood-serum, and horn, 
and a constant cleavage-product of the more 
complex plant and animal proteids. 

Histin (his'-tin) [loz'cov, a web]. Fibrin. 

Histioid {his' -te-oid) . See Histoid. 

Histioma (his-ti-o'-mah) [lax'cov, a web; b/j.a, 
a tumor]. A tissue tumor in which distinct 
tissues may be recognized, but which do 
not arrange themselves to form organs. 

Histo- (his-to-) [co~6c, tissue]. A prefix denot- 
ing relation to tissue. 

Histoblast (his'-to-bJast) [histo-; filaoxoc, a 
germ]. A cell engaged in the formation of tissue. 

Histochemistry (his - to - kern' - is - ire) [histo- 
chemistry]. The chemistry of the histo- 
logic elements of the body. 

Histodialysis (his - to - di - al' - is-is) [histo,- 
dcaXuocc, dissolution]. The dissolution of or- 
ganic tissue. 

Histofluorescence (his-to-flu-or-es f -enz) . The 
administration of fluorescing drugs during 
roentgen-ray treatment. 

Histogenesis (his-to-jen'-es-is) [histo-; yheacg, 
generation]. The formation of tissues. 

Histogenetic (his-to-jen-ef '-ik) [see Histo- 
genesis]. Relating to histogenesis. 



HISTOGENOL 



486 



HISTRIONIC 



Histogenol (his-toj'-en-ol). A compound of 
phosphorus and arsenic, each dessertspoonful 
containing J gr. (0.032 Gm.) of disodic 




Vertical Section through the Hip-joint, Showing the 
Head of the Femur, the Capsule, and the Muscles 
Surrounding the Articulation. — {Modified from 
Henle.) 

1, 2. Gluteus medius. 3. Obturator internus and gemelli. 4. 
Iliofemoral band. 5. Ischiofemoral band. 6. Rectus 
femoris. 7. Quadratus femoris. 8. Iliacus. 9. Semi- 
tendinosus and biceps. 10. Psoas. 11. Semimembran- 
osus. 12. Pubofemoral band._ 14. Obturator externus. 
16. Symphysis pubis. F. Section of head of femur. 



methyl arsenate and 
ij gr. (0.1 Gm.) of 
nucleic acid. 

Histohematin (his-to- 
hem' - at-in) [histo-; 
alp.a, blood]. A pig- 
ment found in mus- 
cles, suprarenal cap- 
sules, and other 
organs, and believed 
to have a respiratory 
function. 

Histoid (his'-toid) [his- 
to-; eldoc, likeness]. 
Composed of only one 
kind of tissue. 

Histologic (his-to-lof- 
ik) [see Histology]. 
Relating to histology. 

Histology (his-toV -o-je) 
\Jiisto-; Xoyoc;, science]. 
The minute anatomy 
of tissues. H., Nor- 
mal, the study of 
sound tissues. H., 
Pathologic, the study 
of diseased tissues. 



H., Topographic, the study of the 
minute structure of the organs and es- 
pecially of their formation from the tissues. 

Histolysis (his-toV -is-is) [histo-; Xuacc, dis- 
solution]. Disintegration and dissolution 
of organic tissue. 

Histon (his'-ton) [coxoc, tissue]. A proteid 
prepared from the nuclei of cells. It be- 
longs to the group of proteids known as 
albumoses or propeptones. 

Histonomy (his - ton' - o - me) {histo- ; vdfioc, 
a law]. The laws of the development 
and arrangement of organic tissue. 

Histopathology (his-to-path-ol' -o-je) [histo-; 
pathology]. The study of minute patho- 
logic changes in tissues. 

Histophysiology (his-to-fiz-e-ol'-o-je) [histo-; 
physiology]. The science of the functions 
of the various tissues. 

Histopsyche (his-to-si'-ke) [histo-; (po^rj, 
soul]. The tissue soul; according to 
Haeckel, the higher psychologic function 
which gives psychologic individuality to 
the compound multicellular organism as 
a true cell commonwealth. 

Histotherapeutics, Histotherapy (his-to- 
ther-ap-u'-tiks, his-to-ther' -ap-e) [histo-; 
d spans ca, therapy]. The remedial use of 
animal tissues. 

Histotome (his' -to-tdm) [histo-; xsjivscv, to 
cut]. An apparatus for cutting tissue 
for the study of its minute structure; a 
microtome. 

Histotomy (his-tot'-o-me) [see Histotome]. 
The dissection of tissues. 

Histrionic (his-tre-on' -ik) [histrio, an actor]. 
Dramatic. H. Mania, insanity with 
affectation and lofty manner. H. 
Muscles, the muscles of expression of 




Ligaments of the Hip- Joint. — (Sappey.) 
Iliofemoral band of capsular ligament, cut across. 2. Cotyloid ligament. 3. Liga- 
mentum teres. 4. Insertion of ligamentum teres into the head of the femur. 5. 
Head of the femur. 6. Neck of the femur. 7. Attachment of capsular ligament 
to the back of the neck of the femur. 8. Neck of the femur external to attachment 
of capsular ligament. 9. Great trochanter. 10. Pit on the great trochanter. 
11. Small trochanter. 12. Posterior intertrochanteric line. 



HITZIG'S CENTER 



487 



HOMEOOSTEOPLASTY 



the face. H. Spasm, spasm of the muscles 
of expresion. 

Hitzig's Center. See Center, Hitzig's. H.'s 
Zone, a hypesthetic zone extending around 
the trunk in tabes dorsalis. 

Hives (hlvz) [origin uncertain], i. Urticaria. 
2. In Great Britain the term is also applied 
to croup, laryngitis, and chicken-pox. 

Hoarhound, Horehound (hor'-hownd). See 
Marrubium. 

Hobnail Liver. The liver of advanced atrophic 
cirrhosis, so called on account of the small 
projections on the surface. Syn., Gin- 
drinker's liver. 

Hoboken's Valves. The secondary windings 
of the vessels of the umbilical cord that form 
grooves externally and valve-like projections 
internally. 

Hochsinger's Sign. The existence of indi- 
canuria in tuberculosis of childhood. 

Hodara's Disease. A form of trichorrhexis 
nodosa that has been observed by Hodara in 
women in Constantinople. 

Hodge's Plane. A plane parallel to that of 
the pelvic inlet, passing through the upper 
border of the os pubis and the middle of the 
second sacral vertebra. 

Hodgkin's Disease. Pseudoleukemia; pro- 
gressive hyperplasia of the lymphatic glands 
associated with anemia. 

Hodgson's Disease. Senile atheroma of the 
aorta with consequent lesion of the aortic 
valves. 

Hoffmann's Anodyne. A compound of ether, 
30; alcohol, 67; ethereal oil, 3. It is 
anodyne, stimulant, and antispasmodic, and 
is used in nervous irritation, angina pectoris, 
and asthma. Dose 30 min.-2 dr. (2—8 Cc). 
H.'s Symptom, increase of the mechanic 
irritability of the sensory nerves in tetany. 
H.'s Test for Tyrosin, add to the solution to 
be tested mercuric nitrate and boil; then add 
nitric acid containing some nitrous acid. If 
tyrosin is present, a beautiful red coloration 
is produced and a red precipitate is formed. 
H.'s Type of Progressive Muscular 
Atrophy. See Charcot-Marie's Type of Pro- 
gressive Muscular Atrophy. 

Hofmeister's Test for Leucin. A deposit 
of metallic mercury is formed on warming a 
solution of leucin with mercurous nitrate. 
H.'s Test for Peptones, prepare phospho- 
tungstic acid by dissolving commercial sodium 
tungstate in boiling water and adding phos- 
phoric acid until acid in reaction; acidify 
strongly with hydrochloric acid after cooling, 
and filter when it has stood 24 hours. On 
the addition of this to a peptone solution 
entirely free from albumin it yields a precipi- 
tate. 

Hog Cholera. See Cholera, Hog. 

Holden's Line. See Line, Holders. 

Hollyhock (hoi' -e-hok) . See Althea. 

Holmgren's Test. A test for color-blindness. 
The patient is requested to match skeins of 
different colored worsted, and if color-blind, 
he always selects characteristic shades. 



Holoblastic (hoi - o - bias' - tik) [bXoc, whole; 
^Xaoxoc, germ]. Applied to ova in which the 
entire yolk is included in the process of seg- 
mentation; one in which there is no separate 
food-yolk. 

Holocain (hol-o-ka'-in). A crystalline com- 
bination of paraphenetidin and acetphenetidin. 
The hydrochlorate is employed as an anes- 
thetic in ophthalmic practice in 1 % solution. 

Holocrine (hol'-o-kren) [bXoc, whole; npivtiv, 
to separate]. Applied to a gland the cell of 
which, after having elaborated the material 
of secretion, falls into disuse and disappears. 
Cf. Merocrine. 

Holorachischisis (hoi - - rak - is' - kis - is) 
[bXoc, whole; fal^-) spinal column; okc%£~cv, 
to cleave]. A congenital absence of the ver- 
tebral canal. 

Holotopic (hol-ot'-op-ik) [bXoc, whole; totzoc; 
place]. Pertaining to the relation of a part 
to the entire organism. 

Holotopy (hol-ot'-o-pe). Waldeyer's term for 
the relation of a part or organ to the whole 
organism. Cf. Idiotopy; Skeletotopy; Syn- 
topy. 

Holthouse's Hernia. An oblique inguinal 
hernia in which, owing to the nondescent of 
the testis or from other causes, the hernia 
protrudes outward along the fold of the groin. 

Holzin (holt'-zin). Formaldehyd in a' 60% 
solution in methyl-alcohol. An antiseptic 
and disinfectant. 

Holzinol (holt' -zin-ol) . A solution of form- 
aldehyd in methyl-alcohol containing a small 
proportion of menthol. Antiseptic and dis- 
infectant. 

Horn-. A prefix in chemistry signifying 
homologous; i. e., the compound is a 
derivative differing by CH 2 from the mother- 
substance. 

Homatropin (ho -mat' -ro -pin), C 18 H 21 N0 3 . An 
alkaloid derived from atropin. It causes 
dilation of the pupil and paralysis of accom- 
modation as does atropin, but its effects pass 
off more quickly — usually in two or three days. 
The hydrobromid is the salt generally em- 
ployed. H. Hydrobromid (homatropince 
hydrobromidum, U. S. P.), C 16 H 21 N0 3 .HBr, 
white crystals used as a mydriatic and in 
the night-sweats of tuberculosis. Dose 
TTo - eV S 1 "- (0.0005-0.001 1 Gm.); maximum 
dose, single, ■£$ gr. (0.001 Gm.). Appli- 
cation, 1 % solution. 

Home's Lobe. A small, glandular structure 
sometimes seen between the caput gallinaginis 
and the sphincter vesica? It represents the 
third lobe of the prostate and may become 
considerably enlarged in old people. 

Homeo- (ho-me-o) [buococ, like]. A prefix sig- 
nifying likeness. 

Homeochronous (ho-me-o-kro'-nus) [homeo-; 
Xpovoc, time]. Similar in time or peri- 
odicity. 

Homeoosteoplasty (ho -me -o - os'-te-o-plas-te) 
[homeo-; boxkov, bone; TtXaooecv, to mold]. 
The grafting of a piece of bone similar to 
that upon which it is grafted. 



HOMEOPATHY 



488 



HORNER'S DISEASE 



Homeopathy (ho - me - op' - ath - e) [homeo-; 
TiaBog, ailment or disease]. A system of 
treatment of disease by the use of agents 
that, administered in health, would produce 
symptoms similar to those for the relief of 
which they are given. 

Homeosemous (Jiom -e - o - se' - mus) [homeo-; 
orjfislov, a sign]. Similar in import: applied 
to symptoms. 

Homo- (ho-mo-). See Homeo-. 

Homocentric (ho - mo - sen' - trik) [homo-; 
Kkvxpov, center]. Concentric; having the 
same center. H. Rays, light rays that have 
a common focus or are parallel. 

Homocerebrin (ho - mo - ser' -e- brin) [homo-; 
cerebrum]. A substance derived from brain 
tissue, closely resembling cerebrin, but more 
soluble in alcohol. 

Homoeo- (ho-me-o-) . For words thus beginning 
see Homeo-. 

Homogeneous (ho - mo - je' -ne- us) [homo-; 
ykvog, kind]. Having the same nature or 
qualities; having a uniform character in all 
parts. 

Homogenesis (ho - mo - jen' - es - is) [homo-; 
fkveocc, birth]. Reproduction in which a 
parent gives rise to offspring that pass through 
the same cycle of changes as itself. 

Homolog, Homologue (ho'-mo-log) [homo-; 
Xoyoc, proportion]. An organ which has the 
same relative structure, position, or develop- 
ment as another. The same organ in differ- 
ent organisms under every variety of form and 
function. 

Homologous (ho-mol'-o-gus) [see Homolog]. 
Corresponding in structure, either directly 
or as referred to a fundamental type. In 
chemistry, being of the same type or series; 
differing by a multiple or an arithmetic ratio 
in certain constituents. H. Tissues, those 
identical in type of structure. H. Tumor, 
a tumor consisting of tissue identical with 
that of the organ whence it springs. 

Homology (ho-moV -o-je) [see Homolog]. The 
quality of being homologous; also, the mor- 
phologic identity of parts or organs in dif- 
ferent animals. 

Homomerous (ho-mom'-er-us) [homo-; p.kpoc, 
a part]. Having the parts alike. 

Homonymous (ho - mon' - im - us) [homo-; 
bvufia, a name], i. Having the same sound 
or name; having the same relative position. 
H. Diplopia, a form of diplopia in which the 
image seen by the right eye is on the right 
side and that seen by the left eye is on the left 
side. H. Hemianopia. See Hemianopia, 
Homonymous. 

Homoplastic (ho - mo - plas' - tik) [homo-; 
izlaoxbc, formed]. Applied to newgrowths 
in which there has been no cytomorphosis, 
the cells resembling those of the parent tissue, 
as in angioma and glioma. 

Homothermic (ho - mo - ther' - mik) [homo-; 
dkpiirj, heat]. Having a uniform temperature. 

Homotonic (ho-mo-ton'-ik) [homo-; xbvoc, 
tone; tension]. Having a uniform or even 
course. 



Homotype (ho' -mo-tip) [homo-; runoc, a pat- 
tern]. A part corresponding and similar to 
another part, as the humerus to the femur. 

Honduras Bark (hon - du' - ras) . Cascara 
amarga. 

Honey (hun'-e). See Mel. 

Honthin, Hontin (hon' -thin, -tin) [named from 
the town of the discoverer]. A proprietary, 
odorless, tasteless preparation, said to consist 
of tannin, albumin, and keratin; an intestinal 
astringent. Dose 8-20 gr. (0.5-1.3 Gm.) 2 
or 3 times daily; infants, 4-5 gr. (0.25-0.32 
Gm.) 4 times daily. 

Hook [AS., hoc]. A curved instrument. H., 
Blunt, an instrument for exercising trac- 
tion upon the fetus in an arrested breech pres- 
entation. H.s, Malgaigne's, two pairs of 
hooks connected by a screw for approximating 
the fragments of a fractured patella. H., 
Tyrrel's, a blunt, slender hook for operations 
upon the eye. 

Hookworm Disease. Uncinariasis. 

Hop. See Humulus. 

Hope's Camphor Mixture. A mixture con- 
taining nitric acid, camphor-water, and tinc- 
ture of opium. It is used in the treatment 
of serous or choleraic diarrheas. H.'s Sign, 
double cardiac beat noted in aneurysm of 
the aorta. 

Hopmann's Polyp. Papillary hypertrophy of 
the nasal mucous membrane, presenting the 
appearance of a papilloma. 

Hoppe-Goldflam's Symptom-complex. See 
ErVs Disease. 

Hoppe-Seyler's Test for Carbon Monoxid 
in Blood. Add to the blood twice its volume 
of caustic soda solution of 1.3 specific gravity. 
Ordinary blood thus treated is a dingy brown 
mass which, when spread out on porcelain, 
has a shade of green. Blood containing car- 
bon monoxid, under the same conditions, 
appears as a red mass which, if spread on 
porcelain, shows a beautiful red color. H.-S. 's 
Test for Xanthin, add the xanthin to a mix- 
ture of a solution of sodium hydroxid and 
chlorid of lime in a porcelain dish; at first a 
dark-green ring, which quickly turns brown 
and disappears, forms about each xanthin 
grain. 

Hordeolum (hor-de'-o-lum) [hordeum]. A sty; 
a furuncular inflammation of the connective 
tissue of the lids, near a hair-follicle. H. 
externum. SeeZeissianSty. H. internum. 
See Meibomian Sty. 

Hordeum (hor'-de-um) [L.]. Barley. 

Horismascope (hor-iz' -mah-skop) [opcap.a, a 
determination; okotzsIv, to examine]. An 
instrument designed for the detection of 
albumin, peptones, biliary constituents, etc., 
in urine. 

Horizontal (hor-iz-on'-tal) [bpc^oov, the horizon]. 
Parallel to the horizon. 

Horn. See Cornu. 

Horner's Disease. A slight ptosis accompanied 
by miosis, retraction of the eyeball, and 
flushing of the face of the same side, in de- 
structive lesions of the cervical sympathetic. 



HORNY 



489 



HUMOR 



H.'s Muscle, the tensor tarsi. H.'s Ptosis. 
See H.'s Disease. H.'s Teeth, incisor teeth 
presenting horizontal grooves that are due to 
a deficiency of enamel. 

Horny {hor'-ne) [horn]. Composed of or re- 
sembling horn. 

Horopter (hor-op'-ter) [opoc, boundary; onriip, 
an observer]. The sum of all the points seen 
singly by the two retinas while the fixation- 
point remains stationary. 

Horripilation (hor-ip-il-a' '-shun) [horrere, to 
stand on end; pilus, the hair]. Erection of 
the hairs of the skin produced by the con- 
traction of the arrectores pili muscles. 

Horse-radish (hors'-rad-ish). The plant, 
Cochlearia armoracia, of the order Crucijerce. 
The root {armoracia radix, B. P.) contains a 
volatile oil, and is a gastric stimulant and 
diuretic. It is chiefly used as a condiment, 
but has been employed in medicine in dropsy, 
chronic rheumatism, and scurvy. Dose of 
the root \ dr. (2 Gm.) or more. 

Horseshoe-kidney. A kidney having some- 
what the shape of a horseshoe, due to a fusion 
of the two kidneys at one of their ends, usually 
the lower. 

Horseshoe-magnet. A magnet bent in the 
shape of a horseshoe. 

Horseweed. 1. Collinsonia canadensis, an 
indigenous plant, the root of which (in de- 
coction) is used in cystitis, leukorrhea, dropsy, 
gravel, etc. 2. Erigeron canadense. 

Horsley's Method. A method of determining 
the position of the fissure of Rolando by 
means of an instrument called a cyrtometer, 
encircling the head, and having an arm fixed 
at an angle of 67 , which indicates the position 
of the fissure. H.'s Test, a test for glucose. 
The urine rendered alkaline is boiled with 
potassium dichromate; if sugar is present, a 
green color is developed. 

Hospital (hos'-pit-al) [hospes, a guest]. A 
building for the care and treatment of sick 
or infirm persons. H. Gangrene, a conta- 
gious, phagedenic gangrene occasionally at- 
tacking wounds or open sores. It is confined 
mainly to military hospitals, and is of mi- 
crobic origin. 

Hospitalism (hos'-pit-al-izm) [hospital]. The 
morbid conditions arising from the gathering 
of diseased persons in a hospital. 

Host (host) [hostis, a stranger; a landlord]. 
The organic body upon which parasites live. 

Hot [ME.]. Having or yielding the sensation 
of heat; stimulating; biting. H.-air Bath. 
See Bath, Hot-air. H.-air Treatment, the 
local application of superheated dry air, the 
affected part being introduced into a cylinder 
or chamber. H. Bath. See Bath, Hot. 

Hottentot Apron. See Apron, Hottentot. 

Hottentotism {hot'-en-tot-izm). An extreme 
form of congenital stammering. 

Hour-glass Contraction. A contraction of 
a hollow organ, as the uterus or stomach, 
near the middle, producing a condition re- 
sembling an hour-glass. 

Housemaid's Knee. A chronic inflammation 



of the bursa in front of the patella with an 
accumulation of serous fluid. 

Houston's Folds. Oblique folds, three in num- 
ber, of the mucous membrane of the rectum. 
H.'s Muscle, the compressor venae dorsalis 
penis, a fasciculus of the ischiocavernosus, 
which passes over the dorsum of the penis to 
join its fellow of the opposite side. 

Hovius' Canal. See Canal 0} Schlemm. H.'s 
Membrane. See Membrana ruyschiana. 
H.'s Plexus, H.'s Vascular Circle. See 
Leber's Plexus. 

Howship's Lacunas, H.'s Pits. Minute de- 
pressions or pits in bone undergoing absorp- 
tion, produced by the action of osteoclasts. 

Howship-Romberg's Sign. See Romberg's 
Sign. 

Huchard's Disease. Excessive arterial ten- 
sion due to a spasm of the vasoconstrictors, 
and which, according to Huchard, causes 
general arteriosclerosis. H.'s Sign, the dif- 
ference in the pulse between the standing and 
recumbent posture is less in persons with 
arterial hypertension, and may even be the 
reverse of that of the normal condition. . 

Huebl's Sign. An early sign of pregnane)'', 
consisting in an abnormal thinness and com- 
pressibility of the lower segment of the uterus 
as compared with that part above the insertion 
of the sacrouterine ligaments, the bimanual 
examination being carried out with one finger 
in the rectum. 

Hueck's Ligament. The pectinate ligament. 

Hueter's Sign. Absence of transmission of 
osseous vibration in cases of fracture with 
fibrous interposition between the fragments. 

Huguier's Canal. See Canal 0} the Chorda 
tympani. H.'s Circle, the anastomosis 
formed by the branches of the uterine ar- 
teries around the uterus, at the junction of 
the body with the cervix. It is not constant. 
H.'s Disease. 1. Hypertrophic elongation 
of the supravaginal portion of the cervix uteri. 
2. Lupus of the vulva. Syn., Esthiojnene 
de la vulve. H.'s Glands. See Bartholin, 
Glands of. 

Humanized (hu'-man-izd). Applied to viruses 
which have passed through a human being. 

Humeral (hu'-mer-al) [humerus]. Pertaining 
to the humerus. 

Humerus (hu'-mer-us) [L.]. The bone of the 
upper arm. 

Humidity (hu - mid' - it - e) [humor]. The 
state or quality of being moist; moisture; 
dampness. H., Absolute, the actual amount 
of water present in the air at any moment. 
H., Relative, the relative amount of water 
present in air as compared to what the air 
would contain at the existing temperature 
were its condition that of saturation. 

Humor ihu'-mor) [L., "moisture"]. 1. Any 
fluid or semifluid part of the body. 2. 
Disposition; temperament, as the four humors 
of Galen — the choleric, melancholic, phleg- 
matic, and sanguine. H., Aqueous, the 
transparent fluid of the anterior chamber of 
the eye. H., Crystalline. See Lens, Crys- 



HUMORAL 



490 



HYDATID 



talline. H., Vitreous, the transparent, 
gelatin-like substance rilling the greater part 
of the globe of the eye. 

Humoral {hu'-mor-al) [humor]. Pertaining to 
the natural fluids of the body. H. Pathol- 
ogy, that system of pathology according to 
which all diseases result from a disordered or 
abnormal condition of the fluids or humors of 
the body. H. Theory, that theory which 
ascribes the production of immunity to the 
antitoxic or bactericidal action of the fluids of 
the body. 

Humpback, Hunchback (hump'-bak, hunch'- 
bak). See Kyphosis. 

Humulus {hu'-mu-lus) [L.]. Hops. The hu- 
mulus of the U. S. P. is the fruit-cones or 
strobiles of H. lupulus, which yield a powder, 
lupulin, a volatile oil, and tannin. Hops are 
tonic and slightly narcotic, and are used in- 
ternally in dyspepsia, delirium tremens, and 
insomnia; locally, as emollient poultices. 
Dose of the tincture 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). 

Hunger {hung'-ger) [AS., hungor]. A condition 
marked by a sensation of emptiness of the 
stomach, with a longing for food. H.-cure, 
treatment by fasting. 

Hunter's Canal. See Canal, Hunter's. H.'s 
Gubernaculum. See Gubernaculum testis. 
H.'s Ligament, the round ligament of the 
uterus. H.'s "Line, the linea alba. H.'s 
Method, a method of treating aneurysm by 
ligating the artery on the proximal side of 
the sac. 

Hunteri membrana' caduca. The decidua. 

Hunterian Chancre. See Chancre, Hunterian. 

Huntington's Chorea. See Chorea, Hunting- 
ton's. 

Hunyadi Janos Water {hun-yah'-de yah'-nos). 
An aperient mineral ^ water from Hungary, 
containing potassium, sodium, and magnesium 
sulfates, sodium chlorid and carbonate, iron 
oxid, and alumina. 

Huppert's Reaction for Bile -pigments. 
After the solution has been treated with milk 
of lime or with a solution of calcium chlorid, 
precipitate with ammonia; filter and wash 
the precipitate, treat with alcohol acidified 
with sulfuric acid, and boil; the liquid will 
assume a green color. 

Huschke's Canal. See Canal, Huschke's. H.'s 
Cartilage. See Jacobson's Cartilage. H.'s 
Foramen, a perforation often found near the 
inner extremity of the tympanic plate; it re- 
sults from an arrest of development. H.'s 
Teeth, the serrated projections on the inner 
wall of the lamina spiralis of the cochlea, 
roofing over the internal spiral sulcus. Syn., 
Crista spiralis. H.'s Valve. See Rosenmuel- 
ler's Valve. 

Hutchinson's Disease. See Tay's Choroiditis. 
H.'s Facies, the peculiar facial expression 
caused by immobility of the eyeballs in oph- 
thalmoplegia externa. H.'s Patch, a reddish 
(salmon-colored) patch of the cornea in syphil- 
itic keratitis. H.'s Prurigo, the prurigo 
of dentition. H.'s Pupil, a dilated pupil 
on the injured side in traumatic meningeal 



hemorrhage. H.'s Teeth, peg-shaped in- 
cisor teeth, notched at the cutting-edge, fre- 
quently seen in congenital syphilis. H.'s 
Theory, attributes the origin of leprosy to 
the eating of fish too continuously or in too 
great quantities. H.'s Triad, pathognomonic 
of hereditary syphilis — (1) diffuse interstitial 
keratitis; (2) disease of the labyrinth; (3) 
Hutchinson's teeth. 

Huxham's Tincture. See Cinchona, Tincture 
of, Compound. 

Huxley's Layer, H.'s Membrane, H.'s 
Sheath [Thomas Huxley, an English biol- 
ogist]. A layer of nucleated, elongated, 
polygonal cells lying within Henle's layer of 
the inner root-sheath of hairs. 

Huygenian Ocular {hi-je' -ne-an) . See 

. Ocular, Huygenian. 

Hyalin {hi'-al-in) [paXoc, glass]. A translucent 
substance forming the walls of hydatid cysts. 

Hyaline {hi'-al-in) [see Hyalin]. Resembling 
glass. H. Cartilage. See Cartilage, Hya- 
line. H. Cast, H. Cylinder, a clear, nearly 
transparent urinary tube-cast. H. Degenera- 
tion. See Degeneration, Hyaline. 

Hyalitis {hi-al-i' -tis) [hyaloid; crcc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the hyaloid mem- 
brane of the vitreous humor. 

Hyalo- {hi-al-o-) [ualoc, glass]. A prefix mean- 
ing: 1. Transparent. 2. Relating to hyalin. 

Hyalogen {hi-al'-o-jen) [hyalo-; ytvvav, to pro- 
duce]. An albuminoid found in cartilage. It 
is readily changed into hyalin. 

Hyaloid {hi' - al - oid) [hyalo-; eldof, like]. 
Transparent; glass-like. H. Artery, a branch 
of the arteria centralis retinae in the em- 
bryo, traversing the vitreous humor to the 
posterior capsule of the lens. H. Mem- 
brane, a delicate, transparent membrane 
surrounding the vitreous humor, except in 
front, where it becomes fibrous and strong 
and forms a leaflet of the zonule of Zinn. 

Hyaloma {hi-al-o' -mah) [hyalo-; ofia, a tumor]. 
The conversion of the eye into a hyaline mass. 

Hyaloplasm {hi'-al-o-plazm) [hyalo-; nXaofia, 
plasm]. The fluid portion of the protoplasm 
of a living cell. 

Hyaloserositis {hi-al-o-se-ro-si' -tis) [hyalo-; 
serosa; mq, inflammation]. Chronic inflam- 
mation of the serous membranes with forma- 
tion of a dense, fibrous hyaline investment in 
certain regions. 

Hyalosome {hi'-al-o- som) [hyalo-; otifxa, 
body]. A body resembling a nucleolus, but 
staining slightly by either nuclear or plas- 
matic dyes. 

Hybometer {hi-bom' -et-er) [ufloc, humpbacked; 
[xkzpov, a measure]. An apparatus for measur- 
ing pathologic gibbosities. 

Hybrid {hi'-brid) [uj3ptc, insult]. The offspring 
of two individuals of distinct but closely 
related species. 

Hydantoin {hi-dan-to'-in), C 3 H 4 N 2 2 . Gly- 
colyl urea. A crystalline substance derived 
from allantoin and related to urea. 

Hydatid {hi-dat'-id) [udarlc, vesicle]. A cyst- 
like body with clear contents, especially that 



HYDATIDIFORM 



491 



HYDREMIA 



formed by the larva of the Tcenia echino- 
coccus. H. Disease, a disease characterized 
by the presence in various portions of the 
body of cysts containing the embryo of the 
Tcenia echinococcus . H. Fremitus, H. 
Thrill, a fremitus occasionally obtained on pal- 
pating a hydatid cyst. H. Mole. See Chorion, 
Cystic Degeneration of, and Mole, Hydatid. 
H. of Morgagni, a small cyst connected 
with the fimbriated extremity of the fallopian 
tube. In the testicle it is found between the 
testicle proper and the epididymis. It rep- 
resents the remains of the mullerian duct 

Hydatidif orm (hi - dat - id' -if- orrri) [hydatid; 
forma, form]. Having the form of a hy- 
datid. H. Mole. See Mole, Hydatidif orm. 

Hydatism (hi-dat'-izm) [udojp, water]. The 
sound caused by the moving of pathologic 
fluid in a body cavity. 

Hydatoid (hi-dat'-oid) [hydatid; ddoc-, like- 
ness], i. Hydatidif orm. 2. Watery. 3. 
The aqueous humor. 

Hydra-, Hydro- (hi-drah-, hi-dro-) [udojp, water]. 
Prefixes signifying the presence of water or of 
hydrogen. 

Hydracetin (hi-dras' -et-in), C 6 H 5 N 2 H 2 (C 2 H 3 0). 
A coal-tar derivative. It is antipyretic and anti- 
rheumatic. Dose \-2 gr. (0.032-0.13 Gm.). 

Hydracid (hi-dras' -id) [hydra-; acidum, acid]. 
An acid formed by a combination of hydrogen 
and an acid element or radicle other than 
oxygen. 

Hydradenomes (hi - drad' -en- omz) [hydra-; 
adrjv, gland]. A skin disease marked by the 
formation of papules, varying in size from 
that of a pin-head to that of a pea, without 
subjective symptoms. It is attributed to 
adenoid epithelioma of the sweat-glands. 

Hydraemia (hi-dre' -me-ah) . See Hydremia. 

Hydraeroperitoneum, Hydraeroperitonia (hi- 
drah-er-o-per-it-o-ne'-um, -o'-ne-ah) [hydra-; 
drjp, air; peritoneum]. A collection of gas and 
fluid in the peritoneal cavity. 

Hydragog, Hydragogue (hi'-drag-og) [hydra-; 
dycofdc-, leading]. 1 . Expelling water. 2. A pur- 
gative that causes copious liquid discharges. 

Hydragogin (hi-drag'-oj-in). A diuretic and 
cardiac tonic containing tincture of digitalis, 
tincture of strophanthus, scillipicrin, scilli- 
toxin, and oxysaponin. Dose 10-15 . min. 
(0.66-1.0 Cc). 

Hydramnios, Hydramnion (hi-dram'-ne-os, 
-on) [hydra-; apviov, fetal membrane]. An 
abnormal amount of amniotic fluid. 

Hydrangea (hi-dran'-je-ah) [hydra-; dyyslov, 
vessel]. A genus of saxifragaceous shrubs. 
The root of H. arborescens contains hydran- 
gin and is employed in lithiasis. 

Hydrargism, Hydrargyria, Hydrargyriasis, 
Hydrargyrism (hi-drar'-gizm, hi-drar-ji'- 
re-ah, hi-drar-je-ri'-as-is, hi-drar'-je-rizm). 
Chronic mercurial poisoning. See Mercu- 
rialism. 

Hydrargyrate (hi-drar'-je-rdt). Relating to 
mercury; containing mercury. 

Hydrargyric (hi-drar'-je-rik). Relating to 
mercury; mercuric. 



Hydrargyrol (hi-drar'-je-rol). Mercury para- 
ph enylthionate. H.-septol. See Mercury 
Quinoseptolate. 

Hydrargyrum (hi-drar'-je-rum). See Mercury. 

Hydrarthrosis (hi - drar - thro' - sis) [hydra-; 
apdpov, a joint]. An accumulation of fluid 
in a joint: 

Hydrastin (hi-dras' -tin) [hydrastis]. 1. An al- 
kaloid (hydraslina, U. S. P.) from the root of 
Hydrastis canadensis. 2. A resinous extract 
from the root of H. canadensis; it is a chola- 
gog, laxative, alterative, antiseptic, etc. H. 
Hydrochlorate, an astringent, alterative, and 
hemostatic. Dose ^-1 gr. (0.032-0.065 Gm.) 
every two hours if needed. Application as as- 
tringent 0.1 to 0.5% solution; in skin dis- 
eases 1 % ointment; in chronic bronchitis 
10-20 drops of a solution of 15 gr. (1 Gm.) 
in 5 dr. (18 Cc.) of water 4 times daily. 

Hydrastinin (hi-dras' -tin-in) [hydrastis]. An 
artificial alkaloid, C n H 13 N03, from hydrastin. 
It is used as a hemostatic, vasoconstrictor, 
cardiac stimulant, etc. H. Hydrochlorid (hy- 
drastinince hydrochloridum , U. S. P.), C n H n - 
N0 2 . HC1 + H 2 0, used as a uterine hemo- 
static, emmenagog, and vasoconstrictor. 
Dose \-% gr. (0.015-0.032 Gm.) 3 or 4 times 
daily; maximum daily dose 2 gr. (0.13 Gm.). 
Injection, 8-16 min. (0.5-1.0 Cc.) of 10% 
solution. 

Hydrastis (hi-dras' -tis) . Goldenseal, a plant 
of the order Ranunculacece. The hydrastis 
of the U. S. P. is the rhizome and roots of H. 
canadensis, which contain the alkaloids 
hydrastin and berberin. It is tonic, anti- 
periodic, cholagog, and diuretic, and has 
been employed in leukorrhea, cystitis, con- 
stipation, menorrhagia, gonorrhea, dyspepsia, 
etc. Dose of the hydrastin of commerce, an 
impure body, 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.); 
of the alkaloid |- J gr. (0.008-0.022 Gm.). 
H., Fluidextract of (f.uidextr actum hydrastis, 
U. S. P.). Dose i-i dr. (2-4 Cc). H., 
Glycerite of (glyceriium hydrastis, U. S. P.). 
Dose £-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). H., Tincture of 
(tinctura hydrastis, U. S. P.). Dose 1 dr. (4 
Cc). 

Hydrate (hi' -drat) [udojp, water]. 1. A com- 
pound which may be considered to be formed 
by the replacement of half the hydrogen of 
one or more molecules of water by an elec- 
tropositive element or radicle. 2. A salt 
containing water of crystallization. 

Hydrated (hi'-dra-ted) [see Hydrate]. Com- 
bined with water. 

Hydration (hi-dra'-shun) [see Hydrate]. The 
process of combining with water or of con 
verting into a hydrate. 

Hydrazin (hi' - draz - in) [hydra-; azotum, 
nitrogen]. 1. H 4 N 2 . Diamid; a colorless, 
stable gas, soluble in water, having a peculiar 
odor and a strong alkaline reaction. 2. One 
of a class of bodies derived from hydrazin 
by replacing one or more of its hydrogen 
atoms by a radicle. 

Hydremia (hi-dre' -me-ah) [hydra-; alpta, blood]. 
A watery condition of the blood. 



HYDRENCEPHALOCELE 



492 



HYDROCIRSOCELE 



Hydrencephalocele (hi - dren - sef - al- o - sel) 
[hydra-, kjuk^olog, brain; kt]Xt), hernia]. 
Hernia of the brain, in which the tumor is 
in part composed of a watery fluid. 

Hydrencephalus (hi - dren - sef - al-us). See 
Hydrocephalus. 

Hydrepigastrium (hi - drep -e- gas' -tre - urn) 
[hydra-; epigastrium]. A collection of fluid 
between the abdominal muscles and the 
peritoneum. 

Hydriatics (hi-dre-at' -iks) . See Hydrothera- 
peutics. 

Hydric (hi'-drik). Containing water. 

Hydrid (hi'-drid). A chemic compound con- 
taining hydrogen united to an element or 
radicle. 

Hydriodic (hi - dre - od r - ik) [hydra-; iodiiz]. 
Containing hydrogen and iodin. H. Acid, 
HI, a heavy, colorless gas, with a suffocating 
odor and an acid reaction. H. Acid, Syrup 
of (syrup us acidi hydriodici, U. S. P.), con- 
tains i% by weight of absolute HI. Dose 
\-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). It is used as an alterative 
in scrofula, rickets, etc. 

Hydroa (hi-dro'-ah) [hydro-; dov, egg]. A 
chronic inflammatory disease of the skin 
characterized by erythema, papules, pustules, 
vesicles, bullas, or combinations of these, 
and by intense itching. Syn., Dermatitis 
herpetiformis; Pemphigus pruriginosus. 

Hydroaeric (hi-dro-a-er'-ik) [hydro-; dyp, air]. 
Applied in auscultation to the sound given by 
cavities filled with air and water. 

Hydroappendix (hi-dro-ap-en' -diks) . The dila- 
tion of the vermiform appendix with water. 

Hydroargentic (hi-dro-ar-jen' -tik) [hydro-; ar- 
gentum]. Containing hydrogen and silver. 

Hydrobilirubin (hi-dro-bil-e-ru' -bin) [hydro-; 
bilirubin], C 32 H4 N 4 O 7 . A brown-red pigment 
formed by treating a solution of bilirubin with 
sodium amalgam. It is probably identical 
with stercobilin, the coloring-matter of the 
feces, and urobilin, the pigment of the urine. 

Hydrobromate (hi-dro-bro'-mat) [hydro-; ftpoj- 
/xoc, a stench]. A salt of hydrobromic acid. 

Hydrobromic (hi-dro-bro' -mik) [see Hydro- 
bromate]. Composed of hydrogen and bro- 
min. H. Acid. See Acid, Hydrobromic. 
H. Ether. See Ethyl Bromid. 

Hydrobromid (hi - dro - bro' - mid). Same as 
Hydrobromate. 

Hydrocarbon (hi-dro-kar'-bon) [hydro-; carbo, 
charcoal]. Any compound composed of 
hydrogen and carbon. All other organic 
compounds may be considered as derivatives 
of the hydrocarbons. The chief derivatives 
are — (1) those containing hydrogen; (2) 
those containing oxygen; (3) those containing 
sulfur; (4) those containing nitrogen. The 
principal hydrocarbons are: (1) the saturated 
hydrocarbons of the paraffin or marsh-gas 
series (C n H 2n -f 2 ); (2) the unsaturated hy- 
drocarbons of the olefin series (C n H 2n ); and 
(3) the benzene series or aromatic hydrocar- 
bons (C n H 2n _ 6 ). 

Hydrocarbonism (hi-dro-kar'-bon-izm). Poi- 
soning with hydrocarbons, principally ob- 



served among miners and workers in petro- 
leum refineries and in those who have used 
petroleum internally. It is marked by dizzi- 
ness, cyanosis, loss of consciousness, anes- 
thesia, convulsions, loss of reflexes, weakness 
of pulse and of breathing. 

Hydrocele (hi'-dro-sel) [hydro-; KrjXr), tumor]. 
A collection of serous fluid about the testicle 
or spermatic cord. The term is also applied 
to serous tumors in other locations. H. colli. 
See Maunoir's Hydrocele. H. hernialis, a 
collection of fluid in a hernial sac due to 
obstruction of its neck. 

Hydrocephalic (hi-dro-sef-al'-ik) [see Hydro- 
cephalus]. Pertaining to or affected with 
hydrocephalus. H. Cry, the loud cry of a 
child, indicating pain in the head. 

Hydrocephalocele (hi-dro-sef -al-o-sel) . See 
Hydrencep halocele . 

Hydrocephaloid (hi - dro - sef - al - oid) [hydro- 
cephalus; eldoc, like]. 1. Pertaining to or re- 
sembling hydrocephalus. 2. Marshall Hall's 
disease; a disease of infants resembling hydro- 
cephalus. It is a condition of nervous ex- 
haustion generally consequent on prolonged 
illness or premature weaning. It is sometimes 
observed in poorly nourished infants just after 
weaning. The pulse is irregular, the fontanels 
depressed, and there is little tendency to 
vomiting. 

Hydrocephalus (hi - dro - sef -al- us) [hydro-; 
K£<j>aXri, head]. A collection of fluid in the 
cerebral ventricles (internal hydrocephalus) 
or outside the brain-substance (external 
hydrocephalus). The symptoms are progres- 
sive enlargement of the head, bulging of the 
fontanels, prominent forehead, thinness of 
hair and scalp, distention of the superficial 
veins, mental impairment, muscular weak- 
ness, convulsions. Acute external hydro- 
cephalus is due to inflammation of the men- 
inges, usually tuberculous; acute internal 
hydrocephalus is caused by ependymitis; 
chronic hydrocephalus may be congenital 
or acquired. 

Hydrochinone (hi-dro-kin'-on). See Hydroqui- 
none. 

Hydrochlorate (hi-dro-klo'-rdt). Any salt of 
hydrochloric acid. 

Hydrochloric Acid (hi - dro - klo' - rik) . See 
Acid, Hydrochloric. H. Acid in Contents of 
Stomach. See Boas, Ewald, Guenzburg, 
Herzberg, v. Jaksch, Luttke, Maly, Mohr, 
Rabuteau, Reoch, Sjoeqvist, Szabo, Uffelmann, 
v. d. Velden, Winkler, Witz. H. Acid Test 
for Formaldehyd in Milk, heat in a test- 
tube 1 Cc. of milk with 4 Cc. of strong 
hydrochloric acid containing a trace of ferric 
chlorid. In the presence of formaldehyd a 
purple color appears, varying from a delicate 
tint to a deep violet. If a yellow color appears, 
repeat the test, using milk that has been dil- 
uted, 1 to 10, with water. 

Hydrochlorid (hi-dro-klo'-rid). Same as Hy- 
drochlorate. 

Hydrocirsocele (hi - dro - sir' -so- sel) [hydro-; 
tupabc, venous enlargement; ktjXt], tumor]. 



HYDROCOLLIDIN 



493 



HYDROPERICARDIUM 



Hydrocele accompanied with varicose veins 
of the spermatic cord. 

Hydro colli din {hi - dro - kol' - id - in) [hydro-; 
KoXXa, glue], C S H 13 N. A highly poisonous 
ptomain obtained from putrefying mackerel, 
horse-flesh, and ox-flesh, and said to be identi- 
cal with one obtained from nicotin. 

Hydrocyanic {hi-dro-se-an'-ik). See Cyanogen, 
and Acid, Hydrocyanic. 

Hydrodiarrhea {hi - dro -di-ar - e'- ah) [hydro-; 
diarrhea]. Serous diarrhea. 

Hydrodiascope {h i - dro - di' -as- kop) [hydro-; 
oca, through; okozsIu, to view]. A device, 
shaped like a pair of spectacles, consisting 
of two chambers filled with physiologic salt 
solution, worn to correct keratoconus and 
astigmatism. 

Hydroelectric {hi - dro - e - lek' -trik) [hydro-; 
electric]. Pertaining to electricity developed 
in connection with water. H. Bath, a bath 
in which the metallic lining of the tub is 
connected with one pole of a battery, the 
other pole being in contact with the person 
of the patient. 

Hydrofluoric Acid {hi-dro-flu-or'-ik). See 
Acid, Hydrofluoric, and Fluor in. 

Hydrogastria {hi-dro-gas' -tre-ah). A gastric 
disorder from fluid due to constriction of 
the esophageal and pyloric orifices. 

Hydrogen {hi' - dro - jen) [hydro-; yv^dv, 
to produce]. Symbol H; atomic weight i; 
quantivalence i. A combustible, gaseous 
element, feebly basic, and occurring in nature 
in greatest abundance combined with oxygen 
in the form of water, H 2 0. It is present in 
nearly all organic compounds, and is a constant 
constituent of acids. H. Dioxid, H. Peroxid, 
H 2 2 , an unstable liquid which readily yields 
up an atom of oxygen, and hence is a powerful 
oxidizer. It is strongly antiseptic. The so- 
lution, aqua hydrogenii dioxidi (U. S. P.), con- 
tains 3 % of pure H 2 2 . It is useful as an anti- 
septic application to inflamed mucous mem- 
branes in diphtheria, scarlatina, gonorrhea, 
etc., and as a cleansing agent of suppurating 
cavities. See also Wurster's Test for Hydro- 
gen Dioxid. H. Monoxid, ITO, water. H. 
Persulfid, H 2 S 2 , a heavy, yellow oil, with a 
foul, pungent odor and acrid taste, giving 
off irritating vapors. It bleaches organic 
coloring-matters and is a powerful antiseptic. 

Hydrolein {hi-dro'-le-in) [hydro-; oleum, oil]. 
A proprietary emulsion of cod-liver oil with 
pancreatin and borax. 

Hydrology {hi-drol'-o-je) [hydro-; Xoyoc, science]. 
A treatise on the nature and uses of water. 

Hydrolysis {hi - drol' - is - is) [hydro-; Xuscv, to 
loose]. The decomposition of water. 

Hydrolytic {hi-dro-lif -ik) [see Hydrolysis]. 
Pertaining to the decomposition of water 
or the liberation of water during a chemic 
reaction. H. Ferments, those causing a 
combination with the elements of water in 
the substances they decompose. 

Hydromel {hi'-dro-mel) [hydro-; fxkXc, honey]. 
A mixture of honey and water with or with- 
out a medicinal substance, 



Hydromeningitis {hi-dro-men-in-ji'-tis) [hydro-; 
id^tj^, a membrane; cxcg, inflammation], i. 
Inflammation of the membranes of the brain 
or cord, accompanied by effusion of serous 
fluid. 2. Inflammation of the membrane of 
Descemet. 

Hydromeningocele {hi - dro men - in'- go - sel) 
[hydro-; pnp>tj£, a membrane; tcqXi), a tumor], 
i. A cystic tumor of the meninges protrud- 
ing through the skull. 2. A form of spina 
bifida in which the sac contains cerebrospinal 
fluid. 

Hydromeninx {Jii-dro-men' -inks) [hydro-; 
fxfjvcy^, a membrane]. Dropsy of the mem- 
branes of the brain. 

Hydrometer {hi-drom'-et-er) [hydro-; uhpo^, 
a measure]. An instrument for determining 
the specific gravity of liquids. 

Hydrometra {hi-dro-me'-trah) [hydro-; p-i^pa, 
the womb]. A collection of watery fluid in 
the uterus. 

Hydromphalus {h i - drom' - jal - us) [hydro-; 
d;d$aA6c, navel]. A tumor at the navel, dis- 
tended with water. 

Hydromyelia, Hydromyelus {hi -dro -mi -e' - 
le-ah, hi-dro-mi' -el-us) [Jiydro-; pueXoc, mar- 
row]. Dilation of the central canal of the 
spinal cord with an accumulation of fluid. 

Hydromyelocele {hi-dro-mi' -cl-o-scl) [hydro-; 
t-VjzXoc, marrow; kocX'co., cavity]. 1. Exces- 
sive accumulation of fluid in the central 
canal of the spinal cord. 2. A variety of 
spina bifida in which remains of the spinal 
cord cover the tumor. 

Hydronaphthol {h i - dro - na'f - (hot) [hydro-; 
naphthof]. A substance, probably identical 
with betanaphthol, and, like it, used as an 
intestinal antiseptic. Dose 3-4 gr. (0.2-0.26 
Gm.). u 

Hydronephrectasia {hi -dro - nef-rek-taf-ze - ah) 
[hydro-; ve<f>poc, a kidney; Ikxoocc, distention]. 
Dropsical enlargement of the kidney. 

Hydronephros {hi-dro-nej'-ros) [hydro-; ve<f>p6c, 
kidney]. A dropsical kidney. Syn., Hydro- 
nephrectasia. 

Hydronephrosis {hi-dro-nef-ro'-sis) [see Hy- 
dronephros]. A collection of urine in the 
pelvis of the kidney from obstructed outflow. 
The pressure of the fluid causes in time 
atrophy of the kidney-structure, and the 
whole organ is converted into a large cyst. 

Hydronephrotic {hi-dro-nej-rot'-ik) [hydroneph- 
rosis]. Relating to, affected with, or of the 
nature of, hydronephrosis. 

Hydrooligocythemia {hi - dro - ol - ig-o-si-the'- 
me-ah) [Jiydro-; oX'cyoc, few; k'j~oc, cell; 
alua, blood]. A form of secondary anemia 
in which there is an increase in the proportion 
of the serum to the corpuscles of the blood. 

Hydroparasalpinx (h i-dro-par-ah-sal' -pinks) 
[hydro-; ~apa, beside; oaXzcy^, tube]. An 
accumulation of water in the accessory tubes 
of the oviduct. 

Hydropathy (hi-drop'-ath-e^ [hydro-; r.adoc, 
disease]. The treatment of diseases by the 
use of water, externally and internally. 

Hydropericardium {hi-dro- per -ik-ar' -de-um) 



HYDROPERIONE 



494 



HYDROSYRINGOMYELIA 



[hydro-; pericardium]. A collection of serum 
within the pericardial cavity. 

Hydroperione (hi - dro - per' - e - on) [hydro-; 
nep'c, around ; coov, egg]. A seroalbuminous 
liquid existing between the decidua vera and 
the decidua reflexa and believed to nourish 
the embryo at an early period. 

Hydroperitoneum (hi - dro - per - it-on-e'-um) 
[hydro-; peritoneum]. Ascites. 

Hydroperitonitis (hi - dro - per - it -on- i' - tis) . 
Peritonitis attended with watery effusion. 

Hydrophlogosis (hi-dro-flo-go'-sis) [hydro-; 
(frMfojotc, a burning]. Inflammation attended 
with serous effusion. 

Hydrophobia (hi - dro - fo f - be - ah) [hydro-; 
cfioftof, fear]. An acute infectious disease 
communicated to man by the bites of animals 
suffering from rabies. The period of incuba- 
tion is variable, the average being from three 
to six months. The disease begins with mal- 
aise, slight spasmodic movements, and enlarge- 
ment of the lymphatic glands in the neighbor- 
hood of the., original wound. Soon the true 
hydrophobic state sets in; it is characterized 
by tonic spasm of the muscles of deglutition, 
excited by an effort at swallowing water or 
even at the sight of water. The pulse is 
rapid, there is slight fever, and usually pro- 
fuse salivation exists. Toward the end 
paralysis may develop. The disease is nearly 
always fatal. The Pasteur treatment consists 
of a method of prophylaxis, consisting in the 
injection of a serum based on the spinal cords 
of animals dead of rabies. 

Hydrophobic (hi-dro-fo'-bik). Pertaining to, 
or of the nature of, hydrophobia. H. Teta- 
nus. See Tetanus, Hydrophobic. 

Hydrophobophobia (hi - dro -fo- bo-fo'-be - ah) 
[hydrophobia; (f)6ftoc, fear]. An intense dread 
of hydrophobia; a condition producing a state 
simulating true hydrophobia. 

Hydrophore (hi'-dro-for) [hydro-; (j)kpecv, to 
bear]. An apparatus consisting of a short 
grooved catheter used as an irrigating dilator 
of the urethra. 

Hydrophthalmia [hi-dr of -thai' -me -ah) [hy- 
dro-; ocbdaApioc, eye]. An increase in the 
fluid contents of the eye, causing the organ 
to become distended, resulting in glaucoma, 
keratoglobus, staphyloma, etc. 

Hydropic (hi-drop'-ik) [hydrops]. Pertaining 
to dropsy; dropsical. 

Hydropneumatic (hi-dro-nu-mat' -ik) [hydro-; 
Tiveojia, air]. Relating to water and air. 

Hydropneumatosis (hi - dro -nu- mat - o'- sis) 
[hydro-; 7tv£up.aTcoacc, inflation]. A collec- 
tion of fluid and air or other gas within the 
tissues. 

Hydropneumopericardium (hi-dr o-nu-mo-per- 
ik-ar' -de-um) [hydro-; TzveOfia, air; pericar- 
dium]. A collection of serum and air or 
other gas within the pericardium. 

Hydropneumo thorax (hi-dro-nu-mo-tho'-raks) 
[hydro-; Ttvedfia, air; dcopatj, thorax]. The 
presence of serous fluid and air or gas in the 
pleural cavity. 

Hydrops (hi'-drops) [udpcofi, dropsy]. Dropsy. 



H. articuli, a watery effusion into the syno- 
vial cavity of a joint. H. ex vacuo, a con- 
dition following inflammation, in which the 
lung is unable to expand and the space be- 
tween the contracted lung and the chest-wall 
is filled with fluid. H. tubae profiuens, 
hydrosalpinx in which the watery discharges 
are said to occur from the uterus and vagina, 
in gushes, the uterine end of the tube from 
time to time allowing passage of the fluid. 

Hydropyonephrosis (hi -dro-pi-o- ne}-ro r -sis) 
[hydro-; nuov, pus; v£<bpbc, kidney]. Dis- 
tention of the pelvis of the kidney with 
urine and pus. 

Hydroquinin (hi-dro-kwin'-in) [hydro-; quinin], 
C^H^N^. An alkaloid obtained from 
cinchona, and frequently contaminating 
quinin. 

Hydroquinone (hi-dr o-kwin' -on), C 6 H 6 2 . An 
isomer of resorcinol and pyrocatechin, found 
in arbutin, and also obtained from quinin 
and quinone, etc. It is antipyretic and 
antiseptic. Dose 15-20 gr. (1.0-1.3 Gm.). 
Unof. See Uva ursi. 

Hydrorachis (hi-dror' -ak-is) [hydro-; pajtc, 
spine]. A serous effusion within the spinal 
canal. 

Hydrorenal (hi-dro-re r -nal) [hydro-; ren, kid- 
ney]. Relating to dropsy of the kidney. 

Hydrorheostat (hi-dro-re' -o-stat) . A rheostat 
in which the resistance is furnished by water. 

Hydrorrhea (hi-dro-re' -ah) [hydro-; po'ca, a 

, flow]. A flow of watery liquid. Hydrorrhoea 
gravidarum, a discharge, from the pregnant 
uterus, of thin mucus that accumulates as a 
result of excessive secretion of the uterine 
glands. 

Hydrosalpinx * (hi - dro - sal' - pinks) [hydro-; 
.oahzcy^, trumpet]. A distention of the fallo- 
pian tube with fluid. 

Hydrosarcocele (hi-dr o-sar'-ko-sel) [hydro-; 
oap£, flesh; KrjXr), hernia]. Sarcocele with 
hydrocele. 

Hydroscopy (hi-dros'-ko-pe) [hydro-; gko-ke'cv, 
to examine]. The investigation of water or 
watery fluids. 

Hydro spirometer (hi - dro - spi-rom'-et-er). A 
spirometer in which a column of water acts 
as an index. 

Hydrostat (hi' -dr o-stat) [hydro-; ozaroc, stand- 
ing]. An apparatus for preventing the spill- 
ing of the fluid of electric batteries during 
transportation- 
Hydrostatic (hi-dr o-stat' -ik) [see Hydrostat]. 
Relating to hydrostatics. H. Exploration, 
M. See's method of diagnosing pelvic disease 
by palpation of the abdomen while the 
patient is extended in a bath covering its 
surface. H. Test, a test for live birth in 
which the fetal lungs are floated upon water. 

Hydrostatics (hi-dr o-stat' -iks) [see Hydrostat]. 
The science treating of the properties of 
liquids in a state of equilibrium. 

Hydrosulfuric Acid (hi-dro-sul-fu'-rik). See 
Acid, Hydrosulfuric. 

Hydrosyringomyelia (hi - dro - sir -in-go-mi-e' - 
le-ah) [hydro-; aupty^, tube; fiueXbg, mar- 



HYDROTHERAPEUTICS 



495 



HYOSCYAMIN 



row]. Dilation of the central canal of 
the spinal cord by watery effusion, attended 
with degeneration and the formation of 
cavities. 

Hydrotherapeutics {hi - dro - ther - ap - u'-tiks) 
[hydro-; dspaneuscv, to heal]. The treatment 
of disease by means of water, or the use of 
water in the treatment of disease. 

Hydrotherapy {hi-dro-ther' -ap-e) . See Hy- 
drotherapeutics. 

Hydrothermal {hi - dro - ther' - mal) [hydro-; 
dip/j-f], heat]. Pertaining to warm water; said 
of springs. 

Hydrothermostat {hi-dro-ther' -mo-stat) [hydro-; 
thermostat]. An apparatus for providing a 
continuous degree of heat for therapeutic pur- 
poses. 

Hydrothionammonemia {hi-dro-thi-on-am-o- 
ne'-me-ah) [hydro-; de'cov, . sulfur; am- 
monia; alp.a, blood]. The condition pro- 
duced by the presence of ammonium sulfid 
in the blood. 

Hydrothionemia {hi - dro - thi - on - e'- me - ah) 
[hydro-; de'cov, sulfur; alfia, blood]. The 
condition produced by the presence of hy- 
drogen sulfid in the blood. 

Hydrothionuria {hi - dro - thi - on - u' -re - ah) 
[hydro-; de'cov, sulfur; odpov, urine]. The 
presence of hydrogen sulfid in the urine. 

Hydrothorax {hi-dro-tho'-raks) [hydro-; dcbpa£, 
chest]. The presence of serous fluid in the 
pleural cavity, due to a passive effusion, as in 
cardiac, renal, and other diseases. 

Hydrotomy {hi - drot' - o - me) [hydro-; zip.- 
vecv, to cut]. A method of dissecting tis- 
sues by the forcible injection of water into the 
arteries and capillaries, whereby the struc- 
tures are separated. 

Hydroureter {hi-dro-u'-re-ter). Dropsy of the 
ureter. 

Hydroxid {hi-droks'-id) [hydro-; o£i>c sharp]. 
A metallic or basic radicle combined 
with one or more hydro xyl groups. Hy- 
droxids may be regarded as formed from 
water (HOH) by the substitution for one of 
its hydrogen atoms of a metal or basic radicle. 
Synonym of Hydrate. 

Hydroxy! {hi-droks'-il) [see Hydroxid]. The 
univalent radicle, OH, the combination of 
which with basic elements or radicles forms 
the hydroxids. 

Hydroxylamin {hi-droks-iV -am-in) [hydroxid; 
amin], NH 2 OH. A basic substance, known 
only in solution in water or in combination 
with acids. Its hydrochlorid has been used 
as a substitute for chrysarobin in skin diseases. 

Hydrozone {hi'-dro-zon) [hydro-; ozone]. An 
aqueous solution of chemically pure hydrogen 
dioxid; it is used as a bactericide and heal- 
ing agent. 

Hydruret {hi' -dru-ret) . See Hydrid. 

Hydruria (hi-dru'-re-ah) [hydro-; odpov, urine]. 
The discharge of a large quantity of urine 
of low specific gravity. 

Hygiene {hi'-je-cn) [bycecvoc, good for the 
health]. The science that treats of the laws 
of health and the methods of their observance. 



Hygienic {hi-je-en'-ik) [see Hygiene]. Per- 
taining to hygiene, as hygienic treatment, that 
which simply guards against infraction of 
the laws of health. 

Hygrin {hi'-grin) [bypoc, moist, from its liquid 
form], C 12 H 13 N. A liquid alkaloid derived 
from coca. 

Hygro- {hi-gro-) [bypoc, moist]. A prefix denot- 
ing moist or relating to moisture. 

Hygroma {hi-gro' -mah) [hygro-; bpa, tumor]. 
A bursa, or newly formed sac, distended 
with fluid. 

Hygrometer {hi-grom'-et-er) [hygro-; fierpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for determining 
quantitatively the amount of moisture in the 
air. 

Hygrometric {hi-gro-met'-rik) [see Hygrome- 
ter], i. Pertaining to hygrometry. 2. Read- 
ily absorbing water; hygroscopic. 

Hygrometry {hi-grom' -et-re) [see Hygrometer]. 
The measurement of the moisture of the air. 

Hygroscopic {hi-gro-skop'-ik) [hygro-; oKone'cv, 
to see]. Having the property of absorbing 
moisture from the air. 

Hygrostomia {hi-gro-sto' -me-ah) [hygro-; ozopa, 
mouth]. Chronic salivation. 

Hyloma {hi-lo'-mah) [uX-q, matter; bpa, tumor]. 
A tumor originating in one of the primal pulp- 
tissues; subdivided into epihyloma, hypohy- 
loma, and mesohyloma. 

Hymen {hi' -men) [bp-fjv, membrane]. The 
fold of mucous membrane th#t partially 
occludes the vaginal orifice. 

Hymenal {hi'-me-nal). Pertaining to the 
hymen. 

Hymenitis {hi-men-i'-tis) [hymen; cue, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the hymen or of 
any membranous structure. 

Hymenology {hi-men-ol' -o-je) [hymen; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science of the nature, struc- 
ture, functions, and diseases of membranes. 

Hyoepiglottic {hi-o- ep -e - glot' - ik) [hyoid; 
epiglottis]. Relating to the hyoid bone and 
the epiglottis. 

Hyoglossal {hi-o-glos'-al) [hyoid; yXcoooa, 
tongue]. Extending from the hyoid bone to 
the tongue. 

Hyoglossus {hi-o-glos'-us). See under Muscle. 

Hyoid {hi'-oid) [T, the Greek letter upsilon; 
eldoc, form]. Having the form of the Greek 
letter upsilon. H. Bone, a bone situated 
between the root of the tongue and the larynx, 
supporting the tongue and giving attachment 
to its muscles. 

Hyomental {hi-o-ment'-al). Relating to the 
hyoid bone and the chin. 

Hyoscin {hi'-o-sin) [5c, hog; nuavoc, bean], 
C 17 H 21 N0 4 . A liquid alkaloid found in hy- 
oscyamus. It is a powerful depressant of 
the cerebrum and the motor centers of the 
cord, and is employed in insomnia, mania, 
and excessive sexual excitement. H. Hydro - 
bromid {hyoscince hydrobromidum , U. S. P.), 
the most commonly administered form. 
Dose t^—sV S 1 "- (0.0005-0.0008 Gm.). 

Hyoscyamin {hi-o-si' -am-in) [see Hyoscin], 
An alkaloid occurring in hy- 



HYOSCYAMUS 



496 



HYPERDISTENTION 



oscyamus. It is isomeric with atropin, is 
a mydriatic, narcotic, and sedative. Dose 
_i_ g r . (0.0005 Gm.). H. Hydrobromid 
(hyoscyamince hydrobromidum, U. S. P.), yel- 
lowish-white, amorphous masses, with nau- 
seous taste and odor of tobacco. It is myd- 
riatic, hypnotic, and sedative. Dose T30 - 
eV § r - (0-0005-0.001 Gm.) several times 
daily; as hypnotic for insane |-| gr. (0.008- 
0.016 Gm.). H., Pseudo-, C 17 H 23 N0 3 , that 
obtained irom Duboisia my op oroides. It 
is sedative and antispasmodic. Dose for the 
sane jfa-fo gr. (0.0005-0.001 Gm.); in- 
jection for insane ^V* To S r - (0.002-0.006 Gm.). 
H. Sulfate (hyoscyamince sulphas, U. S. P.), 
the neutral sulfate of an alkaloid obtained from 
hyoscyamus. Dose y^-g- gr. (0.0005 Gm.). 

Hyoscyamus (hi-o-si' -am-us) [see Hyoscin]. 
Henbane; a plant of the order Solanacece. 
The leaves and flowering tops of H. niger 
yield the alkaloids hyoscyamin and hyoscin. 
It is sedative to the nervous system, and has 
been employed in hysteria, cough, and colic, 
and to relieve pain in rheumatism, headache, 
and malignant tumors. H., Extract of (ex- 
traction hyoscyami, U. S. P.). Dose 1-2 gr. 
(0.065-0.13 Gm.). H., Fluidextract of 
(fiuidextr actum hyoscyami, U. S. P.). Dose 
5-10 min. (0.32-0.65 Cc). H. Juice (succus 
hyoscyami, B. P.). Dose §-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). 
H., Tincture of (tinctura hyoscyami, U. S. P.). 
Dose J-i dr. (2-4 Cc). 

Hypacidity (hip-as-id' -it-e) [hypo-; acidity]. 
Subacidity; deficiency in acid constituents. 

Hypacousis, Hypacusia, Hypacusis, Hypa- 
kusis (hip-ah-koo'-sis, hip-ah-koo'-ze-ah) 
[hypo-; duouocc, hearing]. Impairment of hear- 
ing. 

Hypalbuminosis (hip-al-bu-min-o' -sis) [hypo-; 
albumin]. Diminution in the proportion of 
albumin in the blood. 

Hypaphorin (hi-paj'-or-in). A crystalline 
alkaloid derived from the seeds of Erythrina 
lithosperma. 

Hypasthenia (hip-as-the' '-ne-ah) [hypo-; dadheca, 
weakness]. Loss of strength in a slight degree. 

Hyper- (hi-per-) [uizkp, over]. A Greek prefix 
signifying above, beyond, or excessive. 

Hyperacanthosis (hi-per-ak-an-tho'-sis) [hyper-; 
anavda, thorn]. Abnormal growth of the 
prickle-cell layer of the epidermis, as in warts 
and condylomas. 

Hyperacidity (hi-per-as-id' -it-e) [hyper-; acid- 
ity]. Excessive acidity. 

Hyperacousis, Hyperacusia, Hyperacusis, 
Hyperakusis (hi-per-ah-koo' -sis, hi-per-ah- 
koo'-ze-ah) [hyper-; anoootg, hearing]. Morbid 
acuteness of the sense of hearing; auditory 
hyperesthesia. 

Hyperactivity (%i-per-ak-tiv'-it-e) [hyper-; 
activity]. Excessive or abnormal activity. 

Hyperemia (hi-per ■-e'-me-ah). See Hyperemia. 

Hyperaeration (hi-per-a-er-a' -shun) [hyper-; 
ar)p, air]. The condition of being furnished 
with excess of ozone. 

Hyperesthesia (hi - per -es- the' -ze- ah) . See 
Hyperesthesia, 



Hyperalbuminemia (hi - per -al-bu- min - e f - 
me -ah). Pernicious anemia characterized 
by more than the normal percentage of 
albumin in the blood. 

Hyperalbuminosis (hi - per -al-bu -min-o'-sis) 
[hyper-; albumin]. An increase in the amount 
of albumin in the blood. 

Hyperalgesia (hi - per - al - je' -ze-ah) [hyper-; 
aXfTjocg, pain]. Excessive sensibility to pain. 
H., Acoustic, H., Auditory, a painful 
sensation in the ear caused by noises. Syn., 
Hypercesthesia acustica. H., Muscular, 
muscular fatigue and exhaustion attending 
certain diseases. H., Olfactory, painful 
sensitiveness of the olfactory apparatus to 
certain odors. 

Hyperalimentation (hi-per-al-e-men-ta r -shun) . 
See Superalimentation. 

Hyperalimentosis (hi -per-al-e- men - to'- sis) . 
A morbid condition due to superalimentation. 

Hyperalkalescence (hi-per-al-kal-es'-ens). Ex- 
cessive alkalinity. 

Hyperanakinesis (hi - per - an - ak - in - e'- sis) 
[hyper-; dvaKevqac^, a moving upward; 
excitement]. Excessive activity of a part. 
H. ventriculi, exaggerated activity of the 
gastric functions. 

Hyperaphic (hi-per-af'-ik) [hyper-; dcbrj, a 
touching]. Having morbid sensitiveness to 
touch. 

Hyperazoturia (hi-per-az-ot-u' -re-ah) [hyper-; 
a, priv.; Qcorj, life; oupov, urine]. Excess 
of nitrogenous matter in the urine. 

Hyperbulia (hi-per -bu' -le-ah) [hyper-; fiouXrj, 
will]. Exaggerated wilfulness; abnormal de- 
velopment of will-power. 

Hypercatharsis (hi-per-kath-ar'-sis) [hyper-; 
Kadapatg, cleansing]. Excessive purging. 

Hyperchlorhydria (hi - per - klor - hi' -dre-ah). 
Same as Chlorhydria. 

Hypercholia (hi-per-ko' -le-ah) [hyper-; ^o/Itj, 
bile]. An excessive secretion of bile. 

Hyperchondroma (hi - per - kon - dro' - mah) 
[hyper-; chondroma]. A cartilaginous tumor. 

Hyperchromasia (hi - per - kro - ma' - ze - ah) 
[hyper-; xp<J)p.a, color]. A condition char- 
acterized by excess of pigment. 

Hyperchylia (hi-per --ki' '-le-ah) [hyper-; %ul6c, 
juice]. Excess of secretion; excessive forma- 
tion of chyle. 

Hypercompensation (hi - per - kom - pen - sa'- 
shun). The formation of more plastic ma- 
terial than is necessary to compensate for loss. 

Hypercyesis (hi-per-si-e'-sis) [hyper-; kLtjocq, 
conception]. 1. Superfetation. 2. The con- 
dition in which conceptions follow each other 
rapidly. 

Hypercythemia (hi-per-si-the' -me-ah) [hyper-; 
k'itoc, cell; alpta, blood]. Increase in the 
blood-corpuscles compared with the serum. 

Hyperdicrotic (hi-per-di-krot'-ik) [hyper-; 
d'cupozoc, a double beat]. Affected with 
marked or delayed dicrotism; a condition in 
which the aortic notch is below the base-line. 

Hyperdistention (hi-per-dis-ten'-shun) [hyper-; 
distendere, to stretch]. Forcible or extreme 
distention, 



HYPERDONTOGENY 



497 



HYPEROPIA 



Hyperdontogeny (hi-per -don-to j'-en-e) [hyper-; 
ddotjc, tooth; yevvav, to produce]. The 
occurrence of a third dentition in mature life. 

Hyperdynamia (hi-per-di-nam'-e-ah) [hyper-; 
dbvap.cg, energy]. Excessive strength or exag- 
geration of nervous or muscular function. 

Hyperemesis (hi-per -em' -es-is) [hyper-; ep.eocg, 
vomiting]. Excessive vomiting. 

Hyperemia {hi-per-e' -me-ah) [hyper-; aljia, 
blood]. Excessive blood in a part. H., 
Active, that caused by an excessive supply 
of blood going to a part. H., Arterial, 
that due to increase of the blood-current from 
dilation of the arterioles. H., Collateral, 
H., Compensatory, congestion, either ar- 
terial or venous, in one part, compensatory 
to anemia in another part through transferred 
blood-pressure. H., Latent, the condition 
following continued light-treatment, marked 
by distinct redness appearing after very 
slight stimulation and consisting in dilation 
of the cutaneous vessels, exudation, and local 
leukocytosis. H., Passive, that caused by 
an impediment to the removal of the blood. 
H. of Stasis. See H., Passive. H., Venous, 
that due to diminishment of the velocity of 
the current, from obstruction of the outflow 
through the veins. Syn., Hyperemia venosa. 

Hyperencephalus (hi-per --en-sef '-a-lus) [hyper-; 
£jid(f)aXoc, brain]. A variety of single auto- 
sitic monsters in which the upper portion of the 
skull is entirely lacking. 

Hypererythrocythemia (hi - per - er - ith -ro - 

_ si - the' - me - ah) [hyper-; epudpog, red; 
HUTog, cell; alfia, blood]. Excess of red cor- 
puscles in the blood. 

Hyperesthesia {hi- per -es- the' -ze-ah) [hyper-; 
a'codrjocc, sensation]. Excessive sensibility. 

Hyperextension (hi-per-eks-ten'-shun). Ex- 
cessive extension for the correction of ortho- 
pedic deformities. 

Hypergeusia (hi-per-gu'-se-ah) [hyper-; yeuoic, 
taste]. Abnormal acuteness of the sense of 
taste. 

Hyperglobulia (hi - per - glo - bu'-le-ah) [hyper-; 
globus, a ball]. An increase in the number 
of red blood-corpuscles. 

Hyperhematosia, Hyperhematosis (hi-per- 
hem-at-o' -ze-ah, hi-per-hem-at-o' -sis) . i. Ex- 
traordinary activity or pressure of the blood. 
2. Excess of blood. Syn., Hyperematosis; 
Hyperemosis. 

Hyperhidrosis, Hyperidrosis (hi-per-hid-ro f - 
sis, hi-per -id-ro' -sis) [hyper-; cdpojg, sweat]. 
Excessive sweating. 

Hyperinosis (hi-per-in-o'-sis) [hyper-; "c, fiber]. 
An excessive increase in the fibrin-factors 
in the blood. 

Hyperinvolution (hi-per-in-vo-lu! -shun) [hyper-; 
involvere, to roll around]. Excessive invo- 
lution of an organ after enlargement, as 
of the uterus after pregnancy, resulting in 
a reduction below the normal size. 

Hyperisotonic (hi- per -is -o -ton' -ik) [hyper-; 
'coog, equal; rovoc, tone]. Applied to a solu- 
tion of greater density than the blood or some 
other fluid taken as a standard. 
33 



Hyperkeratosis (hi-per-ker-at-o'-sis) [hyper-; 
nkpac, cornea; horn], i. Hypertrophy of the 
cornea. 2. Hypertrophy of the horny layer 
of the skin. H. lacunaris pharyngis, a 
condition characterized by numerous hard 
white masses sometimes developing into long 
horny spines, projecting from the follicles 
of the lymphoid ring about the pharynx. 

Hyperkinesia (hi-per-kin-e' -ze-ah) [hyper-; 
Kcvqocc, energy]. -Excessive movement, as 
that associated with muscular spasm. 

Hyperleukocythemia (hi - per - lu - ko - si-the'- 
me-ah). See Hyperleukocytosis. 

Hyperleukocytosis (hi - per - lu -ko- si - to' - sis) 
[hyper-; leukocyte]. An increase in the number 
of leukocytes in the blood. 

Hypermastia (hi-per-mas'-te-ah) [hyper-; 
Haaxog, breast]. Excessive development of 
the mammary gland. 

Hypermedication (hi - per - med -e- ka'-shun). 
Excessive employment of drugs. 

Hypermetamorphic (hi-per-met-ah-morf'-ik) . 
Undergoing frequent transformations. 

Hypermetropia (hi-per-me-tro' -pe-ah). Same 
as Hyperopia. 

Hypermetropic ((hi-per-me-tro p'-ik) [hyper-; 
fxirpov, a measure; axp, sight]. Affected with, 
or pertaining to, hyperopia. 

Hypermyelohemia (hi-per-mi-e-lo-he' -me-ah) 
[hyper-; p.ueX6g, marrow; alfxa, blood]. 
Hyperemia of the spinal marrow. Syn., 
Myelyperemia. 

Hypermyotrophia, Hypermyotrophy (hi-per- 
mi-ot-ro'-fe-ah, hi-per-mi-ot' -ro-fe) [hyper-; 
fiuc, muscle; rpo^-q, nourishment]. Hyper- 
trophy of the muscular tissue. 

Hypernephroid (hi- per -ne J' -roid) [hyper-; 
vz<f)poc, kidney; eldog, likeness]. Suprarenal. 
H. Tumors, such as are derived from aber- 
rant suprarenal tissue. See Hypernephroma. 

Hypernephroma (hi-per-nef-ro'-mah) . See 
Grawitz's Tumor. 

Hyperneuroma (hi-per-nu-ro'-mah) [hyper-; 
veupov, nerve; b/.ia, tumor]. An exuber- 
ant growth of nervous tissue. 

Hyperonychia (hi - per - - nik'-e-ah) [hyper-; 
ovu£, nail]. Hypertrophy of the nails. 

Hyperope (hi'-per-op) [hyperopia]. One who 
is affected with hyperopia. 

Hyperopia (hi-per-o' -pe-ah) [hyper-; &><l>, sight]. 
The condition of the refractive media of 
the eye in which, with suspended accom- 
modation, the focus of parallel rays of light 
is behind the retina. It is due to an abnor- 
mally short anteroposterior diameter of the 
eye, or to a subnormal refractive power of 
its media. H., Absolute, that which cannot 
be corrected completely by accommodation, 
so that there is indistinct vision even for 
distance. H., Axial, that due to abnormal 
shortness of the anteroposterior diameter of 
the eye, the refractive power being normal. 
H., Curvature, a form often combined with 
astigmatism, due to changes in curvature of the 
cornea or lens. H., Facultative, that which 
may be corrected by the accommodation, so 
that there is distinct vision at a distance. H., 



HYPEROSMIA 



498 



HYPINOSIS 



Index, that developing in old age from 
sclerosis of the lens. H., Latent, that part 
of the total hyperopia that cannot be over- 
come by the accommodation, or the difference 
between the manifest and the total hyperopia. 
H., Manifest, that which the accommoda- 
tion can overcome, or that corrigible by a 
convex glass aided by the accommodation. 
H., Relative, a high hyperopia in which 
distinct vision is possible only when excessive 
convergence is made. H., Total, the entire 
hyperopia, both latent and manifest. 

Hyperosmia (hi-per-oz' -me-ah) [hyper-; da fir], 
smell]. An abnormally acute sense of smell. 

Hyperostosis (hi - per - os - to' -sis) [hyper-; 
daxkov, bone]. A bony outgrowth. 

Hyperperistalsis (hi - per - per - is - taV - sis) . 
Peristaltic unrest; a condition characterized 
by persistent rapid contractions of the stomach 
in close succession appearing after meals. 
Syn., Tormina ventriculi nervosa. 

Hyperphleboectasy (hi - per-fleb-o-ek r - ta - se) 
[hyper-; <f)U(p, vein; Iknraacg, a stretching]. 
Excessive dilation of the veins. 

Hyperphoria (hi-per-)o'-re-ah). See Heter- 
ophoria. 

Hyperpiesis (hi - per - pi- e' - sis) [hyper-; 
iz'uoic, a pressing]. An abnormally high pres- 
sure, as of the blood. 

Hyperplasia (hi-per-pla' -ze-ah) [hyper-; izXhacc, 
molding]. Excessive formation of tissue; an 
increase in the size .of a tissue or organ 
owing to an increase in the number of cells. 
Syn., Numeric hypertrophy. 

Hyperplastic (hi-per-plas'-tik). Pertaining to 
hyperplasia. 

Hyperpnea (hi-per-pne'-ah) [hyper-; nvocr), 
breathing]. Panting or exaggerated respiration. 

Hyperpraxia (hi-per-praks 1 '-e-ah) [hyper-; 
Ttpa&c, exercise]. The restlessness of 
movement characterizing certain forms of 
mania. 

Hyperpselaphesia (hi- per-sel-af-e' -ze-ah) [hy- 
per-; $r]Xacf>r]occ, touch]. Abnormal increase 
of tactile sensibility. 

Hyperpyrexia (hi-per-pi-reks'-e-ah) [hyper-; 
nupexoc, fever]. Excessively high body tem- 
perature. By some the term is used only 
when the temperature is above 106 F. 

Hyperresonance (hi-per-res'-o-nans) [hyper-; 
resonance]. Increased resonance on per- 
cussion. 

Hypersecretion (hi-per-se-kre'-shun) [hyper-; 
secretion]. Excessive secretion. 

Hypersteatosis (hi-per-ste-at-o' -sis) [hyper-; 
steatosis]. Excessive secretion of fat. Syn., 
Aleipsis acuta. 

Hypersynergia (hi-per-sin-ur 1 '-je - ah) [hyper-; 
auvepy'ca, a working together]. Excessive 
coordination; excessive energy in the or- 
gans in spreading disease throughout the 
system. 

Hypertension (hi-per-ten' -shun) . Excessive 
tension; supertension. 

Hyperthermalgesia (hi-per-therm-al-je' -se-ah) 
[hyper-; dippy, heat; dXyqocg, pain]. Abnor- 
mal sensitiveness to heat. 



Hyperthermia (hi-per-ther'-me-ah). Elevation 
of temperature above the normal. 

Hyperthyrea (hi-per-thi'-re-ah). The condi- 
tion arising from excessive functional activity 
of the thyroid gland. 

Hyperthyrosis (hi -per -thi-ro' -sis). The 
condition in which there is excess of thyroid 
substance in the body. 

Hypertonia (hi-per-to' -ne-ah) [hyper-; tovoc, 
tone], i. Excess of muscular tonicity. 2. 
Increased intraocular tension. 

Hypertonic (hi-per-ton' '-ik) . Exceeding in 
strength or tension. H. Salt Solution, one 
that exceeds the osmotic tension of the blood- 
serum. 

Hypertoxicity (hi - per - toks - is f - it - e) . The 
quality of being excessively toxic. 

Hypertrichiasis, Hypertrichosis (hi-per-trik-i'- 
as-is, hi-per-trik-o' '-sis) . Excessive growth 
of hair of a part or the whole of the body. 

Hypertrophous (hi-per'-trof-us). Marked by 
or exhibiting hypertrophy. 

Hypertrophy (hi-per'-tro-}e) [hyper-; rpo(f)f), 
nourishment]. An increase in the size of a 
tissue or organ independent of the general 
growth of the body. H., Compensatory, 
that resulting from the increased activity of 
an organ to make up some deficiency in a 
paired organ or in itself. H., Concentric 
(of the heart), increase in the thickness of 
the walls, without increase in the size of the 
organ, but with diminution in the capacity 
of its chambers. H., Eccentric (of the heart), 
hypertrophy with dilation. H., False, an 
increase in some one constituent tissue of an 
organ, usually the connective tissue. H., 
Moriform, a mulberry-like enlargement, as 
of the posterior ends of the lower turbinals. 
H., Numeric, hypertrophy due to an in- 
crease in the number of cells. H., Simple. 
1. That in which there is increase in the 
size of the individual cells. 2. Of the heart, 
increased thickness of the walls, the size of 
the cavities remaining unchanged. H., True, 
an increase of all the component tissues of 
an organ, giving increased power. 

Hyperviscosity (hi-per-vis-kos'-it-e). Exagger- 
ation of adhesive properties; observed in 
the erythrocytes in inflammatory diseases, in 
anemias, or when they are subjected to the 
action of poisons, notably snake-poison. 

Hypesthesia (hip-es-the' -ze-ah) [uno, under; dla- 
drjacg, sensation]. Impairment of sensation; 
lessened tactile sensibility. 

Hypesthetic (hip-es-thet'-ik). Pertaining to or 
affected with hypesthesia. 

Hypha (hi'-fah) [ucfrr), a weaving; web; pi., 
hyphce]. The filament or thread of a fungus; 
the matted hyphse form the mycelium. 

Hyphemia (hi-fe'-me-ah) [bno, under; alfta, 
blood]. 1. Oligemia; deficiency of blood. 2. 
Hemorrhage in the anterior chamber of the 
eye. 

Hyphomycetes (hi-fo-mi-se'-tez) [u<f>r], web; 
fiVK-qc, fungus]. The molds. 

Hypinosis (hip-in-o' -sis) [uizb, under; 7o, fiber]. 
A deficiency of fibrin-factors in the blood. 



HYPISOTONIC 



499 



HYPOESOPHORIA 



Hypiso tonic (hip-is-o-ton' '-ik) . See Hypoiso- 
tonic. 

Hypnacetin (hip-nas'-et-in), C . H 3 CO-NH- 
C 6 H 4 -OCH 3 - CO-C c H 5 . Acetophenonacetyl- 
paraamidophenol ether. It is hypnotic and 
antiseptic. Dose 3-4 gr. (0.2-0.25 Gm.), 
Syn., Hypnoacetin. 

Hypnal (hip'-nal) [ukvoc, sleep]. A drug com- 
posed of antipyrin and chloral hydrate and 
used as a hypnotic. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). 
Unof. m 

Hypnalgia (hip-nal'-je-ah) [onvoc, sleep; dXyoc, 
pain]. Pain recurring during sleep. 

Hypnic (hip'-nik) [otcvckoc, producing sleep]. 
1. Pertaining to or inducing sleep. 2. An 
agent that induces sleep. 

Hypno- (hip-no-) [unuoc, sleep]. A prefix denot- 
ing relation to sleep or to hypnotism. 

Hypnogenetic, Hypnogenic, Hypnogenous 
(hip-no-jen-et'-ik, hip-no-jen'-ik, hip-noj'- 
en-us) [hypno-; yevvav, to produce]. 1. 
Producing or inducing sleep. 2. Inducing 
hypnotism. 

Hypnolepsy (hip'-no-lep-se) [hypno-; Xfjfac, 
seizure]. Excessive sleepiness. 

Hypnology (hip-nol'-o-je) [hypno-; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science dealing with sleep or 
with hypnotism. 

Hypnone (hip' -non). See Acetophenone. 

Hypnopompic (hip-no-pomp' -ik) [hypno-; 
nopLTti), a procession]. Applied to visions seen 
at the moment of awakening from sleep or 
prior to complete awakening, as when a 
dream figure persists in waking life. 

Hypnosia (hip-no' -ze-ah) [otzvoc, sleep]. A 
condition of morbid drowsiness. 

Hypnosis (hip-no' -sis) [see Hypnosia]. 1. The 
condition produced by hypnotizing. 2. The 
production of sleep; also, the gradual ap- 
proach of sleep. 

Hypnotic (hip-not' -ik) [hypnosis]. 1. Inducing 
sleep. 2. Pertaining to hypnotism. 3. A 
remedy that causes sleep. 

Hypnotism (hip' -not-izm) [hypnosis]. A state 
of artificial somnambulism or trance, in- 
duced in certain persons by concentrating 
the gaze on a small object or on a revolving 
mirror, or by complete subjection of their 
will to that of another, at whose command 
the hypnotic state develops. Three stages 
are described — the cataleptic, the lethargic, 
and the somnambulistic. 

Hypnotization (hip - not - iz - a' - shun) [hyp- 
notism]. The induction of hypnotism. 

Hypo- (hi-po-) [uno, under]. A prefix denoting: 
1. Deficiency or lack. 2. Below or beneath, 
opposed to epi-, upon. 3. Of acids and salts, 
denoting those having a smaller number of 
atoms of oxygen than other compounds of 
the same elements. 

Hypoacidity (hi^po-as-id'-it-e) . See Hypacidity. 

Hypoazoturia (hi-po-az-ot-u' -re-ah) [hypo-; 
azoturia]. A diminished amount of urea 
in the urine. 

Hypoblast (hi' - po - blast) [hypo-; (HXaoxdc, 
sprout]. The internal layer of the blastoderm, 
also called the endoderm, endoblast, or ento- 



derm. From it is developed the intestinal 
epithelium (except that of the mouth and 
anus) and that of the glands opening into 
the intestine, and the epithelium of the air- 
passages. 

Hypobromite (hi-po-bro' -mit) [hypo-; Pp<Lp.oc, 
stench]. A salt of hypobromous acid. H. 
Method, a method of estimating the quan- 
tity of urea in urine, based upon the fact 
that when urea is acted upon by sodium hypo- 
bromite it is decomposed into nitrogen, carbon 
dioxid, and water. From the volume of 
nitrogen evolved the quantity of urea can be 
determined. 

Hypobulia (hi-po-bu' -le-ah) [hypo-; pooXi], 
will]. Deficiency of will-power. 

Hypochlorhydria (hi-po-klor-hi'-dre-ah) [hy- 
po-; xXcopoc, green; udcop, water]. A con- 
dition in which there is a diminished amount 
of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice. 

Hypochlorite (hi-po-klo'-rit) [hypo-; xlwpbc, 
green]. Any salt of hypochlorous acid, 
HCIO. The most important are those of 
calcium and sodium. 

Hypochlorization (hi-po-klo-riz-a' -shun) . A 
method of treating epilepsy by reduction of 
the sodium chlorid consumed by the patient 
to one-half. 

Hypochondriac (h i-po- kon' - dre - ak) [hypo- 
chondrhim]. 1. Pertaining to the hypochon- 
drium. 2. A person who is affected with 
hypochondriasis . 

Hypochondriasis (hi-po-kon-dri' -as-is) [hypo- 
chondrium]. A condition in which the patient 
believes himself suffering from grave bodily 
diseases. 

Hypochondrium (hi-po-kon'-dre-um) [hypo-; 
%6vdpoc, cartilage]. The upper lateral region 
of the abdomen beneath the lower ribs. 

Hypochromatism (hi-po-kro' -mat-izm) [hypo-; 
chromatin]. Deficiency of chromatin in the 
nucleus of a cell. 

Hypochromatosis (hi-po-kro-mat-o'-sis). The 
pathologic diminution of the chromatin in a 
cell-nucleus. 

Hypochylia (hi-po-ki' -le-ah) [hypo-; x°^° c > 
juice]. Deficiency of secretion; deficiency of 
chyle. 

Hypocytosis (hi-po-si-to'-sis) [hypo-; kutoc, 
cell]. Diminution of the number of blood- 
corpuscles. 

Hypodermatic, Hypodermic (hi-po-der-mat'-ik, 
hi-po-der'-mik) [hypo-; dip/ia, skin]. Placed 
or introduced beneath the skin, as hypoder- 
matic injection. 

Hypodermatoclysis, Hypodermoclysis (hi-po- 
der-mat-ok'-lis-is, hi-po-der-mok.' -lis-is) [hypo- 
dermatic; kXoocc, injection]. The introduction 
into the subcutaneous tissues of large quanti- 
ties of fluids, especially of normal saline solu- 
tion. 

Hypodermotherapy (hi-po-der-mo-ther'-ap-e) 
[hypo-; dipp.a, skin; depaneca, therapy]. Sub- 
cutaneous medication. 

Hypoesophoria (hi-po-es-o-fo'-re-ah)- [hypo-; 
esophoria]. A tendency of the visual axis of 
one eye to deviate downward and inward. 



HYPOEXOPHORIA 



500 



HYPOTHENAR 



Hypoexophoria (hi-po-eks-o-fo' -re-ah) [hypo-; 
exophorid\. A tendency of the visual axis of 
one eye to deviate downward and outward. 

Hypogastric (hi-po-gas'-trik) [hypogastrium]. 
Pertaining to the hypogastrium. 

Hypogastrium (hi -po- gas' - tre - urn) [hypo-; 
yaozTjp, the belly]. The lower median anterior 
region of the abdomen. 

Hypogastropagus (hi-po-gas-trop'-ag-us) [hy- 
pogastrium; izayoc, anything solid]. A 
genus of twin monsters characterized by 
having the union in the region of the hypo- 
gastrium. 

Hypogeusia (hi - po - gu f - se - ah) [hypo-; 
yeuocc, taste]. Diminution in the sense of 
taste. 

Hypoglossal (hi-po-glos'-al) [see Hypoglossus]. 
Situated under the tongue. H. Nerve. See 
under Nerve. 

Hypoglossus (hi-po-glos'-us) [hypo-; yXcbooa, 
tongue]. The hypoglossal nerve. 

Hypoglottis (hi-po-glot'-is) [see Hypoglossus]. 
i. The under part of the tongue. 2. A swell- 
ing at the under part of the tongue, as a 
ranula. 

Hypognathous (hi-pog' -na-thus) [see Hypog- 
nathus]. Having the lower mandible longer 
than the upper. 

Hypognathus (hi-pog' -na-thus) [hypo-; jvadoc, 
jaw]. A double monstrosity in which the 
parasite is attached to the inferior maxillary 
bone. 

Hypohidrosis (hi - po - hid - ro' - sis) [hypo-; 
Idpcootc, sweating]. Scanty perspiration. 

Hypoisotonic (hi - po-is-o ■- ton' - ik) [hypo-; 
isotonic]. Applied to a solution the osmotic 
pressure of which is lower than blood-plasma 
or some other solution taken as a standard. 

Hypokinesia, Hypokinesis (hi-po-kin-e'-ze-ah, 
hi-po-kin-e' -sis) [hypo-; ncvqocc, motion]. 
Deficiency in motor reaction under stimula- 
tion. 

Hypoleukocytosis (hi-po-lu-ko-si-to' -sis) [hy- 
po-; leukocyte]. A diminution of the number 
of leukocytes in the blood. 

Hypolympha (hi-po-lim' '-fah) [hypo-; lympha, 
water]. An extravasation of plastic lymph 
into the anterior chamber of the eye. 

Hypomania (hi-po-ma'-ne-ah) [hypo-; p.av'ca, 
madness]. A moderate degree of maniacal 
exaltation. 

Hypomastia, Hypomazira (hi-po-mas'-te-ah, 
hi- po-ma' -ze-ah) [hypo-; p.ao~6c, the breast]. 
Abnormal smallness of the mammary gland. 

Hypomelancholia (hi-po-mel-an-ho' -le-ah) [hy- 
po-; melancholia]. Moderate melancholia; 
melancholia without delusions. 

Hypometropia (hi - po - me - tro' - pe - ah) [hy- 
po-; fxkrpov, a measure; axp, vision]. Myopia. 

Hypopepsia (hi-po-pep'-se-ah) [hypo-; Tis^ic, 
digestion]. Subnormal digestive power. 

Hypophoria (hi-po- fo' -re-ah) [hypo-; <j)opoc, 
tending]. A tendency of the visual axis of 
one eye to deviate below that of the other. 

Hypophosphite (hi-po-fos'-flt) [hypo-; phos- 
phorus]. A salt of hypophosphorous acid. 
Those of calcium, iron, manganese, potassium, 



and sodium are official. H.s, Emulsion 
of Cod-liver Oil with (emulsum olei morr- 
huce cum hypophosphitibus, U. S. P.), an 
emulsion made of cod-liver oil, acacia, calcium, 
potassium, and sodium hypophosphites, syrup, 
oil of gaultheria, and water. Dose 2 dr. (8 
Cc). H.s, Syrup of (syrupus hypophos- 
phitum, U. S. P.), contains calcium, potas- 
sium, and sodium hypophosphites. Dose 
2 dr. (8 Cc). H.s, Syrup of, Compound 
(syrupus hypophosphitum compositus, U. S. 
P.), contains five hypophosphites, hypophos- 
phorous acid, quinin, and strychnin. Dose 2 
dr. (8 Cc). Both syrups are used in wasting 
diseases, in scrofula, rickets, etc. 

Hypophosphorous Acid (hi-po-fos-fo'-rus). 
See Acid, Hypophosphorous. H. Acid, Dil- 
ute (acidum hypophosphorosum dilutum, U. 
S. P.). Dose 10-30 min. (0.65-2.0 Cc). 

Hypophysin (hi-po f'-is-in). An organothera- 
peutic remedy from the hypophysis of the 
ox. It is used as an adjuvant to iodothyrin 
in the treatment of akromegaly. Dose 2-5 
gr. (0.1-0.3 Gm.) several times daily. 

Hypophysis (hi-pof'-is-is) [hypo-; $Ucv, to 
grow]. An outgrowth. H. cerebri, the 
pituitary body. 

Hypoplasia (hi-po-pla' -ze-ah) [hypo-; nXaooEiv, 
to mold]. Defective development of any 
organ or tissue. 

Hypopselaphesia (hi-pop-sel-af-e' -ze-ah) [hypo-; 
(J)T)Xa(f>T)occ, touch]. Diminution of sensitive- 
ness to tactile impressions. 

Hypopyon (hi-po' -pe-on) [hypo-; nuov, pus]. 
A collection of pus in the anterior chamber 
of the eye. 

Hyposcheotomy (hi-po-ske-ot'-o-me) [hypo-; 
oo~ieov, scrotum; xkp.veiv, to cut]. The 
surgical puncturing of a hydrocele at the 
lower part of the tunica vaginalis. 

Hyposmia (hi-poz' -me-ah) [hypo-; oojultj, 
smell]. Diminution of the sense of smell. 

Hypospadia, Hypospadias (hi-po-spa'-de-ah, 
hi-po-spa' -de-as) [hypo-; oTiav, to draw]. 
A condition in which the urethra opens upon 
the under surface of the penis. 

Hypostasis (hi-pos'-tas-is) [hypo-; stasis]. 1. 
A settling; also, the sediment. 2. The 
settling of blood in the dependent parts of 
the body. 

Hypostatic (hi-po-stat'-ik) [see Hypostasis]. 
Due to, or of the nature of, hypostasis. H. 
Congestion. See Hypostasis (2). H. Pneu- 
monia. See Pneumonia, Hypostatic. 

Hyposthenia (hi-po-sthe-ne'-ah) [hypo-; odevog, 
strength]. Weakness. 

Hyposthenuria (hi-po-sthen-u' -re-ah) [hypo- 
sthenia; oupov, urine]. 1. Suppression of the 
urine from inability of the kidney to eliminate. 
2. Diminution of solids in the urine. 

Hypothalamus (hi-po -thai' -am -us) [hypo-; 
6a.XaiJ.oc, thalamus]. A group of prominences 
and aggregations of ganglions lying on the 
ventral side beneath the thalamus. Syn., 
Subthalamus. 

Hypothenar (hi-poth' -en-ar) [hypo-; dkvap, 
palm]. The fleshy eminence on the palm 



HYPOTHERMAL 



501 



HYSTEROLAPAROTOMY 



of the hand over the metacarpal bone of 
the little finger. Also, the prominences on 
the palm at the base of the fingers. 

Hypo thermal {hi-po-ther '-mat) [see Hypo- 
thermia]. Slightly hot; tepid. 

Hypothermia (hi-po iher'-me-ati) [hypo-; dippy, 
heat]. Subnormal temperature. 

Hypothyroidism (hi-po-thi' -roid-izm) . A mor- 
bid condition attributed to deficient activity 
of the thyroid gland. 

Hypothyrosis (hi-po-thi-ro'-sis). Reduced 
functional activity of the thyroid gland. 

Hypotonia, Hypotonus (hi-po-to'-ne-ah, hi-pot'- 
o-nus) [hypo-; tovoc, tension]. Decrease 
of normal tonicity or tension; especially 
diminution of intraocular pressure. 

Hypotonic (hi-po-ton'-ik). Below the normal 
strength or tension. # 

Hypovenosity (hi- po-ven-os' -it-e) [hypo-; 
venosus, venous]. A condition in which there 
is incomplete development of the venous 
system in a given area, resulting in atrophy 
and degeneration in the muscles. 

! Hypoxanthin (hi - po- zan' - thin) [hypo-; 
xanthin], C 5 H 4 N 4 0. A nonpoisonous leuko- 
main. It occurs, accompanying adenin and 
guanin, in nearly all the animal tissues and 
organs rich in nucleated cells. In minute 
quantities it is a normal constituent of urine. 
It has also been found in plants, seeds, fer- 
ments, and wines. It is a crystalline body, 
soluble in cold and boiling water, insoluble 
in cold alcohol or ether. Hypoxanthin ap- 
pears to be one of the products formed by 
the decomposition and successive oxidation 
of proteid matter previous to the formation 
of uric acid and urea. It is produced from 
adenin by the action of nitrous acid. Syn., 
Sarcin. H., Test for. See KosseVs Test for 
Hypoxanthin. 

Hyrtl's Sphincter. See Nelaton's Sphincter. 

Hyssop (his'-op) [uoocotioc, an aromatic plant]. 
The leaves and tops of Hyssopus officinalis, 
an aromatic stimulant, carminative, and 
tonic, employed in chronic catarrh of the 
respiratory tract. Dose of the fluidextract 
1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). 

Hyster-, Hystero-, (his-ter-, his-ter-o-) [oaxkpa, 
uterus]. Prefixes signifying relation to the 
uterus or to hysteria. 

Hysteralgia (his - ter - aV - je - ah) [hyster-; 
aXyoc, pain]. Neuralgic pain in the uterus. 

Hysterectomy (his - ter - ek'- to - me) [hyster-; 
ixroprj, a cutting out]. Excision of the 
uterus through the abdomen (abdominal 
hysterectomy) or the vagina (vaginal hys- 
terectomy). 

Hysteredema, Hysteroedema {his -ter-e- de'- 
mah) [hyster-; o'idrjpa, edema]. Edema of 
the womb-substance. 

Hysteria (his-te' '-re-ah) [uorepa, womb, from 
the ancient belief that the condition depended 
upon uterine disease]. A diseased state of 
the mind manifesting itself in countless dis- 
turbances of the psychic, sensory, motor, 
and vasomotor functions. The etiology is 
not definitely known; heredity and mental 



shock play an important part. All ages and 
both sexes are subject to the disease, but it 
is most- common in young women. The 
psychic disturbances consist in increased 
irritability, tendency to exaggeration, a 
heightened imagination, hallucinations, and 
somnambulistic and hypnotic states. Among 
sensory symptoms are various neuralgias, as 
clavus, hemicrania, and coccygodynia; an- 
esthesias; hyperesthesias; diminution of the 
visual field; diplopia; deafness; loss of the 
sense of taste, etc. The motor symptoms 
comprise paralyses and contractures of the 
limbs, tremor, convulsions, catalepsy, apho- 
nia, etc. The chief vasomotor phenomena 
are cyanosis, cutaneous hemorrhages, and 
edema. In addition to these symptoms many 
others are at times noted, as anorexia, vomit- 
ing, salivation, polyuria, anuria, etc. 

Hysteric (his-ter' -ik) . Pertaining to hysteria. 

Hysterics (his-ter' '-iks) . A popular term for 
the hysteric attack. 

Hysteritis (his-ter -V -tis) . See Metritis. 

Hysterobubonocele (his - ter ~o- bu - bon'- o - set) 
[hystero-; flouflujvofcfjXr], an inguinal hernia]. 
An inguinal hysterocele. 

Hysterocele (his'-ter-o-sel) [hystero-; ktjXt), her- 
nia]. A hernia containing all or part of the 
uterus. 

Hysterocleisis (his - ter - o - Hi' - sis) [hystero-; 
kXsIocc, closure]. The closure of the uterus 
by suturing the edges of the os. 

Hysterocystic {his -ter - - sist' - ik) [hystero-; 
kuotcc, the bladder]. Relating to the uterus 
and bladder. 

Hysterocystocleisis (his -ter - - sist-o-kli' -sis) 
[hystero-; kuotcc, bladder; kXs'cocc, clos- 
ure]. Bozeman's operation for relief of 
vesicouterovaginal fistula or for uterouterine 
fistula, consisting in turning the cervix uteri 
into the bladder and suturing it. 

Hysterocystopexy (his -ter-o - sist' -o- peks-e). 
See Ventrovesicofixation. 

Hysterodynamometer (his-ter -o-din-am-om'- 
et-er) [hystero-; duvapcc, power; pkxpov, a. 
measure]. An apparatus to record the num- 
ber, intensity, and variations of uterine con- 
tractions. 

Hysteroepilepsy (his-ter-o-ep' -e-lep-se) [hystero-; 
epilepsy]. A form of hysteria accompanied 
by convulsions resembling those of epilepsy. 

Hysterogenic, Hysterogenous (his -ter-o - 
jen'-ik, his-ter-o j'-en-us) [hystero-; fevvdv, to be- 
get]. Causing or producing a hysteric attack, 
as hysterogenic zones, certain regions pressure 
upon which excites a hysteric paroxysm. 

Hysteroid (his' -ter-oid) [hystero-; eldoc, like]. 
1. Resembling hysteria. 2. Pertaining to 
hysteroepilepsy. 

Hysterokataphraxis (his-ter-o-kat-ah-fraks'-is) 
[hvstero-; Kaxa<ppaKri)c, a coat of mail]. An 
operation for including the uterus within 
supporting metal structures as a medium of 
replacement. 

Hysterolaparotomy (his-ter-o-lap-ar-ot'-o-me) 
[hystero-; ka~apa, the abdominal wall; zepveev, 
to cut]. Abdominal hysterectomy. 



HYSTEROLYSIS 



502 



ICHTHYOCOLLA 



Hysterolysis (his-ter-oV '-is-is) [hystero-; Xuecv, 
to loose]. Severing the attachments of 
the uterus. H„, Vaginal, the operation of 
detachment of the uterus first from its pos- 
terior adhesions and then from its anterior 
adhesions by posterior and anterior colpot- 
omy and concluding with vaginofixation. 

Hysteroma (his-ter-o'-mah). A fibroid tumor 
of the uterus. 

Hysterometry (his- ter - om' -et- re) [hystero-; 
fihpov, measure]. The measurement of the 
size of the uterus. 

Hysteromyomectomy (his-ter-o-mi-o-mek' - 
to-me)- [hystero-; myoma; i/cxop.rj, excision]. 
Removal of a fibroid uterus. 

Hysteromyotomy (his -ter - o -mi-ot' - o-me) 
[hystero-; fiuc, muscle; xkjivecv, to cut]. Incision 
into the uterus for removal or enucleation 
of a solid tumor. 

Hysteroneurosis (his-ter-o-nu-ro' -sis) [hystero-; 
neurosis]. A reflex neurosis resulting from 
irritation of the uterus. 

Hysteropathy (his - ter - op' - ath - e) [hystero-; 
Ttadog, disease]. Any disease or disorder of 
the uterus. 

Hysteropexy (his' - ter - o - peks - e) [hystero-; 



n-q^cg, a fastening]. Fixation of the uterus 
by a surgical operation to correct displace- 
ment. 

Hysteroptosis (his - ter - o - to' - sis) [hystero-; 
TiTtoacc, a falling]. Falling or inversion of the 
uterus. 

Hysterorrhaphy (his - ter -or' -a- Je) [hystero-; 
pa(f)rj, suture]. i. The closure of a uterine 
incision or rent by suture. 2. Hysteropexy. 

Hysterosalpingooophorectomy (his-ter-o-sal- 
pin-go-o-of-or-ek' -to-me). Excision of the 
uterus, oviducts, and ovaries. 

Hysteroscopy (his - ter - os' - ko - pe) [hystero-; 
GKone'cv, to examine]. Inspection of the uterus. 

Hysterotabetism (his - ter - - ta' - bet - izm). 
Combined tabes and hysteria. 

Hysterotomy (his - ter - of - - me) [hystero-; 
Toptrj, a cutting]. Incision of the uterus. 

Hysterotrachelorrhaphy (his ter-o-tra-kel-or' - 
a-fe) [hystero-; xpa%f)\oc, neck; pa(f)rj, suture]. 
A plastic operation for the restoration of a 
lacerated cervix uteri. 

Hystrichiasis (his-trik-i'-as-is) [uexpct;, a hedge- 
hog]. A disease of the hair in which it 
stands out stiffly like the spines of the hedge- 
hog. 



I. The symbol for iodin. 

Iatraliptic (i-at-rah-lip'-tik) [caxpoc, physician; 
dXecnxfjc, an anointer]. Curing by using 
ointments and frictions. 

Iatric (i-at'-rik) [caxp'.Koc, medical]. Pertain- 
ing to the physician or to the science of medi- 
cine. 

Iatrochemic (i-at-ro-kem'-ik) [see Iatrochemis- 
try]. Treating disease on the principles of 
chemistry. 

Iatro chemistry (i-at-ro-kem'-ist re) [caxpoc, 
physician; if)p.eca, chemistry]. 1. The appli- 
cation of chemistry to therapeutics; the 
treatment of disease by chemic means. 2. 
The theory that disease and its treatment 
are explicable on a chemic basis. 

Iatrophysics (i-at-ro-fiz'-iks) [caxpoc, physician; 
4>uockoc, pertaining to nature]. 1. The treat- 
ment of disease by physical measures. 2. The 
theory that disease and its treatment are ex- 
plicable on a materialistic or physical basis. 
The materialistic explanation of disease ; 
applied especially to an obsolete theory of the 
seventeenth century that sought to explain phy- 
siologic and therapeutic facts by means of the 
principles of physics (dynamics and statics). 

Iatrotechnics (i-at-ro-tek' -niks) [caxpoc, physi- 
cian; xi%vr), art]. The art of healing. 

Ice (is) [AS., is]. Water in its solid state, 
which it assumes at a temperature of o° C, or 
3 2 F. It is used externally in the form of 
applications, and internally as a refrigerant 
and to combat nausea. I. -bag, I. -cap, 
I. -compress, measures for applying ice to 



reduce temperature, to lessen inflammatory 
action, to check hemorrhage, and to relieve 
pain. 

Iceland Moss (is' -land). See Cetraria (2). I. 
Spar, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, 
having doubly refracting properties, and used 
in instruments for studying polarized light. 

Ichor (i'-kor) [c/ojp, serum or pus]. An acrid, 
thin, puriform discharge. 

Ichorization (i-kor-iz-a'-shun) [ichor]. The 
conversion of tissue into ichor. 

Ichorous (i'-kor-us) [ichor]. Resembling or 
relating to ichor. 

Ichorrhemia (i-kor-e'-me-ah) [ichor; aljia, 
blood]. The presence of septic matter in the 
blood. 

Ichthalbin (ik-thaV '-bin\ Ichthyol albuminate; 
used in gastrointestinal diseases. Dose 15-30 
gr. (1-2 Gm.) 3 times daily. 

Ichthargan (ik-thar'-gan). A combination of 
silver and ichthyol-sulfonic acid containing 
30 % of the former. It is used in acute gonor- 
rhea in injections containing i-i| gr in 8 oz.; 
irrigation with solutions of 1 : 4000-1 : 750. 

Ichthoform (ik'-tho-form). Ichthyol formalde- 
hyd; it is used as an intestinal disinfectant, 
antiphlogistic, and as a vulnerary. Dose 15- 
20 gr. ( 1. 0-1.3 Gm.) daily. 

Ichthosin (ik'-tho-sin). A compound of ich- 
thyol and eosin used in skin diseases. 

Ichthyism (ik'-the-izm). See Ichthysmus. 

Ichthyo- (ik-the-o-) [cxduc, fish]. A prefix mean- 
ing fish. 

Ichthyocolla (ik -the-o- koV - ah) [ichthyo-; 



ICHTHYOID 



503 



IDEATION 









KoXXa, glue]. Isinglass. The air-bladder of 
the sturgeon, Acipenser huso, occurring in 
horny, translucent, white sheets that form a 
jelly with hot water. It is a form of gelatin, 
and is used as a food, for clarifying liquids, 
and as a test for tannic acid. Unof. It 
forms the basis of English court-plaster (em- 
plastrum ichthyocollce) . 

Ichthyoid (ik' -the-oid) [ichthyo-; eldoc, like]. 
Fish-like. 

Ichthyol (ik'-the-ol) [ichthyo-; oleum, oil], i. 
The ammonium or sodium salt of a tarry 
substance obtained in the distillation of a 
bituminous mineral containing fossil fish. 
The chemic formula is C 2S H 36 S 3 6 (HN 4 ) 2 , or 
C2sH 36 S 3 6 Na 2 . It contains about 15% of 
sulfur, and is used as an alterative and anti- 
phlogistic, especially in eczema, acne, lupus, 
and other dermal diseases. Internally it has 
been employed in rheumatism, syphilis, 
leprosy, tuberculosis, etc. Dose 10-30 gr. 
(0.65-2.0 Gm.) in 24 hours. 2. Ammonium 
ichthyol sulfonate, (NH 4 ) 2 C 28 H 3B S 3 6 , soluble 
in water, glycerol, and a mixture of alcohol 
and ether; freely miscible in oils. Dose as 
alterative 3-10 min. (0.2-0.65 Gm.) 3 times 
daily. Application, 5 to 50% ointment; 2% 
solution in gonorrhea. I. Albuminate. See 
Ichthalbin. I. Formaldehyd. See Ichtho- 
jorm. I., Lithium, Li 2 C 28 H 36 S 3 6 , a dark- 
brown mass used in 50% ointment. Syn., 
Lithium ichthyol sulfonate. I., Sodium. See 
Ichthyol (1). I., Zinc, zinc ichthyol sulfo- 
nate, a black, tarry mass, used in injections. 

Ichthyophagous (ik-the-oj'-ag-us) [ichthyo-; 
fiafslv, to eat]. Fish-eating. 

Ichthyosis (ik - the - o' - sis) \lydug, fish]. A 
chronic skin disease characterized by the 
development of epidermal plates somewhat 
resembling the scales of a fish. I. hystrix, 
a form characterized by warty growths, con- 
sisting of elongated and hypertrophied 
papillas, covered by greatly thickened epider- 
mis. I. simplex, the common form of ich- 
thyosis, in which the surface has a tessellated 
appearance, from being covered with large, 
finely corrugated, papery scales. 

Ichthyotoxicon (ik-the-o'-toks' -ik-on) [ichthyo-; 
rosoiov, poison]. 1. The toxin present in the 
serum of certain fishes, as in that of the eel. 
2. A general term for the active agent in 
poisoning by eating fish. 

Ichthyotoxin (ik-the-o-toks' -in) . A basic poison 
generated in fish by growth of bacteria or 
fungi. 

Ichthysmus (ik-thiz' -mus) [r/duc, fish]. Poison- 
ing due to the absorption of mytilotoxin from 
fish. 

Ichtol (ik'-tol). A proprietary mixture said 
to consist of lanolin, iodoform, glycerol, phe- 
nol, oil of lavender, and oil of eucalyptus, used 
in skin diseases. 

Icing-liver. Chronic perihepatitis resulting 
in the formation of an exudate resembling 
the icing on a cake. 

Icterencephalotyphus (ik-ter-en-sef-al-o-ti' -fits) 
[icterus; efuk^aXoc, the brain; xucfroc, typhus]. 



Typhoid fever with marked cerebral symptoms 
combined with jaundice. 

Icterepatitis (ik-ter-ep-a-ti' -tis) [icterus; fjxap, 
liver; ixcc, inflammation] Inflammation of 
the liver with jaundice. 

Icteric (ik-ter'-ik) [icterus]. Pertaining to or 
characterized by jaundice. 

Icteritious (ik-ter-ish' -us) [icterus]. 1. Af- 
fected with or resembling icterus. 2. Yellow, 
as the skin in jaundice. 

Icterohematuria (ik-ter-o-hem-at-u'-re-ah) [ic- 
terus; hematuria]. Jaundice with hematuria. 

Icterohemoglobinuria (ik-ter-o-hem-o-glo-bin- 
u'-re-ah). Combined icterus and hemoglo- 
binuria. 

Icteroid (ik f -ter-oid) [icterus; eldoc, form]. 
Resembling the color of, or having the nature 
of, jaundice. 

Icterus (ik'-ter-us) ['cn-epoc, jaundice]. Jaun- 
dice. I., Acholuric, a condition characterized 
by more or less pigmentation of the skin in 
certain areas or over the whole surface, ab- 
sence of bile-pigments in the urine and their 
presence in the blood-serum. I., Diffusion, 
that due to the hepatic cells having lost their 
power of holding back the bile, which conse- 
quently diffuses into the fluids of the body. 
I. febrilis. See Weil's Disease. I. gravis, 
acute yellow atrophy of the liver, an acute 
disease characterized by jaundice, marked 
nervous symptoms, diminution in size of the 
liver, and a rapidly fatal termination. The 
urine contains bile and crystals of leucin and 
tyrosin. Microscopically, the liver shows 
intense fatty degeneration of the cells, to- 
gether with areas of congestion. The disease 
is most common in women, is in many cases 
associated with pregnancy, and is probably 
infectious in origin. A similar condition of 
the liver may occur in phosphorus-poisoning. 

1. neonatorum, that which is sometimes 
observed in infants during the first few days 
after birth. The causes are obscure, par- 
ticularly in the mild form; it may be due to 
the absorption of biliary pigment from the 
meconium and its entrance into the circula- 
tion through an open ductus venosus; a 
severe form is due to absence of the large 
bile-ducts or to septic infection. I., Pan- 
creatic. 1. A condition arising from stenosis 
of the pancreatic duct, when the system be- 
comes deluged with pancreatic secretions. 

2. That which results from removal of the 
pancreas. 

Ictus (ik'-tus) [L., "a stroke"]. A sudden at- 
tack. I. epilepticus, an epileptic fit. I., 
Laryngeal, an apoplectiform attack occur- 
ring during a severe paroxysm of coughing 
and passing off in a few seconds. I. para- 
lyticus, a paralytic stroke. I. solis, sun- 
stroke. 

-id. A suffix used in chemistry to denote a 
combination of two elementary substances. 

Ideation (i-de-a'-shun) [Idea, form or sem- 
blance]. The formation of a mental con- 
ception; the cerebral action by which, or in 
accord with which, an idea is formed. 



IDENTICAL 



504 



IGNATIA 



Identical (i-den' -tik-al) [idem, the same]. 
Being the same; corresponding exactly. I. 
Points, corresponding points of the two 
retinas, upon which the rays from an object 
- must be focused in order that it may be seen 
as one. 

Identification (i-den- tif-ik-a' -shun) [see Iden- 
tical]. A method of so describing and regis- 
tering a person by certain physical peculiari- 
ties that he or his body may be identified. 
I., Anthropometric. See /., Bertillon 
System of. I., Bertillon (Alphonse) Sys- 
tem of, consists in the use of those meas- 
urements which depend on skeletal parts 
remaining practically unchanged after adult 
life is reached. Syn., Anthropometric identi- 
fication. I., Galton System of, is based 
upon imprints of the epidermic patterns 
found upon the balls of the thumbs and 
fingers. The records used are the printed 
impressions of the ten digits placed in definite 
order upon a card. I., Palm and Sole 
System of, an extension of the Galton system 
to the palmar and plantar surfaces. 

Ideoglandular (i-de-o-glan'-du-lar). Relating 
to glandular activity as evoked by a mental 
concept. 

Ideometabolic (i-de-o-met-ab-ol'-ik). Relating 
to metabolic action induced by some idea. 

Ideomotor (i-de-o-mo' -tor) [idea; movere, to 
move]. Pertaining conjointly to ideation 
and movement. I. Center, that part of the 
cortex which, influenced by ideation, excites 
muscular movement. I. Movements, un- 
conscious movements due to impulses of the 
mind when the attention is otherwise ab- 
sorbed. 

Ideomuscular (i-de-o-mus' -ku-lar). Relating 
to influence exerted upon the muscular sys- 
tem by a mental concept. 

Ideophrenia (i-de-o-fre'-ne-ah) [idea; cpprjv, 
mind]. Insanity with marked perversion of 
ideas. 

Ideovascular (i-de-o-vas' '-ku-lar) . Relating to 
a vascular change resulting from a dominant 
idea. 

Idio- (id-e-o-) ['cdtoc, one's own]. A prefix 
signifying pertaining to one's self, peculiar 
to the individual. 

Idiocrasia, Idiocrasis (id-e-o-kra' -ze-ah, -kra'- 
sis) [idio-; upaocc, temperament]. Idiosyn- 
crasy. 

Idiocratic (id-e-o-krat'-ik). Relating to an 
idiosyncrasy. 

Idiocy (id'-e-o-se) [cdcoorqc, a private person]. 
A congenital condition of mental deficiency, 
usually accompanied by physical defects, and 
characterized by an almost total absence of 
intelligence. 

Idiogenesis (id-e-o- jen'-e-sis) [idio-; ytvvav, to 
produce]. The origin of idiopathic diseases. 

Idioheteroagglutinin (id-e-o-het-er-o-ag-glu'- 
tin-in) [idio-; ezspog, other; agglutinin]. An 
agglutinin in normal blood having the 
property of agglutinating foreign cells and 
the blood-corpuscles of other species of 
animals. 



Idioheterolysin (id-e-o-hel-er-ol'-is-in) [idio-; 
erepoc, other; Xuecv, to loose]. A lysin in 
normal blood capable of dissolving foreign 
cells and the blood-corpuscle of another spe- 
cies of animal. 

Idiohypnotism (id - e-o - hip'- no - tizm) . Self- 
induced hypnotism. 

Idioisoagglutinin (id-e-o- is- o-ag-lu' -tin-in) 
[idio-; 'iooc, equal; agglutinin]. An inborn 
nonhereditary substance present in normal 
blood, due to interchangeable immunization 
between mother and fetus. 

Idioisolysin (id-e-o-is-oV -is-in) [idio-; isolysin]. 
An inborn, nonhereditary isolysin due to an 
interchangeable immunization between mother 
and fetus. 

Idiomuscular (id-e-o-mus' -ku-lar) [idio-; mus- 
culus, muscle]. Peculiar to muscular tissue; 
not involving any nerve-stimulus or any 
function of the organism except those of 
the muscle itself. I. Contraction, the con- 
traction of a fatigued or weakened muscle 
under certain conditions of extraneous stim- 
ulus. 

Idioneurosis (id-e-o-nu-ro' -sis) [idio-; neurosis]. 
An affection due to some disturbed or ab- 
normal condition of the nerves supplying the 
affected part; a simple and uncomplicated 
neurosis. 

Idiopathic (id-e-o-path' -ik) [idio-; nadog, dis- 
ease]. Not dependent upon another disease 
or upon a known or recognized cause. 

Idiophrenic (id-e-o-fren'-ik) [idio-; (fipyv, mind]. 
Due to disease of the brain; applied to cer- 
tain forms of insanity. 

Idioplasm (id'-e-o-plazm) [idio-; nXaopa, a 
thing formed]. A reproductive substance 
not contained in the body of the cell, but 
in the chromosomes of the nucleus, controlling 
and determining the actual characters of the 
particular cell, and also those of all of its 
descendants. 

Idiospasm (id'-e-o-spazm) [idio-; oizaop.bg, 
spasm]. A spasm confined to one part. 

Idiosyncrasy (id-e-o-sin' -kra-se) [idio-; ouv, 
together; Kpdocc, a mingling], i. Any special 
or peculiar characteristic or temperament by 
which a person differs from other persons. 
2. A peculiarity of constitution that makes an 
individual react differently from most persons 
to drugs or other influences. 

Idiot (id'-e-ot) [cdcdjxrjc, a private person]. A 
person congenitally almost destitute of intel- 
ligence. 

Idiotopy (id-e-ot'-op-e) [idio-; xbitog, place]. 
Topographic description pertaining to the 
relation of different parts of the same organ. 

Idrosis (id-ro'-sis). See Hidrosis. 

Igazol (ig'-az-ol). A proprietary gaseous anti- 
septic said to contain iodoform and form- 
aldehyd. It is used in tuberculosis. 

Ignatia (ig-na'-she-ah) [from Ignatius Loyola, 
the founder of the Jesuits]. St. Ignatius' 
bean. The seed of Strychnos ignatii, con- 
taining the alkaloids strychnin and brucin. 
Its therapeutic effects are similar to those of 
nux vomica. Dose of the abstract §-i gr. 



IGNIEXTIRPATION 



505 



ILLAQUEATION 



(0.032-0.065 Gm.); of the tincture 2-10 min. 
(0.13-0.65 Cc). Unof. 

Igniextirpation {ig-ne-eks-ter-pa' -shun) [ignis; 
extirpate, to root out]. Hysterectomy by 
cauterization. 

Ignipedites (ig-ne-ped-i' '-tez) [ignis; pes, foot]. 
Hot-foot; a disorder marked by an intense 
burning sensation in the soles of the feet. 

Ignipuncture {ig'-ne-punk-tur) [ignis; punc- 
tura, puncture]. Puncture with platinum 
needles heated to whiteness by the electric 
current. 

Ignis (ig'-nis) [L.]. Fire. I. sacer, erysipelas. 
I. sancti antonii, Saint Anthony's fire, an 
old name for erysipelas and for anthrax. 

Ikota {ik-o'-tah). A religious mania occurring 
among women in Siberia. 

Ileac {il'-e-ak) [ileum]. Pertaining to the ileum. 
I. Passion, a disorder marked by severe 
griping pain, fecal vomiting, with spasm of 
the abdominal muscles. Syn., Ileus. 

Ileectomy {il-e-ek' -to-me) [ileum; iiczofir], a 
cutting out]. ■ Excision of the ileum. 

Ileitis {il-e-i'-tis) [ileum; czcc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the ileum. 

Ileo- {il-e-o-). A prefix signifying relation to 
the ileum. 

Ileocecal {il-e-o-se' -kal) [ileo-; cecum]. Per- 
taining to both ileum and cecum. I. 
Fossa, a depression in the lower, part of the 
small intestine at the base of the vermiform 
process. I. Valve, a valve, consisting of 
two folds of mucosa, that guards the passage 
between the ileum and cecum. 

Ileocecum {il-e-o-se' -kum) . The ileum and 
cecum regarded as one. 

Ileocolic {il-e-o -kol' -ik) [ileo-; colon]. Per- 
taining conjointly to the ileum and the 
colon. 

Ileocolitis {il-e-o-ko-li'-tis) [ileo-; colon; czcc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the ileum 
and the colon. 

Ileocolonic {il-e-o-kol-on'-ik). See Ileocolic. 

Ileocolostomy {il-e-o-ko-los' -to-me) [ileo-; 
colon; azdfia, mouth]. The establishment of 
an artificial communication between the ileum 
and the colon. 

Ileocolotomy {il-e-o-ko-lot' -o-me) [ileo-; colon; 
zkfivecv, to cut]. A surgical operation on the 
ileum and colon. 

Ileoileostomy {il-e-o - il-e-os'-to - me) [ileo-; 
ozdfxa, mouth]. The operation of establishing 
an artificial communication between two dif- 
ferent parts of the ileum. 

Ileoparietal {il-e-o- par-i' '-et-al) . Relating to 
the walls of the ileum. 

Ileoproctostomy {il-e-o-prok-tos' -to-me) [ileo-; 
■k piDKzbc, rectum; ozb\m, mouth]. The surgical 
formation of a fistula between the ileum and 
rectum. 

Ileorectostomy {il-e-o-rek-tos f -to-me) . See Ileo- 
proctostomy. 

Ileosigmoidostomy {il-e-o-sig-moid-os' -to-me) . 
The surgical formation of a fistula between 
the ileum and sigmoid flexure. 

Ileostomy {il-e-o s' '-to-me) [ileo-; azdfia, mouth]. 
The surgical formation of a passage through 



the abdominal wall into the ileum, or from 
the ileum to some other hollow organ. 

Ileotomy {il-e-ot' -o-me) [ileo-; zifivecv, to cut]. 
Incision of the ileum through the abdominal 
wall. 

Ileum {il'-e-um) [e'cXecv, to roll]. The lower 
portion of the small intestine, terminating in 
the cecum. 

Ileus {il'-e-us) [cXcbc, a severe kind of colic]. 
Ileac passion; volvulus. 

Iliac {il'-e-ak) [ilium]. Pertaining to the ilium 
or to the flanks. I. Artery. See under Artery. 
I. Crest, the upper free margin of the ilium to 
which the abdominal muscles are attached. I. 
Fascia, the fascia lining the posterior part of 
the abdominal cavity and covering the psoas 
and iliacus muscles. I. Fossa. See Fossa, 
Iliac. I. Muscle. See Iliacus under Muscle. I. 
Region, the region external to the hypogastric 
region. See Abdomen. 

Iliadelphus {il-e-ad-el' -}us) [ilia; doeXcf)6c, 
brother]. A monstrosity double from the 
pelvis upward. 

Ilio- {il-e-o-). A prefix denoting relation to 
the ilium. 

Iliocolotomy {il-e-o-ko-lot' -o-me) [ilio-; colon; 
zojj.rj, a cutting]. Incision of the colon in the 
iliac region. 

Iliodorsal {il-e-o-dor' -sal) [ilio-; dorsum, the 
back]. Relating to the dorsal surface of the 
ilium. 

Iliofemoral {il-e-o-}em f -or-al) [ilio-; femur]. 
Pertaining conjointly to the ilium and the 
femur. I. Ligament. See Ligament, Ileo- 
jemoral. 

Iliohypogastric {il-e-o - hi - po - gas' - trik) 
[ilio-; hypogastric]. Pertaining conjointly to 
the ilium and the hypogastrium. 

Ilioinguinal {il-e-o-in' -gwi-nal) [ilio-; inguen, 
groin]. 1. Pertaining to the ilium and the 
groin. 2. Lying partly within the iliac and 
partly within the inguinal region. 

Iliolumbocostoabdominal {il-e-o-lum-bo-kos- 
to-db-dom' -in-al) . Pertaining to the iliac, 
lumbar, costal, and abdominal regions. 

Iliopectineal {il-e-o-pek-tin' -e-al) [ilio-; pecten, 
comb]. Pertaining conjointly to the ilium and 
the pubes. I. Line. See Line, Iliopectineal. 

Iliopsoas {il-e-o-so'-as) [ilio-; <ftoa, loin]. Per- 
taining conjointly to the ilium and the loins. 
I. Muscle, the psoas and iliacus muscles 
considered as a single muscle. 

Iliosciatic {il-e-o-si-at'-ik). Relating to the 
ilium and the sacrosciatic notch. 

Iliotibial {il-e-o-tib'-e-al) [ilio-; tibia]. Per- 
taining to or connecting the ilium and the 
tibia. I. Band, a thickened portion of the 
fascia lata extending from the outer tuberosity 
of the tibia to the iliac crest. 

Ilium {il'-e-um) [L.]. 1. The flank. 2. The 
superior broad portion of the os innominatum, 
properly the os ilii. 

Illaqueation {il-ak-we-a' -shun) [illaqueare, to 
insnare]. A method of changing the direction 
of misplaced cilia by withdrawing them by 
means of a loop through an opening in the 
tissue of the lid. 



ILLICIUM 



506 



IMMUNITY 



Illicium (il - is' - e - um) [illicere, to entice]. 
Star-anise. The fruit of Illicium verum or 
Illicium anisatum, of the natural order 
Magnoliacece. It is the source of star-anise. 

1. religiosum and /. parviflorum are poison- 
ous. 

Illumination (il-u-min-a 1 'shun) [illuminate, 
to make light], i. The act of illuminating 
or lighting up. 2. The quantity of light 
thrown on an object. I., Central, in micros- 
copy, an illumination produced by the rays 
of light reflected from the mirror passing 
perpendicularly through the object on the 
stage. I., Critical, in microscopy, an illumin- 
ation in which the lamp-flame is focused on 
the object. I., Direct, illumination of an 
object by light thrown upon it from in front. 
I., Lateral. See /., Oblique. I., Oblique, 
illumination of an object by throwing light 
upon it obliquely, usually by means of a 
lens. 

Illuminator, Abbe's. See Abbe's Condenser 

Illusion (il - u' - zhun) [illusio, a mocking]. 
A false interpretation by the mind of a real 
sensation. 

Illusional (il-u f -zhun-al) . Of the nature of an 
illusion. 

Image (im'-aj) [imago, a likeness]. 1. A more 
or less accurate representation of an object. 

2. The picture of an object formed by rays 
of light reflected, refracted, or passed through 
a small aperture. I.s, After-. See After- 
images. I., Direct, I., Erect, a picture ob- 
tained from rays that have not yet come to 
a focus. I., Inverted, one turned upside 
down. Nearly all real images are inverted. 
I., Real, that formed at the place where the 
rays meet. I., Virtual, an apparent image 
formed in the direction in which the rays 
enter the eye, the rays not actually converging 
at the point where the image is seen. The 
images formed by plane or convex mirrors 
and by concave lenses, when the object is 
placed within the principal focus, are virtual. 

Imbecility (im-bes-il' -it-e) [imbecillitas, weak- 
ness]. Mental weakness, similar to but less 
marked than that of idiocy. 

Imbed (im-bed'). See Embed. 

Imbedding. See Embedding. 

Imbibition (im-bi-bish' -un) [in, in; bibere, 
to drink]. The act of sucking up moisture. 

Imbricated (im f -brik-a-ted) [imbrex, a tile]. 
Overlapping, like shingles or tiles on a roof. 

Imid, Imide (im'-id). Any compound of the 
radicle NH united to a divalent acid radicle. 

Imidiod (im-id' -e-od) . Glossy crystals obtained 
by interaction of paraethoxyphenyl succini- 
mid, iodin, and potassium iodid in the pres- 
ence of acetic acid; it is used as a wound 
antiseptic. 

Imidoxanthin (im-id-o-zan' -thin) . See Guanin. 

Imlach's Fat-plug. A mass of yellowish fat 
frequently found at the mesial angle of the 
external inguinal ring, for which it consti- 
tutes a landmark during operations. 

Immature (im-at-ur') [in, not; maturus, ripe]. 
Unripe ; not yet of an adult age or growth. 



Immediate (im-e'-de-dt) [in, not; mediatus, 
mediate]. Direct; without the intervention 
of anything. I. Contagion, that from a 
direct source. I. Union, union by first in- 
tention. 

Immersion (im-er 1 'shun) [in, in; merger e, to 
dip]. The plunging of a body into a liquid. 
I.-bath, a plunge-bath. I. -lens, a lens, usu- 
ally of high power, the lower end of which 
is immersed in a drop of some liquid, such 
as water or oil, that has nearly the same re- 
fractive index as glass, and is placed on the 
cover-glass of the object under examination. 

Imminence (im'-in-ens) [imminere, to over- 
hang]. An impending or menacing. I., 
Morbid, the period immediately preceding 
the incubation stage of a disease. 

Immiscible (im-is' -ib-l) [in, not; miscere, to 
mix]. Not capable of being mixed. 

Immobilization (im-o-bil-iz-a' shun) [in, not; 
mover e, to move]. The act of making firm 
or of rendering motionless, as immobilization 
of a joint. 

Immune (im-un') [in, not; munis, serving]. 
Safe from attack; protected against a disease 
by a natural or an acquired peculiarity. I. 
Body. See Body, Immune. I. Proteids, 
substances resulting from combination in the 
living body of the enzyms of pathogenic 
bacteria with certain albuminous bodies, 
probably those derived from the leukocytes. 

Immunity (im-u' -nit-e) [see Immune]. Ex- 
emption from disease; the condition of the 
body wherein it resists the development of 
morbid processes. See Law, Behring J s. 
I., Acquired. See /., Active. I., Active, 
that possessed by an individual after re- 
covering from certain infectious diseases; 
or that induced by direct treatment with 
filtered or unfiltered cultures resulting in the 
production in the body of antibacterial or 
antitoxic substances. I., Antitoxic, immunity 
against toxins. I., Congenital, I., Natural, 
that with which the individual is born. I., 
Passive, that conferred by the introduction 
of antitoxins or vaccines. I., Theory of, 
Buchner's Humoral, this supposes that a re- 
active change has been brought about in the 
integral cells of the body by the primary 
affection from which there has been recovery, 
and this change is protective' against similar 
invasions of the same organism. I., Theory 
of, Chauveau's Retention, proposed that 
bacteria, instead of removing certain essential 
food-principles from the body, left within 
the body certain excretory products, and that 
the accumulation of these products tended 
to prevent the subsequent invasion of the 
same species of bacteria. I., Theory of, 
Ehrlich's Side-chain, considers the indi- 
vidual cells of the body analogous in a certain 
sense to complex organic substances, and 
that they consist essentially of a central 
nucleus to which secondary atom-groups 
having distinct physiologic functions are 
attached by side-chains such as chemists 
represent . in their attempts to illustrate the 



IMMUNIZATION 



507 



IMPRESSIO 



reactions which occur in the building up or 
pulling down of complex organic substances. 
The cell-equilibrium is supposed to be dis- 
turbed by injury to any of the physiologic 
atom-groups, as by a toxin, and this disturb- 
ance results in an effort at compensatory 
repair during which plastic material in excess 
of the amount required is generated and finds 
its way into the blood. This Ehrlich regards 
as the antitoxin which is capable of neutraliz- 
ing the particular toxin to which it owes its 
origin, if this is subsequently introduced into 
the blood. In this theory a specific combining 
relation is assumed to exist between various 
toxic substances and the secondary atom- 
groups of certain cellular elements of the 
body. The atom-groups which, in accordance 
with this theory, combine with the toxin of 
any particular disease-germ Ehrlich calls 
the toxiphoric side-chain. I., Theory of, 
Emmerich and Low's, based upon the 
conclusion that many bacteria generate en- 
zyms capable of digesting the organism by 
which they were generated and sometimes 
other organisms as well. I., Theory of, 
Exhaustion Hypothesis, Pasteur's theory 
that immunity often afforded to the tissues 
by an attack of infection or following vacci- 
nation against infection is due to an abstrac- 
tion from the tissues by the organism con- 
cerned in the primary attack of something 
necessary to the growth of the infecting 
organism. It is opposed to the retention 
theory of Chauveau. I., Theory of, Lateral 
Bond. See /., Theory of, Ehrlich's Side- 
chain. I., Theory of, Metchnikoff's Phago- 
cytic. See under Metchnikoff. 

Immunization {im-u-niz-a' -shun) [see Im- 
mune]. The act of rendering immune. I., 
Haffkine's Method of (against cholera), 
consists in the injection of a definite quantity 
of sterilized culture; 5 days later a small 
dose, and in 5 days more a larger dose, of 
the living virulent culture. 

Immunize {im'-u-niz). To give immunity. 

Immunizing Unit. See Unit, Serum-. 

Immunotoxin {im-u-no-toks'-in). Any anti- 
toxin. 

Impact (im'-pakt) [impingere, to drive into or 
against]. A forcible striking against. 

Impacted {im-pak' -ted). Driven against and 
retained, as a wedge. I. Fracture. See 
Fracture, Impacted. 

Impaction {im-pak 'shun) [see Impact]. The 
state of being impacted or fixed in a part, 
as impaction of the feces or impaction of a 
fragment of bone into another fragment. 

Impalpable {im-pal' -pa-bl) [in, not; palpare, 
to feel]. Not capable of being felt; unappre- 
ciable by touch. I. Powder, a powder so 
fine that its separate particles cannot be felt. 

Impaludism {im-pal' -u-dizm) [in, in; palus, 
a marsh]. Chronic malarial poisoning. 

Impar {im'-par) [in, not; par, equal]. Odd 
or unequal, or without a fellow. I., Gan- 
glion, a small ganglion on the coccyx. 

Imperative {im-per 1 '-at-iv) [imperare, to com- 



mand]. Peremptory; absolute; compulsory; 
binding. I. Conception, a conception or 
thought that dominates the actions of an 
individual, although the falsity of the con- 
ception may be recognized. 

Imperforate {im-per' -for-at) [in, not; per for are, 
to pierce]. Without opening; not open or 
pervious, as imperforate anus. 

Impermeable {im-per' -me-a-U) [in, not; per, 
through; meare, to go]. Not permitting 
passage; not capable of being traversed. 

Impervious {im-per' -ve-us) [in, not; pervius, 
capable of passage]. Not permitting passage, 
especially passage of fluids. 

Impetiginous {im-pet-if -in-us) [impetigo]. 
Affected with or resembling impetigo. 

Impetigo {im-pet-i' -go) [impetere, to attack]. 
An acute inflammatory disease of the skin 
characterized by discrete, rounded pustules, 
unattended, as a rule, by itching or other 
subjective symptoms. I. adenosa, an acute 
contagious, febrile, cutaneous disease charac- 
terized by glistening pustules containing a 
yellow fluid and surrounded by a bright yel- 
low zone. It is attended by pain in the 
joints, protracted vomiting, chills, and en- 
larged lymph-glands. I. contagiosa, an 
acute inflammatory contagious disease, char- 
acterized by the appearance of vesicles or 
blebs that dry into flat, straw-colored crusts. 

1. herpetiformis, a rare disease of the skin, 
characterized by the formation of superficial 
miliary pustules that may be discrete, but 
tend to form circular groups. It is most 
common in pregnant women. I. syphilitica, 
a syphilitic eruption having the characters 
of small flat pustules. I. variolosa, that 
occurring among the pustules of smallpox 
when they are drying up. 

Implacental {im-pla-sen' -tal) [in, not; placenta]. 
Without a placenta. 

Implantation {im - plan - ta' - shun) [in, in; 
plantare, to set]. The act of setting in, as 
the transplantation of a tooth from the jaw of 
one person to that of another; the ingrafting 
of epidermis from the skin of one person upon 
the body of another; the repair of a wounded 
intestine by uniting the divided ends. I., 
Hypodermatic, the introduction of a medi- 
cine under the skin. I., Teratologic, a mon- 
strosity consisting of an imperfect, joined 
to a perfect, fetus. 

Imponderable {im - pon' - der -a-bl) [in, not ; 
pondus, weight]. Incapable of being weighed; 
without weight. I. Fluids, an obsolete term, 
formerly applied to light, heat, and electricity. 

Impotence {im'-po-tens) [in, not; potens, 
powerful]. Lack of power, especially lack of 
sexual power in the man. 

Impregnate {im-preg'-nat) [impregnare, to 
make pregnant]. 1. To render pregnant. 

2. To saturate or charge with. 
Impregnation {im-preg-na' -shun) [see Im- 
pregnate]. 1. The act of rendering pregnant; 
fecundation. 2. The process of saturating 
with or charging with. 

Impressio {im-presh'-e-o) [L.]. An impression. 



IMPRESSION 



508 



INCISURE 



I. colica, an impression on the under surface 
of the right lobe of the liver for the hepatic 
flexure of the colon. I. renalis, an impression 
on the under surface of the liver for the right 
kidney and suprarenal capsule. 

Impression {im-presh' -un) [imprimere, to press 
upon], i. A hollow or depression. 2. The 
effect produced upon the mind, the body, 
or a disease by external influence. I.s, 
Digital, small roundish pits on the inner 
surface of the bones of the skull. Syn., 
Impressiones digit at ce. I.s, Maternal, the 
effects produced upon the fetus in the uterus by 
mental impressions received by the mother 
during pregnancy. I. -preparation, a cover- 
glass upon which an entire bacterial colony 
has been fixed by pressing the glass lightly 
upon the colony. Syn., Klatschpraparat. 

Improcreance (im-pro' -kre-ans) [in, priv.; 
procreare, to beget]. The natural or acquired 
condition of being unable to procreate, e. g., 
as a woman after the menopause or one 
whose ovaries have been removed, or a man 
without spermatozoa. 

Improcreant (im-pro' -kre-ant). Incapable of 
procreating. 

Impulse (im'-puls) [impeller e, to drive against]. 

1. A push or communicated force. 2. A 
sudden mental feeling that urges onward to 
an action. I., Cardiac, the beat of the heart 
felt in the fifth intercostal space to the left 
of the sternum. I., Morbid, a sudden, almost 
uncontrollable desire to do some unlawful or 
improper act. 

Impunctate (im-punk'-tat) [in, not; punctate]. 

Not pricked with dots; not punctate. 
In- [L.]. 1. A prefix signifying in or within 

2. A prefix signifying negation. 
Inacidity (in-as-id'-it-e) [in-; acidity]. Want 

of acidity; applied to deficiency of hydrochloric 
acid in the gastric juice. 

Inadequacy (in-ad'-e-kwa-se) [in-; adcsquare, 
to make equal]. Insufficiency. I., Renal, 
that state of the kidney in which it is unable 
to remove from the blood a sufficient pro- 
portion of the effete matters that are normally 
excreted by it. 

Inalimental (in-al-im-en'-tal) [in-; alimentum, 
food]. Not nourishing. 

Inangulate (in-ang'-u-ldt). Having no angles. 

Inanimate (in-an'-im-at) [in-; animus, life]. 
Not animate; dead; without life. 

Inanition (in-an-ish 1 '-un) [inanire, to make 
empty]. Emptiness; want of food; wasting 
of the body from starvation. 

Inappetence (in-ap' -et-ens) [in-; appetere, to 
desire]. Loss of appetite. 

Inarticulate (in-ar-tik' -u-lat) [in-; articulus, a 
joint]. Not jointed or articulated; especially 
applied to vocal sounds not arranged into 
syllables. 

In articulo mortis (in ar-tik'-u-lo mor'-tis). 
See Articulo mortis, In. 

Inassimilable (in-as-im' -il-a-bV) [in-; ad, to; 
similar e, to make like]. Incapable of as- 
similation. 

Inaxon, Inaxone (in-aks'-on) ["c, fiber; a$cov, 



axis]. A neuron with a long axon; its axis- 
cylinder processes for the most part are 
inclosed within a sheath. 

Inca Bone. The interparietal bone. Syn., 
Incarial bone. 

Incanate, Incanous (in'-kan-dt, in'-kan-us) 
[incanus, hoary]. Hoary white. 

Incandescent (in-kan-des'-ent) [incandescere, 
to become white-hot]. Glowing; emitting 
luminous heat-rays; heated to the degree 
of emitting light. I. Light, one in which 
light is produced by the passage of an elec- 
tric eurrent through a strip of carbon or 
platinum suspended in a vacuum. 

Incarcerated (in-kar' '-ser-a-ted) [incarcerare, to 
imprison]. Imprisoned; held fast, as incar- 
cerated hernia. 

Incarceration (in-kar-ser-a'-shun). The im- 
prisonment of a part, as of the placenta. 

Incarnant (in-kam'-ant) [incarnare, to make 
flesh]. 1. Flesh-forming; promoting granu- 
lation. 2. A remedy or agent which pro- 
duces flesh or promotes granulation. 

Incarnation (in-kar -na' -shun) . 1. Becoming 
flesh. 2. Granulation. 

Inceal (in'-se-al). See Incudal. 

Incidence (in' -sid-ens) [incidere, to fall upon]. 
A falling upon. I., Angle of, in optics, the 
angle at which a ray of light strikes a reflecting 
or refracting surface. I., Point of, the point 
upon which a ray or projectile strikes a re- 
flecting or refracting surface. 

Incident (in' -sid-ent) [see Incidence]. Falling 
upon. 

Incineration (in-sin-er-a' -shun) [in, in; cineres, 
ashes]. The process of heating organic sub- 
stances until all organic matter is driven off 
and only the ash remains. 

Incipient (in-sip'-e-ent) [incipiens, beginning]. 
Beginning to exist. 

Incisal (in-si'-rzal) [incisio, a cutting]. Applied 
to the cutting-edge of incisors. 

Incised (in-sizd'). Cut or notched. I. Wound, 
one made by a sharp-edged instrument. 

Incision (in-sizh'-un) [incisio, a cutting]. 1. 
The act of cutting into anything. 2. A wound 
made with a cutting instrument. 

Incisive (in-si'-siv) [see Incision]. 1. Cutting. 
2. Pertaining to the incisor teeth. I. Bone, 
that part of the superior maxilla between the 
two clefts in double harelip. Syn., Inter- 
maxillary bone. 

Incisor (in-si'-zor) [see Incision], i- Anything 
that cuts, especially an incisor tooth. See under 
Tooth. 2. That which supplies the incisor 
teeth, as the incisor nerve. 

Incisura (in-si-zu'-rah) [see Incision]. A notch; 
an incision. I. cerebelli anterior, the notch 
separating the hemispheres of the cerebellum 
in front. I. cerebelli posterior, the notch 
separating the hemispheres of the cerebellum 
behind. 

Incisure (in-si'-zhur) [see Incision]. A slit or 
notch. I.s of Lantermann, I.s of Schmidt, 
oblique lines running across the white sub- 
stance of the internodal segments of medul- 
lated nerve-fibers. 



INCLINATION 



509 



INDEX 






Inclination (in-klin-a' -shun) [inclinare, to 
incline], i. A propensity; a leading. 2. The 
deviation of the long axis of a tooth from the 
vertical. I. of Uterus, obliquity of the 
uterus. 

Inclinometer (in - klin - om' -et- er) [inclinare; 
phpov, a measure]. A device for determining 
the diameter of the eye from the horizontal 
and vertical lines. 

Inclusio foetalis (in-klu' -ze-o fe-ta'-lis). See 
Inclusion, Fetal. 

Inclusion (in-klu' -zhun) [inclusio, a shutting 
up]. 1. The state of being shut in. 2. The 
act of shutting in. 3. That which is shut in 
I., Fetal, a monstrosity in which one fetus is 
included in and overgrown by the tissues of 
the other fetus. 

Incoherent (in-ko-he' -rent) [in-; cohcerere, . 
to stick together]. Not connected; without 
proper sequence. 

Incompatibility (in-kom-pat-ib-il' -it-e) [see 
Incompatible]. The state of being incom- 
patible. It may be chemic or physiologic. 

Incompatible (in-kom-paf -ib-l) [in-; com- 
patible]. Of two substances, not miscible 
without chemic change that destroys the 
usefulness of either or both; nor capable of 
being administered together on account of 
antagonistic properties. 

Incompetence, Incompetency (in-kom'-pe- 
tens, in-kom' '-pe-ten-se) [in-; competens, 
sufficient]. Incapacity; inadequacy; inabil- 
ity to perform the natural functions. I. of 
the Cardiac Valves, an imperfect state of 
the valves of the heart in which they permit 
the return of blood into the cavity from which 
it came. 

Incontinence (in-kon' -tin-ens) [in-; con- 
tinere, to contain]. 1. Inability to control 
the escape of anything, as of the feces or the 
urine; involuntary evacuation. 2. Venereal 
indulgence; lewdness. 

Incoordination (in-ko-or-din-a'-shun). Inabil- 
ity to produce voluntary muscular movements 
in proper order or sequence. 

Incorporation (in-kor-por-a' '-shun) [in-; corpus, 
a body]. The process of intimately mixing 
the particles of different bodies into a prac- 
tically homogeneous mass. 

Increment (in'-kre-ment) [in-; crescere, to 
grow]. Increase or growth. 

Incrustation (in-krus-ta' -shun) [in-; crusta, 
crust]. The formation of a crust, especially 
a crust-like deposit of mineral salts. 

Incubation (in-ku-ba' '-shun) [in-; cubare, to 
lie]. 1. The process of sitting upon eggs 
to favor hatching. 2. The period of a disease 
between the implanting of the contagium and 
the development of the symptoms. 3. The 
process of development of a fecundated 
ovum. 

Incubator (in'-ku-ba-tor) [see Incubation]. A 
device for the artificial hatching of eggs or 
for the cultivation of bacteria; a contrivance 
for rearing prematurely born children. 

Incubus (in'-ku-bus) [L., "nightmare"]. 1. 
Nightmare. 2. Anciently, a male demon 



supposed to have sexual connection with 
women in their sleep. 

Incudal (ing'-ku-dal) [incus]. Relating to the 
incus. 

Incudectomy (ing-ku-dek' -to-me) [incus; iKxop.ii, 
a cutting out]. The surgical removal of the 
incus. 

Incudomalleal (ing-ku-do-maV -e-al) [incus; 
malleus]. Relating to the incus and the 
malleus. 

Incudostapedial (ing -ku-do - sta - pe' -de- al) 
[incus; stapes]. Relating to the incus and 
the stapes. 

Incurable (in-ku' -ra-bl) [in-; curabilis, curable]. 
Not curable. 

Incurvation (in-ker-va'-shun) [incurvare, to 
bend]. The state of being bent or curved in. 

Incurvorecurved (in-ker-vo-re-kervd') . Curved 
inward and then backward. 

Incus (ing'-kus) [L., "an anvil"]. The middle 
one of the chain of bones in the middle ear, 
so termed from its resemblance to an anvil. 

Incustapedic (ing-ku-stap-e f -dik). See Incu- 
dostapedial. 

Indagation (in-da-ga' -shun) [indagare, to trace 
out]. Close investigation. 

Indentation (in-den-ta' -shun) [in-; dens, a 
tooth]. A condition of being notched or 
serrated. I. of Tongue, the notching of the 
borders of the tongue made by the teeth. 

Index (in'-deks) [L.J. The relation or ratio of 
one part to another taken as a standard. I., 
Alveolar, the degree of prominence of the 
jaws, measured by the basialveolar length mul- 
tiplied by 100 and divided by the basinasal 
length. When the alveolar index is less than 
98, the skull is orthognathic; when more than 
103, prognathic; when intermediate, mesog- 
nathic. I., Cephalic, the breadth of a 
skull multiplied by 100 and divided by its 
length. When this is below 75, the skull is 
called dolichocephalic; when above 80, it is 
called brachycephalic; between these limits, 
mesaticephalic, I., Cerebral, the ratio of 
the greatest transverse to the greatest antero- 
posterior diameter of the cranial cavity, mul- 
tiplied by 100. I.-finger, the first finger. L, 
Gnathic, the ratio of the distance between the 
basion and the alveolar point to the distance 
between the basion and the nasal point, mul- 
tiplied by 100. I. Movement. See under 
Movement, Forced. I., Obturator (of the pel- 
vis), the transverse diameter multiplied by 100 
and divided by the vertical diameter. I., 
Palatine, the ratio of the maximum breadth 
of the palatine arch to its maximum length. 
I., Pelvic. See Pelvic Index. I. of Re- 
fraction, the ratio of the sine of the angle 
of incidence to the sine of the angle of re- 
fraction when a ray of light passing from 
one medium to another is refracted. I., 
Refractive, the coefficient of refraction. 
I., Thoracic, the ratio of the anteroposterior 
diameter to the transverse, expressed in per- 
centage. I., Vertical, the ratio of the ver- 
tical diameter of the skull to the maximum 
anteroposterior diameter, multiplied by 100. 



INDIAN HEMP 



510 



INERTIA 



Indian Hemp. See Cannabis indica. I. 
Tobacco. See Lobelia. 

India-rubber. See Caoutchouc. 

Indican (in'-dik-an) [indigo], i. C 26 H 31 NOi 7 . 
A glucosid occurring in indigo-plants, and 
by the decomposition of -which indigo is pro- 

- duced. 2. Potassium indoxyl-sulfate, C 8 H 6 - 
NS0 4 K, a substance occurring in urine and 
sweat, and formed from indol. 

Indicanuria (in - dik - an -u' -re- ah) [indican; 
oupov, urine]. Morbid excess of indican in 
the urine. See MacMunn, Obermeyer, Weber. 

Indication (in-dik-a' -shun) [indicare, to 
point out]. That which points out; a guide, 
especially that which points out the course 
of treatment. 

Indicator (in' -dik-a-tor) . i. The index-finger. 
2. The extensor indicis muscle. 3. In chem- 
istry, a substance used to show by a color- 
change when a change of reaction has taken 
place or a chemic affinity has been satisfied. 
4. A mechanism like the hand of a dial to 
register movements or processes. 

Indifferent (in-dif '-er-ent) [in-; differens, differ- 
ent]. 1. Not differentiated; not tending to 
build up tissue, as indifferent cells. 2. Not 
readily acted upon by agents. 

Indigenous (in - dif - en - us) [indu, within; 
gignere, to beget]. Native; originating or 
belonging to a certain locality or country. 

Indigestion (in-di-jes'-chun) [in-; digerere, to 
digest]. Imperfect digestion. 

Indigitation (in-dij-it-a 1 '-shun) [in-; digitus, 
a finger]. Intussusception. 

Indigo (in'-dig-o) [Ivoikov, indigo], C 16 H 10 N 2 O 2 . 
A blue pigment formed by the decomposition 
of the indican contained in various species 
of Indigofera (Indigofera tinctoria, I. anil, 
I. argentea), or in the urine and sweat. I.- 
blue, C 16 H 10 N 2 O ? , a blue pigment from 
indigo. Syn., Indigotin. I.-carmin, potas- 
sium sulfindigotate, used as a stain in micro- 
scopy and as a test for sugar. I.-carmin 
Paper, paper charged with indigo-carmin and 
sodium carbonate used as a test for sugar in 
urine. I. -red. See Indirnbin. 

Indirect (in' -di-rekt) [in-; directus, straight]. 
Not direct; not in a direct line; acting 
through an intervening medium. I. Cell- 
division. See Karyokinesis. I. Vision, 
vision by some other part of the retina than 
the macula. 

Indirubin (in-di-ru' -bin) [indigo; rubrum, red], 
C 16 H 10 N 2 O 2 . A substance isomeric with 
indigo-blue and very similar to it. It is 
produced by condensing indoxyl with isatin 
by means of a dilute soda solution. Syn., 
Indigo-red. See Rosenbach, Rosin. 

Indisposition (in-dis-po-zish'-un) [in-; dis- 
positio, disposition]. A slight . illness not 
confining the patient to bed. 

Indol (in'-dol) [indigo], C ? H 7 N. A substance 
produced in pancreatic digestion, in intestinal 
putrefaction, and in certain bacterial cul- 
tures. It occurs in the feces, giving to them 
in part their odor, and is eliminated in the 
urine in the form of indican, being especially 



increased in intestinal obstruction. See 
Baeyer, Nencki, Salkowski. 

Indolent (in' -do-lent) [in-; dolere, to feel pain]. 
Sluggish. 

Indoxyl (in-doks'-il) [indigo; 6£uc, sharp], 
C 8 H 6 (OH)N. An oil which results on the elimi- 
nation of carbon dioxid from indoxylic acid. 

Indoxylsulfuric Acid (in-doks-il-sul-fu'-rik). 
See Acid, Indoxylsulfuric, and Indican. 

Induced (in-dusd') [see Induction]. 1. Pro- 
duced by induction, as induced electricity. 
2. Produced artificially, as induced labor. 

Induction (in-duk' -shun) [inducere, to lead in]. 
1. The act of bringing on. 2. The process 
of drawing general conclusions from special 
facts. 3. The production of electricity or 
magnetism in a body by proximity to another 
body, which is electrified or magnetized, but 
not in direct contact with it. I. -balance, 
an instrument used for detecting the presence 
of metallic bodies by the electric disturbance 
which they cause. I. -coil, a wire wound 
around a bobbin, used for conducting a gal- 
vanic current, by means of which electricity 
is induced in a second coil. 

Inductogram (in-duk' -to-gr am). See Skia- 
gram. 

Inductometer (in-duk-tom' -et-er) [induction; 
fxhpov, a measure]. An apparatus for estimat- 
ing the degree of electric induction. 

Inductorium (in-duk-to'-re-um) [L., "a cover- 
ing"]. An apparatus for producing induced 
currents. I., DuBois-Reymond's, an in- 
duction apparatus with a primary and 
secondary coil in which the primary current 
is never opened, it being short-circuited. 
It is used in physiologic laboratories. 

Indurated (in'-du-ra-ted) [see Induration]. 
Hardened, as indurated chancre. 

Induration -(in-du-ra'-shun) [in-; durus, hard]. 
Hardening; the state of being or becom- 
ing hard; a hardened mass or lump. I., 
Brown, a form of interstitial pneumonia in 
which there is, in addition to the newgrowth 
of fibrous tissue, a deposit of altered blood- 
pigment. I., Fibroid. See /., Gray, and 
Cirrhosis. I., Gray, the appearance of the 
lung in chronic pneumonia, the cut surface 
being smooth, glistening, gray, and dense. 
I., Red, an interstitial pneumonia in which 
the lung is red from congestion. 

Indurescent (in-du-res'-ent). Gradually be- 
coming hardened. 

Inebriant (in-e'-bre-ant) [see Inebriety]. 1. In- 
toxicant; causing inebriation. 2. An agent 
that causes inebriation. 

Inebriation (in-e-bre-a' -shun) [see Inebriety]. 
The condition of drunkenness. 

Inebriety (in-e-bri'-et-e) [inebriare, to make 
drunk]. Habitual drunkenness. 

Inertia (in - er' - she - ah) [iners, inactive]. 
Sluggishness; inability to move except by 
means of an external force. In physics, 
that property of matter by virtue of which 
it is incapable of changing its condition of 
rest or motion. I., Uterine, sluggishness of 
uterine contractions during labor. 



IN EXTREMIS 



511 



INFLUENZA 



In extremis (in eks-tre' -mis) [L.]. At the end; 
at the last ; at the point of death. 

Infant (in' -f ant) [infans, a little child], i. A 
babe. 2. According to English law, one not 
having attained the age of 2 r. 

Infanticide (in-f ant' -is-id) {infant; coedere, to 
kill]. The murder of an infant. 

Infantile (in'-fan-til) [infant]. Pertaining to 
infancy. I. Paralysis. See Paralysis, Infantile. 

Infantilism (in-f ant' -il-izm) [infantile]. The 
persistence of childish characteristics into 
adult life. I., Lorain's Type of, repre- 
sented by an individual small in stature but 
of the adult type, with pubic and axillary 
hair wanting, and with fair intelligence. I., 
Myxedematous, a type characterized by 
chubby face, prominent lips and abdomen, 
rudimentary genitals, high-pitched voice, sec- 
ond dentition retarded or absent, and infantile 
mental state. 

Infarct (in'-farkt) [infarcire, to stuff in]. A 
wedge-shaped area, either of hemorrhage into 
an organ (hemorrhagic infarct), or of necrosis 
in an organ (anemic infarct), produced by 
the obstruction of a terminal vessel. I., 
Uric-acid, the deposition of crystals of uric 
acid in the renal tubules of the newborn. 

Infarction (in-f ark' -shun) [see Infarct]. The 
production of an infarct; also the infarct 
itself. 

Infecting (in-fek'-ting) [infection]. Causing in- 
fection, as an infecting embolus. 

Infection (in-f ek' -shun) [infectio, from in, into; 
facere, to make], t. The communication of 
disease from one body to another, or from 
one part to another part of the same individual 
(autoinfection). 2. The material conveying 
the disease; the disease-producing agent. 
I. -atrium, the point of entrance of an in- 
fection. I., Consecutive, septic infection 
implanted upon an already established morbid 
process. 

Infectious (in-fek'-shus) [see Infection]. 1. 
Communicating disease. 2. Caused by an 
infection. 

Infecundity (in-fe-kun'-dit-e) [in-; fecundus, 
fruitful]. Sterility; barrenness. 

Inferior (in-fe'-re-or) [comp. of infer us, low]. 
Lower. 

Inferocostal (in-fer-o-kos'-tal) [inferior; costa, 
a rib]. Relating to the lower border of a 
rib or the region beneath it. 

Inferofrontal (in - fer - o - front' - al) [inferior; 
frons, the forehead]. Relating to the in- 
ferior part of the frontal lobe. 

Infibulation (in-fib-u-la' -shun) [in-; fibula, a 
clasp]. The operation of fastening the prepuce 
over the glans penis, or of fastening together 
the labia of the vagina. 

Infiltrate (in'-fil-trat) [see Infiltration]. 1. To 
ooze into the spaces of a tissue. 2. The sub- 
stance that has oozed out. 

Infiltration (in-fil-tra' -shun) [in-; filtrare, to 
strain]. 1. The entrance into the tissue- 
spaces or into the tissue-elements of some 
abnormal substance or of a normal substance 
in excess. 2. The material thus deposited. 



I., Calcareous, the deposit of lime and 
magnesium salts in the tissues. I., Cellular, 
an infiltration of the tissues with round-cells. 
I., Circumferential, in surgery, cutting off 
the area of operation from all nerve com- 
munication with surrounding parts by a wall 
of anesthetizing edema. I., Fatty, the 
deposit of fat in the tissues; the presence of 
oil- or fat-globules in the interior of a cell. 
I., Glycogenic, the deposit of glycogen- 
granules in the cells. I., Pigmentary, the 
deposit of pigment in the tissues, derived 
either from without or from within. I., 
Serous, an infiltration of the tissues with 
diluted lymph. I., Tuberculous, a conflu- 
ence of tuberculous nodules. 

Infinite (in' -fin-it) [in-; finis, boundary]. Im- 
measurable or innumerable; unlimited, when 
compared with any known or conceivable 
quantity. I. Distance, a term in optics 
practically taken as twenty feet. Rays from an 
object at that distance and entering the eye 
are practically parallel, as they would be com- 
pletely if coming from a point at a really in- 
finite distance. 

Infirm (in-ferm') [in-; firmus, firm]. Weak or 
feeble. 

Infirmary (in- fer' -ma-re) [infirmarium, an 
infirmary]. A hospital; an institution where 
ill and infirm persons are maintained during 
the period of treatment. 

Infirmity (in-fer'-mit-e) [infirm]. 1. Weak- 
ness; feebleness. 2. A disease producing 
feebleness. 

Inflammation (in-fiam-a' -shun) [inflammare, 
to set on fire; to inflame]. A term applied 
to those tissue-changes by which irritants are 
eliminated, and which include overfilling of 
the blood-vessels, alteration in the blood- 
vessel walls, outwandering of leukocytes, 
exudation of plasma, and multiplication of 
the cells of the surrounding connective tissue. 
I., Acute, that in which the processes are 
active; usually this form is characterized by 
the cardinal symptoms of inflammation — heat, 
redness, swelling, and pain. I., Catarrhal, 
one occurring on a mucous surface and causing 
the shedding of its epithelium. I., Chronic, 
that in which there is a building-up of new 
connective tissue. I., Interstitial, one affect- 
ing chiefly the connective tissue of an organ. 
I., Parenchymatous, one affecting chiefly 
the parenchyma of an organ. I., Reactive, 
an inflammation .set up around a focus of 
degeneration to limit the spread of the de- 
generative process; also the inflammation 
around a foreign body. I., Specific, one due 
to a special microorganism, and characterized 
by the formation of a tumor-like nodule that 
tends to degenerate. I., Suppurative, that 
attended by the formation of pus. 

Inflation (in-fia' -shun) [inflare, to pull up]. 
The act of distending with air. 

Influenza (in-flu-en'-zah) [Ital., "an influ- 
ence"]. An epidemic affection characterized 
by catarrhal inflammation of the mucous 
membrane of the respiratory tract, accom- 



INFRA- 



512 



INGRASSIAS, PROCESSES OF 



panied by a mucopurulent discharge, fever, 
pain in the muscles, and prostration. At 
times symptoms referable to the gastrointes- 
tinal system predominate ; at others the symp- 
toms are mainly referred to the nervous 
system. The cause of the disease is Bacillus 
influenzce, discovered by Pfeiffer and Canon. 
Complications are common, pneumonia being 
the most frequent; pleurisy, otitis media, and 
neuritis also occur. An occasional sequel 
is insanity. Syn., Grip; La grippe. 

Infra- {in- f rah-) [infra, below]. A prefix 
meaning below or beneath. 

Inf raaxillary {in - Jrah - aks' -il - a - re) [infra-; 
axilla, the armpit]. Below the armpit. 

Infraclavicular {in- frah-klav-ik' -u-lar) [infra-; 
clavicula, the collar-bone]. Below the collar- 
bone. 

Infracortical {in-frah-kor'-tik-al) [infra-; cor- 
tex, a bark]. Lying beneath the cortical 
substance of the brain. 

Infracostal {in-frah-kos' -tat) [infra-; costa, a 
rib]. Below the ribs. 

Infraction {in-frak' -shun) [in-; fractio, break- 
ing]. Incomplete fracture of a bone. 

Infragenual (in-frah-jen'-u-al) [infra-; genu, 
the knee]. Subpatellar. 

Infralemnisc {in-frah-lem' -nisk) [infra-; lem- 
niscus, a pendent ribbon]. Wilder's term for 
the lower lamina of the lemniscus. 

Inf ramammary {in - frah - mam'-ar-e) [infra-; 
mamma, the breast]. Situated beneath the 
mamma. 

Inf ramarginal {in - frah - mar' - fin -at). See « 
Submarginal. 

Inframaxillary {in-frah-maks' -il-a-re) [infra-; 
maxilla, the jaw]. Below or under the jaw. 

Infraoccipital {in-frah-ok-sip'-et-al). See Sub- 
occipital. 

Infraorbital {in-frah-or' '-bit-al) [infra-; orbita, 
orbit]. Beneath or below the floor of the 
orbit. I. Canal, the canal in the superior 
maxillary bone that transmits the infraorbital 
vessels and nerve. I. Foramen. See Fora- 
men, Infraorbital. 

Infrascapular {in - frah - skap' -u- lar) [infra-; 
scapida]. Below the shoulder-blade. 

Infraspinous {in-frah-spi' -nus) [infra-; spina, 
a spine]. Beneath a spine, as of the scapula 
or a vertebra. I. Fascia, the dense mem- 
branous fascia covering the infraspinous 
muscle. I. Fossa, the shallow depression on 
the dorsal surface of the scapula, below the 
spine, and lodging the infraspinatus muscle. 
I. Muscle. See Infraspinatus under Muscle. 

Infrastapedial {in-frah-sta-pe' -de-al) [infra-; 
stapes]. Below the stapes. 

Infrasternal {in-frah-ster' -nal) [infra-; sternum]. 
Below the sternum. I. Depression, the de- 
pression of the ensiform cartilage. 

Infratonsillar {in-frah-ton' -sil-ar) [infra-; ton- 
silla, the tonsil]. Below the tonsil. 

Infratrochlear {in-frah-trok' -le-ar) . See Sub- 
trochlear. 

Infriction {in-frik' '-shun) [infrictio, a rubbing 
in]. The rubbing in of oily substances. 

Infundibular {in- fun-dib' -u-lar) [infundibulum]. 



Pertaining to a funnel or resembling one; in- 
fundibuliform. 

Infundibuliform {in-fun-dib-u'-le-jorm) [in- 
fundibulum; forma, a. form]. Funnel-shaped. 
I. Fascia, the funnel-shaped membranous 
layer that invests the spermatic cord. 

Infundibuloovarian {in - fun - dib - u - lo - o- 
va'-re-an) [infundibulum; ovarium, ovary]. 
Relating to the oviduct and to the ovary. 

Inf undibulopelvic {in-fun-dib-u-lo-pel'-vik) . 
Relating to the oviduct and the pelvis. 

Infundibulum {in-fun-dib' -u-lum) [L., "a 
funnel"]. A funnel-shaped passage or part. 
I. of Brain, a tubular mass of gray matter 
attached to the pituitary body. I. of Ethmoid 
Bone, a canal connecting the anterior ethmoid 
cells with the middle meatus of the nose. 
I. of Heart, the arterial cone from which 
the pulmonary artery arises. I. of Kidney, 
one of the primary divisions of the pelvis of 
the kidney. I. of Lung, one of the air-spaces 
into which a terminal bronchiole divides, 
and which is composed of an aggregation of 
air-vesicles. 

Infusion {in-fu' -zhun) [infusum]. i. The pro- 
cess of extracting the active principles of a 
substance by means of water, but without 
boiling. 2. The product of such a process, 
known in pharmacy as infusum {q. v.). I., 
Dural, the use of the lumbar puncture for 
immediate applications in cerebrospinal dis- 
eases. 

Infusodecoction, Infusodecoctum {in-fu-zo- 
de-kok' '-shun, -turn). A combination of a 
decoction of a substance with an infusion 
of it. 

Infusoria {in-fu-zo' -re-ah) [infusum]. A class 
of Protozoa so called because they often de- 
velop in great numbers in organic infusions. 

Infusum {in-fu' -zum) [in-; fundere, to pour]. 
An infusion. I. digitalis (U. S. P.), infu- 
sion of digitalis. Dose 2 dr. (8 Cc). I. 
pruni virginianae (U. S. P.), infusion of 
wild cherry. Dose 2 oz. (60 Cc). I. sennae 
compositum (U. S. P.), compound infusion 
of senna; black draught. Dose 40Z. (128 Cc). 

Ingesta {in-jes'-tah) [in-; gerere, to carry]. Sub- 
stances introduced into the body, especially 
foods. 

Ingestion {in-jes'-chun) [ingesta]. The act 
of taking substances, especially food, into the 
body. 

Ingestol {in-jes'-tol). A proprietary remedy 
for use in gastric diseases. Syn., Amarol. 

Ingluvies {in-glu'-ve-ez) [L.]. 1. The crop 
or craw of birds. 2. The paunch or rumen 
of ruminating mammals. 

Ingluvin {in'-glu-vin) [ingluvies]. A prepara- 
tion obtained from the gizzard of a fowl, 
Pullus gallinaceus, used as a substitute for 
pepsin and pancreatin, and also in the vomit- 
ing of pregnancy. Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 
Gm.). 

Ingrassias, Processes of, I., Wings of [In- 
grassias, an Italian physician of the sixteenth 
century]. The lesser wings of the sphenoid 
bone. 



INGRAVESCENT 



513 



INOMA 



Ingravescent (in-grav-es'-ent) [ingravescere, 
to become heavier]. Increasing in severity, 
as ingravescent apoplexy. 

Ingrowing Nail. See Nail, Ingrowing. 

Inguen (in'-gwen) [L.]. The groin. 

Inguinal (in'-gwin-al) [inguen]. Pertaining to 
the groin. I. Canal, the canal transmitting 
the spermatic cord in the male and the round 
ligament in the female. It is situated parallel 
to and just above Poupart's ligament. I. 
Glands, the superficial and the deep glands 
of the groin. I. Hernia. See Hernia, In- 
guinal. 

Inguinodynia (in-gwin-o-din'-e-ah) [inguen; 
oduvTj, pain]. Pain in the groin. 

Inguinointerstitial (in-gwin-o-in-ter-stish'-al) 
[inguen; interstes, that stands between]. 
Within the tissues of the inguinal region. 

Ingulation (in-gu-la' -shun) [in, into; gtda, 
the throat]. The introduction of anything 
into the throat. 

Inhalant, Inhalent (in-ha'-lant, -lent), i. See 
Inhalation (2). 2. Useful for inhalation. 

Inhalation (in-ha-la' -shun) [inhalare, to draw- 
in]. 1. The breathing in of air or other vapor. 
2. A medicinal substance to be used by inhala- 
tion. I. -diseases, those due to the inspiration 
of air containing dust or any finely divided 
matter. I. -therapy, treatment of a disease 
by inspiration of medicated vapors. 

Inhaler (in-ha'-ler). An instrument for in- 
haling a gas or vapor. 

Inherent (in-her'-ent) [in, to; hcerere, 
cleave]. Innate; natural to the organism 

Inhibition (in - hib - ish' - un) [inhibere, 
check]. The act of checking or restraining; 
a restraint. 

Inhibitory (in-hib'-it-o-re) [see Inhibition]. 
Checking; restraining. 

Inhumation (in-hu-ma' -shun) [inhumare, to 
put in the ground]. Burial of the dead in 
the ground. 

Iniac, Inial (in'-e-ak, in'-e-al) [inion]. Per- 
taining to the inion. 

Iniencephalus (in-e-en-sef '-al-us) [inion; iyK.e- 
(f)aXoc, brain]. A fetal monstrosity in which 
there is a posterior fissure of the skull, with 
protrusion of the brain-substance, combined 
with spinal fissure. 

Iniomesial (in-e-o-me'-ze-al). Relating to 
the inion and to the meson. 

Inion (in'-e-on) [cv'cov, occiput]. The external 
protuberance of the occipital bone. See 
under Craniometric Point. 

Initial (in-ish'-al) [in, into; ire, to go]. Be- 
ginning; early; primary, as the initial lesion 
of syphilis — the chancre. I. Cells, germ- 
cells. I. Sclerosis, the hard chancre. 

Initis (in-i'-tis) [?f, muscle; fiber; tree, in- 
flammation]. 1. Inflammation of fibrous or 
muscular tissue. 2. Inflammation of a ten- 
don; tenontitis. 

Inject (in-jekf) [see Injection]. To throw or 
force in, as to inject fluids into the tissues; 
also, to fill the vessels of an organ. In 
pathology, to produce a condition of disten- 
tion of the capillaries with blood. 
34 



to 



to 



Injection (in-jek' -shun) [in, into; jacere, to 
throw]. 1. The act of injecting or throwing 
in. 2. The substance injected. According 
to the organ into which the injection is made, 
different terms are employed, as urethral, 
intramuscular, uterine, vaginal injection, 
etc. In the British Pharmacopeia injectiones 
are solutions of active substances used for 
hypodermatic injection. I., Hypodermatic, 
an injection made under the skin. 

Injector (in-jek' -tor) . An apparatus used in 
injecting. 

Injury (in'-ju-re) [in, not; jus, law]. A harm 
or hurt to the body. 

Inlet of the Pelvis. The heart-shaped space 
within the brim of the pelvis; the superior 
pelvic strait. 

Inman's Disease. Myalgia. 

Innervation (in-er-va! -shun) [in, in; nervus, 
nerve]. Nerve-supply. 

Innocuous (in-ok' -u-us) [innocuus, harmless]. 
Not injurious. 

Innominate (in-om'-in-at) [see Innominatum]. 
Unnamed; unnamable. I. Artery. See under 
Artery. I. Bone, the irregular bone form- 
ing the sides and anterior wall of the pelvic 
cavity, and composed of the ilium, ischium, 
and pubis. 

Innominatum (in-om-in-a' -turn) [L., "name- 
less"; os, bone, understood]. The innomi- 
nate bone. 

Innutrition (in-u-trish' -un) [in, not; nutri- 
tion]. Want of nutrition or nourishment. 

Inoblast (in'-o-blast) [<?c, fiber; fiXaozoc, germ]. 
Any one of the cells from which connective 
tissue is derived. 

Inoculability (in-ok-u-la-bil' -it-e) [see Inocula- 
tion]. The quality of being inoculable. 

Inoculable (in-ok' -u-la-bl) [see Inoculation]. 
Capable of being inoculated; communicable 
by inoculation. 

Inoculation (in - ok - u - la' - shun) [in, into; 
oculus, a bud]. 1. The act of introducing 
the virus of a disease into the body. 2. Spe- 
cifically, the intentional introduction of a virus 
for the purpose of producing a mild form of 
a disease which is severe when spontaneously 
introduced, as the inoculation of smallpox 
virus. This is known as preventive inocula- 
tion. 

Inoepithelioma (in-o-ep-ith-e-le-o'-mah) ["c, 
fiber; epithelioma]. Medullary carcinoma con- 
taining fibrous tissue. 

Inogen (in'-o-jen) [?c, fiber; yvjvdv, to pro- 
duce]. A hypothetic substance believed to 
occur in muscular tissue and to be decom- 
posed, during contraction, into carbon dioxid, 
sarcolactic acid, and myosin. 

Inohymenitis (in-o-hi-men-i'-tis) ["c, fiber; 
d/jLTjv, membrane; exeg, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of fibrous tissue. 

Inoleio myoma (in-o-li-o-mi-o' -mah) ['/c, fiber; 
Xelog, smooth; myoma]. Myoma made up of 
or containing unstriped muscular fibers. 

Inolith (in'-o-lith) ['cc, fiber; Xcdoc, a stone]. 
A fibrous concretion. 

Inoma (in-o'-mah). See Fibroma, 



INOPEXIA 



514 



INSANITY 



Inopexia (in-o-peks'-e-ah) pff, fiber; 7rr)$ec, 
coagulation]. A tendency in the blood toward 
spontaneous coagulation. 

Inopolypus {in-o-poV -ip-us) [<?r, fiber; polypus]. 
A fibrous polyp. 

Inorganic (in-or-gan'-ik). Not organic; not 
produced by animal or vegetal organisms, 
as an inorganic compound. I. Chemistry, 
chemistry dealing with inorganic compounds. 

Inoscleroma {in-o-skle-ro' -mah) [7f, fiber; 
oK^rjpojfia, induration]. Hardened fibrous 
tissue. 

Inoscopy {in-os'-ko-pe) [7c, fiber; okotzs'cv, to 
examine]. A method of bacterial investiga- 
tion designed to set free microorganisms 
which have become entangled in the fibrin 
of organic fluids by dissolving the fibrin with 
a pepsin digestive mixture, when they may 
be centrifuged for examination. 

Inosculate {in-os'-ku-lat) [see Inosculation]. To 
unite by small openings. 

Inosculation {in-os-ku-la' -shun) [in, in; oscu- 
lum, a small mouth]. The joining of blood- 
vessels by direct communication. 

Inosit, Inosite (in'-o-sit) ['hoc, fiber], C 6 H 12 - 
6 4- 2H 2 0. Muscle-sugar; a saccharine sub- 
stance occurring in muscles, rarely in urine. 
For tests for, see Gallois, Scherer, Seidel. 

Inosituria {in-o-sit-u' -re-ah) [inosit; odpov, 
urine]. The presence of inosit in the urine. 

Inosteatoma {in-o-ste-at-o' -mah) [Vf, fiber; 
steatoma]. A steatoma with fibrous elements. 

Inosuria (in-o-su' -re-ah) . See Inosituria. 

Inotropic (in-o-trop'-ik) [in, in; xphnttv, to 
turn]. Applied to a supposed set of fibers 
in the cardiac nerves which influence the 
amount of mechanic work performed by 
the heart. 

Inquest (in'-kwest) [in, into; qucerere, to ask]. 
A judicial inquiry, especially one for the pur- 
pose of determining the cause of death of 
one who has died by violence or in some un- 
known way. 

Inquisition {in-kwiz-ish'-un) [see Inquest]. An 
inquiry, especially one into the sanity or 
lunacy of a person. 

Insalivation iin-sal-iv-a' -shun) [in, in; saliva, 
the spittle]. The mixture of the food with 
saliva during mastication. 

Insane {in-san') [in, not; sanus, sound]. De- 
ranged or diseased in mind. I. Ear. See 
Hcematoma auris under Hematoma. 

Insanitary {in-san' -it-a-re) [in, not; sanitas, 
health]. Not sanitary; not in a proper con- 
dition as respects the preservation of health. 

Insanity {in-san' -it-e) [see Insane]. A derange- 
ment of the mental faculties, with or without 
loss of volition and of consciousness. In- 
sanity may be due to defective development, 
to acquired disease, or to -natural decay. It 
is characterized, according to its form, by 
a variety of symptoms, the most common 
of which are change of character and habits, 
moroseness, confusion, elation, melancholia, 
mania, delusions, and hallucinations. Melan- 
cholia, mania, delusional insanity, and de- 
mentia are the four principal types of the affec- 



tion. I., Acquired, that arising after a long 
period of life of mental integrity. I., Af- 
fective, a form affecting only the emotions, 
as melancholia. I., Alcoholic, that induced 
by alcoholic excess, usually a result of heredi- 
tary tendencies. I., Alternating. See /., 
Circular. I., Circular, a form of insanity 
recurring in cycles varying in length from a 
few days to many months. The arrangement 
of the cycle varies in different individuals, but 
is constant in a given case. Thus melancho- 
lia may be followed by mania, and this by a 
lucid interval, the passage from one mental 
condition to the other being abrupt or grad- 
ual. Syn., Alternating insanity; Cyclothymia. 
I., Climacteric, insanity occurring at or 
near the menopause. I., Communicated, 
that transmitted by association with an insane 
person. I., Confusional, an acute insanity 
produced by nervous shock or exhausting 
disease, without distinct emotional depression 
or exaltation, with marked failure of mental 
power or complete imbecility, often accom- 
panied by hallucinations and loss of physical 
power. Recovery is usually complete. I., 
Consecutive, that following some disease or 
injury not of the brain. I., Constitutional, 
insanity due to some pathologic or physiologic 
condition affecting the general system. I., 
Cyclic. Same as /., Circular. I., Depres- 
sive, melancholia. I., Deuteropathic, that 
caused by disorders of or developmental 
changes in organs other than the brain. I., 
Doubting, a form closely allied to delusional 
insanity, consisting in an uncontrollable 
doubt and indecision regarding the occupa- 
tions, duties, or events of the day, of religion, 
etc. I., Emotional, insanity characterized 
by derangement of the emotions, either de- 
pressing or exalting in character. I., Epi- 
demic, a form occasionally manifested 
among a number of persons in common 
association, as in convents or schools. I., 
General, a general term for mania and 
melancholia. I., Hereditary, that trans- 
mitted from parent to child, and not induced 
by other apparent cause. I., Hysterical, 
chronic insanity secondary to hysteria and 
preserving the simulative tendencies of hys- 
teria. I., Ideal, a general term embracing 
all the forms in which ideas dependent upon 
the senses are perverted. I., Imitative, a 
form of communicated insanity marked by 
mimicry of the insane characteristics of 
another. I., Imposed, delirious ideas im- 
posed by one maniac upon another individual 
weaker than himself. I., Impulsive, a form 
in which the patient possesses an uncontrolla- 
ble desire to commit acts of violence. I., 
Menstrual. See I., Periodic. I., Moral, 
a form marked by perversion and depravity 
of the moral sense, apparently without im- 
pairment of the reasoning and intellectual 
faculties. I., Notional, a form in which the 
patient sees objects as they exist, but con- 
ceives grossly erroneous ideas concerning 
them. I., Perceptional, a form characterized 



INSCRIPTIONES TENDINE^ 



515 



INSUFFLATOR 



by illusions. I., Periodic, a condition de- 
pendent upon original or acquired psycho- 
pathy, in which attacks of insanity occur at 
regular or irregular intervals. If occurring 
in women at the menstrual epoch, it is called 
menstrual insanity. I. of Pregnancy, a 
form occurring during pregnancy, character- 
ized by melancholia, suicidal intent, and 
abhorrence of friends and relatives. I., Pri- 
mary, a form, often congenital, that arises 
with the development of the body. It may 
also proceed from injury or disease of the 
brain" in early life. I. of Puberty. See 
Hebephrenia. I., Puerperal, a term some- 
times applied to the delirium of childbirth, 
but more properly to the insanity occurring 
after delivery. I., Recurrent, that marked 
by recurrent attacks of mental aberration 
with intervening lucid intervals. I., Reli- 
gious, that associated with religious sub- 
jects. I., Stuporous, a primary acute form 
of dementia, characterized by a tendency 
to stupor; a disease chiefly met in youth 
and early maturity. I., Surgical, that coming 
on after surgical operations. I., Toxic, an 
acute form due to systemic poisoning by 
certain drugs. I., Traumatic, insanity 
marked by perversity, violence, and brief 
spells of maniacal self-exaltation, progressing 
slowly with remissions to dementia; it is 
attributed to injury. 

Inscriptiones tendineae {in-skrip-te-o' '-nez ten- 
din' -e-e). The lineas transversa? of the rectus 
abdominis muscle. 

Insect {in'-sekt) [in, into; secare, to cut]. Any 
member of the class of animals called Insecta. 
i.-powder, a powder employed to destroy 
or ward off insects, and consisting usually 
of the powdered flowers of species of 
Pyrethrum. 

Insecticide {in-sek' -tis-ld) [insect; cczdere, to 
kill]. A substance that is destructive to 
insects. 

Insemination {in-sem-in-a' -shun) [inseminare, 
to plant seed], i. The planting of seed. 2. 
The introduction of semen. 

Insensible {in-sen' -sib-l) [in, not; sentire, 
to feel]. 1. Incapable of being perceived or 
recognized by the senses. 2. Unconscious. 

Insertion {in-ser' -shun) [inserere, to set in]. 
1. The act of setting or placing in. 2. That 
which is set in. 3. The point at which any- 
thing, as a muscle, is attached; the place or the 
mode of attachment of an organ to its support. 

Insidious {in - sid' - e - us) [insidice, ambush]. 
Coming on stealthily or imperceptibly. I. 
Disease, one the onset of which is gradual 
. or inappreciable. 

In situ {in si'-tu) [in, in; situs, position]. In 
a given or natural position. 

Insolation {in-so-la' -shun) [in, in; sol, sun]. 
1. Exposure to the rays of the sun. 2. Sun- 
stroke or heatstroke; a condition of prostra- 
tion and fever due to exposure to the direct 
rays of the sun or to extreme heat. 

Insoluble {in-soV -u-bl) [in, not; solubilis, that 
can be loosed]. Incapable of dissolving. 



Insomnia {in-som' -ne-ah) [in, not; somnus, 
sleep]. Want of sleep; inability to sleep. 

Inspection {in-spek'-shun) [inspicere, to look]. 
In medicine, the examination of the body 
or any part of it by the eye. 

Inspergation {in-sper-ga' -shun) [inspergere, to 
sprinkle upon]. The act of sprinkling or 
dusting with fine powder. 

Inspiration {in-spir-a' -shun) [in, in; spirare, 
to breathe]. The drawing in of the breath. 

Inspiratory {in-spi' -ra-to-re) [see Inspiration]. 
Pertaining to the act of inspiration. 

Inspissate {in' -spis-at) [inspissare, to thicken]. 
To make thick by evaporation or by absorp- 
tion of fluid. 

Instep {in' -step) [in, in; step]. The arch on 
the upper surface of the foot. 

Instillation {in-stil-a' -shun) [instillare, to put 
in little by little]. The pouring of a liquid 
into a cavity drop by drop. 

Instinct {in'-stingkt) [instinguere, to impel]. 
A natural impulse, which, though unassoei- 
ated with reason, prompts "a useful act. 

Instinctive {in - stingk' - tiv) [see Instinct]. 
Prompted or determined by instinct; of the 
nature of instinct. 

Institutes of Medicine. The philosophy 
of the science of medicine, of physiology, 
pathology, therapeutics, and hygiene, or the 
general and elementary principles of the 
same. The term is used sometimes as a 
synonym of physiology. 

Instrument (in'-stru-ment) [in, in; struere, 
to build]. Any mechanic tool or device 
used to assist in the performance of a certain 
act. 

Instrumental {in-stru-men' -tal) [instrument]. 
Pertaining to or performed with instruments, 
as instrumental labor. 

Instrumentation {in-stru-men-ta' -shun) [instru- 
ment]. The care or employment of instruments. 

Insufficiency {in-suf-fish' -en-se) [insufficiens, 
insufficient]. The state of being inadequate; 
incapacity to perform a normal function. 
I. of the Cardiac Valves, imperfect closure 
of the valves, permitting regurgitation. De- 
pending upon the valve affected, the insuffici- 
ency may be aortic, mitral, tricuspid, or pul- 
monary. I. of a Muscle, inability on a part 
of a muscle to contract sufficiently to produce 
the normal effect. The term is applied espe- 
cially to the eye muscles. Insufficiency of 
the externi, a condition in which the con- 
traction of the externi muscles of the eye 
is weak and is overbalanced by that of the 
interni, producing esophoria. Insufficiency 
of the interni, defective power on the part of 
the interni muscles, producing exophoria. 

Insufflation {in-suf-fla' -shun) [in, in; sufflare, 
to puff]. The act of blowing into, as the 
insufflation of a powder into a cavity; also, 
the blowing of air into a cavity, as insufflation 
of the middle ear. I., Mouth-to-mouth, 
the blowing of air into the mouth of a person, 
usually a newborn infant, to distend the 
lungs and counteract asphyxia. 

Insufflator {in' -suf -la-tor) [see Insufflation]. 



INSULA 



516 



INTEE.FERENCE 



An instrument for blowing air or powders 
into a cavity. 

Insula {in'-su-lah) [L., "an island"]. The 
island of Reil. 

Insular {in'-su-lar) [insula]. i. Pertaining 
to the island of Reil. 2. Isolated; occurring 
in patches. I. Sclerosis. See Sclerosis, Mul- 
tiple. 

Insulate (in'-su-lat) [insula]. To isolate or 
separate from surroundings. In electricity, 
to surround a conductor with a nonconducting 
substance. 

Integument {in-teg' -u-ment) [in, upon; tegere, 
to cover]. A covering, especially the skin. 
I., Fetal, the fetal membranes. 

Intellect (in' -tel-ekt) [intellectus, understanding] 
The mind or the reasoning power. 

Intemperance {in - tern' - per - ans) [in, not; 
temperare, to moderate]. Want of modera- 
tion; immoderate indulgence, especially in 
alcoholic beverages. 

Intensification {in - ten - si} - ik - a' -shun) [see 
Intensity], The "act of making intense or of 
increasing the strength of anything. 

Intensity {in-ten' -sit-e) [intensus, stretched 
tight]. 1. The state of being intense or high- 
strung. 2. The degree to which a force is 
capable of rising. 3. A high degree of energy 
or power. 

Intensive {in-ten' -siv) [see Intensity]. Gradu- 
ally increased in force or intensity, as the 
intensive method of inoculation. 

Intention {in-ten' -shun) [intentus, intend]. The 
end or purpose. See under Healing. I.- 
tremor, a tremor coming on when attempts 
at voluntary motion are made. 

Inter- (in-ter-). A prefix signifying between. 

Interacinous {in-ter -as' -in-us) [inter-; acinus, 
a berry]. Situated between acini. 

Interannular (in-ter -an' -u-lar). Located be- 
tween rings or constrictions. 

Interarticular {in - ter - ar - tik'-u - lar) [inter-; 
articulus, a joint]. Situated between joints. 
I. Fibrocartilage, the flattened cartilaginous 
plates between the articular cartilages of 
certain joints. 

Interauricular (in-ter-aw-rik' -u-lar) [inter-; 
auricula, auricle]. Situated between the 
auricles. 

Interbrain {in' -ter -bran). See Thalamen- 
eephalon. 

Intercadence {in - ter - ka' - dens) [inter-; cadere, 
to fall]. An irregular beating of the pulse, 
in which an additional beat is interposed 
between two pulsations. 

Intercadent {in-ter -ka' -dent). Exhibiting the 
quality of intercadence. 

Intercalary, Intercalated (in-ter-kal'-a-re, in- 
ter -kal-a' -ted) [inter-; calare, to insert]. Placed 
or inserted between. 

Intercarotid {in-ter -kar -of -id) [inter-; carotid]. 
Situated between the external and inter- 
nal carotid arteries, as the intercarotid gan- 
glion. 

Intercartilaginous {in-ter -kar -til-aj' -in-us) . See 
Inter chondral. 

Intercellular {in-ter -sel' -u-lar) [inter-; cellula, 



a small cell]. Between cells, as intercellular 
substance of tissue. 

Intercentral {in-ter -sen' -tral) [inter-; centrum, 
a center]. Between centers. 

Interchondral {in - ter - kon' - dral) [inter-; 
%6vdpoc, cartilage]. Between cartilages. 

Intercident {in-ter' -sid-ent) . 1. See Intercalary. 
2. See Intercadent. 

Interclavicular (in-ter -klav-ik' -u-lar) [inter-; 
clavicula, the collar-bone]. Between the 
clavicles. 

Intercolumnar {in - ter - kol - urn' - nar) [inter-; 
columna, column]. Between pillars, as the 
intercolumnar fascia, between the pillars of 
the external abdominal ring. 

Intercondyloid (in-ter -kon' -dil-oid) [inter-; con- 
dyle]. Between condyles. I. Fossa, the 
notch between the condyles of the femur. 

Intercoronoideal {in - ter - kor - o - noid' -e-al). 
Lying between the coronoid processes. 

Intercostal {in-ter -kos'-tal) [inter-; costa, a 
rib]. Between the ribs. I. Arteries, the 
arteries of the intercostal spaces. See under 
Artery. I. Muscles. See under Muscle. I. 
Nerves, the anterior divisions of the dorso- 
spinal nerves. I. Spaces, spaces between ad- 
jacent ribs. 

Intercostohumeral {in-ter -kos-to-hu'-mer -at) 
[inter-; costa, rib; humerus]. Pertaining to 
the arm and the space between the ribs, as 
the intercostohumeral nerve. 

Inter cranial {in-ter-kra'-ne-al)). Endocranial, 
relating to the interior of the skull or to the 
endocranium. 

Intercristal {in-ter -kr is' -tal) [inter-; crista, 
crest]. Between the surmounting ridges of 
a bone, organ, or process. 

Inter crural {in-ter -kru'-r at) [inter-; crus, the 
leg]. Situated between the legs or the crura. 

Intercurrent {in-ter -kur' -ent) [inter-; currere, 
to run]. Occurring or taking place between. 
I. Disease, a disease arising or progressing 
during the existence of another disease in the 
same person. 

Intercus (in-ter' -kus) [L.; pi., inter cutes]. 1. See 
Anasarca. 2. Subcutaneous. 

Intercutaneomucous (in-ter-ku-ta-ne-o-mu'- 
kus). Between the skin and mucosa. 

Intercutaneous {in-ter-ku-ta'-ne-us). Subcu- 
taneous. 

Interdigital {in-ter -dij' -it-at) [inter-; digitus, a 
finger]. Between the fingers. 

Interdigitation {in-ter --dij-it-a' '-shun) [see In- 
terdigital]. The locking or dovetailing of 
similar parts, as the fingers of one hand with 
those of the other; or of the ends of the 
obliquus externus muscle with those of the 
serratus magnus. 

Intereruptive {in-ter-e-rup'-tiv). Between two 
outbreaks of eruption. 

Interfascicular (in - ter - fas - ik'-u - lar) [inter-; 
fasciculus, a bundle]. Situated between 
fasciculi. 

Interference (in-ter- fe'-rens) [inter-; ferire, to 
strike]. The act of interfering or preventing. 
I. of Light, the mutual neutralization of 
waves of light, when the crest of one wave 






INTERFIBRILLAR 



517 



INTERPOLAR 



falls upon the trough of another. I. of Sound, 
the neutralization of two sound-waves, one 
by the other. 

Interfibrillar {in-ter- fi' -bril-ar) [inter-; fibrilla, 
a small fiber]. Situated between the fibrils of 
tissues. 

Interganglionic {in-ter-gan-gle-on'-ik) [inter-; 
•fay-fXcov, a ganglion]. Connecting one ganglion 
with another; lying between ganglions. 

Intergonial {in-ter- go' '-ne-al) [inter-; ywv'ca, an 
angle]. Between the two gonia (angles of the 
lower jaws). 

Interhemal {in-ter-hem'-al) [inter-; alfia, blood]. 
Between the hemal processes. 

Interhuman {in-ter-hu' '-man) [inter-; humanus, 
human]. Applied to infection transmitted 
from one human being to another. 

Interlamellar {in-ter -lam-el' -ar) [inter-; lamella, 
a layer]. Between the lamellas. 

Interligamentous {in-ter -lig-a-ment' -us) [inter-; 
ligamentum, a ligament]. Between ligaments. 

Interlobar {in-ter -lo' -bar) [inter-; lobus, a lobe]. 
Situated between lobes, as interlobar pleurisy. 

Interlobular {in-ter -lob' -u-lar) [inter-; lobulus, 
a lobule]. Between lobules. 

Intermarginal {in-ter-mar' -jin-al) [inter-; mar- 
go, a margin]. Lying between two margins. 

Intermarriage {in-ter-mar' -a j) [inter-; maritare, 
to marry], i. Marriage between persons re- 
lated by consanguinity. 2. Marriage between 
persons of different races. 

Intermaxillary {in-ter -maks'-il-a-re) [inter-; 
maxilla, jaw-bone]. Between the maxillary 
bones. I. Bone, the small bone that receives 
the incisors, situated between the superior 
maxillary bones of the fetus. 

Intermediate {in-ter -me' -de-at) [inter-; medius, 
middle]. Situated between. I. Body, the 
complementary substance essential to the 
proper performance of a physiologic function 
— such as enabling the "end-body' 1 or bac- 
tericidal substance to combine with the bac- 
teria in typhoid in the production of im- 
munity. Cf. Body, Immune. 

Intermediolateral {in-ter -me-de-o-lat' -er-al) [in- 
ter-; medius, middle; latus, side]. Both 
lateral and intermediate, as the intermedio- 
lateral tract of the spinal cord. 

Intermeningeal {in-ter --men-in'-je-al) [inter-; 
HTjvcy^, membrane]. Between the dura and 
the arachnoid, or between the latter and the 
pia. I. Hemorrhage, a hemorrhage between 
the meninges of the brain or spinal cord. 

Intermenstrual (in - ter - men'-stru - al) [inter-; 
mensis, month]. Between the menstrual 
periods. 

Intermesoblastic {in-ter-mes-o-blast f -ik). Be- 
tween the layers or between the lateral plates 
of the mesoblast. 

Intermetacarpal {in-ter-met-a-kar'-pal) [inter-; 
metacarpus]. Between the metacarpal bones. 

Intermission {in-ter -mish' -un) [see Intermit- 
tent]. An interval, as between the paroxysms 
of a fever or between the beats of the pulse. 

Intermittent {in-ter -mit'-ent) [inter-; mittere, 
to send or occur]. Occurring at intervals; 
characterized by intermissions or intervals, 



as intermittent fever, intermittent insanity, 
intermittent pulse, intermittent sterilization. 

Intermural {in-ter -mu' -ral) [inter-; murus, a 
wall]. Occurring or lying between the walls 
of an organ. 

Intermuscular (in-ter -mus' -ku-lar) [inter-; mus- 
culus, a muscle]. Situated between muscles. 

Internal {in-ter' -nal) [internus, inward]. Situ- 
ated within or on the inside. I. Capsule, 
the band of white nerve-matter between the 
optic thalamus and caudate nucleus on the 
inner, and the lenticular nucleus on the outer, 
side. It is the continuation of the eras cere- 
bri, and consists of an anterior and a posterior 
limb joined at an angle, termed the knee. 
It is composed of fibers coming from and 
going to the cortex cerebri. I. Medicine, 
that branch of medicine which treats of dis- 
ease affecting the internal organs. I. Ob- 
lique. See Obliquus internus under Mus- 
cle. I. Rectus. See Rectus internus under 
Muscle. I. Resistance. See Resistance, 
Internal. 

Internasal {in-ter-na'-zal) [inter-; nasus, the 
nose]. Between the nasal bones. 

Interne {in' -tern) [Fr.]. An indoor or resident 
physician in a hospital. 

Internodal (in-ter-no'-dal). Situated between 
two nodes. See Internode. 

Internode {in' -ter -nod) [inter-; nodus, a knot]. 
The space between two nodes of a nerve- 
fiber, as the internode between the nodes of 
Ranvier. Syn., Internodal segment. 

Internuncial {in-ter-nun'-she-al) [inter-; nun- 
cius, a messenger]. Serving as a connecting 
or announcing medium, as internuncial fibers, 
nerve-fibers connecting nerve-cells. 

Internus {in-ter' -nus). i. See Internal. 2. 
The rectus internus muscle of the eye. 

Interorbital {in-ter -or' -bit-al) [inter-; orbita, 
the orbit]. Situated between the orbits. 

Interosseous {in-ter -os'-e-us) [inter-; os, a 
bone]. Between bones, as interosseous arte- 
ries, membrane, muscles, or nerves. 

Interparietal (in-ter-par-i' -e-tal) [inter-; paries, 
a wall]. Between walls; between the parietal 
bones, as interparietal suture; between parts 
of the parietal lobe, as interparietal fissure. 

1. Bone, a name sometimes given to the 
upper, squamous, and noncartilaginous part 
of the occipital bone. 

Interpeduncular {in-ter-pe-dung'-ku-lar) [in- 
ter-; pedunculus, a little foot]. Situated be- 
tween the cerebral or cerebellar peduncles. I. 
Space, the pons tarini, or posterior perfo- 
rated space that forms the posterior portion 
of the floor of the third ventricle. 

Interphalangeal {in -ter-ja-lan'-je-al) [inter-; 
(f)aXay$,a. finger]. Between the fingers or the toes. 

Interpleuricostal (in-ter-plu-re-kos'-tal). Be- 
tween the pleura and ribs. I. Muscles, the 
internal pleuricostal muscles. 

Interpolar {in-ter-po'-lar). 1. See Intrapolar. 

2. Between the poes of an electric baltery; 
applied to the effect -of the current acting 
through the whole region of the body between 
the two poles as contrasted with the polar 



INTERPOSITION 



518 



INTRAABDOMINAL 



effect taking place at the point of application 
of the electrode. 

Interposition {in-ter -po-zish' -un) [inter positio, 
a placing between]. The development of 
anatomic structures between existing ones. 

Interproximal {in-ter -pr ok' -sim-al) [inter-; 
proximus, next]. Between adjoining surfaces. 

Interpubic {in-ter -pu'-bik) [inter-; pubis]. Sit- 
uated between the pubic bones. 

Interradial (in-ter-ra' '-de-al) [inter-; radius, a 
ray]. Situated between two rays. 

Interrupted {in-ter-up' -ted) [see Interrupter]. 
Discontinuous; broken; irregular. 

Interrupter {in-ter-up' -ter) [interrumpere, to 
break apart]. That which interrupts; spe- 
cifically, a device for breaking an electric 
current. 

Interscapular {in-ter-skap' -u-lar) [inter-; scap- 
ula, the shoulder-blade]. Between the shoul- 
der-blades. 

Interstices {in-ter' -stis-ez) [inter stitium, a 
space between]. Spaces or intervals; also, 
pores. 

Interstitial {in-ter -stish' -al) [see Interstices]. 
i. Situated between important parts; occu- 
pying the interspaces or interstices of a part. 
2. Pertaining to the interstitial or connective 
tissue. I. Inflammation, inflammation of 
the interstitial or connective tissue. I. Kera- 
titis. See Keratitis, Interstitial. I. Nephritis. 
See Nephritis, Interstitial. I. Pneumonia. 
See Pneumonia, Interstitial. 

Intersystole {in-ter-sis' -to-le) . The interval be- 
tween the end of the auricular systole and the 
beginning of the ventricular one. 

Intertransversales {in-ter-trans-ver-sa'-les) [see 
Intertransverse]. Short bundles of muscular 
fibers extending between the transverse pro- 
cesses of contiguous vertebras. 

Intertransverse {in-ter-trans-vers f ) [inter-; 
transversus, turned across]. Connecting the 
transverse processes of contiguous vertebras. 

Intertrigo {in-ter-tri'-go) [inter-; terere, to rub]. 
An erythematous eruption of the skin pro- 
duced by friction of adjacent parts. 

Intertrochanteric {in-ter-tro-kan-ter'-ik) [inter-; 
trochanter] Between the trochanters. I. 
Line. See Line, Intertrochanteric. 

Intertubular {in-ter -tu' -bu-lar) [inter-; tubulus, 
a tube]. Between tubes. I. Substance, the 
translucent, granular substance of the dentin 
of the tooth. 

Interureteric {in-ter-u-re-ter' '-ik) [inter-; ouprjx-qp, 
ureter]. Situated between the ureters. 

Interval {in' -ter-val) [inter-; vallum, a rampart]. 
A space or lapse, either of time or distance, 
as the interval between the paroxysms of a 
fever. I., Cardioaortic, the interval between 
the apex-beat and the arterial pulse. I., 
Focal, the distance between the anterior and 
posterior focal points. 

Intervallary {in-ter -v al' -a-re) [see Interval]. 
Occurring between paroxysms of a disease. 

Intervascular {in-ter-vas' -\u-lar) [inter-; vas- 
culum, a small vessel]. Located between 
vessels. 

Interventricular {in-ter-ven-trik' -u-lar) [inter-; 



ventriculum, a ventricle]. Situated between 
ventricles. I. Septum, the partition between 
the ventricles of the heart. 

Intervertebral {in-ter -ver' -te-bral) [inter-; verte- 
bra, a bone of the spine]. Between the ver- 
tebras. I. Discs, the discs of fibrocartilage 
between the adjacent surfaces of the bodies 
of the vertebras. I. Foramen. See Fora- 
men, Intervertebral. I. Notch, the notch at 
the base of the pedicle on the sides of the 
body of each vertebra. 

Intervillous {in-ter -vil' -us) [inter-; villus, a 
tuft of hair]. Situated between villi. 

Intestinal {in-tes' -tin-al) [see Intestine]. Per- 
taining to the intestine. I. Absorption, the 
absorption of the products of digestion by 
the capillaries, veins, and lacteals of the mucous 
membrane of the intestine. I. Anastomo- 
sis. See Anastomosis, Intestinal. I. Canal, 
the entire intestinal passage from the begin- 
ning of the duodenum to the anus. I. Con- 
cretion. See Enterolith. I. Juice, the 
secretion of the intestinal glands, a pale- 
yellow fluid, alkaline in reaction, having a 
specific gravity of ion, and possessing 
diastasic and proteolytic properties. It also, 
to a certain extent, emulsifies and decom- 
poses fats. Syn., Succus entericus. 

Intestine {in-tes' -tin) [intestinus, intestine, 
from intus, within]. The part of the diges- 
tive tube extending from the beginning of the 
pylorus to the anus. It consists of the small 
and large intestine. The former is about 6f 
meters (20 feet) in length, and extends from 
the pylorus to its junction with the large 
intestine at the cecum. Three divisions are 
described — the duodenum, 22 cm. long, is 
the most important; the jejunum, 2.2 meters 
long, and the ileum, 4 meters long. The large 
intestine is about 1.6 meters (5 feet) long, 
and consists of the cecum (with the vermiform 
appendix), the colon, and the rectum. The 
wall of the intestine is made up of four coats — 
a serous, muscular, submucous, and mucous. 
Embedded in the wall are minute glands, 
and projecting from the surface, in the small 
intestine, are the villi. The function of the 
intestine is to continue and complete the 
changes begun in the mouth and stomach 
and to remove the waste-matter, or feces. 

Intima {in'-tim-ah) [intimus, inmost]. The in- 
nermost of the three coats of an artery. 

Intolerance {in-toV -er-ans) [in, not; tolerare, 
to bear]. The inability to endure the effect 
of anything, as a drug. 

Intort {in' -tort). To turn inward. 

Intoxication {in - toks - ik - a' - shun) [in, in; 
to^ckov, poison]. 1. Poisoning. 2. The 
acute state produced by overindulgence in 
alcohol. 

Intoxications {in-toks-ik-a' '-shuns) [see In- 
toxication]. A general name for the group 
of diseases due to the administration of poisons 
generated entirely outside of the body. 

Intra- {in-trah-). A prefix signifying within. 

Intraabdominal {in-trah-ab-dom' -in-al) [intra-; 
abdomen]. Within the cavity of the abdomen. 



INTRAACINAR 



519 



INTRALIGAMENTOUS 



Intraacinar, Intraacinous (in-trah-as'-in-ar, spindle]. Pertaining to the striated muscular 

-us) [intra-; acinus, a berry]. Situated or fibers contained in a muscle-spindle. 

occurring within an acinus. Intragalvanization (in - trah - gal - van -i- za'- 

Intraarterial (in-trah-ar-te'-re-al). See Endar- shun). The application of galvanism to the 

terial. inner surface of an organ. 

Intraarticular (in-trah-ar-tik'-u-lar) [intra-; ar- Intragastric (in-trah-gas'-trik). Located or 

ticulus, a joint]. Within a joint. occurring within the stomach. 

Intrabronchial (in-trah- 

brong' -ke-al) . Within a 

bronchus. 
Intracapsular (in - trah - 

kap'-su-lar) [intra-; cap- 

sula, a capsule]. Within 

the capsular ligament of 

a joint, as intracapsular 

fracture. 
Intracartilaginous (in- 

trah-kar-til-aj' -in-us) [in- 
tra-; cartilago, cartilage]. 

Within a cartilage, as 

intracartilaginous ossifi- 
cation; endochondral. 
Intracellular (iu-trah-seV - 

u-lar) [intra-; cellula, a 

little cell]. Within a cell. 
Intracerebellar (in-trah- 

ser-e-bel'-ar). Within the 

cerebellum. 
Intracerebral (in - trah - 

ser'-e-bral) [intra-; cere- 

brum]. Within the cere- 
brum. 
Intracervical (in - trah - 

ser'-vik-al) [intra-; cer- 
vix]. Within the cervical 

canal of the uterus. 
Intracisor (in-trah-si' -zor) 

[intra-; cadere, to cut]. A 

hemostatic forceps which 

cuts or crushes the in- 

»tima of an artery and 
removes the necessity of 
a ligature. 
Intracranial (in-trah-kra'- 

ne-al) [intra-; upavcov, 

the skull]. Within the 

skull. 
Intrad (in' -trad). See 

Entad. 
Intradermic (in-trah-der' - 

mik) [intra-; dkpixa, skin]. 

Within the skin. 
Intradilated (in-trah-di- 

la'-ted) [intra-; dilare, to 

expand]. Expanded 

within. 
Intradural (in-trah-dn'- 

ral) [intra-; dura]. Situ- 
ated or occurring within 

the dura. 
Intraepidermal, Intraepidermic (in-trah-ep- Intra jugular (in-trah-ju'-gu-lar). Within or 

i-derm f -al, -ik). Within the substance of the internal to the jugular foramen, vein, or 

epidermis. process. 

Intraf aradization (in - trah - far - ad-i-za' -shun) . Intraligamentous (in -trah- lig -am- en'-tus) 

Faradization applied to the inner surface of [intra-; ligamentum, a ligament]. Within or 

a body-cavity. between the folds of a ligament, as an intra- 

Intrafusal (in-trah-fu' -zal) [intra-; Jusus, a ligamentous cyst. 




The Stomach and Intestine, Front View, the Great Omentum Having 
Been Removed, and the Liver Turned up and to the Right. — 
(Gerrish, after Testut.) 

The dotted line shows the normal position of the anterior border of the liver. 
The dart points to the foramen of Winslow. 



INTRALOBULAR 



520 



INULA 



Intralobular (in-trah-lob' -u-lar) [intra-; lobulus, 
a little lobe]. Within a lobule, as the intralob- 
ular vein of the liver. 

Intramedullary (in-trah-med'-ul-a-re) [intra-; 
medulla, marrow]. Within the medulla. 

Intramembranous {in - trah - mem' - bran - us) 
[intra-; membrana, a membrane]. Developed 
or taking place within a membrane, as intra- 
membranous ossification. 

Intrameningeal (in-trah-men-in' -je-al) [intra-; 
H^vcj^, membrane]. Situated within the sub- 
stance of the membranes of the brain or 
spinal cord. 

Intramural (in-trah-mu'-raT) [intra-; mura, a 
wall]. Within the substance of the walls of 
an organ, as intramural fibroid of the uterus. 

Intramuscular (in-trah-mus' -ku-lar) [intra-; 
musculus, a muscle]. Within the substance 
of a muscle. 

Intranasal (in-trah-na' -sal) [intra-; nasus, 
nose]. Within the cavity of the nose. 

Intraocular (in-trah-ok' '-u-lar) [intra-; ocnlus, 
eye]. Within the globe of the eye, as intra- 
ocular hemorrhage. 
"Intraorbital (in-irah-or'-bit-at) [intra-; orbita, 
orbit]. Within the orbit. 

Intraparenchymatous {in - trah - par -en- ki'- 
mat-us) [intra-; parenchymal. Within the 
parenchyma; between the elements of a 
tissue. 

Intraparietal {in - trah - par - i' - e - tal) [intra-; 
paries, a wall], i. Within the wall of an 
organ. 2. Within the parietal region of the 
cerebrum, as the intraparietal fissure. 

Intrapelvic (in-trah-peV -vik) [intra-; pelvis, 
basin]. Within the pelvic cavity. 

Intraperitoneal {in-trah-per-it-on-e' -at) [intra-; 
peritoneum]. Within the peritoneum. 

Intrapleural {in-trah-plu' -ral) [intra-; pleura]. 
Within the pleural cavity. 

Intrapolar {in-trah-po' -lar) [intra-; polus, pole]. 
Between two poles. 

Intrapulmonary {in-trah-puV -mon-a-re) [intra-; 
pulmonury]. Within the substance of the 
lung. 

Intrarachidian {in-trah-rak-id f -e-an). Intra- 
spinal. 

Intraspinal (in-trah-spi'-naT) [intra-; spina, 
spine]. Within the spinal canal. 

Intrathoracic {in-trah-tho-ras'-ik) [intra-; 
6ojpa%, chest]. Situated or occurring within the 
thorax. 

Intratubal (in-trah-tu'-bal) [intra-; tuba, a 
trumpet]. Within a fallopian tube. 

Intratympanic (in - trah - tim - pan'-ik) [intra-; 
tympanum]. Within the tympanic cavity. 

Intrauterine {in-trah-u 1 '-ter-in) [intra-; uterus]. 
Within the uterus. 

Intravaginal (in-trah-vaj'-in-al). Within the 
vagina. 

Intravascular (in-trah-v as' -ku-lar) [intra-; vas- 
culum, a small vessel]. Within the blood- 
vessels. 

Intravenous (in-trah-ve' -nus) [intra-; vena, a 
vein]. Within or into the veins. I. Injection, 
the introduction of a solution directly into a 



Intravesical (in-trah-ves' -ik-al) [intra-; vesica, 
bladder]. Within the bladder. 

Intravital, Intravitam {in-trah-vi'-tal, -tarn) 
[intra-; vita, life]. Occurring during life. 
I. Stain, one that will act upon living ma- 
terial. 

Intrinsic (in - trin' - sik) [intrinsecus, on the 
inside]. Inherent; situated within: peculiar 
to a part, as the intrinsic muscles of the 
larynx. 

Intro- (in-tro-). A prefix signifying within. 

Introitus (in-tro' -it-us) [intro-; ire, to go]. An 
aperture or entrance. I. pelvis, the inlet 
of the pelvis. I. vagina?, the entrance to 
the vagina. 

Intromission (in-tro-mish'-un) [intro- ; mittere, 
to send]. The introduction of one body into 
another. 

Introsusception (in-tro-sus-sep' -shun) [intro-; 
suscipere, to receive]. Intussusception. 

Introversion (in-tro-ver' -shun) [intro-; vertere, 
to turn]. A turning within, as a sinking 
within itself of the uterus. 

Intubation (in-tu-ba' -shun) [in, in; tubus, a 
pipe]. 1. The introduction of a tube into a 
part, particularly of a tube into the larynx, 
to allow the entrance of air into the lungs, 
as in diphtheria. 2. Catheterism. 

Intubator (in'-tu-ba-tor). An instrument used 
in introducing a tube in intubation. 

Intumescence (in-tu-mes' -ens) [intumescere, to 
swell]. A swelling. 

Intumescentia (in-tu-mes-en 1 '-she-ah) [L.]. A 
swelling. I. gangliformis, the reddish, 
gangliform swelling of the facial nerve in the 
aqueduct of Fallopius. I. semilunaris. See 
Ganglion, Gasserian. 

Intussusception (in-tus-sus-ep' -shun) [intus, 
within; suscipere, to receive]. Invagina- 
tion or slipping of one part of the intestine 
into the part beyond. It is most frequent in 
the young, occurring, as a rule, on the right 
side, the ileum slipping into the ascending 
colon, carrying the ileocecal valve in front of 
it. The condition is characterized by pain, 
tenesmus, frequent small bloody stools, the 
presence of a sausage-shaped tumor in the 
flank, and often, on rectal examination, of a 
mass in the rectum. I., Ascending, I., 
Regressive, I., Retrograde, that form in 
which the lower part of the intestine is invagi- 
nated in the upper. I., Descending, I., 
Progressive, that form in which the upper 
part of the intestine is invaginated in the 
lower. 

Intussusceptum (in-tus-sus-sep' -turn) [see In- 
tussusception]. In intussusception, the in- 
vaginated portion of intestine. 

Intussuscipiens (in-tus-sus-sip' -e-enz) . In in- 
tussusception, the invaginating segment of 
the intestine. 

Inula (in'-u-lah) [L.]. Elecampane. The 
root of I. helenium, a plant of the natural 
order Composite?, containing a principle re- 
sembling starch and termed inulin, a crys- 
talline body, alantic acid (C ]5 H 20 O 2 ), alantol 
(C 10 H 16 O), and helenin (C 6 H s O). Elecam- 



INULASE 



521 



IODIN 



pane is tonic, stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, 
emmenagog, and expectorant, and has been 
used in amenorrhea, dropsy, and in scaly 
skin diseases. Dose 20 gr.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 
Gm.). 

Inulase (in'-u-ldz). An enzym found in the 
roots of Inula helenium and in the bulb of 
squill. It decomposes inulin, but has no 
action on starch, and is destroyed by exces- 
sive alkalinity or acidity. 

Inulin (in' -u-lin) [inula]. 1. C 6 H 10 O 5 . A carbo- 
hydrate from elecampane and other plants. 
2. A precipitate from the tincture of the root 
of Inula helenium; an aromatic stimulant, 
tonic, and expectorant. Dose 1-3 gr. (0.06- 
0.2 Gm.). 

Inulol (in'-u-lol). See Alantol. 

Inunction {in-ungk' -shun)[inungere, to anoint]. 
The act of rubbing an oily or fatty substance 
into the skin; also, the substance used. 

Invagination (in-vaj-in-a'-shun) [in, in; va- 
gina, a sheath]. The act of insheathing or 
becoming insheathed. 

Invalid (in'-val-id) [in, not; validus, strong]. 
1. Not well. 2. One who is not well, 
especially one who is chronically ill or whose 
convalescence is slow. 3. Suitable for an 
invalid person, as invalid diet, invalid chair. 

Invasion (in-va'-zhun) [in, upon; vadere, to 
go]. The onset, especially that of a disease; 
also, the manner in which the disease begins 
its attack. 

Inversion (in-ver'-shun) [in, in; verier e, to 
turn]. 1. The act of turning inward. 2. A 
turning upside down. 3. In chemistry, the 
conversion of a dextrorotatory compound 
into one that is levorotatory. I. of Bladder, 
a condition, occurring only in females, in 
which the bladder is in part or completely 
pushed into the dilated urethra. 

Invertase (in-ver'-tdz). Same as Invertin. 

Invertebrata (in-ver-te-bra'-tah) [in, not; 
vertebra]. Animals that have no spinal 
column. 

Invertin [in-ver r -tin) [in, not; verier e, to turn]. 
A ferment found in the intestinal juice, and 
produced by several species of yeast-plant; 
it converts cane-sugar in solution into invert- 
sugar. 

Invert-sugar. A sugar that turns rays of 
polarized light to the left. The term is 
usually applied to levulose or to a mixture 
of dextrose and levulose. 

Investing ' (in-ves'-ting). Insheathing; sur- 
rounding. 

Investiture, Investment (in-vest'-i-chur, in- 
vest' -ment) [in, in; vestere, to clothe]. A 
sheath; a covering. I., Fibrous (of the 
suprarenal capsule), a sheath of connective 
tissue composed of an outer loose portion 
and an inner part adhering closely to the 
capsule; its deeper layers contain unstriped 
muscle-fiber. Syn., Involucrum renis suc- 
centuriati. I. , Myelin, the medullary sheath. 

Inveterate (in-vet'-er-at) [in, with an inten- 
sive force; vetus, old]. Long established; 
■ obstinate, as an inveterate skin disease. 



Invious (in'-ve-us) [in, not; via, a way]. Im- 
penetrable; impervious. 

Inviscation (in-vis-ka' -shun) [in, in; viscum, 
bird-lime]. Insalivation. 

In vitro (in vit'-ro) [L.]. Within glass, 
especially within test-tubes. 

Involucrum (in-vol-u 1 '-kruni) [involvere, to 
inwrap]. The covering of a part. The 
sheath of bone enveloping a sequestrum. 

Involuntary [in-voV -un-ta-re) [in, not; volun- 
tarius, willing]. Performed or acting inde- 
pendently of the will. I. Muscles, those 
that are not governed by the will. 

Involution (in-vo-lu' -shun) [involvere, to roll 
upon]. 1. A turning or rolling inward. 2. 
The retrogressive change to their normal 
condition that certain organs undergo after 
fulfilling their functional purposes. I. -forms, 
a term applied to microorganisms that have 
undergone degenerative changes as a result 
of unfavorable environment. I. of the 
Uterus, the return of the uterus after gesta- 
tion to its normal weight and condition. 

Inymenitis iin-im-en-i' -tis) . See Inohymeni- 
tis. 

Iodacetyl {i-o-das' -et-il) . See Acetyl Iodid. 

Iodalbacid (i-o-dal-bas'-id). Iodin (10%) 
combined with albumin. In treatment of 
syphilis, dose, 15 gr. (1 Gm.) 3 to 6 times 
daily. 

Iodamyl {i-o-dam' -il) . 1. See Amyl Icdid. 
2. See lodamylum. I.-formol, a combina- 
tion of formaldehyd, starch, thymol, and 
iodin. 

lodamylum (i-od-am f -il-um) . Iodized starch; 
employed internally in the proportion of 5 
parts of iodin to 95 parts of starch. Dose 
3-10 gr. (0.2-0.6 Gm.); externally in slug- 
gish ulcers. 

Iodanitin, Iodanitol (i-od-an'-it-in, -ol). 
A combination of iodin and anitin; a 
bactericid. 

Iodethane, Iodethyl (i-od' -eth-dn, -il). See 
Ethyl Iodid. 

Iodethylformin (i-od-eth-il-form'-in), C 6 H 12 - 
N 4 (C 2 H 5 I). A proposed substitute for iodids 
for internal use. 

Iodic (i-od'-ik). Obtained from or containing 
iodin; also due to the use of iodin. I. Acid. 
See Acid, Iodic. 

Iodid (i'-o-did) [see Iodin]. A compound of 
iodin with a base. 

Iodin, Iodum (i'-o-din, i-o'-dum) [cujotjc, violet- 
colored, from "tov, a violet; eldoc, like]. 
Symbol I; atomic weight 126.53; quantiva- 
lence I; specific gravity 4.948 at 17 C. 
(62. 6° F.). A nonmetallic element with 
metallic luster, volatilizing at a low tem- 
perature, and giving off an irritating, crimson- 
purple vapor. It occurs in most marine 
plants, in shell-fish, and in cod-liver oil. It 
is soluble in alcohol and in solutions of 
potassium iodid and of sodium chlorid. It 
is a powerful irritant, and is used chiefly as 
an alterative in scrofula and rickets; as an 
absorbent in goiter and lymphatic enlarge- 
ments; as a counterirritant, and to produce 



IODINOPHIL 



522 



IODOFORMIN 



inflammatory reaction in hydrocele and other 
cysts. The long-continued use of iodin and 
its preparations produces a form of poison- 
ing termed iodism. See Iodism. I. -green, 
a green pigment derived from coal-tar, used 
in histologic work. I. Liniment (linimentum 
iodi, B. P.), is used locally. I. Oint- 
ment (unguentum iodi, U. S. P.), used 
locally as an absorbent. I. Pentoxid. See 
Acid, Iodic. I. -phosphor, a combination 
of phosphorus, ■£$ gr., in 20 min. of iodipin 
of 25 % strength. It is used hypodermati- 
cally in neurasthenia, spinal sclerosis, gout, 
etc. Dose 20 min. (1.2 Cc). I. Reaction, 
iodophilia developed by exposing a dried 
blood-smear to the action of a solution con- 
taining 3 parts of potassium iodid and 1 part 
of iodin in 100 parts of water, brought to 
syrupy consistence by adding lumps of gum- 
arabic. I., Solution of, Compound (liquor 
iodi compositus, U. S. P.), Lugol's solution. 
Dose 1-10 min. (0.065-0.65 Cc). I., Tincture 
of (tinctura iodi, U '. S . P .) . Dose 5-15 min. 
(0.32-1.0 Cc). It is chiefly used locally. I. 
Tribromid, IBr 3 , a dark-brown fluid recom- 
mended for spraying in diphtheric sore 
throat of children: 1 part in 300 of water. 
I. Vapor (vapor iodi, B. P.), is used for in- 
halation. 

Iodinophil (i-o-din' '-o-fil) [iodin; (frcXelv, to love]. 
Having an affinity for iodin stain. A his- 
tologic element staining readily with iodin. 

Iodinophilia (i-o-din-o-fil' -e-ah) . See Iodo- 
philia. 

Iodiodoformin (i-o-di-o-do-form'-in), C 6 H 12 N 4 . 
CHI3. A light -brown, insoluble powder 
obtained from hexamethylentetramin by 
action of iodin; it is recommended as a sub- 
stitute for iodin. 

Iodipin (i-o' -di-pin) . An addition -product of 
iodin, 10 to 25 %, and sesame oil; used in 
syphilis, sciatica, etc. Dose, by mouth, 
1-4 dr. (3.7-15.0 Cc.) of 10% solution; 
enema, 5-7 oz. (148-207 Cc); subcutaneous 
injection, 1-2 dr. (3.7-7.5 Cc) of 25% 
solution. 

Iodism (i'-o-dizm) [iodin]. A condition aris- 
ing from the prolonged use. of iodin or iodin 
compounds, marked by frontal headache, 
coryza, ptyalism, and various skin-eruptions, 
especially acne; rarely by a cachexia with 
atrophy of the sexual organs and marked 
nervous symptoms. 

Iodized (i'-o-dizd) [iodin]. Impregnated with 
iodin. 

Iodoalbumin (i-o-do-aV -bu-min) . A com- 
pound of iodin and albuminoids used in 
myxedema. 

Iodocaffein (i-o-do-kaf'-e-in). Colorless crys- 
tals, soluble in water, decomposing in hot 
water, obtained from a solution of potassium 
iodid and caffein by action of sulfureted 
hydrogen. 

Iodocasein (i-o-do-ka' -se-in) . An antiseptic 
yellow powder with odor of iodin, prepared 
from iodin and casein; it is used as a vulner- 
ary. 



Iod.och\oroTLy<\)iinolm(i-o-do-klor-oks-e-kwiri- 

ol-in). A bactericide used in surgery as a 
substitute for iodoform. Syn., Vioform. 

Iodocol, Iodokol (i-o' -do-kol) . A compound 
of iodin and guaiacol; used in tuberculosis, 
croupous pneumonia, etc. Dose 3-6 gr. 
(0.2-0.4 Gm.) 4 or 5 times daily. 

Iodocresol (i-o-do-kre' -sol) , C 7 H 7 IO. A com- 
pound of iodin and cresol; an odorless yellow 
powder proposed as a substitute for iodo- 
form. Syn., Traumatol. 

Iodocyanid (i-o-do-si'-an-id). A double salt 
made up of a cyanid and an iodid of the same 
base. 

Iododerma (i-o-do-derm'-ah) [iodin; dip/xa, 
skin]. Skin diseases due to use of iodin and 
its preparations. 

Iodoeugenol (i-o-do-u'-jen-ol), C 10 H u IO 2 . A 
compound of iodin and eugenol-sodium; a 
yellow, inodorous, insoluble powder, melting 
at 150 C. It is used as an antiseptic. 

Iodoform, Iodoformum (i-o' -do- form, i-o-do- 
form'-um) [iodin; forma, form], CHI 3 . A yel- 
low, finely crystalline substance having a pecu- 
liar penetrating odor, and containing about 
9 6 . 7 % of iodin by weight . It is readily soluble 
in chloroform and ether, less readily in alcohol, 
and but slightly in water. Iodoform is anti- 
septic and anesthetic, and is used as a dress- 
ing to wounds and syphilitic and chancroi- 
dal ulcers, either in powder or in the form of 
iodoform gauze. In tuberculous affections, 
when it can be directly introduced, it has 
yielded good results, being in such cases 
usually employed in the form of an emulsion 
in olive-oil or as an ethereal solution. In- 
ternally it has been used as an alterative in 
goiter, rickets, pulmonary tuberculosis, and 
syphilis. Dose 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.2 Gm.). 
The use of large quantities locally has led to 
the production of toxic symptoms, which 
resemble those of meningitis, and to fatty 
degeneration of the internal organs. Syn., 
Formyl triiodid; Triiodomethane . I., De- 
odorous, a combination of iodoform and 
thymol. Syn., Anozol. I. Gauze, gauze 
impregnated with iodoform. I. Ointment 
(unguentum iodoformi, U. S. P.) , used as a local 
antiseptic and stimulant. I. Oleate, a 
mixture of 2 % of iodoform in oleic acid. It 
is used as an external antiseptic on ulcers 
and abrasions. I.-salol, a mixture of iodo- 
form and phenyl salicylate; used as an anti- 
septic in old wounds and in cavities. I. 
Suppositories (suppositoria iodoformi, B. P.), 
used after rectal operations and in fissure 
of the anus. 

Iodoformal (i-o-do-form'-al), C 6 H 12 N 4 . C 2 H 5 - 
I . CHI3. A yellow powder produced by the 
combination of ethyl-hexamethylentetramin 
hydriodid and iodoform. It is used as a sub- 
stitute for iodoform. 

Iodoformin (i-o-do-form'-in), (CH 2 ) 6 N 4 . CHI 3 . 
An inodorous compound of iodoform, 75%, 
with hexamethylentetramin. I. -mercury, 
a yellowish, insoluble powder recommended 
as an antiseptic. 



IODOFORMOGEN 



523 



IPECAC 



Iodoformogen {i-o-do-form'-o-jen). A com- 
pound of iodoform, 10%, and albumin, 
forming a bright yellow, very light powder, 
insoluble in water and sterilizable at ioo° C. 

Iodogene, Iodogenin {i-o'-do-jen, i-o-do'-je- 
nin). A disinfectant, said to be a mixture 
of charcoal and potassium iodate, molded 
into cones. Iodin is liberated on combus- 
tion. 

Iodogenol {i-o-do'-jen-ol). A compound of 
iodin and peptonized albumin proposed as 
a succedaneum for the iodin preparations 
ordinarily employed internally. 

Iodoglandin (f-o-do- gland* '-in). A preparation of 
thyroid gland said "to contain no thyroidin. 

Iodoglobulin {i-o-do-glob' -u-lin) . A substance 
derived from the thyroid gland, said to be 
more soluble than thyroidin. 

Iodol, Iodolum {i'-o-dol, i-o'-io-te),C 4 I 4 .NH. 
An odorless, grayish-brown powder, soluble in 
alcohol and in ether, and used as a substitute 
for iodoform, and also in the treatment of dia- 
betes fnellitus. Dose ^-5 gr. (0.032-0.32 Gm.). 
Syn., Tetraiodo pyrrol. I.-caffein, C 8 H 10 - 
N 4 2 .C 4 I 4 NH, a light-gray, crystalline pow- 
der, insoluble in water, containing 74.6% of 
iodol and 25.4% of caffein. It is a surgical 
antiseptic. Syn., Caffeinated iodol. I. -men- 
thol, a mixture of 1 part of menthol with 99 
parts of iodol. 

Iodolen, Iodolene, Iodoline {i-o'-do-len, -len). 
An iodol albumin compound said to contain 
36% of iodin. It is a yellowish, granular 
powder, without odor or taste, soluble in hot 
alkaline solutions. It is a succedaneum for 
iodids internally and a nonirritant external 
antiseptic. In tertiary syphilis, dose, 30 gr. 
(2 Gm.) 6 to 10 times daily. 

lodomethane {i-o-do-meth' -an) . Methyl iodid. 

Iodometric {i-o-do-mef -rik) 1. Relating to 
iodometry. 2. In chemic analysis, relating to 
the process or act of determining the quan- 
tity of a substance by its reaction with a stand- 
ard solution of iodin. 

Iodometry {i-o-dom' -et-re) [iodin; pthpov, a 
measure]. The estimation of the iodin-con- 
tent in a compound. 

Iodomuth {i-o'-do-muth), Bi 8 C 7 H 7 I 2 O s . A red- 
dish-brown powder containing bismuth and 
25 % of iodin. It is siccative, antiseptic, and 
alterative. Dose 1-10 gr. (0.06-0.6 Gm). 

Iodonaftan {i-o-do-naf '-tan) . An ointment-base 
containing 3% of iodin. 

Iodophen {i-o' -do-fen). See Nosophen. 

Iodophenacetin {i-o-do-fe-nas'-et-in). See Io- 
dophenin. 

Iodophenin {i-o-do-fe'-nin) . [iodin; phenyl], 
C 2 oH2 5 I 3 N 2 4 . A combination of iodin and 
acetphenetidin. It is an effective bactericide. 

Iodophenochloral {i-o-do-fe-no-klo'-ral). A 
brown fluid used in skin diseases due to 
parasites; it is said to consist of equal parts of 
phenol, tincture of iodin, and chloral hydrate. 

Iodophenol {i-o-do-fe'-nol). A solution of 20 
parts of iodin in 76 parts of fused phenol 
with 4 parts of glycerol. 

Iodophil {i-o' -do- fit). See Iodinophil. 



Iodophilia {i-o-do-fiV -e-ah) [iodin; (friXn'iv, to 
love]. A pronounced affinity for iodin; the 
term is applied to the protoplasm of leuko- 
cytes in purulent conditions. 

Iodophosphid {i-o-do- }os' -fid). A combina- 
tion of an iodid with a phosphid. 

Iodoserum {i-o-do-se'-rum). A solution of 
sodium chlorid, 6 parts, and potassium iodid, 
2 parts, in 1000 Cc. of water; it is used as a 
sedative and in syphilis. 

Iodosin, Iodosinum {i-o'-do-sin, i-o-do-si'- 
num). A compound of iodin, 15%, and 
albumin; it is proposed as a succedaneum 
for iodothyrin. 

Iodoterpin {i-o-do-ter'-pin), C 10 H ]6 I. A com- 
bination of iodin, 50%, and terpin; a dark- 
brown liquid with the odor of turpentine. It 
is used as a substitute for iodoform. 

Iodothein {i-o -do -the' -in). Colorless crystals 
or white powder obtained from sodium iodid 
with thein by action of sulfureted hydrogen; 
it is soluble in water, decomposes in hot 
water. It is used to increase systolic action 
and arterial pressure of the heart. Dose 
2-8 gr. (0.13-0.52 Gm.) 2 to 6 times daily in 
cachets. 

Iodotheobromin {i-o-do-the-o-bro'-min). A 
reaction-product of theobromin, a solution 
of potassium iodid and sulfureted hydrogen. 
It is diuretic, stimulant, and alterative, and 
is used in cardiac affections. Dose 5-8 gr. 
(0.32^.52 Gm.). 

Iodothymoform {i-o-do-thi 1 '-mo-form) . Iodo- 
thymol formaldehyd, a condensation-prod- 
uct of thymol and formaldehyd; it is used 
as a wound antiseptic. 

Iodothymol {i-o-do-thi' -mol) . See Aristol. 

Iodothyrin {i-o-do-thi' -rin) . A lactose tritu- 
ration of the active constituents of thyroid 
glands of sheep. One grain contains 0.3 
mg. of iodin. It is alterative and discutient. 
Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.) daily. Syn., 
Thyrein; Thyreoiodin; Thyroiodin. 

Iodovasogen {i-o-do-vaz' -o-jen) . A solution of 
iodin in vasogen; it is recommended in in- 
filtrated and spreading ulcers of the cornea. 

Iodozen {i-o'-do-zen), C 6 H 2 I 2 (COOCH 3 .ONa). 
An iodin derivative of methyl salicylate used 
as an external antiseptic and discutient. 

Iodozone {i-o'-do-zon). A combination of 
iodin and ozone; it is used as a mouth-wash 
and as an inhalation in tuberculosis. 

Iodum {i-o'-dum). See Iodin. 

loduret {i-od'-u-ret) [iodin]. An iodid. 

Ion {i'-on) [iov, going]. An element set 
free by electrolysis, and classified as an 
anion or kation, according as it is set free at 
the positive or negative pole. 

Ionization {i-on-i-za' -shun) [ion]. Electroly- 
tic dissociation; the production of ions. 

Iophobia {i-o-fo'-be-ah) [cog, poison; <f)6fl(a, 
fear]. A morbid dread of poisons. 

Iotacism {i-o' -tas-izm) [Iwra, the Greek letter 
I]. Inability to pronounce distinctly the 
proper sound of the letter i. 

Ipecac, Ipecacuanha {ip'-e-kak, ip-e-kak-u- 
an'-ah) [Braz., ipecaaguen]. The dried root 



IPOMEIN 



524 



IRIGENIN 



of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, a plant of the 
order Rubiacece, containing an alkaloid, 
emetin, C^H^^Og, and ipecacuanhic acid. 
In large doses ipecac is emetic; in small doses, 
diaphoretic and expectorant; and in minute 
doses, a gastric stimulant. It is used as an 
emetic, especially in narcotic poisoning, and, 
in children, to dislodge membranes and 
secretions in croup and capillary bronchitis; 
as a diaphoretic in acute colds, as an ex- 
pectorant in bronchitis, as a sedative (in 
minute doses in vomiting), and in dyspepsia 
as a stimulant. It is said to be a specific in 
tropical dysentery. Emetin is emetic in 
doses of |-| gr. (0.008-0.016 Gm.), but irri- 
tant in large doses. L, Fluidextract of 
{fiuidextr actum ipecacuanha, U. S. P.). Dose 
5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). I. and Opium, 
Powder of (pulvis ipecacuanhce et opii, U. S. 
P.; pulvis ipecacuanha compositus, B. P.), 
Dover's powder. Dose 2-15 gr. (0.13-1.0 
Gm.). I. and Opium, Tincture of (tinctura 
ipecacuanhce et opii, U. S. P.). Dose 5-10 
min. (0.32-0.65 Co). I., Syrup of (syrupus 
ipecacuanhce, U. S. P.). Dose, as an emetic, 
30 min.-i dr. (2-4 Cc.) for a child; J-i 
oz. (16-32 Cc.) for an adult; as an expec- 
torant, 5 min.-i dr. (0.32-4.0 Co). I., 
Wine of {vinum ipecacuanhce, U. S. P.). 
Dose 1 min. -1 dr. (0.065-4.0 Co). 

Ipomein (ip-o-me'-in). A glucosid, C 78 H 132 - 
36 , from the root of Ipomcea fastigiata. 

Ipsilene (ip'-sil-en). A gas used as a disin- 
fectant, obtained from iodoform by action 
of ethyl chlorid with heat and pressure. 

Iretol (i'-ret-ol) [Iris; a genus of plants], 
C 7 H 8 4 . A phenol obtained by fusing 
irigenin with potash; it melts at i&6° C. Syn., 
Methoxyphloroglucin. 

Iridadenosis (ir-id-ad-en-o'-sis) [iris; dd-qv, 
gland]. A glandular affection of the iris. 

Iridal (ir'-id-al) [iris]. Relating to the iris. 

Iridectomize (ir-id-ek' -tom-lz) [iridectomy]. 
To excise a part of the iris; to perform iridec- 
tomy. 

Iridectomy {ir-id-ek' -to-me) [iris; iKro/irj, ex- 
cision]. The cutting out of a part of the 
iris. 

Iridencleisis, Iridenkleisis (i-rid-en-kW -sis) . 
See Iridodesis. 

Irideremia (i-rid-er-e r -me-ah) [iris; ipy/xla, 
lack]. Absence of one or both irises. 

Iridescence (ir-id-es'-ens) [iridescere, to shine 
with rainbow-colors]. The property of 
breaking up light into the spectral colors. 

Iridesis (i-rid-e'-sis). See Iridodesis. 

Iridic {i-rid'-ik) [iris]. Pertaining to the iris. 

Iridin (i' -rid-in) [iris]. 1. A precipitated ex- 
tract of blue flag. See Iris (2). 2. A 
glucosid from the rhizome of Iris florentina. 

Iridium (i-rid' -e-um) [iris]. A platinoid 
metal; alloyed in small percentage with 
platinum it confers rigidity upon the latter. 
The alloy is used as plate in mechanic 
dentistry. 

Irido- (i-rid-o-) [iris]. A prefix meaning relat- 
ing to the iris. 



Iridocapsulitis (i-rid-o-kap-su-li'-tis) . Inflam- 
mation involving the iris and the capsule of 
the lens. 

Iridocele (i-rid' '-o-sel) [irido-; ktjXtj, hernia]. 
Protrusion of part of the iris through a 
wound or ulcer. 

Iridochoroiditis (i-rid-o -ko -r oid-i' -tis) [irido-; 
choroid; ace, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of both the iris and the choroid of the eye. 

Irido coloboma (i-rid-o-kol-o-bo'-mah) [irido-; 
KoX6j3a>/j.a, a mutilation]. 1. The portion of 
iris removed in iridectomy. 2. See Coloboma. 

Iridocyclectomy (i-rid-o-si-klek' -to-me) [irido-; 
kukXoc, circle; enro/ir), excision]. Excision of 
the iris and of the ciliary body. 

Iridocyclitis (i-rid-o -sik-W -tis) [irido-; kukXoc, a 
circle; czeg, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the iris and the ciliary body. 

Iridocystectomy (i-rid-o-sist-ek' -to-me) [irido-; 
k'jotic, bladder; i/cro/xTj, excision]. Knapp's 
operation for making a new pupil when 
iridocyclitis or iridocapsulitis following cata- 
ract operations or trauma has closed'the old. 

Iridodesis (i-rid-od' -es-is) [irido-; deacg, a bind- 
ing together]. An operation for the purpose 
of altering the position of the pupil by draw- 
ing the iris into one or two small openings in 
the cornea and preventing its return by a 
loop of silk placed around it. 

Iridodialysis (i-rid-o-di-aV -is-is) . 1. See Core- 
dialysis. 2. The separation of the iris from 
its attachments. 

Iridodonesis (i-rid-o-do-ne' -sis) [irido-; d6vt}0'.c, 
a trembling]. Tremulousness of the iris; 
hippus. 

Iridol (i'-rid-ol) [Iris, a genus of plants], C 7 H 5 - 
(OCH 3 ) 2 OH. A phenol obtained from dis- 
tillation of iridic acid (C 10 H l2 O 6 ) from orris- 
root. 

Iridoleptynsis (i-rid-o-lep-tin' -sis) [irido-; Utt- 
tuvocc, attenuation]. Attenuation or atrophy 
of the iris. 

Iridoparelkysis (i-rid-o -par -el' -kis -is) [irido-; 
TtapeXnecv, to draw aside]. An induced pro- 
lapse of the iris to effect displacement of the 
pupil. 

Iridoplatinum (i-rid-o-plat' -in-um) . An alloy 
of iridium and platinum; used in making 
electrodes, etc. 

Iridoplegia (i-rid-o-ple' -je-ah) [irido-; 7i\r)yq, 
stroke]. Paralysis of the sphincter of the iris. 

Iridorhexis (i-rid-o-reks'-is) [irido-; pfj&c, a 
breaking]. Rupture of the iris. 

Iridosclerotomy (i-rid-o-skler-of '-o-me) [irido-; 
onkripbc, hard; xeptvecv, to cut]. Puncture of 
the sclera with division of the iris. 

Iridosis (i-rid-o' -sis) . See' Iridodesis. 

Iridosteresis (i-rid-o-ster-e'-sis). See Aniridia 
and Irideremia. 

Iridotomy (i-rid-ot' -o-me) [irido-; roptr), sec- 
tion]. An incision into the iris. 

Irigenin (i-rif -en-in) , C I0 Hi 6 O 8 . A resolution- 
product of the glucosid iridin by action of 
dilute sulfuric acid. It has the properties 
of a phenol, forms crystals melting at 186 C, 
and gives an intense violet color with ferric 
chlorid. 



IRIS 



Iris (i r -ris) [Ipec, a halo or rainbow], i. A 
colored circular membrane placed between 
the cornea and the lens, and having a central 
perforation, the pupil. It is about half an 
inch in breadth, and consists principally of 

Ktwo sets of unstriped muscular fibers, the 
sphincter of the iris, or sphincter pupillce, a 
narrow zone of circular fibers surrounding 
the pupil, and the dilator of the iris, or dilator 
pupillce, a radiate band of fibers extending 
from the pupil to the border of the iris. 2. 
A genus of plants of the natural order Iri- 
dece. The rhizome of Iris versicolor (blue 
flag) is cathartic, emetic, and diuretic. 
Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 Gm.). I. -contrac- 
tion. See under Reflex. I., Florentine, 
orris-root, the root of Iris florentina, emeto- 
cathartic and diuretic. At present it is used 
chiefly as an ingredient of tooth-powders. 
I.-pigment, the chemically pure pigment of 
the bovine eye; triturated with water it is 
used for tattooing corneal opacities. 

Irish Moss. See Chondrus. 

Irisin (i'-ris-in). Same as Iridin. 

Iritic (i-rit'-ilz) [iritis]. Of the nature of, per- 
taining to, or affected with iritis. 

Iritis (i-ri'-tis) [iris; exec, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the iris. 

Iritoectomy (i-rit-o-ek' -to-me) [iris; hro/ir], a 
cutting out]. The removal of a portion of 
the iris and iritic membrane for occlusion 
of the pupil. 

Iritomy (i-rif '-o-me) . See Iridotomy. 

Iron (i'-ern). See Ferrum. I. Albuminate, 
contains 5 % ferric oxid or 10 % ferric chlorid. 
Dose 10-30 gr. (1.3—2.0 Gm.). I. and Am- 
monium Acetate, Solution of {liquor ferri 
et ammonii acetatis, U. S. P.). Dose 4 dr. 
(16 Cc). I. Ammonium Alum. See Ferric 
Ammonium Sulfate. I. and Ammonium 
Citrate. See Ferric Citrate, Soluble. I. and 
Ammonium Tartrate. See Ferric Ammo- 
nium Tartrate. I. Arseniate (Jerri arsenias, 
B. P.), chiefly valuable for the arsenic it con- 
tains. Dose jq-j gr. (0.006-0.008 Gm.). I. 
Bromid, used in solution in doses of 20 min. 
(1.2 Cc.) 3 times daily, as an alterative tonic 
in chorea and scrofula. I. Cacodylate, 
used in chlorosis, etc. Dose 2-4 gr. (0.13- 
0.26 Gm.) daily; hypodermatically J-i| 
gr. (0.03-0.09 Gm.). I. -casein, I. Cas- 
emate, a flesh-colored precipitate with- 
out taste or odor, obtained from casein of 
milk with iron lactate, containing 5.2% of 
ferric oxid; it is used as a nutritive. Dose 
2-10 gr. (0.13-0.65 Gm.) 3 times daily. 
Syn., Ferrum caseinatum; Iron nucleoalbumi- 
nate. I. Ferrocyanid, dark-blue powder 
or lumps obtained from ferric salts with 
potassium ferrocyanid; it is used as a tonic, 
antiperiodic, and cholagog. Dose 2-5 gr. 
(0.13-0.32 Gm.). Syn., Berlin blue; Ferric 
ferrocyanid; Insoluble iron cyanid; Prussian 
blue. I. Glycerinophosphate, FeP0 4 C 3 - 
H 5 (OH.) 2 +2H 2 0, yellow scales, soluble in 
water. It is used in neurasthenia, phos- 
phaturia, Addison's disease, etc. Dose 2 gr. 



525 IRON 

(0.13 Gm.) 3 times daily. I. Lactate, fer- 
rous lactate, a salt occurring in minute whitish- 
green crystals. Dose 5 gr. (0.32 Gm.). I. 
Mixture, Compound (mistura ferri composita, 
U. S. P.), Griffith's mixture. Dose 1-2 oz. 
(30-60 Cc). I. Nucleoalbuminate. See 
I. -casein. I. Oleate, a brownish-green, 
sticky substance containing Fe(C 18 H 33 2 ) 2 . 
It is soluble in ether and is used as a tonic 
inunction. I. Oxalate. Dose 2-3 gr. (0.13- 
0.2 Gm.). I. Oxid, Hydrated. See Ferric 
Hydroxid. I., Oxid of, Magnetic (Jerri oxidum 
magneticum, B. P.). Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 
Gm.). I. Paranucleinate, a nutritive prep- 
aration of casein of cows' milk, containing 
22 % of iron and 2.5 % of phosphorus. Dose 
5 gr. (0.3 Gm.) 3 times daily. Syn., Trifer- 
rin. I. Peptonate, contains 5 % of red iron 
oxid with peptone; a fine yellow-brown pow- 
der. Dose 2-8 gr. (0.13-0.52 Gm.). I. Per- 
chlorid. See Ferric Chlorid. I. Persulfate. 
Seel .Sulfate, Ferric. I. Phosphate (ferri phos- 
phas, B. P.). Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). 
I. Phosphate, Ferric, Fe 2 (P0 4 ) 2 , white pow- 
der, soluble in acids; used externally in solu- 
tion with dilute phosphoric acid for cari- 
ous teeth. Ointment 10 to 20% in carci- 
noma. I. Phosphate, Soluble. See Ferric 
Phosphate, Soluble. I. Phosphosarcolactate. 
See Carniferrin. I. and Potassium Tartrate 
(Jerri et potassii tartras, U. S. P.). Dose 4 gr. 
(0.25 Gm.). I. and Quinin Citrate (Jerri et 
quinince citras, U. S. P.). Dose 5—15 gr. (0.32- 
1.0 Gm.). I. and Quinin Citrate, Soluble 
(ferri et quinince citras solubilis, U. S. P.). 
Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). I., Quinin, 
and Strychnin, Glycerite of the Phosphates 
of (glyceritum ferri, quinince et strychnine 
phosphatum, U. S. P.). Dose 15 min. (1 Cc). 
I., Quinin, and Strychnin Phosphates, 
Elixir of (elixir ferri, quinince et strychnines 
phosphatum, U. S. P.). Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). 
I., Quinin, and Strychnin Phosphates, 
Syrup of (syrupus ferri, quinince et strychnince 
phosphatum, U. S. P.). Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). 
I., Reduced. See Ferrum reductum. I. and 
Strychnin Citrate (ferri et strychnince citras, 
U. S. P.). Dose 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.2 Gm.). 
I. Succinate, Fe(OH)C 4 H 4 4 , amorphous, 
reddish-brown powder, tonic and alterative, 
used as solvent in biliary calculi. Dose 1 
teaspoonful of the salt with 10 drops of 
chloroform 4 to 6 times daily. Syn., Ferric 
succinate. I. Sulfate, Ferric, Fe 2 (S0 4 ) 3 , a 
grayish-white powder used as a disinfectant 
and bactericide. Syn., Iron persulfate; Iron 
sesquisulfate; Iron tersulfate; Normal ferric 
sulfate. I. Tannate, a salt in crimson scales. 
Dose 8-30 gr. (0.52-2.0 Gm.) in 24 hours. I. 
Valerianate, a dark -red, amorphous powder. 
Dose 2-5 gr. (0.13-0.32 Gm.). I. Vitelli- 
nate, a preparation of iron and yolk of egg. 
I., Wine of (vinum ferri, U. S. P.). Dose 2 
dr. (8 Cc). I., Wine of, Bitter (vinum ferri 
amarum, U. S. P.), made from the soluble citrate 
of iron and quinin. Dose 1-4 dr. (4-16 Cc). 
See also under Ferric, Ferrous, and Ferrum. 



IRONAL 



526 



ISCHIOPUBIC 



Ironal, Ironol (i'-ron-al,-ol). A preparation 

said to contain 80% of absorbable iron. 
Irone (i'-ron) [Iris, a genus of plants; -one, 
suffix signifying keton], C 13 H 20 O. A sub- 
stance isolated from Iris florentina, believed 
to be the mother-substance of the odorous 
constituents of orris-root. 
Irradiation (ir-a-de-a' -shmiy [in, on; radiare, 
to radiate]. 1. A phenomenon in which,- 
owing to the difference in the illumination of 
the field of vision or its background, objects 
appear much larger than they really are. 
2. Diffusion in all directions from a common 
center; applied to nerve impulses, stellate 
fractures, pains felt in some position in 
undemonstrable anatomic connection with 
an affected organ, etc 
Irreducible [ir-e-du' -si-bl) [in, not; reducer e, 
to lead back]. Not reducible; not capable 
of being replaced in a normal position, as an 
irreducible hernia. 
Irregular (ir-eg'-u-lar) [in, not; regula, rule]. 
Not regular; not normal or according to 
rule; not rhythmic; not recurring at proper 
intervals, as an irregular pulse. 
Irrespirable (ir-es-pi'-ra-bl) [in, not; respirare, 
to breathe]. Not capable of being breathed. 
Irrigation (ir-ig-a'-shun) [irrigare, to lead 
water to]. The act of washing out by a 
stream of water, as irrigation of the bladder. 
I., Continuous, the continuous passage of 
a stream of water over a surface in order to 
reduce or limit inflammation. 
Irrigator (ir'-ig-a-tor) [see Irrigation]. An 

apparatus for performing irrigation. 
Irritability (ir-it-ab-iV -it-e) [irritare, to excite]. 
1. The state of being irritable or of respond- 
ing to stimuli. 2. A functional disturbance of 
a part on account of which it reacts exces- 
sively to slight stimulation, as irritability of 
the bladder, a condition in which the urine 
is voided in small quantities at short inter- 
vals. I., Contact, a phenomenon shown 
by Loeb in muscular movement by action of 
various salts, e. g., a frog's muscle previously 
treated with a Na salt the anion of which 
precipitates Ca is excited by contact with 
such substances as oil, water, air, etc., unlike 
a normal muscle. I., Faradic, the state in 
which the faradic current will cause muscular 
contraction. I., Galvanic, the ' state in 
which the galvanic current will cause muscu- 
lar contraction. I., Muscular, the inherent 
contractile quality of a muscle. I . , Nervous , 
the property of a nerve to transmit impulses 
upon stimulation. 
Irritable (ir' -it-a-bl) [see Irritability]. 1. 
Reacting to stimuli. 2. Easily excited. I. 
Bladder, a condition of the bladder marked 
by constant desire to void urine. I. Heart, 
a peculiar condition of the heart character- 
ized by precordial pain, dyspnea on exertion, 
palpitation, and irregularity of the heart's 
action. 
Irritant (ir' -it-ant) [see Irritability]. 1. 
Causing or giving rise to irritation. 2. An 
agent that induces irritation. 



Irritation (ir-it-a'-shun) [see Irritability]. 1. A 
condition of undue excitement. 2. The act 
of irritating or stimulating. 3. The- stimu- 
lus necessary to the performance of a func- 
tion. 
Irritative [ir f -it-a-tiv) [see Irritability]. Char- 
acterized by or dependent on irritation. I. 
Fever, a febrile condition dependent upon 
the presence in the body of irritating sub- 
stances. 

Isambert's Disease. Tuberculous ulcera- 
tion of the mouth, fauces, and pharynx. 

Isapiol (is-ap' -e-ol) ['cooe, equal; apiol], C 12 H, 4 - 
4 . An isomer of apiol obtained from it 
by action of alcoholic solution of potassium 
hydroxid with heat. In physiologic prop- 
erties it differs but slightly from apiol. 

Isatin (i'-sat-in) [caaxcc, woad], C 8 H 5 N0 2 . A 
substance obtained by the oxidation of 
indigo with HNO s . 

Ischemia (is-ke' -me-ah) Ylay^cv, to check; 
al/ia, blood]. Local anemia. 

Ischemic (is-kem'-ik) [see Ischemia]. Affected 
with or relating to ischemia. 

Ischeocele (is'-ke-o-sel). See Ischiocele. 

Ischialgia {is-ke-al' -je-ah) [ischium; aljog, 
pain]. Sciatica; neuralgia of the hip. 

Ischias, Ischiasis (is'-ke-as, is-ki'-a-sis). See 
Ischialgia. 

Ischiatic (is-ke-at'-ik) [ischium]. Pertaining 
to the ischium. 

Ischidrosis (is-kid-ro'-sis) faxi-cv, to suppress; 
cdpojc, sweat]. 'Suppression of sweat. 

Ischio- (is-ke-o-) [ischium]. A prefix indi- 
cating relationship to the ischium or the hip. 

Ischioanal (is-ke-o-a' '-nal) [ischio-; anus]. 
Pertaining to the ischium and anus. 

Ischiobulbar (is-ke-o-buV -bar) [ischio-; [H6X- 
ftoc, a bulb]. Pertaining to the ischium and 
the bulb of the urethra. 

Ischiocapsular (is-ke-o-kap'-su-lar) [ischio-; 
capsula, a capsule]. Pertaining to the isch- 
ium and the capsular ligament of the hip. 

Ischiocavernosus (is-ke-o-kav-er-no'-sus) [isch- 
io-; caverna, cavern]. The erector penis 
(or erector clitoridis). 

Ischiocele (is f -ke-o-sel) [ischio-; ktjXtj, hernia]. 
Hernia through the sciatic notch. 

Ischiofemoral (is-ke-o- fern' -o-ral) [ischio-; 
femur]. 1. Pertaining to the ischium and the 
femur. 2. The adductor magnus muscle. 

Ischioneuralgia (is-ke-o-nu-ral' '-je-ah) [isch- 
io-; neuralgia]. Sciatica. 

Ischiopagy {is-ke-op'-aj-e) [ischio-; nayoc, 
anything which has become solid]. A 
double monstrosity in which the two bodies 
are united at the coccyx and sacrum. 

Ischioperineal (is-ke-o-per-in-e'-al) [ischio-; 
perineum]. 1. Pertaining to both ischium 
and perineum; pertaining to the space 
between the anus, and the scrotum. 2. 
See Transversus perincei under Muscle. 

Ischioprostatic (is-ke-o-pros-tat r -ik). 1. Re- 
lating to the ischium and the prostate. 2. 
The transversus perinaei muscle. 

Ischiopubic (is-ke-o-pu'-bik). Relating to the 
ischium and the pubes. ' 



ISCHIORECTAL 



527 



ISOMETRIC 



Ischiorectal (is-ke-o-rek'-tal) [ischio-; rectum]. 
Pertaining to both ischium and rectum. I. 
Abscess, an inflammation of the areolar 
tissue of the ischiorectal fossa. I. Fossa. 
See Fossa, Ischiorectal. 

Ischium (is'-ke-um) [co%cov, hip]. The in- 
ferior part of the os innominatum; the bone 
upon which the body rests in sitting. 

Ischochymia {is-ko-ki'-me-ah) [cayjcv, to sup- 
press; ^/iof, juice]. Dilation of the stomach. 

Ischogalactia {is-ko-gal-ak' -te-ah) [cayecv, to 
suppress; jbla, milk]. Suppression of the 
natural flow of milk. 

Ischomenia {is-ko-me' -ne-ah) Vcoxecv, to sup- 
press; p.T\v, month; menses]. Suppression of 
the menstrual flow. 

Ischuretic (is-ku-ref '-ik) [see Ischuria], i. 
Relating to or relieving ischuria. 2. A 
remedy or agent that relieves retention or 
suppression of urine. 

Ischuria (is-ku' '-re-ah) ['cayecv, to suppress; 
oopov, urine]. Retention or suppression of 
urine. 

Isinglass (i'-zing-glas). See Ichthyocolla. I., 
Vegetable. See Agar. 

Island (i'-land). See Insula and Blood-islands.- 
I.s, Langerhans', little cellular masses in 
the interstitial connective tissue of the pan- 
creas, subject to various interpretations. 
I. of Reil, a group of five or six small convo- 
lutions (gyri operti) situated at the bottom 
of the fissure of Sylvius. 

Iso- (i-so-) ['iooc, equal]. A prefix signifying 
equal, or, in chemic nomenclature, isomeric. 

Isoagglutinin {i-so-ag-lu' -tin-in) [iso-; agglu- 
tinin]. An agglutinin in the blood of an 
individual capable of agglutinating the blood- 
corpuscles of another individual of the same 
species. 

Isoamylamin {i-so-am-iV -am-in) [iso-; amy- 
lum, starch; amin]. A ptomain obtained in 
the distillation of horn with potassium hy- 
droxid; it also occurs in the putrefaction of 
yeast. 

Iso-bodies (i-so-bod'-ez). See Isoagglutinin, 
Isocytolysin, Isohemolysin, etc. 

Isochromatic (i-so-kro-mat'-ik) [iso-; yp(bp.a, 
color]. Having the same color throughout. 

Isochronous (i-Sok'-ro-nus) [iso-; xpovoc, time]. 
Occurring at or occupying equal intervals 
of time. 

Isocoria (i-so-ko' -re-ah) [iso-; rcop-r), pupil] 
Equality in diameter of the two pupils. 

Isocreatinin {i-so-kre-at'-in-in), C 4 H 7 N 3 0. An 
isomer of creatinin isolated from decompos- 
ing flesh. 

Isocytolysin (1-so-si-toV -is-in) [iso-; kutoc, cell; 
Xuecv, to loose]. A cytolysin from the blood 
of an animal, capable of acting against the 
cells of other animals of the same species. 
Cf. Isohemolysin. 

Isodiametric (i-so-di-am-et' '-rik) [iso-; dm, 
through; pihpov, a measure]. Having equal 
diameters. 

Isodynamic (i-so-di-nam' '-ik) [iso-; duvap.cc, 
force]. Having or generating equal amounts 
of force. I. Foods, those that produce an 



equal amount of heat in undergoing the 
chemic changes of digestion. 

Isoelectric (i-so-e-lek f -trik) [iso-; TjXeKvpov, 
amber]. Having the same electric properties 
throughout. 

Isoerythroagglutinin [i-so-er-ith-ro-ag-lu'-tin- . 
in). See Isoagglutinin. 

Isohemoagglutinin {i-so-hem-o-ag-lu' -tin-in) . 
See Isoagglutinin. 

Isohemolysin {i-so-hem-oV -is-in) [iso-; alp.a, 
blood; Auecv, to loose]. In Ehrlich's lateral- 
chain theory, a hemolysin capable of acting 
against the blood of other animals of the 
same species as the one producing it, but 
capable of hemolizing the red blood-corpus- 
cles only of such as have red blood-corpuscle 
receptors very similar to or identical with the 
receptors of the blood giving rise to the 
hemolysin. Cf. Isocytolysin. 

Isoidiolysin {i-so-id-e-oV -is-in) . See Idioisoly- 
sin. 

Isolactose (i-so-lak' -toz) . A disaccharid or 
true sugar formed by the action of an enzym 
on lactose or milk-sugar. 

Isolate {is'-o-lat) [isola, from insula, an 
island]. To separate; to place apart. 

Isolysin {i-soV -is-in) [iso-; Xuecv, to loose]. A 
lysin produced in the blood of an animal by 
the blood-cells of another animal of the same 
species. 

Isolysis {i-sol f -is-is). The hemolytic action 
of the blood-serum of an animal of one 
species upon the corpuscles of another in- 
dividual of the same species. 

Isomaltose {i-so-mawl'-tdz), C 12 H 22 O u . A 
saccharose formed by the action on starch 
of an enzym capable of producing maltose. 
It occurs in small quantity in the urine. 

Isomer {i'-som-er) [iso-; pepog, a part]. An 
isomeric body. See Isomeric. 

Isomeric (i-so-mer'-ik) [see Isomer] . Of a 
chemic substance, composed of the same 
elements united in the same proportions by 
weight; in a restricted sense, composed of 
the same elements and having the same 
molecular weight as another substance. 

Isomerism {i-som' -er-izm) [see Isomer]. The 
quality of being isomeric. Isomerism is of 
two kinds — (1) substances may have the 
same percentage-composition and the same 
molecular weights; these are termed meta- 
meric; (2) they may have the same percent- 
age-composition, but different molecular 
weights; these are termed polymeric. Am- 
monium cyanate, CON.NH 4 , and urea, 
CON 2 H 4 , are metameric; acetylene, C 2 H 2 , 
benzene, QHg, and styrene, C 8 H 8 , are 
polymeric. I., Physical, the form in which 
bodies that are isomeric and do not differ 
chemically present different physical proper- 
ties, such as their action toward polarized 
light. _ 

Isometric (i-so-met'-rik) [iso-; pirpov, a mea- 
sure]. Of the same dimensions. I. Muscular 
Act, the preservation of the length of a 
muscle when stimulated, the muscle under- 
going change in tension only. 



ISOMETROPIA 



528 



IVORY 



Isometropia (i-so-met-ro' -pe-ah) [iso-; pkxpov, 
a measure; axp, eye]. Equality of kind and 
degree in the refraction of the two eyes. 

Isomorphic (i-so-mor' -fik) [iso-; pop<fir), form]. 
Having the same form; of crystals, crystalliz- 
ing in the same form. 

Isomorphism (i-so-mor' -fizm) [see Isomor- 
phic]. Similarity in crystalline form. 

Isomorphous (i-so-mor' '-Jus) . See Isomor- 
phic. 

Isopathy (i-sop'-ath-e) [iso-; nadoc, suffering]. 
The treatment of disease by the administra- 
tion of the causative agent or of its products, 
as the treatment of smallpox by the admin- 
istration of variolous matter. 

Isopelletierin (i-so-pel-et' -e-er-in) . See Pelle- 
tierin. 

Isopepsin (i-so-pep' -sin) [iso-; pepsin], i. A 
body formed by heating pepsin to a point 
between 104 and 140 F. (4o°-6o°C). It 
changes albumin into parapeptone. 2. 
Same as Parapeptone. 

Isophoria (i-so-)o' -re-ah) [iso-; <f>6poc, a tend- 
ing]. A condition in which the eyes lie in 
the same horizontal plane, the tension of the 
vertical muscles of each eye being equal, and 
the visual lines lying in the same plane. 

Isopilocarpin (i-so-pi-lo-kar' -pin) . An alka- 
loid from jaborandi isomeric with pilocarpin 
and similar to it in physiologic effect, but 
weaker. 

Isopral (i f -so-pral) . Trichlorisopropyl alco- 
hol. A hypnotic substance with odor of 
camphor. 

Isopters (i-sop'-terz) [iso-; dxrrjp, observer]. 
The curves of relative visual acuity of the 
retina, at different distances from the macula, 
for form and for color. 

Isothermal (i-so-ther' -mal) [iso-; deppy, heat]. 
Of equal or uniform temperature. I. Lines, 
lines drawn through places having the same 
average temperature for a given period of 
time. 

Isotonic (i-so-ton' -ik) [iso-; rovoc, tension]. 1. 
Having uniform tension or tonicity. 2. Ap- 
plied to a solution of equal density, as the 
blood or some other fluid taken as a stand- 
ard. I. Salt Solution, one having the same 
osmotic tension as the blood-serum; a 0.9% 
or "normal salt solution." 

Isotoxin (i-so-toks'-in) [iso-; xo^ckov, poison]. 
A toxin elaborated in the blood of an animal 
and toxic for animals of the same species. 

Isotropic, Isotropous (i-so-trop'-ik, i-sot'- 
ro-pus) [see Isotropy]. 1. Having the same 
shape and appearance, from whatever point 
observed. 2. Being singly refractive. 

Isotropy (i-sot' -ro-pe) [iso-; xponi], turning]. 
1. The condition of having equal or uniform 
properties throughout. 2. In embryology, 
Pfliiger's term for absence of predetermined 
axes. 

Issue (ish'-u) [Fr., issue, from exire, to go out]. 
1. An ulcer or fistulous passage made and 
kept up artificially for purposes of counter- 
irritation. 2. Offspring. 3. A discharge or 
flux. I. Pea, a pea-shaped foreign body, 



as of ivy-wood or orris-root, inserted into an 
issue to keep up suppuration. 

Isthmocholosis (is-mo-kol-o' -sis) [isthmus; 
Zohr), bile]. Angina accompanied with bil- 
ious disorder. 

Isthmopyra (is-mo-pi'-rah) [isthmus; nop, 
fire]. Inflammation of the mucosa of the 
fauces. 

Isthmus (is'-mus) [hdp.Sc, isthmus]. 1. A 
narrow, contracted part uniting two larger 
parts of an organ. 2. See Brain-axis. I. 
of the Fauces, the space between the 
arches of the palate. I. of the Thyroid 
Gland, the narrow part connecting the lobes 
of the thyroid body. 

Italian Leprosy. See Pellagra. I. Rhino- 
plasty. See Operation, Italian. 

Itch (ich) [AS., giccan, to itch]. 1. An irri- 
tating sensation in the skin. 2. A name for 
various skin diseases accompanied by itch- 
ing, particularly scabies. I., Barber's. See 
Sycosis parasitaria. I., Coolie, a superficial 
vesicular dermatitis confined entirely to the 
lower extremities, caused by the larvas of 
Uncinaria duodenalis . It is endemic in Assam 
and other tropical regions among the laborers 
in tea-gardens and in damp soil. I., Cuban, 
a disease supposed to be a mild form of 
smallpox introduced by soldiers returning 
from the Cuban war. I., Dhobie, a form 
of ringworm locating itself under the arms 
and between the legs when the skin is moist; 
very troublesome to soldiers in the tropics. 
Syn., Manila itch. I., Frost, pruritus 
hiemalis. I. -mite. See Acarus scabiei. 

-ite (-it). 1. A suffix employed in mineral- 
ogy to denote a mineral or of mineral origin. 
2. A suffix employed in chemistry for the 
salt of an acid that has the suffix -ous. 

Iter (i'-ter) [L.]. A passageway. I. ad in- 
fundibulum, the passage between the third 
ventricle of the brain and the infundibulum. 
I. a tertio ad quartum ventriculum, the 
aqueduct of Sylvius, extending from the 
third ventricle to the fourth. I. chordae 
anterius, the aperture through which the 
chorda tympani nerve leaves the tympanum. 
I. chordae posterius, the aperture through 
which the chorda tympani nerve enters the 
tympanum. 

Iteral (i'-ter-al) [iter]. Relating to a passage, 
particularly the sylvian aqueduct. 

Ithycyphes, Ithycyphos (ith-e-si' -fez, -}os) 
[Wi)KU<j>T)c, curved directly outward]. Hav- 
ing a backward angular projection of the 
spinal column. 

Itinerarium (i-tin-er-a' -re-um) [iter]. A lith- 
otomy staff. 

-itis (-i-tis) [exec, inflammation]. A suffix used 
to denote inflammation. 

Itrol (it'-rol). Silver citrate. See under Silver. 

Itrosyl (it'-ro-sil). Concentrated nitrous 
ether. 

Ivory (i'-vor-e) [eboreus, made of ivory, from 
ebur, ivory]. The hard, bone-like substance 
chiefly obtained from the tusks of elephants. 
I. -black, animal charcoal. I., Decalcified, 



IXODES 



529 



(VON) JAKSCH'S DISEASE 



ivory treated with acid and deprived 
of inorganic constituents. I., Dental, 
dentin. 

Ixodes (iks-o'-dez) [/fof, bird-lime; eldoc, 
form]. A genus of the order Acarida, in- 
cluding most of the parasitic ticks. 

Ixodic (iks-od'-ik) [see Ixodes]. Due to or de- 
rived from ticks. 

Ixodin {iks'-od-in) [see Ixodes]. A ferment 



found in an extract of wood-ticks, obtained by 
means of a physiologic salt solution. This 
substance injected intravenously in large 
quantities reduces blood-pressure and arrests 
cardiac action. 
Ixyomyelitis (iks-e-o-mi-el-i' '-tis) [c^ug. waist; 
fiueXoc, marrow; eu£, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the lumbar portion of the 
spinal cord. 



J. Symbol of Joule's equivalent. 

Jaborandi {jab -or -an' -de). See Pilocarpus. 

Jaborandin {jab-o-ran' -din) . Synonym of 
Pilocarpin. 

Jacaranda (jak-ar-an'-dah). A genus of 
bignoniaceous plants of tropical America, 
several species of which are employed in 
syphilis in Brazil. /. carabo is antisyphilitic 
and is of service in the treatment of urethritis, 
rheumatism, and skin diseases. Dose of the 
fluidextract 16 min,-i dr. (1-4 Cc). /. lan- 
cifoliata is used by the natives of Brazil in 
urethritis. Dose of a 1 : 8 tincture 15 min. (1 
Cc); of the fluidextract 16-30 min. (1-2 Cc). 
/. procera is indigenous to South America, and 
furnishes Caraiba bark, used in diarrhea and 
dysentery. The leaves are tonic, diaphoretic, 
and diuretic, and used in gonorrhea, gout, etc 

Jaccoud's Dissociated Fever. Fever with 
irregularity and slowness of the pulse in 
tuberculous meningitis of adults. J.'s Sign. 

1. A lateral displacement and rolling move- 
ment of a portion of the thoracic wall in ad- 
herent pericardium, especially when this is 
associated with extrapericardiac adhesions. 

2. Prominence of the aorta in the region of 
the suprasternal notch in cases of aortic 
dilation. 

Jackson's Syndrome. Associated paralysis 
of the soft palate and larynx, accompanied 
by paralysis of the trapezius, the sternomas- 
toid, and one-half of the tongue. 

Jacksonian Epilepsy. Cortical epilepsy. 

Jacob's Membrane. The layer of rods and 
cones of the retina. J.'s Ulcer, rodent ulcer 
of the face occurring most commonly near 
the inner canthus. 

Jacobson's Anastomosis. The tympanic 
plexus. J.'s Canal, the tympanic canal that 
opens on the lower surface of the petrous 
portion of the temporal bone and transmits 
Jacobson's nerve. J.'s Cartilage, a strip 
of hyaline cartilage extending from the nasal 
spine upward and backward between the 
nasal septum and vomer; it is well developed 
in certain animals, but rudimentary in man. 
J.'s Nerve, the tympanic branch of the 
glossopharyngeal nerve. J.'s Organ, a 
short, rudimentary canal, extending along 
the septum of Stenson's duct, and ending in 
35 



a culdesac J.'s Retinitis, diffuse syphilitic 
retinitis. J.'s Sulcus, the vertical sulcus 
for the tympanic nerve on the promontory of 
. the tympanum. 

Jacquemier's Sign. Blue coloration of the 
vaginal mucosa appearing about the twelfth 
week of pregnancy. 

Jacquemin's Test for Phenol. Add to the 
solution an equal amount of anilin and then 
a solution of sodium hypochlorite; a blue 
color is produced. 

Jactitation {jak-tit-a'-shun) [jactitare, to pour 
forth]. A tossing about, a condition at 
times present in grave diseases. 

Jadelot's Lines, J.'s Furrows. Certain 
furrows of the face observed in conditions 
of disease. Three sets are distinguished,: 
The genal and nasal furrows are said to 
indicate disease of the gastrointestinal tract 
or abdominal viscera; the former runs from 
the mouth toward the malar bone, the latter 
from the nasal alas in a semicircle about the 
mouth; the labial furrow, from the angle of 
the mouth outward to the lower part of the 
face, indicates disease of the lungs; the 
oculozygomatic furrow, beginning at the inner 
canthus of the eye, and passing outward 
below the lower lid, to be lost on the cheek; 
it is said to point to disorders of the nervous 
system. 

Jaffe's Reaction for Creatinin. Add to the 
solution a solution of picric acid and a few 
drops of sodium hydroxid solution, and warm. 
The presence of creatinin is evinced by a red 
coloration, which changes to yellow if acid 
is added. Acetone and glucose give a similar 
reaction. J.'s Sign, the flow of pus from a 
tube inserted into a subdiaphragmatic abscess 
is more abundant during inspiration than 
during expiration; if the collection is thoracic, 
the inverse holds true. Paralysis of the 
diaphragm prevents the manifestation of 
this sign. 

Jail-fever. Typhus fever. 

(von) Jaksch's Disease. Infantile pseudo- 
leukemia, v. J.'s Test for Free Hydro- 
chloric Acid in Gastric Juice , saturate filter- 
paper with a solution of benzopurpurin 6 B, 
and dry; this gives, with dilute solutions of 
HC1, a beautiful violet color. If it assumes 



JALAP 



530 



JEJUNOCOLOSTOMY 



a dark-blue color, the solution contains more 
than 0.4 Gm. of HC1 in 100 Cc. of the solu- 
tion, v. J.'s Test for Glucose in Urine, 

to 6-8 Cc. of urine add 2 parts of phenylhy- 
drazin hydrochlorate and 3 parts of sodium 
acetate; warm, place the tube in boiling 
water for from 20 to 30 minutes, then in cold 
water. The presence of glucose is shown 
by a precipitate consisting of groups of yellow 
needles of phenylglucosazone. In doubtful 
cases determine the melting-point of these 
crystals to be 204°-205° C. v. J.'s Test for 
Melanin, treat the liquid to be tested with 
a few drops of a concentrated solution of 
ferric chlorid. If melanin is present, it will 
turn gray, and more ferric chlorid being 
added, the precipitate, consisting of the 
coloring-matter and the phosphates, is redis- 
solved. v. J.'s Test for Uric Acid, allow 
the powder to heat gently on a watch-glass 
with a drop or two of chlorin or bromin 
water. A red residue is formed which, when 
cold, turns a purple red when ammonia is 
added. 

Jalap, Jalapa (jal'-ap, -ah) [from Jalapa, a city 
of Mexico]. The tuberous root of Exogonium 
purga, a plant of the natural order Convolvu- 
lacecB. Its active principle is a resin which 
contains a glucosid, convolvulin, C 31 H S0 O 16 . 
Jalap is an active hydragog cathartic, and is 
used to remove dropsical effusions by the 
bowel. Combined with calomel it is a favor- 
ite remedy in bilious fever. Dose of pow- 
dered jalap 5-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). J., Com- 
pound Powder of (pulvis jalapa compositus, 
U. S. P.). Dose 10 gr.-i dr. (0.65-4.0 Gm.). 
J., Resin of (resina jalapce, U. S. P.). Dose 
4-8 gr. (0.26-0.52 Gm.). 

Jalapin (jal'-ap -in) [jalap]. A purgative glu- 
cosid from various kinds of jalap. 

Jamaica Dogwood. See Piscidia erythrina. 

James' Powder. A prompt diaphoretic, con- 
sisting of antimonious oxid, t,^, and calcium 
phosphate, 67 parts. 

Jamestown Weed. See Stramonium. 

Jamieson's Salve. Lanolin, 3 parts; oil of 
sweet almond, § part; distilled water, \ part. 
A base for eye -ointments. 

Janiceps (jan'-is-eps) [Janus, a two-faced 
divinity; caput, head]. A syncephalic mon- 
strosity with two faces. 

Japaconin (jap-ak'-on-in), C 26 H 41 NO 10 . A 
decomposition-product of japaconitin. 

Japaconitin (jap-ak-on'-it-in), C C6 H 8S N 2 21 , 
A base; the most poisonous of the known 
aconite alkaloids. It is obtained from 
Aconitum japonicum. On saponification it 
splits up into benzoic acid and japaconin. 

Jarjavay's Muscle. The depressor urethrae, 
a fasciculus of the constrictor urethrae that 
passes transversely over the urethra and 
joins the fibers of the constrictor vaginae. 

Jasmine (jas'-min). See Gelsemium. 

Jatropha (jat'-ro-fah) [laxpoc, a physician; 
rpo^-fj, nourishment]. A genus of euphorbia- 
ceous plants. J. curcas is the source of 
purging-nuts. /. gossypifolia, the tua-tua 



plant, indigenous to South America, West 
Indies, and Africa, has purgative leaves used 
in colic and bilious affections. It is highly 
extolled in Venezuela as a cure for leprosy. 
/. manihot yields tapioca. 

Jaundice (jawn'-dis) [Fr., jaunisse, from 
jaune, yellow]. A yellow discoloration of 
the skin, mucous membranes, and secretions, 
due to the presence of bile-pigments in the 
blood. See Icterus. J., Acathectic, J., 
Akathektic, a name given by Lieber- 
meister to the majority of cases usually 
classified as hematogenous icterus, but which 
he holds to be due to a disturbed activity of 
the liver-cells, which, in consequence of 
injury* lose their ability to secrete bile in the 
direction of the bile-ducts, a consequence of 
which, is the diffusion of the bile into the 
blood-vessels and lymph-vessels of the liver. 
Syn., Diffusion icterus; Functional jaundice. 
J., Catarrhal, that due to swelling of the bile- 
ducts from catarrh. J., Hematogenous, 
that form due to excessive destruction of 
blood-corpuscles. J., Hepatogenous, that 
due to obstruction to the flow of bile from 
the liver. By some all forms of jaundice 
are considered hepatogenous, since bile is 
made only in the liver. J., Malignant, 
acute yellow atrophy of the liver. See Icterus 
gravis. J., Murphy's Law of, jaundice 
due to gall-stone is always preceded by colic; 
jaundice due to malignant disease, or catarrh 
of the ducts accompanied by infection, is 
never preceded by colic. J. of the New- 
born. See Icterus neonatorum. J., Ob- 
structive, that due to permanent obstruc- 
tion of the common bile-duct. It is persis- 
tent and deep, and accompanied by irrita- 
bility, depression, and later coma, delirium 
or convulsions, a slow pulse, and subcutan- 
eous hemorrhages. J., Paradoxic, Ad- 
dison's disease. J., Saturnine, jaundice 
occurring in lead-poisoning. 

Jaw [ME.]. 1. Either of the two parts 
of the face (upper or lower jaw) serving the 
purpose of seizing or masticating the food. 
2. Also the bone (jaw-bone or jaw) that forms 
the framework of the jaw. J. -jerk, J.- 
clonus, a reflex contraction of the muscles 
of mastication produced by suddenly depres- 
sing the lower. jaw. See under Reflex. J., 
Lock-, J., Locked. See Lockjaw. J., 
Lumpy, actinomycosis of cattle. 

Jaworski's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles, Jaw- 
prski's. 

Jecorin (jek'-or-in) [jecur]. 1. C 1 o 5 H 186 N 5 SP 3 . 
A body found in liver-substance; it resembles 
lecithin, but reduces Fehling's solution. It 
occurs also in the spleen, muscle, brain, etc. 
2. A proprietary substitute for cod-liver oil. 

Jecur (je'-ker) [L.]. The liver. 

Jejunal (je-ju'-naV) [jejunum]. Pertaining to 
the jejunum. 

Jejunocolostomy (je-ju-no-ko-los'-to-me) [je- 
junum; koXov, colon; oxbp.a, mouth]. The 
formation of an artificial passage between 
the jejunum and the colon. 



JEJUNOILEOSTOMY 



531 



JUGATE 



Jejunoileostomy {je-ju-no-il-e-os' -to-me) [je- 
junum; ileum; ord[ia, mouth]. The forma- 
tion of an artificial communication between 
the jejunum and the ileum. 

Jejunostomy {je-ju-nos' -to-me) [jejunum; 
ozopta, mouth]. The making of an artificial 
opening through the abdominal wall into 
the jejunum. 

Jejunotomy (je-ju-not' -o-me) [jejunum; ze/i- 
vecv, to cut]. Partial excision of the jejunum. 

Jejunum (je-ju'-num) [jejunus, empty, be- 
cause usually found empty after death]. 
The second division of the small intestine 
extending between the duodenum and the 
ileum, and measuiing about 8 feet (2.2 
meters) in length. 

Jelly (jel'-e) [gelare, to freeze]. A soft, gelati- 
nous, tremulous substance. J., Bacterial, 
the gelatinous matrix which causes certain 
bacteria to adhere to one another in masses 
or pellicles. See Zooglea. J. -leaf, the mu- 
cilaginous leaf of Sida rhombifolia, used in 
making poultices. J., Oat-, a dietetic pre- 
paration used in infant-feeding. It is pre- 
pared by soaking 4 ounces of coarse oatmeal 
in a quart of cold water for 12 hours. The 
mixture is then boiled down to 1 pint and 
allowed to cool. J., Wharton's. See Whar- 
ton's Jelly. 

Jendrassik's Maneuver. Interlocking of the 
fingers and forcible drawing apart of the 
hands, to facilitate the production of the 
knee-jerk. 

Jennerian (jen-e' -re-an) . Pertaining to Ed- 
ward Jenner, the discoverer of vaccination 
against smallpox. 

Jequiritol (je-kwir 1 -it-ol) . A sterile solution of 
abrin used in corneal affections. 

Jequirity (je-kwir' -it-e) . See Abrus. 

Jervin (jer'-vin). See Veratrum. 

Jesuits' Bark. Peruvian bark; the bark of 
several species of cinchona. 

Jez's Antityphoid Extract. An extract ob- 
tained from thymus gland, spleen, bone- 
marrow, brain, and spinal cord of rabbits 
immunized by frequent inoculations with 
cultures of typhoid bacilli; this is triturated 
in a solution of sodium chlorid, alcohol, 
glycerol, and a minute quantity of phenol; 
a more recent formula contains peptone. 

Jigger. See Pulex. 

Jimson-weed (jim' 'son-wed) . See Stramo- 
nium. 

Jobert's Fossa. One formed in the popliteal 
region, above, by the adductor magnus, 
below, by the sartorius and gracilis. It is 
well seen when the knee is bent and the 
thigh rotated strongly outward. 

Joffroy's Symptom. 1. Absence of facial 
contraction when the patient suddenly turns 
his eyes upward; seen in exophthalmic goiter. 
2 . Rhythmic twitching of the glutei on pres- 
sure upon the gluteal region in cases of 
spastic paraplegia and sciatica. Syn., Phe- 
nomena de la hanche. 

Johnson's Test for Albumin in Urine. A 
concentrated solution of picric acid is poured 



upon the surface of the urine in a test-tube. 
A ring of white precipitate occurs at the 
junction of the two liquids; this increases 
on heating. Peptones and albumoses are 
precipitated by this reagent, but the precipi- 
tate redissolves on heating. 

Johnstoni Area. See Celsus' Area. 

Joint. See Articulation. J., Charcot's. See 
Charcot's Disease (2). 

Jolly's Electric Reaction. When the con- 
tractility of a muscle is exhausted by the 
faradic current, it can still be excited by the 
influence of the will, and, inversely, when 
voluntary movements are impossible, the 
muscle can contract itself by faradization. 
This phenomenon is observed in certain amy- 
otrophies. 

Jones' Solution for the Detection of Albu- 
min in the Urine. Corrosive sublimate, 10 
parts; sodium chlorid, 10 parts; succinic acid, 
20 parts; distilled water, 500 parts. J. 's Test 
for Bile-pigments in Urine, put in a stop- 
per cylinder 50 Cc. of urine, and add a few 
drops of 10 % hydrochloric acid and an ex- 
cess of a barium chlorid solution with 5 Cc. 
chloroform, and shake for several minutes. 
Then, by means of a pipet, remove the chloro- 
form and the precipitate, place in a 'test-tube, 
and heat on the water-bath to about 8o° C. 
When the chloroform has evaporated, decant 
the liquid from the precipitate carefully and 
let three drops of concentrated sulfuric acid, 
containing one-third fuming nitric acid, flow 
down the sides of the test-tube. If bile-pig- 
ments are present, the characteristic colora- 
tion results. 

Jorissen's Test for Formaldehyd in Milk. 
To several drops of a 10 % aqueous solution 
of phloroglucinol add 10 Cc. of the suspected 
milk in a test-tube, shake well, and add a few 
drops of caustic soda or caustic potash. In 
the presence of formaldehyd a delicate red 
color appears. 

Jorissenne's Sign. During the early stage 
of pregnancy the change of position of the 
woman from the horizontal to the erect does 
not increase the pulse-rate. 

Josseraud's Sign. A peculiar loud, metallic 
sound, heard over the pulmonic area, and pre- 
ceding the friction-sound in acute pericarditis. 

Joule (jowl) [after J. P. Joule, an English 
physicist]. 1. A unit of electric energy, 
equivalent to the work expended when a 
current of one ampere flows for one second 
against a resistance of one ohm. 2. A small 
calory — the amount of heat required to raise 
the gram of water i°C. 

Joule's Equivalent. The mechanic equivalent 
of heat or the amount of work that, converted 
into heat, will raise the temperature of 1 
pound of water i°F. It is equivalent to 772 
foot-pounds. 

Jugal (ju'-gaV) [jugum]. Connecting or uniting, 
as by a yoke. J. Bone, the malar bone. 
J. Process, the zygomatic process. - 

Jugate (ju'-gat) [jugum]. 1. Having ridges. 
2. Coupled together; yoked. 



JUGLANS 



532 



JUXTAPOSITION 



Juglans (ju'-glanz) [L., "walnut"]. Butternut. 
The bark of the root of J. cinerea, of the 
natural order Juglandacece. It' is a mild ca- 
thartic, and has also been used in intermit- 
tent and remittent fever. 

Jugomaxillary (ju-go-maks'-il-a-re) [jugum; 
maxilla, the jaw]. Relating to the jugular 
vein and the maxilla. 

Jugular (ju'-gu-lar) [jugulum]. Pertaining 
to the throat. J. Foramen. See Foramen, 
Jugular. J. Fossa, a notch in the posterior 
border of the petrous portion of the temporal 
bone, which, with a similar notch in the 
occipital bone, forms the foramen lacerum 
posterius. J. Ganglion, the superior gan- 
glion of the glossopharyngeal nerve. J. Pro- 
cess, a rough process external to the condyle 
of the occipital bone J. Veins, the internal 
jugular vein collects the blood from the brain, 
part of the face and neck, and unites with 
the subclavian vein to form the vena innom- 
inata; the external jugular vein carries the 
blood from the exterior of the cranium and 
parts of the face and empties into the sub- 
clavian vein. 

Jugulate (ju'-gu-lat) [jugulum]. To check or 
stop any process promptly. 

Jugulation (ju-gu-la' -shun) [jugidatio, a kill- 
ing]. The swift arrest of disease by thera- 
peutic means; also the arrest of an epidemic 
by prompt and effective measures. 

Jugulum (ju'-gu-lum) [L.]. The collar-bone; 
also the throat. 

Jugum (ju'-gum) [L.]. i. A yoke. 2. A 
ridge. 

Juice (jus) [jus, broth]. 1. The liquid con- 
tained in vegetal or animal tissues. 2. Any 
of the secretions of the body,~as the intestinal 
or pancreatic juice. 

Jujube (ju'-jub) [L., jujuba]. The fruit of the 
jujube tree, Zizyphus jujuba. J. -paste, a 
paste containing the pulp of jujubes and used 
in pulmonary disorders. It is now made of 
gum-arabic or of gelatin, variously flavored. 

Julep (ju'-lep) [Pers., julab, a sweet drink]. 
A sweetened drink containing aromatic or 
medicinal substances. 

Jumentous (ju-men' -tus) [jumentum, a beast 
of burden]. Like a beast of burden; horse- 
like : applied to the odor of urine. 

Jumpers (jum' -perz) [Scand., gumpa, to jump]. 
Persons afflicted with a peculiar neurosis 
by reason of which they do whatever they 
are told, and perform sudden leaping or jump- 
ing movements. See Lata; Palmus. 

Jungbluth's Vessels. Nutrient vessels lying 
immediately beneath the amnion and dis- 
appearing usually at an early period of em- 
bryonic life. 

Juniper, Juniperus (ju'-nip-er, ju-nip'-er-us). 
1. An evergreen shrub or tree belonging to the 
genus Juniperus. Juniperus sabina yields savin 



- (sabina, U. S. P.). The tops of J", virginiana, 
red cedar, are used as a substitute for savin. 2. 
The fruit or berry of /. communis, containing 
a volatile oil and an amorphous substance, 
juniperin. The oil is a stimulant to the gen- 
itourinary mucous membrane and is used in 
nephritis, pyelitis, and cystitis. J., Oil of 
(oleum juniperi, U. S. P.). Dose 1-4 min. 
(0.065-0.26 Cc). J., Spirit of (spiritus juni- 
peri, U. S. P.). Dose 30 min.-i dr. (2-4 Cc). 
J., Spirit of, Compound (spiritus juniperi 
compositus, U. S. P.). Dose 1-4 dr. (4-16 
Cc). J. Tar, Oil of. See Cade, Oil of. 
Junket (junk'-et) [jonke, a rush]. "Curds 
and whey," prepared by coagulating milk 
with rennet. 
Junod's Boot (ju'-no). A boot-shaped case, 
usually of stiff leather, made to inclose the 
leg, so that, the air being exhausted, the 
blood rushes to the inclosed part. It has 
been employed to relieve inflammation and 
congestion of the viscera. 
Jurisprudence (ju-ris-pru' -dens) [jus, law; 
prudentia, skill]. The science of the inter- 
pretation and application of the law. J., 
Medical, the applica- 
tion of medical knowl- 
edge to the principles of 
common law. 
Jury-mast (ju' -re-mast) 
[jury, from Dan. kiore, 
a driving; mast]. A 
steel shaft with curved 
iron rods -attached, em- 
ployed to support the 
head in disease of the 
upper vertebras. 
Justo (jus' -to). "Ablative 
of justum, that which 
is right. J. major, 
more than is right; 
larger in all dimensions 
than normal; applied to 
a pelvis. J. minor, 
\ abnormally small. 
] Justus' Test. Transient 
reduction of hemoglobin 
following the adminis- 
tration of mercury by 
inunction or hypoder- 
matic injection in syphilis. 
Jute (jut) [Beng., jut, matted hair]. The 
bast-fiber of several species of the genus 
Corchorus, grown chiefly in India and Cey- 
lon. Jute is used as an absorbent dressing. 
Juvantia (ju-van' -she-ah) [L., "aiding"]. Ad- 
juvant remedies or medicines. 
Juxtaarticular (juks-tah-ar-tik' -u-lar) [juxta, 

near; articulus, a joint]. Near a joint. 
Juxtaposition (juks - tah - po-zish'-un) [juxta; 
positio, position]. Situation adjacent to an- 
other; the act of placing near; apposition. 




Jury-mast. — (Sayre.) 



533 



KARYOKINESIS 



K 



K. The symbol for potassium (kalium). 

K.,Ka. Abbreviations of kathode or of kathodic. 

Kaes-Bechterew's Layer. See Bechterew's 
Layer. 

Kahlbaum's Disease. Katatonia; a form of 
insanity progressing to imbecility. 

Kahler's Disease. A constitutional affection 
characterized by the formation of round- 
celled neoplasms in the skeleton, paroxysms 
of pain, a tendency to spontaneous fractures, 
especially of the ribs, enlargement of the 
spleen. and lymphatic glands, and the presence 
of Bence Jones' bodies in the urine. K.'s 
Law, the ascending branches of the posterior 
spinal nerve-roots, after entering the cord, 
pass successively from the root-zone toward 
the mesial plane. 

Kahler-Singer's Law. See Kahler's Law. 

Kairin (ki'-rin) [nacpoc, the right time], C 10 - 
H la NO . HC1 . H 2 0. Oxychinolin-ethyl hy- 
drochlorate; antipyretic, diaphoretic, and 
emetic, and has been used as a substitute 
for quinin. Dose 5—15 gr. (0.32—1.0 Gm.). 
K., Ethyl, Kairin A, C 9 H }0 (C 2 H 5 )NO . HC1, 
recommended as antipyretic in doses of 8-25 
gr. (0.5-1.6 Gm.). 

Kairolin (ki'-ro-lin) [kairin], C 10 H 15 N. Methyl- 
quinolin hydrid. An antipyretic resembling 
kairin, but less efficient. 

Kaki (kak'-e). The fruit of Diospyros kaki, 
Japanese persimmon; used in vomiting of 
pregnancy and in diarrhea. 

Kakidrosis (kak-id-ro f -sis) [na/coc, bad; cdpd>c, 
sweat]. Fetid perspiration. 

Kakke (kak'-ka) [Chinese for "leg disease"]. 
Epidemic and endemic multiple neuritis, or 
beriberi. 

Kakodyl [kak'-o-dil). See Cacodyl. 

Kakosmia (kak-oz'-me-ah). See Cacosmia. 

Kala-azar. An obscure fatal disease, preva- 
lent in Assam, supposed to be due to the 
effects of uncinariasis upon a population 
poisoned by malaria. 

•Kali (ka'-li) [Ar., qali, potash]. Potash. 

Kaligenous (kal-ij' -en-us) [kali; generate, to 
produce]. Yielding potash. 

Kalimeter (ka-lim' -et-er) . See Alkalimeter. 

Kalium {ka'-le-um). Potassium. 

Kamila, Kamala {kam-i'-lah, -a'-lah) [Hind., 
kamila]. Rottlera. The glands and hairs 
from the capsules of Mallotus philippinensis 
(Rottlera tinctoria), native to southern Asia 
and Abyssinia. It is purgative and anthel- 
mintic, and is used for the expulsion of lum- 
bricoid worms and tape-worms. 

Kamilin, Kamalin. See Rottlerin. 

Kangaroo. A marsupial mammal of Aus- 
tralia and the neighboring islands. K. Ten- 
don, a tendon derived from the tail of the 
kangaroo and used for surgical ligatures. 

Kaolin, Kaolinum (ka'-o-lin, ka-o-W -num) 
[Chin., kaoling, "high ridge"]. Aluminium 
silicate. The kaolinum of the U. S. P. is ob- 



tained from the decomposition of feldspar. 
It is sometimes used as a protective applica- 
tion in eczema and as a coating for pills. Syn., 
China-clay; White clay. 

Kaposi's Disease. See Xeroderma pigmentosum. 

Karnoid (kar'-noid). See Carnoid. 

Karyaster (kar-e-as'-ter) [karyon; dozfjp, a 
star]. The radiate arrangement of the chro- 
mosome during karyokinesis. Syn., Aster. 

Karyenchyma ikar-e-en' -ke-mali) [karyon; iv, 
in; x £ ~ ilJ > to pour]. The clear ground-sub- 
stance occupying the meshes of the nuclear 
reticulum. Syn., Karyolymph; Nuclear sap. 

Karyo- (kar-e-o-) [karyon]. A prefix signifying 
relating to the karyon or cell-nucleus. 

Karyochromatophil (kar-e-o-kro- mat'-o-fil) 
[karyo-; xpajpa, color; (piAelv, to love]. 1. 
Having a stainable nucleus. 2. A stainable 
nucleus. 

Karyochrome (kar'-e-o-krom) [karyo-; %pd>pia, 
color]. A nerve-cell the nucleus of which 
stains best. 

Karyoclasis {kar-e-ok' -las-is). See Karyorrhexis. 

Karyogamy (kar-e-og'-am-e) [karyo-; yapo^, 
marriage]. A conjugation of cells character- 
ized by a fusion of the nuclei. Cf . Plastogamy. 

Karyokinesis (kar-e-o-kin-e'-sis) [karyo-; k'iv- 
yoic, movement; change]. Indirect cell- 




Karyokinesis. 
A. Nuclear reticulum, resting stage. B. Preparing for 
division. C. Wreath stage. D. Monaster with achro- 
matic spindle. E. Barrel or pithode stage, or meta- 
kinesis, i. e., chromatin fibrils traveling along the 
achromatic spindle toward the poles. F. Diaster. G. 
Daughter-wreath stage. H. Daughter- cells passing to 
resting stage. 



KARYOKINETIC 



534 



KATELECTROTONUS 



division, the common mode of reproduction 
of cells. It depends upon complicated changes 
in the mitome of the cell -nucleus that may 
be divided into the following steps: i. The 
nucleus becomes larger; the mitome filaments 
thicken and form a close skein, or spirem. 
2. The fibrils become less convoluted and 
more widely separated, forming the loose 
skein; at the same time the nuclear spindles, 
two cone-shaped striated bodies, appear in 
the achromatin. 3. The mitome fibrils split 
longitudinally. 4. The segments migrate 
toward the poles of the new nuclei, constitut- 
ing daughter-wreaths, or asters. 5. Trans- 
formation of asters into fully developed nuclei. 
6. Division of the "cell -protoplasm. 

Karyokinetic (kar-e-o-kin-et'-ik) [see Karyo- 
kinesis]. Pertaining to karyokinesis, as 
karyokinetic figures, the forms assumed by 
the mitome in karyokinesis. 

Karyo lymph (kar'-e-o-limf). See Karyen- 
chyma. 

Karyolysis (kar-e-ol'-is-is) [karyo-; Xuscv, to 
loose]. The segmentation of the nucleus of 
the cell. 

Karyomite (kar'-e-o-mit). See Chromosome. 

Karyomitome [kar-e-om' -it-om) {karyo-; ft hoc, 
thread]. The mitome threads of the nucleus. 

Karyomitosis {kar-e-o-mit-o' -sis) [see Karyo- 
mitome]. Karyokinesis. 

Karyomitotic (kar-e-o-mit-of -ik) [see Karyo- 
mitome]. Relating to karyomitosis. 

Karyon (kar'-e-on) [napuov, nucleus]. The cell- 
nucleus. 

Karyophagus (kar-e-of'-ag-us) [karyo-; fyayetv, 
to eat; pi., karyophagi]. A cytozoon which 
destroys the nucleus of the infected cell. 

Karyoplasm ikar' -e-o-plazm) [karyo-; TtXhaoecv, 
to form]. 1. The nuclear substance of a cell. 
2. The more fluid material in the meshes of 
the chromoplasm. 

Karyorrhexis (kar-e-or-ek'-sis) [karyo-; prj&c, 
rupture]. Fragmentation or splitting up of a 
nucleus into a number of chromatin particles 
which become scattered in the cytoplasm; it 
occurs in the cells of the disappearing follicles 
of the ovary. 

Karyota {kar-e-o' -tali) [karyon]. Nucleated 
cells. 

Karyotheca {kar-e-o-the' -ka) [karyo-; dy/cy, 
case]. Nuclear membrane. 

Kasagra (kas-ag'-rah) . A proprietary prepara- 
tion of cascara sagrada. 

Kasena (kas'-e-nah). An aromatic preparation 
of cascara and senna. Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). 

Kata- (kat-ah-). A prefix denoting down or 
intensive. For words thus beginning and not 
found under K see Cata-. 

Katabiotic (kat-ah-bi-ot'-ik) [kata-; (Itoc, life]. 
Applied to the power of growing structures 
which causes the development of approximate 
cells to be harmonious with the primary 
structure. 

Katabolergy (kat-ab-ol'-er-je) [kata-; paXXav, to 
throw; 'ipyov, work]. Energy extended in 
katabolic processes. 

Katabolic (kat-ab-ol'-ik) [kata-; fiaXXecv, to 



- throw]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, 
katabolism. 

Katabolin, Katabolite (kat-ab'-o-lin, -lite) 
[see Katabolic]. Any product of katabo- 
lism. 

Katabolism {kat-ab' -ol-izm) [see Katabolic]. 
Destructive metamorphosis; disassimilation; 
physiologic disintegration. 

Katacrotic (kat-ah-krot' -ik) [kata-; Kpozoc, a 
striking]. Interrupting the line of descent in 
a sphygmogram. 

Katadicrotic (kat-ah-di-krot'-ik). Having one 
or more secondary expansions, as a pulse. 

Katadioptric (kat-ah-di-of-trik) [kata-; diox- 
vrjp, a watchman]. Applied to optical instru- 
ments which have the power of reflecting and 
refracting light at the same time. 

Katadrome ikat-ad'-ro-me) [nazazpixecv, to 
run at or over]. 1. The onset of a disease. 
2. The decline of a disease. 

Katalysis (kat-al'-is-is) [kata-; Xuecv, to dissolve]. 
In chemistry, a reaction that appears to 
take place owing to the mere presence of 
another body that apparently undergoes no 
change. 

Katalyst (kat'-al-isf). A substance having the 
power to produce katalysis. 

Katalytic (kat-al-it'-ik) [see Katalysis]. 1. Of 
the nature of, or characterized by, katal- 
ysis. 2. Any medicine that is supposed to 
break down, destroy, or counteract morbid 
agencies existing within the economy. 3. A 
retrogressive change. 

Katalyzer (kat'-al-i-zer). A substance acceler- 
ating chemic or physical processes which 
would occur without it. 

Kataphoria (kat-ah- fo'-re-ah) [kata-; cpopoc, 
tending]. A tendency of both eyes to assume 
too low a plane. 

Kataphoric (kat-af-or'-ik) [kataphoria]. 1. 
Passing or causing to pass from the anode to 
the kathode, through a diaphragm or septum. 
2. Relating to lethargy or to apoplexy. 

Katastaltic (kat-as-taV -tik) [mzaozeXXstv, to 
check; to send downward]. 1. Astringent. 
2. Passing from above downward (as a 
nerve -impulse). 3. An inhibitory or sedative 
agent. 

Katastate (kat f -as-tat) [Kazaozazof, settling 
down]. Any one of a series of suc- 
cessive katabolic substances or conditions, 
each one of which is less complex, more 
stable, and exhibits less functional activity 
than its predecessor. 

Katatonia (kat-at-o' -ne-ah) [kata-; zbvoc, tension]. 
A form of insanity characterized by a pathetic 
emotional state and verbigeration, combined 
with a condition of motor tension. 

Katatricrotism (kat-at-ri-krof -izm) [kata-; 
zpe'cc, three; upozbc, a striking]. The occur- 
rence of a third pulsation in the downward 
stroke of the sphygmograph. 
Katatropia (kat-ah-tro'-pe-ah) [kata-; zpbnog, 
a turn]. An actual turning of both eyes 
downward. 

Katelectrotonus (kal-el-ek-trot'-o-nus) [kata-; 
TjXeKzpov, amber; zbvoc, tension]. The state 



KATEX 



535 



KERATITIS 



of increased irritability of a nerve near the 
kathode. See Anelectrotonus. 

Katex. {kat'-eks.). An abbreviation of kathode 
excitation. 

Kathodal {kath-o' -dal) . Of or pertaining to 
the kathode. 

Kathode (kath'-od) [kata-; odor, way]. The 
negative electrode or pole of a galvanic cir- 
cuit. 

Kathodic {kath-od' -ik) . See Kathodal. 

Kation {kat'-e-on). See Cation. 

Katochus {kat-o'-kus) [koxoxoc, catalepsy]. An 
unconscious condition, resembling sleep with 
open eyes, observed in intermittent fever, 
etc. 

Kava, Kava-kava {kah'-vah) [Hawaiian], 
i. An intoxicating beverage prepared in the 
Sandwich Islands from the root of Piper me- 
thysticum. 2. The root of Piper methysti- 
■ cum, containing a resin, kavin, and an alka- 
loid, kavain. The resin is a motor depressant, 
locally at first an irritant, later an anesthetic; 
it is also a cardiac stimulant. Kava-root has 
been used in gonorrhea, leukorrhea, and 
incontinence of urine. Dose of fluidextract 
15 min.-i dr. (1-4 Cc). 

Kedani Disease. A disease common in 
Japan, due to inoculation with Proteus hauseri 
by the bite of a mite called kedani. The 
symptoms resemble those of abdominal 
typhus. 

Keen's Sign. Increased diameter through the 
leg at the malleoli in Pott's fracture. 

Kefir, Kefyr {kef'-ir). See Kephir. 

Kelectome {ke' '-lek-tom) [kt}Xt), a tumor; ek, 
out; zkfivecv, to cut]. A cutting instrument 
introduced into a tumor, by means of a can- 
nula, in order to obtain a part of the sub- 
stance for examination. 

Kelene {kel'-en). Purified ethyl chlorid. 

Kelis {ke'-lis) [ktjMc, scar]. Keloid. 

Kellock's Sign. Increased vibration of the ribs 
on sharply percussing them with the right hand, 
the left hand being placed flatly and firmly 
on the lower part of the thoracic wall, just 
below the nipple; it is elicited in pleural 
effusion. 

Keloid (ke'-loid) [from ktjXIc, a scar, or XV^V* 
a claw; el doc, likeness]. A tumor-like fibrous 
outgrowth, usually occurring at the site of a 
scar. It is elevated, whitish or pink in color, 
and sends prolongations into the surrounding 
tissues resembling the claws of a crab. By 
many it is not considered a true tumor, but 
merely a hyperplastic scar. It affects the 
colored race more frequently than the white. 
Syn., Alibert's keloid; Cheloid; Kelis. K. 
of Addison, morphea. 

Keloplasty {kel-o-plas' -te) . See Chiloplasty. 

Kelosoma {kel-o-so' -mah) . See Celosoma. 

Kelotomy {ke-lot' -o-me) . Herniotomy. 

Kelpion {kelp' -e-on) [kelp, seaweed yielding 
iodin]. An ointment containing iodin, which 
is volatilized when the ointment is warmed. 

Kenencephalocele {ken-en-sef'-al-o-sel) [k£voc, 
empty; encephalocele]. A protrusion of brain- 
substance through a cranial fissure. 



Kenesthesia {ken-es-the'-ze-ah) [ksvoc, destitute; 
esthesia]. Hysteric loss of consciousness of 
identity. 

Kenesthesis {ken-es-the 1 '-sis) [kenesthesia]. A 
feeling of depression or exaltation the result 
of the subconscious perceptions from the 
whole organism. 

Kenophobia {ken-o-fo'-be-ah) [ksvoc, empty; 
<f>6(3oc, fear]. A morbid fear of large empty 
spaces. 

Kenosis (ken-o'-sis) [idvioote, a draining]. 
1. An evacuation. 2. Inanition. 

Kenotic (ken-ot'-ik) [kenosis]. 1. Causing ken- 
osis; drastic, purgative. 2. A drastic drug 
or agent. 

Kentmann's Test for Formaldehyd. Mor- 
phin hydrochlorid 0.1 Gm. is dissolved in 
1 Cc. of sulfuric acid in a test-tube, and an 
equal volume of the solution to be examined 
is added without mixing; in the presence of 
formaldehyd the aqueous solution will be 
clear red violet in color after a lapse of a few 
minutes. The reaction is sensitive to 1 : 6000 
to 1: 5000. 

Kephir {kef'-ir) [Caucasian]. A nutritious sub- 
stance obtained by a peculiar fermentation 
of cow's milk produced by certain fungi. 
K., Arsenical, a combination of kephir and 
Fowler's solution. K., Iodo-, a combination 
of kephir and sodium iodid. K.-seed, a 
substance containing the ferment {Bacillus 
caucasicus) of kephir. It is used in preparing 
the genuine kephir. 

Kerat-, Kerato- {ker-at-, ker-at-o-) [fcipac, horn; 
cornea]. Prefixes denoting relation to the 
cornea or to horn. 

Keratalgia {ker-at-al' -je-ah) [kerat-; alyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the cornea. 

Keratectasia {ker-at-ek-ta 1 '-se-ah) [kerat-; \Kxaatc, 
extension]. A bulging forward of the cornea. 

Keratin {ker'-at-in) [nkpac, horn]. The basis of 
horny epithelium, hair, nails, feathers, etc. 
It contains sulfur, and on decomposition 
yields leucin and tyrosin. 

Keratitis {ker-at-i'-tis) [kerat-; tree, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the cornea. K. 
arborescens, K., Dendritic, K., Fur- 
row, K., Mycotic, a superficial form at- 
tributed to a specific organism and charac- 
terized by a line of infiltration of the corneal 
tissue near the surface and developing later 
into an arborescent formation. K. bullosa, 
the formation of large or small blebs upon 
the cornea of an eye, the seat of iridocyclitis, 
interstitial keratitis, or glaucoma. K., In- 
terstitial, a form of keratitis in which the 
entire cornea is invested with a diffuse hazi- 
ness, almost completely hiding the iris. The 
surface of the cornea presents a ground-glass 
appearance. Later, from ciliary injection, 
blood-vessels form in the superficial layers of 
the cornea, and produce a dull-red color — the 
"salmon patch" of Hutchinson. The entire 
cornea may become cherry-red. The disease 
is most frequent between the ages of 5 and 
15, and occurs in syphilitic individuals. K. 
neuroparalytica, keratitis following lesion 



KERATOCELE 



536 



KERKRING'S OSSICLE 



of the trifacial nerve. Its cause is loss of 
trophic influence, aided by mechanic irritation 
and drying of the cornea. K., Phlyctenular, 
a variety characterized by the formation of 
small papules or pustules, often associated 
with similar lesions upon the conjunctiva. 
It is marked by severe local congestion, 
lacrimation, and intense photophobia. K. 
punctata, a secondary affection of the cornea 
in association with affections of the iris, 
choroid, and vitreous. It is characterized by 
the formation of opaque dots, generally ar- 
ranged in a triangular manner upon the pos- 
terior elastic lamina of the cornea. It is some- 
times designated as descemetitis.. K. puru- 
lenta, that accompanied by the formation of 
pus. K., Trachomatous. See P annus. 
K;, Traumatic, that consequent upon 
wounds or other injury of the cornea. 

Keratocele (ker'-at-o-sel) [kerato-; kt)At), hernia]. 
A hernia of Descemet's membrane through 
the cornea. 

Keratocentesis (ker-at-o-sen-te'-sis) [kerato-; 
Kevrrjoce, a pricking]. Corneal puncture. 

Keratoconus (ker-at-o-ko'-nus) [kerato-; kujvoq, 
cone]. A conic protrusion of the cornea. 

Keratocricoid (ker-at-o-kri'-koid) [kerato-; np'c- 
koc, ring; eldof, like]. The cricothyroid 
muscle. 

Keratogenesis (ker-at-o-jen'-e-sis) [kerato-; yev- 
vav, to produce]. The formation of horny 
material or growths. 

Keratogenous (ker-at-of -en-us) [see Keratogene- 
sis]. Producing a horny or horn-like sub- 
stance. 

Keratoglobus (ker-at-o-glo'-bus) [kerato-; glo- 
bus, a ball]. A globular protrusion of the 
cornea. 

Keratoglossus (ker-at-o-glos'-us). See under 
Muscle. 

Keratohelcosis (ker-at-o-hel-ko'-sis) [kera- 
to-; eXKOJocc, ulceration]. Ulceration of the 
cornea. 

Keratohyal (ker-at-o-hi'-al) [kerato-; hyoid]. 
Relating to a cornu of the hyoid bone. 

Keratohyalin (ker-at-o-hi'-al-in) [kerato-; uaXoc, 
glass]. A peculiar substance occurring in 
granules in the deeper layers of the skin. 

Keratohyaline {ker-at-o-hi'-al- en) . Both 
horny and hyaline in structure. 

Keratoid (ker'-at-oid) [kerato-; slooc, like]. Horn- 
like. 

Keratoiritis (ker-at-o-i-ri'-tis) [kerato-; iritis]. 
Combined inflammation of the cornea and the 
iris. 

Keratolysis (ker-at-ol'-is-is) [kerato-; Xuoce, solu- 
tion]. A shedding of the skin; a rare con- 
dition in which the skin is shed periodically, 
that of the limbs coming off as a glove or 
stocking. 

Keratoma {ker-at-o' -mah) [kerato-; opta, tumor], 
i. See Callosity. 2. Congenital ichthyosis; 
the presence of horny plates upon the integu- 
ment. 

Keratomalacia (ker-at-o-mal-a'-she-ah) [kera- 
to-; naXania, softness]. A softening of the 
cornea. 




Keratometer.— 
ington.) 



(Thor- 



Keratome (ker'-at-om) [kerato-; ro/xrj, a cutting]. 
A knife with a peculiar trowel-like blade, used 
for making the incision into the cornea in the 
operation of iridectomy. 
Keratometer {ker-at-om' -et-er) [kerato-; [ikxpov, 
a measure]. An instru- 
ment formeasuringthe 
curves of the cornea. 
Keratometry (ker- at - 
om'-et-re) [see Kerdt- 
ometer]. The measure- 
ment of curves of the 
cornea. 
Keratomycosis (ker- 
at-o-mi-ko' -sis) [ker- 
ato- ; mycosis]. A 
fungoid growth of the 
cornea. 
Keratonyxis (ker -at -0- 
niks f -is) [kerato-; 
vu^cc;, a pricking]. 
The needling of a soft 
cataract by puncture 
through the cornea; 
also, the old operation of couching a cataract 
with the needle. 
Keratophagia (ker-at-of-a'-je-ah). See Ony- 
chomycosis. 
Keratoplasty (ker' -at-o-plas-te) [kerato-; xAao- 
aecv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the 
cornea, especially the transplantation of a por- 
tion of cornea from the eye of a lower animal 
to that of man. 
Keratoscope (ker'-at-o-skop) [kerato-; okotzz'cv, 
to view]. An instrument for examining the 
cornea and testing the symmetry of its meri- 
dians of curvature. 
Keratoscopy (ker-at-os'-ko-pe) [see Kerato- 
scope]. 1. Examination of the cornea with 
the keratoscope. 2. Retinoscopy or skia- 
scopy. 
Keratosis (ker-at-o' -sis) [Kipac, cornea]. Any dis- 
ease of the skin characterized by an overgrowth 
of the horny epithelium. K. follicularis, 
a form of acne in which horny, prominent 
projections occur about the sebaceous follicles; 
they are firmly adherent and produce a rough- 
ness comparable to that of a nutmeg-grater. K. 
pilaris, a chronic affection of the skin marked 
by hard, conic elevations investing the hair- 
follicles, and somewhat resembling goose- 
flesh. K. senilis, a cornification of the 
skin of old people, often limited to certain 
definite regions, as the face and dorsal sur- 
faces of the hands and feet. 
Keratotome (ker'-at-o-tom). See Keratome. 
Keratotomy (ker-at-of -o-me) [kerato-; rifivav, 

to cut]. Incision of the cornea. 
Keraunoneurosis (ker-aw-no-nu-ro' -sis) [ks- 
pauvoc, lightning; veupov, nerve; vbooc, dis- 
ease]. Nervous disease due to lightning- 
stroke. 
Keraunophobia (ker-aw-no-)o'-be-ah) [nepauvoc, 
lightning; 4>6fioc, fear]. A morbid fear of 
lightning. 
Kerion (ke'-re-on). See Tinea kerion. 
Kerkring's Ossicle. A point of ossification 



KERMES 



537 



KIDNEY 



in the occipital bone, immediately behind the 
foramen magnum. K.'s Valves, the valvulae 
conniventes of the small intestine. 

Kermes (ker'-mez) [Pers., qirmiz, crimson]. 
A red dyestuff resembling cochineal, made 
from the bodies of the dried insects, Coccus 
ilicis, found on the kermes-oak. K.-min- 
eral, a mixture of antimony teroxid and 
tersulfid. 

Kerner's Reaction for Creatinin. Add to 
a solution of creatinin acidified with a mineral 
acid a solution of phosphotungstic or phospho- 
molybdic acid; a crystalline precipitate will 
be formed. 

Kernig's Sign. Contracture or 
flexion of the knee- and hip- 
joint, at times also of the elbow, 
when the patient is made to 
assume the sitting posture; it is 
noted in meningitis. 

Ketone (ke' - ton) [an arbitrary 
variation of acetone]. An or- 
ganic compound consisting of 
the unsaturated radicle = C = O 
united to two alcohol radicles. 

Key (ke) [ME., keye]. i. An in- 
strument for opening or fasten- 
ing a lock. 2. A device for 
making and breaking an electric 
current. K., DuBois Rey- 
mond's, an electric switch by 
means of which the circuit may 
be closed or the current short- 
circuited. Syn., T eternizing 
key. 

Key and Retzius' Corpuscles. 
See Corpuscles, Key and Retzius'. 
K. and R.'s Foramens. See 
Luschka's Foramens. 

Kidney (kid'-ne) [ME., kidnere]. 
One of the two large glandular 
organs situated in the upper 
and posterior portion of the ab- 
dominal cavity, and concerned 
in the excretion of the urine. 
It consists of an outer cortical 
substance and an inner medul- 
lary substance. The medulla 
consists of from 8 to 18 pyra- 
mids (pyramids of Malpighi), 
the apexes of which, the pa- 
pillas, project into the calyces of 
the ureter. The pyramids are 
striated, and in places send 
narrow projections into the 
cortex — the medullary rays, or pyramids 
of Ferrein. Between the pyramids are 
extensions from the cortex — the columns of 
Bertini. The cortex, by the penetration into 
it of the medullary rays, is divided into medul- 
lary rays and the labyrinth. The secreting 
structure of the kidney consists of long tubes, 
beginning in an expanded extremity — the 
capsule of Bowman — which invests a tuft of 
blood-vessels, the glomerulus, and constitutes, 
together with this, a Malpighian body; ex- 
tending from this is the proximal convoluted 



tubule; then comes the spiral tubule, then 
the loop of Henle, consisting of a descending 
and an ascending limb; then the distal con- 
voluted tubule, which terminates in the col- 
lecting tubule. The blood-vessels of the kidney 
divide into two sets of branches, one supply- 
ing the cortex, the other the medulla. The 
kidney weighs about 150 Gm. K., Amyloid, 
a kidney the seat of amyloid degeneration. 
K., Confluent, a single kidney formed by 
fusion of twin kidneys or other congenital 
malformation. K., Fatty, one the seat of 
extensive fatty degeneration. K., Floating. 




Longitudinal Section through the Kidney. — {Tyson, after Henle.) 
2". Boundary layer of medulla. 1' . Papillary portion of medulla. 3, 3. 

Transverse section of tubules in boundary layer. 4. Fat of renal 

sinus. * Transversely coursing medullary rays. 5. 5. Artery. 1". 

Labyrinth. 1'. Medullary rays. 2. Medulla. 1. Cortex. C. Renal 

calyx. U. Ureter. A. Branch of renal artery. 

See Floating Kidney. K., Gouty, K., Gran- 
ular, the small kidney resulting from chronic 
interstitial nephritis. K., Horseshoe-. See 
Horseshoe-kidney. K., Large White, that 
of the advanced stage of chronic parenchy- 
matous nephritis. K., Massage, a state of 
uremia and renal incompetence due to im- 
proper massage of the kidney. K.,Pigback, 
the large congested kidney found in alcoholic 
subjects. K. of Pregnancy, an anemic kid- 
ney with fatty infiltration of the epithelial 
cells, but without any acute or chronic 



KIERNAN'S SPACES 



538 



KINO 



inflammation, occurring in pregnant women. 
K., Red Contracted. See K., Gouty. 
K., Sacculated, a condition due to hydro- 
nephrosis and absorption of the chief part 
of the ^kidney, leaving the irregularly ex- 



ozepeoc, solid]. 
See Kin- 




Diagram Showing the Relation Borne by the 
Blood-vessels to the Tubules of the Kidney. 

The upper half corresponds to the cortical, the lower 
half to the medullary, part of the organ. The plain 
tubes are shown separately on the right, and the 
vessels on the left. The darkly shaded arteries 
send off straight branches to the pyramids and larger 
interlobular branches to the glomerules, the efferent 
vessels of which form the plexus around the con- 
voluted tubes. 



panded capsule. K., Small White, the final 
stage of the large white kidney after loss of 
its substance from atrophy or degeneration. 
K., Surgical, pyelonephritis. K., Waxy. 
Same as K., Amyloid. 

Kiernan's Spaces. The interlobular spaces 
of the liver. 

Kiesselbach's Place. The point at which 
the nasal septum, owing to its thinness, is 
especially liable to perforation. 

Kiesselbachii, Locus. See Kiesselbach's 
Place. 

Kilian's Line. The line of the promontory 
of the sacrum. K.'s Pelvis, the osteomalacic 
(halisteretic) pelvis. 

Kilo (kil'-o). A contraction of kilo- 
gram. 

Kilocalory (kil-o-kal' '-or-e) . See Calory, Great. 

Kilogram {kil'-o-gram) [x'tXtot, a thousand; 
ypa/xfia, an inscription]. One thousand grams, 
or 2.2 pounds avoirdupois. 

Kiloliter {kiV -o-le-ter) [kilo; Xhpa, sl pound]. 
One thousand liters, or 35.31 cubic feet. 

Kilometer {kiV -o-me-ter) [kilo; fikrpov, sl meas- 
ure]. One thousand meters, or 1093.6 
yards. 



Kilostere {kil'-o-ster) [kilo, 
One thousand cubic meters. 

Kinesthesia {kin-es-the'-ze-ah) . 
esthesia. 

Kinematics {kin-em-at'-iks) [kcvsIv, to move]. 
The science of motion. 

Kinesalgia {kin-es-al'-je-ah) [kinesis; alyoc, 
pain]. Local pain following muscular con- 
traction. 

Kinescope {kin'-es-kop) [kcve'iv, to move; oko- 
tzecv, to view]. A device to regulate with 
accuracy the width of an aperture through 
which rays of light are allowed to pass in 
measuring ametropia. 

Kinescopy {kin-es 1 '-ko-fe) . A form of retinos- 
copy requiring cooperation on the part of the 
patient; subjective retinoscopy. 

Kinesiesthesiometer {kin-es-e-es-the-ze-om'- 
et-er) [kinesis; a'codrjocc;, perception; fifrpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for testing the 
muscular sense. It consists of wooden 
balls of the same size but of different weights. 

Kinesiology {kin-es-e-oV -o-]e) [kinesis; Xbfoc, 
science]. The science of movements, considered 
especially as therapeutic or hygienic agencies. 

Kinesiometer {kin - es - e - om' -et- er) [kinesis; 
fihpov, a measure]. An instrument for de- 
termining quantitatively the motion of a part. 

Kinesioneurosis {kin-es-e-o-nu-ro'-sis) [kinesis; 
neurosis']. A functional nervous disease 
associated with disorders of motion. K., 
External, that affecting the external muscles. 
K., Internal, K., Visceral, that affecting the 
muscles of the viscera. 

Kinesiotherapy {kin-es-e-o-ther' -ap-e) . See 
Kinetotherapy. 

Kinesipathy {kin-es-ip' -ath-e) [kinesis; xadoc, 
disease]. Kinetotherapy. 

Kinesis {kin-e'-sis) [kivtjoic, motion]. The gen- 
eral term for all physical forms of energy. 

Kinesodic {kin-es-od' -ik) [kinesis; 606c, way]. 
Pertaining to the motor pathways. 

Kinesthesia, Kinesthesis {kin-es-the'-ze-ah, 
kin-es-the' -sis) [kinesis; a'codyocc, sensation]. 
1. That quality of sensations whereby we 
become aware of our position in space, our 
movements, and that gives us our impression 
of weight and resistance. 2. The morbid im- 
pulse that impels one looking from a height 
to throw himself down. 

Kinetic {kin-et'-ik) [kinesis]. Pertaining to 
motion; producing motion, as kinetic energy. 

Kinetoplasm {kin-et'-o-plazm). See Hyaloplasm. 

Kinetotherapeutic {kin -et -o - ther - ap-u'-tik) 
[kinetotherapy]. Relating to the therapeutic 
use of systematic movements and exercises. 

Kinetotherapy {kin-et-o -ther' -ap-e) [kinesis; 
depaiteca, therapy]. The treatment of disease 
by systematic active or passive movements. 

King's Evil. Scrofula, on account of a belief 
that it could be cured by the touch of the 
king. K.'s Yellow. See Arsenic Trisulfid. 

Kino {ki'-no) [E. Ind.]. 1. The inspissated 
juice of Pterocarpus marsupium, found in 
India, and similar in action to tannic acid; 
it is used mainly as a constituent of gargles 
and diarrhea mixtures. 2. A general term 
for the astringent inspissated juice of a tree, 



KINONE 



539 



KNEE 



as furnished by many species of Eucalyptus. 

K., Tincture of {tinctura kino, U. S. P.)- Dose 

10 min.-2 dr. (0.65-8.0 Cc). 
Kinone {kin' -on). See Quinone. 
Kinoplasm {kin'-o-plazm) [ictvelv, to move; 

Tz\ao[ia, a thing molded]. Strasburger's term 

for the protoplasm peculiar to the centrosome; 

the archoplasm of Boveri. 
Kinotannic Acid. A variety of tannic acid 

found in kino. 
Kiotome (ki'-o-tom) [kcojv, the uvula; to/ioo', 

cutting]. An instrument for amputating the 

uvula, or for dividing strictures of the bladder 

or rectum. 
Kiotomy (ki-ot'-o-me) [see Kiotome]. Excision 

of the uvula. 



sensory and oculopupillary disturbances; it 
is due to a lesion of the seventh and eighth 
cervical and first dorsal nerve-roots. 

Knapp's Angioid Streaks. Pigment streaks 
appearing occasionally in the retina after 
hemorrhage. K.'s Test for Glucose in 
Urine, a solution is made of 10 Gm. of mer- 
curic cyanid dissolved in 100 Cc. of caustic 
soda solution, of a specific gravity of 1.145, 
and diluted to one liter. When this solution 
is diluted with water and heated with a glu- 
cose solution, a reduction of metallic mercury 
takes place. Ten Cc. of this solution are 
reduced by 0.025 Gm. of glucose. 

Knee (ne) [AS., cneow]. The articulation 




9 

Vertical Section of Knee-joint. — (Braune.) 
Synovial membrane. 2. Short head of biceps. 3. Peroneal 
nerve. 4. Long head of biceps. 5. Plantaris. 6. External 
semilunar cartilage. 7. Sural vessels. 8*. Popliteal vessels. 
9. Anterior crucial ligament with bursa subpatellaris. 10. 
Ligamentum patellae. 11. Bursa praepatellaris. 



Kissingen Salts (kis'-ing-en) [Ger.]. Efferves- 
cing salts from the mineral springs of Kissin- 
gen. K. Water, a laxative tonic mineral 
water of Kissingen, in Bavaria. 

Klatsch-preparation (klatch-prep-ar-a'-shun) 
[Ger., Klatschprdparat). A cover-glass pre- 
paration made by pressing the cover-glass 
lightly on a bacterial colony in plate-culture. 

Kleptomania (klep-to-ma'-ne-ah) [nXe-nTtcy, to 
steal; ptavla, madness]. A form of emotional 
insanity manifested by a morbid desire to 
commit theft. 

Klinocephalus. See Clinocephalus. 

Klumpke's Paralysis. Paralysis and atrophy 
of the muscles of the forearm and hand, with 




Anterior View of the Ligaments of the 
Knee-joint. : — (Sappey.) 

1. Ligamentum patellae (the lateral patellar liga- 
ments have been removed). 2. Patella covered 
by tendinous fibers derived from the rectus 
and vasti. 3. Tubercle of tibia. 4. Tendon 
of rectus with vasti. 5. Long external lateral 
ligament. 6, 6. Internal lateral ligament. 7. 
Bicipital tuberosity of head of fibula receiv- 
ing attachment of long external lateral liga- 
ment. 8. Insertion of sartorius. 9. Ten- 
don of popliteus. 10. Insertion of gracilis. 
11. Tendon of adductor magnus prolonged 
into internal lateral ligament. 12. Inser- 
tion of semitendinosus. 



between the femur and the tibia. K.-cap, 
the patella. K., Housemaid's. See 
Housemaid's Knee. K., In-. See Genu 
valgum. K. of Internal Capsule, the angle 
of junction of the anterior and posterior 
limbs of the internal capsule. K.-jerk, 
K. -reflex, K. -phenomenon, a contraction 
of the quadriceps extensor femoris muscle 



KNEIPPISM 



540 



KNOT 



as a result of a light blow on the patellar 
tendon. Syn., Patellar tendon-reflex. See also 
under Reflex. K. -joint, a hinge-joint 

consisting of the articulation of the condyles 
of the femur with the upper extremity of the 
tibia and the posterior surface of the patella. 
K., Knock-. See Genu valgum. K., Out-. 
See Genu varum. K.-pan, the patella. 
Kneippism (ni'-pizm). Hydrotherapy applied in 
a great variety of ways- — baths, lotions, wet 



Granny. K., Friction, one in which the 
ends are wound twice around each other be- 
fore they are tied. K., Gerdy's Extension, 
resembles the clove-hitch. K., Granny, a tie 
of a cord in which in the second loop the end 
of one cord is over, and the other under, its 
fellow, so that the two loops do not lie in the 
same line. K., Reef, a knot so formed that 
the ends come out alongside of the standing 
parts and the knot does not jam. K., 




Clove-hitch knot. 




Surgical knot. 





Granny, false, or double knot. 



Reef or sailor's knot. 





Staffordshire or Tait's knot. 



Combined surgeon's and reef knot. 
The Principal Surgical Knots. 



compresses, packs, cold affusions, and walking 
barefooted in the morning dew. 

Knife (nif) [AS., cnlf\. An instrument for 
cutting. In surgery, knives are of various 
shapes and sizes, according to their use.. 

Knot (not) [ME., knotte]. An interlace- 
ment of ends or parts of one or more cords 
or threads so that they cannot be readily 
separated. K., Clove-hitch, a knot consist- 
ing of two single, contiguous loops, the free 
ends toward each other. K., Double. Same 
as K. t Friction. K., False. Same as K., 



Sailor's. Same as IC, Reef. K., Square. 
Same as K., Reef. K., Staffordshire, a knot 
used in ligating the pedicle in ovariotomy. 
The ligature is passed through the pedicle, 
and withdrawn so as to leave a loop, which 
is passed over the tumor, and one of the free 
ends is then drawn through the loop; both 
ends are then passed through the pedicle, 
tightened, and tied. K., Stay, formed by 
two or more ligatures in the following way: 
on each ligature separately is made the first 
hitch of a reef knot, which is tightened so 



KNUCKLE 



541 



KOSOTOXIN 



that the loop lies in contact with the vessel, 
without constricting it; then taking the two 
ends on one side together in one hand, and 
the two ends on the other side in the other 
hand, the vessel is constricted sufficiently to 
occlude it, after which the reef knot is 
completed. K., Surgical, a double knot 
made by passing the thread twice through 
the same loop. K., Tait's. See K., Staf- 
fordshire. 

Knuckle (nuk'-l) [ME., knokil, a knuckle or 
joint]. I. An articulation of the phalanges 
with the metacarpal bones or with each other. 
2. A loop of intestine. 

Kobelt's Cyst. See Cyst, Kobelt's. K.'s Tubes, 
the upper ducts of the wolffian body which 
end in a culdesac. 

Kobert's Test for Hemoglobin. Treat the 
solution with one of zinc sulfate or shake it 
with zinc powder, when a precipitate of zinc 
hemoglobin is formed. Alkalis color this pre- 
cipitate red. 

Koch's Eruption. A morbilliform eruption fol- 
lowing the injection of tuberculin. K.'s 
Law, K.'s Postulates, the specificity of a 
microorganism is conclusively demonstrated 
when the following conditions are fulfilled: 
(i) The microorganism must be present in 
all cases of the disease; (2) it must be cul- 
tivated in pure culture; (3) its inoculation 
must produce the disease in susceptible 
animals; (4) from such animals it must be 
obtained and again cultivated in pure culture. 
K.'s Lymph. See Tuberculin. K.'s Method 
of Sterilization, a method of interrupted 
heating. The culture-mediums are heated 
for a short time daily for from three to 
five successive days, usually in the steam 
sterilizer. 

Kodozonol {kod-o-zo' -not) . Ozonized cod-liver 
oil, an antiseptic dressing for wounds, burns, 
etc. 

Koebner's Multiple Papillary Tumors. See 
Mycosis fungoides. 

(von) Koelliker's Fibrous Layer. The layer 
of fibrous connective tissue which forms the 
substantia propria of the iris. v. K.'s Glands. 
See Bowman's Glands, v. K.'s Muscle- 
buds. See Kuehne's Muscle-spindles, v. 
K.'s Reticulum, the neuroglia, v. K.'s 
Tract-cells, ganglion-cells, the axons of 
which pass as longitudinal fibers into the 
white columns of the spinal cord. 

Koenig's Symptom. Blue-blindness in gran- 
ular kidney. K.'s Symptom-complex, 
alternation, for a long period, of constipation 
and diarrhea, and irregular attacks of colic, 
which are generally of short duration and ter- 
minate suddenly. During these attacks the 
abdomen is distended, there exists frequently 
a visible peristalsis, and a loud gurgling is 
heard in the ileocecal region. These symp- 
toms are characteristic of tuberculous stenosis 
of the cecum. 

Kohlrausch's Fold. A semilunar, transverse 
fold of the rectal mucosa, situated about 6 
cm. above the anus in the anterior and right 



wall of the rectum. K.'s Veins, the super- 
ficial veins that pass from the surface of 
the penis upward to empty into the dorsal 
vein. 

Kola (ko'-lah). See K.-nut. K.-cardinette, 
a proprietary cordial containing from 30 to 
60 gr. of kola-nut to each fluidounce. A 
nerve-tonic and stimulant. Dose 1-4 table- 
spoonfuls (16-60 Cc.) 5 or 6 times daily. K.- 
nut, the seed of Cola acuminata, used in Cen- 
tral Africa as a substitute for tea and coffee. 
It contains an alkaloid similar to caffein, and 
is a cerebral stimulant and cardiac tonic. 
K.-tannin, a compound of caffein and tan- 
nin obtained from kola-nut. 

Kolabon (ko'-lah-bon) [kola; bonbon\ A con- 
fection prepared from undried kola-nut, con- 
taining kolanin, caffein, and theobromin. It 
is recommended in treatment of sea-sickness. 

Kolanin (ko f -lan-in). The physiologically active 
glucosid from kola-nut ; a thick extract, contain- 
ing 80 to 90 % of the pure glucosid, is used in 
the treatment of neurasthenia and neurasthenic 
weakness of the heart. 

Kolk's (Schroeder van der) Law. A spinal 
nerve endows the muscles with motion through 
its motor branches and the parts moved with 
sensation through its sensory branches. 

Kolpo- (kol-po-). See Col po-. 

Kolypeptic {ko-le-pep'-tik) [kojXuv, to hinder; 
TzenvcKOf, conducive to digestion]. Hindering 
or checking digestive processes. 

Koly septic {ko-le-scp'-tiU) [kojXOv, to hinder; 
oi]7ixecv, to putrefy]. 1. Preventing putrefac- 
tion. 2. An agent that hinders a septic 
process. 

Kombe {kom'-ba) [African]. An African arrow- 
poison {kombe inee) extracted from Strophan- 
tus kombe. 

Koniosis (kon-e-o f -sis) [kovcc, dust]. A morbid 
condition due to inhalation of dust. 

Koniscope {kon'-is-kop) \kovcc~, dust; onoKtiv, 
to examine]. An instrument for determining 
the quantity of dust in the atmosphere. 

Kopftetanus (kopf'-tet-an-us) [Ger.]. Cephalic 
tetanus. See Tetanus, Cephalic. 

Kopiopia {kop-e-o'-pe-ah) [kokoc , a straining; &(ft, 
eye]. Eye-strain; weariness of the eyes. K. 
hysterica, a term applied to those symptoms 
that indicate hyperesthesia of the trigeminus 
and optic nerves. 

Koplik's Sign, K.'s Spots. Minute bluish- 
white spots surrounded by a reddish areola; 
they are observed on the mucous membrane of 
the cheeks and lips of the patient during the 
prodromal stage of measles. 

Kopp's Asthma. Laryngismus stridulus. Syn., 
Kopp's thymic asthma. 

Koronion (ko-ro'-ne-on). The apex of the 
coronoid process of the inferior maxilla. 

Koroscopy (kor-os'-ko-pe). See Retinoscopy. 

Korsakoff's Psychosis. Mental derangement, 
in the form of delirium, observed in cases of 
polyneuritis. 

Kosotoxin (ko-so-toks f -in) [koso, the fertile 
flowers of Brayera anthelmintica; zo^ckov, 
poison], C 26 H 34 O 10 . An active principle from 



KOSSEL'S TEST 



542 



KUMISS 



the ethereal extract of cusso flowers. It is 
a strong muscle poison, but exerts little 
influence on the central nervous system. 

Kossel's Test for Hypoxanthin. Treat the 
solution with hydrochloric acid and zinc and 
add an excess of sodium hydroxid. The pres- 
ence of hypoxanthin is evinced by a ruby-red 
color. 

Koumiss {koo'-mis). See Kumiss. 

Koussin {koos'-in). See under Cusso, 

Kousso {koos'-o). See Cusso. 

Kowalewsky's Canal. See Canal, Neuren- 
teric. 

Kowarski's Test. See under Test. 

Koyter's Muscle. The corrugator supercilii. 
Syn., Musculus coiteri. 

Krameria {kra-me'-re-ah) [after J. G. H. 
Kramer, an Austrian physician]. A genus of 
polypetalous herbs. The krameria of the U. 
S. P. is the dried root of K. triandra (ratany- 
root) and K. ixina, shrubs native to South 
America; it possesses the same astringent qual- 
ities as tannic acid. It is used in serous diar- 
rheas. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). K., Extract of 
{extractum kramerice, U. S. P.). Dose 5-10 gr. 
(0:32-0.65 Gm.). K.,Fluidextract of {fluid- 
extractum kramerice, U. S. P.). Dose 5 min.- 
\ dr. (0.32-2.0 Cc). K., Infusion of (in- 
jusum kramerice, B. P.). Dose 1-2 oz. (32- 
64 Cc). K., Syrup of {syrupus kramerice, U. 
S. P.), contains of the fluidextract, 35; syrup, 
65. Dose£ dr.-! oz. (2-16 Cc). K., Tinc- 
ture of {tinctura kramerice, U. S. P.). Dose 5 
min.-i dr. (0.32-4.0 Cc). K., Troches of 
(trochisci krameria, U. S. P.), each troche con- 
tains 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.) of the extract. 

Kraurosis {krow-ro' -sis) \Kpaupog, dry]. Shrivel- 
ing and dryness, especially of the vulva. 

Krause's Corpuscles, K.'s End-bulbs. Sphe- 
roid nerve-corpuscles resembling pacinian 
corpuscles, but having a more delicate invest- 
ment. They are found especially in the con- 
junctiva and the genitals. K.'s Disc, K.'s 
Membrane. See Membrane, Krause's. K.'s 
Glands, acinous glands found in the con- 
junctiva near the fornix, especially of the upper 
lid. K.'s Muscle , the coracocervicalis muscle. 
K.'s Nerve, the ulnar collateral branch of the 
musculospiral nerve that descends along with 
the ulnar nerve and enters the lower short 
fibers of the inner head of the triceps. K.'s 
Respiratory Tract, the solitary fascicle of 
the oblongata. K.'s Valve. See Beraud's 
Valve. K.'s Ventricle, the terminal ven- 
tricle of the spinal cord. 

Kreatin {kre'-at-in). See Creatin. 

Kreatinin {kre-af -in-in) . See Creatinin. 

Kreolin {kre'-o-lin). See Creolin. 

Kreosolid {kre-o-soV -id) . See Creasote-mag- 
nesia. 

Kreotoxicon {kre-o-toks 1 '-ik-on) \npkac, meat; ro£- 
ckov, poison], A general term for the active 
agent in poisonous meat. 

Kreotoxin {kre-o-toks' -in). Any basic poison 
generated in meat by bacteria. 

Kreotoxism {kre-o-toks' -izm) [see Kreotoxicon]. 
Poisoning by infected meat. 



Kreozonal {kre-o-zo'-nal). Ozonized oil of tar 
for external use in skin diseases. 

Kresamin {kres'-am-in). See Ethylenediamin- 
tricresol. 

Kresof orm {kres'-o-form) . A condensation- 
product of formaldehyd and creasote. 

Kresofuchsin {kres-o-fook' -sin) . An amor- 
phous powder of gray-blue color. It is sol- 
uble in acetic acid and acetone, less readily but 
quite soluble in alcohol, only very slightly 
so in water. The alcoholic solution appears 
blue, the aqueous red. It is used as a his- 
tologic stain. 

Kresol {kre'-sol). See Cresol. 

Kretzschmann's Space. A small pocket in 
the attic of the middle ear situated below 
Prussak's space. 

Kreyssig's Sign. Retraction of the epigas- 
trium and the contiguous portion of the false 
ribs with each systole, in adherent pericar- 
dium. 

Krishaber's Disease. A neurosis resembling 
neurasthenia, and characterized by a rapid 
onset, predominant cerebral symptoms (in- 
somnia, vertigo, etc.), neuralgia, and circula- 
tory disturbances. Syn., Neuropathic cerebro- 
cardiaque. 

Krisowski's Sign. See Sign, Silex's. 

Kroenlein's Hernia. Preperitoneal inguinal 
hernia. 

Kronethyl {kron-eth'-il). An ethereal extract 
of Chinese cantharides. Applied in gout and 
neuralgia, 6-10 drops on a wet bandage. 

Krymotherapy. See Crymotherapy. 

Kryofin (kri'-o-fin). Phenetidin methylglyco- 
late, a condensation-product of paraphenetidin 
and methyl gly colic acid. It is antipyretic 
and antineuralgic. Dose 5-8 gr. (0.3-0.5 
Gm.). 

Krystallose (kris'-tal-os). Sodium sacchari- 
nate. 

Kubisagari, Kubisgari. An endemic paralytic 
vertigo which prevails in Japan. 

Kuehne's Muscle-spindles. Peculiar, fusi- 
form enlargements occurring at the entrance 
of certain nerves into a muscle-bundle. K.'s 
Muscular Phenomenon. See Porrefs Phe- 
nomenon. 

Kuemmell's Disease. Traumatic spondyl- 
itis. 

Kuester's Sign. A cystic tumor felt in the 
median line in front of the uterus is a dermoid 
cyst. 

Kuestner's Law. Torsion of the pedicle of 
an ovarian tumor takes place toward the right 
if the tumor is left -sided, and toward the left 
if it is right -sided. 

Kuhnt's Spaces. The recesses of the posterior 
chamber; a series of radial spaces which 
communicate anteriorly with the posterior 
chamber of the eye and contain aqueous 
humor. 

Kumiss, Kumyss {koo'-mis) [Tartar, kumiz, 
fermented mares' milk]. An alcoholic drink 
originally made by the fermentation of mares' 
milk. At present cows' milk is used in mak- 
ing it. 



KUPFFER'S CELLS 



543 



LABIOGLOSSOPHARYNGEAL 



Kupffer's Cells. Stellate endothelial cells of 
the liver-capillaries having a large round or 
ovoid nucleus and frequently containing pig- 
mentary matter. 

Kussmaul's Coma. Diabetic coma: K.'s 
Disease, acute anterior poliomyelitis; acute 
atrophic spinal paralysis. K.'s Paradoxic 
Pulse, a pulse which becomes weaker or 
disappears during deep inspiration; it is ob- 
served in cases of adherent pericardium and 
mediastinal adhesions or tumor. K.'s Res- 
piration, the deep, labored respiration of di- 
abetic coma. K.'s Symptom, swelling of 
the cervical veins during inspiration in adher- 
ent pericardium and mediastinal tumor. 

Kussmaul-Landry's Paralysis. See Lan- 
dry's Paralysis. 

Kusso {koo'-so). See Cusso. 

Kuttarasome {kut-ar 1 '-as-om) [rnxxapog, any 
hollow cavity; otipa, body]. A body found by 
Ira van Gieson at the neck of the cone of the 
retina, composed of a series of parallel bars 
presenting a gridiron appearance. The bars 
had lateral anastomoses and at the top joined 
in a semicircular manner. 

Kyestein {ki-es' -te-in) [Kuelv, to be pregnant; 
iodfjc, a garment]. A filmy deposit upon 
decomposing urine, once thought to be diag- 
nostic of pregnancy. 

Kymograph, Kymographion {ki'-mo-gra}, ki- 
mo-graj'-e-on) [nupa, a wave; ypd^ecv, to 
write]. An instrument for reproducing graph- 
ically the variations in blood-pressure. 

Kymoscope {ki'-mo-skdp) [nupa, a wave; OKonelv, 
to inspect]. A device used in the observation 
and study of the blood-current. 

Kynurin (ki-nu f -rin) . See Cynurin. 

Kyphoscoliosis (ki-fo-sko-le-o'-sis) [kyphosis; 
scoliosis]. Kyphosis combined with scoliosis. 

Kyphosis (ki-fo'-sis) [kucjhoocc', humpbacked]. 
Humpback. Angular curvature of the spine, 
the prominence or convexity turned dorsad. 



Kyphotic (ki-fot'-ik) [kyphosis]. Relating to, 
of the nature of, or affected with kyphosis. 

Kyphotone {ki' -jo-ton) [ku^oc, a crookedness; 
xovoc, a brace]. An apparatus for the for- 
cible reduction of deformity in Pott's dis- 
ease. 

Kyrtometric (kir-to-met'-rik) [Kuproc, curved; 
phpov, a measure]. Relating to the meas- 




SP. 



V 



Kymograph. — (Ludwig.) 
a, a. Artery. C. Revolving 'cylinder, c. Height of mer- 
cury in tube; the difference between this point and d 
indicates the pressure within the vessel, d, s. Float 
on mercury in tube. f. Writing-style. 

urements of the body-curves. Syn. ; Cyrto- 
metric. 
Kysthitis (kis-thi f -tis) [nlodoc, a hollow; crcc y 

inflammation]. Vaginitis. 



L. The symbol for lithium and the abbreviation 
of left and of libra, a pound. 

Lab, Lab-ferment. The ferment of rennet, 
producing coagulation of milk. 

Labarraque's Solution. A solution of sodium 
carbonate, 10; chlorid of lime, 8; water, ioo; 
it is a disinfectant. 

Labbe's Vein. The anastomotic vein that ex- 
tends from the lateral sinus to Trolard's 
vein or to the superior longitudinal sinus. 

Labial (la'-be-al) [labium, a lip]. Pertaining to 
the lips. 

Labidometer {lab-id-om' -et-er) [>ta/?/c, forceps; 
pkxpov, a measure]. A forceps for measuring 
the fetal head in the pelvis. 

Labile (lab'-il) [labi, to glide], i. Gliding to 



and fro: applied to an electric current when 
the electrode is moved from place to place 
over the skin. 2. In chemistry, unstable. 

Lability (la-bil f -i-te) [labile]. 1. In electro- 
therapeutics, the quality of being labile. 2. 
Instability. 

Labio- (la-be-o-) [labium, lip]. A prefix mean- 
ing pertaining to the lip. 

Labiochorea (la-be-o-ko-re'-ah) [labio-; xopz'ta, 
dancing]. A choreic affection of the lips and 
the stammering that results from it. 

Labioglossolaryngeal (la-be-o-glos-o-lar-in f -je- 
al) [labio-; jXojooa, tongue; larynx]. Pertain- 
ing conjointly to lips, tongue, and larynx. 
L. Paralysis. See Paralysis, Bulbar. 

Labioglossopharyngeal {la-be-o-glos-o-jar-in'- 



LABIOMYCOSIS 



544 



LACRIMAL 



je-al) [labio-; jXojoaa, tongue; pharynx]. Per- 
taining conjointly to lips, tongue, and pharynx. 

Labiomycosis (la-be -o- mi - ko' - sis) [labio-; 
mycosis]. Any affection of the lips due to 
fungal origin. 

Labioplasty (la'-be-o'-plas-te). See Chiloplasty. 

Labium (la'-be-um) [L. ; pi., labia]. A lip. L. ma- 
jus, L. pudendi ma jus, one of two folds of 
skin of the female external genital organs, aris- 
ing just below the mons veneris, surround- 
ing the vulval entrance, and meeting at the 
anterior part of the perineum. L. minus, 
L. pudendi minus, the nympha; one of two 
folds of mucous membrane at the inner sur- 
faces of the labia majora. L. tympanicum, 
the portion of the lamina spiralis forming the 
lower border of the sulcus spiralis. Labia 
urethrae, the lateral margins of the external 
urinary meatus. L. vestibulare, the over- 
hanging extremity of the lamina spiralis that 
forms the upper part of the sulcus spiralis. 

Lablab {lab' -lab). The genus Dolichos. L. 
Seeds, the seeds of Dolichos lablab; used as 
food and also as a stomachic and antiperiodic. 

Labor (la'-bor) [L., "work"]. Parturition; the 
bringing forth of young. L., Artificial, that 
effected or aided by other means than the 
forces of the maternal organism. L., Dry, 
that in which there is a deficiency of the liquor 
amnii, or in which there has been a premature 
rupture of the bag of waters. L., Induced, 
labor brought on by artificial means. L., 
Instrumental, one requiring instrumental 
means to extract the child. L., Mechanism 
of, the mechanism by which a fetus and its 
appendages traverse the birth-canal and are 
expelled. L., Missed, retention of the dead 
fetus in the uterus beyond the period of normal 
gestation. L. -pains, the pains consequent 
upon the contractions of the uterus during 
labor. L., Precipitate, labor in which the 
expulsion of the fetus and its appendages 
takes place with undue celerity. L., Prema- 
ture, labor taking place before the normal 
period of gestation, but when the fetus is 
viable. L., Protracted, labor prolonged 
beyond the usual limit (10-20 hours in primi- 
paras, 2-6 hours in multiparas). L., Stages 
of, arbitrary divisions of the period of labor — 
the first begins with dilation of the os and 
ends with complete dilation; the second ends 
with the expulsion of the child; the third 
{placental) consists in the expulsion of the 
placenta. 

Laboratory (lab' ' -or-a-to-re) [laborare, to work]. 
A room or place designed for experimental 
scientific work. 

Labyrinth (lab' -ir-inth) [Xaftupcvdoc, a maze]. 
1. A name given to the series of cavities of 
the internal ear, comprising the vestibule, 
cochlea, and the semicircular canals. 2. The 
parts of the cortex of the kidney between the 
medullary rays. See Kidney. L., Bony. 
See L., Osseous. L., Ethmoid, L., Olfac- 
tory, the lateral portions of the ethmoid bone. 
L., Membranous, the membranous cavity 
within the osseous labyrinth, from which it 



is partly separated by the perilymph. L., 
Osseous, the bony portion of the internal 




Labyrinth of the Ear Laid Open. 
a. Fovea elliptica. b. Fovea hemisphaerica. c. Com- 
mon entrance of the posterior and superior semi- 
circular canals, d. Opening of the aqueduct of the 
vestibule, e. Superior semicircular canal. /. Posterior. 
g. Inferior semicircular canal, h. Spiral canal of 
cochlea, i. Opening of the aqueduct of the cochlea. 
j. Lamina spiralis. 

Labyrinthal, Labyrinthic, Labyrinthine (lab- 
er-in'-thal, lab-er-in'-thik, lab -er -in' -thin) [laby- 
rinth]. Pertaining to a labyrinth. L. Vertigo. 
See Meniere's Disease. 

Labyrinthitis (lab-ir-in-thi'-tis) [labyrinth; 
ctcc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
labyrinth; otitis interna. L., Primary. 
See Voltolini's Disease. 

Lac (lak) [L.]. Milk. L. sulphuris, milk of 
sulfur, or precipitated sulfur. 

Laceration (las-er-a'-shun) [lacerare, to tear]. 
A tear. L. of Perineum, a tearing through 
the wall separating the lower extremity of 
the vagina and rectum, occurring occasionally 
during childbirth. 

Lacertus (las-er'-tus) [L.]. 1. The muscular 
part of the arm from the shoulder to the 
elbow. 2. A muscle or fibrous fascicle. 

Lachrymal (lak'-rim-al). See Lacrimal. 

Lacmus (lak'-mus). See Litmus. 

Lacrimal (lak'-rim-al) [lacrima, a tear]. Per- 
taining to the tears or to the organs secreting 
and conveying the tears. L. Apparatus, 
the lacrimal gland, ducts, canal, sac, and 
nasal duct. L. Artery, the first branch of 
the ophthalmic artery, supplying the gland. 
L. Bone, a bone upon the nasal side of the 
orbit, articulating with the frontal, the eth- 
moid, and superior maxillary bones, in which 
begin the lacrimal groove and nasal duct. 
L. Canals, L. Canaliculi, superior and 
inferior, extend from the lacrimal punctums to 
the sac, and serve to convey the excess of 
tears from the eye to the nose. L. Caruncle. 
See Caruncle, Lacrimal. Is. Ducts, 7 to 14 ducts 
extending obliquely from the gland to the fornix 
conjunctivae, carrying the tears to the con- 
junctival surface of the eyeball. L. Fistula, 
a fistula communicating with a lacrimal 
duct. L. Fossa, a depression at the upper 
and outer angle of the orbit. L. Gland, the 
gland secreting the tears, situated in a de- 
pression of the frontal bone. L. Lake, the 



LAC RIM ATI ON 



545 



LACTOSOMATOSE 



inward prolongation of the palpebral fissure of 
the eyelids. L. Papilla. See Papilla, Lacrimal. 
L. Probe, a probe for exploring or dilating 
the canaliculi and nasal duct. L. Puncta, 
the minute orifices of the canaliculi upon the 




Lacrimal Apparatus. — (H olden.) 

eyelids near the inner canthus. L. Sac, a 
saccular enlargement of the upper part of 
the nasal duct, into which the canaliculi 
empty. L. Style, a probe used in stricture 
of the nasal duct. 

Lacrimation (lak-rim-a' -shun) [see Lacrimal]. 
An excessive secretion of tears. 

Lactaciduria (lak-tas-id-u'-re-ah) [lactic acid; 
odpov, urine]. The presence of lactic acid 
in the urine. 

Lactalbumin (lak - tal' - bu - min) [lac; al- 
bumin]. A proteid contained in milk; it 
resembles serum-albumin, and coagulates at 
a temperature of from 70 to 8o° C. 

Lactase (lak'-tdz). A soluble enzym found in 
the animal body which hydrolyzes lactose. 

Lactate {lak' -tat). A salt of lactic acid. 

Lactation (lak-ta'-shun) [I act are, to suckle]. 
Suckling; the period during which the child 
is nourished from the breast. 

Lacteal (lak'-te-al) [lac]. 1. Pertaining to 
milk. 2. Any one of the lymphatics of the 
small intestine that take up the chyle. 

Lactic (lak'-tik). Pertaining to milk or its 
derivatives. L. Acid. See Acid, Lactic. 
L. Acid, Test for. See Uffelmann. 

Lactiferous (lak-tif ' -er-us) [lac; ferre, to earn.']. 
Conveying or secreting milk. L. Ducts, the 
ducts of the mammary gland. L. Glands, 
the mammary glands. 

Lactifuge (lak' -tif-uj) [lac; fugare, to drive 
away]. 1. Lessening the secretion of milk. 
2. A drug or agent that causes a lessening 
in the secretion of milk. 

Lactigenous {lak-tif -en-us) [lac; yewav, to 
produce]. Milk -producing. 

Lactigerous {lak-tij' -er-us) . See Lactiferous. 

Lactin (lak' -tin). See Lactose. 

Lactinated (lak'-tin-a-ted). Containing lactose. 

Lactivorous (lak-tiv'-or-us) [lac; vorare, to 
devour]. Subsisting on milk. 

Lacto- (lak-to-) [lac, milk]. A prefix denoting 
relation to milk. 
36 



Lactocele (lak'-to-sel). See Galactocele. 

Lactochrome (lak'-to-krom) [lacto-; %pojp.a, 
color], C 6 H l8 NO e . An alkaloidal substance 
from milk. 

Lactocin (lak' -to-sin) . A sedative and hyp- 
notic obtained from the juice of Lactuca 
virosa. Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gm.). 

Lactoglobulin (lak-to-glob' -u-lin) [lacto-; globu- 
lin]. One of the proteids of colostrum. 

Lactoglycose (lak-to-gW -kos) [lacto-; yXunoc, 
sweet]. A dry powder prepared from Mellin's 
food and milk, free from starch, and with 
the casein mechanically broken up. 

Lactol (lak'-tol), C 10 H 7 O.OC.CH(OH)CH 3 , 
betanaphthol lactate, an intestinal antiseptic 
used as a substitute for benzonaphthol. It 
is decomposed in the intestine into lactic acid 
and naphthol. Dose 3^-8 gr. (0.25-0.5 Gm.). 
Syn., Lactonaphthol. 

Lactola (lak-to' -lah) . A factitious milk made 
from skimmed milk, sugar, and a slight 
percentage of cotton-seed oil. 

Lactometer (lak-tom' -et-er) [lacto-; p.kxpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for determining 
the specific gravity of milk. 

Lactonaphthol (lak -to- naf - 
thol). See Lactol. 

Lactone (lak'-tdn), C 10 H 8 O 4 . 
An aromatic, colorless, in- 
flammable fluid, obtained in 
the dry distillation of lactic 
acid. 

Lactophenin (lak -to- je' - nin) 
[lacto-; <f)o~tvcq, purple red]. 
A derivative of phenetidin 
with lactic acid. It is a white 
powder used as an antipyretic 
and analgesic. Dose 8-15 
gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.). 

Lactophosphate (lak-to-fos'-}at) 
[lacto-; phosphate]. A salt 
composed of a base united to 
la.ctic and phosphoric acid. 

Lactoprotein (lak-to-pro' -te-in) 

[lacto-; protein]. A proteid said to exist in 
milk. 

Lactoscope (lak'-to-skop) [lacto-; oko-s.Iv, to 
examine]. An instrument for estimating the 
proportions of water and fat-globules in milk. 

Lactose (lak' -to s) [lac], Ci 2 H 22 O n + H 2 0. 
Milk-sugar (saccharum lactis y U. S. P.): 
a sugar found in the milk of mam- 
mals, and at times in the urine of nursing 
women. It forms white, hard, rhombic crys- 
tals, soluble in water, and has a sweetish 
taste. Its chief use is as a vehicle. Syn., 
Lactin. 

Lactoserum (lak-to-se 1 '-rum) [lacto-; serum, 
whey]. 1. The whey of milk. 2. The blood- 
serum of an animal inoculated with the milk 
of another animal, whereby the serum is ren- 
dered capable of precipitating casein in the 
milk of the variety used in the inoculation. 

Lactosin (lak' -to-sin), C 36 H 62 31 . A crystal- 
lizable polysaccharid. 

Lactosomatose (lak-to-so 1 '-mat-os) . A powder, 
consisting of the albuminous principles of 



¥ 



Lactometer. 
(Barlley.) 



LACTOSURIA 



546 



LAMELLAR 



milk combined with 5 % of tannic acid; used 
in gastrointestinal disorders. Dose 1-3 tea- 
spoonfuls. 
Lactosuria (lak-to-su'-re-ah) [lactose; oupov, 
urine]. The presence of lactose in the urine. 
Lactuca (lak-tu'-kah) [L., ''lettuce"]. A genus 
of composite-flowered herbs, the lettuces. 
L. saliva is the common garden lettuce. L. 
virosa is a European species, the source of 
lactucarium. 
Lactucarium (lak-tu-ka' -re-um) . The con- 
crete milky juice of Lactuca virosa. It con- 
tains a substance, lactucin, to which its prop- 
erties are thought to be due, is sedative and 
anodyne, and has been used in cough and 
nervous irritability. L., Syrup of (syrupus 
lactucarii, U. S. P.). Dose 2 dr. (8 Cc). 
L., Tincture of (tinctura lactucarii, U. S. P.). 
Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). 
Lactucin (lak-tu'-sin). See Lactocin. 
Lactyl (lak'-til), C 3 H 4 0. A radicle found in 
lactic acid. L.-phenetidin. See Lacto- 
phenin. L.-tropein, C 8 H 14 NO . CO . CH- 
(OH) . CH 3 , obtained from tropin by action 
of lactic acid or ethyl lactate. It is a cardiac 
tonic. 
Lacuna (la-ku'-nah) [lacus]. A hollow space. 
L.s of Bone. See under Bone. L.s, How- 
ship's. 1. Depressions on the surface of 
bone beneath the periosteum. 2. Carious 
excavations in bone filled with granulation 
tissue. L. magna, the largest of the orifices 
of the glands of Littre, situated on the upper 
surface of the fossa navicularis. L.s of 
Urethra, follicular depressions in the mucous 
membrane of the urethra, most abundant 
along the floor, especially in the region of 
the bulb. Their mouths are directed forward. 
Lacunar (la-ku'-nar) [lacuna]. 1. Pertaining 
to the lacunas, as lacunar tonsillitis. See 
Tonsillitis, Lacunar. 2. See Valve of Vieussens. 
L. orbitae, the roof of the orbit. L. ventriculi 
quarti, L. vieussenii. See Valve of Vieussens. 
Lacunose (la-ku'-nos) [lacuna]. The condition 

of having pits, depressions, or spaces. 
Lacunosoreticulate (la-ku-no-so-re-tik'- u - lat) 
[lacuna; reticulum, a network]. Both reticu- 
late and lacunose. 
Lacunula (la-ku'-nu-lah) [dim. of lacuna, a 

lake]. A small lacuna. 
Lacus (la'-kus) [L., "lake"]. A small cavity. 
L. lacrimalis, the space at the inner canthus 
of the eye, near the punctum, in which the 
tears collect. 
Ladendorff's Test for Blood. Treat the 
liquid with tincture of guaiacum and then 
with oil of eucalyptus; in the presence of 
blood the upper layer becomes violet and the 
lower layer blue. 
Lady Webster's Pills. Laxative pills of aloes 

and mastic. 
Laennec's Catarrh. A form of asthmatic 
bronchitis with scanty, viscous, "pearly" 
expectoration. See L.'s Perles. L.'s 
Disease, alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver; 
hobnail liver. L.'s Perles, roundish, gela- 
tinous masses forming the sputum in bron- 



chial asthma. L.'s Rale, a modified sub- 
crepitant rale due to mucus in the bronchioles; 
it is heard in pulmonary emphysema. L.'s 
Thrombus, a globular thrombus formed in 
the heart, especially when the heart is the seat 
of fatty degeneration. 

Lafayette Mixture. A mixture employed 
in gonorrhea. It contains copaiba, cubeb, 
solution of potassium hydroxid, sweet spirit 
of niter, and is known also as the compound 
copaiba mixture. 

Lagmi {lag' -me). A fermented wine or liquor 
made by the Arabs from the juice of the 

• date-palm. 

Lagophthalmos {lag-of-thal'-mos) [Xaycbc, hare; 
6(f>daXpi6c, eye: from the popular notion that 
a hare sleeps with open eyes]. A condition 
in which the eyes cannot be closed. 

La Grippe (lah grep). See Influenza. 

Laiose (li'-oz). A body found by Leo in dia- 
betic urine in certain cases and regarded by 
him as a sugar. Syn., Leo's sugar. 

Lake-colored, Laky [Fr., laque, rose-colored, 
from Pers. lak]. Applied to blood that is 
dark red and transparent from a solution of 
the hemoglobin in the serum. 

Lallation {lal-a' -shun) [XaXoc, prattle]. Any 
unintelligible stammering of speech, such as 
the prattling of a babe. 

Lallemand-Trousseau's Bodies. Gelatinous 
masses found in the secretion of the seminal 
vesicles. 

Laloneurosis (lal-o-nu-ro' -sis) [XaXog, prattle; 
neurosis]. An impairment of speech arising 
from spasmodic action of the muscles. It 
includes stammering and aphthongia. 

Lalopathy (lal-op'-ath-e) [XdXoc, prattle; Tiadoc, 
disease]. Any disorder of speech. 

Lalophobia (lal-o-fo'-be-ah) [XaXoc, prattle; 
<f)b^oc, fear]. Stutter-spasm, leading to or 
complicated with a dislike of speaking. 

Lalouette's Pyramid. A prolongation of the 
upper portion of the thyroid gland, generally 
to the left of the median line; it is not constant. 

Lambda (lam'-dah) [Xapiftda, the Greek letter 
A or X]. The angle of junction of the sagittal 
and lambdoid sutures. 

Lambdacism (lam' -das-izm) [XanftdaKconog, a 
fault in pronunciation of the letter "/"]. 1. 
Difficulty in uttering the sound of the letter /. 
2. Too frequent use of the / sound, or its 
substitution for the r sound. 

Lambdoid, Lambdoidal (lam'-doid, lam-doi'- 
dal) [lambda; eldoc, resemblance]. Resem- 
bling the Greek letter X. L. Suture, the 
suture between the occipital and the two 
parietal bones. 

Lamella (lam-el' '-ah) [dim. of lamina, a plate]. 
A thin scale or plate. L.s of Bone, the con- 
centric rings surrounding the haversian canals. 
L., Concentric, one of the plates of bone 
surrounding the haversian canal. L., Inter- 
mediate, one of the plates filling the spaces 
between the concentric layers of bone. L., 
Periosteal, L., Peripheral, a superficial 
lamella of bone lying under the periosteum. 

Lamellar (lam-el' -ar). Having the nature of 



LAMENESS 



547 



LANDRY'S DISEASE 



or resembling a thin plate; composed of 
lamellas or thin plates. L. Cataract. See 
Cataract, Lamellar. 

Lameness (lam'-nes) [ME., lame]. Limping; 
weakness of a limb. L., Intermittent. 
See Claudication, Intermittent. 

Lamin (la'-min) [lamium, the dead-nettle]. 
An alkaloid from Lamium album. The sul- 
fate is used hypodermatically as a powerful 
hemostatic in uterine and other internal 
hemorrhages. 

Lamina (lam'-in-ah) [L., "a plate or scale"]. 
A thin plate or layer. L. basilaris, the 
decidua serotina. L. cinerea, the connect- 
ing layer of gray matter between the cor- 
pus callosum and the optic chiasm. L., 
Cribriform, the cribriform plate of the eth- 
moid. L. cribrosa. i. That portion of the 
choroid which is perforated for the passage 
of the optic nerve. 2. The fascia covering 
the saphenous opening. 3. The anterior or 
posterior perforated space of the brain. 4. 
The perforated plates of bone through which 
branches of the cochlear or auditory nerve 
pass. L., Dental, an epithelial sheet formed 
by a flattening of the base of the dental band, 
from which the buds forming the enamel- 
organs of the teeth are given off. L., Ex- 
ternal Elastic, the innermost layer of the 
adventitia, consisting of fibers of elastic 
tissue blending externally with the adventitia 
proper. L. fusca, the pigmentary tissue of 
the inner layer of the sclera, forming the 
outer layer of the perichoroid sinus. L.S, 
Muscle. See Myocomma. L. propria, the 
middle or fibrous layer of the tympanic mem- 
brane. L., Reticular, the hyaline mem- 
brane of the inner ear, extending between 
the conjoined head of Corti's rods and the 
supporting cells. L. spiralis, a thin plate 
in the ear, osseous in the inner part and 
membranous in the outer, which divides the 
spiral tube of the cochlea into the scala tym- 
pani and the scala vestibuli. L. supracho- 
roidea, the delicate connective-tissue mem- 
brane uniting the choroid and sclerotic coats 
of the eye. L. vasculosa chorioidea, the 
layers of large vessels and of capillaries of the 
choroid considered as one. L. velamentosa, 
the organ of Ccrrti. L., Vitreous, a homo- 
geneous membrane covering the inner sur- 
face of the choroid. Syn., Membrane of 
Bruch. 

Laminar (lam'-in-ar). Composed of laminas; 
having the form of a lamina. 

Laminaria (lam-in-a' '-re-ah) [lamina], 1. A 
genus of seaweeds of the order Laminariacece. 
2. The stems of L. clous toni or L. digitata. 
L. Tent, a tent made of the stem of the 
laminaria plant, for dilation of the cervix 
uteri and other canals. 

Laminated (lam' -in-a-ted) . See Laminar. 

Lamination (lam-in-a' -shun) [lamina]. 1. Ar- 
rangement in plates or layers. 2. An opera- 
tion in embryotomy consisting in cutting the 
skull in slices. 

Laminectomy (lam-in-ek'-to-me) [lamina; i/cro- 



firj, excision]. The operation of removing 
the posterior vertebral arches. 

Laminiform (lam-in' -e- form). See' Laminar. 

Laminoids (lam'-in-oidz) . Blaud's tablets, made 
in two layers — one of ferrous sulfate and one 
of sodium bicarbonate — united by pressure. 

Lamium (la'-me-um) [L., "dead-nettle"]. A 
genus of plants. L. album is a species fur- 
nishing the alkaloid lamin. 

Lampblack (lamp'-blak). A fine black sub- 
stance, almost pure carbon, made by burning 
coal-oils in an atmosphere deficient in oxygen, 
or by allowing a gas-flame to impinge on a 
cold surface. 

Lanain (lan'-a-in) [lana, wool]. Purified wool- 
fat. 

Lancereaux's Interstitial Nephritis. In- 
terstitial nephritis due to rheumatism. L.'s 
Law, marantic thromboses always occur at 
the points where there is the greatest ten- 
dency to stasis; that is, where the influence 
of the cardiac propulsion and of thoracic as- 
piration is least. L.'s Treatment (in aneu- 
rysm of the aorta), consists in subcutaneous in- 
jections of serum gelatin. 

Lancet (Ian' -set) [dim. of lancea, a lance]. A 
knife having a double-edged, lance-shaped 
blade, for incising tumors, abscesses, etc. L., 
Gum-, a small lancet in which the cutting 
portion has a convex edge and is at right 
angles to the shaft; it is used for cutting the 
gums. L., Spring, one in which the blade 
is thrust out by means of a spring controlled 
by a trigger. L., Thumb, one with a double- 
edged, broad blade. 

Lancinating (lan'-sin-a-ting) [lancinare, to 
tear]. Tearing; shooting. L. Pains, rend- 
ing, tearing, or sharply cutting pains r com- 
mon in posterior spinal sclerosis. 

Lancisi, Nerves of. The slight ridges of the 
corpus callosum on each side of the raphe. 
Syn., Strice longitudinales. 

Landau's Form of Enteroptosis. Enter- 
optosis due to relaxation of the abdominal 
walls and pelvic floor. 

Landolt's Bodies. Small, elongated, clavate 
bodies lying between the rods and cones and 
resting upon the outer nuclear layer of the 
retina. L.'s Test for Phenol, treat the solu- 
tion with bromin water; a white, crystalline 
precipitate of tribromphenol is produced. 

Landouzy's Ischialgia. Neuralgia of the 
sciatic nerve, with atrophy of the muscles of 
all or part of the affected leg. L.'s Purpura, 
a form of purpura with grave systemic symp- 
toms. 

Landouzy-Dejerine's Type of Progressive 
Muscular Atrophy. A form in which there 
is atrophy of the muscles of the face and those 
of the scapulohumeral group. 

Landry's Disease, L.'s Paralysis. A form 
of paralysis characterized by loss of motor 
power in the lower extremities, gradually 
extending to the upper extremities and to 
the centers of circulation and respiration 
without sensory manifestations, trophic 
changes, etc. Syn., Acute ascending paralysis. 



LAND -SCURVY 



548 



LAPAROHYSTEROTOMY 



Land-scurvy. Purpura haemorrhagica. 

Landzert's Fossa. A fossa in the peritoneal 
cavity that is bounded behind by the parietal 
peritoneum covering the psoas, the renal ves- 
sels, the ureter, and a part of the left kidney, 
and below by the mesocolic fold. Syn., 
Paraduodenal fossa; Recessus venosus. 

Lang's Reaction for Taurin. A white com- 
bination appearing as a precipitate on boiling 
a solution of taurin with freshly precipitated 
mercuric acid. 

Langer's Axillary Arch. The thickened 
border of fascia which forms a bridge across 
the bicipital groove. 

Langerhans' Bodies. See Cells, Centroacinar. 
L.'s Granular Layer, the stratum granulo- 
sum; the layer of epidermal cells above the 
rete mucosum. L.'s Stellate Corpuscles. 
See Corpuscles, Langerhans' Stellate. 

Langhans' Cells. The polygonal epithelial 
cells, with distinct nuclei and cell-walls, con- 
stituting Langhans' layer. L.'s Giant-cell, 
the giant-cell of a tubercular granuloma. L.'s 
Layer, the inner of the two layers of cells 
covering the chorion; it is derived from the 
ectoderm. 

Lanichol (Ian' -ik-ol) . A proprietary prepara- 
tion of wool-fat. 

Laniol {lan'-e-ol). A proprietary wool-fat. 

Lannaiol {lan-a-i'-ol) An iodocresol proposed 
as a substitute for iodoform. 

Lannelongue's Tibia. The deformed tibia of 
inherited syphilis. 

Lanoform {Ian' -o- form). An antiseptic prepa- 
ration of lanolin and i % of formaldehyd. 

Lanolin (lan'-o-lin) [lana, wool; oleum, oil]. 
A cholesterin fat (adeps lance, U. S. P.) ob- 
tained from sheep's wool, and used as a 
basis for ointments. L.-milk, a mixture of 
lanolin, 10 parts; borax, i part; rose-water, 
ioo parts*, and medicated soap, 2.5 parts. L. 
Powder, lanolin combined with zinc oxid, 
magnesium carbonate, and starch. L., Sul- 
furated, thilanin. 

Lantanin {Ian' -tan-in) . An alkaloid from Lan- 
tana braziliensis . It is a white, bitter pow- 
der, used as an antipyretic instead of quinin 
in intermittent fever. Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 
Gm.) daily. 

Lantermann's Incisions. Partial or complete 
interruptions of the medullary sheath of a 
nerve-fiber existing at irregular intervals in 
an interannular segment. L.'s Segments, 
the cylindric or conic segments of the medul- 
lary sheath between Lantermann's incisions. 

Lanugo {lan-u'-go) [L./'down"]. 1. The down- 
like hair that appears upon the fetus at about 
the fifth month of gestation. 2. The downy 
growth often seen upon the face of women 
and girls. 

Lanulous {lan'-u-lus) . Covered with short hair. 

Lanum {la'-num). See Lanolin. 

Lapactic {lap-ak' -tik) [Xaizaooscv, to empty]. 
Emptying; purgative. 

Laparo- {lap-ar-o-) [Xarcapa, loin]. A prefix de- 
noting pertaining to the abdomen; properly, 
referring to the loin or flank. See Celiotomy. 



Laparocolostomy {lap-ar-o-ko-los'-to-me) [lapa- 
ro-; koXov, colon; ozb/ia, mouth; zofXTj, a cutting]. 
Abdominal colostomy: the formation of a 
permanent opening into the colon by inci- 
sion through the abdominal wall. 

Laparocolotomy {lap-ar-o-ko-lot' -o-me) [laparo-; 
koXov, colon; rofiTj, a cutting]. Inguinal or 
abdominal colotomy. 

Laparocystectomy {lap -ar-o- sis-tek'-to -me) 
[laparo-; K'boxcg, cyst; inzojir], excision]. An 
operation performed in advanced extra- 
uterine pregnancy for removal of the fetus 
and the entire gestation-sac. 

Laparo cystotomy {lap -ar-o-sis-tot' -o-me) [lapa- 
ro-; K'joxcg, cyst; Topuf), a cutting]. 1 . Suprapubic 
cystotomy. 2. An operation in advanced 
extrauterine pregnancy for the removal of the 
fetus, the sac being allowed to remain. 

Laparo cysto variohysterotomy {lap -a r-o-sist - 
o-va-re-o-his-ter-ot' -o-me) . Combined ovario- 
tomy and hysterotomy through an abdom- 
inal incision. 

Laparoelytrotomy {lap -ar-o -el- it - rot' -o-me) 
[laparo-; 'iXorpov, sheath; zofirj, a cutting]. An 
operation consisting in an incision over Pou- 
part's ligament, dissecting up the peritoneum 
until the vagina is reached, incising the latter 
transversely, dilating the cervix, and extract- 
ing the child through the os uteri. 

Laparoenterostomy {lap-ar-o-en-ter-os' -to-me) 
[laparo-; Ivxepov, intestine; or6p.a, mouth]. 
The formation of an artificial opening into 
the intestine through the abdominal wall. 

Laparoenterotomy {lap -ar-o -en- ter - of - o-me) 
[laparo-; 'ivrepov, intestine; rop.rj, a cutting]. 
An opening of the intestine through an ab- 
dominal incision. 

Laparogastrostomy {lap-ar-o-gas-tros' -to-me) 
[laparo-; -raorrjp, stomach; ozdjia, mouth]. 
The formation of a permanent gastric fistula 
through the abdominal wall. 

Laparogastrotomy {lap -ar-o- gas - trot' -0- me) 
[laparo-; yaaxrjp, stomach; xojJ.rj, a cutting]. 
The opening of the stomach through an ab- 
dominal incision. 

Laparohepatomy {lap-ar-o-hep-at'-o-me) [lap- 
aro-; rpiap, liver; xop.rj, a cutting]. Incision 
of the liver through the abdominal wall. 

Laparohysterectomy {lap-ar-o-his-ter-ek' -to- 
me) [laparo-; boxkpa, womb; ifcxofirj, sl cutting 
out]. The removal of the uterus through an 
incision in the abdominal walls. 

Laparohysterooophorectomy {lap -ar-o- his - 
ter-o-o-of-or-ek' -to-me) [laparo-; boxkpa, womb; 
cbo<f)6poc, ovary; iKxofirj, a cutting out]. Re- 
moval of the uterus and ovaries through 
an incision in the abdominal wall. 

Laparohysteropexy {lap-ar-o-his'-ter-o-peks-e) 
[laparo-; boxkpa, womb; Ti^cg, a fixing in]. 
Ventrofixation. 

Laparohysterosalpingooophorectomy {lap- 
ar -o -his- ter -o- sal- pin- go -o-of-or-ek' -to-me) 
[laparo-; boxkpa, womb; oahzcy^, tube; d>ocf>6- 
poc, ovary; ifcxop.r), a cutting out]. Excision 
of the uterus, oviducts, and ovaries by the 
abdominal route. 

Laparohysterotomy {lap-ar-o-his-ter-of -o-me) 



LAPAROILEOTOMY 



549 



LARYNGISMUS 



[laparo-; uo-kpa, uterus; tout], a cutting]. The 
operation of cutting into the uterus through 
an abdominal incision, as for the purpose of 
removing a fetus. 

Laparoileotomy (lap-ar-o-il-e-of '-o-me) [laparo-; 
ileum; ro/j.r), a cutting]. The operation of 
cutting into the ileum through an abdominal 
incision. 

Laparonephrectomy (lap-ar-o-nef-rek'-to-me) 
[laparo-; Vc(f>p6c, kidney; inTop.r), a cutting 
out]. Nephrectomy by an abdominal inci- 
sion. 

Laparorrhaphy (lap-ar-or'-af-e) [laparo-; pac}>r), 
suture]. Suture of the abdominal wall. 

Laparosalpingectomy (lap-ar-o sal-pin-jek'- 
to-me) [laparo-; oaX-cyq, tube; EK.zop.r), a cut- 
ting out]. Removal of a fallopian tube 
through an abdominal incision. 

Laparosalpingooophorectomy (lap-ar-o-sal- 
ping-o-o-of-o-rek'-to-me). The removal of the 
ovaries and oviducts by an incision through 
the abdomen. 

Laparosalpingotomy (lap-ar-o-sal-pin-got'-o- 
me) [laparo-; aalrufq, tube; ~o/xf) } a cutting]. 
i. Cutting into an oviduct through an ab- 
dominal incision. 2. Laparosalpingectomy. 

Laparoscopy (lap-ar-os' '-ko-pe) [laparo-; gko-s'cv, 
to examine]. Examination of the abdomen 
by instrumental means. 

Laparosplenectomy (lap-ar-o-splen-ek'-to-me) 
[laparo-; ar.Xr)v, spleen; Iktoutj, a cutting out]. 
Removal of the spleen through an abdominal 
incision. 

Laparosplenotomy (lap -ar-o- splen -ot'-o- me) 
[laparo-; o-Xtjv, spleen; zo/jlt), a cutting]. Sur- 
gical entrance upon the spleen through the 
abdominal walls. 

Laparotomist (lap-ar-of -o-mist) [see Laparot- 
omy]. A surgeon who performs laparotomies. 

Laparotomize (lap-ar-of -om-iz). To make an 
incision in the abdominal wall to perform 
laparotomy. 

Laparotomy (lap-ar-of -o-me) [laparo-; rofif), a 
cutting]. 1. An incision through the abdom- 
inal wall; celiotomy is the preferable term. 
2. The operation of cutting into the abdom- 
inal cavity through the loin or flank. 

Laparouterotomy (lap-ar-o-u-ter-oV '-o-me) . In- 
cision of the uterus through the abdomen; 
laparohysterotomy. 

Lapathin (lap'-ath-in) [Lapathum, the genus 
Rumex]. Chrysophanic acid. 

Lapilliform (lap-il'-i-form) [lapillus, a little 
stone; forma, form]. Presenting the appear- 
ance of little stones. 

Lapis (la' -pis) [L.]. A stone; an alchemic 
term applied to any nonvolatile substance. 
L. divinus, aluminated copper. L. impe- 
rialis, L. lunaris, silver nitrate. L. lazuli, 
a beautiful blue stone of complex composi- 
tion, formerly employed as a purgative and 
emetic and in epilepsy. L. mitigatus, di- 
luted silver nitrate. 

Lappa (lap'-ah) [L.]. The root of the com- 
mon burdock, Arctium lappa, containing a 
bitter principle, a resin, and tannin. It is 
aperient, diuretic, and alterative, and has 



been employed in gout, scorbutus, syphilis, 
and various skin diseases. The dose of the 
root is 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc); in infusion or 
tincture 10 min.-i dr. (0.65-4.0 Cc). L., 
Fluidextract of (fluidextr actum lappa,, U. S. 
P.). Dose 30 min.-i dr. (2-4 Cc). 

Laquear (lak'-we-ar) [L., "a fretted ceiling"; 
pi., laquearia]. L. vaginae, the vaginal vault. 

Laqueus (lak' -ive-us) [L., "a noose"]. 1. A 
noose-shaped bandage. 2. See Fillet (2). 

Larch. See Larix. 

Lard [lardum, lard]. The fat of the interior of 
the abdominal cavity of the hog, constituting 
adeps(XJ. S. P.). Lard is much used in phar- 
macy as a basis for ointments. See Adeps. 

Lardacein (lar-da' -se-in) [lard]. An amyloid 
substance, formed in amyloid degeneration 
of various organs, particularly the liver, kid- 
ney, and spleen. It is a proteid, but insolu- 
ble in the ordinary solvents, is not acted upon 
by the gastric juice, does not readily undergo 
putrefaction, and gives a mahogany-brown 
color with iodin and a blue color with iodin 
and sulfuric acid. 

Lardaceous (lar-da'-se-us) [lard]. Amyloid. 
L. Kidney. See Bright' s Disease. 

Lardeous, Lardiform (lar'-de-us, -form) [lard; 
forma, form]. Having a fatty appearance. 

Lardum, Laridum (lard'-um, lar'-id-um) [L.]. 
Lard. 

Largin (lar'-jin). Silver protalbin, a compound 
containing 11% of silver. It is a grayish- 
white powder, readily soluble in water and 
glycerol. It is a bactericide, used in gastric 
ulcers and gonorrhea. Dose 5-8 gr. (0.33- 
0.5 Gm.) in pill; in gonorrhea a 0.25 to 1.5% 
solution is employed. 

Larix (lar'-iks) [L.]. Larch. A genus of conif- 
erous, deciduous trees. The cortex (laricis 
cortex, B. P.) is astringent and stimulant, 
and has been used in purpura, hemoptysis, 
bronchitis, and locally in skin diseases. Dose 
of the tincture 20—30 min. (1.3-2.0 Cc). 
Unof. 

Larkspur (lark' -spur). The plant Delphinium 
consolida, the seeds of which are diuretic and 
emmenagog. Dose of the fluidextract 1-10 
min. (0.065-0.65 Cc). Unof. 

Larrey's Amputation. Double-flap amputa- 
tion at the shoulder-joint or hip-joint. L.'s 
Spaces, spaces between the parts of the dia- 
phragm attached to the sternum and those 
that are attached to the ribs. 

Larvicide (Jar' -vis-id) [larva; ccedere, to kill]. 
Any agent destroying insect larva. 

Laryngeal (lar-in'-je-al) [larynx]. Pertaining 
to the larynx. L. Crisis, an acute laryngeal 
spasm occurring in the course of tabes dor- 
salis. L. Edema, edema caused by infiltration 
of a fluid or semifluid into the submucous 
connective tissue of the larynx. L. Mirror, 
a small circular mirror affixed to a long 
handle, used in laryngoscopy. 

Laryngectomy (lar-in-jek'-to-me) [larynx; h- 
roixr), a cutting out]. Extirpation of the larynx. 

Laryngismus (lar-in-jiz'-mus) [larynx]. A 
spasm of the larynx. L. stridulus, a spas- 



LARYNGITIS 



550 



LARYNX 



modic affection of the larynx, characterized 
by sudden arrest of respiration, with increas- 
ing cyanosis, followed by long, loud, crowing 
inspirations. It is most common in rachitic 
children, but may also occur as a symptom 
of laryngeal catarrh. 

Laryngitis {lar-in-ji' -tis) [larynx; ace, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the larynx. It 
may be acute or chronic, catarrhal, suppura- 
tive, croupous (diphtheric), tuberculous, or 
syphilitic. Chronic catarrhal laryngitis is 
divided into a hypertrophic and an atrophic 
stage. The symptoms of acute catarrhal 
laryngitis, the most common form, are hoarse- 
ness, pain, dryness of the throat, dysphagia, 
and cough. L., Dry, a form characterized by 
heat and fatigue in the throat, persistent cough, 
and sometimes aphonia. Syn., Laryngitis 
sicca. 

Laryngo- (lar-in-go-) [larynx]. A prefix denot- 
ing relation to the larynx. 

Laryngo catarrh (lar-in-go-kat-ar'). Catarrh 
of the larynx: 

Laryngocele (lar-in' -go-seT) [laryngo-;' ktjXtj, a 
tumor]. A saccular dilation of the mucosa of 
the larynx between the hyoid bone and the 
cricoid cartilage. 

Laryngocentesis (lar-in-go-sen-te'-sis) [laryn- 

■ go-;KEVT7]occ, puncture]. Puncture of the larynx. 

Laryngocrisis (lar-in-go-kri'-sis). The parox- 
ysmal laryngeal cramp occurring in tabes 
dorsalis. 

Laryngofissure {lar-in-go- fish'-ur) [laryngo-; 
findere, to cleave]. i. Division of the larynx 
for the removal of tumors or foreign bodies. 
2. The aperture made in the operation of lar- 
yngofissure. 

Laryngology (lar-in-gol' -o-je) [laryngo-; Xbyoc, 
science]. The science of the anatomy, 
physiology, and diseases of the larynx. 

Laryngoparalysis (lar -in- go-par -al' -is-is) [lar- 
yngo-; napaXuocc, palsy]. Paralysis of the 
laryngeal muscles. 

Laryngopathy (lar-in-go p'-ath-e) [laryngo-; 
nadoc, suffering]. Any disease of the larynx. 

Laryngophantom (lar -in-go-)an' -torn) [laryngo-; 
(fravTaojjia, an apparition]. An artificial larynx 
designed for illustrative purposes. 

Laryngopharyngeal (lar-in-go-far-in'-je-al) . 
Pertaining conjointly to the larynx and 
pharynx. 

Laryngopharynx (lar-in-go- far' -inks) [laryngo-; 
<f>apuf£, pharynx]. The inferior portion of the 
pharynx. It extends from the greater cornua 
of the hyoid bone to the inferior border of the 
cricoid cartilage. 

Laryngophony (lar - in - go]' -o-ne) [laryngo-; 
<}hdv7), voice]. The sound of the voice ob- 
served in auscultation of the larynx. 

Laryngophthisis (lar-in-go-ti'-sis) [laryngo-; 
(fd'cacc, wasting]. Laryngeal tuberculosis. 

Laryngoplasty (lar-in' ' -go-plas-te) [laryngo-; 
nXaooecv, to shape]. Plastic operation upon 
the larynx. 

Laryngoplegia (lar-in-go-ple'-je-ah) [laryngo-; 
iibjX'f], stroke]. Paralysis of one or more 
muscles of the larynx. 



Laryngorhinology (lar-in-go-ri-nol'-o-je) . Com- 
bined laryngology and rhinology. 

Laryngoscleroma (lar-in-go-skle-ro'-mah) [lar- 
yngo-; OKXrjptopia, an induration]. Scleroma 
affecting the larynx. 

Laryngoscope (lar-in'- go -skop) [laryngo-; 
OKonelv, to examine]. A mirror attached to a 
long handle for examining the interior of the 
larynx. 

Laryngoscopist (lar-in-gos' -ko-pist) [see Laryn- 
goscope]. An expert in laryngoscopy. 

Laryngoscopy (lar-in-gos' -ko-pe) [see Laryn z 
go scope]. Examination of the interior of the 
larynx by means of the laryngoscope. 

Laryngospasm (lar- in' - go - spazm) [laryngo-; 
oizaop.6c, spasm]. Spasmodic closure of the 
glottis. 

Laryngo stenosis (lar-in-go-sten-o'-sis) [lar- 
yngo-; orevojoic, contraction]. Contraction or 
stricture of the larynx. 

Laryngostroboscope (lar-in-go-stro'-bo-skop) 
[laryngo-; orpofioc, a twisting; okotu-'cv, 
to examine]. A laryngoscope combined with 
an adjustable intermittent source of illu- 
mination, used in the observation of the vocal 
bands. 

Laryngotomy (Jar-in-got' -o-me) [laryngo-; 
zkpLvetv, to cut]. The operation of incising the 
larynx. L., Complete, incision of the lar- 
ynx through its whole length. L., Median, 
incision of the larynx through the thyroid car- 
tilage. L., Subhyoid, L., Superior, L., 
Thyrohyoid, incision of the larynx through 
the thyrohyoid membrane. 

Laryngotracheal (lar-in-go-tra'-ke-al) [laryngo-; 
rpa^e'ca, the windpipe]. Pertaining conjointly 
to the larynx and the trachea. 

Laryngotracheitis (lar-in-go-tra-ke-i'-tis) [lar- 
yngo-; trachea; exec, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the larynx and the trachea. 

Laryngotracheotomy (lar-in-go-tra-ke-ot'- 

o-me) [laryngo-; trachea; ropirj, a cutting]. 
That form of tracheotomy in which the cricoid 
cartilage and one or more of the upper rings 
of the trachea are divided. 

Laryngotyphoid, Laryngotyphus (lar-in-go- 
ti'-foid, lar-in-go-ti' -fus) [laryngo-; typhoid]. 
Typhoid fever associated with marked laryn- 
geal complications. 

Laryngoxerosis (lar-in-go-zer-o'-sis) [laryngo-; 
xerosis]. Dryness of the larynx. 

Laryngy drops (lar-in' -jid-r ops) [laryngo-; 
udpco(/j, dropsy]. Laryngeal edema. 

Larynx (lar' -inks) [Xapuy^, larynx]. The organ 
of the voice, situated between the trachea 
and the base of the tongue. It consists of 
a series of cartilages — the thyroid, the cricoid, 
and the epiglottis — and three pairs of car- 
tilages — the arytenoids and those of Santo- 
rini and of Wrisberg — which are lined by mu- 
cous membrane and are moved by the muscles 
of the larynx. The mucous membrane is, 
on each side, thrown into two transverse folds 
that constitute the vocal bands, the upper 
being the false, the lower the true, vocal band. 
By the approximation or separation of the 
vocal bands the changes in the pitch of the 



LASEGUE'S LAW 



551 



LATERAL 



voice are produced. The space between the 
vocal bands is termed the glottis. 




Posterior View of the Larynx, with the Muscles 
Removed. — (Holden.) 

W. Epiglottis cushion. L. ar.-ep. Arytenoepiglottic fold 
or ligament. M. m. Membrana mucosae. C. W. Car- 
tilage of Wrisberg, or cuneiform cartilage. C. S. Car- 
tilage of Santorini, or cornicula laryngis. C. aryt. 
Arytenoid cartilage. C. c. Cricoid cartilage. P. _ m. 
Muscular process or external angle. L. cr.-ar. Crico- 
arytenoid ligament. C. s. Superior cornu. C. i. 
Inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage. L. ce.-cr. 
p. i. Posterior inferior keratocricoid ligament. C. 
tr. Tracheal cartilage. P. m. tr. Membranous por- 
tion of the trachea. 

Lasegue's Law. Superficial lesions or simple 
functional troubles of an organ increase the 
reflexes, while more or less pronounced 
organic lesions suppress them. L.'s Sign, 
i. Incapacity of the anesthetic hysteric indi- 
vidual to move the extremity which he is pre- 
vented from seeing. 2. To differentiate sci- 
atica from hip-joint disease: in the case of the 
former, flexion of the thigh upon the hip is 
painless or easily accomplished when the knee 
is bent. L.'s Type of Mania of Persecu- 
tion, typical paranoia. 

Lash [LG., lasche, a flap]. An eyelash. 

Lassar's Paste. A paste used in the treat- 
ment of erythema intertrigo, consisting of 
salicylic acid, 30 gr.; zinc oxid and powdered 
starch, each, 6 dr.; vaselin, 2 oz. 

Lata, Latah (la'-tah) [Jav.]. A hysteric neu- 
rosis prevalent in Java, and nearly identical 
with the disorder of the jumpers in Maine and 
Canada, and with the miryachit of Siberia. 

Latent {la' -tent) [latere, to be hid]. Con- 
cealed; not manifest; potential. L. Heat, 
that which apparently disappears when a 



liquid is vaporized or a solid melted. L. 
Period. 1. The time required for the incu- 
bation of a disease. 2. In physiology, the 
time intervening between the application of 
a stimulus and the appearance of the result- 
ing phenomenon. 

Laterad {lat'-er-ad) [latus, the side; a d, toward]. 
Toward the lateral aspect. , 

Lateral (lat'-er-al) [latus]. At, belonging 
to, or pertaining to the side; situated on 
either side of the median vertical plane. 
L. Chain. See Receptor. L. -chain Theory 
of Ehrlich, this theory presupposes that 
the stimulating substances introduced into the 




M.st. th. 



Larynx, Front View, with the Ligaments and Inser- 
tion of Muscles. — (Holden.) 

O. h. Oshyoides. C. th. Thyroid cartilage. Corp. trit. 
Corpus triticeum. C. c. Cricoid cartilage. C. tr. 
Tracheal cartilage. Lig. thyr.-hyoid med. Middle 
thyrohyoid ligament. Lig. th.-h. lat. Lateral thyro- 
hyoid ligament. Lig. cric.-thyr. med. Middle crico- 
thyroid ligament. Lig. cric.-trach. Cricotracheal liga- 
ment. M . st.-h. Sternohyoid muscle. M. th.-hyoid. 
Thyrohyoid muscle. Af . st.-th. Sternothyroid mus- 
cle. M. cr.-th. Cricothyroid muscle. 

circulation have the power of combining with 
certain groups of molecules in the protoplasrn 
of certain cells, which combination is suc- 
ceeded by a regeneration of the lateral chains. 
When more of the combining substance is 
injected and the combining lateral chains 
again consumed, another still more copious 
regeneration occurs, and so on until the par- 
ticular lateral chains are present in great 
excess and pass out of the cells into the blood, 
where they are known as antitoxin. See Im- 
munity, Theory of, Ehrlich' s Side-chain. L. 
Column, that column of the spinal cord 
between the anterior and posterior horns. 



LATERICEOUS 



552 



LAW 



L. Operation, that form of lithotomy in 
which the opening is made on the right or 
the left side of the perineum. L. Sclerosis, 
Amyotrophic, a disease of the lateral columns 
and anterior gray matter of the cord. It is 
characterized by motor weakness and a 
spastic condition of the limbs, associated with 
atrophy of the muscles and final involvement 
of the nuclei in the medulla oblongata. L. 
Sclerosis, Primary, a sclerotic disease of the 
crossed pyramidal tracts of the cord, char- 
acterized by paralysis of the limbs, with 
rigidity, increased tendon-reflexes, and ab- 
sence of sensory and nutritive disorders. A 
peculiar characteristic jerking gait is pro- 
duced, and clonus of the lower limbs may be 
readily excited. L. Sinuses, the two veins of 
the dura mater situated in the attached margin 
of the tentorium cerebelli. L. Ventricles. 
See Ventricles, Lateral. 
Lalfcriceous, Lateritious {lat-er-ish'-us) [later, 
a brick]. Resembling brick-dust, as the 
latericeous sediment of the urine. 
Latero- [latus, side]. A prefix signifying to one 

side; lateral. 
Lateroabdominal {lat-er-o-ab-dom'-in-al) [lat- 
ero-; abdominalis, pertaining to the abdomen]. 
Pertaining both to the side and to the abdo- 
men. L. Posture, Sims' posture. 
Laterodeviation {lat-er-o-de-ve-a' -shun) [latero-; 
deviare, to deviate]. Slight displacement or 
deviation to one side. 
Lateroflexion {lat-er-o-flek'-shun) [latero-; flec- 
tere, to bend]. Flexion or bending to one side. 
Lateroposition {lat-er-o-po-zish' -un) [latero-; 
ponere, to place]. Displacement to one side. 
Lateropulsion {lat-er-o-puV -shun) [latero-; pel- 
lere, to drive]. An involuntary motion to one 
side. 
Laterotorsion ilat-er-o-tor' -shun) [latero-; tor- 

quere, to turn]. A twisting to one side. 
Lateroversion (lat-er-o-ver '-shun) [latero-; ver- 
tere, to turn]. A turning to one side, as 
lateroversion of the uterus. 
Lathyrism (lath'-ir-izm) [Xadupog, a kind of 
pulse]. An affection produced by the use 
of meal from varieties of vetches, chiefly 
Lathyrus sativus and L. cicera. It is a form 
of spastic paraplegia with tremor, involving 
chiefly the legs. Syn., Lupinosis. 
Latissimus (lat-is' -im-us) [superl. of latus, wide]. 
An adjective signifying widest. L. colli. See 
under Muscle. L. dorsi. See under Muscle. 
Laudable {law'-da-bl) [laudare, praise]. Praise- 
worthy. L. Pus. See Pus, Laudable. 
fiaudanin {lawd'-an-in) [laudanum], C 20 H 2s NO 4 . 

One of the alkaloids of opium. 
Laudanum (lawd' '-an-um) [Pers. ,ladan, a shrub]. 
•Tincture of opium. L., Sydenham's, wine 
of opium. 
Laughing, Laughter (lahf'-ing, lahf'-ter) [AS., 
hlehhan, to laugh]. A succession of rhythmic, 
spasmodic expirations with open glottis and 
vibration of the vocal bands, and expressing 
mirth. L.-gas, nitrous oxid or nitrogen pro- 
toxid. See Nitrous Oxid under Anesthetic, 
General. 



Laugier's Hernia. Femoral hernia through a 
gap in Gimbernat's ligament. 

Laumonier's Ganglion. The carotid gan- 
glion. 

Laura's Nucleus. See Deiters' Nucleus. 

Laurel {law'-rel). See Cherry-laurel and Laurus. 
L.-water, a medicinal water distilled from 
leaves of the cherry-laurel. See Cherry-laurel. 

Laureol {law'-re-ol). The proprietary name -for 
a mixture of cocoanut-oil and palm-oil. 

Laurocerasus {law-ro-ser' -as-us). See Cherry- 
laurel. 

Laurotetanin {law-ro-tef -an-in) , C 19 H 23 NO s . 
An alkaloid from the bark of Litsea citrata 
and a number of other plants of the order 
Laurinece. It is said to be a powerful poison, 
acting like strychnin on the spinal cord. 

Laurus {law' -r us) [L.]. A tree of the Laurinece. 
L. nobilis, the true laurel, is indigenous in 
the south of Europe. Its fragrant oils (one 
essential, from the leaves, and the other fixed, 
from the berries) are chiefly used in liniments. 
Unof. 

Lauth's Canal. See Canal of Schlemm. 

Lautissimus {law-tis' -im-us) [lautus, washed]. 
Most thoroughly purified or rectified. 

Lavage {lav-ahzh) [Ft.]. The irrigation or 
washing out of an organ, such as the stomach, 
the bowel, etc. L. of the Blood, washing 
toxic products from the blood-stream by in- 
travenous injection of artificial serum in large 
doses. 

Lavation (lav-a'-shun) [lavare, to wash]. Lav- 
age. 

Lavender (lav'-en-der) [lavanda, a washing]. 
The flowers of Lavandula vera, a plant of 
the order Labia tee. The active principle is 
a volatile oil. L. Flowers, Oil of {oleum lav- 
andulce florum, U. S. P.), used in the prepara- 
tion of the spirit. L., Spirit of {spiritus 
lavandulce,V.S.Y.). Dose 30 min.-i dr. (2-4 
Cc). L., Tincture of, Compound {tinctura 
lavandulce composita, U. S. P.). Dose 30 
min.-i dr. (2-4 Cc). Both the spirit and 
tincture are stimulant and carminative. 

Laveran's Crescent. The sickle-shaped Plas- 
modium found in the estivoautumnal form of 
intermittent fever. L.'s Plasmodium. See 
Plasmodium malarice. 

Law {law) [AS., lagu, a law]. A general rule; 
a constant mode of action of forces or phe- 
nomena. A rule of action prescribed by au- 
thority. L., Aran's. See Aran's Law. 
L., Bastian's, L., v. Bruns', when there 
exists a complete transverse lesion of the spi- 
nal cord above the lumbar enlargement, the 
tendon-reflexes of the lower extremities are 
abolished. L., Behring's, the blood and 
blood-serum of an individual who has been 
artificially rendered immune against a certain 
infectious disease may be transferred into 
another individual with the effect of rendering 
the latter also immune. L., Bell's. See 
Bell's Law. L., Berthollet's, when two salts 
in solution can, by double decomposition, 
produce a salt less soluble than either, this 
salt will be produced. L., Boyle's, at any 



LAW 



553 



LEAD 



given temperature the volume of a given 
mass of gas varies inversely as the pressure 
that it bears. Syn., Mariotte's law. L., 
Charles', equal increments of temperature 
add equal amounts to the product of the 
volume and pressure of a given mass of gas. 
The increase is 273 °f i ts volume measured 
at — 2 73 C, which is the zero of absolute 
temperature. L., Dalton's. See Dalton's 
Law. L. of Definite Proportions, when 
two or more chemic substances unite to 
form a compound, they do so in a fixed 
and constant proportion. L., Edinger's. 
See under Neuron. L., Fechner's, with 
increase of the stimulus the sensation in- 
creases onlv as the logarithm of the stimulus. 
L., Flatau's, "law of the eccentric situation 
of long tracts." The greater the length of 
the fibers of the spinal cord, the nearer to 
the periphery are they situated. L. , Freund's. 
See under Freund. L., Gay-Lussac's. See 
L., Charles'. L., Giraud-Teulon's, binocu- 
lar retinal images are localized at the point 
of intersection of the primary and secondary 
axes of projection. L., Graham's, the rate 
of diffusion of gases through porous mem- 
branes is in inverse ratio to the square root 
of their density. L., Gullstrand's, when the 
corneal reflex from either of the eyes of the 
patient, who is made to turn the head while 
fixing some distant object, moves in the 
direction in which the head is turning, it 
moves toward the weaker muscle. L., 
Gull-Toynbee's. See Gull-Toynbee's Law. 
L., Henry's. See Dalton's Law. L., Hil- 
ton's, a nerve-trunk supplying a given joint 
also supplies the muscles moving that joint 
and the skin over the insertion of those mus- 
cles. L., Kahler's. See Kahler's Law. L., 
Lasegue's. See Lasegue's Law. L., Leo- 
pold's, insertion of the placenta into the 
posterior uterine wall pushes the fallopian 
tubes forward, so that they assume a con- 
vergent direction on the anterior wall; in- 
sertion into the anterior wall causes them to 
turn backward and parallel to the longitudinal 
axis of the recumbent woman. L., Listing's. 
See Listing's Law. L., Magendie's. See 
Bell's Law. L., Mariotte's. See L., Boyle's. 
L., Meyer's. See Meyer's Law. L. of Mul- 
tiple Proportions, two substances uniting to 
form a series of chemic compounds do so 
in proportions that are simple multiples of 
one another or of one common proportion. 
L., Murphy's. See under Jaundice. L., 
Ohm's, the current-strength varies directly 
as the electromotive force, and inversely as the 
resistance. L., Profeta's, a child born of 
syphilitic parents, though apparently free 
from syphilis, cannot be infected. L. of 
Reciprocal Proportions, two elements com- 
bining with a third do so in proportions that 
are simple multiples or simple fractions of 
those in which they combine with each other. 
L. of Refraction, rays of light entering a 
denser medium are deflected toward a per- 
pendicular drawn through the point of inci- 



dence, and those entering a rarer medium 
are deflected away from the same perpen- 
dicular. L., Ritter-Valli's. See Ritter-V al- 
ii' s Law. L., Weber's, the variation of stim- 
ulus that causes the smallest appreciable 
variation in sensation maintains, approxi- 
mately, a fixed ratio to the total stimulus. 

Laxative (laks' -a-tiv) [laxare, to loosen]. 1. 
Aperient; mildly cathartic. 2. An agent that 
loosens the bowels; a mild purgative. 

Laxator {laks-a'-tor) [laxare]. That which 
loosens or relaxes. A name applied to various 
muscles. L. tympani See under Muscle. 

Laxol (laks'-ol). Castor-oil Combined with 
saccharin and oil of peppermint. 

Layer (la'-er) [ME., leyer]. A mass of uni- 
form, or nearly uniform, thickness, spread 
over a considerable area. L., Bacillar, L., 
Bacillary, the layer of rods and cones 
of the retina. L., Cellular, the endothe- 
lial layer of the blood-vessels and lymph- 
vessels, composed of flattened nucleated cells. 
L., Cortical, the cerebral cortex. L., Cu- 
ticular, a striated, hyaline, refractive layer 
at the free end of a columnar cell. L., Gang- 
lionic, a layer of angular cells of the cerebral 
cortex, best developed in the motor area. 
L., Horny, the superficial layer of the skin. 
L., Large Pyramid-cell, the third layer of 
the cerebral cortex, composed of pyramidal 
cells larger than those of the small pyramid- 
cell layer, increasing in size from above down- , 
ward and attaining a diameter of 40 fi. L., 
Molecular, the outermost layer of the cer- 
ebral cortex, made up of neuroglia, a few small 
ganglion-cells, and a reticulum of medullated 
and nonmedullated nerve-fibers. L., Oopho- 
rous, the outer portion of the ovary, in which 
the ovules are formed. L., Osteoblastic, L., 
Osteogenetic, the lower layer of periosteum, 
connected with the formation of bone. L. of 
Rods and Cones. See L., Bacillar. L., Se- 
rous, the inner layer of the pericardium. L., 
Small Pyramid-cell, the second layer of the 
cerebral cortex, made up of small pyramidal 
cells, with a diameter of about 10 //. L., 
Waldeyer's, the internal or vascular layer of 
the ovary. 

Layman (la'-man) [haoc, the people]. A mem- 
ber of the laity; a person not a physician 
or not professionally educated. 

Lazaretto (laz-ar-ef -0) [Ital., "a pest-house," 
from lazar, a leper]. A quarantine estab- 
lishment; a pest-house; also, a place for 
fumigation and disinfection. 

Leaching (le'-ching). The process of causing 
water or any fluid to percolate through some 
substance. 

Lead (led) [AS.]. See Plumbum. L., Black-, 
graphite. L. -colic. See Colic, Lead-. L.- 
encephalopathy, the cerebral manifestations 
of chronic lead-poisoning. They consist of epi- 
lepsy, acute delirium, and hallucinations, and 
may terminate in insanity. L.-line, the line 
of discoloration on the gums in cases of chronic 
lead-poisoning. Syn., Blue line. L.-pipe 
Contraction, the condition of the limbs in the 



LEADER 



554 



LEMONADE 



cataleptic state, in which they maintain any po- 
sition that is given them. L. -poisoning, a 
form of poisoning due to the introduction of 
lead into the system. The symptoms are dis- 
turbed nutrition, anemia, a blue line on the 
gums, lead-colic, constipation, pains in the 
limbs, local muscular paralysis (wrist-drop) 
and wasting, lead-encephalopathy, etc. Syn., 
Plumbism; Saturnism. L., Test for, in Sys- 
tem, paint a small area of the skin with a 6% 
solution of sulfite. If lead is present, the 
painted] area will darken after a few days. 
[Cicconardi.] L., Test for, in the Urine, ad- 
minister potassium iodid for four days, collect- 
ing the urine. Evaporate to a pint (500 Cc.) 
and filter. Pass hydrogen sulfid gas through 
the urine thus concentrated, when a black pre- 
cipitate will form if lead is present. [White.] 
L., Test for, in Water. See Blythe. 

Leader ile'-der) [AS., Icedere]. A sinew or ten- 
don. 

Leathery (leth'-er-e) [AS., lether]. Resembling 
leather, as leathery arteries, arteries thickened 
and feeling like cords of leather. 

Lebbin's Test. See under Test. 

Leber's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles, Gierke's. 
L.'s Disease, hereditary optic atrophy. L.'s 
Plexus, a plexus of venules in front of 
Schlemm's canal, with which it communi- 
cates. 

Lecat's Gulf. The dilated bulbous portion 
of the urethra. 

Lecithalbumins {les-ith-aV -bu-minz) . More 
or less stable compounds of albumin and 
lecithin, found in the mucosa of the stomach, 
in the lungs, liver, kidney, and spleen, dif- 
fering from nucleoproteids and nucleoalbu- 
mins in that there is no metaphosphoric acid 
split off and that they yield no xanthin bases. 

Lecithin (les' -ith-in) [Xkacdoc, yolk of egg], 
C^HqoNPOq. A complex nitrogenous fatty 
substance, occurring widely spread throughout 
the animal body. It is found in the blood, 
bile, serous fluids, brain, nerves, yolk of egg, 
semen, pus, and white blood-corpuscles. It 
is a colorless, slightly crystalline substance, 
soluble in alcohol, and chemically is looked 
upon as the glycerophosphate of neurin, in 
which two atoms of hydrogen are replaced 
by two atoms of stearic, palmitic, or oleic 
acid. It is used as a nutritive in tuberculosis. 
Dose 1-5 gr. (0.1-0.3 Gm.). 

Lecithoblast {les-ith' -o-blast) [lecithin; filaoxbc, 
a germ]. One of the cells of the yolk- 
cavity in the mammalian ovum. Syn., Leci- 
thophore. 

Lecithophore {les-ith'-o-}or). See Lecithoblast. 

Leech {lech) [AS., lace, physician]. A blood- 
sucking worm, the Sanguisuga or Hirudo 
medicinalis, found in Europe, and the Hirudo 
decora, the American leech. Leeches are 
used for the' local abstraction of blood. A 
European leech draws from |-i oz. (16-32 
Cc.) of blood. L., Artificial, an apparatus 
for cupping. 
Lees (lez) [Ft., lie, dregs]. The dregs of vinous 
liquors. 



Leg [Icel., leggr]. The lower extremity, espe- 
cially that part from the knee to the ankle. 
L., Barbados, elephantiasis of the leg. L., 
Bayonet, uncorrected backward displace- 
ment of the knee-bones. L., Black-. See 
Black-leg. L., Bow-, a curving outward of 
the legs. L., Milk-, phlegmasia alba dolens. 
Legal's Disease. Paroxysmal pains and ten- 
derness of the scalp in the region supplied by 
the auriculotemporal nerve, associated with 
pharyngotympanic catarrh. Syn., Cephalal- 
gia pharyngotympanica. L.'s Test for 
Acetone in Urine, acidulate the urine with 
hydrochloric acid and distil. To the distil- 
late add a few drops each of sodium nitro- 
prussid and solution of potassium hydroxid. 
This produces a ruby-red color, which changes 
to purple on the addition of acetic acid. 
Creatinin gives a similar color, but it disap- 
pears when acetic acid is added. 
Le Gendre's Nodosities. See Bouchard's No- 
dosities. 
Legitimacy (le-jit'-im-as-e) 
[legitimus, lawful]. 1. The 
condition of being within 
the bounds of the law. 2. 
The state of a child born 
within wedlock, or within 
a period of time necessary 
to gestation, which may 
elapse after the death of 
the father. 
Legroux's Remissions. 
Lengthy remissions which 
sometimes occur in the 
course of pulmonary tu- 
berculosis. Syn., Treves 
de Legroux. 
Legumelin (leg-u f -mel-in) 
[legumin]. An albumin 
found in most leguminous 
seeds. 
Legumin {leg-u'-min) [legu- 
men, pulse]. A proteid 
found in the seeds of many plants belonging 
to the natural order of Leguminosce. 
Lehman's Sign. In the administration of 
chloroform, to prognosticate as to a ready or 
difficult anesthesia, if the eyelids closed by 
the anesthetizer reopen at once, wholly or in 
part, the anesthesia will be difficult. The 
eyelids will remain closed from the beginning in 
those who take chloroform well. 
Leiodermia {li-o-der' -me-ah) . See Liodermia. 
Leiomyoma {li-o-mi-o' -mah) . See Liomyoma. 
Leipodermia (li-po-der' -me-ah) [Xz'ckecv, to 

leave; dkpfia, skin]. Deficiency of the skin. 
Leiter's Coil, L.'s Tubes. Tubes of soft, 
flexible metal designed for application about 
any part of the body. Cold water is passed 
through the tubes, thereby reducing the tem- 
perature of the parts incased. 
Lembert's Suture. See Suture, LemberCs. 
Lemniscus (lem-nis f -kus). See Fillet (2). 
Lemon (lent' -on). See Limo. 
Lemonade {lem-on-dd') [lemon]. An acidulous, 
refrigerant drink made from the juice of the 




%iffliTBW 

Artificial Leech. 



LEMOSTENOSIS 



555 



LEPRA 



lemon. L. , Sulf uric-acid, a solution of sugar 
in water containing sulfuric acid. It is used in 
lead manufactories to prevent lead-poisoning. 

Lemostenosis {le-mo-ste-no' -sis) [Xatp.bc, gullet; 

" azivioaec, stricture]. Constriction of the 
pharynx or esophagus. 

Lcnigallol ilen-e-gal'-oT). Pyrogallol triace- 
tate; a white, nontoxic powder, soluble in 
aqueous alkaline solutions. It is used in 
psoriasis and eczema in 0.5 to 5% ointment; 
it does not affect the healthy skin. 

Lenirobin ilen-ir-o' -bin) . Chrysarobin tetrace- 
tate. It is used in the treatment of skin 
diseases. 

Lenitive {len'-i-tiv) [lenitivus, soothing]. Em- 
ollient or demulcent; laxative or aperient. 

Lennesin (len f -es-in). A cholagog, said to be a 
glucosid from a species of Conyza. 

Lennhoff's Sign. In cases of echinococcus- 
cyst on deep inspiration a furrow forms above 
the tumor between it and the edge of the ribs. 

Lens (lenz) [L., "a lentil"]. 1. A piece of glass 
or crystal for the refraction of rays of light. 
2. The crystalline lens of the eye. L., 
Achromatic. See Achromatic Lens. L.,Apo- 
chromatic. See Apochromatic Lens. L., Bi- 
concave (negative or minus ( — ) lens), a thick- 
edged lens having concave spheric surfaces 
upon its opposite sides; it is used in spectacles 
to correct myopia. L., Biconvex (positive 
or plus ( + ) lens), a thin-edged lens; it has 
two convex surfaces, and is used to correct 
hyperopia. L., Bifocal. See Bifocal Lens. L., 
Convergent, L., Converging, a double con- 
vex or planoconvex lens that focuses rays of 
light. L., Convexoconcave, a lens having 
a convex and a concave surface, which would 
not meet if continued. Its properties are 
those of a convex lens of the same focal dis- 
tance. L., Crystalline, the lens of the eye, 
a biconvex transparent body lying in its cap- 
sule immediately behind the pupil of the eye 
and kept in place by its suspensory ligament. 
It serves to refract the rays of b'ght entering 
the pupil and impinging on its surface so as to 
bring them to a focus upon the retina. L., 
Cylindric (either minus or plus), one with a 
plane surface in one axis and a concave or 
convex surface in the axis at right angles to 
the first. L., Dispersing, a concave lens. 
L., Periscopic, one with concavoconvex or 
convexoconcave surfaces, the opposite sides 
being of different curvatures; such lenses 
are called meniscus lenses. L., Spheric, one 
the curved surface of which, either concave 
or convex, is a segment of a sphere. L., 
Stokes', a device for measuring astigmatism, 
consisting of a plus and a minus cylindric lens 
of equal refractive powers revolving upon each 
other. 
Lenticonus (len-tik-o' -nus) [lens; conus, a cone]. 
A rare, usually congenital, anomaly of the lens 
in which there is a conic prominence upon its 
anterior or, more rarely, upon its posterior, 
surface. 
Lenticula (len-tik f -u-lah) [L., "a lentil"]. The 
lenticular nucleus. 



Lenticular {len-tik' -u-lar) [lenticula]. 1. Per- 
taining to or resembling a lens. 2. Per- 
taining to the crystalline lens. 3. Pertain- 
ing to the lenticular nucleus of the brain. 
4. Having the shape of a lentil; lentiform. 
L. Nucleus, a mass of gray matter, the* 
extraventricular portion of the corpus stria- 
tum, situated to the outer side of the internal , 
capsule of the brain. Syn., Lenticula. 
Lenticulate (len-tik' -u-lat) [lens]. Lens-shaped; 

lentil -shaped. 
Lenticulooptic (len-tik-u-lo-op'-tik) [lenticula; 
optic]. Relating to the lenticular nucleus and 
the thalamus. 
Lenticulostriate (len-tik-u-lo-stri' -at) [lenticula; 
striatus, striated]. Pertaining to the lenticular 
nucleus of the corpus striatum, as lenticulo- 
striate artery. 
Lenticulo thalamic (len-tik-u-lo-thaV-am-ik) . 

See Lenticulooptic. 
Lentiform (len'-tif-orm) [lens; forma, form]. 

Lens-shaped or lentil-shaped. 
Lentigo (len-ti'-go) [L., "a lentil-shaped spot"; 
pi., lentigines]. A freckle; a circumscribed 
patch of pigment, small in size, occurring 
mainly on face and hands, and due to expo- 
sure to the sun. L. aestiva, summer freckles. 
Leo's Sugar. See Laiose. 
Leontiasis {le-on-ti' -as-is) [Xicov, a lion]. A 
lion-like appearance of the face, seen in lep- 
rosy, elephantiasis, and leontiasis ossea. L. 
ossea, L. ossium, an overgrowth of the 
bones of the face, through which the features 
acquire a lion-like appearance. Syn., Meg- 
alocephaly. 
Leontodin (le-on' '-to-din) [Xicov, a lion; ddoOc, 
a tooth]. The precipitate from a tincture of 
the root of dandelion, Leontodon taraxacum; 
it is a tonic, diuretic, aperient, and hepatic 
stimulant. Dose 2-4 gr. (0.13-0.26 Gm.). 
Unof. 
Leontodon (le-on f -to-don). See Taraxacum. 
Leopold's Law. .See Law; Leopold's. 
Leper (lep'-er) [Xexpog, scaly]. One affected 

with leprosy. 
Lepidic (lep-id'-ik) [Xeiz'tc, a scale; a husk]. 
Applied to the tissues of lining membranes 
characterized by absence of definite stroma 
between the individual cells. 
Lepido- (lep-id-o-) [Xs-tc, a scale]. A prefix 

signifying a scale or scaly. 
Lepidosarcoma (lep-id-o-sar-ko'-mah). A sar- 
coma covered with scales, occurring in the 
mouth. 
Lepidosis (lep-id-o' -sis). Same as Ichthyosis. 
Also a synonym of Lepra and of Pityriasis. 
Lepine (le'-pen). An antiseptic fluid said to 
consist of mercuric chlorid, 0.00 1 Gm.; phenol 
and salicylic acid, each, 0.1 Gm.; benzoic acid 
and calcium chlorid, each, 0.05 Gm.; bromin, 
0.01 Gm.; quinin hydrobromid, 0.2 Gm.; 
chloroform, 0.2 Gm.; distilled water, 100 parts. 
Lepothrix (lep'-o-thriks) [Xbtoc, a scale; dpc£, 
a hair]. A condition in which the hairs of the 
axillas or scrotum are incased in a sheath of 
hardened sebaceous matter. 
Lepra (lep'-rah) [Xinpa, leprosy]. 1. Leprosy. 



LEPRID 



556 



LEUKEMIA 



2. A form of psoriasis. L. anaesthetica. See 
Leprosy. L. maculosa, the stage of true lep- 
rosy characterized by the presence of pigment- 
spots. L, mutilans, the final stage of true 
leprosy, in which there is a marked loss of tissue. 

Leprid (lep'-rid). A skin-lesion of leprosy. 

Leproma (lep-ro'-mah) [lepra]. The specific 
lesion of tubercular leprosy. 

Leprosis (lep-ro' -sis). Leprosy. 

Leprosy (lep'-ro-se) [lepra]. An endemic, 
chronic, infectious disease, due to Bacillus 
lepra. Two forms of leprosy are described — 
a tubercular and an anesthetic form. The 
first begins with a well-defined erythema 
(macular leprosy), which is succeeded by the 
formation of papules, and later of nodules, 
although in some cases the erythematous stage 
is followed by a disappearance of the pigment 
without nodulation (lepra alba). The nodules 
eventually break down and ulcerate. The 
anesthetic form begins with pains and hy- 
peresthesia; a macular eruption appears, but 
later subsides, leaving spots of anesthesia; 
trophic lesions develop and lead to the loss of 
the fingers or toes, with the production of 
marked deformity. 

Leptandra (lep-tan' '-drah) [Xetztoc, thin; dvrjp, 
male]. A former genus of plants. The leptan- 
dra of the U. S. P. is the rhizome and rootlets 
of Veronica virginica. Its properties are 
thought to be due to a glucosid, leptandrin. It 
is tonic, laxative, and cholagog, and is used in 
indigestion and chronic constipation. Syn., 
Culver' s-root. L., Extract of (extr actum lep- 
tandrce, U. S. P.). Dose 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.2 
Gm.). L., Fluidextract 01 Qluidextr actum 
leptandrce, U. S. P.). Dose 20 min.-i dr. 
(1.3-4.0 Cc). 

Lepto- (lep-to-) [Xsktoc, thin]. A prefix mean- 
ing thin. 

Leptocephalus (lep-to-sef '-al-us) [lepto-; KsfiaXrj, 
head]. A monster with an abnormally small 
head from premature union of the frontal and 
sphenoid bones. 

Leptomeningitis (lep-to-men-in-ji' '-lis) [lepto-; 
ixfjvcy^, membrane; ncg, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the pia and arachnoid of the 
brain or the spinal cord. 

Leptorhine (lep'-tor-in) [lepto-; pec, nose]. Hav- 
ing a slender nose or proboscis. 

Leptothrix (lep'-to-thriks) [lepto-; dpi£, hair]. 
A genus of bacteria, the elements of which 
form straight filaments, often of great length. 
See under Bacteria. 

Leptus (lep'-tus) [Xstctoc, thin]. A genus of 
beetles. L. autumnalis, a parasite that 
. burrows under the skin, causing lesions simi- 
lar to those of itch. Syn., Harvest-bug; 
Mower's mite. 

Leptystic (lep-tis' -tik) [Xsktuvscv, to make 
thin]. Relating to or affected with emaciation. 

Lesion (le r -zhun) [Icesio, an injury]. An in- 
jury, wound, or morbid structural change. 
L., Discharging, a brain lesion that causes 
sudden discharge of nervous motor impulses. 
L., Ebstein's, hyaline degeneration and 
insular necrosis of the epithelial cells of the 



renal tubules in diabetes. L., Focal, in the 
nervous system, a circumscribed lesion giving 
rise to distinctive and localizing symptoms. 
L., Functional, L., Molecular, a very fine 
lesion, not discernible by the microscope or 
discoverable by chemistry, but causing loss 
or excess of functional activity and attributed 
to alteration of the molecular equilibrium 
of that part. L., Initial, of Syphilis, the 
chancre. L., Irritative, in the nervous sys- 
tem, a lesion exciting the functions of the 
part wherein it is situated. L., Peripheral, 
a lesion of the nerve-trunks or of their ter- 
minations. L., Primary, of the Skin, the 
change in the skin occurring in the developing 
stage of a skin disease. L,, Secondary. 
1. In the skin, the change occurring in the 
primary lesion, due to irritation or other 
causes. It comprises erosions, ulcers, rha- 
gades, squamas, cicatrices or scars, crusts, 
and pigmentation. 2. One of the secondary 
manifestations of syphilis. L., Structural, 
one working a manifest change in tissue. 
L., Toxic, a change in the tissues due to sep- 
sis. L., Vascular, a lesion of a blood-vessel. 

Lesser's Triangle. A triangular space bounded 
above by the hypoglossal nerve, its sides 
being formed by the bellies of the digastric. 

Lesshaft's Space. A locus minoris resistentiae 
existing in the region of the twelfth rib in 
some individuals, which allows the pointing 
of an abscess or the protrusion of a hernia. 
It is bounded, in front, by the external ob- 
lique; behind, by the latissimus dorsi; above, 
by the serratus posticus inferior; and below, by 
the internal oblique. Syn., Lesshajti rhombus. 

Lethal (le'-thal) [lelum, death]. Deadly; per- 
taining to or producing death. 

Lethargy (leth'-ar-je) [XtjOtj, forgetfulness]. A 
condition of drowsiness or stupor that cannot 
be overcome by the will; also, a stage of hyp- 
notism. L., African. See African Lethargy. 

Lethin (le'-thin). The proprietary name for 
an alcoholic solution of camphor, acetic acid, 
ethereal oils, and chloroform. 

Lettuce (let' -us). See Lactucarium. 

Leucemia (lu-se'-me-ah). See Leukemia. 

Leucic (lu'-sik). Relating to or derived from 
leucin, as leucic acid. 

Leucin (lu'-sin) [XeitKof, white], C 6 H 13 N0 2 . 
A substance formed during pancreatic, diges- 
tion, and also found in the urine, together 
with tyrosin, in acute yellow atrophy of the 
liver. Leucin crystallizes from the urine in 
the form of yellowish-brown balls. See Hof- 
meister, Scherer. 

Leucinuria (lu-sin-u' -re-ah) [leucin; ohpov, 
urine]. The occurrence of leucin in the urine. 

Leucitis (lu-si'-tis). Same as Scleritis. 

Leuco- (lu-ko-). For words beginning thus 
see Leuko-. 

Leudet's Bruit. A fine crackling sound in 
the ear, audible to both the observer and the 
patient, in catarrhal and nervous affections 
of the ear. It is attributed to spasm of the 
external peristaphylinus muscle. 

Leukemia (lu-ke'-me-ah) [Xeunoc, white; al/xa, 



LEUKEMIC 



557 



LEUKODERMA 



blood]. A disease of the blood and the blood- 
making organs, characterized by a permanent 
increase in the number of white blood-cor- 
puscles and by enlargement of the spleen, 
the lymphatic glands, and the marrow of 
bone, together or separately. The etiology 
is obscure; by some the disease is considered 
to be infectious. L., Acute, a generally fatal 
form, characterized by rapid development, 
high temperature, great enlargement of the 
spleen and lymphatics, and softening of the 
bone-marrow. Leukaemia cutis, L. of the 
Skin, a state of the skin characterized by 
formation of lymphatic enlargements of its 
deeper layers. Leukaemia lienalis, splenic 
leukemia. L., Lienomedullary, L., Lieno- 
myelogenous. See L., Spleno medullary. L., 
Lymphatic, the most common form, char- 
acterized by enlargement of the lymphatic 
glands, with perhaps slight changes in the 
spleen. L., Medullary, L., Myelogenous, 
L., Osseous, L., Polymorphocyte, a form 
in which the tissue of the bone-marrow is 
principally affected and obliteration of many 
of the small blood-vessels takes place. • Syn., 
Myelemia. L., Pseudo-, L., Pseudosplenic. 
See Pseudoleukemia. L., Splenic, that in 
which the blood-changes are principally due 
to disorders of the spleen. L., Splenomed- 
ullary, the form characterized by excessive 
enlargement of the spleen and proliferation 
of the marrow of the bones without manifest 
change in the lymphatic glands. 

Leukemic (lu-kem'-ik or lu-ke'-mik) [leukemia]. 
Pertaining to leukemia. 

Leukethiopia [lu-ke-the-o' -pe-ah) [Xsukoc, white ; 
Affl!o(/>, Ethiopian]. Albinism in an African. 

Leuko- {lu-ko-) [XeuKoc , white]. A prefix mean- 
ing white. 

Leukoblast {lu' - ko -blast) [leuko-; [iiaoxoc, 
a germ]. i. The germ of a leukocyte. 
2. A cell in bone-marrow, of a type which 
is believed to develop into a red blood-cor- 
puscle. 

Leukocidin {lu-ko' -sid-in) [leukocyte; ccedere, 
to kill]. A poison destroying leukocytes, dis- 
covered in exudates caused by infection with 
Staphylococcus aureus. 

Leukocyte {lu'-ko-sit) [leuko-; kuxoc, cell]. 
The colorless or white corpuscle of the 
blood. Leukocytes have ameboid move- 
ment' and are formed in the lymphadenoid 
tissue of the spleen, lymphatic glands, intes- 
tinal tract, bone-marrow, etc., and probably 
also in the lymph and blood. Their average 
diameter is o.oi mm. (2-5V0 inch). In normal 
blood several forms are distinguished: lym- 
phocytes, large uninuclear leukocytes, transi- 
tional forms, and multinuclear cells; accord- 
ing to the granules contained in their proto- 
plasm, three varieties are described — the 
neutrophil, the eosinophil, and the basophil. 
L.s, Ehrlich's Theory Concerning, all 
varieties may be classed into two groups 
having separate origins, functions, and rela- 
tions. The first group would comprise all 
lymphocytes, which are produced solely by 



the lymphatic tissues; and the second, the 
mononuclear leukocytes and transitional 
forms, the polynuclear neutrophils, the 
eosinophils, and the basophils, all of which 
cells are produced exclusively by the marrow. 
L., Polymorphonucleic, L., Polynuclear- 
neutrophilic, one derived primarily from 
lymphocytes and secondarily from a myelo- 
cyte; originating in red bone-marrow, in the 
lymph-glands, or spleen. L.s, Polymor- 
phous, L.s, Polynuclear, cells in which the 
nucleus is either lobed or made up of several 
portions united by such delicate nuclear fila- 
ments as to give the impression of a multinu- 
cleated cell in distinction to mononuclear, eo- 
sinophil, and neutrophil leukocytes and lymph- 
ocytes. L., Uskow's Theory Concerning, 
all leukocytes except the basophilic cells 
are but different developmental stages of the 
same cell. The youngest form of leukocyte, 
the small lymphocyte, originates in the lymph- 
glands, the lymphocytic bone-marrow, and 
the spleen. 

Leukocythemia {lu-ko-si-the' -me-ah) . See Leu- 
kemia. * 

Leukocytic {lu-ko-sif -ik) \leukocyte\ Relating 
to or characterized by leukocytes. 

Leukocytogenesis {lu-ko-si-to-jen' -es-is) [leu- 
kocyte; yzvvav, to beget]. The formation of 
leukocytes. 

Leukocytolysin {lu-ko-si-tol' -is-in) [see Leuko- 
cytolysis]. A cytolysin produced by inocula- 
tion with leukocytes. 

Leukocytolysis {lu-ko-si-tol' -is-is) [leukocyte; 
Xbocc, solution]. The destruction of leuko- 
cytes. 

Leuko cytolytic {lu-ko-si-to-lit'-ik). Relating 
to the destruction of leukocytes. 

Leukocytoma {lu-ko-si-to' -mah) [leukocyte; b/aa, 
tumor]. A tumor-like mass composed of 
leukocytes, as the tubercle, the gumma, etc. 

Leukocytometer {lu-ko -si-tom' -et-er) leuko- 
cyte; fihpov, a measure]. A graduated capil- 
lary tube used for counting leukocytes. 

Leuko cytopenia ilu-ko-si-to-pe' -ne-ah) . See 
Leukopenia. 

Leuko cytoplania. See Leukoplakia. 

Leukocytosis {lu-ko-si-to' -sis) [letikocyte]. An 
increase in the number of colorless blood- 
corpuscles in the blood. It is - physiologic 
during digestion and pregnancy; pathologic 
in certain anemias, especially leukemia, in 
some of the infectious fevers, in cachexias, 
and after hemorrhage. L., Inflammatory, 
that in which the lymph is concentrated in 
the cells while the blood is normal. L., Pure, 
a leukocytosis in which the increase of white 
cells affects the multinuclear form. 

Leukocytotaxis {leu-ko-si-to-tak'-sis). See Leu- 
ko taxis. 

Leukocytozoa {lu-ko-si-to-zo'-ah) [leukocyte; 
£tiov, animal]. Infusorian parasites of the 
white blood-corpuscles. 

Leukoderma {lu-ko-der' -mah) [leuko-; dipfia, 
skin]. A condition of defective pigmenta- 
tion of the skin, especially a congenital ab- 
sence of pigment in patches or bands. 



LEUKOKERATOSIS 



558 



LEUKOTOXIC 



Leukokeratosis {lu-ko-ker-at-o'-sis) . See Leu- 
koplakia. 

Leukolin {lu-ko' -lin) . See Quinolin. 

Leukolysis {lu-kol'-is-is). See Leukocytolysis. 

Leukoma (lu-ko'-mah) [AeuKcofxa, a white spot 
in the eye], i. An opacity of the cornea the 
result of an ulcer, wound, or inflammation, 
and presenting an appearance of ground 
glass. 2. The term has also been used for 
albumin. See Leukoplakia. 

Leukomain {lu-ko' -mah-in) [kuKcopta, a white- 
ness]. The name applied to any one of the 
nitrogenous bases or alkaloids normally de- 
veloped by the metabolic activity of living 
organisms, as distinguished from the alkaloidal 
bodies developed in dead bodies, and 
called ptomains. From their chemic affini- 
ties leukomains may be divided into two 
groups — the uric-acid group, comprising 
adenin, carnin, guanin, heteroxanthin, hypo- 
xanthin, paraxanthin, pseudoxanthin, sper- 
min, xanthin; and the creatinin group, in 
which are classed amphicreatinin, crusocrea- 
tinin, xanthocreatinin, and others. The 
appended list of leukomains is modified from 
the work of Vaughan and Novy: Amphi- 
creatin (C 9 H 19 N 7 4 ), discovered by Gautier 
in muscle. Carnin (C 7 H 8 N 4 3 ), discovered 
by Weidel in meat -extract; nonpoisonous. 
Crusocreatin (C 5 H 8 N 4 0), discovered by 
Gautier in muscle. Gerontin (C 5 H 14 N 2 ), dis- 
covered by Grandis in dog liver; it paralyzes 
the nerve-centers. Guanin (C 5 H 5 N s O), dis- 
covered by Unger in animal and vegetal 
tissues and in guano; nonpoisonous. Hetero- 
xanthin (C 6 H 6 N 4 2 ), discovered by Salomon 
in urine. Hypoxanthin (C 5 H 4 N 4 0), dis- 
covered by Scherer in brain, muscle, kidney, 
liver, spleen, certain plants, etc.; nonpoison- 
ous; excitomotor. M ethylhydantoin (C 4 Hg- 
N 2 0), discovered by Guaretchi and Mosso 
in fresh meat. Parareducin (C 6 H N 3 O), dis- 
covered by Thudichum in urine. Paraxan- 
thin (C 7 H 8 N 4 2 ), discovered by Thudichum 
and Salomon in urine; poisonous. Protarin, 
discovered by Miescher in spawn of salmon. 
Pseudoxanthin (C 4 H 5 N 5 0), discovered by 
Gautier in muscle. Reducin (C^H^NgOg), 
discovered by Thudichum in urine. Sala- 
mandarin (C 34 H 60 N 2 O 5 ), discovered by Zal- 
esky in salamander; poisonous. Sarcin or 
Sarkin. See Hypoxanthin in this list. 
Spermin (C 2 H 5 N?), discovered by Schreiner 
in semen, testicles, Charcot-Leyden crystals, 
and in the tissues in leukemia; nonpoisonous. 
11 Unnamed" (i) (C 3 H 5 N0 2 ), discovered by 
Pouchet in urine; (2) (C 7 H 12 N 4 2 ), dis- 
covered by Pouchet in urine; (3) (C n H 24 - 
N 10 O 5 ), discovered by Gautier in muscle; 
(4) (C^H^NjjOg), discovered bv Gautier 
in muscle; (5) C 13 H 24 N 2 2 (C 62 H M N 8 8 PS), 
discovered by Eliacheff in normal urine 
and slightly poisonous; (6) (C u H 25 N 3 3 ), 
a poisonous leukomain discovered by Elia- 
cheff in urine in tuberculosis. Urethro- 
bromin. See Paraxanthin in this list. Xan- 
thin (C 5 H 4 N 4 2 ), discovered by Marcet in 



most animal tissues, and in certain plants and 
calculi; slightly poisonous and a muscle 
stimulant. Xanthocreatin (C 5 H 10 N 4 O), dis- 
covered by Gautier in muscle; poisonous. 

Leukomatous {lu-ko' -mat-us) [leukoma]. Hav- 
ing the nature of or affected with leukoma. 

Leukomyelitis {lu-ko-mi-el-i'-tis) [leuko-; fiueXSc, 
marrow; ace, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the white substance of the spinal cord. 

Leukonecrosis {lu-ko -ne-kro' -sis) [leuko-; nec- 
rosis]. A form of dry gangrene, the slough 
having a light color. 

Leukonostoc {lu-ko -no s'-tok) [leuko-; nostoc]. 
A genus of schizomycetes having its elements 
disposed in chains and enveloped in a sheath 
of tough jelly. See under Bacteria. 

Leukonuclein {lu-ko-nu'-kle-in). A decom- 
position-product of nucleohiston by action of 
hydrochloric acid. 

Leukonychia {lu-kon-ik' -e-ah) [leuko-; bvu£, 
nail]. A whitish discoloration of the nails 
owing to the presence of air beneath them. 

Leukopathy, Leukopathia {lu-ko p'-ath-e, lu- 
ko-pa' -the-ah) [leuko-; nddoc, suffering]. Any 
deficiency of coloring-matter; albinism. See 
Leukoderma. 

Leukopenia {lu-ko -pe'-ne-ah) [leuko-; nsv'ca, 
poverty]. A decrease below the normal stand- 
ard in the number of leukocytes in the 
peripheral blood. 

Leukophlegmasia {lu-ko-fleg-ma'-ze-ah) [leuko-; 
(f>Uyjj.a, phlegm]. 1. A condition marked 
by a tendency to dropsy, accompanied by a 
pale flabby skin and general edema of the 
whole body; solid edema. 2. Phlegmasia 
alba dolens. L. dolens puerperarum, phleg- 
masia alba dolens. 

Leukoplakia {lu-ko-pla' '-ke-ah) [leuko-; nXa£, 
surface]. Whitening of a surface. L.buccalis, 
L. lingualis, a disease characterized by 
the presence of pearly-white or bluish-white 
patches on the surface of the tongue or 
the mucous membrane of the cheeks, due to a 
hyperplasia of the epithelium. 

Leukoplania {lu-ko-pla' -ne-ah) [leuko-; xXavi), 
a wandering]. The wandering of leukocytes 
or their passage through a membrane. 

Leukoplasia {lu-ko-pla' -ze-ah). See Leuko- 
plakia. 

Leukorrhea {lu-kor-e'-ah) [leuko-; po'ca, a flow]. 
A whitish, mucopurulent discharge from the 
female genital canal, popularly called "the 
whites." 

Leukorrheal {lu-kor-e' -at) [leukorrhea]. Of 
the nature of or pertaining to leukorrhea. 

Leukosarcoma {lu-ko-sar-ko'-mah) [leuko-; 
sarcoma]. A nonpigmented sarcoma. 

Leukosis {lu-ko' -sis) [feu/coc, white]. 1. Any 
disease of the lymphatics. 2. Abnormal 
pallor of the skin. 3. The development and 
progress of leukoma. 

Leukotactic {lu-ko-tak'-tik) [leuko-; xa^cc, ar- 
rangement]. Relating to leukotaxis. 

Leukotaxis {lu-ko-taks'-is). The arranging 
and ordering function of leukocytes. 

Leukotoxic {lu-ko-toks'-ik). Destructive to 
leukocytes. 



LEUKOTOXIN 



559 



LICHEN 



Leukotoxin {lu-ko-toks 1 '-in) [leuko-; to£ik6v, 
poison]. A cytotoxin obtained by Metch- 
nikoff from lymphatic ganglions. 

Leukotrichia {lu-ko-trik' -e-ah) [leuko-; dp'c^, 
hair]. Whiteness of the hair; canities. 

Leukourobilin (Ju-ko-u-ro-biV -in) [leuko-; obpov, 
urine; bilis, bile]. A colorless decomposition- 
product of bilirubin. 

Levant Wormseed. See Santonica. 

Levator ile-va'-tor) [L., "a lifter"], i. That 
which raises or elevates, as certain muscles 
having such a function. See under Muscle. 

Levicoochre {lev-ik-o-o'-ker). A mud contain- 
ing iron and arsenic, obtained from the springs 
at Levico in the Tyrol. It is applied in the 
form of a hot poultice in chronic inflammation. 

Levigate {lev'-ig-dt) [Icevigare, to make smooth]. 
i. To reduce to a fine powder by rubbing or 
grinding; to triturate. 2. Smooth. 3. Uni- 
form: applied to the reddening in skin 
diseases. 

Levisticum {lev-is' -tik-um). A genus of plants 
containing but one species, L. officinale, in- 
digenous to middle Europe. The root, plant, 
and fruit are diuretic and are used in dropsy 
and amenorrhea. Dose of fluidextract 15-60 
min. (0.9-3.7 Cc). See Lovage. 

Levogyrate (le-vo-ji'-rdt). See Levorotatory. 

Levophoria {le-vo-fo'-re-ah) [lesvus, left; <f>epscv, 
to bear]. A tending of the visual lines to the 
left. 

Levorotatory {le-vo-ro'-tat-o-re) .[Icevus, left; 
rotare, to turn]. Causing to turn toward the 
left hand: applied to substances that turn the 
rays of polarized light to the left. 

Levotorsion {le-vo-tor' '-shun) [lecvus, left; tor- 
quere, to twist]. A turning or twisting toward 
the left. 

Levoversion ile-vo-ver' -shun) . See Levotorsion. 

Levret's Law. Marginal insertion of the 
umbilical cord in placenta praevia. 

Levulinic Acid {lev-u-lin r -ik) . See Acid, Levu- 
linic. 

Levulosan {lev-u-lo'-san) [levulose], C 6 H 10 O 5 . 
A carbohydrate prepared by heating levulose. 

Levulose {lev'-u-los) [lavus, left], C 6 H 12 6 . 
Fruit-sugar, the natural sugar of fruits. It is 
a colorless, syrupy liquid, and rotates the 
plane of polarized light to the left. It occurs 
normally in the intestine, and rarely in the 
urine in disease. See Invert-sugar. 

Levulosemia {lev-u-lo-se' -me-ah) [levulose; alp.a, 
blood]. The presence of levulose in the blood. 

Levulosuria {lev-u-lo-su' -re-ah) [levulose; oupou, 
urine]. The presence of levulose in the urine. 

Levuretin {lev -u' -re-tin) [Fr., levure, yeast]. A 
preparation of dried brewers' yeast used in 
skin diseases. Dose 1 teaspoonful (5 Cc.) in 
milk 3 times daily. 

Levurin {lev'-u-rin) [see Levuretin]. A dried 
extract of beer-yeast; used in cases of 
sepsis. Dose 1 teaspoonful (5 Cc.) 3 times 
daily. 

Lewin's Erythema of the Larynx. Simple 
syphilitic catarrh of the larynx. 

Lewinin {lu'-in-in) [after Dr. Lewin]. A local 
anesthetic resin from kava. 



Leyden Jar {li'-den) [Leyden, a town in Holland]. 
A glass jar coated within and without with 
tin-foil, reaching nearly to the neck, and 
surmounted by a knobbed conductor in con- 
nection with the inner coating. It is designed 
for the temporary accumulation of electricity, 
with which the inner foil may be charged. 

Leyden's Ataxia. Pseudotabes. L.'s Cells, 
large, mononuclear epithelioid cells found in 
the anterior horns of the spinal cord in cases 
of anterior poliomyelitis. They are also met 
in other inflammatory affections of the cord. 
L.'s Crystals. See Crystals, Charcot-Ley- 
den's. L.'s Neuritis, a variety of neuritis in 
which the nerve-fibers are replaced by fatty 
tissue. Syn., Lipomatous neuritis. L.'s Sign, 
in cases of subphrenic pyopneumothorax 
manometric observation shows that the pres- 
sure in the abscess-cavity rises during inspira- 
tion and falls during expiration. The reverse 
was held by Leyden to occur in true pneumo- 
thorax. 

Leyden-Charcot's Crystals. See Crystals, 
Char cot-Ley den' s. 

Leyden-Moebius' Type of Progressive Mus- 
cular Atrophy. A type commencing in the 
calves and often assuming the character of 
Duchenne's paralysis. 

Leydenia gemmipara. The large round or 
polymorphous cells with lively ameboid 
movement discovered by v. Leyden in the 
ascitic fluid in cancer patients. 

Leydig's Cells. See Henle's Cells. L.'s 
* Duct, the wolffian duct. 

Lichen {li'-ken) [Xet%Tiv, a lichen]. A generic 
term for a group of inflammatory affections 
of the skin in which the lesions consist of solid 
papules. L. acuminatus, a variety of 
lichen ruber in which the papules are acumin- 
ate. It is usually very acute, and is accom- 
panied by grave constitutional symptoms 
(rigors, pyrexia, sweats, prostration) and by 
itching. L. pilaris, an inflammatory disease 
of the hair -follicles in which a spinous epi- 
dermic peg occupies the center of the papule. 
L. planus, an inflammatory skin disease, 
with an eruption made up of papules that are 
broad and angular at the base, flat and ap- 
parently glazed on the summit, slightly um- 
bilicated, and of a dull, purplish-red color. 
The papules may be discrete or may coalesce, 
and itching may be slight or severe. L. 
ruber, a rare skin disease, with lesions con- 
sisting, in the beginning, of discrete, miliary, 
conic papules, but, as the disease advances, 
becoming aggregated and forming continu- 
ous red, . infiltrated, and scaly patches. 
The whole surface may eventually become 
involved. The nails of the fingers and toes 
become affected, being of a dirty-brown color, 
rough, flaky, and breaking off short. The 
etiology and pathology are obscure. L. 
scrofulosus, a form occurring in strumous 
children. The eruption is situated on the 
trunk, especially upon the back, either 
diffusely or in patches. The papules are 
very small, pale, conic, and surmounted 



LICORICE 



560 



LIGAMENT 



by fine scales; they cause no itching, and 
on fading leave a rather persistent yellowish 
pigmentation. L. tropicus, prickly heat. 

Licorice (lik'-or-is). See Glycyrrhiza. 

Lid. See Eyelid. 

Lieben's Test for Acetone in Urine (mod- 
ified by Ralfe). Dissolve 20 gr. of potassium 
iodid in a dram of solution of potassium hy- 
droxid and boil; then carefully float the urine 
on its surface in a test-tube. A precipitation of 
phosphates occurs at the point of contact which, 
in the presence of acetone, will become yellow 
and studded with yellow points of iodoform. 

Lieberkiihn's Ampulla. A cavity that was 
supposed by Lieberkuhn to exist in an intes- 
tinal villus and to communicate at the apex 
with the lumen of the intestine and at the 
base with the lacteals. L.'s Crypts. See 
Crypts, Lieberkiihn's. L.'s Follicles, L.'s 
Glands. Same as Crypts, Lieberkiihn's. 

Liebermann's Test for Proteids. Wash 
the proteid with alcohol and ether, and treat 
with fuming hydrochloric acid; a beautiful 
violet-blue coloration is produced. 

Liebermann-Buchard's Test for Cholesterin. 
Allow the substance to dissolve in acetic 
anhydrid, then add a few drops of concen- 
trated sulfuric acid, when a beautiful violet 
coloration is produced, changing quickly to 
green if cholesterin is present. 

Liebig's Extract. A variety of beef-extract. 

* L.'s Test for Cystin, boil the substance with 

caustic alkali containing lead oxid. In the 

presence of cystin a precipitate of black lead 

sulfid is formed. 

Lien {li'-en) [L.]. The spleen. 

Lienaden ili-en' -ad-en) [lien; dorjv, gland]. The 
proprietary name of a preparation made from 
the spleen of animals. 

Lienal (li'-en-al) [lien]. Relating to the spleen. 

Lienculus {li-en' -ku-lus) [dim. of lien]. A de- 
tached part or exclave of the spleen. 

Lienitis (li-en-i '-tis) [lien; erec, inflammation]. 
Splenitis. 

Lieno- (li-en-o-) [lien]. A prefix meaning re- 
lating to the spleen. 

Lienointestinal (li-en-o-in-tes'-tin-al) [lieno-; in- 
testine]. Relating to the spleen and intestine. 

Lienomalacia (li-en-o-mal-a'-she-ah) [lieno-; 
paXa/ica, softening]. Morbid softening of the 
spleen. 

Lienomedullary (li-en-o-med'-ul-ar-e). See 
Lienomyelogenous. 

Lienomyelogenous {li-en-o - mi -el- of -en- us) 
[lieno-; fiue/\6c, marrow; ysvvdv, to produce]. 
Derived from both spleen and marrow. 

Lienomyelomalacia (li-en-o-mi-el-o-mal-a' -she- 
ah) [lieno-; {weA.dc, marrow; jiaXanca, softening]. 
Softening of the spleen and bone-marrow. 

Lienorenal ili-en-o-re' -nal) [lieno-; ren, kidney]. 
Relating to the spleen and the kidney. 

Lienteric (li-en-ter' '-ik) [lientery]. Pertaining 
to or affected with lientery. 

Lientery (li'-en-ter-e) [Xe'coc, smooth; evrepov, 
intestine]. A form of diarrhea in which the 
food passes rapidly through the bowel with- 
out undergoing digestion, 



Lieutaud's Sinus. The straight sinus. L.'s 

Triangle, the trigonum vesicae. 
Life (llf) [AS., llf]. 1. The sum of prop- 
eties that enables an organism to adapt itself 
to surrounding conditions. 2. The character- 
istic phenomena manifested by living beings. 
3. The force or principle underlying or caus- 
ing the phenomena presented by organized 
beings. L., Animal, the manifestations de- 
pending directly on the cerebrospinal nervous 
system and the voluntary muscles, as dis- 
tinguished from vegetative life — that is, the 
functions of digestion, respiration, reproduc- 
tion, etc. L., Change of, that period in the 
life of a woman at which menstruation ceases. 
Syn., Climacteric; Menopause. L., Expecta- 
tion of, the average number of years a person 
has to live, as calculated from life-tables. 
Ligament, Ligamentum (lig'-am-ent, lig-am- 
en'-tum) [ligare, to bind]. A band of flexible, 
compact connective tissue connecting the ar- 
ticular ends of the bones, and sometimes 
enveloping them in a capsule. L., Acromio- 
clavicular, a ligament covering the acromio- 
clavicular articulation and 
extending from the clavicle 
to the acromial process of 
the scapula. L., Adipose, 
the mucous ligament of the 
knee-joint. L., Alar. 1. 
One of the two folds of 
synovial membrane on 
each side of the mucous 
ligament of the knee-joint. 
2. See L., Odontoid. L., 
Annular (of Ankle), the 
broad ligament covering 
the anterior surface of the 
ankle-joint. L., Annular 
(of Wrist), a strong liga- 
ment extending from, the 
trapezium to the unciform 
bone, confining the flexor 
tendons. L., Arcuate, 
one of the arched liga- 
ments extending from the 
body of the diaphragm to 
the last rib and to the 
transverse process of the 
first lumbar vertebra. L., 
Atloaxoid, that joining the 
atlas and the axis. L., 
Atlooccipital, that join- 
ing the atlas and the oc- 
ciput. L. of Bigelow. 
See L., Iliofemoral. L., 
Broad (of uterus), a fold 
of peritoneum extending 
laterally from the uterus 
to the pelvic wall. L., 
Capsular, a heavy fibrous 
structure surrounding an articulation, and 
lined by synovial membrane. L., Check. 
See L., Odontoid. Ligamenta coli, three 
longitudinal bands on the surface of the 
large intestine, due to thickening of the 
longitudinal muscle-fibers. L., Conoid, 




Ligaments of El- 
bow-joint. 

1. Humerus. 2. Ul- 
na. 3. Radius. 
4. External lat- 
eral ligament. 5. 
Orbicular liga- 
ment. 6. Pos- 
terior ligament. 
7, 8. Condyles of 
humerus. o. In- 
terosseous mem- 
brane. 



LIGAMENT 



561 



LIGAMENT 




Right Knee-joint, In- 
ternal Ligaments 
(Anterior View). 

i. Lower extremity of 
femur. 2. Anterior 
crucial ligament. 3. 
Posterior crucial liga- 
ment. 4. Transverse 
ligament. 5. Intercon- 
dylar fossa. 6. Semilu- 
n a r fibrocartilages 
(internal). 7. Semi- 
lunar fibrocartilages 
(external). 8. Liga- 
mentum patella:. 9. 
Tubercle of tibia. 10. 
Capsular ligament, n. 
Interosseous m e m - 
brane. 



the inner portion of the coracoclavicular liga- 
ment. It is attached 
to the coracoid process 
of the scapula and the 
conoid tubercle of the 
clavicle. L., Coraco- 
clavicular, one ex- 
tending from the cora- 
coid process of the 
scapula to the clavi- 
cle. L., Coronary 
(of liver), a peritoneal 
fold extending from 
the posterior edge of 
the liver to the dia- 
phragm. L., Costo- 
clavicular. See L., 
Rhomboid. L., Cos- 
tocoracoid, that join- 
ing the first rib and 
the coracoid process 
of the scapula. L., 
Cotyloid, a ring of 
fibrocartilaginous tis- 
sue at the margin of 
the acetabulum. L., 
Crucial, Anterior, 
the smaller crucial 
ligament of the knee, 
extending from the 
upper surface of the 
tibia to the inner sur- 
face of the external 
condyle of the femur. 
L., Crucial, Posterior, one attached below 
to the back part of 
the depression behind 
the spine of the tibia, 
to the popliteal notch, 
and to the external 
semilunar fibrocartil- 
age, and above to the 
inner condyle of the 
femur. L., Crural. 
See L., Pott part's. 
L., Denuce's. See 
Denuce's Ligament. 
L.s, Elastic, yellow, 
highly elastic liga- 
ments lying at the 
back of the spinal 
canal, appearing in 
pairs between the 
laminas of contiguous 
vertebras from the 
axis to the interval 
between the last lum- 
bar vertebra and the 
sacrum. L., Falci- 
form, a sickle-shaped 
expansion of the great 
sacrosciatic ligament, 
extending along the 
inner margin of the 
tuberosity and inferior 
ramus of the ischium. 
L.. Femoral. See 




Right 

(POSTE- 



LlGAMENTS OF 

Knee-joint 
rior View). 
1. Posterior ligaments or 
ligamentum winslowii 
(oblique fasciculus) . 2. 
Tendon of semimem- 
branosus muscle. 3. 
Tibia. 4. Bursa. 5. 
Internal lateral liga- 
ment. 6. Long exter- 
nal lateral ligament. 
7. Short external lat- 
eral ligament. 8. Pop- 
liteus muscle. 9. Pos- 
terior or internal cru- 
cial ligament. 

37 



L., Hey's. L., Flood's, the glenohu- 
meral ligament. L.s, Funicular, band- 
like ligaments accessory to capsular liga- 
ments surrounding movable joints; they 
are made up of parallel bundles of flexible 
fibrous tissue, but' without elasticity. L., 
Gimbernat's, the triangular portion of the 
aponeurosis of the external oblique that is 
attached to the lower end of Poupart's liga- 
ment in front and to the iliopectineal line 
behind and externally. L., Glenohumeral, 




CJ^ ;, IE^ 




Ligaments of the Costovertebral Articulations. 

. Anterior common ligament. 2. Anterior costovertebral 
or stellate ligament. 3. Anterior costotransverse liga- 
ment. 

a portion of the coracohumeral ligament, at- 
tached to the inner and upper portion of the 
bicipital groove. L., Glenoid (of scapula), 
a ring of fibrocartilaginous tissue attached to 
the rim of the glenoid fossa. L., Glenoideo- 
brachial, the thickened part of the capsular 
ligament of the shoulder which is inserted 
into the lesser tuberosity of the humerus. 
L., Hey's, a sickle-shaped expansion of the 
fascia lata. Syn., Femoral ligament. L., 




Ligaments of the Occipitoatloid Joint. 
a. Anterior common ligament. b. Anterior occipitoatloid 
ligament. c. Anterior common ligament (continua- 
tion), d. Anterior atloaxial ligament, e. Capsular 
ligament. /. Synovial membrane, g. Lateral occi- 
pitoatloid ligament. 

Iliofemoral, a strong ligament extending 
from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the 
lesser trochanter and the intertrochanteric 
line. L., Iliotibial. See Maissiat's Band. 
L., Interclavicular, one joining the clav- 
icles and the sternum. L., Interfoveolar, 
a thin, fibrous band extending from the 
posterior surface of the fascia transversalis, 
near the plica semilunaris, to the pubic bone 
and Gimbernat's ligament; it forms part of 



LIGAMENT 



562 



LIGAMENT 



the conjoined tendon. L., Lateral (of liver), 
one of the peritoneal folds between the sides 




wood's Ligament. L., Mauchart's. See 
Mauchart's Ligament. L., Mucous (of the 
knee-joint), a fold of synovial membrane ex- 
tending from the intercondyloid fossa to the 



Ligaments of the Shoulder-joint. 
Superior acromioclavicular ligament. 2. Coracoclavic- 
ular. 3. Coracoacromial. 4. Transverse. 5. Cap- 
sular. 6. Coracohumeral. 7. Tendon of long head 
of biceps. 





J/tg, crm. 
tracK 




Larynx, Front View, Showing the Ligaments and 
Insertion of Muscles. — (Holden.) 

O. h. Os hyoides. C. th. Thyroid cartilage. Corp. trit. 
Corpus triticeum, or lesser cornu of the hyoid bone. 
C. c. Cricoid carilage. C. tr. Tracheal cartilage. Lig. 
thyr.-hyoid med. Middle thyrohyoid ligament. Lig. 
th.-h. lal. Lateral thyrohyoid ligament. Lig. cric- 
thyr. med. Middle cricothyroid ligament. Lig. cric- 
trach. Cricotracheal ligament. M. st.-h. Sterno- 
hyoid muscle. M. tk.-hyoid. Thyrohyoid muscle. 
M. st. th. Sternothyroid muscle. M. cr.-th. Cricothy- 
roid muscle. 

of the liver and the inferior surface of the 
diaphragm. L., Lockwood's. See Lock- 



Ligaments of the Pelvis (Posterior View). 
Articular surface of sacrum for last lumbar vertebra. 2. 
Coccyx. 3, 3. Crest of ilium. 4, 4. Tuberosity of 
ischium. 5, 5. Great sacrosciatic foramen. 6. 
Lesser sacrosciatic foramen. 7. Great trochanter. 
8, 8. Posterior sacroiliac ligament. 9. Posterior infer- 
ior spine of ilium. 10. Supraspinous ligament. 11. 
Obturator membrane. 12. Lesser sacrosciatic fora- 
men. 13, 13, 14. Great sacrosciatic ligament. 15. 
Lesser sacrosciatic ligament. 16. Spine of ischium. 

lower margin of the patella. L., Nuchal, one 
at the nape of the neck, connecting the two 
trapezius muscles. L., Odontoid, any one 
of the broad, strong ligaments arising on 
each side of the apex 
of the odontoid process 
and connecting the atlas 
with the skull. L., 
Palpebral, External, 
that joining the outer 
margin of the orbit and 
the tissues of the eye- 
lid. L., Palpebral, 
Internal, one extending 
from the nasal process 
of the superior maxilla 
to the lacrimal spine of 
the lacrimal bone and 
the inner end of the 
tarsal cartilage. Liga- 
mentum patellae, a 
strong fibrous structure, 
extending from the tu- 
bercle of the tibia up- 
ward to become the 
tendon of the quadri- 
ceps extensor muscle; 
it embraces the patella. 
Ligamentum pecti- 
natum, the spongy tis- 
sue at the junction of 
the cornea and sclera 
in the sinus of the anterior chamber of the 
eye. It forms the root of the iris. L., Pou- 
part's, the ligament extending from the an- 



Calcaneo scaphoid 
ligament. 2. Cal- 
caneocuboid liga- 
ment. — (Holden.) 



LIGAMENT 



563 



LIGATION 



terior superior spine of the ilium to the spine 
of the pubis and the pectineal line. It is 
the lower portion of the aponeurosis of the 
external oblique muscle. L., Pterygomaxil- 
lary, one joining the apex of the internal 
pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and 
the posterior extremity of the internal oblique 
line of the lower jaw. L., Pterygospinous, 
a ligamentous band extending from the ex- 
ternal pterygoid plate to the spine of the 
sphenoid. L., Pubic, Inferior, a triangular 
ligament extending from 
the symphysis pubis to 
the rami of the pubic 
bones. L., Pyloro- 
colic, Glenard's name 
for the attachment of 
the transverse colon to 
the pylorus. L., Re- 
ticular, one holding a 
muscle to a bone. L., 
Rhomboid, one join- 
ing the cartilage of the 
first rib and the tuber- 
osity of the clavicle. 
L., Round (of Hip). 
See Ligamentum teres. 
L., Round (of Liver), 
a fibrous cord running 
from the umbilicus to 
the notch in the ante- 
rior border of the liver. 
It represents the re- 
mains of the obliter- 
ated umbilical vein. 
L., Round (of Uterus), 
a ligament running 
from the anterior sur- 
face of the cornu of the 
uterus through the in- 
guinal canal to the 
mons veneris. L., Sac- 
rosciatic, Great, a 
ligament extending 
from the sacrum, coccyx, 
and inferior iliac spine 
to the tuberosity of the 
ischium. L., Spino- 
glenoid, one extending 
between the spine of 
the scapula and the 
glenoid cavity. L., 
Splenophrenic, the 
suspensory ligament of 
the spleen. L., Sterno- 
clavicular, the capsu- 
lar ligament of the articulation between 
the sternum and clavicle. L.s, Sterno- 
pericardiac, connecting bands between 
the sternum and the pericardium. L., 
Stylohyoid, a fibrous cord extending from 
the apex of the styloid process of the 
temporal bone to the lesser cornu of the hyoid 
bone. L., Stylomaxillary, a ligament join- 
ing the styloid process of the temporal bone 
and the inferior surface of the posterior mar- 
gin of the ramus of the inferior maxilla. L., 




Ligaments of the Sole 
of the Foot. — 
(H olden.) 

i. Os*calcis. 2. Astra- 
galus. 3. Tuberos- 
ity of the scaphoid. 
4. Long calcaneocu- 
boid ligament. 5. 
Part of the short cal- 
caneocuboid 1 i g a - 
ment. 6. Calcaneo- 
scaphoid ligament. 
7. Plantar tarsal liga- 
ment. 8, 8. Tendon 
of the peroneus lon- 
gus muscle. g, 9. 
Plantar tarsometa- 
tarsal ligament. 10. 
Metatarsophalangeal 
ligament. 11, 11, n. 
Lateral metatarso- 
phalangeal. 12. 
Transverse. 13. Lat- 
eral of the phalanges 
of the great toe. 



Subpubic. See L., Pubic, Inferior. L., 
Supraspinal Cervical. See L., Nuchal. L. 
Suspensory (of Crystalline Lens), the zonule 
of Zinn. L., Suspensory (of Eyeball). See 
Lock-wood'' s Ligament. L., Sutural. 1. A 
thin lamina of fiber occurring in the cranial 
sutures. 2. A thin lamina of fibrous tissue 
often interposed between the articulating sur- 
faces of bones united by suture. L.s, Syno- 
vial, synovial folds resembling ligaments. 
Ligamentum teres, a rounded fibrous cord 
attached to the center of the articular surface 
of the head of the femur, and extending to the 
margin of the cotyloid notch of the acetab- 
ulum. L.s, Thyroarytenoid, the vocal 
bands. L., Thyroarytenoid, Inferior, one 
of the inferior or true vocal bands. L., 
Thyroarytenoid, Superior, one extending 
between the inner surface of the upper por- 
tion of the thyroid cartilage and the an- 
terior surfaces of the apexes of the arytenoid 
cartilages. L., Transverse (of Atlas), one 
attached to two small tubercles on the inner 
surface of the atlas, and surrounding the 
odontoid process of the axis. L., Trans- 
verse (of Hip- joint), one extending across 
the cotyloid notch of the acetabulum. L., 
Transverse (of Knee-joint), one extending 
from the anterior margin of the external semi- 
lunar fibrocartilage to the anterior extremity 
of the internal fibrocartilage. L., Trapezoid, 
the anterior or external portion of the coraco- 
clavicular ligament, extending from the upper 
surface of the coracoid process of the scapula 
to the under surface of the clavicle. L., 
Triangular (of the urethra), a tendinous 
band of triangular shape, attached by its apex 
to the reflected portion of Poupart's ligament, 
and passing inward beneath the spermatic 
cord and behind the inner pillar of the ex- 
ternal abdominal ring, to join the tendon 
of the opposite side. L., Winslow's, the 
posterior ligament of the knee-joint. L., 
Y-shaped (of Bigelow), the iliofemoral liga- 
ment. 

Ligamentopexis {lig-am-en-to-peks' -is) [liga- 
ment; Tzfj^cc, fixation]. Beck's operation of sus- 
pension of the uterus on the round ligaments. 

Ligamentous {lig-am-en'-tus) [ligament]. Of 
the nature of, or pertaining to, a ligament. 

Ligamentum (lig-am-en'-tum). See Ligament. 

Ligar's Line. i. A line drawn from the pos- 
terior superior iliac spine to a point midway 
between the tuberosity of the ischium and 
greater trochanter; the upper point of tri- 
section of this line corresponds to the point 
of emergence of the gluteal artery. 2. A 
line drawn from the posterior superior iliac 
spine to the inner point of trisection of a line 
between the tuberosity of the ischium and 
the greater trochanter; the middle of this 
line indicates the point of emergence of the 
sciatic artery. 

Ligate {IV -gat) [ligare, to bind]. To apply a 
ligature. 

Ligation {li-ga' -shun) [ligate]. The opera- 
tion of tying, especially of tying arteries. 



LIGATURE 



564 



LIME 



Ligature (lig'-at-ur) [ligatura, a band]. i. A 
cord or thread used for tying about arteries or 
other parts. 2. Ligation. L., Double, the 
application of two ligatures to a vessel, be- 
tween which it is divided. L., Elastic, a 
narrow band or thread of rubber applied 
tightly to a part so as to destroy the tis- 
sues and by compression to lead to separa- 
tion. It is used in the treatment of hemor- 
rhoids, anal fistula, and in the removal of 
pedunculated growths. L., Erichsen's, one 
consisting of a double thread, one half of 
which is white, the other half black; it is 
used in the ligation of nevi. L., Interlac- 
ing, L., Interlocking, one for securing a 
pedicle in which several loops interlace. L., 
Intermittent, a tourniquet applied above a 
poisoned wound to interrupt the blood-cur- 
rent; it is occasionally relaxed to allow of 
renewal of the circulation. L., Lateral, par- 
tial occlusion of the lumen of a vessel by a 
loose ligature. L., Provisional, a ligature 
applied during an operation, with the inten- 
tion of removing it before the completion of 
the operation. L., Woodridge's, the iso- 
lation of the ventricles by drawing a silk 
ligature tightly about the auricles at their 
junction with the ventricles. 

Light (lit) [AS., leoht]. Ethereal waves of 
the vibrational frequencies that give rise 
to the sensation of vision when the rays im- 
pinge upon the retina. L., Axial, light-rays 
that are parallel to each other and to the 
optic axis. L., Central. See L., Axial. 
L. -difference, the difference between the 
two eyes in respect to their sensitiveness to 
light. L., Diffused, that reflected simul- 
taneously from an infinite number of surfaces, 
or that which has been scattered by means 
of a concave mirror or lens. L., Finsen, 
light from which the heat-rays are excluded 
and only the blue and violet rays remain; it 
is used in phototherapy. L., Oblique, light 
falling obliquely on a surface. L., Re- 
flected, light thrown back from an illuminated 
object. L., Refracted, light-rays that have 
passed through an object and have been 
bent from their original course. L., Re- 
frigerated. See L., Finsen. L. -sense, 
sensibility of the retina to luminous impres- 
sions. L., Transmitted, the light passing 
through an object. L. -treatment. SeeActino- 
therapy, Phototherapy, and Radiotherapy. 

Lighterman's Bottom. Inflammation of the 
bursa over the tuberosity of the ischium, from 
prolonged sitting. 

Lightning Pains. The lancinating pains of 
locomotor ataxia, coming on and disappearing 
with lightning-like rapidity. 

Lignin (lig'-yiin) [lignum], C ]9 H ?4 O 10 ( ?). A mod- 
ification of cellulose, constituting the greater 
part of the weight of most dry wood. 

Lignosulfin (lig-no-sul'-fin). A product occur- 
ring in the manufacture of sulfocellulose, 
containing free sulfurous acid combined with 
the volatile products of wood. It is used in 
the disinfection of dwellings. 



Lignosulfite (lig-no-sul'-jit). A liquid by- 
product obtained in the manufacture of cel- 
lulose from pine wood; used in laryngeal 
tuberculosis in inhalations of 10 to 30% 
solution. 

Lignum (lig'-num) [L.]. Wood. L. bene- 
dictum, guaiac-wood. L. cedrium, cedar- 
wood. L.-vitae, the tree, Guaiacum officinale. 
See Guaiacum. 

Ligroin (lig'-ro-in). A product obtained from 
petroleum; it is used in pharmacy as a solvent 
and for burning in sponge-lamps. 

Ligula (lig'-u-lah) [dim. of lingua, a tongue]. 
1. A small tongue-shaped organ. 2. The 
strip of white matter on the margin of the 
fourth ventricle. See Lingula. 

Ligusticum (li-gus'-tik-um). See Lovage. 

Lilienfeld's Theory of Blood-coagulation. 
This attributes to the nucleoproteid the power 
of splitting the fibrinogen into globulin and 
thrombosin, the thrombosin uniting with lime 
to form fibrin. 

Lily-of-the-valley. See under Convallaria. 

Liman (li'-man) [Xcpt-qv, a marshy lake]. A 
sheet of water isolated from the sea and con- 
verted into a salt lake. L. Cure, the treat- 
ment of diseases by bathing in limans at 
Odessa. 

Limanol (W -man-ol) . An extract obtained 
from boiling the mud of the limans at Odessa. 
It is used as an application in gout. 

Limatura (lim-at-u'-rah) \limare, to » file]. Fil- 
ings. L. chalybis, L. ferri, iron filings. 

Limb (Urn) [AS., lim\ r. One of the ex- 
tremities attached to the sides of the trunk 
and used for prehension or locomotion. 2. An 
elongated structure resembling a limb, as 
the limbs of the internal capsule. 

Limbic (lim'-bik) [limbus]. Marginal. 

Limbus (Urn' -bus) [L.]. A border; the cir- 
cumferential edge of any flat organ or part. 
L. conjunctivae, the rim of conjunctiva that 
overlaps the corneal epithelium. L. corneae, 
the edge of the cornea at its junction with 
the sclerotic coat. L. laminae spiralis, the 
spiral membranous cushion at the border of 
the osseous spiral lamina of the cochlea. 
L. luteus. See Macula lutea. L. sphenoi- 
dalis, the sharp anterior edge of the groove 
on the sphenoid bone for the optic commis- 
sure. 

Lime (lim) [Pers., llmu, a lemon]. 1. The fruit 
of several species of Citrus, as C. limetta. 
2. [AS., lim, cement.] Calcium oxid, CaO 
(quicklime). Calcium oxid has a great affinity 
for water and for CO ? . On contact with the 
former, slaked lime is formed, with the evolu- 
tion of heat. On living tissues it acts as a 
caustic. See also Calcium and Calx. L., 
Chlorinated (calx chlorinata, U. S. P., B. P.), 
the chlorid of lime of commerce. It is not a 
distinct chemic compound; its chief constit- 
uent, and the one on which its disinfectant 
properties depend, is calcium hypochlorite, 
which liberates chlorin. L.- juice, the juice 
of the lime. L. , Milk of, a milky fluid consist- 
ing of calcium hydroxid suspended in water. 



LIMEN NASI 



565 



LINE 



L., Slaked, a common term for lime. Syn., 
Quicklime. L., Sulfurated. See Calx sul- 
phur ata. L., Syrup of (syrupus calcis, U. S. 
P.), contains 5 % lime, 30 % sugar, 65 % water. 
It is the antidote to poisoning by phenol or ox- 
alic acid. Dose %-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). L. -water 
(liquor calcis, U. S. P.), a solution containing 
about 1 § parts of lime in 1000 of water. Dose 
\-2 oz. (15-60 Cc). It is used as an antacid. 

Limen nasi. The boundary between the 
osseous and cartilaginous parts of the nasal 
cavity. 

Liminal (Jim'-in-al) [limen, threshold]. Per- 
taining to the threshold, especially pertaining 
to the lowest limit of perception. 

Limiting Membrane, External. The thin 
layer between the outer nuclear layer of the 
retina and that of the rods and cones. L. 
Membrane, Internal, in the eye, the inner 
layer of the retina. 

Limitrophes (lim-W -ro-fez) [limes, a boundary; 
'rpo(f>T], nourishment]. The sympathetic gan- 
glions and their connections. 

Limo (li'-mo) [L.]. Lemon. The fruit of 
Citrus limonum, a tree of the order Rutacecr. 
The pulp contains a large amount of citric 
acid. Limonis cortex (U. S. P.), the rind 
of lemon, yields an essential oil and a gluco- 
sid, hesperidin, C 2 2H 26 12 . Limonis, Oleum 
(U. S. P.), oil of lemon. Dose 1-5 min. (0.065- 
0.32 Cc). Limonis succus (U. S. P.), lemon- 
juice, is refrigerant and antiscorbutic. Locally 
it has been used in pruritus, sunburn, and as 
a gargle in diphtheria. Limonis, Syrupus 
(B. P.), is used as a refrigerant and- vehicle. 

Limonin (lim'-o-nin) [limo], C 26 R a0 O 8 (?). A 
glucosid from seeds of apples and lemons. 

Limosis (lim-o'-sis) [Xcfioc, hunger]. 1. Un- 
natural appetite. 2. A disease distinguished 
by depraved appetite. 

Limo therapy (lim-o-ther'-ap-e) [Xcubc, hunger; 
OspaTze'ca, treatment]. The treatment of dis- 
ease by partial or total deprivation of food. It 
has been used in the treatment of aneurysm. 

Linadin (lin'-ad-in). An insoluble, dark-brown 
powder containing 1 % of iron and 0.023 % 
of iodin, prepared from the spleen of animals. 
Dose in malarial cachexia 150-385 gr. (10-25 
Gm.). 

Linamarin (lin-am-ar' -in) [linum, flax; amara, 
bitter]. The toxic glucosid of common flax. 

Lincture (link'-tur) [linger e, to lick]. A 
medicine to be taken by licking; an elec- 
tuary. 

Line, Linea (Jin, Un'-e-aK) [linea, a line]. 1. 
Extension of dimension having length, but 
neither breadth nor thickness. 2. The T ^- 
part of an inch. 3. In anatomy, anything 
resembling a mathematic line in having 
length without breadth or thickness; a boun- 
dary or guide-mark. Linea alba. 1. A 
tendinous raphe extending in the median line 
of the abdomen from the pubes to the ensiform 
cartilage; it is formed by the blending of the 
aponeuroses of the oblique and transversalis 
muscles. 2. Hunter's line, the anterior 
peduncles of the pineal gland. Lineae albi- 



cantes, glistening white lines in either iliac 
region of the abdomen, seen in distention of 
the abdomen from pregnancy, ascites, or 
tumors. L., Alveolobasilar, a line joining 
the basion and the alveolar point. L., Alveo- 
nasal, a line joining the nasal and alveolar 
points. Linea aspera, a rough longitudinal 
ridge on the posterior surface of the middle 
third of the femur, dividing below into two 
and above into three ridges. L., Auriculo- 
bregmatic, a line passing from the auricular 
point to the bregma, and dividing the pre- 
auricular from the postauricular part of the 
cranium. L.s, Axillary, Anterior and 
Posterior, vertical lines extending down- 
ward from the axilla on the side of the trunk. 
L., Base, a line running backward from the 
infraorbital ridge through the middle of the 
external auditory meatus, and prolonged to 
the middle line of the head posteriorly. L., 
Basiobregmatic, the line joining the basion 
and the bregma. L., Baudelocque's, the 
external conjugate diameter of the pelvis. 
L.s, Beau's, the transverse ridges seen on 
the finger-nails after convalescence from ex- 
hausting diseases. L., Biauricular, the 
line separating the anterior from the posterior 
portion of the skull; it extends from one 
auditory foramen over the vertex to the other. 
L., Blue, the blue line at the dental margin 
of the gums in chronic lead-poisoning. L., 
Bryant's. See L., Test-. L., Camper's, 
a line running from the external auditory 
meatus to a point just below the nasal spine. t 
L., Clapton's, a green line at the margin of 
the gums, with a similar green stain extending 
for some distance on the teeth in chronic 
copper-poisoning. L., Conradi's, a line 
from the base of the xiphoid process to the 
point of the apex-beat, marking, under nor- 
mal conditions, the upper limit of percussion- 
dulness of the left lobe of the liver. L., 
Corrigan's, a purple line at the junction of 
the teeth and gums in chronic copper-poison- 
ing. L., Costoarticular, a line drawn be- 
tween the sternoclavicular articulation and 
the point of the eleventh rib. L., Costo- 
clavicular. See L., Parasternal. L., Curved, 
Inferior (of the Ilium), a line extending 
from the upper part of the anterior inferior 
spinous process of the ilium, and terminating 
at the middle of the great sciatic notch. L., 
Curved, Inferior (of the Occipital Bone), 
a ridge extending transversely across the 
outer surface of the occipital bone a short 
distance below the superior curved line. 
L., Curved, Middle (of the Ilium), a line 
commencing about an inch or an inch and 
a half behind the anterior superior spine of 
the ilium and arching backward and down- 
ward to the upper margin of the great sciatic 
notch. L., Curved, Superior (of the Ilium), 
a line commencing about two inches in front 
of the posterior extremity of the crest of the 
ilium and curving downward and forward 
toward the posterior part of the great sciatic 
notch. L., Curved, Superior (of the Occip- 



LINE 



566 



LINE 



ital Bone), a semicircular line, passing out- 
ward and forward from the external occipital 
protuberance. L. of Demarcation, a line 
of division between healthy and gangrenous 
tissues. L.s, Eberth's. See Eberth's Lines. 
L., Ellis', the curved line followed by the 
upper border of a pleuritic effusion or a hy- 
drothorax. L., Embryonic, the primitive 
trace in the center of the germinal area of 
the ovum. Linea eminens (of the Cricoid 
Cartilage), a mesial ridge on the dorsal 
half of the cricoid cartilage. Linea emi- 
nens (of the Patella), a ridge on the pos- 
terior surface of the patella, dividing that 
surface into two unequal parts, the outer of 
which is the larger. L., Epiphyseal, the 
thin layer of cartilage at first separating the 
borders of the diaphysis and epiphysis. L., 
Facial, i. A straight line tangential to the 
glabella and some point at the lower portion 
of the face. 2. See L., Camper's. L. of 
Fixation, an imaginary line drawn from the 
object viewed through the center of rotation 
of the eye. L.s, Fraunhofer's, the black 
lines that cross the solar spectrum; they are 
produced by the light from the lower portions 
of the solar surface passing through certain 
incandescent metallic vapors in the lumin- 
iferous envelop of the sun, and through the 
aqueous vapor and gases of the earth's at- 
mosphere. L.s, Frommann's, transverse 
lines or strias appearing on the axis-cylinder 
of medullated nerve-fibers, near the nodes 
of Ranvier, after the fibers have been stained 
with silver nitrate. L., Genal, a line seen 
in the faces of children, in certain diseases, 
running downward from the region of the 
malar bone to join the nasal line. See Jade- 
lot's Lines. L., Gingival, Burton's, a red- 
dish streak or margin at the reflected edge 
of the gums. L. of Haller. See Linea splen- 
dens of Haller. L., Hilton's, a white line 
marking the point of junction of the skin of the 
perineum with the mucosa of the anus, and 
also the point of separation of the external 
from the internal sphincter. L., Holden's, a 
sulcus below the fold of the groin, starting 
from the femoroscrotal furrow, and fading 
away between the great trochanter and the 
anterior superior iliac spine; it crosses the 
middle of the capsule of the hip. L., 
Hunter's. See Linea alba (2). L., Ilio- 
pectineal, the bony ridge marking the brim 
of the true pelvis, situated partly on the ilium 
and partly on the pubis. L., Incremental, 
Salter's, a curved line in dentin, supposed 
to indicate the laminar structure, and to corre- 
spond to the successive laminas or stratums 
of dentin. L., Intertrochanteric, Anterior, 
a line upon the anterior surface of the femur, 
separating the neck and shaft, extending 
between the tubercle and a point close to 
and in front of the lesser trochanter. L., 
Intertrochanteric, Posterior, a ridge on 
the posterior surface of the femur, extending 
between the greater and lesser trochanters. 
L.s, Jadelot's. See Jadelot's Lines. L.s, 



Kirchoff's. See L.s, Fraunhofer's. L., 
Ligar's. See Li gar' s Line. L., Mammil- 
lary, a vertical line passing through the 
center of the nipple. L., Mylohyoidean. 
See L., Oblique, Internal (of the Inferior 
Maxilla). L., Nasobasilar, the line drawn 
through the basion and the nasal point. L., 
Nelaton's, a line drawn from the anterior 
superior spine of the ilium to the most promi- 
nent part of the tuberosity of the ischium; 
in dislocation of the femur backward the 
trochanter is always found above this line. 
L., Nipple-. Same as L., Mammillary. 
L., Nuchal, Inferior, the inferior curved 
line of the occiput. L., Nuchal, Median, 
the external occipital protuberance. L., 
Nuchal, Superior, the superior curved line 
of the occiput. L., Oblique (of the Fibula), 
a prominent ridge on the internal surface 
of the shaft of the fibula, commencing above 
at. the inner side of the head, and terminating 
in the interosseous ridge at the lower fourth 
of the bone. L., Oblique (of the Radius), 
a prominent ridge running from the lower 
part of the bicipital tuberosity, downward 
and outward, to form the anterior border of 
the bone. L., Oblique (of the Thyroid 
Cartilage), a line extending downward and 
outward from the tubercle of th$ thyroid 
cartilage. L., Oblique (of the Tibia), a 
rough ridge that crosses the posterior surface 
of the tibia obliquely downward from the 
back part of the articular facet for the fibula 
to the internal border. L., Oblique, Ex- 
ternal (of the Inferior Maxilla), a promi- 
nent ridge on the external surface of the 
inferior maxilla just below the mental fora- 
men, from which it runs outward, upward, 
and backward to the anterior margin of the 
ramus. L., Oblique, Internal (of the 
Inferior Maxilla), a ridge on the internal 
surface of the lower jaw, commencing at 
the posterior portion of the sublingual fossa, 
continuing upward and outward so as to pass 
just below the last two molar teeth. L., 
Ogston's, the line for the tendon of the 
adductor magnus, running from the tubercle 
of the femur to the intercondyloid notch. 
L., Parasternal, a line midway between the 
nipple-line and the border of the sternum. 
L., Pectineal, the portion of the iliopectineal 
line that is formed by the pubic bone. L., 
Primitive, the primitive streak of the em- 
bryo. L., Profile, of Camper. See L., 
Camper's. L., Quadrate, an eminence on 
the femur commencing about the middle of 
the posterior intertrochanteric line, and de- 
scending vertically for about two inches along 
the posterior surface of the shaft. L. of 
Regard, in optics, the line connecting the 
center of rotation of the eye with the point 
of fixation or of regard. L., Respiratory, 
the line connecting the bases of the upward 
strokes in a tracing of the pulse. L., Roser's. 
Same as L., Nelaton's. L., Salter's. See 
L., Incremental. L., Scapular, a vertical 
line downward from the lower angle of the 



LINEAR 



567 



LIOUVILLE'S ICTERUS 



scapula. L., Semicircular, Douglas', the 

curved lower edge of the internal layer of 
the aponeurosis of the internal oblique muscle 
of the abdomen, where it ceases to cover the 
posterior surface of the rectus muscle. L., 
Semilunar, of Spigelius, a curved tendinous 
condensation of the aponeurosis of the external 
oblique muscle of the abdomen, running along 
the outer border of the rectus abdominis. 
L. of Sight, an imaginary line drawn from 
the object viewed to the center of the pupil. 
Linea splendens of Haller, a longitudinal 
fibrous band extending along the middle line 
of the anterior surface of the spinal pia mater. 
L., Sternal, the median line of the sternum. 
L., Sternomastoid, a line drawn from a 
point between the two heads of the sterno- 
mastoid muscle to the mastoid process. L., 
Supraorbital, a line extending horizontally 
across the forehead immediately above the 
root of the external angular process of the 
frontal bone. L., Test-, a line .for detecting 
shortening of the neck of the femur. If 
two lines are drawn to meet at right angles, 
one of them backward from the anterior supe- 
rior spinous process of the ilium, and the other 
upward from the top of the trochanter major, 
the latter is the test-line; its length is to be 
compared with the same line on the unin- 
jured side. Syn., Bryant's line. L., Thomp- 
son's, a red line of vascular tissue along the 
margin of the gums frequently noticeable 
in pulmonary tuberculosis. L., Transverse 
(of the Abdomen), the tendinous intersec- 
tions in the course of the rectus abdominis 
muscle. L., Trapezoid, the line of attach- 
ment of the trapezoid ligament on the inferior 
surface of the outer portion of the clavicle. 
L., Virchow's, the line extending from the 
root of the nose to the lambda. L., Visual, 
an imaginary line, drawn from a point looked 
at, through the nodal point of the eye, to the 
macula lutea. 

Linear (lin'-e-ar) [line]. Resembling or per- 
taining to a line. 

Ling's System. A method of treatment of 
disease by gymnastic and other rhythmic 
movements of the body, employed by Ling, 
a Swedish physician. Syn., Kinetotherapy. 

Lingua (ling'-gwah) [L.]. The tongue. L. 
exertoria, prolapse and hypertrophy of the 
tongue. L. exigua, the epiglottis. L. frae- 
nata, tongue-tie. L. geographica, the geo- 
graphic tongue. See Tongue, Geographic. 
L. nigra. See Glossophytia. 

Lingual (ling'-gwal) [lingua]. Pertaining to 
or shaped like the tongue. L. Artery. See 
under Artery. L. Lobule. See Subcalcarine 
Convolution. L. Nerve. See under Nerve. 

Lingula (ling'-gu-lah) [dim. of lingua]. A small 
lobule between the valve of Vieussens and 
the central lobule of the cerebellum. Syn., 
Linguetta laminosa. L. auriculas, the car- 
tilaginous projection toward or into the 
upper portion of the lobe of the ear. L. 
mandibularis, the prominent, thin scale 
of bone partly surrounding the inferior dental 



foramen of the lower jaw. L. sphenoidalis, 
a small, tongue-like process extending back- 
ward in the angle formed by the body of the 
sphenoid and one of its greater wings. L. of 
Wrisberg, the connecting fibers of the motor 
and sensory roots of the trifacial nerve. 

Lingulate (ling' '- gu-ldt) [lingula]. Tongue- 
shaped. 

Liniment, Linimentum (lin'-i-ment, lin-im- 
en'-tum) [linere, to smear]. A liquid intended 
for application to the skin by gentle friction. 
The following are official in the U. S. P.: 
Linimentum ammoniac or volatile liniment; 
L. belladonna; L. calcis or carron oil; L. 
camphor ce or camphorated oil ; L. chloroformi; 
L. saponis; L. saponis mollis or tincture of 
green soap; L. terebinthince. L., St. John 
Long's, liniment of turpentine and acetic 
acid (linimentum terebinthince aceticum, B. P.). 

Linition (lin-ish' -un) [see Liniment]. The pro- 
cess of applying a liniment. 

Linitis (li-ni'-tis) [Xcvov, web; exec, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the network of fila- 
mentous areolar tissue surrounding the gastric 
vessels. L. plastica, fibrinous infiltration of 
the pylorus. 

Linolein (lin-o' -le-in) [linum; oleum, oil]. 
The neutral fat contained in linseed-oil, and 
to which its drying property is due. 

Linseed (lin'-sed). See Linum. L.-oil. See 
Lini, Oleum, under Linum. 

Lint [linum]. A loosely woven or partly 
felted mass of broken linen fibers, made by 
scraping or picking linen cloth. It is used 
as a dressing for wounds. L., Common, 
lint that is twilled on one side and woolly 
on the other. In the spreading of an ointment 
the twilled side is used. L., Patent, lint that is 
scraped on both sides, a soft finish being thus 
given the two surfaces. Syn., English char pie. 

Lintin {lin'-tin). Absorbent cotton rolled or 
compressed into sheets. 

Linum (li'-num) [L.]. The seed of L. usitatis- 
simum, a plant of the order Linea', containing 
a fatty substance, linolein, which is the gly- 
cerid of linoleic acid. It is a demulcent, 
emollient, and expectorant, useful in inflarn- 
mations of mucous membranes. Syn., Flax- 
seed; Linseed. Lini, Cataplasma (B. P.), a 
poultice made from linseed meal. L. cathar- 
ticum, an active purgative and vermifuge. 
Lini farina (B. P.), flaxseed meal, used as a 
poultice. Lini, Infusum (B. P.), flaxseed tea. 
Dose indefinite. Lini, Oleum (U. S. P.), the 
fixed oil of flaxseed, a glycerid of linoleic acid. 
Dose \-2 oz. (16-64" Cc). Lini semina 
(B. P.), linseed or flaxseed. 

Liodermia (li-o -der'-me - ah) [hloc, smooth; 
dkpjia, skin]. A condition of abnormal 
smoothness and glossiness of the skin. 

Liomyofibroma (li-o-mi-o-fi-bro'-mah) [lio- 
myoma; fibroma]. A tumor presenting the 
characteristics of a liomyoma and a fibroma. 

Liomyoma (li-o-mi-o'-mah) [hloc, smooth; 
myoma]. A tumor composed of unstriped 
muscular tissue. 

Liouville's Icterus. Icterus neonatorum. 



LIP 



568 



LIQUOR 



Lip [AS., lippd]. i. One of the two fleshy 
folds surrounding the orifice of the 
mouth. 2. One of the labia majora. See 
Labium. 

Lipacidemia (lip-as-id-e' -me-ah) [X'ctzoc, fat; 
alp.a, blood]. The presence of fatty acids in 
the blood. 

Lipaciduria (lip-as-id-u' '-re-ah) [X'cnoc, fat; acid; 
oupov, urine]. The presence of fatty acids in 
the urine. 

Lipaemia (lip-e' -me-ah). See Lipemia. 

Lipanin (lip'-an-in). A substitute for cod-liver 
oil, consisting of pure olive-oil and 6% of 
oleic 'acid. The dose is from 2 to 6 table- 
spoonfuls daily. 

Liparocele (lip'-ar-o-sel) [X'cnoc, fat; ktjXt), a 
tumor]. A fatty tumor or cyst; a hernia 
containing fatty tissue. 

Lipase (lip'-az) [X'ctxoc, fat]. A fat-splitting 
enzym contained in the pancreatic juice, 
blood-plasma, and in many plants. 

Lipemia (lip-e' -me-ah) [Xtnoc, fat; alp.a, blood]. 
The presence of an emulsion of fine oil- 
globules in the blood, a condition sometimes 
found in diabetes. 

Liphemia, Liphaemia (li-fe' -me-ah). See 
Oligemia. 

Lipiodol (lip-i'-o-dol). An oil containing 40% 
of iodin in each cubic centimeter. 

Lipliawsky's Test. See under Test. 

Lipo- (lip-o-) [Xcnoc, fat]. A prefix meaning fat 
or fatty. 

Lipobromol (lip-o-bro'-mol). Oil of poppy- 
seed combined with 33.3% of bromin; a 
bland, almost tasteless preparation. 

Lipocardiac (lip-o-kar' -de-ak) [lipo-; aapd'ca, 
the heart]. Pertaining to a fatty heart. 

Lipochrome (lip'-o-krom) [lipo-; %p<Jbp.a, color]. 
Any one of a special group of fatty pigments 
found in animal tissues. 

Lipofibroma (lip -o-fi- bro' - mah) [lipo-; 
fibroma']. A combined fatty and fibrous 
tumor. 

Lipogenesis (lip-o-jen'-es-is) '[lipo-; ykvzotc, 
birth]. The formation or deposit of fat. 

Lipogenin (lip-of-en-in). An ointment-base 
occurring in solid and liquid form, said to 
consist of a mixture of fatty acids. 

Lipolysis (Up-oV -is-is) [lipo-; XUcv, to loose]. 
The decomposition of fat. 

Lipolytic (lip-ol-it'-ik). Fat-splitting. 

Lipoma (lip-o' -mah) [lipo-; bfia, a tumor]. 
A fatty tumor. L., Diffuse, a tumor consist- 
ing of an irregular mass of fatty tissue without 
a capsule. L. mixtum, a fatty tumor, the 
thick capsule of which causes it to resemble 
fibrous growths. L., Osseous, a fatty 
tumor the fibrous septums of which have be- 
come ossified. 

Lipomatosis (lip-o-mat-o' -sis) [lipoma]. A gen- 
eral deposition of fat; obesity. 

Lipomatous (lip-o' -mat-us) . Of the nature 
of a lipoma. 

Lipomphalus (lip-om'-fa-lus) [lipo-; 6p.<f>aX6c, 
the navel]. A fatty umbilical hernia. 

Lipomyoma (lip-o'-mi-o'-mah) [lipo-; my- 
oma]. A myoma with fatty elements. 



Lipomyxoma (lip-o-miks-o' -mah) [lipo-; myx- 
oma]. A myxoma combined with fatty tissues. 

Lipophrenia (lip-o- j re' -ne-ah) [XeiTcecv, to fail; 
4>prjv, mind]. Failure of mental capacity. 

Lipopsychia (lip-o-si'-ke-ah). See Asthenia. 

Liporhodin (lip-o-ro'-din) [lipo-; podov, a 
rose]. A red -colored lipochrome. 

Liposarcoma (lip-o-sar-ko'-mah) [lipo-; sar- 
coma]. Sarcoma with fatty elements. 

Liposic (lip' -o-sik) . See Lipolytic. 

Lipothymia (lip -o-thi' -me-ah) [Xdizuv, to fail; 
dup.bc, life]. Faintness. 

Lipotrichia (lip-o-trik' -e-ah) [XetTzeiv, to fail; 
dp't£, hair]. Falling out of the hair. 

Lipoxanthin (lip-o-zan' -thin) [lipo-; xanthin]. 
A yellow lipochrome. 

Lipoxeny (lip-oks'-en-e) [Xe'cnecv, to fail; Hvoc, 
a host]. Desertion of a host by a parasite. 

Lipoxysm (lip-oks'-izm) [lipo-; 6$uc, sharp]. 
Poisoning by means of oleic acid. 

Lippitude, Lippitudo (lip'-e-tud, lip-e-tu'-do) 
[lip pus, blear-eyed]. The state of being 
blear-eyed, a condition marked by ulcerative 
marginal blepharitis. 

Lipuria (lip-u' -re-ah) [X'cizoc, fat; ohpov, urine]. 
The presence of fat in the urine. 

Liquarium (lik-wa' -re-um) [liquarius, per- 
taining to liquids]. Simple syrup of sugar. 

Liquate (lik'-wat) [liquare, to make liquid]. To 
liquefy. 

Liquefacient (lik-we-fa' -shent) [liquefaciens, 
liquefying]. 1. Having the power to liquefy 
or soften. 2. An agent which has the power 
to liquefy a hard deposit or growth. 

Liquefaction (lik-we-fak'-shun) [see Lique- 
facient]. The process of changing or being 
changed into a liquid. L. -necrosis. See 
Necrosis, Liquef active. 

Liquefactive (lik-we-fak' -tiv) [see Liquefacient]. . 
Pertaining to, causing, or characterized by 
liquefaction. 

Liquescent (lik-wes'-ent) [liquescere, to become 
liquid]. Becoming, or tending to become, 
liquid. 

Liqueur (le-ker) [Ft.]. An aromatic alcoholic 
drink. 

Liquid (lik'-wid) [liquere, to melt]. 1. Fluid; 
flowing. 2. A substance that flows readily 
and takes the shape of the containing vessel. 

Liquidambar (lik-wid-am' -bar) [liquid; ambar, 
from Ar., anbar, ambergris]. A genus of 
trees of the H amamelidece. L. altingia and 
L. orientalis are species that afford a portion 
of commercial styrax. L. styraciflua, of North 
America, contains a stimulant gum, and is 
useful in diarrheas, coughs, and colds. Syn., 
Bilsted; Copalm; Sweet-gum. 

Liquor (li'-kwor, lik'-or) [L.J. 1. Any liquid. 
2. An aqueous solution of a nonvolatile 
substance. L. amnii, the liquid contained 
in the amniotic sac. L. amnii spurius, the 
oxidation products formed by the wolffian 
bodies contained as a fluid in the sac of the 
allantois. Syn., Allantoic fluid. L. carbonis 
detergens, a mixture of coal-tar and tincture 
of soap-bark. L. carnis ferropeptonatus. 
See Carnijerrol. L. cotunnii, the perilymph 



LIRELLATE 



LITHIUM 



of the internal ear. L. folliculi, the fluid 
filling the follicle or space about the develop- 
ing ovum in the ovary. L. sanguinis, the 
blood-plasma. 

Lirellate {lir'-el-at) [lira, a ridge]. Marked 
with linear ridges or furrows; ridge-like; 
furrow-like. 

Lirelliform, Lirelline, Lirellous {lir'-el-e- 
form, lir' -el-en, -us). See Lirellate. 

Lisfranc's Amputation [Lisjranc, a French 
surgeon]. A disarticulation of the metatarsal 
bones from the tarsus. L.'s Joint, the 
tarsometatarsal articulation. L.'s Tubercle, 
a rough spot on the anterior surface of the first 
rib near the superior border. It serves for 
the attachment of the scalenus anticus 
muscle. 

Lisping {lisp'-ing) [AS., wlispian, to lisp]. A 
defect of speech in which sibilant letters are 
sounded like Unguals, especially s as th. 

Lissauer's Tract [Lissauer, a German scientist]. 
The narrow bridge of white substance between 
the apex of the posterior horn and the per- 
iphery of the spinal cord; it is traversed by 
some of the root-fibers. Syn., Lissauer's 
marginal zone. 

Lissencephalous {lis-en-sef-al'-us) [Xcoaoc, 
smooth; kyuk^aXoc, the brain]. Having a brain 
with few or no convolutions. 

Listerine (lis'-ter-in) [Lister, an English 
physician]. A proprietary antiseptic prepa- 
ration said to contain thymol, eucalyptus, 
baptisia, gaultheria, mentha arvensis, benzoic 
and boric acids. A similar preparation is the 
liquor antisepticus of the U. S. P. 

Listerism {lis'-ter-izm). A general name for 
the antiseptic and aseptic treatment of wounds 
according to the principles first enunciated by 
Lister, an English physician. 

Listing's Law [Listing, a German scientist]. 
When the line of sight passes from its primary 
position into any other position, the angle 
of rotation of the eyeball in this second position 
is the same as if the eyeball had been rotated 
about a fixed axis, perpendicular to both the 
first and the second direction of the line of 
sight. L.'s Plane y the vertical transverse 
plane perpendicular to the anteroposterior axis 
of the eyeball, which passes through the center 
of motion of the eyes and in which lie the verti- 
cal and transverse axes of normal voluntary 
rotation. L.'s Reduced Eye. See Eye, 
Diagrammatic. 

Listol {lis'-tol). An antiseptic said to consist of 
thymol and iodin. 

Liter {le'-ter) [litra, a pound]. The unit of 
capacity in the metric system, equal to 
0.88036 of an imperial quart, or 1.056 U. S. 
quarts; it is the volume of one kilogram 
of water at its maximum density. 

Lithagog (lith'-ag-og) [X'cdoc, a stone; dyioyoc, 
leading]. 1. Expelling calculi. 2. Any agent 
tending to expel calculi from the bladder. 

Lithangiuria {lith-an-je-u'-re-ah) [X'cdoc, a stone; 
djye'cov, vessel; oupov, urine]. A diseased con- 
dition of the urinary tract due to the presence 
of calculi. 



Litharge {lith'-arj). See Plumbi oxidum under 
Plumbum. 

Lithargyrium {lith-ar-ji' -re-um) . Litharge. 

Lithargyrius {lith-ar-ji' -re-us) [L.]. A litharge 
of a yellowish hue; gold litharge. 

Lithargyrum {lith-ar' -ji-rum) [L.]. Litharge. 

Lithargyrus {lith-ar 1 '-ji-rus) [L.]. Litharge, 
particularly silver litharge. 

Lithate {lith'-at) [Xcdoc, a stone]. A salt of lithic 
(uric) acid; a urate. 

Lithecboly (lith-ek' -bo-le) [X'cdoc, a stone; 
Ik^oXtj, a throwing out]. Expulsion of a cal- 
culus by contraction of the bladder and dila- 
tion of its neck. 

Lithectasy {lith-ek' -tas-e) [X'cdoc, a stone; 'inmate, 
a stretching out]. Dilation of the urethra 
and neck of the bladder for the removal of 
calculi. 

Lithemia {lith-e' -me-ah) [X'cdoc, a stone; al/ia, 
blood]. A condition in which, owing to de- 
fective metabolism of the nitrogenous ele- 
ments, the blood becomes charged with dele- 
terious substances, principally, perhaps, of 
the uric-acid group, although their exact 
chemic nature is not determined. 

Lithemic {lith-e' -mik) [lithemia]. Pertaining to 
or suffering from lithemia. 

Lithepsy {lith-ep'-se). See Lithodialysis. 

Lithia {lith'-e-ah) [lithium], Li 2 0. Lithium 
oxid. L. -water, mineral water containing 
lithium salts in solution. 

Lithiasis {lith-i' -as-is) [Xcdoc, a stone]. The 
formation of calculi in the body. 

Lithic {lith'-ik). 1. Pertaining to calculi. 2. 
Pertaining to lithium. L. Acid. See Acid, 
Uric. 

Lithiopiperazin ilith-e-o-pip' -er-az-in) . A 
combination of lithium and piperazin which 
forms a granular powder readily soluble in 
water. It is antiarthritic. Dose 15-45 gr. 
(1-3 Gm.) daily. 

Lithium {lith'-e-um) [Xcdoc, a stone]. Symbol 
Li; atomic weight 7; quantivalence I. A 
soft, silver-white metal belonging to the 
group of alkalis. It is the lightest solid 
element, having a specific gravity of 0.585. 
The salts of lithium are used in medicine for 
their solvent power of uric acid, with which 
they form easily soluble salts. They are, 
therefore, employed in rheumatic and gouty 
affections. L. Acetate, LiC 2 H 3 2 + 2H 2 0, 
colorless crystals soluble in water; diuretic. 
Dose 8-24 gr. (0.52-1.6 Gm.). L. Arsenate, 
2Li 3 As0 4 + H 2 0, an alterative. Dose g 1 ^- 
Yg gr. (0.001-0.004 Gm.). L. Benzoate 
{lithii benzoas, U. S. P.). Dose 5-30 gr. 
(0.32-2.0 Gm.). L. Bitartrate, LiC 4 - 
H 5 6 .H 2 0. It is diuretic and laxative, and is 
used in gout. Dose 5 gr. (0.3 Gm.). L. 
Bromid {lithii bromidum, U. S. P.), has the 
action of the bromids. Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 
Gm.). L. Carbonate {lithii carbonas, U. S. 
P.). Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32-1.0 Gm.). L.-car- 
min, a solution of carmin in lithium carbon- 
ate, used as a stain for tissue. L. Citrate 
{lithii citras, U. S. P.). Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65- 
2.0 Gm.). L. Citrate, Effervescent {lithii 



LITHO- 



570 



LITMUS 



citras effervescens, U. S. P.). Dose i dr. 
(4 Gm.) . L. Dithiosalicylate, Li 2 C 14 H 8 S 2 6 , 
used in gout and rheumatism. Dose 3-10 
gr. (0.2-0.65 Gm.). L.-diuretin. Same as 
Uropherin. L. Formate, LiCH0 2 + H 2 0; 
used in rheumatism and gout. Dose § oz. 
(15 Cc.) 1% aqueous solution. L. Glycer- 
inophosphate, L. Glycerophosphate, Li 2 - 
P0 4 C 3 H 5 (OH) 2 ; a nerve-tonic. Dose 8-15 
gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.). L. Jodate, LiI0 3 , used in 
gout. Dose 1^-3 gr. (0.1-0.2 Gm.). L. Iodid, 
Lil, used in chronic sciatica and gout. Dose 
1-5 gr. (0.06-0.32 Gm.). L. Salicylate (lithii 
salicylas, U. S. P.). Dose 20-40 gr. (1.3- 

2.6 Gm.). L. Sozoiodolate, C 6 H 2 ^ =l 2 

x So 3 Li, 
white plates; used as an antiseptic. L. Sul- 
foichthyolate, used in rheumatism. Dose 
8 gr. (0.5 Gm.). L. Valerate, L. Valerian- 
ate, LiC 5 H 9 C> 2 , antispasmodic, antilithic. 
Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32-1.0 Gm.). 

Litho- (lith-o-) [Xldoc, a stone]. A prefix denot- 
ing relation to stone or to calculi. 

Lithobiotic (lith-o-bi-ot'-ik). See Cryptobiotic. 

Lithocenosis (lith-o-sen-o'-sis) \litho-; nkvojocc;, 
evacuation]. The extraction of the fragments 
of calculi that have been crushed. 

Lithoclast (lith'-o-klast). See Lithotrite. 

Lithoclysmia (lith-o-kliz' -me-ah) [litho-; nXi>o- 
pta, clyster]. An injection of solvent liquids 
into the bladder for the removal of calculi. 

Lithodialysis {lith-o -di-al' -is-is) [litho-; dta- 
Xuetv, to dissolve]. 1. The solution of calculi 
in the bladder. 2. The operation of break- 
ing a vesical calculus previous to its removal. 

Lithofellic (lith-o- f el' -ik) [litho-; }el, the 
gall-bladder]. Relating to biliary lithiasis. 

Litholapaxy (lith-oV -ap-ak-se) [litho-; Xaiza^tg, 
removal]. An operation for crushing a 
stone in the bladder and removing the frag- 
ments at the same sitting. 

Lithology (lith-ol'-o-je) [litho-; Xoyoc, science]. 
The science of the nature and treatment of 
calculi. 

Litholysis (lith-oV -is-is) . See Lithodialysis. 

Lithonephrosis (lith-o-nef-ro'-sis). See Neph- 
rolithiasis. 

Lithonephrotomy (lith-o-nef-rof '-o-me) [litho-; 
vecfipoe, kidney; rofir], a cutting]. Incision 
of the kidney for the removal of a renal cal- 
culus 

Lithopedion (lith-o-pc' -de-on) [litho-; nacdiov, 
child]. A retained fetus that has under- 
gone calcareous infiltration. 

Lithophone (lith'-o-fon) [litho-; cfytovr], sound]. 
An instrument for detecting by sound the 
presence of calculi in the bladder. 

Lithoscope (lith'-o-skop) [litho-; onone'cv, to 
examine]. An instrument for the detection 
and examination of calculi in the bladder. 

Lithosis (lith-o' -sis) [X'cdog, a stone]. A diseased 
condition of the lung caused by the inhalation 
and deposition in the lung tissue of particles 
of silica or aluminium silicate. Syn., Grind- 
ers' lung. 

Lithotome (lith'-o-tom) [litho-; tojj.7], a cut- 



ting]. A cutting-instrument for use in 
lithotomy. 

Lithotomist (lith-of -o-mist) [see Lithotome]. A 
surgeon who performs lithotomy. 

Lithotomy (lith-of -o-me) [see Lithotome]. 
Incision into the bladder to remove a 
calculus. L., Bilateral, a lithotomy per- 
formed by a curved transverse incision just 
in front of the rectum. L., Italian, median 
lithotomy. L., Lateral, one in which the 
incision is made in front of the rectum and 
to the left of the raphe. L., Lithontriptic, 
a perineal incision following lithotrity for re- 
moval of debris of calculi. L., Median, L., 
Marian, one in which the incision is made 
in the median line in front of the anus. L., 
Mediolateral, that in which the perineal in- 
cision is made in the median line, and the pros- 
tatic incision laterally. L. Position, a position 
in which the patient rests on his back with the 
thighs flexed on the abdomen and the legs flexed 
on the thighs, the knees being widely ab- 
ducted. L., Quadrilateral, a modification 
of bilateral lithotomy with four incisions of 
the prostate. L., Spontaneous, expulsion of 
a calculus by ulceration through the bladder 
and perineum. L., Suprapubic, lithotomy 
in which the incision is made above the 
pubis, at a point where the bladder is not 
covered by peritoneum. L., Vaginal, one 
in which the incision is through the vaginal 
wall. 

Lithotripsy (lith'-o-trip-se) [litho-; rpifteiv, to 
crush]. The operation of crushing calculi 
in the bladder. 

Lithotriptic (lith-o-trip'-tik) [see Lithotripsy]. 
1. Relating to lithotripsy. 2. Capable of dis- 
solving vesical calculi. 

Lithotriptor (lith-o-trip' -tor) [see Lithotripsy]. 
An instrument for crushing calculi in the 
bladder. 

Lithotrite (lith'-o-trit) [litho-; terere, to rub]. 
An instrument for crushing a vesical cal- 
culus. 

Lithotrity (lith-of -rit-e) [see Lithotrite]. The 
process of crushing a stone in the bladder, 
with the lithotrite, into fragments small 
enough to pass through the urethral canal. 

Lithous (lith'-us). Having the nature of a 
stone. 

Lithuresis (lith-u-re'-sis) [Xcdoc i a stone; ouprjocg, 
urination]. The voiding of small calculi with 
the urine. 

Lithureteria (lith-u-re-te'-re-ah) [XWof, a stone; 
odprjxrjp, a ureter]. A diseased condition of 
the ureter due to ttie presence of calculi. 

Lithuria (lith-u' -re-ah) [lithium; odpov, urine]. 
A condition marked by excess of lithic acid 
or its salts in the urine. 

Litmus (lif-mus) [Dutch, lak, lac; moes, pulp]. 
A blue pigment obtained from Roccella tine- 
tor ia, a lichen. It is employed for deter- 
mining the presence of acids and alkalis. L.- 
paper. Blue, unsized paper steeped in a 
solution of litmus; it turns red on contact 
with acid solutions. L. -paper, Red, un- 
sized colored paper steeped in a solution of 



LITSEA 



571 



LOBE 



litmus colored red with acid; it turns blue on 
contact with alkaline solutions. 

Litsea (lit'-se-ah) [Japanese]. A 'genus of 
plants of the order Laurineoe. L. cubeba is 
used as a condiment and stomachic. L. 
trinervia is a species resembling myrrh. The 
entire plant has stimulant and diuretic prop- 
erties. The root is used as a vermifuge and 
emmenagog. The berries yield an oil used 
as a remedy in skin diseases and on old 
wounds. 

Litten's Sign. Retraction of the lateral por- 
tion of the thorax, where the diaphragm is 
inserted, the retracted portions being low- 
ered "during inspiration and rising during 
expiration. It is absent in pleuritic adhe- 
sions, effusion into the pleural cavity, em- 
physema, etc. Syn., Diaphragmatic phe- 
nomenon. . 

Litter {lit'-er) [lectus, a couch]. A stretcher or 
couch with handles for carrying the sick or 
wounded. 

Little's Disease. Congenital muscular rigid- 
ity; spastic cerebral diplegia of infancy. 

Littre's Colotomy. The making of an open- 
ing into the colon through the left iliac region. 
L.'s Glands. See Glands, Littre's. L.'s Her- 
nia. See Hernia, Littre's. L.'s Sinus, the 
transverse sinus. 

Lituate {lit f -u-at) [lituus, an augur's staff]. 
Forked, with the points bent slightly outward. 

Livedo {liv-e'-do) [livere, to grow black]. Same 
as Lividity. 

Liver (liv' -er) [AS., lifer]. The largest 
gland in the body, situated on the right side 
of the abdominal cavity, just below the dia- 
phragm, and forming an appendage of the 
digestive tract. Its functions are: the secre- 
tion of bile; the formation and storage of 
glycogen; the production, at least at a certain 
period of development, of blood-corpuscles; 
the destruction of blood-corpuscles; the for- 
mation of a large quantity of urea; the re- 
tention and destruction of certain poisonous 
substances absorbed from the intestinal tract. 
Anatomically, it consists of five lobes — the 
right, the left, the lobus spigelii, the lobus 
quadratus, and the lobus caudatus. These 
lobes are made up of lobules or acini, and 
these again of hepatic cells, capillaries, ar- 
teries, veins, lymphatics, and biliary chan- 
nels, each lobule being surrounded by con- 
nective tissue. The weight of the liver is 
between 50 and 60 ounces. L., Albuminoid. 
See L., Amyloid. L., Amyloid, one the seat 
of amyloid degeneration. L., Beavertail, one 
the left lobe of which resembles in form a 
beaver's tail. L., Biliary Cirrhotic, one the 
seat of chronic inflammation, the result of ob- 
struction and distention of the bile-ducts. L., 
Cardiac, hepatic congestion with pulsation 
accompanied by disease of the right side of the 
heart. L., Cirrhotic, one the seat of chronic 
inflammation, with overgrowth of the connec- 
tive tissue and atrophy of the parenchyma. 
L., Fatty, one with marked fatty infiltration 
and degeneration. L., Floating, a movable 



condition of the liver, with displacement. 
L., Foam-, a liver containing many gas-filled 
cavities which give it a spongy or foamy tex- 
ture. It is due to Bacillus aero genes cap- 
sulars . L., Gin-drinkers', the liver of atro- 
phic cirrhosis. L., Hobnail. See Hobnail 
Liver. L., Icing-. See Icing-liver. L., 
Nutmeg, a condition of the liver occurring 
in heart disease, fatty infiltration, and amy- 
loid disease. The surface of a section has a 
peculiar mottled appearance, the center of 
the lobules being dark, the periphery light, 
in color. L., Scrofulous, an albuminoid 
liver. L.-spot, chloasma. L., Syphilitic, 
one the seat of gummas, which, on healing, 
leave scars, or of a diffuse inflammation that 
may lead to cirrhosis, with atrophy or, espe- 
cially in hereditary syphilis, enlargement. 
L., Tightlace, one in which the right lobe 
is thickened vertically from compression, 
marked by the ribs, and atrophic from con- 
stant pressure by tight stays. Syn., Corset- 
liver. L.,Waxy. See L., Amyloid. 

Liverwort (liv' '-er-wert) . See Hepatica. 

Livid {liv' -id) [livere, to be dark]. Discolored 

' from the effects of congestion or contusion; 
black and blue; pale lead-color. 

Lividity {liv -id' '-it-e) [livid]. The state of be- 
ing livid. L., Cadaveric, L., Postmortem, 
the reddish or bluish discoloration in the de- 
pendent parts of a corpse, due to the gravi- 
tation of the blood. 

Livor {li'-vor) [livid]. Lividity. 

Lixiviation {liks-iv-e-a f -shun) [see Lixivium]. 
The process of leaching ashes. Also, the 
process of separating by solution any alkaline 
salt from the insoluble impurities with which 
it is mixed. 

Lixivium {liks-iv' -e-um) [lixivia, lye]. The 
filtrate obtained by leaching ashes; practi- 
cally a solution of an impure potassium hy- 
droxid. 

Llareta {lar-e'-tah) . A remedy recommended in 
the treatment of blennorrhagia, said to be the 
fluidextract of Haplopappus slareta, of Chili. 

Lobar {lo'-bar). Pertaining to a lobe. L. 
Pneumonia. See Pneumonia, Lobar. 

Lobate ilo'-bat). Having lobes. 

Lobe {lob) [lobus, a lobe]. A more or less 
rounded part or projection of an organ, sep- 
arated from neighboring parts by fissures and 
constrictions, as the lobes of the liver, of 
the brain, etc. L.s of the Cerebellum, each 
cerebellar hemisphere is divided into the 
following lobes: on the upper surface, the 
anterior or square lobe and the posterior or 
semilunar lobe; on the under surface, the 
flocculus or subpeduncular lobe, the amyg- 
dala or tonsil, the digastric lobe, the slender 
lobe, and the inferior posterior lobe. L.s of 
the Cerebrum, the primary lobes into which 
each cerebral hemisphere is divided ; they are : 
the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporosphe- 
noid, and central, or island of Reil. See Brain 
and Convolution. L.s of the Liver. See 
Liver. L., Marginal, the first frontal con- 
volution running along the margin of the 



LOBELIA 



572 



LOCOMOTIVE 



longitudinal fissure. L.s, Optic, the corpora 
quadrigemina. 

Lobelia (lo-be'-le-ah) [from de Lobel, a French 
botanist]. The lobelia of the U. S. P. is the 
leaves and tops of L. inflata, of the order Lo- 
beliacecB. It contains a liquid alkaloid, lobelin; 
an acid, lobelic acid; an acrid body, lobelacrin; 
and a crystalline substance, inflatin. Lobelia 
is expectorant, antispasmodic, and emetic, and 
has been used in asthma, whooping-cough, 
and other bronchial affections. A North 
American species, L. syphilitica, has been 
used as an antisyphilitic. L., Fluidextract 
of ((fluidextr -actum lobelice, U. S. P.), an 
acetic acid menstruum. Dose 8 min. (0.5 
Cc). L., Tincture of {tinctura lobelice, U. S. 
P.). Dose 10-30 min. (0.65-2.0 Cc). 

Lobelin (lo-be'-lin) ' [lobelia]. 1. A precipi- 
tate from the tincture of Lobelia inflata; an 
emetic, nervine, antispasmodic, resolvent, and 
relaxant. Dose, as an emetic, 1-3 gr. (0.6- 
0.2 Gm.) in warm water, repeated in 10 
minutes if necessary; as a diaphoretic and 
expectorant, \-\ gr. (0.016-0.032 Gm.). 2. 
An actively poisonous alkaloid from Lobelia 
inflata. L. Hydrobromate, used in pseudo- 
angina pectoris and asthma. Dose, adults, 
f-6 gr. (0.05-0.4 Gm.) daily; children, ^-f 
gr. (0.01-0.05 Gm.) daily. L. Sulfate, used 
in asthma, epilepsy, etc. Dose 1 gr. (0.06 Gm.) 
daily, gradually increasing to 3-8 gr. (0.2- 
0.52 Gm.) daily. 

Lobengulism (lo-ben'-gu-lizm). A condition 
marked by a general increase of subcutaneous 
fat, associated with partial or complete abey- 
ance of sexual function. In men there is an 
enlargement of the mammary glands with 
failure of sexual appetite, and in women a 
cessation of menstruation. 

Lobstein's Cancer. Retroperitoneal sarcoma. 
L.'s Disease, osteopsathyrosis; fragility of 
the bones. L.'s Ganglion, a small gangli- 
form swelling of the great splanchnic nerve 
a short distance above the diaphragm. 

Lobular ilob'-u-lar) [lobulus]. Pertaining to, 
resembling, or composed of lobules. L. 
Pneumonia, bronchopneumonia. 

Lobulated (lob' -u-la-ted) [lobule']. Consisting 
of lobes or lobules. 

Lobule (lob'-uV) [see Lobulus]. A small lobe. L., 
Cuneate. SeeCuneus. L., Fusiform, the sub- 
collateral gyrus. L., Paracentral, the superior 
connecting convolution of the ascending frontal 
and ascending parietal gvri. L., Parietal, 
one of the two parts (inferior and superior) 
into which the parietal lobe is divided by the 
horizontal portion of the intraparietal fissure. 

Lobulus ilob'-u-lus) [dim. of lobus; pi., lobuli]. 
A lobule. L. caudatus, the tailed lobe of 
the liver that separates the right extremity of 
the transverse fissure from the commencement 
of the fissure for the inferior vena cava. L. 
quadratus, the square lobe upon the inferior 
surface of the right lobe of the liver. Lobuli 
renalis, the malpighian pyramids. L. spig- 
elii, the lobule projecting from the posterior 
portion of the inferior surface of the liver. 



Lobuli testiculi, L. testis, pyramidal or 
conoid lobules varying in size and number 
(250-400) and converging to the mediastinum, 
which make up the glandular substance of 
the testis. Each lobule consists of from one 
to six seminiferous tubules. 

Lobus (lo'-bus) [L.]. A lobe. 

Local (lo'-kal). Limited to a part or place; 
not general. 

Localization (lo-kal-iz-a' -shun) [local]. 1. 
The determination of the seat of a lesion. 
2. The limitation of a process to a particular 
place; the opposite of generalization. 3. The 
faculty of locating sensory impressions. L., 
Cerebral, the determination of the position 
of the centers in the brain that preside over 
certain physiologic acts or of the seat of patho- 
logic conditions interfering with the proper 
function of these centers. L . , Experimental , 
the localization of brain-centers 'through ex- 
periments on animals. 

Localized (lo'-kal-tzd). Confined to a partic- 
ular place. 

Lochia (lo'-ke-ah) [hbxtoc, pertaining to child- 
birth]. The discharge from the genital 
organs during the first few weeks (from two to 
four) after labor. L. alba, the whitish flow that 
takes place from about the seventh day. L. 
cruenta, L. rubra, the sanguineous flow of 
the first few days. L. serosa, the serous dis- 
charge taking place about the fifth day. 

Lochial (lo'-ke-al) [lochia]. Pertaining to the 
lochia. 

Lochiometra (lo-ke-o-me'-trah) [lochia; pyppa, 
uterus]. A collection of lochia in the uterus. 

Lochiorrhea {lo-ke-or-e' -ah) [lochia; po'ca, a 
flow]. An abnormal flow of the lochia. 

Lockard's Treatment of Typhoid. Continu- 
ous application of ice-bags to the axillas, pop- 
liteal spaces, back of neck, wrist, and ankle, 
to reduce temperature. 

Lock-finger. A peculiar affection of the fin- 
gers in which they suddenly become fixed in 
a flexed position, due to the presence of a 
small fibrous growth in the sheath of the ex- 
tensor tendon. 

Lockjaw. Tetanus; trismus. 

Lock-spasm. A spasm of the fingers in 
which they become firmly flexed upon the 
object in their grasp, as upon the pen in 
writing. It is sometimes seen in writer's 
cramp. 

Lockwood's Ligament. The suspensory liga- 
ment of the eyeball, a curved fibrous band 
connected with Tenon's capsule, and support- 
ing the eyeball on each side of the orbit. 

Loco \lo r -ko) [Sp., "crazy"]. Loco-weed, 
various species of leguminous plants poison- 
ous to cattle and horses. L. -disease, a local 
epizootic disease of cattle and horses induced 
by eating any of the plants called loco. 

Locoism (lo' '-ko-izm) . See Loco-disease. 

Locomotive (lo-ko-mo'-tiv) [locus, a place; 
movere, to move]. Moving from place to 
place; able to change its place; pertaining 
to locomotion. L. Pulse. See Corrigan's 
Pulse. 



LOCOMOTOR 



573 



LORDOSIS 



Locomotor (lo-ko-mo 1 '-tor) [locus, a place ; motor, 
a mover]. Pertaining to locomotion. L. 
Ataxia, L. Ataxy. See Ataxia, Locomotor, 
and Tabes. 

Locular, Loculated (lok'-u-lar, lok' -u-la-ted) 
[loculus]. Divided into loculi. 

Loculus (lok'-u-lus) [dim. of locus; pi., loculi]. 
A small space or compartment. 

Locus (lo'-kus) [L.]. A place, spot, or organ. 
L. cinereus, L. caeruleus, L. ferrugineus, 
a bluish-tinted eminence on the fasciculi 
teretes of the fourth ventricle of the brain. 
L. minoris resistentiae,a spot of diminished 
resistance. L. niger, a dark area in the center 
of a section of the crus cerebri. L. per- 
foratus, a name given to the anterior and 
the posterior perforated space at the base 
of the brain through which blood-vessels pass. 
L. ruber, the red nucleus of the tegmentum. 

Loebisch's Formula. The product obtained 
by multiplying the last two figures of the 
specific gravity of the urine by 2.2 indi- 
cates the number of grams of solids in 1000 
Cc. of urine. 

Loemer's Alkaline Solution. A mixture of 
30 parts of a concentrated alcoholic solution 
of methylene-blue and 100 parts of a 1 : 10,000 
aqueous solution of potassium hydro xid. L.'s 
Bacillus, the bacillus of diphtheria. See 
under Bacteria. L.'s Blood-serum Mixture, 
a mixture consisting of one part of neutral 
meat -infusion bouillon containing 1 % of glu- 
cose and three parts of blood-serum; it is 
used as a culture-medium. L.'s Toluol Solu- 
tion, a solution recommended by Loeffler for 
the local treatment of diphtheria. It consists 
of menthol, 10 Gm.; toluol, sufficient to make 
36 Cc; absolute alcohol, 60 Cc; solution 
of ferric chlorid, 4 Cc. Another formula is: 
menthol, 10 Gm.; toluol, sufficient to make 
36 Cc; creolin, 2 Cc; absolute alcohol, 65 Cc. 

Loeffleria (lef-le'-re-ah). A disease marked by 
the presence of Bacillus diphtheria, Klebs and 
Loeffler, without diphtheric symptoms. 

Loehlein's Diameter. The distance between 
the center of the subpubic ligament and the 
anterosuperior angle of the great sacrosciatic 
foramen. 

Lcemology (lem-ol f -o-je) . See Loimology. 

Loewe's Ring. A bright circle which may 
appear in the visual field when the illumina- 
tion is changed from blue to white. It sur- 
rounds the position of the dark ring that 
marks the macula lutea. 

Loewenberg's Canal. See Canal, Loewenberg's. 

Loewenthal's Reaction. The agglutination 
of Spirochetes obermeieri, Cohn, by the blood- 
serum of an individual affected with relapsing 
fever. L.'s Test for Glucose, a glucose 
solution boiled with a solution of ferric chlorid, 
dissolved in tartaric acid and sodium carbon- 
ate, becomes dark and deposits an abundant 
precipitate of iron oxid. This test is not 
applicable to urine. L„'s Tract, the. de- 
scending anterolateral tract of the spinal cord. 

Loewitt's Bodies. See Lymphogonia. 

Logagnosia, Logagnosis (log-ag-no'-ze-ah, -sis) 



[Xoyoc, a word; d, priv.; yvojaic, a recognizing]. 

Aphasia; word-blindness. 
Logamnesia (log-am-ne' -ze-ah) [Xoyoc, a word; 

a\ivf]ai.a, forgetfulness]. Word-deafness; word- 
blindness. 
Logo- (lo-go-) [Xoyoc, a word]. A prefix meaning 

relating to words or speech. 
Logokophosis (log-o-kof-o'-sis) [logo-; Koj^cooic, 

deafness] . Word -deaf ness ; incapacity to under- 
stand spoken language. 
Logoneurosis (log-o-nu-ro' -sis) [logo-; neurosis]. 

1. A neurosis marked by a speech-defect. 2. 

A neurosis attended with impairment of the 

mental powers. 
Logopathy (log-op' -ath-e) [logo-; naOoc, disease]. 

A disease affecting the speech. 
Logoplegia (log-o-ple'-je-ah) [logo-; ' nh)fi), 

stroke]* Loss of the power of uttering articu- 
late speech. 
Logorrhea (log-or-e'-ah) [logo-; po'ca, a flow]. 

Excessive loquacity. 
LogOSpasm (log'-o-spazm) [logo-; 071a.op.oc, 

spasm]. Spasmodic enunciation of words. 
Logwood (log'-wud). See Hematoxylon. 
Loimology (loi-moV -o-je) [Xocp.bc, plague; Xoyoc, 

science]. The science of contagious epi- 
demic diseases. 
Loin [lumbus, loin]. The lateral and posterior 

region of the body between the false ribs and 

the top of the pelvis. 
Loka (lo'-ka). An arrow-poison, probably of 

the nux vomica group. 
Lombardy Leprosy. Pellagra. 
London Paste. A caustic paste containing 

equal parts of sodium hydroxid and unslaked 

lime. 
Longevity (lon-jev' '-it-e) [longa, long; vita, life]. 

Long life. 
Longissimus (lon-ji s' -im-us) [superl. of longus, 

long]. Longest. L. capitis, L. cervicis. 

See Trachelomastoid under Muscle. L. dorsi. 

See under Muscle. 
Longitudinal (Ion -je -tu' -din -at) [longitudo, 

length]. Lengthwise; in the direction of the 

long axis of a body. L. Fissure. See Fis- 
sure, Interlobular. 
Long-sightedness (long-sit 1 '-ed-nes) . See Hy- 
. peropia. 
Longus (lon'-gus) [L.]. Long. L. capitis, 

the rectus capitis anticus major muscle. 

L. colli. See under Muscle. 
Loop [Irish and Gael., lub, a bend]. A bend in 

a cord or cord-like structure. L. of Henle. 

See Henle' s Loop. 
Lophius (lo'-fe-us) [Xocpoc, a ridge]. The ridge 

between two furrows or sulci of the ventricular 

surface of the brain. 
Lophocomous (lo-fok f -om-us) [Xocpoc, a tuft; 

no pi), the hair of the head]. Having the hair 

in tufts. 
Lophotrichia (lo-fo-trik f -e-ah) . Bacteria with 

lophotrichous ciliation. 
Lophotrichous (lo-fot r -rik-us) [X6(poc, tuft; 6p?$, 

hair]. Applied to that type of ciliation in 

microorganisms characterized by a tuft of 

flagella at each pole. 
Lordosis (lor-do f -sis) [Xopdouv, to bend back]. 



LORENZ'S BLOODLESS OPERATION 574 



LUMEN 



A curvature of the spine with a forward 
convexity. 

Lorenz's Bloodless Operation. See Operation, 
Lorenz's. L. Hip-redresseur, an apparatus 
to correct faulty position and contraction of 
joints and hold the limb while fixation band- 
ages are applied. 

Loreta's Operation, i. The forcible dila- 
tion of the pylorus for the relief of stricture. 
2. The treatment of aneurysm by the intro- 
duction of metal wire into the sac, through 
which an electric current is then passed. 

Loretin (lor' -et-in) , C 9 H 6 I0 4 SN. A nontoxic 
antiseptic used as a dusting-powder or in 
5 to 10% ointment or in o.i to 0.2 % aqueous 
solution. 

Loripes (lor'-ip-ez) [lorum, a thong; pes, the 
foot]. 1. Limber-footed. 2. Cropk-footed; 
bandylegged. 3. Talipes varus. 

Losophan (lo'-so-fan), C 7 H 5 I 8 0. A proprie- 
tary powder used in parasitic dermatoses. 

Lotio (lo'-she-o) [L.]. A lotion. L. hy- 
drargyri flava (B. P.), yellow mercurial lo- 
tion; yellow wash. L. hydrargyri nigra 
(B. P.), black mercurial lotion; black wash. 

Lotion (lo'-shun) [lotio]. A medicinal solution 
for bathing a part; a wash. 

Lotofiavin (lo-to-fla' -vin) . A yellow pigment 
produced by the lysis of lotusin. 

Lotus (lo'-tus) [Xcoxbc, the lotus]. A genus of 
leguminous plants. L. arabicus yields a toxic 
glucosid, lotusin, and a pigment, lotofiavin. 

Lotusin (lo'-tus-in). A toxic glucosid in Lotus 
arabicus; it is derived from maltose and gives 
rise to prussic acid when acted upon by a 
hydrolytic enzym. 

Louis' Angle. An angular projection existing 
in some individuals at the junction of the 
manubrium and body of the sternum. Syn., 
Angulus ludovici. L.'s Law, the lungs 
always contain tubercles when tuberculosis 
exists elsewhere in the body. 

Louse (lows). See Pediculus. 

Loutrotherapy (lu-tro-ther'-ap-e) [Xooxpoc, a 
bath; 6 spans ca, therapy]. The therapeutic use 
of artificial carbonated and Nauheim baths. 

Lovage iluv'-af) [OF., levesche, from ligus- 
ticum, lovage]. The root of Ligusticum 
levisticum and Levisticum officinale, plants 
of the order VmbellijercB. Lovage is stimu- 
lant, aromatic, carminative, and emmenagog. 
Dose of the fluidextract 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). 

Lower, Tubercle of. See Tubercle of Lower. 

Loxa Bark (loks'-ah). Pale cinchona; the bark 
of Cinchona offichmlis. 

Loxopterygium (loks-o-ter-ij' -e-um) [Aofof, ob- 
lique; nxipu£, wing]. A genus of anacardiace- 
ous trees. Th^ bark of L. lorentzii and L. 
sagotii, the red quebracho, is used as a sub- 
stitute for cinchona. 

Lozenge (loz f -enj) [OF., losenge]. A medicated 
tablet with sugar as a basis. 

Lubarsch's Crystals. See Crystals, Lubarsch's. 

Lubrichondrin (lu-brik-on' -drin) . A lubricant 
said to consist of Chondrus crispus, oil of 
eucalyptus, and formaldehyde It is used in 
surgery. 



Luca's Horizontal Plane. One passing 
through the axis of the zygomatic arches. 

Lucas' Sign. Distention of the abdomen, an 
early sign of rickets. 

Lucas-Championniere's Disease. Chronic 
pseudomembranous bronchitis. 

Lucid (lu'-sid) [lucidus, clear]. Clear; shin- 
ing; not obscure. L. Interval, the transitory 
return of the normal mental faculties in in- 
sane or delirious conditions. 

Lucidification (lu-sid-if-ik-a'-shun) [lucid; fa- 
cere, to make]. A clearing-up, especially a 
clearing-up of the protoplasm of cells. 

Lucotherapy (lu-ko-ther' -ap-e) [lux, light; 
therapy]. Therapeutic use of light-rays. 

Ludwig's Angina. Phlegmonous cellulitis of 
the neck, generally secondary to specific 
fevers, scurvy, etc. Syn., Angina ludovici. 
L.'s Ganglion. See Ganglion, Ludwig's. 

Lueck's Reaction for Hippuric Acid. Add 
to the substance nitric acid at boiling tem- 
perature, and evaporate to dryness; an 
intense odor of nitrobenzol is produced on 
heating the residue. 

Lues (lu'-es) [L.]. Formerly a pestilential 
disease; at present used as a euphemism for 
syphilis. 

Luetic (lu-et'-ik) [lues]. Affected with or relat- 
ing to lues; syphilitic. 

Lugol's Caustic. A solution of iodin and 
potassium iodid, of each, one part, in water 
two parts. L.'s Solution, a compound 
solution of iodin. 

Lukewarm. Tepid; about the temperature of 
the body. 

Lumba.go(lum-ba'-go)[lumbus]. Pain in the loins. 

Lumbar (lum'-bar) [lumbus]. Pertaining to the 
loins. L. Colotomy, colotomy performed 
in the lumbar region. L. Puncture. See 
Puncture, Lumbar. L. Region. See under Ab- 
domen. L. Vertebra. See Vertebra, Lumbar. 

Lumbo- (lum-bo-) [lumbar]. A prefix meaning 
relating to the loins. 

Lumbocolostomy (lum-bo-ko-los'-to-me). Co- 
lostomy after lumbar incision. 

Lumbocolotomy (lum-bo-ko-lot'-o-me) [lumbo-; 
koXov, colon; xop.i], a cutting]. Incision of the 
colon through the loins. 

Lumbocostal (lum-bo-kos'-tal) [lumbo-; costa, 
a rib]. Pertaining to the loins and ribs. 

Lumbosacral (lum-bo-sa'-kral) [lumbo-; sac- 
rum]. Pertaining to the lumbar vertebras and 
to the sacrum. 

Lumbrical (lum f -brik-al) . Relating to or 
resembling a worm of the genus Lumbricus. 

Lumbricales (lum-brik-a' -lez) . See Muscle. 

Lumbricoid (lurn' -brik-oid) [lumbricus; sldoc, 
likeness]. Pertaining to or resembling a 
lumbricus. 

Lumbricus (lum' -brik-us) [L.]. A genus of 
worms, including the common earthworm 
and certain intestinal worms. The latter are 
now termed Ascarides. 

Lumbus [L.]. The loin. 

Lumen (lu'-men) [L., " light" ; pi., lumina]. The 
cavity surrounded by the walls of a tubular 
vessel. 



LUMINIFEROUS 



575 



LUPUS 



Luminiferous (lu-min-if' '-er-us) [lumen; ferre, 
to bear]. Conveying or bearing light. 

Lumpy- jaw. See Actinomycosis. 

Lunacy (lu'-nas-e) [luna, the moon]. Insanity, 
from the superstitious belief that it was in- 
fluenced by the moon. 

Lunar (lu'-nar) [luna]. Pertaining to the moon 
or to silver (luna of the alchemists). L. 
Caustic, silver nitrate. 

Lunatic (lu'-nat-ik) [see Lunacy], i. Per- 
taining to or affected with insanity. 2. An 
insane person. 

Lunet, Lunette (lu-net') [Fr.]. A spectacle-lens. 

Lung [AS., lungen]. The organ of respira- 
tion, in which the impure venous blood is 
oxidized by the air drawn through the trachea 
and bronchi into the air-vesicles. There are 
two lungs, a right and a left, the former 
usually consisting of three, the latter of two, 
lobes. The lungs are situated in the thoracic 
cavity, and are enveloped by the pleuras. At 
the root or hilum the bronchus and its arteries 
and the pulmonary artery and nerves enter, 
and the pulmonary and bronchial veins and 
lymphatics leave. The lung proper consists 
of minute air-vesicles held in place by con- 
nective-tissue trabeculas. Capillaries tra- 
verse the walls of the air-vesicles and bring the 
circulating blood in close proximity to the air. 
The average weight of the adult right lung is 
22 ounces; that of the left, 20 ounces. L.- 
capacity, breathing capacity. L., Cardiac, 
proliferation of the connective tissue of a lung, 
producing thickening of the alveolar walls and 
finally obliteration of their cavity, due to 
organic lesions in certain heart disease's. L., 
Carnified, a lung from which the blood and 
air have been driven out by effusion, causing 
it to present a slaty-gray color. L. -fever, 
croupous pneumonia. L., Saccular, a con- 
dition of the lung marked by globular pouches 
at the periphery or through the whole or greater 
part of the lobe. 

Lungwort (lung'-wert). See Verbascum. 

Luniferous (lu-nif -er-us) [luna; ferre, to bear]. 
Crescent -shaped. 

Luniform (lu'-ne-form) [luna; forma, form]. 
Same as Luniferous. 

Lunula ilu'-nu-lah) [dim. of luna, moon]. 1. 
The white semilunar area of a nail near the 
root. 2. A structure resembling the lunula 
of a nail. 

Lupanin (lu' '-pan-in), C 15 H 24 N 2 0. A bitter 
liquid alkaloid from the seeds of Lupinus 
reticulatus. 

Luperine (lu'-per-en). A remedy for dipso- 
mania said to be a mixture of powdered 
gentian, calumba, and quassia. 

Lupetazin (lu-pet-a'-zin), HN(CH 2 CH . CH 3 ) 2 - 
NH. A white, crystalline powder similar to 
piperazin in action, application, and dosage. 
L. Tartrate, lycetol. 

Lupia (lu'-pe-ah) [lupus]. A name given to 
several kinds of malignant tumor, phage- 
denic ulcer, and fungoid growth. 

Lupiform (lu'-pe-form) [lupus; forma, form]. 
Resembling lupus. 



Lupine (lu'-pin) [lupus]. A plant of the 
genus Lupinus. Lupinus albus and other 
species contain a bitter glucosid, lupinin 
(C 29 H 32 16 ), while from L. luteus an alkaloid, 
arginin (C 6 H 14 N 4 2 ), is obtained. The 
bruised seeds of L. albus have been used as 
an external application to ulcers. 

Lupinidin (lu-pin' -id-in) [lupine], C 8 H 15 N. A 
liquid alkaloid obtained from Lupinus luteus. 

Lupinosis (lu-pin-o'-sis). See Lathyrism. 

Lupinus (lu-pi' -nus) . See Lupine. 

Lupoid (lu'-poid). See Lupiform. 

Lupoma (lu-po' -mah) . The primary nodule 
of lupus. 

Lupulin, Lupulinum (lu'-pu-lin, lu-pu-li' -num) 
[lupulus, hop]. The lupulinum of the U. S. P. 
is the glandular powder obtained from the 
strobiles of Humulus lupulus. It is anti- 
spasmodic and sedative, and is used in sexual 
excitement, delirium tremens, renal and vesical 
irritation, and spermatorrhea. Dose 5-15 
gr. (0.32-1.0 Gm.). L., Extract of (ex- 
tractum lupulini, B. P.). Dose 5-10 gr. 
(0.32-0.65 Gm.). L.,Fluidextract of (fluid- 
extr actum lupulini, U. S. P.). Dose 8 min. 
(0.5 Cc). L., Infusion of (infusum lupulini, 
B. P.). Dose 1-2 oz. (32-64 Cc). L., Oleo- 
resin of (oleoresina lupulini, U. S. P.). Dose 
3 gr. (0.2 Gm.). 

Lupulus (lu' -pu-lus) . See Humulus. 

Lupus (lu'-pus) [L., "a wolf"]. A chronic 
disease of the skin and mucous membranes, 
characterized by the formation of nodules 
of granulation tissue. It passes through a 
number of phases, and terminates by ulcera- 
tion or atrophy, with scar-formation. The 
cause of the disease is the tubercle bacillus. 
Syn., Lupus exedens; Lupus vulgaris. L., 
Disseminated Follicular, a variety of lupus 
confined to the face, especially in the situa- 
tions usually occupied by acne. The papules 
are from a large pin-head to a pea in size, 
conic and deep red. L. erythematosus, a 
form not due to the tubercle bacillus. It 
occurs, as a rule, in multiple patches, with 
a tendency to symmetric arrangement, chiefly 
about the face and head, occasionally on the 
extremities, and rarely on the trunk. The 
patches are sharply denned at the border, flat, 
very slightly raised, and with a tendency to 
the formation of crusts. The color is bright- 
red, and there are no nodules. It is most 
common in women of adult or middle age. 
Syn., Cazenave's lupus ; Lupus erythema- 
todes. L. erythematosus sebaceus, a form 
with special involvement of the sebaceous 
glands. L. exedens. Synonym of Lupus. 
L. hypertrophicus, that variety of lupus in 
which new connective-tissue formation pre- 
dominates over the destructive process, and 
markedly raised, thick patches result. L. 
maculosus, a variety of lupus charac- 
terized by the eruption of very soft, smooth, 
brownish-red, semitranslucent miliary nod- 
ules that develop in the connective tissue 
of otherwise healthy skin without subjective 
sensations. L. nonexedens, lupus without 



LUPUSCARCINOMA 



576 



LYMPH 



ulceration. L. vegetans, L. verrucosus, 

the formation in the lupus process of a warty- 
looking patch liable to become inflamed. L. 
vulgaris, lupus. 

Lupuscarcinoma {lu-pus-kar-sin-o'-mah) . A 
carcinoma developing from lupus. 

Luschka's Bursa. A crypt, larger and more 
clearly defined than the neighboring crypts, 
frequently located in the lower part of the 
pharyngeal tonsil, and regarded as a vestige 
of the communication existing during early 
fetal life between the pharynx and the hypo- 
physis. L.'s Cartilage, an inconstant, small, 
cartilaginous nodule, inclosed in the front 
part of the true vocal cord. L.'s Fold. See 
Fold, Ileocolic. L.'s Foramens, two small 
openings in the lateral recesses of the pia 
covering the fourth ventricle; they transmit 
the choroid plexus. L.'s Fossa, a narrow 
fossa bounded by the ileocolic fold in front, 
and by the enteric mesentery, the ileum, and 
a small portion of the upper and inner walls 
of the cecum behind. Syn., Ileocolic fossa. 
L.'s Gland, i. The pharyngeal tonsil. 2. 
The coccygeal gland. 3. The carotid gland; 
the intercarotid gland, a minute body of 
glandular structure and unknown function, 
situated at the bifurcation of the common 
carotid artery. L.'s Line, an imaginary line 
extending from the middle of the internal 
palpebral ligament to the space between the 
first and second molars, and indicating the 
course of the lacrimal sac and nasal duct. 
L.'s Subpharyngeal Cartilage, a small 
body of hyaline cartilage situated in the areolar 
tissue of the lower part of the faucial tonsil. 
It represents a vestige of the third postoral 
arch of the embryo and is occasionally the 
seat of morbid growths. L.'s Tonsil, the 
adenoid tissue normally existing between the 
orifices of the eustachian tubes, analogous 
in structure to the lymphoid constituents of 
the tonsil. 

Lusus naturae (lu'-sus na-tu'-re) [lusus, a play; 
natura, nature]. A freak of nature. 

Lutarious (lu-ta 1 '-re-us) [lutum, mud]. Relating 
to, like, or living in mud. 

Lutaud's Lotion. A lotion for pruritus of the 
vulva. It consists of eucalyptus oil, 10 parts; 
cocain hydrochlorid, 1 part; chloral hydrate, 
10 parts; distilled water, 500 parts. 

Lute (lilt) [lutum, mud]. A composition for 
sealing vessels hermetically or for closing 
joints in apparatus. It may be made of lime 
and white of egg, linseed-meal, and starch, 
or of clay and drying oil. 

Lutein (lu'-te-in) [luteus, yellow]. A yellow 
pigment obtained from the corpora lutea by 
extraction with chloroform. 

Lutidin (lu' -tid-in) , C 7 H 9 N. A toxic liquid 
distilled from bituminous shale. L., Beta-, 
C 7 H 9 N, a toxic, colorless liquid obtained 
by distillation of cinchonin with potassium 
hydroxid. It is narcotic and antispasmo- 
dic, and recommended as an antidote to 
strychnin. 

Lutrexanthema (lu-treks-an' -the-mah) [Xouzpov, 



a bath; exanthema]. An eruption due to 
bathing. 

Luttke's Test for Free Hydrochloric Acid 
in Gastric Juice. The quantitative deter- 
mination successively of the total chlorin, the 
chlorin of the fixed chlorids, and that of the 
free and combined hydrochloric acid. 

Luxation iluks-a' -shun) . See Dislocation. 

Luxus (luks'-us) [L.]. Excess. L. -consump- 
tion, a term applied to the metabolism of 
certain surplus proteid material, which, 
though inside the body, does not form a 
component part of any of its tissues, but 
constitutes a kind of reservoir of force upon 
which the organism may draw. 

Luys' Body, L.'s Nucleus. The subthalamus. 

Lycanthropy (li-kan' -thro-pe) [Xukoc, a wolf; 
avdpajTzoc, man]. A form of mania in which 
the patient imagines himself a wild beast. 

Lycetal, Lycetol (lis'-et-al, -ol), C 6 H 14 N 2 C 4 - 
H 6 O e . A derivative of dimethylpiperazin 
combined with tartaric acid. It is used in gout. 
Dose 15-45 gr. (0.97-2.9 Gm.) well diluted in 
carbonated water. 

Lychnis (lik'-nis) \h)yylc, the lampflower]. A 
genus of plants of the order Caryophyllacece. 
L. githago, corn-cockle, is a species of Europe 
naturalized here. The seeds are diuretic, 
expectorant, and anthelmintic. 

Lyciform (lis' -e- form). See Lycoform. 

Lycoform (li'-ko-form). A proprietary combi- 
nation of .alcoholic potash soap solution and 
formaldehyd. 

Lycomania (li-ko-ma f -ne-ah) . See Lycan- 
thropy. 

Lycoperdon (li - ko - per' - don) \}Lkoc, wolf; 
nkpoeadac, to break wind]. A genus of 
fungi. L. bovista, the fist -ball, puff ball, or 
devil's snuff-box, has been used as a 
styptic, and is now employed to some extent 
in nervous diseases. 

Lycopodium (li-ko-po' '-de-urn) \Xukoc, wolf; 
tcouc, foot]. The spores of L. clavatum and 
other varieties, official in the U. S. P., and oc- 
curring in the form of a light, fine, yellowish 
powder. It is used as a desiccant and absorb- 
ent on moist and excoriated surfaces, and as 
an inert powder in which to embed pills to 
prevent their adhering to one another. Syn., 
Club-moss; Witch-meal; Wolf's-claw. 

Lycresol (W -kre-sol) . A soap - solution con- 
taining crude cresol. 

Lye (li) [AS., ledh]. ■ 1. The solution of alka- 
line hydrates obtained by leaching ashes. 

2. Any alkaline solution. 

Lying-in. 1. Being in confinement. 2. The 
puerperal state. 

Lymph (limf) [lympha, water]. 1. The fluid 
in the lymphatic vessels, the product of the 
filtration of the liquid portion of the blood 
through the walls of the capillaries. 2. The 
coagulable exudate on an inflamed surface. 

3. The liquid material used for vaccination; 
vaccine-lymph. L., Animal, vaccine-lymph 
obtained from an animal. L.-cell, L.- 
corpuscle, a leukocyte occurring in the 
lymph. L., Fibrinous, transparent, tenacious 



LYMPHADENECTASIS 



577 



LYMPHOGONIA 



lymph that coagulates spontaneously. It is 
almost colorless and contains a large amount 
of fibrin and but few corpuscles. L. -fol- 
licles, small collections of lymphadenoid 
tissue occurring in mucous membranes. 
L.-hearts, certain organs found in the frog 
and in some fishes, which are to the lymph- 
stream what the blood-heart is to the blood- 
stream. L., Humanized, vaccine from 
a human being. L., Inflammatory, that 
thrown out as a product of inflammation 
in wounds, etc. L., Koch's, tuberculin. L., 
Plastic, fibrinous lymph; that forming em- 
bryonic tissue. L. Reservoir, the receptacu- 
lum chyli. L.-SCrotum, an enlarged scrotum 
due to distention of the lymphatic vessels and 
hyperplasia of the tissues. L. -spaces, the lacu- 
nas occurring in connective tissue and contain- 
ing lymph. L., Vaccine-. See Vaccine-lymph. 

Lymphadenectasis (lim - fad - en - ek' - tas - is) 
[lymph; ddrjv, gland; enxaocc, distention]. Di- 
lation of the sinuses of a lymph-gland pro- 
ducing a tumor-like mass. 

Lymphadenhypertrophy (lim - fad-en-hi-per' - 
tro-fe) [lymph; ddrjv, gland; hypertrophy]. 
Hypertrophy of the lymphatic glands. 

Lymphadenitis (lim-fad-en-i'-tis) [lymph; dorjv, 
gland; cue, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
a lymphatic gland. L. calculosa, that 
combined with calcareous degeneration. L., 
Scrofulous, the small-celled caseous or 
suppurative hyperplasia of the lymph-glands. 
L., Tuberculous, the formation of tubercles 
in the lymph-glands. 

Lymphadenoid (Jim-fad' '-en-oid) [lymph; ade- 
noid]. Resembling, or of the nature of, a 
lymphatic gland or lymphatic tissue. 

Lymphadenoma (lim-fad-en-o'-mah) [lymph; 
adenoma]. Hyperplasia of the lymphatic 
glands. See Tlodgkirt s Disease. 

Lymphaemia {lim-fe' -me-ah) . See Lymphemia. 

LymphagOg (Jim'-fag-og) [lymph; dyajyoc, 
leading], i. Stimulating the flow of lymph. 
2. An agent that stimulates the flow of 
lymph. 

Lymphangiectasis {Jim - fan - je - ek' - tas - is) 
[lymph; dyye'cov, vessel; ln-zaocc, widening]. 
Dilation of the lymphatic vessels. 

Lymphangioendothelioma (lim-fan-je-o-en-do- 
the-le-o f -mah) . An endothelioma originating 
in lymph-vessels. 

Lymphangiofibroma (lim-fan-je-o-fi-bro'-mah) . 
Lymphangioma combined with fibroma. 

Lymphangiology (lim-fan-je-oV -o-je) [lymph; 
dfyelov, vessel; Xojoc, science]. The anat- 
omy, physiology, and pathology of the lym- 
phatics. 

Lymphangioma (lim-fan-je-o'-mah) [lymph; 
angioma]. A tumor made up of lymphatic 
vessels. L. tuberosum multiplex, a very 
rare disease of the skin, probably congenital, 
characterized by the formation of large, 
brownish-red papules or tubercles, the size 
of lentils, scattered indiscriminately over the 
trunk. On section they prove to be made 
up of dilated lymphatics. 

Lymphangiophlebitis (lim-fan-je-o-fleb-i'-tis) 
38 



[lymph; dffe'cov, vessel; phlebitis]. Inflam- 
mation of the lymphatic vessels and veins. 

Lymphangiosarcoma {Jim - fan - je - - sar - 
ko'-mah). Lymphangioma attended with 
sarcoma. 

Lymphangitis (lim-fan-ji'-lis) [lymph; dyyelov, 
vessel; cccc, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of a lymphatic vessel. 

Lymphatic {Jim-fat' '-ik) [lymph]. Pertaining 
to lymph; containing or characterized by 
lymph. L. System, a system of vessels and 
glands accessory to the blood-vascular system, 
conveying lymph. It begins as innumerable 
capillaries in interspaces of tissues. These 
form plexuses studded with lymph-glands 
that act as filters and finally all those below 
the diaphragm unite in the receptaculum 
chyli on the second lumbar vertebra. From 
this the thoracic duct leads upward to empty 
into the junction of the left subclavian t and 
internal jugular veins. The lymph from the 
upper right half of the body and head enters 
the right lymphatic duct, which empties into 
the junction of the right internal jugular and 
subclavian veins. 

Lymphaticosplenic (lim - fat - ik - o-splen'-ik). 
Relating to the lymphatics and the spleen. 

Lymphatics (lim-fat' -iks) [lymph]. The capil- 
lary tubes pervading the body, which convey 
lymph. 

Lymphatism (lim' -fat-izm) . See Status lym- 
phaticus. 

Lymphectasia (lim-fek-ta'-ze-ah) [lymph; 'ifc- 
xaoic, widening]. Dilation with lymph. 

Lymphedema (lim-fe-de' -mah) [lymph; o'lorj/xa, 
edema]. Serous edema. 

Lymphemia (lim-fe' -me-ah) [lymph; alpta, 
blood]. Leukemia characterized by enlarge- 
ment of the lymphatic glands. 

Lymphendothelioma (lim - fen - do - the - li - 
o'-mah). A newgrowth characterized by a 
soft myxomatous tissue containing cysts and 
tubules lined with flat, scale-like cells, re- 
sembling the endothelium of the lymphatics. 

Lympho- (lim-fo-) [lymph]. A prefix meaning 
relating to lymph or to the lymphatic glands. 

Lymphocyte (lim'-fo-sit) [lympho-; kuzoc, a cell]. 
1. A lymph-cell. 2. One of Ehrlich's classes 
of leukocytes, comprising those small cells 
having large nuclei and a very small amount 
of protoplasm. See Leukocyte. 

Lympho cythemia (lim- fo-si-the' -me-ah) [lym- 
phocyte; al/xa, blood]. An excess of lympho- 
cytes in the blood. 

Lymphocytosis (lim-fo-si-to'-sis). See Lympho- 
cythemia. 

Lymphocytotoxin (lim-fo-si-to-toks'-in) [lym- 
phocyte; ro^ycov, poison]. A bacterial product 
having specific action on the lymphocytes. 

Lymphodermia (lim- fo-der' -me-ah) [lympho-; 
okpfia, skin]. An affection of the lymphatics 
of the skin. L. perniciosa, leukemic en- 
largement of the glands. 

Lymphofluxion (Jim-fo-fluk'-shun) [lympho-; 
finer e, to flow]. The increased flow of lymph 
induced by certain stomachics. 

Lymphogonia (lim-fo-go'-ne-ah) [lympho-; jbvo£. 



LYMPHOID 



578 



LYPEMANIA 



offspring]. Large lymphocytes 
having a relatively large nucleus 
deficient in chromatin, and a faintly 
basic nongranular protoplasm, ob- 
served in lymphatic leukemia. 

Lymphoid {lim'-foid) [lympho-; eldoc, 
like]. Having the appearance or 
character of lymph. 

Lymphoma (lim-fo'-mah) [lympho-; 
bpa, tumor]. A tumor composed 
of lymphadenoid tissue. The term 
includes also formations not strictly 
tumors, as hyperplasias of the tis- 
sues proper to lymphatic glands. 
L., Malignant. Synonym of 
Hodgkin's disease. 

Lymphomatosis (lim-fo-mat-o'-sis) 
[lymphoma]. A condition char- 
acterized by general lymphatic 
engorgement. L. diffusa, Hodg- 
kin's disease. 

Lymphomatous {Urn - jo' - mat - us) 
[lymphoma]. Of the nature of, or 
affected with, lymphoma. 

Lymphomyeloma {lim-fo-mi-el-o'- 
mah). i. A myeloma involving the 
lymphatic system. 2. A sarcoma 
containing small round-cells. 

Lymphomyxoma {lim-fo-miks-o'- 
mah) [lympho-; myxoma]. A new- 
growth, usually benign, consisting 
of adenoid tissue. 

Lymphorrhagia {lim-for-a'-je-ah) 
[lympho-; pt)-fvuvac, to burst forth]. 




rmmmm 

Lymphatic Glands and Vessels of the Cavity of the Axilla. 
(Holden.) 




Lymphatic Glands 





the Inguinal Region.- 



A flow of lymph from a ruptured 
lymphatic vessel. 

Lymphosarcoma (Jim -jo- sar. - ko' - 
mah). A sarcoma having some of 
the structural elements of a lym- 
phatic gland. L. malignum 
multiplex. Same as Lymphad- 
enoma. 

Lymphotome Qim'-fo-tom) [lympho-; 
xkpvecv, to cut]. An instrument, on 
the principle of the tonsillotome, 
with a flexible cutting-blade for 
removing adenoids. 

Lymphotoxemia {lim-fo-toks-e 1 '-me- 
ah). See Status lymphaticus. 

Lymphotoxic {lim-fo-toks' '-ik) . Per- 
taining to or characteristic of a 
substance having toxic action, on 
the lymphatic tissue. 

Lymphotoxin {lim-fo-toks' -in) [lym- 
pho-; to^ckov, poison]. A cytotoxin 
having specific action on lymph- 
atic tissue. 

Lymphotrophy {Urn - fot' - ro - fe) 
[lympho-; Tpocpr), nourishment]. 
Nourishment of the cells by the 
lymph in regions of imperfect vas- 
cularization. 

Lypemania {li-pe-ma'-ne-ah) [Mxr,, 
sadness; pav'ca, madness]. A form 
of dementia accompanied by pro- 



LYPTOL 



579 



MACROCEPHALOUS 



found mental depression and refusal to take 
food. 

Lyptol (lip'-tol). An ointment said to consist 
of mercuric chlorid, eucalyptus oil, form- 
aldehyd, and benzoboric acid. It is used as 
a dressing for ulcers, cutaneous diseases, etc. 

Lyra (li'-rah). Certain longitudinal, transverse 
and oblique lines on the inferior surface of 
the fornix, the arrangement of which bears 
a fanciful resemblance- to a lyre. 

Lysatin {lis' -at-in) . See Lysatinin. 

Lysatinin {lis-aV -in-in) , C 6 H n N 3 or C 6 H 13 - 
N 3 2 . A mixture of equal molecules of 
arginin and lysin. 

Lysidin (li f -sid-in) , C 4 H 8 N 2 . A base obtained 
from dry distillation of sodium acetate with 
ethylene diamin hydrochlorid. It is recom- 
mended in all cases of uric-acid diathesis. 
Dose 15-75 g r - ( I_ 5 Gm.) of the crystals daily 
in a pint of cold water. Syn., Ethylene-ethen- 
yldiamin; M ethyl glyoxalidin. 

Lysin (Ji'-sin) [Xueiv, to loose]. 1. C 6 H u N 2 2 . 
A histon base discovered among the cleavage- 
products of casein and produced by the tryptic 
digestion of fibrin. 2. A cell-dissolving sub- 
stance found in the blood-serum. 



Lysis (li'-sis) [see Lysin]. The gradual decline 
of a disease, especially of a fever. 

Lysoform (li'-so-}orm). A combination of 
lysol and formaldehyd, soluble in water and 
alcohol. It is used as an antiseptic in 1 to 3 % 
solutions. 

Lysogenic (li-so-jen'-ik) [lysis; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. Giving rise to lysins or producing 
lysis. 

Lysol {li'-sol) [Xuav, to loose]. A brown liquid 
substance obtained by boiling tar-oils with 
alkalis and fats. It is used as an antiseptic 
in surgery, in lupus, gonorrhea, and as a 
gargle in sore throat. 

Lyssa (lis'-ah) [Xuoaa, madness]. A synonym 
of Hydrophobia or Rabies. 

Lyssin (lis'-in) [lyssa]. The specific virus of 
hydrophobia. 

Lyssophobia (lis-o-fo'-be-ah) [lyssa; 4>6fto(;, 
fear]. Morbid dread of rabies; pseudohy- 
drophobia. 

Lysulfol (lis-ul' -fol) . A compound of sulfur 
(10%) and lysol forming a black mass. It 
is used in skin diseases. 

Lytic (lit'-ik) [lysis]. 1. Relating to a lysis 
or to a solution. 2. Relating to a lysin. 



M 



M. The abbreviation of muscuhis, meter, 
myopia, mille, minim, and misce; as a 
numeral it represents the number 1000. 

McBurney's Point. The point of tenderness 
in appendicitis, five or six centimeters above 
the right anterior superior iliac spine, on a line 
drawn from this point to the umbilicus. 

McClintock's Rule. A pulse of 100 or more 
beats a minute, after parturition, indicates 
impending postpartum hemorrhage. 

Macdowel's Frenum. The intermuscular ex- 
pansions given off by the posterior layer of 
the tendon of the pectoralis major. 

Mace (mas). See Nutmeg. 

Maceration (mas-er-a' -shun) [macerare, to 
make soft]. The process of softening a solid 
substance, or of converting into a soft mass 
by soaking in a liquid, as maceration of the 
fetus. 

Macewen's Osteotomy. Supracondyloid di- 
vision of the femur from the inner side for 
genu valgum. M.'s Space. See M.'s Trian- 
gle. M.'s Symptom, increased resonance 
on combined percussion and auscultation of 
the skull in certain gross lesions of the intra- 
cranial contents — e. g., in cerebral abscess or 
overdistended lateral ventricles. M.'s Tri- 
angle, the suprameatal triangle; the trian- 
gular space bounded by the upper half of the 
posterior wall of the external auditory meatus, 
by the supramastoid crest, and by an imagi- 
nary line dropped from the latter at the level 



of the posteroinferior wall of the external 
meatus. It is the space selected for trephin- 
ing in cases of otitic abscess of the temporo- 
sphenoid lobe. 

Macies {ma'-se-ez) [L., "a wasting"]. Atro- 
phy; leanness; wasting. 

Mackenzie's Eye-lotion. Corrosive subli- 
mate, 1 gr.; ammonium chlorid, 6 gr.; cochi- 
neal, \ gr.; alcohol, 1 dr.; water, 8 oz. 

Maclayin (mak-la' -in) , C 17 H 32 O n . A powerful 
local irritant said to be a glucosid from Bassia 
maclayana. 

McLeod's Capsular Rheumatism. Rheuma- 
toid arthritis attended with considerable effu- 
sion into the synovial sacs, sheaths, and 
bursas. 

Macmunn's Test for Indican in the Urine. 
Boil equal parts of urine and hydrochloric 
acid and a few drops of nitric acid; cool, and 
shake with chloroform. The chloroform be- 
comes violet and shows an absorption band 
before D, due to indigo-blue, and one after 
D, due to indigo-red. 

Macro- (mak-ro-) [fxaKpoc, large]. A prefix 
meaning large, long, or great. 

Macrobiosis (mak-ro-bi-o'-sis) [macro-; /?/of, 
life]. Longevity. 

Macroblast (mak'-ro-blast). See Megaloblast. 

Macrocephalia (mak-ro-sef-a'-le-ah) [macro-; 
K£<paXrj, head]. Abnormal largeness of the 
head. 

Macrocephalous (mak-ro-sej' -al-us) [see Macro- 



MACROCHEILIA 



580 



MADREPORIC 



cephalia]. Characterized by an abnormally 
large head. 

Macrocheilia {mak-ro-ki' -le-ah) [macro-; %£~c- 
Xoc, lip]. Excessive development of the lips, 
a characteristic of certain negro tribes. It 
occurs also in cretinoid state's, when the lips 
and cheeks are the seat of lymphangioma. 

Macrocheiria {mak-ro-ki' -r e-ah) {macro-; x^tp, 
hand]. Great enlargement of the hands. 

Macrocoly {mak-ro-ko'-le) [macro-; kojXov, 
colon]. Simple excessive length of the colon. 

Macrocomous {mak-ro-ko' -mus) [macro-; nbp.t), 
the hair]. Having long hairs or filaments. 

Macrocornea {mak-ro-kor' -ne-ah) [macro-; Cor- 
nells, horny]. Keratoglobus. 

Macrocyst {mak' -ro-sist) [macro-; k'joxcc, a 
cyst]. An abnormally large cyst. 

Macrocyte {mak'-ro-sit) [macro-; kuzoc, cell]. 
A giant blood-corpuscle fo*und in the blood 
in certain anemias, especially pernicious 
anemia. 

Microdactyly {mak-ro-dak 1 '-til-e) [macro-; dan- 
tuXoc, finger]. Abnormally large size of the 
fingers or toes. 

Macrodirective {mak-ro-di-rek'-tiv) [macro-; 
dirigere, to direct]. Applied . to mesenteries 
that are both large or perfect and directive. 

Macrodontia '{mak -ro -don' -she - ah) [macro-; 
ddouc, tooth]. Abnormally large size of the 
teeth. 

Macroesthesia {mak-ro-es-the' -ze-ah) [macro-; 
a'todrjocc, sensation]. A disturbance of the 
tactile and stereognostic sense in consequence 
of which objects touched or handled appear 
much larger than they really are. 

Macrogamete {mak-ro-gam'-et) [macro-; yajj.hr], 
a wife]. A female sexual cell among sporozoa. 

Macroglossia {mak-ro-glos' -e-ah) [macro-; yXcbO" 
oa, tongue]. Enlargement of the tongue, a 
condition seen in cretins, in whom it is prob- 
ably due to lymphangioma. 

Macromania ( mak-ro-ma' -ne-ah) [macro-; p.o.v'ca, 
madness]. A form of mania characterized by 
the delusion that objects are larger than they 
really are; or the impression that one's own 
body or members are much larger than they 
are. 

Macromastia {mak-ro-mas' -te-ah) [macro-; p.ao- 
zbc, breast]. Abnormal enlargement of the 
breast. 

Macromazia (mak-ro-ma' '-ze-ah) . See Macro- 
mastia. 

Macromelus {mak-rom' -el-us) [macro-; p.iXoc, 
organ or member], i. Having excessively 
large limbs. 2. One having excessively large 
limbs. 

Macronychia {mak-ro-nik' -e-ah) [macro-; bvu$, 
nail]. Excessive size of the nails. 

Macropathology {mak-ro-path-ol' -o-je) [macro-; 
pathology]. Pathology which includes no 
microscopic investigation. 

Macrophage {mak' -ro-faj) [macro-; (fraye'cv, to 
devour]. A large phagocyte. 

Macrophotograph {mak-ro-fo'-to-graf) [macron- 
photograph]. . A large photograph, i. e., 
a macroscopic photograph of an object, 
whether the object is small or large. 



Macropodia {mak-ro-po' -de-ah) [macro-; 7106c, 
foot]. Excessive size of the feet. 

Macropomous {mak-rop' -o-mus) [macro-; nwua, 
a lid]. Possessing a large operculum. 

Macroporous {mak-rop' -or-us) [macro-; nbpoc, a 
passage]. Having large pores. 

Macroprosopus {mak-ro-pro-so' -pus) [macro-; 
npooconov, face]. A monster with abnormal 
development of the face. 

Macropsia {mak-rop' -se-ah) . See Megalopsia. 

Macrorhinia imak-ro-rin' -e-ah) [macro-; pec, 
nose]. Congenital hypertrophy of the nose. 

Macroscelia {mak-ro-se' -le-ah) [macro-; gk'eXoc, 
leg]. Excessive development of the legs. 

Macroscopic {mak-ro-skop' -ik) [macro-; okotcsIv, 
to see]. Large enough to be seen by the 
naked eye; gross; not microscopic. 

Macrosomia, Macrosomatia {mak-ro-so'-me- 
ah, mak-ro-so-ma' -she-ah) [macro-; oojp.a, 
body]. Excessive size of the body. 

Macrostoma {mak-ros' -to-mah) [macro-; orbi.ia, 
mouth]. Congenital fissure of the angle of 
the mouth, producing a large opening. 

Macrotia {mak-ro' -she-ah) [macro-; ouc, the ear]. 
Excessive length of the ears. 

Macrotin {mak' -ro-tin) [macrotys, cimicifuga]. 
A resin obtained by the precipitation of tinc- 
ture of cimicifuga with water. 

Macula {mak'-u-lah) [L.]. A macule. Mac- 
ulae acusticae, the terminations of the audi- 
tory nerve in the saccule and utricle. M. 
arcuata, the arcus senilis. Maculae atro- 
phicae cutis, linear atrophy of the skin. M. 
corneae, a permanent corneal opacity from 
an ulcer or keratitis. M. lutea, the yellow 
spot of the retina. It is the point of clearest 
vision. M. Solaris, a freckle. 

Macular {mak'-u-lar) [macule]. Characterized 
by or resembling macules. 

Maculate {mak'-u-lat). Spotted. 

Maculation {mak-u-la' -shun) [macule]. The 
state or quality of being spotted; the forma- 
tion of macules. 

Macule {mak' -ill) . A spot, especially one" upon 
the skin, not elevated above the surrounding 
level. See also Macula. 

Maculopapular {mak-u-lo-pap' -u-lar) . Hav- 
ing the characteristics of a macule and a 
papule. 

Macwilliam's Test for Albumin. To 20 Cc. 
of the liquid add a drop or two of a saturated 
solution of salicyl-sulfonic acid; in the pres- 
ence of albumin a cloudiness or precipitate 
will be formed. If peptones or albumoses are 
present, this precipitate disappears on boiling, 
but reappears on cooling. 

Mad [ME., made]. 1. Insane. 2. Affected with 
rabies; rabid. 

Madarosis {mad-ar-o' -sis) [fxaoapcoocc, a making 
bald]. Loss of the eyelashes or eyebrows. 

Madder {mad'-er). See Rubia. 

Madelung's Neck. Diffuse lipoma of the 
neck. Syn., Madelung's Fetthals. 

Madema {mad-e'-mah). See Madarosis. 

Madreporic, Madreporiform {mad-re-por'-ik, 
-e-jorm) [Madrepora, a genus of corals]. 
Pierced with minute openings. 



MAD STONE 



581 



MAGNET 



Madstone (mad'-stdn). A small stone, be- 
lieved to have the power of absorbing poison 
from wounds. 
Madura-foot (ma-du'-rah-fut). A disease oc- 
curring chiefly in India, and characterized by 
the formation, on the foot (sometimes on the 
hand), of a tender purplish swelling, which 
in time suppurates, the pus being evacuated 
through one or more sinuses. These sinuses 
discharge a seropurulent liquid containing 
peculiar bodies resembling gunpowder-grains 
or fish-roe. The disease is chronic, but re- 
mains local, and is believed to be due to an 
organism allied to the actinomyces fungus. 
Syn., Mycetoma. 
Mageiric (maj-i'-rik) [fiayecpiKoc, fit for cookery]. 

Relating to dietetics or the culinary art. 
Magendie's Foramen. A foramen of com- 
munication between the fourth ventricle and 
the subarachnoid space at the tip of the 
calamus scriptorius. M.'s Law. See Bell's 
Law. M.'s Solution. See under Morphin 
Sulfate. M.'s Spaces, imperfectly closed 
lymph-spaces formed by the separation of 
the arachnoid from the pia and correspond- 
ing to the cerebral sulci. 
Magenta (ma-jen'-tah) [from Magenta, Italy]. 
A coal-tar dye from which fuchsin and a 
large number of other dyes are prepared. 
Magistral (maj'-is-tral) [magister, a master]. 
Applied to medicines prepared on prescription. 
Magma (mag' -mail) [jiajixa, mass]. Sediment; 

dregs; any pulpy mass. 
Magnan's Sign. A hallucination of general 
sensation which takes the form of the sen- 
sation of a round foreign body beneath the 
skin; it is noted in chronic cocainism. 
Magnesia (mag-ne'-ze-ali) [from Magnesia, a 
district in Thessaly]. Magnesium oxid, MgO. 
M., Black, black oxid of manganese. M., 
Calcined. See Magnesium Carbonate. M., 
White, magnesium carbonate. See also Mag- 
nesiwn. 
Magnesic (mag-ne'-zik). Pertaining to or con- 
taining magnesium. 
Magnesium (mag-ne'-ze-um) [see Magnesia]. 
Symbol Mg; atomic weight 24.3; quantival- 
ence 11; specific gravity 1.75. A bluish- 
white metal of the group to which calcium 
and barium belong. It is abundantly dis- 
tributed throughout inorganic and organic 
nature; its salts are used in the arts and in 
medicine. The source of magnesium and its 
salts is chiefly the minerals dolomite and kie- 
serite. M.' Acetate, Mg(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 + 4- 
4H2O, cathartic. Dose 5-60 gr. (0.32-4.0 
Gni.). M. Benzoate, Mg(C 7 H 5 2 ) 2 : used 
in gout. Dose 3-20 gr. (0.2-1.3 Gm.). M. 
Bisulfate, MgH 2 (S0 4 ) 2 ; cathartic. Dose 
5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). M. Borate, Mg- 
(B0 2 ) 2 . 2Ng(OH) 2 + 7H 2 0; antiseptic. 
Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). M. Boroci- 
trate, a compound of citric acid, magnesium 
carbonate, and borax; used in lithiasis, gout, 
etc. Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). M. Brom- 
id, MgBr 2 + 6H 2 0; sedative. Dose 10-20 
gr. (0.65-1.3 Gm.). M. Carbonate (mag- 



nesii carbonas, U. S. P.), (MgC0 3 ) 4 . Mg- 
(OH) 2 + 5H 2 0; exists in two forms — as 
light {magnesium carbonas levis) and as 
heavy magnesium carbonate (magnesium car- 
bonas ponder osa). It is antacid, laxative, and 
antilithic Dose 30-60 gr. (2-4 Gm.). M. 
Carbonate, Solution of (liquor magnesia car- 
bonatis, B. P.). Dose 1-2 oz. (32-64 Cc). M. 
Chlorid, MgCl 2 + 6 H 2 0; aperient and cathar- 
tic. Dose 240-465 gr. (16-30 Gm.). M. 
Citrate, Effervescent, is cathartic. Dose 
1-3 dr. (4-12 Cc). M. Citrate, Solution 
of (liquor magnesii citratis, U. S. P.). Dose 
4-8 oz. (128-256 Cc). M. Copaivate, anti- 
septic, diuretic, laxative, and stimulant. Dose 
10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 Gm.). M. Creosotate. 
See Creasote-magnesia. M. Dioxid, Mg0 2 , 
used in anemia. Syn., Bio gen. M. Ergo- 
tate, used in amenorrhea and epilepsy. Dose 
•f-i gr. (0.04-0.065 Gm.). M. Fluorid, Mg- 
F 2 , an antiseptic. M. Hydrate, M. Hydrox- 
id, Mg(OH) 2 . It is antacid, antilithic, and 
cathartic. Dose 60-120 gr. (4-8 Gm.). M. 
Hypophosphite, Mg(H 2 P0 2 ) 2 + 6H.O, a 
nerve-stimulant. Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 
Gm.). M. Ichthyolate, a combination of 
freshly calcined magnesia, 100 parts; ich- 
thyol, 775 parts. Mixed with talc it is used 
as an antiseptic dusting-powder. M. Iodid, 
Mgl 2 , alterative and sialagog. Dose 2-10 gr. 
(0.13-0.65 Gm.). M. Lactate, Mg(C 3 H 5 - 
3 ) 2 + 3H0O; a laxative. Dose 15-45 gr. 
(1-3 Gm.). M. Oxid (magnesii oxidum, 
U. S. P.), MgO, is obtained by calcining 
magnesium carbonate, and exists in two 
forms — as light magnesia and as heavy mag- 
nesia (magnesii oxidum ponderosum, U. S. P.). 
It is used as an antacid and laxative, as a 
dusting-powder, and as an antidote to arsenic 
Dose 10 gr.-i dr. (0.65-4.0 Gm.). M. 
Oxid, Ferric Hydroxid with (Jerri hydroxi- 
dum cum magnesii oxido, U. S. P.). Dose 
as arsenical antidote 4 oz. (120 Cc). M. 
Oxid, Heavy. See under M. Oxid. M. 
Phenolsulfonate, an antiseptic purgative. 
Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). M. Salicylate, 
Mg(C 7 H 5 3 ) 2 + H 2 0, an intestinal antiseptic 
and antirheumatic Dose 15-120 gr. (1-8 
Gm.). . M. Sclerotinate. See M. Ergotate. 
M. Silicate, Mg 2 Sl 3 O s + 2H 2 0, absorbent, 
astringent, and antiseptic. Dose 60-150 gr. 
(4-10 Gm.). M. Sozoiodolate, (C 6 H 2 I 2 - 
(OH)S0 3 ) 2 Mg + 8H 2 0, an antiseptic. M. 
Sulfate (magnesii sulphas, U. S. P.), MgS0 4 
+ 7H 2 0, epsom salt, is an active cathartic, 
especially useful in inflammatory affections. 
Dose 1 dr.-i oz. (4-32 Gm.). M. Sulfate, 
Effervescent (magnesii sulphas effervescens, 
U. S. P.), cathartic . Dose 2 dr.-i oz. (8- 
32 Gm.). M. Sulfophenate. See M. Phenol- 
sulfonate. M. Tartrate, MgC 4 H 4 6 , is 
cathartic and used in diseases of the spleen 
with neuralgic symptoms. Dose 8-15 gr. 
(0.52-1.0 Gm.). 
Magnet (mag'-net) [Map^aaa, stone of Mag- 
nesia, in Thessaly, where lodestone was 
first found]. 1. Lodestone, a magnetic iron 



MAGNETIC 



582 



MALARIAL 



oxid. 2. A body having the power to at- 
tract iron bodies. M., Electro-. See Elec- 
tromagnet. M., Giant, M., Haab, a large 
powerful stationary magnet for extracting par- 
ticles of steel from the eye. M., Horseshoe, 
an iron magnet having the shape of a horse- 
shoe. M., Permanent, one the magnetic 
properties of which are permanent, in con- 
tradistinction to a temporary magnet. M., 
Temporary, one which derives its magnetism 
from another magnet or from a galvanic cur- 
rent. 

Magnetic (mag-net'-ik) [magnet]. Pertaining 
or belonging to a magnet. Possessing the 
property of magnetism. 

Magnetism (mag'-net-izm) [magnet]. The 
power possessed by a magnet to attract or 
repel other masses. M., Animal, hyp- 
notism. 

Magnetization (mag-net-iz-a' -shun) [magnet]. 
The process of rendering a substance mag- 
netic. 

Magnetoelectricity (mag-net-o-e-lek-tris'-it-e) 
[magnet; electricity]. Electricity produced by 
means of a magnet. 

Magnetoinduction (mag-net-o-in-duk' -shun) 
[magnet; inductio, induction]. The produc- 
tion of an induced current by the insertion 
of a magnet within a coil of wire. 

Magnetooptic (mag-net-o-op'-tik) . Relating to 
magnetism and light. 

Magnetotherapy (mag-net-o-ther'-ap-e) [magnet; 
depaiiEca, treatment]. The treatment of dis- 
eases by magnets. 

Magnification (mag-nif-ik-a 1 'shun) [magnus, 
large; facere, to make]. Enlargement, espe- 
cially the enlargement of the image of an 
object by means of lenses. 

Magnifying (mag'-nif-i-ing) [see Magnifica- 
tion]. Enlarging; making greater. M. 
Power, the power of a lens to increase the 
diameters of the image of an object. 

Magnum, M., Os. See Bones, Table of. 

Maher's Disease. Paracolpitis. 

Maidenhead, i. Virginity. 2. The hymen. 

Maier's Sinus. A small, infundibular depres- 
sion in the wall of the lacrimal sac near the 
opening of the lacrimal ducts. 

Maim (mam) [OF., mehaigner, to maim]. To 
cripple by injury or removal of a limb. 

Main-en-griff e (mang-on(g)-gref). See Claw- 
hand. 

Maintenance (man' -ten-ans) [manus, hand; 
tenere, to hold]. The relationship which 
exists between increment and excrement, 
after a body has reached maturity. 

Maissiat's Band. The iliotibial ligament, a 
fibrous band in the fascia lata that extends 
from near the anterior superior spine of the 
ilium to the outer tuberosity of the tibia. 

Maize (mdz) [W. Ind., mahiz]. Indian corn. 
See Zea mays. 

Maizolithium (iya-zo-lith' -e-um) . A diuretic 
and sedative said to consist of a combination 
of maizenic acid from cornsilk and lithium. 
Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). 

Make {mak) [AS., macian, to make]. In elec- 



tricity — (1) to establish the flow of an electric 
current; (2) the establishing of the flow of 
an electric current. 

Mai [Fr., from malum, evil; disease]. Disease. 
M. de mer, sea-sickness. M. des bassines, 
a dermatitis affecting those engaged in wind- 
ing silkworm cocoons, due to a toxic sub- 
stance in the urinary product of the silkworm 
moths. M., Grand. See Grand mal. M.per- 
forant, perforating ulcer of the foot; a trophic 
lesion of tabes. M., Petit. See Petit mal. 

Mal- [malus, bad]. A prefix meaning bad. 

Mala (ma'-lah) [L.]. The cheek-bone or the 
cheek. 

Malacarne's Pyramid. A crucial projection 
formed by the union of the vermis inferior 
of the cerebellum, at the junction of its pos- 
terior and middle thirds, with two transverse 
prolongations which pass into the correspond- 
ing hemispheres. M.'s Space. SeeTarinus' 
Fossa. 

Malacia (mal-a'-se-ah) [fiaXaKca, a softening]. A 
morbid softening of tissue. M., Vascular, 
a form marked by excessive new formation 
of vessels. 

Malacopeous,Malacopoeous(ma/-a/£-&0'-/>e-w<>) 
[naXanoizocelv, to make soft]. Softening; en- 
ervating; emollient. 

Malacosteon,Malacosteosis(7wa/-a/r-&0s'-fe-0«, 
mal-ah-kos' -te-o-sis) . See Osteomalacia. 

Malacotomy (mal-ah-kot'-o-me) [jiaXanog, soft; 
rofiTj, a cutting]. Incision of the abdomen; 
celiotomy. 

Malady (mal'-ad-e) [malum, evil]. Disease. 

Malaise (mal-az') [Fr.]. A general feeling of 
illness, accompanied by restlessness and dis- 
comfort. 

Malakin (mal'-ak-in). A synthetic product 
allied to acetphenetidin and recommended as 
an antirheumatic, antipyretic, and antineu- 
ralgic. Dose 60-90 gr. (4-6 Gm.) daily. 

Malar (ma'-lar) [mala, cheek]. Pertaining to 
the malar bones. M. Bones, the two cheek 
bones. 

Malaria (mal-a'-re-ah). See Malarial Fever. 

Malarial (mal-a' -re-al) [malaria, bad air]. Per- 
taining to malaria. M. Cachexia, a chronic 
form of malaria characterized by anemia, 
general failure of health, a sallow complexion, 
and enlargement of the spleen. M. Fever, 
a disease associated with the presence in the 
blood of Plasmodium malarice, and character- 
ized by periodicity, enlargement of the spleen, 
and the presence in the blood, free or within 
the red corpuscles, of parasites (plasmodia) 
that exert a deleterious influence upon the 
red cells. The paroxysms may be intermit- 
tent, remittent, or irregular. If repeated 
daily, the fever is designated quotidian; if 
on alternate days, tertian; if with an interval 
of two days, quartan. If two paroxysms oc- 
cur daily, the fever is designated a double 
quotidian. There may be a tertian form, a. 
paroxysm occurring daily, but only those of 
alternate days being alike; a double quartan 
form, and others. A typical malarial par- 
oxysm consists of a cold stage, a hot stage, 



MALARILABIALIS 



583 



MALLOTUS 



and a sweating stage, occurring in the se- 
quence given. Intermittent fever is char- 
acterized by the occurrence of a complete 
intermission of the symptoms in the interval 
between two paroxysms, the temperature be- 
coming normal or subnormal. In remittent 
fever there is only an amelioration of the 
symptoms in the intervals. In certain locali- 
ties in which the malarial organisms are ex- 
ceedingly numerous or intensely virulent the 
attack displays a pernicious tendency. Of 
this type there may be a cerebral form, char- 
acterized either by delirium and excitement 
or by coma and depression; a thoracic form, 
in which the respiration is accelerated and 
there is an urgent sense of the need of air; 
a gastrointestinal form, attended with nausea, 
vomiting, jaundice, and diarrhea; or an 
asthenic or algid form, in which there is 
a condition of marked debility with a strik- 
ing coldness of the surface and of the breath. 
To the irregular manifestations of malarial 
poisoning, which do not at any time present 
the classic association of chill, fever, and 
sweat, the designation of "dumb ague" is 
given. The enlargement of the spleen in 
chronic malaria is sometimes designated 
"ague-cake." Syn., Marsh-fever. M. Hem- 
aturia, the presence of blood in the urine 
as a result of malarial poisoning. M. Neu- 
ralgia, neuralgia due to malarial intoxica- 
tion. 

Malarilabialis (mat- a -re -la -be- a' '-lis). See 
Zygomaticus major under Muscle. 

Malarin [mal-ar'-in). See Acetophenonephe- 
netidin. 

Malassez' Disease. Cystic disease of the 
testis. 

Malassimilation (mal-as-im-il-a'-shun) [trial-; 
assimilation]. Defective assimilation. 

Malate (mal'-dt). A salt of malic acid. 

Malaxation (mal-aks-a' '-shun) \jia\aootcv, to 
soften], i. The act of kneading. 2. A form 
of massage. 

Malcious (mal'-shus) [aalacoc, freezing]. Be- 
numbing; causing to freeze; becoming con- 
gealed. 

Male (mal'-e) [u.a.X-q]. The axilla. 

Male (mdl) [masculus, a male]. 1. Pertaining 
to the male sex, or that which impregnates 
the female. 2. A member of the male sex, 
3. Of a double-bladed instrument, the blade 
which is received into a hollow of the other 
(female) blade. M.-fern, the Aspidinm 
filix-mas. See Aspidium. M. Organ, the 
penis. 

Maleic (mal-c'-ik). Relating to or derived from 
malic acid. 

Malerba's Test for Acetone. Add to the 
acetone a solution of dimethylparaphenylen- 
diamin; a red coloration results. 

Malformation {rnal-for-ma' -shun) [mal-; for- 
matio, a forming]. An abnormal development 
or formation of a part of the body. 

Malgaigne's Hernia (mahl-gdn). Hernia of 
infancy; descent of the intestine into the 
open vaginal process of the peritoneum. M.'s 



Hooks, an instrument for holding the parts 
of a fractured patella in apposition. M.'s 
Triangle, the superior carotid triangle. 




Malgaigne's Hooks. 

Malic Acid (ma'-lik). See Acid, Malic. 

Maliform (mal'-e- form) [malum, an apple; 
forma, form]. Shaped like an apple. 

Malignancy (mal-ig'-nan-se) [see Malignant]. 
The quality of being malignant. 

Malignant (mal-ig'-nant) [mal-; gignere, to 
beget]. Virulent, compromising or threat- 
ening life. M. Edema. See Edema, Malig- 
nant. M. Pustule, anthrax. M. Tumor, a 
tumor that destroys life. Malignant tumors 
recur and give rise to metastasis. 

Mali-mali. A convulsive tic prevalent in the 
Philippines. 

Malingerer (mal-in'-jer-er) [Fr. malingre, sickly, 
from malus, bad; crger, ill; sick]. One who 
feigns illness or defect. 

Malingering, Malingery (mal-in'-jer-ing, mal- 
in'-]er-e) [see Malingerer]. The feigning of 
disease. 

Malleable (mal'-e-a-U) [malleus]. Capable 
of being beaten or rolled into thin sheets. 

Malleal, Mallear (mal'-e-al, -ar) [malleus]. 
Relating to the malleus. 

Malleation (mal-e-a' '-shun) [malleus]. A spas- 
modic action of the hands, consisting in con- 
tinuously striking any near object. 

Malleiform (mal'-e-if-orm) [malleus; forma, 
form]. Hammer-shaped. 

Mallein (mal'-e-in) [malleus, farcy]. A fluid 
obtained from cultures of Bacillus mallei, 
the microorganism of glanders. When in- 
jected into the circulation of a glanderous ani- 
mal, it causes an elevation of temperature, 
and has been recommended for use in the 
early diagnosis of farcy or glanders. 

Malleinization (mal-e-in-i-za'-shun). Inocula- 
tion with mallein. 

Malleoincudal (mal-e-o-ing' -hu-dal) [malleus; 
incus, anvil]. Relating to the malleus and 
the incus. 

Malleolar {maV -e-o-lar) [malleolus]. Relating 
to a malleolus. 

Malleolus (mal-e'-o-lus) [dim. of malleus; pi., 
malleoli]. A part or process of bone having 
a hammer-head shape. M., External, the 
lower extremity of the fibula. M., Internal, 
a process on the internal surface of the lower 
extremity of the tibia. M. radialis, the 
styloid process of the radius. M. ulnaris, 
the styloid process of the ulna. 

Malleus (maV-e-us) [L., "hammer"]. 1. One 
of the ossicles of the internal ear having the 
shape of a hammer. 2. Glanders. 

Mallotoxin (mal-o-toks'-in). See Rottlerin. 

Mallotus {mal-o'-tus) \jiaXX6c, wool]. A genus 



MALLOW 



584 



MAMMILLATION 



of euphorbiaceous trees and shrubs. M. 
philippinensis, a species of India, yields 
the dyestuff kamila. The leaves and fruit 
are used in the treatment of snake-bites; 
the root, in contusions. 

Mallow (mal'-o). See Malva. 

Malnutrition (mal-nu-trish' -un) [mal-; nutri- 
tion]. Imperfect nutrition or sustenance. 

Malocclusion (mal-ok-lu'-shun) [mal-; occlu- 
dere, to shut up]. The occlusion of the 
teeth in positions not conformable to ana- 
tomic rule. 

Malpighian Body (mal-pig'-e-an). The com- 
mencement of a uriniferous tubule, consist- 
ing of the glomerule of vessels (the malpig- 
hian tuft) and the membranous envelop (Bow- 
man's capsule). M. Capsule. See Bow- 
man's Capsule. M. Cells, M. Vesicles, the 
pulmonary alveoli. M. Corpuscle, any one 
of the minute whitish nodules of lymphaden- 
oid tissue in the red substance of the spleen 
along the course of the blood-vessels. M. 
Pyramids, conic masses, eight to ten in num- 
ber, in the medullary portion of the kidney, 
having their apexes directed toward the pelvis 
and their bases toward the cortex. M. Rete 
mirabile, the network formed by the ulti- 
mate ramifications of the pulmonary artery.- 
M. Stigmas, the orifices of the capillary 
veins that join the branches of the splenic 
vein at right angles. M. Stratum, the rete 
mucosum of the epidermis. M. Tuft, a 
glomerule of the kidney. 

Malposition {mal-po-zish'-un) [mal-; posi- 
tion]. An abnormal position of any part or 
organ, especially of the fetus. 

Malpractice (mal-prak'-tis) [mal-; prac- 
tice]. Improper treatment; treatment of a 
disease by a method contrary to that taught 
by experience; also, the unlawful production 
of an abortion. 

Malpresentation (mal-pre-sen-ta'-shun) [mal-; 
presentation]. In obstetrics, such a position 
of the child at birth that delivery is difficult 
or impossible. 

Malt, Maltum {mawlt, mawl'-tum) [AS., 
mealt]. Grain which has been soaked, 
made to germinate, and dried. The maltum 
of the U. S. P. is the grain of com- 
mon barley, Hordeum distichon, made 
to germinate by warmth and moisture, and 
then baked so as to arrest the germinat- 
ing process. The germinated grains contain 
diastase, dextrin, and maltose,, as well as 
proteids. Malt is used as a nutrient in wast- 
ing diseases. M. Extract (extr actum malti, 
U. S. P.). Dose 1-4 dr. (4-16 Cc). M. 
Fluidextract of. Dose §-2 oz. (15-60 Cc). 
M. -liquors, infusions of malt fermented so 
as to contain alcohol. Those in common use 
are beer, ale, and porter. Beer is made by a 
comparatively slow fermentation, and contains 
about 2.5% of alcohol. Ale and porter are 
fermented more rapidly, and contain about 
4.7% of alcohol. The malt used in making 
porter is browned, giving the liquor a darker 
color. M. -sugar, maltose. 



Malta Fever. See Fever, Mediterranean. 

Malthus, Doctrine of. The doctrine that the 
increase of population is proportionately 
greater than the increase of subsistence. Syn., 
M althusianism . 

Maltine (mawl'-ten) [malt]. A name given to 
various proprietary preparations of malted 
wheat or barley, useful as food for invalids. 

Maltobiose {mawl-to-bi' -oz) . Maltose. 

Maltol (mawl'-tol), C 6 H 6 3 . A constituent of 
malt caramel, an odorless substance soluble 
in hot water. 

Maltose (mawj'-tos) {malt], C 12 H 22 O n 4- H 2 0. A 
variety of sugar formed, together with dextrin, 
by the action of malt diastase upon starch. 

Maltosuria (mawl-to-su'-re-ah) [maltose; oupov, 
urine]. The presence of maltose in the urine. 

Maltova (mawl-to' '-vah) . A concentrated food 
said to be a combination of the proteids of 
egg. 

Maltzyme (mawlt'-zlm). A concentrated dias- 
tasic extract of malt; indicated in starchy 
indigestion. Dose 1-2 tablespoonfuls (15- 
30 Cc.) during or after meals. 

Malva (mal'-vah) [L., "mallow"]. The mal- 
low; a genus of malvaceous plants. The 
leaves of M . alcea, M . rotundifolia, and M. 
sylvestris are used as demulcents. 

Maly's Test for Hydrochloric Acid in Stom- 
ach-contents. Place the filtered contents 
of the stomach in a glass dish, and add ultra- 
marine sufficient to make it blue. Suspend 
a piece of lead-paper in the upper part of 
the dish, and cover with a watch-glass. Warm 
this on the water-bath for 15 minutes, and in 
the presence of HC1 the blue color will change 
to brown and the lead-paper will become 
dark, owing to the development of H 2 S. 

Mamanpian (mah-mahn-pe-ahn) [Ft.]. The 
initial ulcer of frambesia. 

Mamelon (mam'-el-on). A nipple; boss; 
hemispheric projection. 

Mamma {mam' -ah) [L.]. The breast; the 
milk -secreting gland of the mother. 

Mammalgia (mam-al'-je-ah) [mamma; aXyog, 
pain]. Pain in the mamma. 

Mammalia {mam-a'-le-ah) [mamma]. A divi- 
sion of the class of vertebrates including all 
animals that suckle their young. 

Mammary (mam'-a-re) [mamma]. Pertaining 
to the mammas. M. Artery. See under 
Artery. M. Gland. See Gland, Mammary. 
M. Line, the vertical line passing through the 
nipple. 

Mammilla (mam-il'-ah) [dim. of mamma]. A 
small prominence or papilla. M. of Breast, 
the nipple or teat. 

Mammillaplasty {mam-il' -ap-las-te) [mammilla; 
TtXaoascv, to mold]. A plastic operation for 
the purpose of elevating a depressed nipple. 

Mammillary (mam'-il-a-re) [mammilla]. Nip- 
ple-shaped. 

Mammillated (mam'-il-at-ed). Covered upon 
the surface with nipple-like protuberances. 

Mammillation {mam-il-a' -shun) [mammilla]. 
A granulation, especially on some mucous 
surface. 



MAMMILLOSE 



585 



MANIA 



Mammillose (mam'-il-os). Having many nip- 
ples or nipple-shaped processes. 

Mammitis (mam-i'-tis). See Mastitis. 

Mammose (mam'-os) [mamma]. Having full 
or abnormally large breasts. 

Mammotomy (mam-ot'-o-me). See Mastot- 
omy. 

Mandel's Test for Proteids. Add to the pro- 
teid solution a 5 % solution of chromium 
trioxid and a precipitate will be formed. 

Mandible, Mandibula (man'-dib-l, man-dib'-u- 
lah) [mandere, to chew]. The inferior maxil- 
lary bone. 

Mandibular (man-dib' -u-lar) [mandible]. Per- 
taining to the mandible, or lower jaw. 

Mandioca (man-de-o' -kali) . See Manioc. 

Mandragora (man-drag-o f -rah) [fiavopayopac, 
the mandrake]. The mandrake. A genus of 
solanaceous plants. M. officinalis has been 




Mammary Gland. 

1, 1. Lactiferous ducts. 2, 2. Lobuli of the mammary 

gland. 

used as a narcotic and hypnotic. It and 
other species contain an alkaloid, mandragorin, 
C 17 H 23 N0 3 , resembling atropin in action. 

Mandrake (man'-drdk). See Mandragora and 
Podophyllum. 

Mandrel, Mandrin (man'-drel, man'-drin) 
[Ger.]. The firm guide or stylet (usually 
of metal) that gives rigidity to a flexible 
catheter while it is being inserted. 

Manducation (man-du-ha t -shun) [manducatio, 
a chewing]. The chewing or mastication of 
food. 

Manganese, Manganum (man'-gan-ez, man- 
gan'-um) [an altered form of magnesium]. 
Symbol Mn; atomic weight 54.8; quanti- 
yalence 11, iv, vi, vn. A brittle, hard, gray- 
ish-white metal, having a specific gravity of 
7.2, and resembling iron in properties. It 
forms several oxids, the highest of which, 
Mn 2 7 , forms an acid, HMn0 4 , from which 



salts, the permanganates, are produced. M. 
Albuminate, used in chlorosis and anemia. 
M. Arsenate, MnHAsC> 4 , alterative and 
tonic. Dose 3^-5 gr. (0.002-0.013 Gm.). 
M. Carbonate, MnC0 3 , used as a tonic in 
anemia and chlorosis. Dose 8-40 gr. (0.52- 
2.6 Gm.). M. Citrate, MnHC 6 H 5 7 , used 
as a tonic and astringent instead of iron 
citrate. Dose 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.2 Gm.). M. 
Dioxid, Precipitated (mangani dioxidum 
prczcipitatum, TJ. S. P.), Mn0 2 , black oxid 
of manganese, is tonic and alterative, and has 
been used in syphilis, chlorosis, in various 
skin diseases, and in certain forms of dys- 
pepsia. Dose 3-20 gr. (0.2-1.3 Gm.). It is 
employed in the arts, and in laboratories for 
the purpose of obtaining chlorin and oxygen. 
M. Glycerinphosphate, MnP0 4 C.H 5 (OH) 2 
+ H 2 0, used in neurasthenia. Dose 2 gr. 
(0.13 Gm.) 3 times daily. M. Hypophos- 
phite (mangani hypophosphis, U. S. P.), Mn- 
(H 2 P0 2 ) 2 + H 2 Q. Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65- 
1.3 Gm.). M. Lactate, Mn(C 3 H 5 3 ) + 
3H7O, tonic. Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gm.). 
M. Oleate, Mn(C 18 H 33 2 ) 2 , used in chlorosis 
and anemia. M. Oxalate, MnC 2 4 + 2H 2 0, 
a desiccant. M. Peptonate, is used as a 
tonic in anemia and chlorosis. Dose 20-60 
gr. (1.3-4.0 Gm.). M. Saccharate, used as 
a tonic in anemia. M. Salicylate, Mn(C 7 - 
H 5 3 ) 2 , tonic, alterative, and antirheumatic. 
Dose 2-10 gr. (0.13-0.65 Gm.). M. Sul- 
fate (mangani sulphas, U. S. P.), MnS0 4 + 
4H 2 0, has been used as a substitute for iron 
in anemia, and as a cholagog. Dose 5-20 
gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). M. Sulfite, MnSO s , 
tonic, cholagog, and antiseptic. Dose 5-20 
gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). M. Sulfocarbolate, 
Mn(C 6 H 5 S0 4 ) 2 -(- 7H 2 0, tonic and antisep- 
tic. Dose 3-15 gr. (0.2-1.0 Gm.). 

Manganicopotassic (man-gan-ik-o-po-tas'-ik) . 
Containing manganese as a bivalent radicle 
and potassium. 

Mange (man]) [Fr., manger, to eat]. A par- 
asitic skin disease of horses, cattle, and dogs, 
resembling scabies, and due to various species 
of Acarus. 

Mania (ma'-ne-ah) [fiavca, madness]. A form 
of insanity marked by great mental and emo- 
tional excitement, by hallucinations, delusions, 
physical excitement, and often a tendency to 
violence. M., Alcoholic, acute mania of 
alcoholic origin. It differs from delirium 
tremens, although the term is sometimes 
used synonymously with it. M. a potu. 
See Delirium tremens. M., Bell's, an 
acute delirium running a rapidly fatal 
course, with slight fever, and in which post- 
mortem no lesions are found sufficient to ac- 
count for the symptoms. There are the wild- 
est hallucinations, insomnia, and intense ex- 
citement, followed by a condition called 
typhomania, with elevation of temperature, 
dry tongue, and rapid, feeble pulse. M., 
Epileptic, a maniacal outburst in an epi- 
leptic, often associated with a destructive ten- 
dency. M., Paroxysmal, a paroxysmal 



MANIAC 



586 



MARGINAL 



neurosis in which the attacks take the form 
of transitory mania. M., Puerperal, a form 
of mania or abnormal mental action some- 
times following childbirth. M., Religious, 
mania in which the central idea is religious 
in character, or in which a powerful religious 
emotion has been the exciting cause. 

Maniac (ma'-ne-ak) [mania]. An insane per- 
son; one affected with mania. 

Manicure (man'-ik-ur) [manus, the hand; cur a, 
care], i. The processes employed in caring 
for and beautifying the hand. 2. One who 
professionally attends to the care of the hands 
and nails. 

Manihot (man'-e-hot) [L.]. A genus of 
euphorbiaceous plants, yielding cassava and 
tapioca. 

Manikin (man' -ik-in) [OF., manequin, a pup- 
pet]. A model of the body, made of plaster, 
papier-mache, or other material, and show- 
ing, by means of movable parts, the relations 
of the organs. 

Manioc (man' -e-ok) [Sp., mandioca]. The cas- 
sava-plant or its product, tapioca. See Man- 
ihot. 

Maniple (man'-ip-l) [manipulus, a handful]. A 
handful. 

Manipulation (man-ip-u-la' 'shun) [see Man- 
iple]. A handling; the use of the hands for the 
purpose of performing some work in a skil- 
ful manner, such as reducing a dislocation, 
returning a hernia into its cavity, or changing 
the position of a fetus. 

Manipulus (man-ip' -u-lus) . See Maniple. 

Mann's Sign. Diminished resistance of the 
scalp to the galvanic current in traumatic 
neuroses. 

Manna (man'-ah) [fiavva, manna]. The con- 
crete, saccharine exudation of the flowering 
ash, Fraxinus ornus, and other trees. Manna 
contains a sweet principle, mannite or man- 
nitol, C 6 H 14 6 , a sugar, a purgative principle, 
and a mucilage. Some specimens contain 
also a glucosid, fraxin. Manna is a mild 
laxative. Dose 1-2 oz. (32-64 Cc). 

Manning's Exanthem. Septicemic exanthem, 
a grave complication of scarlatina and diph- 
theria. 

Mannitol (man' -it-ot) . See under Manna. 

Mannkopff's Sign, M.-Rumpf s Sign. Ac- 
celeration of the pulse on pressure over 
painful points in traumatic neuroses. 

Manol (man'-ol). A remedy for whooping- 
cough said to consist of cane-sugar, phenol, 
oil of anise, alcohol, and water. Syn., Succus 
anisi ozonatus. 

Manometer (man-om'-et-er) [fiavoc, rare; p.h- 
pov, a measure]. An instrument for measur- 
ing the tension of liquids and gases, consist- 
ing either of a bent tube filled with mercury 
(mercurial manometer), or of a spring (spring 
manometer), connected with a writing-style. 

Manometric (man - - met' - rik) [manometer]. 
Pertaining to a manometer; pertaining to 
tracings obtained by means of a manometer. 
M. Flames, flames of different heights and 
characters seen in a rotating mirror and due 



to the reflection of a pulsating gas-flame 
when the supplying gas is set in motion by 
sound-waves. Syn., Koenig's flames. 

Manual (man'-u-al) [manus]. Pertaining to 
the hands; performed by the hands. 

Manubriate (man-u'-bre-at) [manubrium]. Fur- 
nished with a handle or handle-shaped pro- 
cess. 

Manubrium (man-u'-bre-um) [L.]. A handle. 
M. of Malleus, the handle-shaped process 
of the malleus of the ear. M. manus, the 
radius. M. of Sternum, M. sterni, the 
upper piece of the sternum. 

Manus (ma'-nus) [L.]. The hand. 

Manustupration (man-ustu-pra' shun) [manus; 
stuprare, to ravish]. Masturbation. 

Manyplies (men' -ip-liz) [AS., manig, many; 
plicare, to fold]. The third compartment in 
the stomach of ruminants. Syn., Omasum; 
P 'salter 'turn. 

Manz's Glands. Utricular glands found in the 
orbital conjunctiva near the margin of the 
cornea 

Maranta (mar-an'-tah). See Arrowroot. 

M.a.ranticXmar-an' -tik) [ptapahecv, to make lean]. 
Pertaining to marasmus. M. Clot, a blood- 
clot produced by slowing of the circulation 
in depressed. states of the system. M. Throm- 
bosis, thrombosis due to general malnutrition. 

Maraschino (mar-as-ke'-no) [Sp.]. A cordial 
made from marasca cherries. 

Marasmatic (mar-az-mat'-ik). Synonym of 
Marasmic. 

Marasmic (mar-az'-mik) [marasmus]. Affected 
with marasmus. 

Marasmus (mar-az'-mus) [ptapatvscv, to grow 
lean]. A gradual wasting of the tissues of 
the body from insufficient or imperfect food- 
supply. There is either no organic lesion or 
gastrointestinal catarrh. 

Marc (mark) [Ft., "dregs"]. 1. A by-product 
in the manufacture of wines, consisting of 
the stems, skins, and stones of the grapes. 
2. The residue remaining after the expression 
of the oil from certain fruits. 

Marchi's Tract. See LoewenthaVs Tract. 

Marechal Test for Bile-pigments. See 
Smith' 's Reaction. 

Marey's Law. A high-tension pulse is a slow 
pulse. 

Margarate (mar'-gar-at) . The product of mar- 
garic acid and a base. 

Margaric Acid (mar-gar' -ik). See Acid, Mar- 
garic. M.-acid Crystals, needle-shaped crys- 
tals consisting of compounds of the fatty 
acid, found in foci of fatty degeneration, in 
the urine, etc. 

Margarin (mar'-gar-in) [{lapyapoc, the pearl- 
oyster]. 1. A margarate of glyceryl, espe- 
cially glyceryl trimargarate, C 3 H 5 (C 17 H 32 2 ) 3 , 
found in butter. 2. An artificial substitute 
for butter. M. -needles, fatty crystals found 
in putrid bronchitis and pulmonary gangrene. 

Margarone (mar'-ga-ron) . See Palmitone. 

Marginal (mar'-jin-al) [mar go, margin]. Per- 
taining to the margin or border. M. Con- 
volution. See Convolution, Marginal. 



MARIE'S DISEASE 



587 (VON) MASCHKE'S REACTION 



Marie's Disease, i. Akromegaly. 2. Hered- 
itary cerebellar ataxia. 3. Hypertrophic 
pulmonary osteoarthropathy. 4. Spondylosis 
rhizomelica; ankylosis of the spinal column 
and of the coxofemoral, less frequently also 
of the scapulohumeral articulations. The 
affection is identified with Struempell's dis- 
ease (2). M.'s Symptom, tremor of the 
extremities or the whole body in exophthalmic 
goiter. 

Marie-Kahler's Symptom. See Marie's 
Symptom. 

Marie-Robinson's Syndrome. See under 
Diabetes. 

Mariotte's Blind Spot. The optic papilla. 
M.'s Experiment, to demonstrate the exist- 
ence of the blind spot a sheet of paper, on 
which a cross and a circular spot are marked, 
is held a short distance in front of the eyes, 
the left eye being directed steadily on the 
cross while the right eye is closed. On 
moving the paper away slowly a point will 
be reached where the spot is no longer visi- 
ble, but it reappears when the distance is in- 
creased. M.'s Law. See Law, Boyle's. 

Maritonucleus (mar-it-o-nu'-kle-us) [maritus, 
married; nucleus, a little nut]. The nucleus 
of an ovum after fecundation. 

Marjolin's Ulcer. A slowly progressive, ma- 
lignant ulcer with peculiar, wart-like growths 
commencing on a cicatrix. 

Marjoram {mar' -jo-ram). See Origanum. 

Marmorek's Serum. See Serum, Marmorek's. 

Marmorekin (mar-mor' -e-kin) . 1. Streptococ- 
cus antitoxin. 2. Marmorek's serum. 

Marochetti's Vesicles. Small vesicles some- 
times seen on the under surface of the tongue 
in cases of rabies. 

Marrol (mar'-oV). A dietetic said to contain 
ox-marrow and extract of hops and of malt. 

Marrow (mar'-o) [AS., mearh]. The fatty 
substance contained in the medullary canal 
of long bones and in the interstices of 
cancellous bone In early life the marrow 
of all bones is red (red marrow), but later that 
within the shafts of long bones assumes a light 
color (yellow marrow). Red marrow is com- 
posed of a delicate reticulum of connective 
tissue containing blood-vessels, large connec- 
tive-tissue cells, some of which in growing 
bone become osteoplasts (marrow-cells), giant- 
cells (myeloplaxes), and red corpuscles in 
various stages of formation. In yellow mar- 
row most of the cells have been transformed 
into fat-cells. The function of bone-marrow 
is probably the formation of red corpuscles. 
In certain forms of anemia the marrow under- 
goes profound changes; that of the shafts of 
the long bones may return to its embryonic 
condition. Bone-marrow has been used in 
the treatment of pernicious anemia. 

Marrubium (mar-u' -be-um) [L.]. Hoarhound. 
The marrubium of the U. S. P. is the dried 
leaves and tops of M. vulgare, of the 
order Labiatce. It contains a volatile oil, a 
bitter principle, marrubin, tannin, resin, and 
lignin. At present hoarhound is mainly 



employed in the form of candy or syrup in 
catarrhal affections of the respiratory tract. 

Marsh's Apparatus. See M.'s Test for Arsenic. 
M.'s Disease, exophthalmic goiter. M.'s 
Test for Arsenic, introduce the sub- 
stance into a flask with dilute sulfuric acid 
and zinc. Light a jet, and permit it to im- 
pinge on cold porcelain, or heat the deliv- 
ery-tube, when a steel-white mirror of metallic 
arsenic is deposited. This may be distin- 
guished from a similar deposit of antimony 
by the solubility of the arsenical mirror in 
potassium hypochlorite. 

Marshall's Oblique Vein. A partially ob- 
literated vein that passes along the posterior 
aspect of the left auricle and opens into the 
coronary sinus near its termination. M.'s 
Vestigial Fold, a fold of the pericardium 
extending from the left branch of the pul- 
monary artery to the left superior pulmonary 
vein. It contains a fibrous cord that repre- 
sents the lower part of the left superior vena 
cava, a vessel commonly found in mammals, 
but rarely in man. 

Marshall-Hall's Disease. See Hall's Dis- 
ease. 

Marsh-fever. See Malarial Fever. 

Marsh-gas. See Methane. 

Marshmallow. See Althea. 

Marsitriol (mar-sit'-re-ol). A proprietary pre- 
paration of iron (ferrum glyceroarsenate). 
Dose \ gr. (0.01 Gm.). 

Marsupialization (mar -su-pe-al-i- za'-shun) 
[jiapouTzoc, a pouch]. The operation, recom- 
mended in certain cases of ovarian tumor, of 
raising the borders of the evacuated tumor- 
sac to the edges of the abdominal wound and 
stitching them there so as to form a pouch. 

Marsyle (mar'-sil-e). A commercial name for 
iron cacodylate. 

Martegiani's Area. The slight widening of 
the hyaloid canal at its beginning in front of 
the optic disc. 

Martial (mar'-shal) [mars, iron]. Contain- 
ing iron. 

Martin's Bandages. Rubber bandages, from 
5 to 21 feet in length, used for making 
compression of a limb for the cure of ulcers, 
varicose veins, etc. M.'s Depilatory, cal- 
cium sulfhydrate. M.'s Hemostatic, sur- 
geons' agaric impregnated with ferric chlorid. 

Martinotti's Cells. Ganglion-cells of the cere- 
bral cortex, giving off a short axis-cylinder 
process at right angles to the surface. 

Martol (mar'-tol). A semifluid extract obtained 
from the shells of cacao-bean, consisting of 
carbohydrates, phosphates, iron tannate, etc. 

Maruta (ma-ru' -tah) [L.]. A genus of herbs 
of the order Composites. M. cotula, may- 
weed, or dog's-fennel, is used as a substitute 
for camomile. 

(von) Maschke's Reaction for Creatinin. Add 
a few drops of Fehling's solution to the crea- 
tinin dissolved in a cold saturated solution 
of sodium carbonate. An amorphous, floc- 
culent precipitate is formed in the cold, but 
better on warming to 50 to 6o° C. 



MASK 



588 



MATERIA MEDICA 



Mask [Fr., masque, a mask]. i. A ban- 
dage applied to the face in case of erysip- 
elas, burns or scalds, eczema, etc. 2. Syn- 
onym of Chloasma. 

Masked (maskt) [mask]. Covered with a 
mask; concealed. M. Disease, one that is 
concealed by concomitant symptoms. 

Mass, Massa (mas, mas' -ah) [massa, sl mass]. 
1. An aggregation of particles of matter. 2. 
A cohesive substance that can be made into 
pills. M., Blue- (massa hydrargyri, U. S. 
P.). See Mercury M ass. M., Copaiba, copai- 
ba, 6 parts, mixed with magnesia, 94 parts, and 
water; diuretic and stimulant. Dose 10-30 
gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). M., Vallet's (massa 
jerri carbonatis, U. S. P.), mass of ferrous 
carbonate. 

Massage (mas-ahzh) [Fr., from \iaaoetv, to 
knead]. A method of rubbing, kneading, or 
stroking of the superficial parts of the body by 
the hand or an instrument, for the purpose 
of modifying nutrition, restoring power of 
movement, breaking up adhesions, etc. M., 
Cannon-ball, the rolling of a three-pound to 
five-pound cannon-ball covered smoothly with 
chamois skin or flannel over the course of the 
colon. M., Electrovibratory, that per- 
formed by means of an electric vibrator. M., 
Thermic, stroking or pressing an affected 
part with a heated object. M., Vapor, treat- 
ment of a cavity by intermittent forcing of a 
medicated vapor into it. M., Vibratory, 
light, rapid percussion either by hand or by 
an electric apparatus. 

Massalis (mas-a'-lis) [mass]. Mercury. 

Massering (mas-er'-ing) [massage]. The per- 
formance of massage. 

Masseter (mas' -e-ter) [p.acrr)zr)p, chewer]. One 
of the muscles of mastication. See under 
Muscle. 

Masseteric (mas-et-er' '-ik) [masseter]. Pertain- 
ing to the masseter muscle. 

Masseur (mas-ur f ) [Fr.]. A man who prac- 
tises massage. 

Masseuse (mas-u(r)z) [Fr.]. A woman who 
practises massage. 

Massicot (mas'-ik-ot) [Fr.], PbO. Lead oxid; 
litharge. 

Massotherapy (mas-o-ther' -ap-e) [massage; 
Oepaizeca, therapy]. Treatment by means of 
massage. 

Mastalgia (mas-tal'-je-ah) [fiaozoc, breast; alyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the breast. 

Mast-cells. See Cells, Mast-. 

Masthelcosis (mas-thcl-ko'-sis) [p.aozbc, breast; 
llnooocc, ulceration]. Ulceration of the breast. 

Mastic, Mastiche (mas'-tik, mas f -ti-ke) [/naa- 
z{%7), mastic]. The resin flowing from the 
incised bark of the Pistacia lentiscus, a tree 

. of the Terebinthacece. It is used as a styptic, 
as a filling for teeth, and as a microscopic 
varnish. 

Mastication (mas-tik-a'-shun) [masticare, to 
chew]. The act of chewing. 

Masticatory (mas' ' -tik-a-to-re) [mastication]. 1. 
Pertaining to mastication or to the muscles of 
mastication. 2. A remedy to be chewed but 



not swallowed, used for its local action on the 
mouth. M. Spasm, spasm of the muscles of 
mastication; trismus. 

Mastitis (mas-ti' -tis) [paozoc, breast; czcg, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the breast. 
M., Interstitial, inflammation of the con- 
nective tissue of the breast. M., Paren- 
chymatous, inflammation of the proper 
glandular substance of the breast. 

Masto- (mas-to-) [p.aazoc, breast]. A prefix sig- 
nifying relating to the breast. 

Mastodynia (mas-to-din' -e-ah) [masto-; oouvq, 
pain]. Pain in the breast. 

Mastoid (mas'-toid) [masto-; eldoc, like]. 1. 
Nipple -shaped, as the mastoid process of the 
temporal bone. 2. The mastoid process. 
3. Pertaining to the mastoid process, as mas- 
toid foramen, mastoid operation. M. Abscess, 
an abscess of the mastoid cells. M. Antrum, 
a cavity in the mastoid portion of the temporal 
bone. M. Cells, the hollow air-spaces in 
the mastoid process communicating with the 
middle ear. M. Disease, inflammation of 
the mastoid cells; mastoiditis. M. Foramen. 
See Foramen, Mastoid. M. Process, the pro- 
truding part of the temporal bone felt behind 
the ear. 

Mastoideocentesis (mas - toi -de -o- sen- te' - sis) 
[mastoid; tcivzyoic, a thrust]. Surgical per- 
foration of the mastoid process. 

Mastoiditis (mas-toid-i' -tis) [mastoid; izic, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the mastoid 
cells. M., Bezold's, destruction of the apex 
of the mastoid process with a tendency to the 
formation of an abscess in the neck. 

Mastoidotomy (mas-toid-ot' -o-me) [mastoid; 
zijivetv, to cut]. Incision of the mastoid cells 
to relieve suppurative mastoiditis. 

Mastomenia (mas-to-me' -ne-ah) [masto-; fn'jv, 
month]. Vicarious menstruation from the 
breast. 

Mastooccipital (mas-to-ok-sip'-it-al) [mastoid; 
occiput]. Pertaining to the mastoid process 
and the occipital bone. 

Mastoparietal (mas-to-par -i' -et-al) [mastoid; 
paries, wall]. Pertaining to the mastoid pro- 
cess and the parietal bone. 

Mastopexy (mas' -to-peks-e) [masto-; nfficc, 
a fixing in]. Surgical fixation of a pendulous 
breast. 

Mastoscirrhus (mas-to-skir'-us) [masto-; on'cppoc, 
hard]. A hard cancer of the breast. 

Mastosis (mas-to' -sis) [jiaozoc, breast]. En- 
largement of the breast. 

Mastotomy (mas-tot'-o-me) [masto-; zkpjztv, to 
cut]. Incision of a breast. 

Masturbation (mas-ter-ba' -shun) [masturbari, 
to pollute one's self]. Production of the 
venereal orgasm by friction of the genitals. 

Mate (mah'-ta) [Sp., mate, a vessel]. The leaves 
of Ilex paraguayensis, used in South America 
as a substitute for tea and coffee. Its pro- 
perties are due to thein. Syn., 'Paraguay tea. 

Materia medica (mat-e'-re-ah med'-ik-ah) [L., 
"medical matter"]. The science that treats 
of the sources and preparations of the drugs 
and agents used in medicine. 



MATERIES MORBI 



589 



MEASLES 



Materies morbi (mat-e' -re-ez mor'-bi) [L., 
"matter of disease"]. The material that is 
the cause of a disease. 

Maternal (ma-ter' -nal) [mater, mother]. Per- 
taining to the mother. M. Impressions. 
See Impressions, Maternal. 

Maternity (ma-ter' -nit-e) [see Maternal]. i. 
Motherhood. 2. A lying-in hospital. 

Matico (mat-e' -ko) [Sp.]. The leaves of Piper 
angustifolium, of the order Piperacece. It is 
aromatic and stimulant, and has heen used as 
a local and general hemostatic and as an 
alterative stimulant to mucous membranes. 
Dose 60 gr. (4 Gm.). M., Fluidextract of 
(fluidextr actum matico, U. S. P.). Dose £-1 
dr. (2-4 Cc). M., Tincture of. Dose 1 dr. 
( 4 Cc). 

Matricaria (mat-rik-a' '-re-ah) [matrix]. Ger- 
man camomile; the flower-tops of M. chamo- 
milla, of the order Composite?. Matricaria 
contains a volatile oil and a bitter extractive 
principle, and is a mild tonic, and in large 
doses emetic and antispasmodic. 

Matrix (ma'-triks) [L., "a mold in which any- 
thing is cast"]. 1. A mold; the cavity in 
which anything is formed. 2. That part of 
tissue into which any organ or process is set, 
as the matrix of a tooth or of a nail. 3. The 
intercellular substance of a tissue, as of carti- 
lage. 4. The uterus. 

Matter (mat'-er) [materia, matter]. 1. Physi- 
cal substance. 2. Pus. 

Matula (mat'-u-lah) [L.]. A urinal. 

Maturate (mat'-u-rat) [mature]. To suppurate. 

Maturation (mat-u-ra' -shun) [mature]. Ri- 
pening, as the ripening of the ovum or of a 
cataract. 

Mature (ma-tur') [maturare, to ripen]. 1. To 
ripen. 2. Ripe. 

Matutinal (ma-tu'-tin-al) [Matuta, goddess of 
the morning]. Occurring in the morning, 
as matutinal nausea. 

Matzol (mat'-zol). A mixture of cod-liver oil, 
50 parts; matzoon, 45 parts; emulsifying in- 
gredients, 5 parts. 

Matzoon (mat'-zun). Milk fermented with a 
peculiar ferment obtained from Asiatic Turkey. 
It is used like kumiss in irritated states of the 
gastrointestinal tract. 

Mauchart's Ligaments. The lateral or alar 
odontoid ligaments. 

Maumene's Test for Sugar. A strip of flannel 
saturated with a 33?$% solution of stannous 
chlorid is dipped into the liquid; on heating it 
to nearly 150 C. it will turn brownish-black. 

Maunoir's Hydrocele. A cystic tumor occur- 
ring in the neck between the angle of the 
inferior maxilla and the mastoid process. 
Syn., Hydrocele colli. 

Mauriceau's Lance. An instrument for per- 
forating the fetal head in craniotomy. 

Mauthner's Sheath. The thin, longitudin- 
ally striated, protoplasmic layer surrounding 
the axis-cylinder of a nerve-fiber. M.'s Test 
for Color Vision, 33 small bottles filled with 
different pigments — some with one, others 
with two (pseudoisochromatic and aniso- 



chromatic), pigments — are employed in the 
manner of Holmgren's worsteds. 

Mauvein (maw'-ve-in) [Fr., mauve, mallow], 
C 25 H 24 N 4 . A base derived from anilin. 

Maxilla (maks-iV -ah) [L.]. The bone of the 
upper or lower jaw. 

Maxillary (maks' -il-a-re) [maxilla]. Pertaining 
to the maxillas or jaws. M. Bones, the 
bones of the jaws, consisting of the lower 
and upper jaw. M. Nerve, Inferior. See 
under Nerve. M. Nerve, Superior. See 
under Nerve. M. Sinus, the antrum of 
Highmore in the superior maxilla. 

Maxillate (maks'.-il-dt) . Furnished with jaws. 

Maxilliferous (maks-il-if -er-us) . See Maxillate. 

Maxillomuscular (maks -il - - mus' - ku-lar). 
Relating to the maxillary muscles. 

M.a.xillosu$Ta.f a.cial(mdks-il-o-su-prah-f a' -shal). 
Relating to the maxilla and the upper portion 
of the face. 

Maximal (maks' '-im-al) [maximum]. Pertain- 
ing to the maximum; highest; largest. M. 
Thermometer, one registering the highest 
point reached by the temperature. 

Maximum (maks' - int - um) [L., neuter of 
maximus, the greatest]. The greatest or 
highest degree or amount of anything; the 
highest point attained or attainable by any- 
thing. M. Dose, the largest dose of a 
medicament that may be given safely. 

Maxwell's Ring. See Loewe's Ring. 

May-apple. See Podophyllum. 

MaydPs Method. See Operation, MaydVs. 

Mayhem (ma'-hem) [OF., mehaigner, to hurt]. 
Maiming. 

Mayol (ma'-ol). A meat -preservative intro- 
duced by May, of Budapest, and said to be 
a mixture of boric acid, ammonium fluorid, 
glycerol, and alcohol (methyl and ethyl). 

Maytenus (ma'-ten-us) [Mayten, Chilian name]. 
A genus of shrubs of the order Celastrinece. 
M. boariais is indigenous to Chili; the leaves 
are used on inflammatory swellings, espe- 
cially in poisoning by species of Rhus. 

Mazodynia (ma-zo-din'-e-ah). See Mastodynia. 

Mazoitis (ma-zo-i'-tis). See Mastitis. 

Mazzoni's Corpuscle. See Corpuscle, Maz- 
zoni's. 

Meadow-saffron. See Colchicum. 

Measles (mez'-elz) [Du., maselin, measles]. 
1. An acute, infectious disease, characterized 
by a peculiar eruption and by catarrhal inflam- 
mation of the mucosas of the conjunctiva and 
the air-passages. After a period of incubation 
of nearly two weeks the disease begins with a 
chill, fever, coryza, cough, and conjunctivitis; 
on the third or fourth day a dusky-red, papu- 
lar eruption appears, arranged in the form of 
crescentic groups. After having reached its 
maximum, in three or four days, the eruption 
gradually fades, and is followed by a branny 
desquamation. The disease affects princi- 
pally the young, is exceedingly contagious, 
and one attack of it confers almost perpetual 
immunity. Its cause is thought to be a bacil- 
lus. 2. A disease of hogs, cattle, and sheep, 
due to the presence in the body of Cysticercus 



MEASLY 



590 



MEDIASTINUM 



celluloses and larvas of other tape -worms. 
3. The cysticerci themselves. M., Black, 
M., Hemorrhagic, a grave variety of measles 
in which the eruption is hemorrhagic and the 
constitutional symptoms profound. M., Ger- 
man. See Rubella. 

Measly (mez'-le) [measles]. Containing measles 
(cysticerci) . 

Meat {met) [AS., mete]. The muscular tissues 
of an animal, used as food. 

Meatotomy {me-at-ot' -o-rne) [meatus; to/zt?, 
section]. Surgical incision of the urinary 
meatus. 

Meatus {me-a'-tus) [meare, to flow or pass; pi., 
meati\. An opening or passage. M. auditor- 
ius externus, the canal extending from the 
concha to the membrana tympani. M. audi- 
torius internus, the internal auditory canal. 
M. nasi communis, the part of the nasal 
cavity into which the three meati of the nose 
open. M. nasopharyngeus, that part of 
the nasal cavity communicating with the 
pharynx beneath the body of the sphenoid. 
M. of Nose, one of the three passages into 
which the turbinal bones divide the nasal 
cavity. M. urethrae, M. urinarius, the ori- 
fice of the urethra. 

Mecca Balsam. See Balm 0} Gilead. 

Mechanic, Mechanical {me-kan'-ik, me-kan'- 
ik-al) \ii-f]X av \i a machine]. Pertaining to 
mechanics or to physical forces, not to chemic 
or vital forces. M. Theory, Virchow's theory 
of tumor-formation, according to which 
tumors are due primarily to local irritation. 

Mechanics (me-kan'-iks) [mechanic]. The 
science that treats of the influence and effects 
of force upon matter, and that may be divided 
into statics, the science treating of matter at 
rest, and dynamics, that treating of matter 
in motion. 

Mechanism {mek'-an-izm) [mechanic]. 1. An 
aggregation of parts arranged in a mechanic 
way to perform the functions of a machine. 
2. The manner in which a mechanic act is 
performed, as the mechanism of labor. 

Mechanotherapy {mek-an-o-ther' -ap-e) [me- 
chanic; depojzeca, treatment]. The use of 
mechanic agencies in the treatment of injury 
or disease. 

Mecism {me'-sizm) [p-fjiwc, length]. A condition 
marked by abnormal prolongation of one or 
more parts of the body. 

Meckel's Cartilage. ' See Cartilage, Meckel's. 
M.'s Cavity, a recess in the dura over the sum- 
mit of the petrosa for the reception of the two 
roots of the fifth cranial nerve after their 
exit from the pons. Syn., Cavum meckelii. 
M.'s Crural Arch. See Ligament, PouparVs. 
M.'s Diverticulum, the remains of the 
vitelline duct, frequently met as a small elon- 
gated pouch attached to the lower portion 
of the ileum. M.'s Ganglion, the spheno- 
palatine ganglion. M.'s Space, a dural space 
lodging the gasserian ganglion. 

Mecon {me'-kon) [L.]. 1. The poppy. 2. 
Opium. 

Meconalgia {me-kon-al'-je-ah) [mecon; alyoc, 



pain]. Pain or neuralgia following the disuse 
of opium. 

Meconarcein {mek-o-nar' -se-in) [mecon]. A 
mixture of alkaloids of opium, free from 
morphin, having sedative properties. Recom- 
mended in bronchial affections and neuralgia. 
Dose \-\ gr. (0.01-0.03 Gm.). 

Meconate {mek'-on-dt) [mecon], A salt of 
meconic acid. 

Meconic {mek-on' -ik) . Pertaining to opium. 
M. Acid. See Acid, Meconic. 

Meconin {mek'-on-in) [mecon], C 10 H 10 O 4 . A 
crystalline substance that is obtained on 
boiling narcotin with water. It is hypnotic. 
Dose 1 gr. (o.c6 Gm.). 

Meconium {mek-o'-ne-um) [mecon]. The first 
fecal discharges of the newborn, a dark- 
green, viscid substance, composed of the 
secretion of the liver with exfoliated epithe- 
lium from the bowel. 

Medea {me'-de-aK) [Mrjdeca, Medea, a sorceress]. 
1. The genital organs. 2. Aphrodisiacs. 

Media {me'-de-aK) [fern, of medius, middle]. 
The middle coat of a vein, artery, or lymph- 
vessel. 

Mediad {me' -de-ad) [median]. Toward the 
median plane or line. 

Medial {me'-de-al). See Median. 

Median {me'-de-an) [medius, middle]. Situated 
or placed in the middle; mesal or mesial. M. 
Artery. See under Artery. M. Nerve. See 
under Nerve. 

Mediastinal {me-de-as-ti'-nal). Pertaining to 
the mediastinum. 

Mediastinitis {me-de-as-tin-i'-tis) [mediastinum; 
czee, inflammation]. Inflammation of the cel- 
lular tissue of the mediastinum. 

Mediastinopericarditis {me-de-as-tin-o-per-ik- 
ar-di'-tis) [mediastinum; pericarditis]. Com- 
bined inflammation of the mediastinum and 
the pericardium. M., Callous, that attended 
with fibrous thickening of the pericardium. 

Mediastinum {me-de-as-ti'-num) [in medio 
stare, to stand in the middle]. 1. A parti- 
tion separating adjacent parts. 2. The space 
left in the middle of the chest between the 
two pleuras, divided into the anterior, middle, 
posterior, and superior mediastinum. The 
anterior mediastinum contains the origins of 
the triangularis sterni muscles, the internal 
mammary vessels of the left side, loose areo- 
lar tissue, lymphatic vessels, and a few lym- 
phatic glands. The middle mediastinum con- 
tains the heart and pericardium, the as- 
cending aorta, the superior vena cava, the 
bifurcation of the trachea, the pulmonary 
arteries and veins, and the phrenic nerves. 
The posterior mediastinum contains a part of 
the aorta, the greater and lesser azygos veins, 
the pneumogastric and splanchnic nerves, 
the esophagus, the thoracic duct, and some 
lymphatic glands. The superior mediastinum, 
that part lying above the pericardium, con- 
tains the origins of the sternohyoid and sterno- 
thyroid muscles, and part of the longus colli 
muscles, the transverse portion of the aortic 
arch, the innominate, left carotid, and sub- 



a_ 



MEDIATE 



591 



MEDULLARY 



clavian arteries, the superior vena cava and 
the innominate veins, the left superior in- 
tercostal vein, the pneumogastric, cardiac, 
phrenic, and left recurrent laryngeal nerves, 
the trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, the 
remains of the thymus gland, and lym- 
phatics. M. testis, a septum in the posterior 
portion of the testicle formed by a projection 
inward of the tunica albuginea. 

Mediate {me'-de-dt) [media]. Indirect; per- 
formed through something interposed, as 
mediate percussion, percussion on a plexi- 
meter. 

Medical (med'-ik-al) [medicine]. Pertain- 
ing to medicine. M. Diseases, diseases 
treated by the physician, as distinguished 
from surgical diseases. M. Ethics, those 
principles of justice, honor, and courtesy that 
regulate the intercourse and conduct of phy- 
sicians. M. Jurisprudence. See Jurispru- 
dence, Medical. 

Medicament (med-ik e -am-ent) [medicine]. A 
medicinal substance. 

Medicated {med '-ik-a-ted) . Impregnated with 
a medicinal substance. 

Medication {med-ik-a' -shun) [medicus]. i. 
Impregnation with a medicine. 2. Treat- 
ment by medicines; the administration of 
medicines. M.,Endermic. See Cataphoresis. 
M., Hypodermatic, treatment by the intro- 
duction of medicines beneath the skin, usually 
by means of a hypodermatic syringe. M., 
Kataphoric. See Cataphoresis. 

Medicinal (med-is' '-in-al) [medicine]. Pertain- 
ing to, or having the nature of, a medicine. 
M. Rashes, eruptions on the skin following 
the internal administration of certain drugs. 

Medicine (med'-is-in) [medicari, to heal]. 1, 
Any substance given for the cure of disease. 
2. The science of the treatment of disease; 
the healing art. In a restricted sense, that 
branch of the healing art dealing with inter- 
nal diseases. M., Anatomic, that system 
which deals with the anatomic changes in 
diseased organs and their connection with 
symptoms manifested during life. M., Clin- 
ical, the study of disease by the bedside of 
the patient. M., Experimental, that based 
upon experiments on animals and the obser- 
vation of pathologic changes in diseases in- 
duced in them and the effect of drugs ad- 
ministered. M., Forensic, M., Legal, med- 
ical jurisprudence, or medicine in its rela- 
tion to questions of law. M., Practice of, 
the practical application of the principles 
taught by the theory of medicine. M., Pre- 
ventive, that which aims at the prevention 
of disease. M., Vibratory, a method of 
treating nervous diseases, paralysis agitans, 
etc., by mechanic shaking or percussion, by 
means of journeys on railroad or wagon or 
specially devised apparatus for methodic shak- 
ing of the body. 

Medicochirurgic (med-ik-o-ki-rur'-jik) [medi- 
cine; chirurgicus, a surgeon]. Pertaining con- 
jointly to medicine and surgery. 

Medicolegal (med-ik-o-le' -gal) [medicine; 



is, legal]. Relating both to medicine and 
to the law. 

Medicon {med'-ik-on) [/jltjockov]. A harmful or 
noxious drug. 

Medicornu (me-de-kor' -nu) . See Cornu de- 
scendens. 

Medicostatistic (med-ik-o-stat-is'-tik). Relat- 
ing to medicine as connected with statistics. 

Medicus (med'-ik-us) [L.]. A physician. 

Medifixed (me'-de-fikst) [medius, middle; fixus, 
fixed]. Attached by the middle. 

Medifrontal (me-de-fron 1 '-tal) [medius, middle; 
Irons, forehead]. Relating to the middle of 
the forehead. 

Mediglycin {me-de-glis' -in) . A liquid glycerol 
soap used as a vehicle. 

Medina-worm {me-di' -nah-wurm) . See Filaria 
medinensis. 

Medio- (me-de-o-) [medius, middle]. A prefix 
meaning middle. 

Mediodigital (me-de-o-dif -it-al) . Relating to 
the median nerve and a finger. 

Mediolateral (me-de-o-lat '-er-al) [medio-; latus, 
side]. Pertaining to the middle and to a side. 

Mediopalatine {me-de-o-paV -at-in) . Relating 
to the center of the palate. 

Mediopontine (me-de-o-pon'-tin) [medio-; pons, 
bridge]. Pertaining to the central portion of 
the pons. 

Mediotarsal {jne-de-o-tar' -sal) [medio-; tarsus]. 
Pertaining to the middle articulation of the 
tarsal bones. 

Mediterranean Fever {med-it-er-a' -ne-an) . See 
Fever, Mediterranean. 

Medium {me'-de-um) [medius, middle]. 1. 
That in which anything moves or through 
which it acts. 2. The soil upon which any- 
thing grows, especially a substance used for cul- 
tivating bacteria; culture or nutrient medium. 

Medulla (me-dul'-ah) [L., "marrow"]. 1. The 
marrow. 2. The medulla oblongata. 3. 
Anything resembling marrow in structure or 
in its relations to other parts — as a fatty sub- 
stance or marrow occupying certain cavities. 
Also the central parts of certain organs as 
distinguished from the cortex. M. of Kid- 
ney. See under Kidney. M. of Nerve-fiber, 
the white substance of Schwann. See under 
Nerve-fiber. M. oblongata, the upper en- 
larged part of the spinal cord, extending from 
the cord opposite the foramen magnum to 
the pons varolii. M. spinalis, the spinal 
cord or marrow. 

Medulladen {med-ul-ad' '-en) . A preparation of 
bone-marrow of beef; it is used in anemia, 
gout, etc. Dose 30-45 gr. (2-3 Gm.). 

Medullary (med' -ul-a-re) [medidla]. 1. Per- 
taining to the marrow; resembling marrow. 
2. Pertaining to any medulla, as that of the 
brain. 3. Pertaining to the medulla oblon- 
gata. M. Canal, the hollow interior of long 
bones in which the marrow lies. M. Car- 
cinoma, a soft carcinoma very rich in cells. 
M. Groove, a longitudinal groove at the an- 
terior part of the embryonal shield of the 
blastoderm. M. Rays. See under Kidney. 
M. Sheath, the semifluid white matter be- 



MEDULLATED 



592 



MEL 



tween the enveloping sheath and central axis- 
cylinder of a nerve. 

Medullated (med'-ul-a-ted). Containing or 
covered by medulla or marrow. M, Nerve - 
fibers, nerve-fibers provided with a medul- 
lary sheath, the white substance of Schwann. 

Medullispinal (med-ul-e-spi'-nal) [medulla; 
spine]. Relating to the spinal cord. 

Medullitis (med-ul-i' -lis) [medulla; exec, inflam- 
mation], i. Inflammation of marrow. 2. 
- Myelitis. 

Medullization (med-ul-iz-a' -shun) [medulla]. 
Conversion into marrow, as the softening of 
bone-tissue in the course of osteitis. 

Medullose, Medullous (med-ul'-os, -us). Con- 
taining much pith or marrow. 

Mega-, Megalo- (meg-ah-, meg-al-o-) [pLeyac, 
large]. Prefixes signifying large; also, in- 
dicating a unit 1,000,000 times greater than 
the unit to which it is prefixed. 

Megacephalic, Megacephalous (meg-ah-sef- 
al'-ik, meg-ah-sef'-al-us) See Megalo cephalic. 

Megacoly (meg-ak'-ol-e). See Megalocoly. 

Megakaryocyte, Megacaryocyte (meg-ah- 
kar'-e-o-slt). See Myeloplax. 

Megalgia (meg-aV '-je-ah) [mega-; dXyoc, pain]. 
Excessively severe pain. 

Megaloblast {meg' ' -al-o-blast) [megalo-; /HXaoroc, 
a germ]. A giant-corpuscle of the blood. 
The term is restricted to embryonic or germ- 
inal cells as distinguished from megalocyte, 
which pertains to adult life. 

Megalocephalic (meg-al-o-sef-aV -ik) [megalo- 
cephaly]. Large-headed; applied to a skull 
the capacity of which exceeds 1450 Cc. 

Megalocephaly (meg-al-o-sef -al-e) [megalo-; 
KS(f>aXrj, head]. 1. The condition of having 
a very large head. 2. A disease character- 
ized by progressive enlargement of the head, 
face, and neck, involving both the bony and 
the soft tissues. Syn., Leontiasis ossea. 

Megalocoly (meg-al-ok'-ol-e) [megalo-; koXov, 
colon]. A uniform increase in the internal 
diameter of the colon, with thickening of 
the walls. 

Megalocornea (meg-al-o-kor' '-ne-ah) [megalo-; 
cornea]. An enlarged condition of the cornea. 

Megalocyte (meg'-al-o-sit) [megalo-; kutoc, cell]. 
An abnormally large red blood-corpuscle. 

Megalocytosis (meg-al-o-si-to'-sis) [megalo- 
cyte]. The presence of large numbers of 
greatly enlarged erythrocytes in the blood. 

Megalodactylous (meg-al-o-dak' -til-us) [meg- 
alo-; daiczuXoc, digit]. Having abnormally 
large fingers and toes. 

Megalogastria (meg-al-o-gas' -tre-ah) [megalo-; 
Xaorrjp, belly]. Abnormal enlargement of the 
abdomen. 

Megaloglossia (meg-al-o-glos'-e-ah) . See Mac- 
roglossia. 

Megalomania (me g-al-o-ma' -ne-ah) [megalo-; 
fiavta, madness]. 1. Mania characterized by 
delusions of grandeur. 2. The delirium of 
grandeur. 

Megalomelia (meg-al-o-me'-le-ah) [megalo-; p.k- 
Xoc, limb]. A monster with excessively large 
limbs. 



Megalonychosis (meg-al-on-ik-o'-sis) [megalo-; 
6vu$, nail]. Universal noninflammatory en- 
largement of the nails. 

Megaloporous (meg-al-op'-or-us). Character- 
ized by large pores. 

Megalopsia (meg-al-op'-se-ah) [megalo-; tyce, 
sight]. A disturbance of vision in which 
objects seem larger than they are. 

Megalosyndactyly (meg-al -0 -sin -dak' -til -e) 
Syndactylism attended by hypertrophy. 

Megarrhizin (meg-ar-iz'-in). A bitter glucosid 
from the root of Echinocystis fabacea. It is 
said to be an active cathartic. 

Megavolt {meg' -ah-voli) . A unit equal to 
1,000,000 volts. 

Meglin's Palatine Point. The point of emer- 
gence of the large palatine nerve from the 
palatomaxillary canal; it constitutes at times 
one of the painful points in neuralgia of the 
superior maxillary branch of the trigeminus. 

Megohm (meg' -dm). A unit equal to 1,000,- 
000 ohms. 

Megophthalmus (meg-of-thal'-mus) . See Kera- 
toglobus. 

Megoxycyte (meg-ok' -se-slt) [mega-; o^uc, sharp; 
kijtoc, cell]. A large oxyphil cell, one of 
the coarsely granular eosinophil cells or 
a-granules of Ehrlich. See under Color- 
analysis. 

Megrim (me' -grim). See Migraine. 

Menu's Test for Albumin. Treat the solu- 
tion with 2 or 3% of its volume of nitric 
acid, and add 10 volumes of a solution of 1 
part phenol and 1 part acetic acid in 2 parts 
of 90% alcohol and shake. The presence 
of albumin is evinced by the formation of a 
precipitate. 

Meibomian Calculus (mi-bo' -me-an). The 
hardened secretion of the meibomian glands 
that may accumulate on the inner surface of 
the eyelids. M. Cyst, M. Tumor, chalazion. 
M. Foramen, the cecal foramen of the 
tongue. M. Glands, tarsal glands; sebace- 
ous follicles embedded in the tarsal plates 
of the eyelids. M. Sty, one produced by 
suppuration of a meibomian gland. Syn., 
Hordeolum internum. 

Meigs' Capillaries. See Capillaries, Meigs' . 

Meinert's Form of Enteroptosis. Enter- 
optosis occurring in chlorotic subjects. 

Meissner's Corpuscles (mis'-nerz). Ovoid, 
laminated corpuscles connected with medul- 
lated nerve-fibers which wind around the 
lower pole before entering them; they are 
found in the papillas of the volar surfaces of 
the fingers and toes. M.'s Ganglions, the 
ganglionic nodes in Meissner's plexus. M.'s 
Plexus, a plexus of nerves found in the 
submucous layer of the small intestine. 

Meissner-Billroth's Plexus. See Meissner's 
Plexus. 

Mel [L.]. Honey. The saccharine substance 
deposited in the honeycomb by the common 
honey-bee, Apis mellifera, and a few other 
hymenopterous insects. It contains a large 
amount of dextrose and levulose, and has the 
same properties as sugar. In medicine it is 



MELACHOL 



593 



MELIA 



used as a vehicle, especially in gargles, and 
as an application to foul ulcers. M. boracis 
(B. P.) honey of borax, is used as a mouth- 
wash in thrush and aphthae. M. depura- 
tum (U. S. P.), clarified honey. M. rosae 
(U. S. P.), honey of rose, is used as an addi- 
tion to gargles in ulcerated conditions of the 
mouth and throat. 

Melachol {meV -ak-ol) . Sodium citrophos- 
phate, consisting of sodium phosphate, ioo 
parts; sodium nitrate, 2 parts; citric acid, 
13 parts, rubbed together and mixed with 
100 parts of water; used in liver complaints. 

Melaena (mel-e'-nah). See Helena. 

Melanaemia (mel-an-e' -me-ah) . See Melane- 
mia. 

Melancholia, Melancholy (mel-an-ko'-le-ah, 
mel' -an-kol-e) \jikXac, black; %oM}, bile]. A dis- 
order of the mind characterized by a pro- 
found emotional depression and a tendency 
toward introspection, impairment of the men- 
tal and physical faculties, with or without 
delusions. M. agitata, a form associated 
with excessive motor excitement. The pa- 
tient rushes about, wringing his hands and 
lamenting loudly. M. attonita, a form in 
which the patient is perfectly motionless, lies 
in bed or sits up with his eyes open and fixed, 
and is absolutely indifferent to everything 
about him. Syn., Stuporous melancholia. 
M., Panphobic, that associated with the 
dread of everything. M. passiva, M., Pas- 
sive, a chronic form of slow development 
and gradual failure of the physical powers. 
M., Simple, a mild form without delusions. 
Syn., Hypomelancholia; Melancholia without 
delirium. M., Stuporous. See M. attonita. 

Melancholiac (mel-an-ko'-le-ak) [see Melan- 
cholia]. 1. Suffering from melancholia. 2. 
A person affected with melancholia. 

Melanedema (mel-an-e-de'-mah) \jikXag, black; 
o'idfjtxa, swelling]. Melanosis of the lungs. 

Melanemia (mel-an-e' -me-ah) [jiiXac, black; 
alfia, blood]. The presence in the blood- 
plasma or in the corpuscles, or in both, of 
dark pigment-granules due to the disintegra- 
tion of the hemoglobin. Its most common 
cause is malaria. Syn., Hemochromatosis. 

Melanephidrosis (mel-an-e f-id-ro' -sis) [aeXag, 
black; kcficdpooocg, excessive perspiration]. 
Black perspiration. 

Melanidrosis (mel-an-id-ro'-sis). See Melan- 
ephidrosis. 

Melanin (mel'-an-in) [p.kXag, black]. A black 
pigmentary matter occurring naturally in the 
choroid coat of the eye, the skin, the hair, 
the muscles, and, pathologically, in the skin 
in Addison's disease and in melanotic tumors. 
Melanin usually contains sulfur and rarely 
iron. It is a product of cell-activity and 
belongs to the socalled metabolic pigments. 

Melanism (mel'-an-izm) [melanin']. The ab- 
normal deposition of dark pigment in an or- 
gan or organism. 

Melano • (mel-an-o-) [jieXaf, black]. A prefix 
signifying black or dark-colored, or relating 
to melanin. 
39 



Melanocarcinoma (mel-an-o-kar-sin-o'-mah). 
A carcinoma containing melanin. 

Melanocyte (mel' -an-o-sit) [melano-; kuzoc, a 
cell]. A wandering lymph-cell which has 
become discolored by the absorption of dark 
pigment-granules. 

Melanoderma, Melanodermia (mel-an-o-der' - 
mah, mel-an-o-der' -me-ah) [melano-; oipp.a, 
skin]. Black pigmentation of the skin. M., 
Parasitic. See Vagabond's Disease. 

Melanogen (mel-an' -o-jen) \tnelano-; ytwav, to 
produce]. A material which becomes melanin 
on receiving the appropriate stimulus. 

Melanoid (mel'-an-oid) [melano-; ecooc, like]. 
Dark-colored; of the nature of melanosis. 

Melanoma (mel-an-o' -mah) [melano-; bpa, tu- 
mor]. A tumor containing melanin. 

Melanopathy (mel-an-o p' -at h-e) [melano-; tMoc, 
disease]. A disease attended with a deposit 
of dark pigment. 

Melanoplakia (mel-an-o-pla'-ke-ah) [melano-; 
TiXaq, surface]. Pigmentation of the mucous 
membrane of the mouth. 

Melanorrhagia (mel-an-or-a'-je-ah) [melano-; 
pjjpjuvac, to burst forth]. The copious dis- 
charge of blackened feces. 

Melanosarcoma (mel-an-o-sar-ko'-mah) [mel- 
aiw-; sarcoma]. A sarcoma containing mel- 
anin. 

Melanoscirrhus (mel-an-o -skir' -us) A form 
of scirrhous carcinoma characterized by pig- 
mentation. 

Melanosis (mel-an-o' -sis) [melano-; voaog, dis- 
ease]. A general tendency to the formation 
in the blood, and the deposition in organs, 
of a dark granular pigment which is usually 
derived from the hemoglobin of the blood. 
M. lenticularis progressiva. See Xero- 
derma pigmentosum. 

Melanotic (mel-an-ot'-ik) [melanosis]. Per- 
taining to or characterized by melanosis or 
by a deposit of melanin. 

Melanthera (mel-an' -ther-ah) [ptiXac, black; dvd-q- 
pdf, blossoming]. A genus of composite plants. 
M. brownei is an African plant the leaves 
of which in infusion are recommended as a 
substitute for quinin. 

Melanuria (mel-an-u'-re-ah) [aiXac, black; 
oupov, urine].' The presence of black pigment 
in the urine. 

Melasicterus (mel-as-ik'-ter-us) [jiiXac-, black; 
'cfczepof, jaundice]. Black jaundice; jaundice 
with great discoloration of the skin. 

Melasma (mel-az'-mah) [piXac, black]. A de- 
posit of dark pigment in the skin. M. supra- 
renale, Addison's disease. 

Melena (mel-e'-nah) [piXac, black]. The dis- 
charge of stools colored black by altered 
blood. It is quite common in the newborn. 
Melaena neonatorum, an extravasation of 
blood into the stomach and intestines of the 
newborn infant, occurring most often in the 
first few hours of life. 

Melezitose (mel-ez'-it-os) [Ft., meleze, larch], 
C^H^O^ + 2H 2 0. A sugar found in Eu- 
ropean false manna, or Briacon manna. 

Melia (me'-le-ah) [psXca, the ash, on account 



MELICERA 



594 



MEMBRANE 



of the similarity of its leaves]. A genus of 
the order Meliacece. M. azadirachta is in- 
digenous to Asia, but naturalized in south- 
ern Europe and America. The entire plant 
is bitter and narcotic, in small doses purgative 
and anthelmintic; the leaves and blossoms 
are vulnerary and stomachic; the bark, called 
margosa, is tonic and emmenagog; the root 
bark is used in lepra and scrofula and as 
an emetic; the oil of the seeds is antiseptic. 
M . azedarach is indigenous to Asia and nat- 
uralized in the United States. The root 
bark is anthelmintic. Dose of fluidextract 
10-30 min. (0.6-1.8 Cc). The oil from the 
seeds is used in skin diseases and as a vul- 
nerary. 

Melicera, Meliceris (mel-is-e'-rah, mel-is-e' -ris) 
[mel; Kypog, wax]. A cyst containing a, sub- 
stance having a honey-like appearance. 

Melilotus (mel-il-o' '-tus) [mel; Xooroc, lotus]. 
A genus of leguminous herbs. M. officina- 
lis, the sweet clover, is official in the 
G. P. It contains coumarin (C 9 H 6 2 ), mel- 
ilotic acid (C 9 H 10 O 3 ), and coumaric acid (C 9 - 
H 8 3 ), of which coumarin is the anhydrid. 
It is used but little at the present day. 

Melinous (mel'-in-us) [firjXtvoc]. Quince-col- 
ored. 

Melissa (mel-is'-ah) [[ikXcaaa, a bee]. A genus 
of labiate plants. M. officinalis, balm or 
lemon-balm, is a species growing in southern 
Europe. Balm is used as a drink in febrile 
affections and as a flavoring agent. 

Melissic (mel-is'-ik) [mel]. Obtained from 
honey or from beeswax. 

Melitagra (mel-it-a'-grah) [mel; ay pa, seizure]. 
Eczema associated with the formation of 
soft, honey-colored crusts. 

Melitemia {mel-it-e' -me-ah) [mel; alpta, blood]. 
The presence of an excess of sugar in the 
blood. 

Melitose (mel'-it-os) [mel], C 12 H 22 O n . A 
crystalline sugar occurring in Australian 
manna, flour of cotton-seeds, sugar-beets, 
and in the molasses obtained in the manu- 
facture of sugar. 

Melituria (mel - it -u' -re -ah) [melitose; oupov, 
urine]. Diabetes mellitus. M. inosita, the 
presence of inosit in the urine. 

Mellite (mel' -it). See Mellitum. 

Mellithemia (mel-ith-e' -me-ah) . See Melitemia. 

Mellitum (mel-i'-tum) [mel]. In pharmacy, 
a honey; a preparation in which honey is the 
menstruum. M. rosse. See Mel rosce. 

Melmaroba (mel-mar-o' -bah) . A liquid prepa- 
ration said to contain Brunfelsia uniflora, 
caroba, stillingia, and potassium iodid; it 
is used in syphilis, chronic skin diseases, and 
rheumatism. Dose 1-2 dr. (3.75-7.5 Cc). 

Melol (mel'-ol) [mel]. Disguised castor-oil. 

Melomelus (mel-om'-el-us) [{liXoc, limb]. A 
monster with supernumerary limbs. 

Melon (mel'-on) [p.fjXov, an apple]. 1. See Ci- 
truttus and Cucumis. 2. A proprietary cica- 
trizant and vulnerary. M.-root, the root of 
muskmelon, Cucumis melo. Dose of culti- 
vated root 6 dr. (25 Gm.); of wild root 



8-11 gr. (0.51-0. 71 Gm.). M. -seed Bodies, 
fibrous bodies, resembling melon-seeds in 
size, sometimes found in joints and cysts 
of tendon-sheaths. 

Melonemetin (mel-on-em' -et-in) . See Melon- 
enemetin. 

Melonenemetin (mel-on-en-em' -et-in) . A bit- 
ter brown substance from the root of musk- 
melon, Cucumis melo. It is used as an 
emetic and purgative. Dose f-if gr. (0.05- 
0.07 Gm.). 

Meloplasty (me' -lo-plas-te) [fx-rjXov, cheek; nXaa- 
oetv, to form]. A plastic operation on the 
cheek. 

Melosis (me-lo'-sis) [jitjXt), probe]. The process 
of probing. 

Melting-point. The degree of temperature at 
which solids pass into the liquid state. 

Meltzer's Sign. Normally, on auscultation of 
the heart (at the side of the xiphoid appen- 
dix) there is heard, after swallowing, a first 
sound produced by the flowing of fine drops, 
and six or seven seconds after, a "glou-glou." 
According to Meltzer, the second sound fails 
in the case of occlusion or pronounced con- 
traction of the lower part of the esophagus. 

Melulose (mel' -u-loz) . A concentrated extract 
of malt. 

Member (mem' -her) [membrum, a limb]. A 
part of the body, especially a projecting part, 
as the leg or the arm. 

Membrana (mem-bra' -nah) [L.]. A mem- 
brane. M. adventitia, the adventitia of 
blood-vessels; also, the decidua reflexa. M. 
agnina, the amnion. M. basilaris. See 
M. propria. M. caduca, the decidua. M. 
capsularis, a capsular ligament. M. de- 
cidua. See Decidua. M. fiaccida. See 
Membrane, ShrapnelVs. M. germinativa, the 
blastoderm. M. granulosa, the layer of small 
polyhedral cells within the theca folliculi of 
the graafian follicle. M. limitans, the limit- 
ing layer of the retina. There are two — the inter- 
nal and the external. See Limiting Membrane. 
M. propria, the delicate membrane upon which 
the epithelium of mucous membranes rests; 
the basement -membrane. M. ruyschiana, 
the middle or capillary layer of the choroid. 
M. serotina, the part of the decidua enter- 
ing into the formation of the placenta. M. 
tectoria, a delicate membrane of the internal 
ear. Syn., Corti's membrane. See under Ear. 
M. tensa, the tympanic membrane proper, 
exclusive of Shrapnell's membrane. M. 
tenuis, the arachnoid. M. tympani. See 
Membrane, Tympanic. M. vestibularis. See 
Membrane of Reissner. 

Membrane (mem'-bran) [membrana, from 
membrum, member]. A thin layer of tissue 
surrounding a part or separating adjacent 
cavities. M., Animal, a membrane made 
from animal tissues, used in dialyzing. M., 
Basement-, a delicate membrane, made up 
of flattened cells, underlying the epithelium 
' of mucous surfaces. M.-bone, any bone that 
originates, not in cartilage, but in membrane, 
as some of the cranial bones, M. of 



MEMBRANE 



595 



MENINGEOCORTICAL 



Bruch, a thin, transparent membrane, the 
external layer of the choroid of the eye. M., 
Compound, one made up of two distinct 
laminas, as seromucous and serofibrous 
membranes. M. of Corti. See Membrana 
tectoria. M., Costocoracoid, a dense layer 
of fascia extending between the subclavius 
muscle and the pectoralis minor, and forming 
the anterior portion of the sheath of the 
axillary vessels. M., Cricothyroid, the 
membrane connecting the thyroid and cricoid 
cartilages of the larynx. M., Croupous. 
See M., Diphtheric. M., Debove's, a layer 
of flattened connective-tissue cells beneath 
the epithelium of the bronchial, vesical, and 
intestinal mucous membranes. M. of Des- 
cemet. See Descemefs Membrane. M., 
Diphtheric, a fibrinous layer formed on a 
mucous membrane or cutaneous surface and 
extending downward for a variable depth. 
When not firmly adherent, as in the larynx, 
it is termed a croupous membrane. It is the 
result of coagulation-necrosis, generally, but 
not always, brought about by the bacillus of 
diphtheria. M., Drum-, the tympanic mem- 
brane. M., False. - See M., Diphtheric. 
M., Fenestrated, the elastic membrane of 
the intima of arteries. Syn., Fenestrated 
membrane of Henle. M., Fetal, a name 
given to the chorion, amnion, or allantois. 
M., Hyaloid, a delicate membrane investing 
the vitreous humor of the eye. M., Jacob's, 
the layer of rods and cones of the retina. 
M., Krause's, a thin, transverse, dark disc 
bisecting the light substance of the striped 
muscle-fibers. M., Limiting. See Limiting 
Membrane. ' M., Mucous, the membrane 
lining those cavities and canals communicat- 
ing with the air. It is kept moist by the 
mucus secreted by the goblet-cells and mucous 
glands. M. of Nasmyth, a delicate, firm 
membrane covering the external surface of 
the enamel for a short time after birth. M., 
Nictitating, the winking membrane of the 
lower animals, represented in the human 
eye by the plica semilunaris. M., Obturator, 
the fibrous membrane closing the obturator 
foramen. M., Palatine, the membrane 
covering the roof of the mouth. M., Per- 
sistent Pupillary. See M. } Pupillary. M., 
Pseudoserous, one presenting the moist, 
glistening surface, etc., of a serous membrane, 
but differing from it in structure; e. g., the 
endothelium of the blood-vessels. M., Pupil- 
lary, a delicate, transparent membrane clos- 
ing the pupil in the fetus. It disappears 
between the seventh and eighth months; when 
it persists after birth, it is termed persistent 
pupillary membrane. M., Pyogenic, the 
lining of an abscess-cavity or a fistulous tract. 
The term should be restricted to the lining 
of an abscess that is spreading and in which 
the membrane produces pus. M. of Reiss- 
ner, a delicate membrane stretching across 
the outer wall of the cochlea. M., Reticular, 
the membrane covering the space of the 
outer hair-cells of the cochlea. M. of Ruysch. 



See Membrana ruyschiana. M., Schneider- 
ian, the mucosa lining the nasal fossas. M., 
Secondary Tympanic, the membrane closing 
the fenestra rotunda. M., Serous, a delicate 
membrane covered with flat endothelial cells 
lining closed cavities of the body, e. g., the 
peritoneum and the pleura. M., Shrapnell's, 
a small portion of the drum-membrane filling 
the notch of Rivini. M., Synovial, a mem- 
brane covering the articular extremities of 
bones and the inner surface of ligaments 
entering into the formation of a joint. M., 
Tenon's. See Capsule of Tenon. M., Thyro- 
hyoid, the membrane joining the thyroid 
cartilage and hyoid bone. M., Tympanic, 
the drum-membrane; the membrane separat- 
ing the external from the middle ear. It con- 
sists of three layers: an outer or skin layer, 
a fibrous layer, and an inner mucous layer. 

Membraniferous (mem-bran-if '-er-us) [mem- 
brane; ferre, to bear]. Having a membranous 
expansion. 

Membranins, Membranin Bodies {mem f - 
bran-inz). A special group of proteins con- 
taining sulfur, which blackens lead; insoluble 
in water, salt solution, or dilute acids or 
alkalis, but soluble in the last two with 
warmth. Like mucins, they yield a reducing 
substance by action of dilute mineral acids 
with heat. They give a beautiful red colora- 
tion with Millon's reagent. Membranins 
constitute the substance of Descemet's mem- 
brane and of the capsule of the crystalline 
lens. 

Membranocarneous {mem-bra-no-kar 1 '-ne-us) 
[membrane; carneus, belonging to flesh]. Both 
membranous and fleshy. 

Membranocartilaginous (mem-bra-no-kar-til- 
aj'-in-us). Both cartilaginous and fleshy. 

Membranous {mem'-bran-us). Pertaining to, 
having the nature of, or consisting of, a mem- 
brane. M. Labyrinth. See Labyrinth, Mem- 
branous. M. Urethra, the part of the urethra 
between the two layers of the triangular liga- 
ment. 

Memory (mem'-o-re) [memor, mindful]. That 
faculty of the mind by which ideas and sen- 
sations are recalled. 

Menarche {men'-ar-ke) [fJ-rpj, month; dpyf), 
beginning]. The period at which menstrua- 
tion is inaugurated. 

Mendosus {men-do' -sus) [mendax, false]. False; 
incomplete. 

Menhidrosis, Menidrosis (men-hid-ro'-sis, men- 
id-ro'-sis) [jirjv, month; lopojocg, sweat]. The 
replacement of the menstrual flow by a 
bloody sweat. 

Meniere's Disease (men-e-ar'). Aural vertigo. 
A disease of the middle ear characterized by 
sudden deafness and symptoms of apoplexy. 
Its cause is thought to be effusion or hemor- 
rhage into the semicircular canals of the ear. 

Meningeal (men-in'-je-al) [meninges]. Per- 
taining to the meninges. . 

Meningematoma (men-in-je-mat-o'-mah). He- 
matoma of the dura. 

Meningeocortical (men-in-je-o-kor f -tik-al). Re- 



MENINGES 



596 



MENO- 



lating to the meninges and the cortex of the 
brain. 

Meninges (men-in' -jez). Plural of meninx 
(q. v.). 

Meninghematoma (men-ing-he-mat-o'-mah) . 
See Meningematoma. 

Meningism (men' -in-jizm) [meninges]. i. 
Simple circulatory disturbances of the men- 
inges, of toxic or hysteric origin. 2. Pseudo- 
meningitis accompanied by symptoms similar 
to those of tuberculous meningitis. 

Meningitic (men-in-jif -ik) [meningitis]. Per- 
taining to, or affected with, meningitis. 

Meningitiform (men-in-jif -i-jorm) [menin- 
gitis; forma, form]. Resembling meningitis. 

Meningitis (men-in-ji' -tis) [meninges; exec, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the mem- 
branes of the brain or cord; that of the dura 
is termed pachymeningitis ; that of the pia 
arachnoid, leptomeningitis, or simply menin- 
gitis. Meningitis of the membranes of the 
brain is classified into acute and chronic, the 
former being subdivided into serous and 
purulent, the latter into fibrous, ossifying, 
and deep, or encephalomeningitis . According 
to location, two varieties are spoken of — that 
of the vertex and that of the base. M., Acute 
Cerebral, that due to traumatism, to exten- 
sion of inflammation from adjacent struc- 
tures, especially from the middle ear, the 
orbit, the nasal sinuses, or to tuberculosis 
(tuberculous meningitis) ; it may be secondary 
to acute infectious processes elsewhere . in 
the body, as pneumonia, erysipelas, typhoid 
fever, influenza, smallpox, or it may be a 
primary disease, as in cerebrospinal menin- 
gitis. M., Acute Spinal, a form that may 
occur in tuberculosis, as a secondary process 
in acute infectious diseases, such as smallpox, 
scarlatina, pneumonia, as a part of epidemic 
cerebrospinal meningitis, as the result of 
extension of inflammation from neighboring 
parts, and as the result of exposure to cold 
and wet. The symptoms are chill, fever, 
pain in the back and limbs, rigidity of the 
muscles, dyspnea, exaggerated reflexes, later 
paralyses. M., Cerebrospinal, inflammation 
of the membranes of the brain and spinal 
cord. The symptoms are "fever, slow pulse, 
later rapid pulse, headache, delirium, rigidity 
and retraction of the neck, convulsions, vom- 
iting, a scaphoid abdomen, constipation, 
optic neuritis; in advanced stages various 
palsies occur, such as ptosis, squint, and facial 
paralysis. In epidemic cerebrospinal menin- 
gitis there is usually a characteristic eruption. 
See under Exanthem. M., Chronic Cerebral, 
a form due to syphilis or tuberculosis, or it 
may be associated with disease of the brain 
in encephalomeningitis (paretic dementia). 
The main symptoms are, in the first two, 
headache, convulsions, and rigidity of the 
iriuscles of the neck. M., Chronic Spinal, 
a variety due to syphilis, traumatism, and the 
excessive use of alcohol. It is also frequently 
an accompaniment of the scleroses of the 
spinal cord. The symptoms are pain, hyper- 



esthesia along the spinal nerves, increased 
reflexes, paralyses. M., Focal, that con- 
fined to a very limited area and usually due 
to traumatism or syphilis. M., Mechanic, 
that due to traumatism. M., Occlusive, 
infantile leptomeningitis leading to the oc- 
clusion of the foramen of Magendie. 

Meningium (men-in' -je-um) . See Arachnoid. 

Meningo- (men-in-go-) [meninges]. A prefix 
meaning relating to the meninges. 

Meningocele (men-in' -go-set) [meningo-; /a/A>j, 
hernia]. A protrusion of the cerebral or 
spinal meninges through a defect in the 
skull or vertebral column. It forms a cyst 
filled with cerebrospinal fluid. • 

Meningocerebritis (men-in-go-ser-e-bri'-tis) . 
See Meningoencephalitis. 

Meningocortical (men-in-go-kor'-tik-al) . See 
Meningeocortical. 

Meningoencephalitis (men-in-go-en-se)-al-i' - 
tis). Inflammation of the brain and its 
membranes. 

Meningoencephalocele (men-in-go-en-se}'-al-o- 
sel) [meningo-; iynkfyaXov, brain; ktjXt), hernia]. 
Hernia of the brain and its meninges. 

Meningoencephalomyelitis (men-in- go-en-sej- 
al-o-mi-el-i' -tis) . Combined inflammation of 
the meninges, brain, and spinal cord. 

Meningomyelitis (men-in- go-mi-el-i' -tis) . In- 
flammation of the spinal cord and its meninges. 

Meningomyelocele (men-in-go-mi' -el-o-sel) . A 
protrusion from the spinal column of a por- 
tion of the cord and membranes. 

Meningoosteophlebitis (men-in-go-os-te-o-fleb- 
i'-tis) [meningo-; dorkov, bone; phlebitis]. 
Periostitis combined with phlebitis of the 
veins of the bone. 

Meningorachidian (men-in- go -rak-id'-e -an) 
[meningo-; payjg, spine]. Relating to the 
spinal meninges. 

Meningosis (men-in-go' -sis) [meninges]. The 
union of bones by a membranous attachment. 

Meningotyphoid (men-in- go-ti' -joid) . Typhoid 
with symptoms of meningitis. 

Meninx (men'-ingks) [p.f}vcy£, membrane; pi., 
meninges]. A membrane, especially one of 
the brain or spinal cord; the meninges cover- 
ing the brain and spinal cord consist of the 
dura, pia, and arachnoid. 

Menischesis (men-is' -ke-sis) . See Ischomenia. 

Meniscus (men-is' -kus) [fi-qvcoKoc, a crescent]. 
A crescent or crescentic body, especially 
an interarticular fibrocartilage. Also a con- 
cavoconvex (positive meniscus) or convexo- 
concave lens (negative meniscus). M., Tac- 
tile, a form of nerve-ending with a concave 
surface turned ectad, each concavity contain- 
ing a tactile cell. 

Menispermum (men-is-per' -mum) [p.rjvq, moon; 
onkpixa, seed]. Yellow parilla; Canadian 
moonseed. The rhizome and roots of M. 
canadense, of the order Menispermacece. It 
contains an alkaloid, menispin, and berberin. 
It is alterative and is used as a substitute for 
sarsaparilla. 

Meno- (men-o-) [menses]. A prefix meaning 
relating to the menses. 



MENOCELIS 



597 



MEPHITIC 



Menocelis (men-ose' -lis) [meno-; ktjMc, spot] 
Dark erythematous or hemorrhagic spots 
occurring upon the skin in failure of men- 
struation. 

Menopause (men'-o-pawz) [meno-; izauocc, 
cessation]. The physiologic cessation of men- 
struation, usually occurring between the forty- 
fifth and fiftieth years. Syn., Climacteric. 

Menophania (men-o-)a' '-ne-ah) [meno-; <f>aivetv, 
to appear]. The first appearance of the menses. 

Menoplania (men-o-pla' -ne-ah) [meno-; nXavt], 
deviation]. A discharge of blood occurring 
at the menstrual period, but derived from 
some other part of the body than the uterus. 

Menorrhagia (men-or-a' -je-ah) [meno-; py-fvuvac, 
to burst forth]. An excessive menstrual flow. 

Menorrhea (men-or-e'-ah) [meno-; poca, a 
flow]. The normal flow of the menses; 
also, excessive menstruation. 

Menostasia, Menostasis (men-os-ta'-ze-ah, 
men-os'-tas-is) [meno-; axaatc, standing]. A 
suppression of the menstrual flow. 

Mensa (men'-sah) [L.]. A table; the upper 
surface of the molars. 

Mensalis ■(mensa' -lis). See Trapezius under 
Muscle. 

Menses (men'sez) [mensis, el month]. The 
recurrent monthly discharge of blood from the 
genital canal of a woman during sexual life. 

Menstrual (men' stru-al) [see Menstruation]. 
Pertaining to menstruation. 

Menstruation (mensiru-a' shun) [menstruus, 
monthly, from mensis, a month]. A periodic 
discharge of a sanguineous fluid from the 
uterus, occurring during the period of a 
woman's sexual activity, from puberty to the 
menopause. M., Vicarious, the discharge 
of blood at the time of menstruation from 
some organ or part other than the vagina. 

Menstruum (men' stru-um) [menstruus]. A 
solvent. 

Mensuration (mensu-ra'shun) [mensurare, 
to measure]. The act of measuring; one of 
the methods of physical diagnosis. 

Mentagra (men-ta'-grah). See Sycosis. 

Mentagrophyton (men-tag-rof'-it-on) [men- 
tagra, sycosis; <f>ox6v, a plant]. A fungus, 
Microsporon mentagrophytes, thought to be 
the cause of sycosis. 

Mental (men'-tal) [mens, the mind], i. Per- 
taining to the mind. 2. [mentum, the chin.] 
Pertaining to the chin. 

Mentha (men'-thah) [L.]. A genus of. labi- 
ate plants — the mints. M. piperita (U. S. P.), 
peppermint, the dried leaves and flowering tops 
of M. piperita. It is an aromatic stimulant, 
and is used to relieve nausea, flatulence, and 
spasmodic pain in the stomach and bowel. 
Menthae piperitae, Aqua (U. S. P.), pepper- 
mint water. Dose indefinite. Mentha? piper- 
itae, Oleum (U. S. P.), oil of peppermint. 
Dose 1-5 min. (0.065-0.32 Cc). Menthae 
piperitae, Spiritus (U. S. P.), spirit of pep- 
permint. Dose 10-30 min. (0.65-2.0 Cc). 
M. viridis (U. S. P.), spearmint, the dried 
leaves and flowering tops of M. spicata. Its 
properties and uses are similar to those of 



M. piperita. Menthae viridis, Aqua (U. 

S. P.), spearmint water. Dose indefinite. 
Menthae viridis, Oleum (U. S. P.), oil of 
spearmint. Dose 2-5 min. (0.13-0.32 Cc). 
Menthae viridis, Spiritus (U. S. P.), spirit 
of spearmint. Dose 10-40 min. (0.65-2.3 Cc). 

Menthene (men'-then) [mentha], C 10 H 18 . A 
liquid hydrocarbon produced when menthol 
is distilled with phosphorus pentoxid. 

Menthiodol (men-thi'-o-dol). A local applica- 
tion for neuralgia made by triturating together 
four parts of menthol heated in a capsule with 
one part of iodin. 

Menthoform (men'-tho-form). A combina- 
tion of formaldehyd, glycerol, and menthol. 

Menthol (men'-thol) [mentha], C 10 Hi 9 OH. 
A crystalline stearopten derived from oil of 
peppermint, and used as an anodyne and 
rubefacient in neuralgia, in skin diseases 
associated with itching, and in rhinitis. Syn., 
Mint-camphor. 

Mentholeate (men-tho' -le-at) . A solution used 
in skin' diseases, consisting of menthol, 200 gr., 
heated with oleic acid, 4 dr. 

Mentholin (men' -thol-in) . A proprietary rem- 
edy for coryza said to consist of menthol, 
1 part; pulverized coffee and boric acid, each, 
10 parts. 

Mentholyptine (men-thol-ip' -ten) . A proprie- 
tary external antiseptic said to consist of 
menthol and eucalyptol. 

Menthophenol (men-tho-fe'-nol). An antisep- 
tic fluid obtained by fusing together one part 
of phenol and three parts of menthol. It is 
used in the treatment of burns and wounds, 
and diluted (15 drops to a glass of water) as 
a mouth-wash; also as a local anesthetic 
(3 to 5 % in warm water). 

Menthorol (men' -thor-ol) . A mixture of para- 
chlorphenol and menthol used in tuberculosis 
of upper air-passages. 

Menthoxol (men-thoks' -oT) . An antiseptic fluid 
mixture of 3% solution of hydrogen dioxid, 
32 to 38 % alcohol, and 1 % menthol. It is 
innocuous and deodorizing, and is used in 
suppurating wounds, ozena, etc. 

Menthyl (men'-thil), C 10 H 19 . The hypothetic 
radicle of menthol. M. Acetoacetate, CH 3 - 
C(OH) : CH . COOC 10 H 19 , a bactericide. 

Mentoanterior (men-to-an-te' -re-or) [mentum; 
anterior, before]. Having the chin toward 
the front. 

Mentoposterior (men-to-pos-te' -re-or) [mentum; 
posterior, after; behind]. Having the chin 
toward the back. 

Mentum (men'-tum) [L.]. The chin. 

Menyanthes (men-e-an'-thez) [fJ-yv, month; 
avdoc, flower, from its reputed emmenagog 
properties]. A genus of plants of the Gen- 
tianecs. M . trifoliata, or buckbean, contains 
a bitter principle, menyanthin (Q-^^O-^, and 
has been used in malaria, scrofula, dropsy, 
jaundice, rheumatism, etc. Dose of the 
powdered leaves 20-30 gr. (1.3-2.0 Gm.). 
Unof. 

Mephitic (mej-it'-ik) [mephiticus, pestilential]. 
Foul or noxious; stifling; noisome. M. 



MERALGIA 



598 



MERCURY 



Gangrene, necrosis of bone associated with 
the evolution of offensive odors. 

Meralgia (me-ral' -je-ah) [arjpoc, thigh; aXyoe, 
pain]. Neuralgic pain in the thigh. M. par- 
aesthetica. See Bernhardt' s Paresthesia. 

Mercaptan (mer-kap' -tan) [mercurius, mercury; 
captans, seizing, on account of combining 
readily with mercury]. A derivative of an 
alcohol in which the oxygen of the latter is 
replaced by sulfur. 

Mercauro (mer-kaw'-ro). A proprietary altera- 
tive compound of an equal amount of the 
bromids of gold, arsenic, and mercury; it is 
used in syphilis and scrofula. Dose 5-15 
min. (0.3-1.0 Cc.) 3 times daily after meals. 

Mercier's Bar. The transverse curved ridge 
joining the openings of the ureters on the 
inner surface of the bladder; it forms the 
posterior boundary of the trigonum vesicae. 
M.'s Valve, a valvular projection that may 
be formed at the vesicourethral orifice by the 
hypertrophied internal sphincter vesicae. 

Mercolint (mer' -ko-lint) . A proprietary article 
consisting of canton flannel impregnated with 
metallic mercury very finely divided. 

Mercuralgam (mer-ku-ral'-gam). An amal- 
gam of mercury, aluminium, and magnesium. 
It is used as a substitute for mercurial ointment. 

Mercuramin (mer-ku-ram' '-in) . Mercury-ethy- 
lenediamin citrate. 

Mercurial (mer-ku'-re-al) [mercury]. 1. Per- 
taining to or caused by mercury. 2. Any 
preparation of mercury or its salts. M. Oint- 
ment (unguentum hydrargyria U. S. P.), a 
salve containing mercury, oleate of mercury, 
suet, and benzoinated lard. M. Palsy, M. 
Tremor, paralysis or an involuntary spas- 
modic twitching of the voluntary muscles as a 
result of mercurial intoxication, and intensified 
on voluntary motion. M. Plaster. See Mer- 
cury Plaster. 

Mercurialism (mer-ku f -re-al-izm) [mercury]. 
Poisoning due to absorption of mercury. 

Mercurialization (mer -ku-re-al-iz-a' '-shun) 
[mercury]. The act of bringing under the 
influence of mercury. 

Mercuriate (mer-ku r -re-dt) . A salt of mercury. 

Mercuric (mer-ku'-rik) [mercury]. Pertaining 
to mercury as a bivalent element. M. 
Chlorid. See Mercury Bichlorid. 

Mercuricum (mer-ku' -rik-um) [mercury]. Mer- 
cury when acting as a bivalent radicle. 

Mercuriol (mer-ku' -re-of). See Mercuralgam. 

Mercurol (mer'-ku-rol). A compound of nu- 
cleic acid and mercury (10%). It is used 
in chronic ulcers in 2 to 5 % solution; in gon- 
orrhea 0.5 to 2% injection; in syphilis inter- 
nally. Dose |-i2 g r - (0.05-0.1 Gm.) twice 
daily. Syn., Mercury nucleid. 

Mercuroseptol (mer-ku-ro-sep f -tol). See Mer- 
cury Qninoseptolate. 

Mercurosum (mer-ku-ro' -sum) [mercury]. Mer- 
cury when acting as a univalent radicle. 

Mercurous (mer-ku' -rus) [mercury]. Pertaining 
to compounds that contain mercury as a 
univalent radicle. M. Chlorid, calomel. See 
Mercury Subchlorid. 



Mercury (mer'-ku-re) [Mercurius, a Latin 
divinity, the god of traffic]. Symbol Hg; 
atomic weight 198.5; quantivalence 11. Hy- 
drargyrum. A shining, silver-white, liquid, 
volatile metal, having a specific gravity of 
13.55. It is insoluble in the ordinary sol- 
vents,^ in hydrochloric acid, and in sulfuric 
acid in the cold; it dissolves in the last when 
boiled with it, and is readily soluble in nitric 
acid. It boils at 357.25 C., and solidifies 
at — 39-4° C. Mercury is found pure, but 
is chiefly obtained as the native sulfid, or 
cinnabar. It forms two classes of compounds 
— the mercurous, those in which two atoms 
of the metal, and the mercuric, those in 
which one atom, is combined with a bivalent 
radicle. The mercuric salts are more soluble 
and more poisonous ihan the mercurous. 
The uses of mercury and its salts are as 
follows: as a purgative and cholagog (calo- 
mel, blue-mass, mercury with chalk), as an 
alterative in chronic inflammations, as an 
antisyphilitic, an antiphlogistic, an intestinal 
antiseptic, a disinfectant, a parasiticide, a 
caustic, and an astringent. The absorption 
of mercury in sufficient quantity causes poi- 
soning, characterized by a coppery taste in 
the mouth, ptyalism, loosening of the teeth, 
sponginess of the gums; in severer cases, 
ulceration of the cheeks, necrosis of the jaws, 
marked emaciation; at times neuritis devel- 
ops, and a peculiar tremor. The soluble 
salts when taken in excess act as intense 
gastrointestinal irritants. M. Albuminate, 
Dry, a compound of albumin with 4 % of 
mercury bichlorid; a white powder, soluble in 
water with turbidity. Triturated with milk- 
sugar it is used as an antiseptic dressing for 
wounds. M. Albuminate, Liquid, a slightly 
opalescent liquid containing 1 % of mer- 
cury bichlorid; it is used hypodermatically 
in syphilis. Injection 8-15 min. (0.5-1.0 
Cc). M., Ammoniated (hydrargyrum am- 
moniatum, U. S. P.), NH 2 HgCl, white pre- 
cipitate; mercuric ammonium chlorid; it is 
used chiefly locally. M., Ammoniated, 
Ointment of (unguentum hydrargyri am- 
moniati, U. S. P.), an ointment made of am- 
moniated mercury, white petrolatum, and 
hydrous wool-fat. M. Arsenate, 2Hg 2 - 
HAs0 4 4- H 2 0, used in syphilis. M. and 
Arsenic lodids, Solution of (liquor arseni et 
hyUrargyri iodidi, U. S. P.), Donovan's solu- 
tion. Dose 5 min. (0.32 Cc). M. Aspara- 
ginate, Hg(C 4 H 7 N 2 3 j 2 , obtained from mer- 
cury oxid and a hot aqueous solution of 
asparagin; it is alterative and antiseptic, 
and is used hypodermatically in syphilis. 
Dose T V-i gr. (0.005-0.01 Gm.) daily. M. 
Benzoate, Hg(C 6 H 5 COO) 2 + H 2 0, used in 
injection in gonorrhea. M. Bichlorid (hydrar- 
gyri chloridum corrosivum, U. S. P.), HgCl 2 , 
corrosive sublimate. Dose as tonic tIto - ^V 
gr. (0.0006-0.001 1 Gm.); as an antisyphilitic 
eVio g r - (0.0011-0.003 Gm.). It is also a 
valuable antiseptic. M. Bichlorid, Pepton- 
ized. 1. A yellowish powder containing 10 % 



MERCURY 



599 



MERCURY 



of mercury bichlorid, soluble in water. Dose 
§-i^ gr. (0.032-0.1 Gm.). 2. A clear yellow 
liquid containing 1 % of mercury bichlorid. 
Used hypodermatically- in syphilis. Dose 15 
min. (1 Cc), properly diluted, daily. M. Bin- 
iodid {hydrargyri iodidum rubrum, U. S. P.), 
Hgl 2 , red iodid of mercury. Dose y§-\ gr. 
(0.004-0.016 Gm.). M. Borate, Hg 2 B 4 7 , 
a brown antiseptic powder used as a dusting- 
powder and ointment (1 : 50) for wounds. 
M. Bromid, Hg 2 Br 2 , mercurous bromid. 
Dose 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.) daily. M. Bromid, 
Mercuric, HgBr 2 , alterative. Dose YS~i g 1 "- 
(0.004-0.016 Gm.). M. Bromid, Mercur- 
ous, HgBr 2 , a white powder; alterative and 
antiseptic. Dose 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.) in divided 
doses increasing gradually. M. Carbolate, 
Hg(C 6 H 5 0) 2 . Dose J-| gr. (0.02-0.032 Gm.). 
M. with Chalk (hydrargyrum cum crela, U. 
S. P.), gray powder. Dose 5 gr.-| dr. (0.32- 
2.0 Gm.). M.-ethylenediamin Citrate, a 
salt of mercury used in 3 : 1000 solution for 
disinfection of hands. Syn., Mercuramin. 
M., Extinguished, a trituration of metallic 
mercury with some fatty substance until no 
globules of the mercury can be discovered 
with a magnifying-glass of low power. M. 
Formamidate, Hg(HCONH) 2) a solution of 
formamid and mercury oxid; each cubic 
centimeter corresponds to 0.01 Gm. of mer- 
cury bichlorid. Injection in syphilis 16 min. 
(1 Cc.) daily. M. Gallate, Hg(C 7 H 5 5 ) 2 , a 
greenish-black powder containing about 37 % of 
mercury; alterative and antisyphilitic. Dose 
i t~3 g r - (0.1-0.2 Gm.) daily in pills. M. Iodate, 
Hg(I0 3 ) 2 , used subcutaneously in syphilis. 
Dose ^ gr. (0.01 Gm.). M. lodotannate, 
used hypodermatically. M. Mass (massa hy- 
drargyri, U. S. P.), blue-mass; blue pill. Dose 
3 gr. (0.2 Gm.). M., Metallic, mercury 
in its pure state. M. Naphtholate, Hg- 
(C 10 H 7 O) 2 , a lemon-colored antiseptic powder 
containing 30.8% of mercury. Dose 1 gr. 
(0.065 Gm.). M. Nitrate, Mercuric, Hg- 
(N0 3 ) 2 , a white, deliquescent, poisonous pow- 
der, soluble in water; alterative and anti- 
septic. Dose ^o~l g 1 "- (0.001-0.008 Gm.). 
M. Nitrate, Mercurous, Normal, Hg 2 - 
(N0 3 ) 2 + 2H 2 0; antisyphilitic, antiseptic, 
and caustic. Dose j^~ 4 g 1 "- (0.002-0.016 
Gm.); maximum dose J gr. (0.016 Gm.), 
single; 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.) daily. M. Nitrate, 
Ointment of (unguentum hydrargyri nitratis, 
U. S. P.), citrine ointment, is used in chronic 
skin diseases. M. Nitrate, Solution of 
{liquor hydrargyri nitratis, U. S. P.), contains 
about 60% of mercury nitrate. M. Nucleid. 
See Mercurol. M. Ointment. See Mercurial 
Ointment. M. Ointment, Dilute (unguen- 
tum hydrargyri dilutum, U. S. P.), blue oint- 
ment. M., Oleate of (oleatum hydrargyri, U. 
S. P.), contains yellow mercury oxid, oleic 
acid, and water. M. Oxid, Red (hydrar- 
gyri oxidum rubrum, U. S. P.), HgO, red 
precipitate, is used locally. M. Oxid, Red, 
Ointment of (unguentum hydrargyri oxidi 
rubri, U. S. P.), ointment of red mercuric 



oxid. M. Oxid, Yellow (hydrargyri oxidum 
flavum, U. S. P.), HgO, is used locally in 
eye diseases. M. Oxid, Yellow, Ointment 
of (unguentum hydrargyri oxidi flavi, U. 
S. P.), yellow mercuric oxid ointment. M. 
Oxycyanid, HgO . HgCy 2 , a white, antisep- 
tic powder, soluble in water; application for 
wounds and surgical operations, 0.6% solu- 
tion. M. Paraphenylthionate, C 6 H 4 . OH . 
SO s Hg, a stable crystalline, noncaustic com- 
pound used as a substitute for corrosive 
sublimate. Syn., Hydrargyrol. M. Pep- 
tonate, used hypodermatically. M. Plas- 
ter (emplastrum hydrargyri, U. S. P.), 
mercurial plaster, is used to disperse 
indolent swellings, and is applied over 
the liver in chronic hepatitis. M. Prot- 
iodid (hydrargyri iodidum -flavum, U. S. P.), 
Hg 2 I 2 , yellow mercurous iodid. Dose J gr. 
(0.033 Gm.) daily. M. • Quinoseptolate, 
CgHs . N . OH . S0 3 Hg + aNaCl, a com- 
pound of quinosol and mercury with sodium 
chlorid. It is an odorless mass resembling 
the yolk of an egg, which in water swells 
into a slimy mass. It is used in syphilis. 
Syn., Mercuroseptol. M. Resorcinace- 
tate, a yellow, crystalline powder containing 
68.9% of mercury; it is antisyphilitic. Dose 
for hypodermatic use 3 min. (0.2 Cc.) of 
a solution of 85 gr. (5.6 Gm.) of the salt in 
85 gr. (5.6 Gm.) of liquid paraffin and 30 gr. (2 
Gm.) anhydrous lanolin, once a week. M. 
Saccharate, a trituration of 1 part of pure 
mercury and 1 or 2 parts of powdered sugar; 
it is used as a vermifuge. M. Salicylate. 
Dose \ gr. (0.01 Gm.). M. Silicofluorid, Hg 2 - 
SiF 6 + 2H 2 0, prismatic crystals, soluble in 
water ; it is used as a wound antiseptic in solution 
of 1 : 1000 and as ointment in 1 : 2000. M.- 
sozoiodol, M. Sozoiodolate, HgC 6 H 2 I 2 .- 
S0 3 , a fine powder obtained as a precipitate 
from mixing aqueous solutions of sodium 
sozoiodol and mercury nitrate; it is soluble 
in 500 parts of water and in solution of 
sodium chlorid. It is alterative and antisep- 
tic and is used locally (ointment 3 to 5 %) and 
subcutaneously in syphilis; injection i\ gr. 
(0.08 Gm.) a dose in solution of potassium 
iodid. M. Subchlorid (hydrargyri chloridum 
mite, U. S. P.), Hg 2 Cl 2 , mild mercurous chlorid; 
calomel. Dose as alterative \-\ gr. (0.032- 
0.065 Gm.); as sedative to stomach and bowels 
\-\ gr. (0.008-0.016 Gm.); as purgative \-\ 
gr. (0.016-0.032 Gm.) every hour; or 5-15 
gr. (0.32-1.0 Gm.); added to lime-water, 
1 dr. to 1 pint, it forms lotio nigra, or black- 
wash. M. Subsulfate, Hg(HgO) 2 S0 4 . basic 
mercuric sulfate; turpeth mineral. Dose as 
an emetic 2-5 gr. (0.13-0.32 Gm.). M. Suc- 
cinimid, Hg(C 4 H 4 N0 2 ) 2 , soluble in 25 parts 
of water, slightly soluble in alcohol; it is 
recommended as a hypodermatic antisyph- 
ilitic (1.3 : 100). Dose \ gr. (0.013 Gm.). 
M. Sulfid, Red, cinnabar, vermilion, is used 
only by fumigation. M. Sulfoichthyolicum, 
Unna's mixture of sodium sulfoichthyolate, 
10 parts, corrosive sublimate, 3 parts. M. Sup- 



MERIDIAN 



600 



MESENTERY 



positories (suppositoria hydrargyria B. P.), 
each contains 5 gr. of mercurial ointment. M. 
Tannate. Dose 3 gr. (0.2 Gm.) daily. M. Thy- 
molacetate, HgC 10 H 13 O . C 2 H 3 2 + Hg(C 2 H 3 - 
2 ) 2 , used in tuberculosis, syphilis, etc., by in- 
tramuscular injection. Dose i^gr. (0.1 Gm.) 
every 3 to 5 days in liquid paraffin or glycerol. 
M.Thymolate, a basic salt variable in its com- 
position; it is used in syphilis as is mercury 
thymolacetate. M. Thymolsulf ate , C 10 H 13 - 
OHg 2 S0 4 , a white, insoluble powder. It is 
used hypodermatically in syphilis. Dose yg— 
\ gr. (0.005-0.01 Gm.). M. Tribromo- 
phenolacetate, employed subcutaneously in 
syphilis, tuberculosis, etc. Dose 5 gr. (0.32 
Gm.) dissolved in liquid paraffin once a 
week. M. and Zinc Cyanid, Zn 4 Hg(CN) 10 , 
is used locally as an antiseptic. 

Meridian {mer-id'-e-an) [meridies, midday]. A 
great circle surrounding a sphere and intersect- 
ing the poles. M. of the Eye, a line drawn 
around the globe of the eye and passing 
through the poles of the vertical axis (vertical 
meridian), or through the poles of the trans- 
verse axis (horizontal meridian). 

Merismopedia (mer-is-mo-pe' -de-ah) [ptepcapbg, 
division; iza'tc, child]. A bacterium multiply- 
ing by two rectangular divisions, thus forming 
a tablet-like group of four cells in one plane. 

Merispore (mer'-is-por) [p-epof, a part; anopa, 
seed]. A spore resulting from division of 
another spore. 

Meristiform (mer-is'-te-form). Having the 
shape of merismopedia; sarcinic. 

Merkel's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles, Gran- 
dry's. M.'s Line, an imaginary line ex- 
tending from the middle of the internal pal- 
pebral ligament to the space between the last 
bicuspid and first molar teeth, and indicating 
the course of the lacrimal sac and nasal duct. 
M.'s Muscle, the keratocricoid muscle. 

Mero- (me-ro-) [meros]. A prefix meaning part. 

Meroblastic (mer-o-blas'-tik) [mero-; ftXaoxoc, 
a germ]. Dividing only in part, as mero- 
blastic ovums, those in which the process of 
segmentation is confined to one portion of 
the ovum. 

Merocele (mer'-o-sel) [mero-; KTjX-q, hernia]. 
Femoral hernia. 

Merocrania (mer-o-kra' '-ne-ah) [mero-; upav- 
cov, the skull]. A monstrosity marked by 
absence of part of the skull. 

Merocrine (mer f -o-kren) [mero-; Kp'cvcv, to 
separate]. Applied to glands the cells of 
which, having elaborated materials of secre- 
tion, evacuate them and continue alternately 
to secrete and evacuate new material. Cf. 
Holocrine. 

Merodiastolic (mer-o-di-as-toV -ik) [mero-; 
diastole]. Relating to a part of the diastole. 

Merogenesis (mer-o-jen' -es-is) [mero-; ykvzatg, 
generation]. Reproduction by segmentation. 

Meros (me'-ros) \jJ-epoc, a part]. 1. A part. 
2. [/J-epoc, thigh.] The thigh or femur. 

Merosystolic (mer-o-sis-tol'-ik) [mero-; ouaroXrj, 
systole]. Relating to a part of the systole. 

Merotomy (mer-oP '-o-me)[mero-; tojitj, a cutting]. 



The section of a living cell for the study of 
the ulterior transformation of the segments; 
by extension it is also applied to experimental 
division of amebas, etc. 

Mery's Glands. See Cowper's Glands. 

Merycic (mer-is' -ik) [merycism]. Relating to 
merycism ; ruminating. 

Merycism (mer'-is-izm) [p.rjpuKcojioc, rumina- 
tion]. Rumination; chewing the cud — a nor- 
mal process in the ruminating animals, and 
sometimes occurring in man. 

Merycole (mer'-ik-ol). An individual who 
practises merycism. 

Mesad (mes'-ad) [fikooc, middle; ad, to]. To- 
ward the median line or plane. 

Mesal (mes'-al) [\ikaog, middle]. Pertaining to 
or situated in the middle line or plane. 

Mesameboids (mes-am-e 1 '-boids) [piiooc, middle; 
ameboid]. 1. Nonepithelial ameboid cells de- 
rived from the mesoderm. 2. The leukocytes. 

Mesaraic (mes-ar-a'-ik) [fieooc, middle; dpaca, 
belly]. Mesenteric. 

Mesarteritis (mes-ar-ter-V -tis) [p-koog, middle; 
arteritis]. Inflammation of the middle coat 
of an artery. 

Mesaticephalic (mes-at-e-seJ-aV -ik) . See under 
Index, Cephalic. 

Mesaticephalus (mes-at-e-sef '-al-us) [fxioawc, 
median; Kerf>aXr), head]. In craniometry, a 
term applied to a skull having a cephalic 
index of between 75 and 79. 

Mesencephalon (mes-en-sef -al-on) [pteooc, mid- 
dle; encephalon]. The midbrain; that part of 
the brain developed from the middle cerebral 
vesicle; the corpora quadrigemina, the crura 
cerebri, and the aqueduct of Sylvius. 

Mesenchyma (mes-eng' -kim-ah) [/nioof, middle; 
'irxufjia, an infusion]. The portion of the meso- 
derm that produces all the connective tissues 
of the body, the blood-vessels, and the blood, 
the entire lymphatic system proper, and the 
heart; the nonepithelial portions of the meso- 
derm. 

Mesenteric (mes-en-ter' -ik) [mesentery]. Per- 
taining to the mesentery. 

Mesentericomesocolic (mes-en-ter-ik-o-mes-o- 
kol'-ik). Relating to the mesentery and the 
mesocolon. 

Mesenteriolum (mes-en-ter-e-o' -lum) [dim. of 
mesentery]. A little mesentery; especially the 
fold of peritoneum that sometimes connects 
the vermiform appendix with the mesentery. 

Mesenteritis (mes-en-ter-i' -tis) [mesentery; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the mesen- 
tery. 

Mesenteron (mes-en' -ter-on) [mesentery]. The 
middle portion of the primitive digestive 
tube, lined by entoderm, and giving rise to the 
part of the alimentary tract between the phar- 
ynx and the lower third of the rectum. 

Mesentery (mes' -en-ter-e) [ptiaoc, middle; 'ivze- 
pov, bowel]. A fold of the peritoneum that 
connects the intestine with the posterior ab- 
dominal wall; that of the small intestine is 
termed mesentery proper; that of the colon, 
cecum, and rectum, mesocolon, mesocecum, 
mesorectum, respectively. 



_ 



MESIAD 



601 



MESOTENDON 



Mesiad (mes'-e-ad). Same as Mesad. 
Mesial (mes'-e-al). Same as Mesal. 
Mesiobuccal (mes-e-o-buk'-al) [mesial; bucca, 
cheek]. Pertaining to surfaces between the 
mesial and buccal aspects of the teeth. 
Mesiolingual (mes-e-o-lin' -gwal) [mesial; lin- 
gua, tongue]. Relating to surfaces between 
the mesial and lingual aspects of the teeth. 

Mesion (mes'-e-on). See Meson. 

Mesmeric (mes-mer'-ik) [mesmerism]. Pertain- 
ing to or induced by mesmerism, as mesmeric 
sleep. 

Mesmerism (mes'-mer-izm) [Mesmer, a German 
physician]. Hypnotism. 

Meso - (mes-o-) [jxkooc, middle]. A prefix signi- 
fying middle or pertaining to the mesentery. 

Mesoappendix (mes - o -ap - en' - diks) [meso-; 
appendix]. The mesentery of the vermiform 
appendix. 

Mesoblast {mes' -o-blast) [meso-; fi\ao~6c, a 
germ]. The middle layer of the blastoderm, 
probably derived from both the ectoderm and 
the entoderm, and giving rise to the vascular, 
muscular, and skeletal systems, the genera- 
tive glands, and the kidneys. 

Mesocecum (mes-o-se'-kum) [meso-; cecum]. 
The mesentery that in some cases connects 
the cecum with the right iliac fossa. 

Mesocele (mes'-o-sel) [meso-; nocXca, a cavity]. 
The aqueduct of Sylvius. Syn., Iter a tertio ad 
quartum ventricnlum . 

Mesocephalon (mes-o-sej'-al-on). See Pons 
varolii. 

Mesocolic (mes-o-kol'-ik) [mesocolon]. Pertain- 
ing to the mesocolon. 

Mesocolon (mes-o-ko'-loji) [meso-; nblov, 
colon]. The mesentery connecting the colon 
with the posterior abdominal wall. It is 
divided into ascending, descending, and trans- 
verse portions. 

Mesocord (mes'-o-kord) [meso-; chorda, cord]. 
An umbilical cord not inserted directly into 
the placenta, but received into a fold of the 
amnion. 

Mesoderm (mes'-o-derm). See Mesoblast. 

Mesodmitis (mes-od-mi'-tis). See Mediastin- 
itis. 

Mesogaster (mes-o-gas'-ter) [see Mesogastrium]. 
The part of the primitive gut giving rise to 
the duodenum, the liver, the pancreas, the 
jejunum, and the ileum. 

Mesogastric (mes-o-gas'-trik) [see Mesogas- 
trium]. Pertaining to the umbilical region. 

Mesogastrium (mes-o-gas' -tre-um) [meso-; yaa- 
ttjP, stomach], i. The umbilical region of 
the abdomen. 2. A fold of mesentery that 
in early fetal life connects the stomach with 
the posterior abdominal wall. 

Mesognathic (mes-og-na'-thik) [see Mesognath- 
ion]. 1. Relating to the mesognathion. 2. 
See under Index, Alveolar. 

Mesognathion (mes-o g-na' -the-on) [meso-; yva- 
60c, jaw]. The intermaxillary bone; a fetal 
bone lying behind the fore part of the superior 
maxilla, with which it becomes fused. 

Mesoileum (mes-o-il'-e-um). The mesentery 
of the ileum. 



Meso jejunum (mes-o-je-ju'-num). The mes- 
entery attached to the jejunum. 
Mesolobe, Mesolobus (mes'-o-lob, mes-ol'-o- 
bus) [meso-; lofibc, lobe]. The corpus cal- 
losum. 
Mesologic (mes-o-loj'-ik) [meso-; Ibyog, sci- 
ence]. Pertaining to environment in its re- 
lation to life. 
Mesometrium (mes-o-me' -tre-um) [meso-; prj- 

rpa, womb]. The broad ligaments. 
Meson (mes'-on) [uiooc, the middle]. The im- 
aginary plane dividing the body into the right 
and left halves. 

Mesonephric (mes-o-nef'-rik) [meso-; vsc^pbc, 
kidney]. Pertaining to the mesonephron. 

Mesonephron, Mesonephros (mes-o-nef'-ron, 
mes-o-nej'-ros) [meso-; ved>pbc, kidney]. 1. 
The wolffian body, the middle division of 
the segmental organs. It precedes in the 
embryo the development of the permanent 
kidney. 2. A fold of peritoneum by which 
a floating kidney is attached to the abdominal 
wall. 

Mesoneuritis (mes-o-nu-ri' -lis) [meso-; neu- 
ritis]. Inflammation of the structures con- 
tained between a nerve and its sheath. M., 
Nodular, a form in which there are nodular 
thickenings on the nerve. 

Mesoomentum (mes-o-o-men'-tuni). The mes- 
entery of the omentum. 

Mesophilic (mes-o-fil' -ik) [meso-; cfrdelv, to 
love]. Applied to microorganisms which de- 
velop best at about body-temperature — 35 - 
38 C. 

Mesophryon (mes-o}' -re-on) [meso-; 6(j>p6c, 
eyebrow]. The glabella. 

Mesopneumon (mes - - nu' - mon) [meso-; 
■KVEUfxajv, lung]. The fold of the pleura at- 
tached to the lung. 

Mesorchium (mes-or'-ke-um) [meso-; opyjg, 
testicle]. A fold of the peritoneum con- 
taining the fetal testes at about the fifth 
month of embryonic life. 

Mesorectum (mes-o-rek'-tnm) [meso-; rectum]. 
The narrow fold of the peritoneum con- 
necting the upper part of the rectum with 
the sacrum. 

Mesoretina (mes-o-ret'-in-ali) [meso-; retina]. 
The middle layer of the retina, composed 
of the nuclear and the rod-and-cone layer. 

Mesosigmoid (mes-o-sig' -moid) [meso-; sig- 
moid]. The mesentery of the sigmoid flex- 
ure of the colon. 

Mesostate (mes'-o-stdt) [meso-; axaxbc, placed]. 
A generic term for the intermediate substances 
formed in metabolic processes. 

Mesosternum (mes-o-ster' -nnm) [meso-; ster- 
num]. The gladiolus, or second piece of 
the sternum. 

Mesosystolic (mes-o-sis-tol'-ik) [meso-; systole]. 
Relating to the middle of the systole. 

Mesotan (mes'-o-tan). The methyloxymethyl- 
ester of salicylic acid; used in treatment of 
rheumatism by dermal absorption. Appli- 
cation 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc.) mixed with olive- 
oil or castor-oil. 

Mesotendon (mes-o-ten' -don) [meso-; tendon]. 



MESOTHELIUM 



602 



METALLOTHERAPY 



Folds of synovial membrane extending to 
tendons from their fibrous sheaths. 

Mesothelium (mes-o-the' -le-um) [meso-; dyXrj, 
the nipple]. The lining of the wall of the 
primitive body-cavity situated between the 
somatopleure and splanchnopleure. It is the 
precursor of the endothelium. 

Mesotropic (mes-o-trop' -ik) [meso-; zpinecv, to 
turn]. Turned or situated mesad. 

Mesovarium (mes-o-va' -re-um) [meso-; ovar- 
ium, ovary]. A peritoneal fold connecting 
the ovary and the broad ligament. 

Meta- (met-ah-) [p.eza, over, among, beyond, 
after, or between]. A prefix signifying over, 
beyond, among, between, change, or trans- 
formation. 

Metaamidophenylparame thoxyquinolin 
(met-ah-am-id - o -fen - il -par -ah- meth - oks -e- 
kwin'-ol-in). An antiperiodic and antipy- 
retic drug used instead of quinin. Dose 4- 
8 gr. (0.26-0.52 Gm.). 

Metabasis (met-ab' -as-is) [meta-; ftaiveev, to 
go]. Change. 

Metabolic (met-ah-bol'-ik) [metabolism]. Per- 
taining to metabolism. M. Equilibrium, 
the equality between the absorption and 
assimilation of food and the excretion of 
end-products. 

Metabolism (met-ab' -o-lizm) [ptszaftoXr], change]. 
The group of phenomena whereby organic 
beings transform food-stuffs into complex 
tissue-elements (constructive metabolism, as- 
similation, anabolism) and convert complex 
substances into simple ones in the production 
of energy (destructive metabolism, disassimila- 
tion; katabolism). 

Metabolite (met-ab' '-o-llt) [see Metabolism]. A 
product of metabolic change. 

Metacarpal (met-ah-kar'-pal) [metacarpus]. Per- 
taining to the metacarpus, or to a bone of 
the metacarpus. 

Metacarpophalangeal (met-ah-kar-po-fa-lan'- 
je-al) [metacarpus; phalanges]. Belonging to 
the metacarpus and the phalanges. 

Metacarpus (met-ah-kar' '-pus) [meta-; Kapizbc, 
wrist]. That part of the hand between the 
carpus and the phalanges and consisting of 
five bones. 

Metacele, Metacelia (met'-ah-sel, met-ah-se' '-le- 
ah) [meta-; nocX'ca, cavity]. The fourth ven- 
tricle. 

Metacetone (met-as' -et-on) . See Propione. 

Metachromatic (mct-ah-kro-mat'-ik) [meta-; 
%pti>na, color]. Relating to a change of colors; 
staining with a different shade than that of 
the other tissues, as the mast-cell granules 
with basic anilin dyes. 

Metachromatism (met-ah-kro' '-mat-izm) [see 
Metachromatic]. The quality of being dif- 
ferent in color from other parts. 

Metachysis (met-ak' -is-is) [meta-; xuocc-, effu- 
sion]. The transfusion of blood. Also the 
introduction of any substance into the blood 
by mechanic means. 

Metacinesis (met-ah-sin-e' -sis) . See Metakin- 
esis. 

Metacondyle (met-ah-kon' -dll) [meta-; kovouXoc, 



knuckle]. The distal phalanx of a finger, or 
the bone thereof. 

Metacresol (met-ah-kre' -sol) [meta-; cresol], C 7 - 
H 8 2 . A liquid derivative of coal-tar, used as 
an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is stronger 
than phenol and less toxic. Dose 1-3 min. 
(0.06-0.2 Cc). Applied in 0.5 % solution. 
M.-anitol, a 40% solution of metacresol in 
anitol; recommended as an application in 
erysipelas. M. Bismuth, Bi(C 7 H 7 0) 3 , an 
antiseptic and astringent used in dysentery. 
M.-cinnamic-ester, an antituberculous com- 
pound of metacresol, 25 parts; cinnamic acid, 
35 parts; dissolved in toluol and heated with 
phosphorus oxychlorid, 20 parts. 

Metadiiodanilin (met-ah-di-i-od-an'-il-in) . See 
Diiodoanilin. 

Metadiphtheric (met-ah-dif-ther'-ik). Accom- 
panying diphtheria. 

Metagaster (met-ah-gas'-ter) [meta-; yaazijp, 
belly]. The permanent intestinal canal, suc- 
ceeding the primitive canal, or protogaster. 

Metagastrula (met-ah-gas' -tru-lah) [see Meta- 
gaster]. A modification of segmentation, pro- 
ducing a form of gastrula differing from the 
simple gastrula of the amphioxus. 

Metagenesis (met-ah-jen'-es-is). See Genera- 
tion, Alternate. • 

Metakinesis (met-ah-kin-e'-sis) [meta-; k'cvt}occ, 
movement; change]. The term applied to 
that stage of cell-division in which the secon- 
dary threads or loops tend to pass toward 
the two poles of the nuclear spindle. 

Metal (met'-al) [ptizaXXov, a metal]. An ele- 
mentary substance characterized by mal- 
leability, ductility, fusibility, luster, its elec- 
tric affinities, and the basic character of its 
oxid. M., D'Arcet's, an alloy employed for 
filling teeth and in the making of dental 
plates. It consists of bismuth, 8 parts; lead, 
5 parts; and tin, 3 parts. It fuses at 212 F. 

Metalbumin (met- al-bu' -min). See Paral- 
bumin. 

Metaldehyd (met-al' -de-hid), C 6 H 12 3 . White 
needles, obtained from aldehyd by action of 
hydrochloric or sulfuric acid at a temperature 
below o° C. It is sedative and hypnotic. 
Dose 2-8 gr. (0.13-0.52 Gm.). 

Metallesthesia (met-al-es-the' -ze-ah) [metal; a'ca- 
Qt)atg, perception by the senses]. An alleged 
form of sensibility enabling hysteric or hypno- 
tized subjects to distinguish between the con- 
tacts of various metals. 

Metallic (met-aV -ik) . Resembling a metal. 
M. Tinkling, peculiar metallic or bell-like 
sounds heard over a pneumothorax or large 
pulmonary cavity. The sounds are pro- 
duced by coughing, speaking, or deep breath- 
ing- 
Metalloid (met' -al-oid) [metal; ecooc, like]. 
1. Resembling a metal. 2. Any nonmetallic 
element. 

Metalloscopy (met-al-os' -ko-pe) [metal; ononelv, 
to examine]. The determination of the effects 
produced by the application of metals to the 
surface of the body. See also Metallotherapy. 

Metallotherapy (met-al-o-ther'-ap-e) [metal; 



METAMERE 



603 



METCHNIKOFF'S LARVA 



depane'ca, therapy]. The treatment of cer- 
tain nervous diseases, particularly hysteria, 
by the application of different metals to the 
affected part. 

Metamere (met' -ah-mer) [meta-; p-ipoc, a part]. 
Any one of the theoretic segments of a ver- 
tebrate animal. 

Metameric (met-ah-mer'-ik) . See Isomeric. 

Metamerid (met-ahm'-er-id) [metamere]. A met- 
americ substance; a group of metameric bodies. 

Metamerism {met-ahm' '-er-izm) [metamere]. A 
variety of isomerism. See Isomerism. 

Metamorphopsia (met-ahm-or-fop' -se-ah) [p.exa- 
/xopcf)0'Jv, to change shape; ofac, sight]. A 
defect of vision in which, owing to disease of 
the retina or imperfection of the media, ob- 
jects appear distorted. 

Metam.orphosing(met-ahm-or-fo'-zing)[see Met- 
amorphosis]. Altering; changing. M. Breath - 
sound. See Respiration, Metamorphosing. 

Metamorphosis (met-ahm-or'-fo-sis) [p.ezap.6p- 
(fycootc, a transformation]. A structural change 
or transformation. In pathology, a degene- 
ration. M., Fatty, fatty degeneration. M., 
Regressive, M., Retrograde, a disintegrat- 
ing change; a degeneration. M., Viscous, 
the agglutination of blood-platelets in the pro- 
cess of thrombosis. 

Metanephros, Metanephron (met-ah-nef'-ros, 
met-ah-nef -ron) [meta-; ve<f)p6c, kidney]. The 
posterior of the three segmental bodies of 
the fetus, which is transformed into the per- 
manent kidney and ureter. 

Metaphosphoric Acid (met - ah - fos - for' - ik). 
See Acid, Phosphoric. 

Metaplasia (met-ah-pla 1 '-ze-ah) [meta-; nXao- 
oecv, to form]. A transformation of a tissue 
into another without the intervention of an 
embryonal tissue, as the conversion of cartilage 
into bone. 

Metaplasm (met' -ah-plazm) [see Metaplasia]. 
Protoplasm that has passed beyond its high- 
est stage of perfection. 

Metaplastic (met-ah-plas' '-tik) [see Metaplasia]. 
Pertaining to metaplasia. 

Metaplex, Metaplexus (met'-ah-pleks, met-ah- 
pleks'-us) [meta-; plexus, a twining]. The 
choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle. 

Metapneumonic (met-ah-nu-mon'-ik) [meta-; 
pneumonia]. Secondary to, or consequent 
upon, pneumonia. 

Metapophysis (met-ah-pof -is-is) [meta-; aTt6(f>- 
uocc, a process]. A mammillary process, such 
as is seen upon the lumbar vertebras. 

Metapore (met'-ap-or) [meta-; nbpog, passage]. 
Magendie's foramen (q. v.). 

Metapyretic (met-ah-pi-ret'-ik) [meta-; Tiuperof, 
fever], i. Occurring during fever. 2. Oc- 
curring after the decline of fever. 

Metasol (met' '-ah-sol) . Soluble metacresol-ani- 
tol, containing 40% of metacresol. A sur- 
gical disinfectant. 

Metastasis (met-as' '-tas-is) [meta-; coxavac, 
place]. The transfer of a diseased process 
from a primary focus to a distant one by the 
conveyance of the causal agents through the 
blood-vessels or lymph-channels. 



Metastatic (met-ah-stat' -ik) [see Metastasis]. 
Characterized by or pertaining to metastasis. 
M. Abscess, the secondary abscess in pyemia. 
M. Calcification, calcareous infiltration due 
to an excess of lime-salts in the blood in 
diseases associated with rapid disintegration 
of bone. 

Metasternum (met-ah-ster' -num) . The xiphoid 
cartilage of the sternum. 

Metasyphilis (met-ah-sij'-il-is). That form of 
inherited syphilis presenting only the syphi- 
litic diathesis, i. e.,the degenerations and gen- 
eral diffuse changes in which localized lesions 
are absent. 

Metatarsal (met-ah-tar' -sal) [metatarsus]. Per- 
taining to the metatarsus. 

Metatarsalgia (met-ah-tar -sal' -]e-ah) [metatar- 
sus; aXyoc, pain]. Morton's disease; a pain- 
ful affection of the plantar digital nerves 
caused by pressure or pinching of them by 
portions of the metatarsophalangeal articula- 
tions. 

Metatarsometatarsal (met-ah-tar-so-met-ah- 
tar'-sal). Relating to the metatarsal bones 
in their position to each other. 

Metatarsophalangeal (met-ah-tar-so-fa-lan'-je- 
al) [metatarsus; phalanges]. Pertaining to the 
metatarsus and the phalanges. 

Metatarsus (met-ah-tar' -sus) [meta-; xapooc, 
tarsus]. The bones of the foot, five in num- 
ber, situated between the tarsus and the 
phalanges. 

Metathalamus (met-ah-thaV -am-us) [meta-; 
thalamus]. The boundary region between the 
mesencephalon and the thalamencephalon. 

Metathesis (met-ath' -es-is) [meta-; -cQkvac, to 
place]. 1. The act of changing the seat of 
a disease process from one part to another. 
2. In chemistry, decomposition. It is termed 
single metathesis when the compound breaks 
up into its constituents, or exchanges one 
of them for a molecule of another com- 
pound, and double metathesis when two com- 
pounds interchange some of their constituents. 

Metatroph (met'-ah-trof). See Saprophyte. 

Metatrophia (met-ah-tro'-fe-ah) [meta-; rpo<j)r}, 
nourishment]. Any morbid condition or pro- 
cess of nutrition. 

Metatrophic (met-ah-tro'-fik) . Applied to sapro- 
phytic organisms which cannot exist in the 
presence of living tissues. M. Method, a 
therapeutic method of modifying the nutrition 
by changes in the food — with a view of ad- 
ministering some drug; e. g., suppression of 
sodium chlorid in food of epileptics in order 
to reinforce the action of bromids. 

Metazoa (met-ah-zo'-ah) [meta-; ££>ov, animal]. 
Animals the development of which is char- 
acterized by segmentation of the ovum. They 
comprise all animals except the Protozoa. 

Metchnikoff's Larva. The parenchymula: 
the embryonic stage immediately succeeding 
that of the closed blastula. M.'s Phago- 
cytic Theory, that microorganisms and other 
solid elements are destroyed or taken 
up by living cells, as by colorless blood-cor- 
puscles. 



METECISM 



604 



METHYLAL 



Metecism, Metoecism (met' -es-izm). See 

Heterecism. 
Metempiric {met-em-pe' -rik) [meta-; kjirecpca, 
experience]. Opposed to empiric; not based 
on experience. 

Metencephalon (met-en-sef -al-on)[meta-; er*l0- 
aXof, jbrain]. i. The after-brain; the post- 
oblongata, or most caudal portion of the 
brain. 2. Of Huxley, the cerebellum and 
the pons. 

Meteorism (me' ' -te-or-izm) [fxerecopi^ecv, to ele- 
vate]. Distention of the abdomen with gas; 
tympanites. ' 

Meteorograph (me-te-or' -o-graf) [fiericopov, a 
meteor; ypafotv, to write]. An apparatus for 
securing a continuous record of the pressure, 
temperature, humidity, and velocity of the 
wind. 

Metepicele (met-ep f -is-eT) [meta-; size, upon; 
KocXca, hollow]. The fourth ventricle of the 
brain. 

Meter (me'-ter). See Metric System. 

Metestrous (met-es'-trus). Pertaining to the 
period in which the activity of the generative 
organs is gradually subsiding in female ani- 
mals. 

Methal (meth'-al) [meta-; uXt), matter], C 14 - 
H 30 O. An alcohol, not yet isolated, occur- 
ring in spermaceti. 

Methane (meth'-an) [see Methal], CH 4 . Marsh- 
gas. The first member of the homologous 
series of paraffins, CnH 2n + 2 . It occurs wher- 
ever decomposition of organic matter is going 
on, especially in marshes, and is also found 
at times in the stomach and intestine. It is 
a colorless, odorless, inflammable gas. 

Methemerine (meth-em' -er-en) \_meta-; yf-iipa, 
a day]. Quotidian. 

Methemoglobin (met-hem-o-glo'-bin) [meta-; 
hemoglobin]. A body similar in composition to 
hemoglobin, but having its oxygen more 
firmly united with it. It is prepared from 
hemoglobin by the action of potassium fer- 
ricyanid, potassium chlorate, sodium nitrite, 
etc. In poisoning with potassium chlorate, 
the nitrites, acetanilid, and other bodies, the 
blood contains methemoglobin. 

Methemoglobinemia (met-hem-o-glo-bin-e'-me- 
ah) [methemoglobin; aljia, blood]. The pres- 
ence of methemoglobin in the blood. 

Methemoglobinuria (met-hem-o-glo-bin-u'-re- 
ah) [methemoglobin; obpov, urine]. The pres- 
ence of methemoglobin in the urine. 

Methenyl (meth'-en-il), CH. A hypothetic 
trivalent radicle. M.-orthoanisidin, a com- 
pound of orthoanisidin and orthoformic acid 
ester; it is a local anesthetic. M. Tribromid, 
bromoform. M. Trichlorid, chloroform. 
M. Triiodid, iodoform. 

Methethyl (meth-eth' -iT) . A local anesthetic 
said to consist chiefly of ethyl chlorid with a 
small quantity of methyl chlorid and chloro- 
form. 

Methetic (meth-ef -ik) [jiiede&c, participation]. 
In psychology applied to communications 
between the different stratums of a man's 
intelligence. 



Methomania (meth-o-ma' '-ne-ah) [jJ.edu, wine; 
p.avca, madness]. Insanity due to the exces- 
sive use of strong drink. 

Methonal (meth' -on-al) , (CH 3 ) 2 C(S0 2 CH 3 ) 2 . A 
hypnotic differing from sulfonal in containing 
methyl mercaptan instead of ethyl mercaptan. 
Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). Syn., Dimethyl 
sulfone-dimethylmethane. 

Methoxycaflfein (meth-oks-e-kaf'-e-in), C 9 H 12 N 4 - 
3 . A white powder melting at 1 1 7 C. It is 
used hypodermatically as a local anesthetic 
and in neuralgia. Dose 4 gr. (0.26 Gm.). 

Methyl (meth'-il) [p.kdu, mead; uXf}, matter], 
CH 3 . A univalent hydrocarbon radicle, the 
first of the univalent hydrocarbons of the 
marsh-gas series; the radicle of methyl-alco- 
hol. M. Acetate, C 3 H 6 2 , a fragrant liquid 
obtained from crude wood-vinegar. M.- 
alcohol, CH 3 OH, a liquid similar to ordin- 
ary alcohol, obtained in the destructive dis- 
tillation of wood. Syn., Wood-alcohol; Wood- 
spirit. M.-blue. See Methylene-blue. M. 
Chloroform, CH 3 CC1 3 , a volatile liquid, ob- 
tained by chlorinating ethyl chlorid. It is 
anesthetic. M. Ether, C 2 H e O; dimethyl 
oxid, an inflammable gas; also a salt of 
methyl. M.-glyoxalidin. See Lysidin. 
M. -green, an anilin dye, used in staining 
tissues, also as an antiperiodic. M.-guani- 
din, C 2 H 7 N 3 ; a colorless, crystalline, strongly 
alkaline base, formed by the oxidation of 
creatin and creatinin, and also found in de- 
composing horseflesh and in cultures of the 
comma bacillus and the bacillus of anthrax. 
It is highly poisonous. M.-hydantoic Acid, 
a crystalline substance occurring in the urine 
after the ingestion of sarcosin; it is also ob- 
tained by heating sarcosin and urea together 
for several days in baryta-water. M. Hydrate, 
methyl-alcohol. M. Hydrid, CH 4 ; methane 
or marsh-gas. M. Iodid, C 3 HI, a reaction- 
product of methyl-alcohol with iodin and 
phosphorus; used as a vesicant instead of 
cantharides. M. -phenol, cresol. M.-pro- 
pyloxybenzol, thymol. M. Pyridin. See 
Picolin. M. Pyridin Sulfocyanate, an 
energetic, noncaustic, nontoxic antiseptic 
employed in 1 % solution. M. Pyrocatechin, 
guaiacol. M.-quinolin, a substance occur- 
ring with quinolin and quinaldin in coal- 
tar. M. Salicylate (methylis salicylas, U. 
S. P.), C 8 H 8 3 ; synthetic oil of winter- 
green; an oily liquid of a peculiar odor, 
identical with the essential constituent of the 
oil of wintergreen; it is used in 'rheumatism 
like the natural oil of gaultheria. M.-salol, 
CH 3 (OH)(CH 3 )C0 2 . C C H 5 , a crystalline sub- 
stance, insoluble in water, soluble in ether, 
chloroform, or hot alcohol; used in rheu- 
matism. M.-theobromin, caffein. M.- 
uramin. See M.-guanidin. M. -violet, 
an anilin dye used for staining bacteria. 
Under the name of pyoktanin it is used as 
an antiseptic. M.-xanthin. See Hetero- 
xanthin. 
Methylal (meth' -il-al) [methyl; alcohol], C 3 H 8 2 . 
A substance prepared by distilling methyl- 



METHYLAMIN 



605 



METROCLYST 



alcohol with sulfuric acid. It is hypnotic and 
antispasmodic. Dose i dr. (4 Cc). Unof. 

Methylarnin (meth-il' '-am-in) [methyl; amin], 
N(CH 3 )H 2 . A colorless basic gas occurring 
in herring-brine and in cultures of the comma 
bacillus. 

Methylate (meth'-il-at) [methyl]. A compound 
formed from methyl-alcohol by the substitu- 
tion of the hydrogen of the hydroxyl by a base. 

Methylated (meth' -il-at-ed) . Containing methyl- 
alcohol. M. Spirit. See Methyl-alcohol. 

Methylene (meth'-il-cn) [methyl], CH 2 . A 
bivalent hydrocarbon radicle. M.-blue 
(methylthionince hydrochloridum, U. S. P.), 
C 16 H 18 N 3 SC1; a blue anilin dye used as a 
stain in microscopy. It has also been em- 
ployed as a local application in diphtheria, 
tonsillitis, scarlatinal sore throat, and other in- 
flammatory conditions, and internally in mala- 
ria and neuralgia. Dose 2-4 gr. (0.13-0.25 
Gm.). M. Chlorid (of Richardson), a color- 
less liquid consisting of 1 volume of methyl- 
alcohol and 4 volumes of chloroform; it is 
used in inhalation-anesthesia. Syn., Methyl 
bichlorid. M. Creasote, a nontoxic, yellow- 
ish powder, devoid of taste or odor. It is 
used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Dose 
8-30 gr. (0.5-2.0 Gm.). M. Dichlorid, 
CH 2 C1 2 ; a general anesthetic, used instead 
of chloroform. M. Oxid, formaldehyd. 

Methylenophil, Methylenophilous (meth-il- 
en'~o}-il, meth-il-en-of'-il-us) [methylene; (pcXe'cv, 
to love]. Having an affinity for methylene-blue. 

Methylic (meth-il' -ik). Containing methyl. 

Methylthionin Hydrochlorid (meth-il-thi' -o- 
nin). See Methylene-blue. 

Metopagus (met-op 1 '-ag-us) [uirco-ov, the fore- 
head; nay tog, joined]. A twin monstrosity 
with united foreheads. 

Metopoplasty (met-op' -o-plas-te) [pkxojrcov, the 
forehead; TiXaooetv, to form]. Plastic surgery 
of the forehead. 

Metra (met'-rah) [prjrpa, womb]. The uterus. 

Metralgia (met-ral'-je-ah) [mctra; dXyog, pain]. 
Metrodynia (q. v.). 

Metranastrophe (met-ran-as'-tro-fc) [metra; 
dvaoTpo(f)T), a turning upside down]. Inversion 
of the uterus. 

Metranoikter (met-rah-no-ik'-ter). A uterine 
dilator with two or four branches; used when 
a wide, prolonged uterine dilation is indicated. 

Metratresia (met-rat-re' '-ze-ah) [metra; drpyoca, 
atresia]. Atresia or imperforation of the 
womb. 

Metratrophia (met-rat-ro'-fe-ah) [metra; dzpo- 
<p'ca, atrophy]. Atrophy of the uterus. 

Metrauxe (met-rawks'-e) [metra; au£r), increase]. 
Hypertrophy or enlargement of the uterus. 

Metre (me'-ter). See Meter. 

Metrectopia, Metrectopy (met-rek-to'-pe-ah, 
met-rek'-to-pe) [metra; e/cro-oc, displaced]. 
Displacement of the womb. 

Metreurynter (met-ru-rin' -ter) [metra; oupuvetv, 
to widen]. A form of colpeurynter. 

Metreurysis (met-ru'-ris-is). See Colpeurysis. 

Metric (met'-rik) [phpov, a measure]. Per- 
taining to the system of weights and measures, 



of which the meter is the basis. M. System, 
a decimal system of weights and measures 
employed in France, Germany, and other 
countries, and used generally in the sciences. 
The standard is the meter, the ten-millionth 
part of the distance from the equator to the 
north pole. The actual standard unit is the 
distance between two lines on a platinum- 
iridium rod preserved in the archives of the 
International Metric Commission at Paris, 
and is equivalent to 39.37079 inches; in the 
United States the length of the meter is 
assumed as 39.37 inches. The standard of 
capacity is the liter, a cubic volume y-g meter 
in each dimension. The standard of weight 
is the gram, the weight of T oVo liter (one 
cubic centimeter) of distilled water at its 
maximum density. As the unit of microscopic 
measurement the thousandth part of a milli- 
meter has been adopted. It is called micro- 
millimeter, or micron; its symbol is p.. The 
multiples in the metric system are expressed 
by the prefixes deca-, hecto-, and kilo-; the 
subdivisions by the prefixes deci-, centi- 
milli-. 



and 



IOOO 


meters 


= 


1 kilometer. 


IOO 


meters 


= 


1 hectometer. 


10 


meters 


= 


1 decameter. 


.1 


meter 


= 


1 decimeter. 


.01 


meter 


= 


1 centimeter. 


.00 ] 


meter 


= 


1 millimeter. 


IOOO 


liters 


= 


1 kiloliter. 


IOO 


liters 


= 


1 hectoliter. 


10 


liters 


= 


1 decaliter. 


.1 


liter 


= 


1 deciliter. 


.01 


liter 


= 


1 centiliter. 


.00 ] 


liter 


= 


1 milliliter. 


IOOO 


grams 


= 


1 kilogram. 


IOO 


grams 


= 


1 hectogram. 


10 


grams 


= 


1 decagram. 


.1 


gram 


= 


1 decigram. 


.01 


gram 


= 


1 centigram. 


.00 


gram 


= 


1 milligram. 



In common practice, however, the following 
divisions only are used, the others being ex- 
pressed in figures: 

10 millimeters = 1 centimeter. 

100 centimeters = 1 meter. 

1000 meters = 1 kilometer. 

1000 cubic centi- = 1 liter, 
meters 

1000 milligrams = 1 gram. 

1000 grams = 1 kilogram. 

The following are the equivalent values: 

1 meter = 39.37 inches. 

1 liter = 1 quart \ gill, U. S. measure. 

1 gram = 15.43 grains. 

1 minim = 0.061 cubic centimeter. 

See, also, Weights and Measures. 

Metritis (met-ri'-tis) [metra; ncg, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the uterus. M. 
dissecans, an inflammatory affection of the 
uterus accompanied by the sloughing away 
of portions of it. 

Metro- (met-ro-) [metra]. A prefix meaning re- 
lating to the uterus. 

Metrocele (met'-ro-sel) [metro-; ktjXt), hernia]. 
Hernia of the uterus. 

Metroclyst (met' -ro-klist) [metro-; kXu^cv, to 



METROCOLPOCELE 



606 



MICA 



wash out]. An instrument for giving uterine 

douches. 
Metrocolpocele {met-ro-hoV -po-sel) [metro-; 

nbXnoc, vagina; ktjXt], hernia]. Protrusion of 

the uterus into the vagina, the wall of the 

latter being pushed in advance. 
Metrocystosis {met-ro-sis-to' 'sis) [metro -; kuotcc, 

a cyst]. The formation of uterine cysts or 

the condition giving rise to them. 
Metro cyte {met' -ro-slt) [metro-; k'jtoc, cell]. A 

large uninuclear spheroid cell the protoplasm 

of which contains hemoglobin, and which is 

supposed to be the source of the red corpuscles 

of the blood. 
Metrodynia {met-ro-din' -e-ah) [metro-; dduvrj, 

pain]. Pain in the uterus. 
Metroendometritis {met-ro-en-do-met-ri'-tis). 
• Combined inflammation of the uterus and 

endometrium. 
Metrpmalacosis {met-ro-mal-ak-o' -sis) [metro-; 

fxaXaKOC, soft]. Softening of the tissues of the 

uterus. 
Metroneuria {met-ro-nu 1 '-re-ah) [metro-; veupov, 

nerve]. A nervous affection of the uterus. 
Metropathy {met-rop' -ath-e) [metro-; naOog, suf- 
fering]. Any uterine disease. 
Metroperitonitis {met-ro-per-it-on-i'-tis) [metro-; 

peritonitis], i. Combined inflammation of 

the uterus and the peritoneum. 2. Peritonitis 

secondary to inflammation of the uterus. 3. 

Inflammation of the peritoneum about the 

uterus. 
Metrophlebitis {met-ro-fleb-i'-tis) [metro-; phleb- 
itis]. Inflammation of the veins of the uterus. 
Metroptosis (met-ro-to' -sis) [metro-; Tixcbocc, 

fall]. Prolapse of the uterus. 
Metrorrhagia {met-ror-a' -je-ah) [metro-; prjjvj- 

vai, to burst forth]. Uterine hemorrhage 

independent of the menstrual period. 
Metrorrhea {met-ror-e' -ah) [metro-; pom, a flow]. 

Any morbid discharge from the uterus. 
Metrorrhexis {met-ror-eks' -is) [metro-; pfj&c, 

rupture]. Rupture of the uterus. 
Metrorthosis {met-ror-tho' -sis) [metro-; dpdouv, 

to set straight]. The correction of a displaced 

uterus. 
Metrosalpingitis (met-ro-sal-pin-ji' '-tis) [metro-; 

salpingitis]. Inflammation of the uterus and 

oviducts. 
Metrosalpinx {met-ro-saV -pinks) [metro-; oaX- 

7icj^, tube]. An oviduct or fallopian tube. 
Metroscope {met' -ro-skop) [metro-; ononelv, to 

observe]. An instrument for examining the 

uterus. 
Metrostaxis {met-ro-staks' -is) [metro-; ora^cg, a 

dropping]. Slight but persistent uterine 

hemorrhage. 
Metrotome {met' -ro -torn) [metro-; rofirj, a cut- 
ting]. An instrument for incising the uterine 

neck. 
Metrotomy {met-roV '-o-me) . See Hysterotomy. 
Metrypercinesis {met-ri-per-sin-e' '-sis) [metra; 

unkp, over; Kcvrjocc, movement]. Excessive 

uterine contraction. 
Metryperesthesia {met-ri-per-es-the'-ze-ah) 

[metra; unkp, over; a'cod-qocg, perception]. 

Hyperesthesia of the uterus. 



Meunier's Sign of Measles. A daily loss of 
weight noticed four or five days after conta- 
gion. This may amount to 50 Gm. daily, com- 
mencing five or six days before the appear- 
ance of catarrhal or febrile symptoms. 

Meyer's Disease. Hypertrophy of the 

pharyngeal tonsil; adenoid vegetations of the 
pharynx. M.'s Law, mature and normal 
bone possesses a definite internal structure, 
which in every part represents the lines of 
greatest pressure on traction, and is so 
arranged as to afford the greatest resistance 
with the smallest amount of*material. M.'s 
Rings, the faint rings seen to surround a 
candle-flame or a similar source of light 
against a dark background; they appear 
more distinct, as Woehlcr has shown, when 
the eyes are exposed for a short time to the 
fumes of osmic acid. The phenomenon is due 
to the diffraction of light by cellular elements 
on the surface of the cornea. 

Meyer-Woehler's Rings. See Meyer's Rings. 

Meynert's Bundle. A tract of nerve-fibers 
forming part of the capsula; it passes between 
the external geniculate body and posterior 
border of the putamen, and ends in the lower 
part of the occipital and temporosphenoid 
lobes. M.'s Commissure. See Commissure, 
Meynert's. M.'s Fibers, a tract of nerve- 
fibers connecting the anterior corpus quad- 
rigeminum with the nuclei of the ocular 
muscles. M.'s Field, the reticular forma- 
tion of the pons. M.'s Layer, the layer of 
pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex. 

Meynet's Nodosities. Nodular growths con- 
nected with the capsules of joints, tendons, 
and tendon-sheaths, and sometimes seen in 
cases of rheumatism, especially in children. 

Mezereon {mez-e'-re-on). See Mezereum. 

Mezereum {mez-e' '-re-um) [Ar., mazariyun, the 
camellia]. An old world shrub. The mez- 
ereum of the U. S. P. is .the dried bark of 
Daphne mezereum and other species of Daphne, 
of the natural order Thymeleacea. It contains 
a glucosid, daphnin, a"hd an acrid resin. 
Locally applied, mezereum is an irritant and 
vesicant, and has been used to stimulate indo- 
lent ulcers. Internally, it has been employed 
in syphilis, scrofula, chronic rheumatism, and 
various skin diseases. Dose 10 gr. (0.65 Gm.). , 
M., Fluidextract of {fluidextr actum mezerei, 
U. S. P.). Dose 2-5 min. (0.13-0.32 Cc). It 
is used chiefly in ointments. M. Oleoresin, 
ethereal extract of the bark of Daphne mezer- f i 
eum and other species. It is alterative, 
stimulant, and rubefacient. Dose 5-1 min. 
(0.03-0.06 Cc). 

Miasm {mi'-azm) [ficacvscv, to pollute]. Any- 
thing harmful contaminating the air; a nox- ' 
ious exhalation affecting individuals directly. 

Miasmatic (mi-az-mat' '-ik) [miasm]. Pertain- 
ing to or having the nature of miasm. M. 
Diseases, diseases produced by miasms. 

Mica {mi' -hah) [L.]. 1. A crumb. 2. A min- 
eral occurring in the form of thin, shining, 
transparent scales. M. panis, a crumb of 
bread. 



_ 



MICAJAH'S WAFERS 



607 



MICRODACTYLIA 



Mica j ah' s Wafers. A remedy for vaginal or 
rectal ulcers said to consist of mercury bichlorid, 
tV g r - > z ^ nc sulfate. 5 gr. ; bismuth subnitrate, 
15 gr.; acacia, 5 gr.; phenol, 3 gr.; water, a 
sufficient quantity. 

Mication (mi-ka'-shun) [micare, to glitter]. 
Quick motion; a winking; systolic contrac- 
tion. 

Michailow's Test for Proteids. Add ferrous 
sulfate to the solution, and underlay with 
concentrated sulfuric acid; then add care- 
fully very little nitric acid. Besides a brown 
ring, a red coloration will be produced. 

Micracoustic (mi-krah-koo' -stik) [punpoc, small; 
olkouotckoc, pertaining to hearing]. 1. Assist- 
ing in hearing very faint sounds. 2. An in- 
strument possessing this property. 

Micranatomy (mi-kran-at '-o-me) [iicupoc, small; 
anatomy]. Minute anatomy; histology. . 

Micrangiopathy (mi-kran-je-op' -ath-e) [fxcnpoc, 
small; dfje'cov, a vessel; izadoc;, disease]. Dis- 
ease of the capillaries. 

Micrangium (mi-kran' -je-um) [ficKpoc, small; 
dyyelov, a vessel]. A capillary. 

Micrencephalon (mi-kren-sef -al-on) [jjuKpoc, 
small; kjKecjiaXog, brain]. 1. A small brain, 
as in cretinism. 2. The cerebellum. 

Micro- (mi-kro-) [fitKpof, small]. 1. A prefix 
signifying minute. 2. A prefix generally used 
to signify a unit one-thousandth, sometimes 
one-millionth, part of the unit to which it 
is prefixed. 

Microbe (mi'-krob) [micro-; /?/of, life]. A liv- 

. ing organism of very small size. The term 
is generally used synonymously with bacter- 
ium. 

Microbemia (mi-kro-be'-me-ah). See Micro- 
biohemia. 

Microbial! (mi-kro' -be-an) [microbe]. Pertain- 
ing to or of the nature of a microbe. 

Microbicide (mi-kro' -bis-id) [microbe; ccedere, 
to kill]. 1. Destructive to microbes. 2. An 
agent that destroys microbes. 

Microbicidin (mi-kro-bis-i'-din). See Micro- 
cidin. 

Microbiohemia (mi-kro-bi-o-hem'-e-ah) [mic- 
robe; alp.a, blood]. A diseased condition re 
suiting from the presence of microorganisms 
in the blood. 

Microbiology (mi-kro-bi-ol'-o-je). The science 
of the nature, life, and actions of microbes. 

Microbiophobia (mi-kro-bi-o-fo' -be-ah) [mic- 
robe; (frofloc, fear]. Morbid fear of microbes. 

Microbioscope (mi-kro-bi' -o-skop) [microbe; ono- 
xe'cv, to view]. A microscope for the 
study of the changes that take place in 
living tissues or for the study of micro- 
organisms. 

Microbiosis (mi-kro-bi-o' -sis) . The morbid 
condition due to infection with pathogenic 
microorganisms. 

Microbism (mi'-kro-bizm). The presence of 
active pathogenic microorganisms in the 
system. M., Latent, the presence in the 
system of inactive pathogenic organisms ready 
to become aggressive under favorable condi- 
tions. 



Microblast (mi'-kro-blast) [micro-; ^Xojoxbg, a 
germ]. An immature blood-corpuscle. 

Microblepharia, Microblepharon (mi-kro- 
MeJ-a'-re-ah, mi-kro-blef -ar -on) [micro-; bleph- 
aron]. Smallness of the eyelids. 

Microblepharism, Microblephary (mi-kro- 
blef -ar-izm, mi-kro-blef -ar-e). See Micro- 
blepharia. 

Microbrachius (mi-kro-bra'-ke-us) [micro-; j3pa- 
Xtcov, arm]. Smallness of the arms. 

Micro centrum (mi-kro-sen' -trum) . The dy- 
namic center of the cell. 

Microcephalia, Microcephaly (mi-kro-sef-a'- 
le-ah, mi-kro-sef'-a-le) [micro-; KecjiaXi), head]. 
An abnormal smallness of the head. 

Microcephalic (mi-kro-sef-al'-ik) [see Micro- 
cephalia]. Having a small head. 

Microcephalon (mi-kro-sef -al-on) [see Micro- 
cephalia]. An abnormally small head. 

Microchemistry (mi-kro-kem' -is-tre) [micro-; 
chemistry]. 1. The chemistry of the minute 
organisms and substances of nature. 2. The 
study of chemic reactions with the aid of 
the microscope. 

Microcidin (mi-kro-si' -din) [micro-; ccedere, to 
kill]. Sodium naphtholate, an antiseptic pow- 
der. 

Micrococcus (mi-kro-kok'-us) [micro-; kokkoc, 
kernel]. A genus of bacteria the individuals 
of which have a spheric shape. When united 
in such a way as to resemble a bunch of grapes, 
they are called staphylococci; when united in 
couples, they are called diplococci; when 
arranged in strings, they are called strepto- 
cocci. 

Microcornea (mi-kro-kor'-ne-ah) [micro-; cor- 
nea]. Abnormal smallness of the cornea. 

Microcosm (mi'-kro-kozm) [micro-; koo{jloc, 
world]. Man in contradistinction to the 
universe, or the macrocosm. 

Microcosmic (mi-kro-koz'-mik) [microcosm]. 
Pertaining to the microcosm. M. Salt, 
sodium ammonium phosphate; so called 
because formerly derived from the urine of 
man, "the microcosm." 

Microcoulomb (mi-kro-koo' -lorn) [micro-; cou- 
lomb]. One-millionth of a coulomb. See 
Coulomb. 

Microcoustic (mi-kro-koo' -stik or mik-ro-kows'- 
tik). Synonym of Micracoustic. 

Microcrith (mi'-kro-krith) [micro-; tcpcdr), bar- 
ley]. A unit of molecular weight, equivalent 
to the weight of an atom of hydrogen. 

Microcrystalline (mi-kro-kris' -tal-in) [micro-; 
crystalline]. Composed of crystals of micro- 
scopic size. 

Microcyst (mi'-kro-sist) [micro-; maxtg, a cyst]. 
A cyst of very small size. 

Microcyte (mi'-kro-slt) [micro-; kuxoc, a cell]. 
A small red blood-corpuscle. 

Microcythemia (mi-kro-si-the' -me-ah) [micro- 
cyte; al[xa, blood]. A condition of the blood 
characterized by the presence of abnormally 
small red corpuscles. 

Microcytosis (mi-kro-si-to'-sis). Same as 
Microcythemia. 

Microdactylia (mi-kr -dak-til' -e-ah) [micro-; 



MICRODONT 



608 



MICROSCOPIST 



daKTuXoc, finger]. Abnormal smallness of the 
fingers. 

Microdont (mi'-kro-dont) [micro-; odouc-, tooth]. 
Having small teeth. 

Microelectrometer (jni-kro-e-lek-trom'-e-ter) 
[micro-; electrometer]. An apparatus for 
estimating minute amounts and intensities 
of electricity. 

Microgamete (mi-kro-gam'-et) [micro-; yapoc, 
marriage]. A male sexual cell among sporozoa. 

Microglossia (mi-kro-glos'-e-ah) [micro-; yXwoaa, 
tongue]. Abnormal smallness of the tongue. 

Micrognathia (mi-krog-na' -the -ah) [micro-; 
yvadog, jaw]. Abnormal smallness of the 
jaws, especially of the lower jaw. 

Microgram (mi'-kro-gram) [micro-; gram]. A 
millionth part of a gram. 

Micrography (mi-krog'-ra-Je) [micro-; jpacpecv, 
to write]. A description of bodies that are 
studied under the microscope. 

Microhm (mi'-krom) [micro-; ohm]. The 
millionth part of an ohm. 

Microkinesis (mi-kro-kin-e f -sis) [micro-; Kcvqotc, 
motion]. Involuntary muscular movements, 
especially in infants. 

Microliter (mi'-kro-le-ter) [micro-; liter]. The 
millionth part of a liter. 

Micromania (mi - kro - ma' - ne - ah) [micro-; 
mania]. A form of insanity in which the 
patient believes himself diminutive in size 
and mentally inferior. 

Micromelus (mi-krom' -el-iis) [micro-; pihc, a 
limb]. A single autositic 'monster of the 
species ectromelus, characterized by the 
presence of abnormally small limbs. 

Micrometer (mi-krom'-et-er) [micro-; pkxpov, 
a measure]. An instrument designed for 
measuring minute objects seen through the 
microscope. M., Eyepiece, M., Ocular, 
a micrometer to be used with the eyepiece 
of a microscope. M. -screw, a fine screw 
with a scale attached showing the distance 
passed at each fraction of a revolution. M., 
Stage-, a micrometer attached to ' the stage 
of a microscope. 

Micrometry (mi-krom'-et-re) [micrometer]. The 
measurement of objects by the aid of a 
micrometer. 

Micromillimeter (mi-kro-mil' -im-e-ter) [micro-; 
millimeter]. The one-thousandth part of a 
millimeter or the one-millionth part of a 
meter. It is the unit of microscopic measure- 
ments, and is the equivalent of 2"5To o °f an 
English inch. Symbol p. Syn., Micron. 

Micromotoscope (mi-kro-mo' -to-skop) [micro-; 
mover e, to move; onoizelv, to view]. An 
apparatus for photographing and exhibiting 
motile microorganisms. 

Micron (mi'-kron). See Micromillimeter. 

Micronemous (mi-kron' '-em-us) [micro-; vrjpa, 
a thread]. Furnished with short filaments. 

Microorganism (mi-kro-or'-gan-izm) [micro-; 
organism]. A microscopic being of the animal 
or vegetal kingdom; in a special sense it is 
restricted to that vegetal group known as 
bacteria. 

Micropathology (mi-kro-path-oV -o-je) [micro-; 



pathology], i. The study of minute patho- 
logic changes. 2. The study of microorgan- 
isms in their relation to disease. 

Microphage (mi'-kro-jdj) [micro-; (paye'tv, to 
devour]. A small phagocyte. 

Microphobia (mi-kro-fo'-be-ah). See Micro- 
biophobia. 

Microphone (mi f -kro-}on) [micro-; <povi), sound]. 
An instrument that amplifies feeble sounds 
and renders them audible. 

Microphonoscope (mi-kro^-fo 1 '-no-skop) [micro-; 
(povi), sound; ononelv, to view]. A binaural 
stethoscope with a membrane in the chest- 
piece to accentuate the sound. 

Microphotograph (mi-kro-fo'-to-graf) [micro-; 
photograph]. 1. A photograph of microscopic 
size. 2. See Photomicrograph. 

Microphthalmia (mi-kroj-thaV -mus) [micro-; 
6<p6aXpoc, eye]. 1. The condition of having 
an abnormally small eye. 2. A person having 
such an eye. 

Microphyte (mi'-kro-fit) [micro-; cpoxov, a 
plant]. Any microscopic plant, especially 
one that is parasitic. 

Microplanar (mi-kro-pla' -nar) [micro-; planus, 
flat]. The name given to anastigmatic objec- 
tives of the most perfect correction, and de- 
signed especially for use in photographing 
small objects, like embryos, and for micro- 
projection. 

Microprojection (mi-kro-pro-jek' -shun) . The 
projection of the image of microscopic objects 
on a screen. 

Microprotein (mi-kro-pro'-te-in). See My co- 
protein. 

Micropsia (mi-krop' '-se-ah) [micro-; oipic, sight]. 
A defective state of vision in which objects 
appear very small. 

Micropyle (mi'-kro-pll) [micro-; tzuXt), gate; 
orifice]. The small opening in an ovum 
through which the spermatozoon may pene- 
trate. 

Microscope (mi r -kro-skop) [micro-; OKonecv, to 
view]. An apparatus through which minute 
objects are rendered visible. It consists of 
a lens or group of lenses by which a magnified 
image of the object is produced. M., Binoc- 
ular, a microscope having divergent oculars, 
one for each eye, so that the object is seen 
with both eyes. M., Compound, one that 
consists of two or more lenses or lens-systems, 
of which one, the objective, placed near the 
object, gives an enlarged and inverted real 
image; the other, the ocular, acting like a 
simple microscope, gives an enlarged virtual 
image of the real image. M., Simple, one 
consisting of one or more lenses or lens- 
systems acting as a single lens. The rays of 
light that enter the eye of the observer, after 
refraction through these lenses, proceed 
directly from the object itself. 

Microscopic (mi-kro-skop'-ik) [microscope]. 1. 
Pertaining to the microscope. 2. Visible only 
with the aid of a microscope. 

Microscopist (mi-kros' -ko-pist) [microscope]. 
One who is skilled in the use of the micro- 
scope. 



_ 



MICROSCOPY 



609 



MICROTHERM 



Microscopy (mi-kros'-ko-pe) [microscope]. The 

use of the microscope; examination with the 

microscope. 
Microseme (mi'-kro-sem) [micro-; ofjpia, sign; 

index]. Having the orbital index less than 83. 
Microsmatic (mi-kros-mat'-ik) [micro-; 6a/y.rj, a 

smell]. Having ill-developed olfactory organs. 
Microsoma (mi-kro-so' -mah) [micro-; oajfxa, 



spectra of microscopic objects can be ex- 
amined. 

Microsporidia (mi-kro-spor-id'-e-ah) [micro-; 
anopoc, seed]. A genus of the class of Sporozoa, 
occurring as parasites in the muscles of the 
frog, the marsh-tortoise, worms, and insects. 

Microsporon (mi-kro-spo'-ron) [see Microspo- 
ridia]. A fungus to which several diseases of 




Microscope. 
. Draw-tube. I. Knurl of draw-tube. J. Coarse adjustment. K. Pinion heads. L. Fine adjust- 
. Spring clips. A. Base. B. Pillar. C. Arm. D. Body tube. E. Nose-piece. F, F, F. 
P. Mirror bar. Q. Substage. S. S. Iris diaphragms. 



ment. M. Stage. 
Objectives. O. Mirror. 



body]. In biology, small chromatin-granules 
in the cell-nuclei. 

Microsomia {mi-kro-so 1 '-me-ah) [see Micro- 
soma]. Abnormal smallness of the whole 
body. 

Microspectroscope (mi - kro - spek' - tro - skop) 
[micro-; spectrum; okotzecv, to view]. A spec- 
troscope used in connection with the ocular 
of a microscope, and by means of which the 
40 



the skin and hair are believed to be due. 
"M.. furfur. See Tinea versicolor. 

Microstat {mi' '-kro-stat) [micro-; ora~6c, fixed]. 
The stage and finder of the microscope. 

Microstomia {mi-kro-sto' '-me-ah) [micro-; arS/ia, 
mouth]. Abnormal smallness of the mouth. 

Microtherm (mi' ' -kro-therm) [micro-; dippy, 
heat]. An organism in which the life-pro- 
cesses are carried on at a low temperature. 



MICROTIA 



610 



MILK 



Microtia {mi-kro' -she-ah) [micro-; ode, ear] 

Abnormal smallness of the external ear. 
Microtome {mi'-kro-tom) [micro-; rifivecv, to 
cut]. An instrument for making thin sections 
for microscopic examination. M., Freezing, 
one in which the tissue is frozen, in order to 
secure the hardness required for properly cut 
ting sections. 
Microtomy {mi-krof -o-me) [microtome]. Sec 

tion-cutting. 
Microvolt {mi' -kro-volt) . One-millionth of a 

volt. 
Microxycyte (mi-kroks' '-is-it) [micro-; 6$uc 
sharp; kOzoc, a cell]. A cell containing fine 
oxyphil granules and a more or less pig- 
mented nucleus, occurring in the peritoneal 
fluid of infected subjects. 
Microxyphil {mi-kroks'-e-fil). See Microxycyte. 
Microzym {mi'-kro-zlm) [micro-; £6fi7), leaven]. 
One of certain minute particles of living 
matter that are by some supposed to be living 
organisms capable of an independent exist- 
ence, and which are the cause of normal and 
pathologic fermentation; the real agents of 
the functions of the organism, the perversion 
of whose function constitutes disease. 
Miction {mik' -shun) . Same as Micturition. 
Mictocystis (mik-to-sis' -tis) [[icktoc, mixed; 
Kuoztg, a bag]. An organic sac made up of 
different textures. 
Micturition {mik-tu-rish' -un) [micturire, to 
pass water]. The act of passing urine. M.- 
center, the center governing the act of mic- 
turition; it is situated in the lumbar region 
of the spinal cord. 
Mid- [AS., mid, middle; with]. A prefix mean- 
ing middle; also with. 
Mid-body {mid'-bod-e). A mass of granules 
formed in the equator of the spindle during 
the anaphase of mitosis. 
Midbrain. The mesencephalon. 
Midfrontal. Pertaining to the middle of the 

forehead. 
Midgut. See Mesogaster. 
Midriff [mid-; hrif, belly]. The diaphragm. 
Midsternum {mid-ster' -num) [mid-; sternum]. 

The mesosternum. 
Midwife [mid; wif, a woman]. A female 
obstetrician; a female nurse who attends 
women in childbirth. 
Midwifery [midwife]. Obstetrics. 
Miescher's Tubes [Johann Friedrich Miescher, 
German pathologist, b. 1811]. Protoplasmic 
masses {Sarcosporidia) surrounded by a dis- 
tinct cuticle, and breaking up into a series 
of spores when mature; they are met in the 
muscular tissue of domestic animals. 
Migraine {me' -gran) [Fr., from rjptc, half; apa- 
vcov, skull]. A paroxysmal affection character- 
ized by headache, usually unilateral, and by 
gastric, vasomotor, and visual disturbances. 
Migrainin {mig'-ra-nin) [migraine]. A name 
given to a mixture of antipyrin, citric acid, 
and caffein. It is used for the treatment 
of migraine, of the headache of influenza, 
and of that due to alcchol, tobacco, and mor- 
phin. Dose 15-45 gr. (1-3 Gm.) in 24 hours. 



Migration (mi-gra'-shun) [migrare, to wander]. 
A wandering. M., External (of the ovum), 
the passage of the ovum from an ovary to 
the tube of the opposite side. M., Internal 

(of the ovum), the passage of the ovum 
through the tube related to the ovary from 
which the ovule was discharged, into the 
uterus and across into the opposite tube. M. 
of Ovum, the passage of the ovum from the 
ovary to the fallopian tube. M. of White 
Corpuscles, one of the phenomena of in- 
flammation, consisting in the passage of the 
white corpuscles of the blood through the 
vessel-wall. 
Migrol {mig'-rot). A proprietary remedy for 
migraine, said to consist of caffein, sodium 
bicarbonate, and guaiacetin. 
Migrosine {mig'-ro-sin). A mixture of men- 
thol and acetic ether used in migraine. 
Mikulicz's Cells. Vesicular cells found in the 
diseased tissue in cases of rhinoscleroma and 
containing Bacillus rhinoscleromatis. M.'s 
Disease, chronic hypertrophic enlargement 
of the lacrimal and salivary glands. 
Mildew {mil'-du) [AS., melededw, honey-dew]. 
A common name for minute fungi parasitic 
on plants, and also found on dead vegetable 
substances. 
Mildiol {mil' -di-oV) . A disinfectant said to 
consist of a mixture of creasote and petroleum. 
Milfoil {mil' -foil). See Achillea. 
Miliaria {mil-e-a! -re-ah) [milium]. An acute 
inflammatory disease of the sweat-glands, 
the lesions consisting of vesicles and papules, 
accompanied by a pricking or tingling sensa- 
tion. It occurs especially in summer, is due 
to excessive sweating, runs an acute or sub- 
acute course, and is followed by slight des- 
quamation. Relapses are common. M. alba, 
M. crystallina, a variety of miliaria in which 
the sweat accumulates under the superficial 
horny layers of the epidermis to form small, 
clear, transparent vesicles. Syn., Sudamina 
crystallina. M. arthritica, a form occurring 
only in those affected with gouty or rheumatic 
cardiac disease. M. papulosa, the well- 
known "prickly heat." M. rubra. See 
Miliaria. 
Miliary {mil' -e-a-re) [milium]. 1. Of the size 
of a millet-seed, as miliary aneurysm, miliary 
tubercle. 2. Attended or characterized by 
the formation of numerous lesions the size 
of a millet-seed, as miliary tuberculosis. M. 
Tuberculosis. See Tuberculosis, Miliary. 
Milium {mil'-e-um) [L., "millet-seed"]. 1. A 
disease of the skin characterized by the for- 
mation of small, pearly, noninflammatory 
elevations {milia) situated mainly on the face. 
It is due to the occlusion of the ducts of se- 
baceous follicles, the secretion of which ac- 
cumulates and distends the follicles. 2. One 
of the elevations characteristic of milium. 
Milk [AS., meolc]. The opaque white se- 
cretion of the mammary glands of the fe- 
male of mammalia. Cream from which the 
fatty matter has been removed is known as 
buttermilk. Skimmed milk is that from which 






M 



^m 



MILKINE 



611 



MINIMUM 



the cream has been removed. M.-catalase, 
an enzym of cow's milk capable of decom- 
posing hydrogen dioxid and similar com- 
pounds; it is rendered inactive by heating to 
8o° C. M., Condensed, cow's milk from 
which a large part of the water has been 
evaporated, a syrupy liquid remaining which 
is preserved with or without the addition of 
sugar. M.-cure, the method of treating cer- 
tain diseases by an exclusive diet of milk. 
M., Diabetic, a prepared milk containing a 
small percentage of lactose. M. -fever, a 
slight rise of temperature attending the es- 
tablishment of the secretion of milk. It is 
due to a mild degree of septic intoxication. 
M.-leg. See Phlegmasia alba dolens. M.- 
punch, a preparation made by adding brandy, 
whisky, or rum to milk in the proportion of 
about one to four or six parts, and flavoring 
with sugar and nutmeg. M.-sickness, a dis- 
ease of cattle communicable to persons who 
drink their milk or eat their flesh; it is 
marked by chills and trembling, vomiting, 
and disorder of the alimentary functions. 
M.-somatose, a food-preparation similar to 
somatose made from meat but containing 5 % 
of tannin. M. -sugar, lactose. M. -teeth, the 
teeth of the first dentition. M. -tester, a 
lactometer. 







w 

< 


D 
pq 

< 


i 


p 


< 


2 


$ 


H 




Human milk 


2.90 


2.40 


o.57 


5.87 


0.16 


12.00 


88.00 


Cow's milk 


3-5o 


398 


o.77 


4.00 
5-66 


17 


13-13 


86.87 


Camel's milk 


2.90 


7. 


$4 


0.66 


13.06 


86.94 


Goat's milk 


4.20 


3.00 


0.62 


4.00 


0.56 


12.46 


87o4 


Ass's milk 


1.02 


1.09 


0.70 


5 -50 


0.42 


8.8 2 


91.17 


Mare's milk 


2. so 


2.19 


0.42 


5 -5o 


0.50 


II.2C 


88.80 


Sheep's milk 


5-3o 


6.10 


1. 00 


4.20 


I.OC 


17-73 


82.27 



Milkine {mil' -ken). A concentrated compound 
of cow's milk, 50%; malted cereals, 44%, 
beef, 5%; calcium hydroxid, 0.5%; and 
sodium chlorid, 0.5 %. It is a light yellow 
powder with sweet taste and marked odor. 

Millar's Disease. Laryngismus stridulus. 

Millard-Gubler's Syndrome. See Gubler's 
Hemiplegia. 

Milli- (mil-e-) [mille, thousand]. A prefix mean- 
ing a thousand. 

Milliampere {mil-e-am' -par) [milli-, ampere]. 
One-thousandth of an ampere = 1 volt divided 
by 1000. 

Milliamperemeter {mil-e-am-pdr' '-me-ter) [mil- 
liampere; fihpov, a measure]. An instru- 
ment for measuring the strength of an elec- 
tric current. 



Milligram {mil'-e-gram) [milli-; grant]. A 
thousandth part of a gram. 

Milliliter {mil' -il-e-ter) [milli-; liter]. A 
thousandth part of a liter. 

Millimeter {mil' -im-e-ter) [milli-; meter]. A 
thousandth part of a meter. 

Millinormal {mil-in-or' -mal) [milli-; normal]. 
Containing a thousandth part of what is 
normal. 

Millon's Reagent. A reagent made by dis- 
solving 10 Gm. of mercury in 20 Gm. of 
nitric acid, diluting the solution with an equal 
volume of water, and decanting in 24 hours. 
With proteids and with derivatives of ben- 
zene and naphthalene it gives a red color 
{Millon's test). M.'s Test. See under M.'s 
Reagent. 

Millstone-maker's Phthisis. A form of 

pneumonokoniosis due to the inhalation of 
fine particles in the manufacture of mill- 
stones. 

Milzbrand {milts' -brand) [Ger.]. Anthrax. 

Mimetic {mim-et'-ik) [fi~cp.oc, an actor]. Imita- 
tive; mimic. M. Paralysis, paralysis of 
the facial muscles. M. Spasm, spasm of the 
facial muscles. 

Mimic {mim'-ik). See Mimetic. 

Mimicry {mim'-ik-re) [/ilftoc, an actor]. Imi- 
tation. 

Mind-blindness. A form of aphasia in which, 
although the patient is able to see, no intel- 
lectual impression is conveyed to his mind 
by the object seen. Syn., Visual amnesia. 

Mind-cure. The alleged cure of disease 
through mental influence. 

Mind-deafness. A form of aphasia in which 
sounds, though heard and perceived as such, 
awaken no intelligent conception. 

Mindererus, Spirit of. See Ammonium Ace- 
tate, Liquor of. 

Miner's Elbow. Enlargement of the bursa 
over the olecranon, common in miners, due 
to irritation while working and lying on the 
side. M.'s Phthisis, a chronic affection of 
the lungs due to the constant inhalation of 
coal-dust. Syn., Anthracosis. 

Mineral {min'-er-al) [mina, a mine]. An in- 
organic chemic compound found in nature, 
especially one that is solid. M., Kermes, 
antimony oxysulfid. M. Oil, petroleum. M. 
Pitch, bitumen. M. -water, water naturally 
or artificially impregnated with inorganic salts 
in sufficient quantity to give it special proper- 
ties. 

Mineralization {min-er-al-i-za' -shun) [mineral]. 
1. The addition of minera2 substances to a 
body. 2. The relative amount of mineral 
substances dissolved in a mineral-water. 

Minim {min'-im) [minimus, least]. The one- 
sixtieth of a fluidram. Symbol it£. 

Minimal {min'-im-al) [see Minim]. Least; 
lowest. Of doses, the least quantity that is 
yet effective. 

Minimum {min'-im-um) [see Minim]. The 
least; the lowest; the lowest intensity or level. 
M. Thermometer. See Thermometer, Self- 
registering. 



MINIUM 



612 



MITOSIS 



Minium (min'-i-um) [L., "red lead"]. Red 
lead oxid, Pb 3 4 , used formerly in plasters. 

Mint. See Mentha. 

Miodidymus, Miodymus (mi-o-did' -im-us, mi- 
od'-im-us) [jiecwv, less; didufioc, twin]. A 
double-headed monster joined by the occiputs. 

Miopus (mi-o'-pus) [ftecojv, less; u)(p, the face]. 
A double-headed monster with one .face rudi- 
mentary. 

Miosis (mi-o'-sis) [fieicov, less]. Contraction, 
especially of the pupil. 

Miotic (mi-ot'-ik) [miosis], i. Pertaining to, 
or characterized by, miosis. 2. Causing con- 
traction of the pupil. 3. An agent that con- 
tracts the pupil. 

Mirror {mir'-or) [mirari, to admire]. A pol- 
ished surface for reflecting light or form- 
ing images of objects placed in front of it. 
M., Concave, one the reflecting surface of 
which is concave. M., Convex, one with a 
convex reflecting surface. M., Frontal, ahead- 
mirror. M., Head-, a circular mirror with a 
central perforation, strapped to the head by a 
band, and used to throw light on parts to be 
examined. M., Laryngoscopic, one used in 
examining the larynx. M. , Ophthalmoscopic, 
one used in ophthalmoscopy. M., Plane, one 
the reflecting surface of which is flat. M., 
Rhinoscopic, a mirror used in rhinoscopy. 
M. -speech, defective speech from pronounc- 
ing the words or syllables backward. M.- 
writing, a peculiar form of writing at times 
observed in left-handed persons and in cases 
of aphasia, and characterized by a reversal 
of the form and arrangement of the letters, 
which appear as if seen in a mirror. 

Miryachit {me-re-ach r -it) [Russian]. A pecu- 
liar disease in which the patient mimics 
or imitates everything said or done by an- 
other. Cf. Jumpers; Lata. 

Miscarriage (mis-kar'-aj). 1. The expulsion 
of the fetus between the fourth and the sixth 
month of pregnancy. 2. Abortion. 

Misce (mis'-e) [L.]. Mix, a direction placed 
on prescriptions, and usually abbreviated M. 

Miscegenation (mis-e-jen-a' '-shun) [misce; 
genus, race]. Mixture of different races by in- 
termarriage. 

Miscible (mis'-ib-V) [misce]. Capable of being 
mixed. 

Miserere mei (miz-er-a'-ra ma'-e) [L., "have 
mercy on me"]. An old name for volvulus 
or intestinal colic; also for stercoraceous 
vomiting. 

Misogamy (mis-og'-am-e) [paoelv, to hate; 
yafioc, marriage]. Aversion to marriage. 

Misogyny (mis-of-in-e) [/xcoelv, to hate; yuvr), 
woman]. Hatred of women. 

Misoneist (mis-on'-e-ist) [fitoelv, to hate; veog, 
new]. One who has a morbid hatred of 
novelty. 

Missed {mist) [miss]. Passed; failed of com- 
pletion. M. Abortion, the retention of the 
product of conception in the uterine cavity 
after its death and with the appearance of 
some of the symptoms of abortion. • M. 
Labor, the retention of the product of con- 



ception in the uterus beyond term, and after 
the occurrence of a few ineffectual labor-pains. 

Mistletoe (mis'-l-to). See Viscum. 

Mistura (mis-tu' -rah) [L.]. 1. A mixture.. A 
preparation made by suspending an insoluble 
substance in watery fluids, by means of gum- 
arabic, sugar, yolk of egg, or other cohesive 
substance. When the suspended substance 
is of an oily nature, the preparation is termed 
an emulsion (emulsum). M. amygdalae 
(emulsum amygdala, U. S. P.), emulsion of 
almonds. Dose 4-8 oz. (120-240 Cc.) several 
times daily. See also under Amygdala. M. 
creasoti (B. P.). See Creasote Mixture. M. 
cretae (U. S. P., B. P.), chalk mixture. Dose 

1 oz. (16 Cc). M. ferri aromatica (B. P.), 
aromatic iron mixture. Dose 1-2 oz. (32-64 
Cc). M. ferri composite (U. S. P., B. P.), 
compound iron mixture; Griffith's mixture. 
Dose 1-2 oz. (32-64 Cc). M. glycyrrhizae 
composita (U. S. P.), compound mixture of 
glycyrrhiza or brown mixture. Dose 1-2 oz. 
(32-64 Cc). M. guaiaci (B. P.), guaiacum 
mixture. Dose \-2 oz.(i6-64 Cc). M. olei 
ricini (B. P.), castor-oil mixture. Dose \-2 
oz. (16-64 Cc ). M. rhei et sodae (U. S. P.), 
mixture of rhubarb and soda. Dose, for 
children, \-i dr. (2-4 Cc). M. scam- 
monii (B. P.), mixture of scammony. Dose 

2 oz. (64 Cc). M. sennas composita (B. P.), 
compound mixture of senna. Dose 1— 1| oz. 
(32-48 Cc). M. spiritus vini gallici (B. P.), 
mixture of brandy. Dose 1-2 oz. (32-64 
Cc). 

Mitchell's (Weir) Disease. Erythromelalgia. 
M.'s Treatment, the rest-cure; a treatment 
for certain functional nervous conditions, con- 
sisting in absolute rest in bed, with massage, 
electricity, and the administration of abundant 
food, especially milk. 

Mite (mif) [AS., mite]. A name applied to 
several Acari. 

Mithridatism (mith-rid' '-at-izm) [McOpcddrrjc, 
king of Pontus, who was said to have become 
so charged with the poisons with which he 
experimented that he acquired an immunity 
to them all]. Immunity from the effects of 
a poison induced by the administration of 
gradually increased doses. 

Mitigate (mit'-ig-at) [mitigare, to soften]. To 
allay; to make milder; to moderate. 

Mitigated Caustic, M. Stick (mif -ig-a-ted) . 
See Argenti nitras mitigatus under Argentum. 

Mitome (mi'-tom) [puzoc, sl thread]. The 
threads of the protoplasmic reticulum of a cell 
(cytomitome) or of the nucleus (karyomilome) . 

Mitoplasm (mi' -to-plazm) [p-hoc, a thread; 
nXaooecv, to form]. The reticular part of the 
cell-nucleus, the jchromatic substance or 
chromatin. 

Mitoschisis (mit-os'-kis-is). See Karyokinesis. 

Mitosis (mi-to'-sis) [fihoc, a thread]. Karyo- 
kinesis. M., Heterotypic, mitosis in which 
the chromosomes take the form of loops, 
rings, aggregations of four beads, etc., ar- 
ranged longitudinally upon the spindle. M., 
Homeotypic, that characterized by the reduced 



MITOSOME* 



613 



MOLE 



number of the chromosomes. M., Patho- 
logic, irregular, atypical, asymmetric mitosis, 
an indication of malignancy. 

Mitosome (mi'-io-som) [phoc, thread; o<I)[ia, 
body]. A body derived from the spindle- 
fibers of the secondary spermatocytes, which, 
according to Platner, gives rise to the middle 
Diece and the flagellum envelop of the semen- 
cell. 

Mitotic (mi-tot' -ik) [mitosis]. Pertaining to 
mitosis. 

Mitral (mi'-trat) [p.hpa, a belt; a turban], i. 
Resembling a miter, as the mitral valve. 2. 
Pertaining to the auriculoventricular valve 
of the left side of the heart. M. Disease, 
disease of the mitral valve of the heart. M. 
Incompetence, M. Insufficiency. See M. 
"Regurgitation. M. Murmur. See under 
Murmur, Cardiac. M. Obstruction, disease 
of the mitral valve causing obstruction to the 
flow of blood through the left auriculoventric- 
ular opening. M. Regurgitation, imperfect 
closure of the mitral valve during the cardiac 
systole, permitting blood to be forced back 
into the left auricle. M. Stenosis. See M. 
Obstruction. M. Valve. See Valve, Mitral. 

Mixture (miks'-tiir). See Mistura. 

Mnemonics (ne-mon'-iks) [^vqacov, mindful]. 
The science of cultivation of the memory by 
systematic methods. 

Mobile (mo' -bit) [movere, to move]. Movable. 
M. Spasm, a slow, irregular movement 
gradually taking place in different muscles, 
occurring at times in the paralyzed parts in 
hemiplegia. 

Mobility (mo-bit -it-e) [mobile]. The condition 
of being movable. 

Mobilization (mob-il-iz-a'-shun) [mobile]. The 
act of rendering an ankylosed part movable. 

Modal (mo'-dat) [modus]. A term applied to 
the order of response of muscles and nerves 
to the galvanic current. 

Moderator Band. See Band, ReiVs. 

Modioliform (mod-e-o' '-le-}orm) [modiolus; for- 
ma, form]. Having the shape of the nave of 
a wheel. 

Modiolus (mo-di'-o-lus) [L., "nave"]. 1. The 
central pillar or axis of the cochlea, around 
which the spiral canal makes two and one- 
half turns. 2. The crown of a trephine. 

Modus (mo'-dus) [L.]. A mode or method. 
M. operandi, the method of the performance 
of an action. 

Moebius' Disease. Periodic or recurrent 
paralysis of the motor oculi. M.'s Sign, 
inability to retain the eyeballs in convergence 
in exophthalmic goiter. 

Moeller's Disease. See Barlows Disease. 
M.'s Glossitis, painful swelling of the papil- 
las of the tongue, associated with nervous irri- 
tability; there is imperfect covering of the fili- 
form and fungiform papillas. 

Mogigraphia (mog-ig-ra'-fe-ah) [p-bycc, with 
difficulty; ypa^ecv, to write]. Writer's 
cramp. 

Mogilalia (mog-il-a'-le-ah) [p-bycc, with diffi- 
culty; XaXca, talk]. Stammering; stuttering. 



Mogiphonia (mog-ij-o' -ne-ah) [y.bytc, with 

difficulty; (frto^rj, sound]. Difficulty in speak- 
ing, excited by an effort of singing or speak- 
ing loudly. 

Mohr's Test for Hydrochloric Acid in the 
Contents of the Stomach. Dilute to a 
light yellow color a solution of iron acetate 
(free from alkali acetates), and treat with 
a few drops of a solution of potassium sulfo- 
cyanid. No change of color should take 
place, but if the filtered contents of the stom- 
ach are added and contain HC1, a red colora- 
tion results. This color vanishes if sodium 
acetate is added. 

Mohrenheim's Fossa. The infraclavicular 
fossa. It is bounded by the clavicle, pector- 
alis major, deltoid, and, laterally and deeper, 
by the pectoralis minor. In this space the 
subclavian artery is found when it is to be 
ligated below the clavicle. 

Moist [mustus, young; fresh; new]. Damp; 
slightly wet; characterized by the presence 
of fluid. M. Chamber, a large circular 
glass with a lid, used in bacteriologic work, 
especially for growing potato-cultures. M. 
Filter, a filter-paper that is moistened with 
water. M. Gangrene, the form of gangrene 
that occurs in a part filled with blood. See 
Gangrene, Moist. 

Mol, Mole (mol, mot). See Grammolecule. 

Molar (mo'-lar) [moles, mass]. 1. Pertaining 
to masses, in contradistinction to molecular. 
2. [mol a, a millstone.] Grinding; used for 
grinding. 3. A grinding tooth, a grinder. 

Molasses (mo-las'-ez) [mellaceus, made with 
honey]. The syrupy liquid remaining after 
the refining of sugar. It contains a consider- 
able quantity of unerystallizable sugar, some 
cane-sugar, and coloring-matter. There are 
two kinds: West India molasses, from which 
rum is prepared, and sugar-house molasses, 
which is somewhat thicker than the first. 
Molasses is used for making pills, and com- 
bined with sulfur as a domestic remedy for 
constipation. 

Mold (mold) [AS., molde, dust]. A variously 
colored deposit produced by the growth of 
different forms of fungi on moist surfaces. 
The principal molds are Penicillinm, the 
Mncorini, and Aspergillus. 

Mole (mot) [moles, a mass]. 1. Amass formed 
in the uterus by an ovum, the growth of 
which has become arrested or which has 
undergone degeneration. 2. Nevus. M., 
Blood-, a mass of coagulated blood and 
retained fetal membranes and placenta, some- 
times found in the uterus after an abortion. 
M.,Carneous. See M., Fleshy. M., Cystic. 
Same as M., Hydatid. M., False, one not 
containing any tissues derived from the ovum. 
M., Fleshy, a blood-mole which has become 
more solid and has assumed a fleshy appear- 
ance; the body formed in the uterine cavity 
when an ovum that has died is retained 
within the uterus for some time. M., Hy- 
datid, M., Hydatidiform, one formed by 
a proliferation and cystic degeneration of the 



MOLECULAR 



614 



MONARGENTIC 



chorionic villi; it is a form of myxoma, and 
has a tendency to involve the uterine wall. 
M., True, one which is the remains of an 
ovum. M., Vesicular. Same as M., Hy- 
datid. 

Molecular {mo-lek' -u-lar) [molecule]. Pertain- 
ing to, or composed of, molecules. M. Death, 
death of a part in minute invisible particles, 
as ulceration, caries. M. Force, a force 
acting between molecules, as cohesion. M. 
Layer. See Layer, Molecular. M. Motion, 
the movements of the molecules of a 
substance. M. Volume, the volume of 
a molecule of a substance in the gaseous 
state; under the same conditions of temper- 
ature and pressure the molecular volumes of 
all substances are equal. M. "Weight, the 
weight of a molecule of any substance as 
compared with the weight of an atom of 
hydrogen. It is equal to the sum of the 
weights of its constituent atoms. 

Molecule (mol f -e-kul) [dim. of moles, mass], i. 
A minute portion of matter. 2. In physics, 
the smallest quantity into which a substance 
can be divided and retain its characteristic 
properties; or the smallest quantity that can 
exist in a free state. 

Molimen {mo-li'-men) [L., "endeavor"]. An 
effort or attempt. M., Menstrual, any of 
the symptoms attendant upon the menstrual 
act or function. 

Molisch's Test for Glucose. 1. To \-\ Cc. 
of the solution add 2 drops of a 15 to 20% 
alcoholic solution of naphthol. A precipi- 
tation of some of the naphthol renders the 
liquid cloudy, but on the addition of 1 or 
2 Cc. of concentrated sulfuric acid a deep 
violet coloration is produced and a violet 
precipitate is deposited on diluting with water. 
2. A 15 to 20% solution of thymol employed 
instead of naphthol, applied as is the naph- 
thol in the foregoing test. If glucose is pre- 
sent, it produces a ruby-red coloration, which 
changes to carmin on dilution with water. 

Moll's Glands. Modified sudoriparous glands 
of the eyelids, opening into the follicles of 
the eyelashes. 

Mollichthyolin (mol-ik-thi'-ol-in). A com- 
pound of ichthyol and mollin. 

Mollin (mol'-in) {mollis, soft]. A soft soap of 
potassium hydroxid and cocoanut-oil, used 
as a basis for ointments. 

Mollities (mo-listi '-e-ez) [mollis, soft]. Soft- 
ness. M. ossium. See Osteomalacia. 

Mollosin {mol'-os-hi). An ointment-base con- 
sisting of yellow wax, 1 part, and liquid 
petrolatum, 4 parts. 

Molluscous {mol-us' -kus) [molluscum]. 1. Per- 
taining to the Mollusca. 2. Pertaining to the 
disease molluscum. 

Molluscum (mol-us'-kum) [mollusca, shell- 
fish, from mollis, soft]. A term applied to 
several diseases of the skin. M. contagi- 
osum, a disease of the skin characterized 
by the formation of pinhead-sized to pea- 
sized, rounded, sessile or pedunculated, 
pearl-like elevations of a yellowish-white or 



pinkish color. The lesions may be single 
or multiple, are usually situated upon the face, 
and are due to a hyperplasia of the rete muco- 
sum, the growth probably beginning in the 
hair-follicles. The lesions on microscopic 
examination are found to contain peculiar 
ovoid, sharply defined bodies — molluscum 
bodies — which are by some considered as 
forms of epithelial degeneration, by others 
as protozoan parasites. M. fibrosum, a 
disease of the skin characterized by the forma- 
tion of multiple fibromas, which may be 
sessile or pedunculated, and grow from the 
deeper layers of the corium and the subcu- 
taneous tissue. 

Molybdenum {mol-ib-de'-num) [1x6X0 [id oc, lead]. 
A metallic element, found in nature chiefly 
as the sutfid-^molybdenite (MoS 2 ). Atomic 
weight 96; symbol Mo; quantivalence 11, 
IV, vi, viii ; specific gravity 8.6. Its principal 
oxid, Mo0 3 , forms molybdic acid, H 2 Mo0 4 , 
the ammonium salt of which is used as a 
reagent in metallurgy, etc. Molybdic acid 
combines with phosphoric acid to form phos- 
phomolybdic acid. 

Molybdic {mol-ib'-dik). Containing molybde- 
num as a hexad or tetrad radicle. M. An- 
hydrid, M0O3, a gray or bluish-white heavy 
powder which separates into thin scales in 
water. It is soluble in acids, alkalis, and 
solution of cream of tartar; slightly soluble 
in water. It is used as a reagent. 

Momentum {mo-men' -turn) [movere, to move]. 
Quantity of motion. The momentum of a 
body depends upon its mass and velocity. 
Also, the quantity of potential energy pos- 
sessed by a body in motion. It is usually 
expressed by the formula m = w v — i. e., the 
momentum equals the weight multiplied by 
the velocity. 

Momordica {mo-mor' -dik-ah) . See Elaterium. 

Monacid (mon-as'-id). Applied to a base cap- 
able of replacing one atom of hydrogen in 
an acid. . In addition compounds uniting 
directly with a molecule of a monobasic acid, 
with half a molecule of a dibasic acid, etc. 

Monad (mon'-ad) [/xovoc, single]. 1. A univa- 
lent element or radicle. 2. Any single-celled 
microorganism, whether of animal or vegetable 
character; especially any flagellate infusorium. 

(von) Monakow's Fibers. A tract of nerve- 
fibers extending from the anterior corpus 
quadrigeminum to the eyeball. V. M.'s Nu- 
cleus, the lateral portion of Burdach's 
nucleus. 

Monamin {mon f -am-in) [fxovoc, single; amin]. 
An amin formed by the replacement of the 
hydrogen in one atom of ammonia by basic 
radicles. 

Monarda (mo-nar'-dah) [after N. Monardes, 
a Spanish physician]. A genus of labiate 
plants, comprising M. didyma, the bee-balm, 
M. fistulosa, the wild bergamot, and M. 
punctata, the horsemint. The last is dia- 
phoretic, carminative, and stimulant. It is 
also a source of thymol. 

Monargentic (mon-ar-jen' '-tik) [/xovoc, single; 



MONARTICULAR 



615 



MONOHYDRIC 



argentum, silver]. Containing one atom of 
silver in a molecule. 

Monarticular (mon-ar-tik' -u-lar) [p.6i>oc, single; 
articulus, a joint]. Pertaining to one joint. 

Monas (mon'-as) [p-ovac, unit]. A genus of 
infusorians. 

Monaster (mon-as'-ter) [p.bvoc, single; dozrjp, a 
star]. Mother-star. See Karyokinesis. 

Monatomic (mon-at-om' -ik) [ptovoc, single; aro- 
poc, atom], i. Having but one atom of replace- 
able hydrogen, as a monatomic acid. 2. Hav- 
ing only one atom, as a monatomic molecule. 
3. Having the combining power of one atom 
of hydrogen, as a monatomic radicle. 4. 
Formed by the replacement of one hydrogen 
atom in a compound by a radicle, as a mon- 
atomic alcohol. 

Monaxon (mon-aks' -on) [povoc, single; axon]. A 
neuron having only one axon. 

Monerula (mon-er'-u-lah) [jxovqprjc, single]. 
The impregnated ovum at a stage when it 
has no nucleus. 

Monesia (mo-ne'-ze-ah) [origin unknown]. An 
extract from the Brazilian tree Chrysophyllum 
glyciphlosum. It is stomachic, alterative, and 
astringent. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.3-0.6 Gm.). 

Monesin (mo-ne'-sin) [monesia]. The acrid 
principle of monesia, said to be identical 
with saponin; it is astringent and oxytocic. 

Mongumo Bark (mon-gu'-mo). The bark of 
Ochrosia borbonica, a tree of Madagascar; 
used as a tonic. 

Monilethrix {mo-nil' -eth-riks) [monile, a neck- 
lace; dp!£, a hair]. An affection of the hair 
in which nodes are strung regularly or irregu- 
larly along the hair-shaft, giving it a beaded 
appearance. 

Moniliform (mon-il'-if-orm) [monile, a neck- 
lace; forma, form]. Shaped like a necklace; 
beaded or bead-like; resembling a string of 
beads. 

Monilithrix (mo-nil' -ith-riks). See Monil- 
ethrix. 

Monk's-hood (mungkz'-hood). See Aconitum. 

Monneret's Pulse. The soft, full, and slow 
pulse of icterus. 

Mono- (mon-o-) [povoc, one]. A prefix signify- 
ing one or single. 

Monoanesthesia (mon - o - an - es - the'-ze-ah). 
Anesthesia of a single part. 

Monobacillary (mon-o-bas' -il-a-re) . Due to, 
or characterized by, the presence of a single 
species of bacillus. 

Monobasic (mon-o-ba'-sik) [mono-; (Haocc, 
foundation]. Of an acid, acid salt, or alcohol, 
having one hydrogen atom replaceable by 
a base. 
Monoblepsia, Monoblepsis (mon-o-blep' -se-ah, 
mon-o-blep'-sis) [mono-; ftXe^cc;, sight]. 1. A 
condition in which either eye has a better 
visual power than both together. 2. The form 
of color-blindness in which but one color can 
be perceived. 
Monobrachius (mon - o - bra' - ke - us) [mono-; 
Ppax'iojv, arm]. A monster having but one 
arm. 
Monobromated (mon-o-bro' -ma-ted) [mono-; 



bromate]. Containing one atom of bromin 
in the molecule. 

Monobromid (mon-o-bro' -mid) [mono-; bromid], 
A compound having one atom of bromin in 
the molecule, or containing an amount of 
bromin which, when compared with the 
amount of bromin in other bromids of the 
same base, may be regarded as unity. 

Monocalcic (mon-o-kal'-sik). Containing one 
atom of calcium in a molecule. 

Monocellular (mon-o-seV -u-lar) . Unicellular. 

Monocephalus (mon-o-sej' -al-us) [mono-; Kzcpa- 
Arj, head]. A monster consisting of a single 
head with two bodies more or less completely 
fused. 

Monochlorid (mon-o-klo'-rid). A chlorin com- 
pound analogous to a monobromid (q. v.). 

Monochorea (mon-o-ko-re' -ah) [mono-; chorea]. 
Chorea confined to a single member or part 
of the body. 

Monochroic (mon-o-kro'-ik) [mono-; %p6a, 
color]. Having only one color. Arterial 
blood is monochroic. 

Monochromasy (mon-o-kro'-mas-e) [see Mono- 
chroic]. The perception of one color only. 

Monochromat (mon-o-kro'-mal) . A person in 
whom all the variations of the world of color 
are reduced to a system of one color. 

Monochromatic (mon-o -kro -mat' -ik). See 
Monochroic. 

Monochromatophil (mon - -kro - mat' - o-fil) 
[mono-; xpcopa, color; <j>c\e~cv, to love]. 1. A 
cell possessing a strong affinity for a single 
acid stain. 2. Exhibiting a strong affinity 
for a single stain. 

Monocle (mon'-o-kl) [mono-; oculus, eye]. 
1. A lens for one eye only. 2. A bandage 
for one eye. 

Monoclinic (mon-o-klin'-ik) [mono-; kXivt), bed]. 
Applied to crystals in which the vertical axis 
is inclined to one, but is at right angles to the 
other, lateral axis. 

Monococcus (mon-o-kok'-us) [mono-; kokkoc, 
grain]. A coccus occurring in single indi- 
viduals; one not united in chains or pairs. 

Monocranus (mon-ok' -ran-us) [mono-; upav'cov, 
cranium]. A double monster having a single 
cranium. 

Monocular (mon-ok' -u-lar) [mono-; oculus, 
eye]. 1. Pertaining to or affecting only one 
eye, as monocular diplopia; performed with 
one eye only, as monocular vision. 2. Having 
a single ocular or eyepiece, as a monocular 
microscope. 

Monodactylism (mon-o-dak' -til-izm) [mono-; 
danzuXoc, finger]. A malformation character- 
ized by the presence of only one toe or finger 
on the foot or hand. 

Monogastric (mon-o-gas'-trik) [mono-; yao~T\p, 
belly]. Having one stomach or one belly. 

Monogenesis (mon-o-jen' -es-is) [mono-; ykveocc, 
origin]. 1. Development of offspring resem- 
bling the parent, as distinguished from meta- 
genesis. 2. Development from a single her- 
maphroditic parent; asexual reproduction. 3. 
Origin of all organisms from a single cell. 

Monohydric (mon-o-hi' -drik) [mono-; uowp, 



MONOIODID 



616 



MONSEL'S SALT 



water]. Containing one atom of replaceable 
hydrogen, as monohydric acid, monohydric 
alcohol. 

Monoiodid {mon-o-i' -o-did) . An iodin com- 
pound analogous to a monobromid. 

Monoiodiddibismuthme t h yl e n e dicresotin- 
ate {mon-o-i-od-id-di-biz-muth-meth-il-en-di- 
kres-o' -tin-dt) . A fine, impalpable and in- 
soluble powder, containing 45 % of bismuth, 
15 % of iodin, and 3 % of formaldehyd in 
definite chemic combination; used as a dust- 
ing-powder in surgery. It is antiseptic, as- 
tringent, desiccating, and granulation-forming. 

Monol {mon'-ol). An aqueous solution of cal- 
cium permanganate (2 : 1000) used to purify 
drinking-water. 

Monolocular {mon-o-lok' -u-lar) . See Uni- 
locular. 

Monoma {mon-o'-mah) [mono-; op.a, tumor]. 
A painful uterine tumor, always solitary, 
steadily progressing to a fatal termination, 
accompanied by severe and continuous hemor- 
rhage. 

Monomania {mon-o-ma' -ne-ah) [mono-; fiavta, 
madness]. A form of insanity characterized 
by a limited disturbance of the mental func- 
tions that dominates the person's thoughts 
and actions. 

Monomaniac {mon-o-ma' -ne-ak) [monomania]. 
A person affected with monomania. 

Monomelic {mon-o-mer' -ik) [mono-; p-kpog, a 
part]. Consisting of a single piece. 

•Monometallic {mon-o-met-al' -ik) [mono-; me- 
tallic]. 1. Containing one atom of a metal 
in a molecule. 2. Capable of replacing one 
atom of hydrogen in an acid. 3. Consisting 
of one metal. 

Monomphalus {mon-om' '-}al-us) [mono-; 6/i(f>a- 
Xog, navel]. A double monster united by a 
common umbilicus. 

Mononephrous {mon-o-nef '-rus) [mono-; ve<f>poc, 
kidney]. Limited to one kidney. 

Mononeuric {mon-o-nu' -rik) [mono-; vzbpov, 
nerve]. Applied to a nerve-cell having only 
one neuraxon. 

Mononeuritis {mon-o-nu-ri' -tis) [mono-; neu- 
ritis]. Neuritis affecting a single nerve. M., 
Multiplex, neuritis affecting simultaneously 
single nerves remote from each other. 

Mononuclear {mon-o-nu' -kle-ar) . See Uni- 
nuclear. 

Monoparesis {mon-o-par' -e-sis) [mono-; par- 
esis]. Paralysis of a single part of the body, as 
of one limb. 

Monoparesthesia {mon - o - par -es- the'-ze-ah) 
[mono-; paresthesia]. Paresthesia confined 
to one limb or part. 

Monophasia {mon-o-fa'-ze-ah) [mono-; aphasia]. 
A form of aphasia in which speech is limited 
to a single syllable, word, or phrase. 

Monophobia {mon-o-fo' -be-ah) [mono-; (f>6^og, 
fear]. Morbid dread of being alone. 

Monophosphate {mon-o-fos'-fat). A phosphate 
with only one atom of phosphorus in the 
molecule. 

Monoplasmatic {mon - o - plaz - mat' - ik) . See 
Monoplastic. 



Monoplast {mon'-o-plast) [mono-; Ttlaoos.iv, 
to form]. A simple cell. 

Monoplastic {mon - o - plas' - tik) [monoplast]. 
Composed of only one substance. 

Monoplegia {mon - o - pie' - je - ah) [mono-; 
xfyrV, stroke]. Paralysis of a single limb or 
of a single muscle or group of muscles. It 
is designated as brachial, crural, or facial, 
when affecting the arm, the leg, or the face, 
respectively, and as central {cerebral) or 
peripheral, according to the seat of the causal 
lesion. 

Monops {mon' -ops). See Cyclops. 

Monopus {mon'-o-pus) [mono-; itobc, foot]. 

1. Congenital absence of one foot or leg. 

2. A one-footed monstrosity. 
Mono^adicular {mon-o-rad-ik' -u-lar) [mono-; 

radix, root]. Applied to teeth with only one 
root. 

Monorchid, Monorchis {mon-or'-kid, mo-nor- 
kis) [mono-; bpxcg, testis]. A person who 
has but one testicle, or in whom one testicle 
only has descended into the scrotum. 

Monosodic {mon-o-so'-dik). Having one atom 
of sodium in the molecule. 

Monosomus, Monosomia {mon-o-so'-mus, 
mon-o-so' -me-ah) [mono-; o6jp.a, body]. A 
double monster with a single body and two 
heads. 

Monospasm {mon' -o-spazm) [mono-; onaopoc, 
spasm]. Spasm affecting limited areas, as 
one side of the face, a single limb, or a single 
muscle or muscle-group. It is designated 
as brachial, crural, or facial, according to 
the part affected, and as central {cerebral) or 
peripheral, according to the seat of the causal 
lesion. 

Monostratal {mon-o-stra'-tal) [mono-; stratum, 
a layer]. Arranged in a single layer or 
stratum. 

Monosymptomatic {mon-o-simp-tom-at'-ik). 
Having but one dominant symptom. 

Monotrichous {mon-of -rik-us) [mono-; 0p'£, 
hair]. Applied to that type of ciliation in 
bacteria which is marked by a single flagellum 
at one pole. 

Monoxenous {mon-oks' -en-us) [mono-; ^evoc, 
host]. Applied to parasitism confined to one 
host. 

Monoxid {mon-oks' -id) . An oxygen compound 
analogous to a monobromid {q. v.). 

Monro, Foramen of . See Foramen of Monro. 
M.'s Line, a line drawn from the umbilicus to 
the anterior superior spine of the ilium. 
M.'s Point, the point sometimes selected in 
paracentesis abdominis, midway on Monro's 
line. M.'s Sulcus, a longitudinal fissure 
extending from the foramen of Monro to the 
sylvian aqueduct, and dividing each lateral 
wall of the third ventricle into an upper and 
a lower portion. 

Mons, M. veneris {monz). The eminence in 
front of the symphysis pubis of the woman. 

Monsel's Salt. Ferric subsulfate. M.'s 
Solution {liquor ferri subsulphatis, U. S. P.), 
a solution of ferric subsulfate, used as a 
styptic. 



MONSTER 



617 



MONSTROSITIES 



Monster (mon'-ster) [monstrum, an evil omen]. 
An individual who, by reason of congenital 
faulty development, is incapable of properly 
performing the vital functions, or who, owing 
to an excess or deficiency of parts, differs in 
a marked degree from the normal type of 
the species. 

Monstrosity (mon-stros' -it-e) [monster], i. The 
condition of a monster. 2. A monster. 



2. Anomalous divisions, as splits, fissures in 
various organs, harelip, hypospadia, 
fissured tongue, cleft palate, fissured 
cheek. 

VI. ANOMALIES OF NUMBER AND EXISTENCE. 

1. By numeric defect, as absence of muscles, 

vertebras, ribs, digits, teeth, a lung, a 
kidney, the uterus, the bladder, etc. 

2. By numeric excess, as supernumerary digits, 

ribs, teeth, breasts, a double uterus. 



TABLE OF MONSTROSITIES.* 

According to Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Altered 
by Hirst and Piersol. 



HETEROTAXIS. 

I. Splanchnic Inversion. 
II. General Inversion. 



HEMITERATA. 

I. ANOMALIES OF VOLUME. 

A. Of Stature. 

1. General Diminution, as in a dwarf — delayed 
growth. 

2. General Increase, as in a giant — precocious 

development. 

B. Of Volume, strictly speaking. 

1. Local Diminution. Affecting — 

i(a) Regions, as a limb. 
(b) Systems, as undeveloped muscles. 
(c) Organs, as small breasts, stenosis of 
canals, etc. 

2. Local increase, affecting — 

(a) Regions, as the head. 

i(b) Systems, as the adipose tissue. 
(c) Organs, as large breasts in women 
lactiferous breasts in men. 
II. ANOMALIES OF FORM. Single Order, including 
— deformed heads; anomalies of shape in the 
stomach; deformed pelves, etc. 

III. ANOMALIES OF COLOR. 

A. Deficiency, complete, partial, or imperfect, as in 

albinism. 

B. Excess, complete, partial, or imperfect, as in 

melanism. 

C. Alteration, as in unusual color of the iris. 

IV. ANOMALIES OF STRUCTURE. 

A. Deficiency in Consistency, as cartilaginous con- 

ditions of bones. 

B. Excess in Consistency, as anomalous ossification. 

V. ANOMALIES OF DISPOSITION. 

A. By Displacement. 

1. 0} the splanchnic organs, as anomalous 

direction of heart or stomach, hernias, 
exstrophy of the bladder, etc. 

2. Of the nonsplanchnic organs, as club-foot, 

curvature of the spine, misplaced teeth, 
misplaced blood-vessels, etc. 

B. By Change of Connection. 

1. Anomalous articulations. 

2. A nomalous implantations, as teeth out of line. 

3. Anomalous attachments, as of muscles and 

ligaments. 

4. A nomalous branches, as of arteries and nerves. 

5. Anomalous openings, as of veins into the left 

auricle, of the ductus choledochus in an 

unusual situation, of the vagina into the 

rectum, of the rectum into the male Genus II 

urethra, of the rectum at the umbilicus, 

etc. 

C. In Continuity. 

1. Anomalous im perforations, as of rectum, 

vulva, vagina, mouth, esophagus. 

2. Anomalous union of organs, as of kidneys, 

testicles, digits, teeth, ribs; adhesion 
of the tongue to the palate. 

D. By Closure, as in complete transverse septum 

in the vagina. 

E. By Disjunction. 

1. Anomalous perforations, as persistence of 

foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ura- 

chus. 

♦Reproduced, with the kind consent of the publishers, 

from "Human Monstrosities," by Barton Cooke Hirst, 

M. D., and George A. Piersol, M. D., Philadelphia: Lea 

Brothers & Co., 1802. 



HERMAPHRODITES. 
I. True Hermaphrodites. 

(a) Bilateral hermaphrodites. 

(b) Unilateral hermaphrodites. 

(c) Lateral hermaphrodites. 
II. Pseudohermaphrodites, with double sexual 

formation of the external genitals, but with 
unisexual development of the reproductive 
glands (ovaries and testicles). 

(a) Male pseudohermaphrodites, with testicles. 

1. Internal pseudohermaphrodites: Develop- 
ment of uterus masculinus. 

2. External pseudohermaphrodites: External 
genitals approach the female type; the 
monstrosity presents a feminine appear- 
ance and build. 

3. Complete pseudohermaphrodites (internal and 
external) : Uterus masculinus with tubes; 
separate efferent canals for bladder and 
uterus. 

(b) Female pseudohermaphrodites, with ovaries: 
Persistence of male sexual parts. 

1. Internal hermaphrodites: Formation of vas 
deferens and tubes. 

2. External hermaphrodites: Approach of the 
external genitals to the male type. 

3. Complete hermaphrodites (internal and ex- 
ternal) : Masculine formation of the 
external genitals and of a part of the 
sexual tract. 



MONSTERS. 
CLASS I.— SINGLE MONSTERS. 
Order I. — Autositic Monsters. 



Genus I. 



Species 1 . Ec- 



tromelus \ Hemimelus. 

Micromelus. 
Ectromelus. 



Phocomelus. 



Species 2 



Genus III. . 



Single species. 
C el soma . . . 



Species 1. Ex- 
encephalus — 



Species 2 . Pseud 

encephalus 



ud- ( N 

... < t: 
IPs 



Symelus. 

Uromelus. 

Sirenomelus. 

Aspalasoma. 

Agenosoma. 

Cyllosoma. 

Schistosoma. 

Pleurosoma. 

Celosoma. 

Notencephalus. 
Proencephalus. 
Podencephalus. 
Hyperencephalus. 
Iniencephalus. 
k Exencephalus. 



osencephalus. 
Thlipsencephalus. 
Pseudencephalus. 



Species 3. An- 
encephalus 



Derencephalus. 
Anencephalus. 



MONTEGGIA'S DISLOCATION 



618 



MORGAGNI'S CARTILAGES 



Species i. Cy- 
clocephalus . . . 



Genus IV. 



Order II. 



Oto- 



Ethmocephalus. 

Cebocephalus. 

Rhinocephalus. 

Cyclocephalus. 

Stomocephalus. 

Sphenocephalus. 

Otocephalus. 

Edocephalus. 

Opococephalus. 

Triocephalus. 



Omphalositic Monsters. 
f Species i. Par- ( Paracephalus. 

acephalus -< Omacephalus. 

( Hemiacephalus. 



Species 2. 
cephalus 



Genus I. 



Acephalus. 

Peracephalus. 

Mylacephalus. 



Species 2. 

Acephalus — 

Species 3. A so- 
mata. 
Genus II, Single Species, A nideus. 



CLASS II —COMPOSITE MONSTERS. 
Order I. — Double Autositic Monsters. 

A. Terata katadidyma. 

Genus I, Diprosopus. 
Genus II, Dicephalus. 
Genus III, Ischiopagus. 
Genus IV, Pygopagus. 

B. Terata anadidyma. 

Genus I, Dipygus. 
Genus II, Syncephalus. 
Genus III, Craniopagus. 

C. Terata anakatadidyma. 

Genus I, Prosopothoracopagus. 
Genus II, Omphalopagus. 
Genus III, Rachipagus. 



Order II. 



Genus I. 



Double Parasitic Monsters. 

f Heteropagus. 
Species 1. He- I Heterodelphus. 



terotypus \ Heterodymus. 

1 Heterotypus. 



He- 



Genus II. 



Species 2 
teralius 

Species 1. 

Polygnathus . 



Species 2. 

Polymelus 



Genus III. 



Endocyma . 



\ Heteromorphus. 

Epicomus. 

{Epignathus. 
Hypognathus. 
Paragnathus. 
Augnathus. 

f Pygomelus. 
I Gastromelus. 
\ Notomelus. 

Cephalomelus. 
[ Melomelus. 
f Dermocyma. 
\ Endocyma. 



Order III. — Triple Monsters. 



Monteggia's Dislocation. See Dislocation, 



Montgomery's Cups. The enlarged epithelial 
depressions in the mucosa of the uterus. 
M.'s Glands. See Glands, Montgomery's. 
M.'s Tubercles, the sebaceous glands of the 
areola of the nipple appearing as small promi- 
nences, especially during pregnancy and lacta- 
tion; they communicate occasionally with 
aberrant galactophorous glands. 

Monthly Courses, M. Sickness. The menses. 
M. Nurse, a nurse who attends a woman 
after childbirth. 

Monticle {mon' -tik-l) . See Monticnlus cere- 
belli. 

Monticulus {mon-tik' -u-lus) [L.]. A small 



elevation. M. cerebelli, the prominent cen- 
tral portion of the superior vermiform process 
of the cerebellum. 

Moon-blindness. Amblyopia from exposure 
of the eyes to moonlight during sleep. 

Moore's Fracture. Fracture of the lower 
end of the radius with dislocation of the 
ulna, the styloid process being tied down 
by the annular ligament. M.'s Test for 
Glucose, treat the solution with one-fourth 
of its volume of sodium or potassium hydroxid 
and warm it; it will become first yellow, 
then orange, and finally brown, depending 
upon the amount of glucose present. 

Morand's Disease Paresis of the lower ex- 
tremities. M.'s Foot, a deformity of the 
foot that consists in the presence of eight toes. 
M.'s Spur, the calcaneum. 

Morbid (mor'-bid) [morbus, disease]. Per- 
taining to disease or diseased parts. M. 
Anatomy. See Anatomy, Morbid. 

Morbidity (mor-bid'-it-e) [tnorbid]. 1. The 
quality of disease or of being diseased. 2. The 
conditions inducing disease. 3. The ratio 
of the number of sick individuals to the total 
population of a place. 

Morbidize (mor'-bid-iz) [morbid]. To render 
sickly or abnormal. 

Morbific (mor-bif'-ik) [morbus; facere, to make]. 
Producing disease. 

Morbilli {mor-bil'-i) [morbus']. Measles. 

Morbilliform (mor-bil'-if-orm) [morbilli]. Re- 
sembling measles. 

Morbus (mor'-bus) [L.]. Disease. M. ad- 
disonii, Addison's disease. M. anglicus, 
rachitis. M. basedowii. See Goiter, Exoph- 
thalmic. M. brightii. See Bright' s Disease. 
M. caducus, epilepsy. M. caeruleus, con- 
genital cyanosis. M. celsi, catalepsy. M., 
Cholera. See Cholera morbus. M. cordis, the 
phenomena of chronic cardiac disease. M. 
coxae, M. coxarius, coxalgia. M. divinus, 
epilepsy. M. gallicus, syphilis. M. macu- 
losus werlhofii, purpura haemorrhagica. M. 
magnus, epilepsy. M. medicorum, the 
mania of those who seek the advice of physi- 
cians for imaginary diseases. Morbi pole- 
mici, diseases incidental to war; gunshot 
wounds. M. regius, jaundice. M. sacer, 
epilepsy. M. vesicularis, pemphigus. 

Morcellation (mor-sel-a'-shun) [Ft., morceler, 
to cut up or parcel out]. The art of reduc- 
ing to fragments, as the fetus in embryotomy; 
the removal of a tumor or fetus piecemeal. 

Morcellement (mor-sel-mon (g) ). See Mor- 
cellation. 

Mordant {mor'-dant) [mordere, to bite]. A sub- 
stance, such as alum, phenol, anilin oil, that 
fixes the dyes used in coloring textures or 
in staining tissues and bacteria. 

Morel's Ear. A large, outstanding ear with 
more or less pronounced effacement of the j 
ridges and grooves. 

Morgagni's Cartilages (mor-gan'-yez). See 
Cartilages 0} Wrisberg. M.'s Caruncle, the 
middle lobe of the prostate. M.'s Cataract. 
See Cataract, Morgagnian. M.'s Columns, 



(de) MORGAN'S SPOTS 



619 



MORPHOLOGY 



the columns of the rectum. M.'s Concha. 
See Concha, Morgagni's. M.'s Foramen. 
See Meibomian Foramen. M.'s Fossa, 
i. The fossa navicularis of the urethra. 2. 
The concave interspace between the upper 
border of the superior constrictor muscles of 
the pharynx and the basilar process of the 
occipital bone. M.'s Frenum, M.'s Retinac- 
ulum, the ridge formed around the cavity of 
the cecum by the prolongation of the folds of 
the ileocecal valve. M.'s Glands. See Glands, 
Lime's. M.'s Globules, M.'s Spheres, 
small, hyaline bodies found between the crys- 
talline lens and its capsule before and after 
death, especially in cases of cataract. They 
are due to coagulation of the albuminous 
fluid contained in the lens. M.'s Hydatid. 
See Hydatid, Morgagni's. M.'s Lac- 
unas, small depressions in the mucosa of 
the urethra, especially the bulbous portion. 
M.'s Liquor, a clear fluid formed postmortem 
in the crystalline lens. M. ; s Nodules. See 
Corpora arantii. M.'s Prolapse, chronic hy- 
perplastic inflammation of the mucosa and 
submucosa of Morgagni's ventricle. It is 
not a true prolapse. M.'s Sinus, the pros- 
tatic sinus. M.'s Sinuses, M.'s Valves, 
small pouches, opening upward, formed by 
the rectal mucosa, just above the anus. M.'s 
Tubercles. See Montgomery's Tubercles. M.'s 
Ventricle, the sacculus laryngis, the sac 
between the superior vocal bands and the 
inner surface of the thyroid cartilage. 

(de) Morgan's Spots. Bright red nevoid spots 
frequently seen on the skin in cases of can- 
cer. 

Morgue (morg) [Fr.]. A place where unknown 
dead are exposed for identification. 

Moria (mo'-re-ah) [pnopca, folly]. A form of 
dementia characterized by talkativeness and 
silliness. 

Moribund (mor'-ib-und) [moribnndus, from 
moriri, to die]. In a dying condition. 

Morioplasty (mor 1 '-e-o-plas-te) [[xoptov, a small 
piece; -Xaooeiv, to mold]. Plastic surgery. 

Morning-sickness. The nausea of pregnant 
women, occurring chiefly in the early months 
of gestation; also, the imitative or sympathetic 
nausea sometimes experienced by the hus- 
band during the wife's early pregnancy. 

Morphea (mor-fe'-ah) [tiopcfri}, a blotch]. A dis- 
ease of the skin characterized by the pres- 
ence of rounded or oval, pinkish or ivory- 
white patches, due to an excess of fibrous 
tissue, with atrophy of the skin-structures 
proper. It is believed to be a trophoneuro- 
sis, and is considered a circumscribed form 
of scleroderma. Syn., Addison's keloid; Cir- 
cumscribed scleroderma. M., Acroteric, the 
form in which the beginning and the great- 
est intensity of the disease are at the ex- 
tremities. M., Herpetiform, that in which 
the lesions follow those of herpes in their 
distribution. 

Morpheum (mor' -fe-um) . Morphin. 

Morphia (mor'-fe-ah). See Morphin. 

Morphin, Morphina (mor'-fin, mor-fi'-nah) 



[Morpheus, god of sleep], C 17 H 19 N0 3 + H 2 0. 
A colorless or white crystalline alkaloid ob- 
tained from opium, to which the chief effects 
of opium are due. It differs from opium in 
being less stimulant, less constipating, and 
less likely to produce disagreeable after- 
effects. On account of its insolubility in water 
morphin is used principally in the form of 
its salts. The dose of the salts of morphin 
is J-J gr. (0.008-0.032 Gm.). M. Acetate 
{morphina acetas, U. S. P.), C 17 H 19 N0 3 . C 2 - 
H 4 2 + 3H2O. From it are prepared liquor 
morphia acetatis (B. P.) (§ gr. to the dram), 
dose 20-40 min. (1.3-2.6 Cc), and injectio 
morphina hypodermica (1 gr. in 10 min.). 
M. Benzoate, C 17 H 19 N0 6 . C 7 H 6 2 , white 
crystalline powder or prisms used in treat- 
ment of asthma. Dose T V"4 gr- (0.005- 
0.03 Gm.). M. Borate, a white powder 
containing about 33% of morphin; recom- 
mended for hypodermatic use and for eye- 
lotions. M. Hydrochlorid (morphina hydro- 
chloridum, U. S. P.), C 17 H 19 N0 3 . HC1 + 
3H 2 0. From it are prepared liquor morphia 
hydrochloratis (B. P.) (J gr. to the dram), 
dose 15-30 min. (1-2 Cc); suppositoria mor- 
phia (B. P.) (| gr. each}; tinctura chloro- 
Jormi et morphina (^ gr. to the dram); tro- 
chisci morphia (B. P.) (^ gr.), and trochisci 
morphia et ipecacuanha (B. P.) (-^ gr.). 
M. Phthalate, is employed hypodermatically. 
M., Powder of, Compound (pulvis morphina 
compositus, U. S. P.), Tully's powder. Dose 
10 gr. (0.65 Gm.), containing \ gr. (0.01 Gm.) 
of morphin sulfate. M. Stearate, C 17 H 19 - 
N0 3 . C 17 H 35 COOH, contains 25% of mor- 
phin and is used in applications (0.5 to 50 
Gm. of fixed oil of almonds), ointments 
(0.5 to 50 Gm. of petrolatum), and suppos- 
itories (0.02 to 2.5 Gm. of cacao-butter). 
M. Sulfate {morphina sulphas, U. S. P.), 
(C 17 H 19 N 3 ) 2 . H 2 S0 4 + 5H,0. From it are 
prepared liquor morphia sulphatis (B. P.), 
dose 10-40 min. (0.65-2.5 Cc), the compound 
powder of morphin, and liquor morphina 
hypodermicus (N. F.), Magendie's solution, 
containing 16 gr. to the ounce. M. Tartrate, 
is emploved for hvpodermatic use. M. Val- 
erate, M. Valerianate, C 17 H 19 X0 3 . C 5 - 
H 10 O 2 , is used as a sedative. 

Morphinism (mor'-fin-izm) [morphin]. 1. The 
condition caused by the habitual use of mor- 
phin. 2. The morphin-habit. 

Morphinodipsia (mor-fm-o-dip'-se-ah) [mor- 
phin; o'c^a, thirst]. Morphinomania. 

Morphinomania, Morphiomania {mor-fn-o- 
ma'-ne-ah, mor-Je-o-ma'-ne-ali) [?norphin; fia- 
v'ca, madness]. 1. A morbid craving for 
morphin. 2. Insanity due to the morphin- 
habit. 

Morphinum, Morphium (mor-fi'-num, mor'- 
}e-um). Morphin. 

Morphography (mor-fog'-ra-fe). See Morphol- 
ogy. 

Morphologic (mor-fo-loj'-ik). Pertaining to 
morphology. 

Morphology (mor-fol'-o-je) [p.op<j)-q, form; Uyoc, 



MORPHOMETRY 



620 



MOTHER 



science]. The science that treats of the form 
and structure of organized beings. 

Morphometry {mor-jom'-et-re) \jiop<f>-q, form; 
fiizpov, a measure]. The measurement of the 
forms of organisms. 

Morphon {mor'-fon) \jiop<j>rj, form]. An in- 
dividual element of an organism, character- 
ized by a definite form, as a cell or a segment 
of a vertebrate. 

Morphosis (mor-fo'-sis) [see Morphon]. The act, 
mode, or order of formation of an organ- 
ism. 

Morphotic {mor-fot'-ik) [morphosis]. Pertain- 
ing to morphosis; entering into the forma- 
tion of the framework of an organism. M. 
Proteids, those that enter into the struc- 
ture of the tissues. 

Morpio (mor'-pe-o) [L.]. The crab-louse. ~ 

Morrant -Baker's Cysts. See Cysts, Baker's. 

Morrhua {mor'-u-ah) [L.]. The cod. Mor- 
rhua^, Emulsum Olei (U. S. P.), a mixture 
of cod-liver oil, acacia, syrup, oil of gaul- 
theria, and water. Dose 2 dr. (8 Co). 
Morrhuae, Emulsum Olei, cum Hypo- 
phosphitibus (U. S. P.), emulsion of cod- 
liver oil and hypophosphites, contains of cod- 
liver oil, 500 Co; acacia, 125 Gm.; calcium 
hypophosphite, 10 Gm.; potassium hypo- 
phosphite, 5 Gm. ; sodium hypophosphite, 
5 Gm.; syrup, 10 Co; oil of gaultheria, 4 
Co; water, q. s. Dose 2 dr. (8 Co). Mor- 
rhuae, Oleum (U. S. P.), cod-liver oil, a fixed 
oil obtained from the fresh livers of Gadus 
morrhua and other species of Gadus. Three 
varieties of oil are known in commerce — 
a white or pale-yellow, a brownish-yellow, 
and a dark-brown. The oil contains gaduin 
(C 35 H 46 9 ), oleic, palmitic, stearic, myristic, 
and physetolic acids, glycerol, butyric and 
acetic acids, biliary pigments, iodin, and 
bromin. A crystalline substance, morrhuol, 
containing phosphorus, iodin, and bromin, 
has also been isolated, as well as several 
leukomains and the fixed bases, asellin (C 25 - 
H 32 N 4 ) and morrhuin CO^H^Ng). Cod-liver 
oil is used in pulmonary and other forms 
of tuberculosis, and in wasting conditions 
due to other causes. Dose 1 dr.-^ oz. (4- 
16 Co). 

Morrhuin (rnor' -u-in) . See under Morrhua. 

Morrhuol (mor'-u-ol). See under Morrhua. 

Morris' Test. A rod graduated from the cen- 
ter and provided with sliding pointers is 
placed across the abdomen, so that its center 
corresponds to the median line of the body, 
and the pointers are moved along it until they 
reach the outer surface of the greater tro- 
chanter. In cases of fracture of the neck 
of the femur a discrepancy will be found on 
comparing the measurements on the two sides 
of the body. 

Mors (morz) [L.]. Death. 

Morselling {mor' -sel-ing) . See Morcellation. 

Morsus {mor'-sus) [L.]. A bite. M. diaboli, 
a fanciful name for the fimbriated extremity 
of the oviduct. 

Mortal {mor'-tal) [mortalis, from mors, death]. 



Liable to death or dissolution; terminating 
in death; causing death; deadly. 

Mortality {mor-taV -it-e) [mortal]. 1. The qual- 
ity of being mortal. 2. The death-rate. 

Mortar {mor'-tar) [mortarium, an urn]. An 
urn-shaped vessel of porcelain, iron, or glass, 
for pulverizing substances by means of a 
pestle. 

Mortiferous {mor-tif -er-us) [mors; ferre, to 
bear]. Fatal. 

Morton's Cough. See Cough, Morton's. M.'s 
Disease, metatarsalgia. M.'s Foot, a pain- 
ful affection of the metatarsophalangeal joint 
of the fourth toe. 

Mortuary {mor' -tu-a-re) [mortuarium, a tomb]. 
1. A. house for temporary burial. 2. Relat- 
ing to death or burial. 

Morula {mor'-u-lah) [dim. of morum, a mul- 
berry]. The solid mass of Cells resulting 
from the complete segmentation of the vitel- 
lus of an ovum. 

Morulation {mor -u-la' -shun) [morula]. The 
formation of the morula during the process 
of the segmentation of the egg. 

Morulus {mor'-u-lus). The lesion character- 
istic of frambesia. A frambesial sore. 

Morum {mo' -rum) [L., "a mulberry"]. 1. 
The fruit of the mulberry. 2. Condyloma. 
3. Nevus. 

Morus {mo'-rus). See Mulberry. 

Morvan's Chorea. See Chorea, Morvan's. 
M.'s Disease, a trophic affection of the skin 
with pain, followed by analgesia first of one 
side, then of the other, and then the formation 
of whitlows attended with necrosis of the 
phalanges. Muscular atrophy, paresis, con- 
traction of the fingers, and loss of the sensa- 
tions of heat and cold are other symptoms. 

Moschus (mos'-kus). See Musk. 

Mosquito (mus-ke'-to) [Sp., "a little gnat"]. 
An insect the sting of which causes the forma- 
tion of a wheal that itches intensely; especially 
the Culex mosquito. It is also a pathogenic 
agent in the transmission of disease. See 
Anopheles, Culex, Stegomyia, etc. 

Moss [AS., meos]. 1. A small cryptogamic 
plant of the natural order Musci. M., 
Ceylon. See Agar. M., Club-. See Lyco- 
podium. M., Corsican. See Corsican Moss. 
M. -fibers, peculiar fibers derived from the 
white center of the cerebellum, and charac- 
terized by having pencils of fine short 
branches at intervals like tufts of moss; they 
end partly in the granular layer, partly in 
the molecular layer. M., Iceland. See 
Chondrus. M., Irish. See Chondrus. 

Moth, Moth -patches [AS., moththe]. Chlo- 
asma. 

Mother (muth'-er) [AS., moder]. 1. A female 
parent. 2. The source of anything. 3. [allied 
to AS., mud] A slimy film formed on the 
surface of fermenting liquid, as on vin- 
egar. M.-cell, a cell from which other cells 
are formed, especially one the nucleus of 
which is undergoing karyokinetic changes 
preparatory to dividing into daughter-cells. 
M. -liquor, the liquid remaining after dis- 



MOTILE 



621 



MOTOR 



solved substances have separated by crystal- 
lization. M.'s Mark, a birth-mark. See 
Nevus. 
Motile {mo'-til) [movere, to move]. Able to 



Motion {mo' -shun) [movere, to move], i. The 
act of changing place. 2. An evacuation of 
the bowels; the matter evacuated. 

Motor {mo' -tor) [see Motion]. 1. Moving or 



Frontalis 

Facial (upper) 

Corrugator supercilii. 

Orbicularis palp 
Nasal muscles 
Zygomatici 
Orbicularis oris 

Facial (middle). 
Masseter. 
Levator menti. 
Quadratus " 
Triangularis " 

Hypoglossus. 
Facial (lower) 



Hyoid muscles. 



Omohyoideus. 

Ext. anterior f 
thoracic (pec-s 
toralis major). (, 




f Ascending frontal and parieta 1 
(. convolutions (motor area). 

f Third frontal convolution and 
\ insula (center of speech). 
Temporalis. 

Facial (upper branch). 
Facial (trunk). 
Post, auricular. 

( Facial (middle branch; 

( lower branch). 
Splenius. 



— Sternomastoideus. 



Spinal accessory. 

Levator anguli scapulae. 

Trapezius. 

Dorsalis scapula? (rhomboids). 

Circumflex. 

Long thoracic (serratus magnus). 



Phrenic. 



Fifth and sixth cer- 
vical (deltoid, bi- 
ceps, brachialis, su- 
pin, longus). 

Motor Points of Face and Neck. 



Branchial plexus. 



Crural 



Adductor magnus 
Adductor longus 




"1 Tensor vag. 
J femoris. 



Sartorius. 

Quadriceps (common point). 

Rectus femoris. 

I Vastus extern. 



Motor Points of Anterior Aspect of Left Thigh. 



move; capable of spontaneous motion, as 
a motile flagellum. 
Motility {mo-til' -it-e) [motile]. Ability to move 
spontaneously. 



causing motion. 2. Concerned in or pertain- 
ing to motion, as motor cell, motor center, motor 
nerve. M. Aphasia. See under Aphasia. 
M. Area, the portion of the cerebral hemi- 



MOTOR 



622 



MOTOR 




Motor Points of Palmar Aspect of the Left Arm. 




Motor Points of Dorsal Aspect of Left Arm. 



MOTOR 



623 



MOTOR 



Sciatic. 



Biceps femoris 



j (cap. long.), 
((cap. brev.). 



Peroneal. 
Gastrocnemius (cap. ext.). 

Soleus. 
Flexor long, hallucis. 




r Gluteus maximus. 



Adductor magnus. 

Semitendinosus. 

Semimembranosus. 



Post, tibial. 

Gastrocnemius (cap. int.). 
Sokus. 

Flexor digit, comm. long. 
Tibial. 



Motor Points of Posterior Aspect of Left Thigh and Leg. 



Tibialis anticus. 
Ext. digit, long. 



Peroneus brevis. 
Extensor hallucis longus. 



Interossei dorsales. j 




Peroneal. 



Gastrocnemius. 
Peroneus long. 



Soleus. 



Flex, hallucis long. 



Ext. digit, brev. 
Abductor min digit. 



Motor Points of Outer Aspect of Left Leg. 



MOTORIAL 



624 



MUCILAGE 



sphere presiding over voluntary motion, in- 
cluding the precentral and postcentral gyri, 
the posterior part of the three frontal gyri, 
and the paracentral lobule on the median 
surface of the hemisphere. M. Nerve - 
organs, M. Nerve-plates, M. -sprays. See 
Fields of Innervation. M. oculi, the third 
cranial or oculomotor nerve supplying all the 
muscles of the eye except the superior ob- 
lique and external rectus. M. Points, the 
points on the surface of the body where the 
various branches of the motor nerves sup- 
plying the muscles may be stimulated by 
electricity {see illustrations, pp. 621-623). 

Motorial (mo-to'-re-al) [motor]. Of or pertain- 
ing to motion. M. End-plate, an eminence 
of protoplasm within the sarcolemma of a 
muscular fiber, representing the termination 
of the motor nerve-fiber. 

Motorium {mo-to' '-re-uwi) [motor]. 1. A motor 
center. 2. The motor apparatus of«the body, 
both nervous and muscular, considered as a 
unit. 

Motormeter {mo-tor-me'-ier). A kinesiometer 
used in recording gastric movements. 

Motorpathy {mo-tor' -path-e) [motor; nbBog, dis- 
ease]. Kinetotherapy. 

Mottling {mot' -ling) [OF., matelle, clotted; cur- 
dled]. A spotted condition. 

Mould {mold). See Mold. 

Mountain Anemia. Ankylostomiasis. M.- 
fever, M. -sickness. 1. A condition char- 
acterized by dyspnea, rapid pulse, headache, 
nausea, and vomiting, depending upon the 
rarefied state of the air at high altitudes. 
This is properly called mountain-sickness. 2. 
A form of typhoid fever occurring in moun- 
tainous districts. 

Mounting {mown' -ting) [mount]. The act of 
arranging objects, especially anatomic speci- 
mens, on a suitable support and in a proper 
medium for ready examination. For macro- 
scopic specimens the medium is usually al- 
cohol; for microscopic specimens, Canada bal- 
sam or glycerol. 

Mouth {mowth) [AS., muth]. 1. The commence- 
ment of the alimentary canal; the cavity in 
which mastication takes place. In a restricted 
sense, the aperture between the lips. 2. The 
entrance to any cavity or canal. M. -breather, 
a person who habitually breathes through the 
mouth. M. -breathing, respiration through 
the mouth instead of, as normally, through 
the nose. 

Movement {muv'-ment) [movere, to move]. 
The act of moving. M., Ameboid, a move- 
ment produced in certain cells, as the white 
corpuscles, by the protrusion of processes of 
the protoplasm into which the whole cell then 
seems to flow; so called from the resemblance 
of the movement to that of the ameba. M., 
Associated, an involuntary movement in one 
part when another is moved voluntarily. 
M., Brownian, a physical phenomenon, 
a form of communicated motion observed 
in aggregations of minute particles, and con- 
sisting of a rapid, oscillating movement 



without change of the relative position of 
the moving particles. M., Ciliary, a lash- 
ing movement produced by delicate hair- 
like processes termed cilia, as on the epi- 
thelium of the respiratory tract and in cer- 
tain microorganisms. M., Circus-, rapid 
circular movements or somersaults, produced 
by injury of the corpus striatum, of the optic 
thalamus, or of the crus cerebri of one side. 
M., Communicated, that produced by a 
force acting from without; opposed to spon- 
taneous movement. M., Fetal, the move- 
ments of the fetus in the uterus. M., Forced, 
movement of the body from injury of the 
motor centers or the conducting paths, as 
index movement, when the cephalic part of 
the body is moved about the stationary 
caudal part; rolling movement, when the ani- 
mal rolls on its long axis. M., Molecular. 
Synonym of M., Brownian. M., Vermicu- 
lar, peristalsis. 

Moxa {moks'-ah) [Jap.]. A combustile ma- 
terial which is applied to the skin and ig- 
nited for the purpose of producing an eschar. 
It is prepared from several species of Arte- 
misia; artificial moxa is made from cotton 
saturated with niter. M. -bearer, an in- 
strument for applying the moxa. Syn., 
Porie-moxa. M., Electric, a faradic brush 
used as an active electrode upon the dry 
skin. 

Moxibustion {moks-ib-us' -chun) [moxa; com- 
bustion]. Cauterization by means of a moxa. 

Muavin, Muawin {mu-ah'-vin, -win). An al- 
kaloid from muawi-bark. The hydrobromid 
is used as a cardiac stimulant. 

Muawi-bark {mu-ah'-we-bark). The bark of a 
leguminous tree closely related to Erythro- 
phloeum coumingo; used as an arrow-poison 
in Madagascar. Syn., Muawa. 

Mucedin {mu'-se-din) [mucus]. A nitrogenous 
substance obtained from gluten. 

Mucherus {mu'-ker-us). The gum obtained 
from Bomb ax malabaricum; it is astringent 
and styptic. Dose 30-45 gr. (2-3 Gm.). 
Syn., Mocharas; Mochras; Mochurrus. 

Mucic {mu'-sik) [mucus]. Obtained from mu- 
cus or mucilage. M. Acid, C 6 H 10 O 8 . A 
crystalline dibasic acid produced by the oxi- 
dation of gums and certain sugars. 

Mucicarmin {mu-se-kar'-min). A stain for 
mucin made up of carmin, 1 Gm.; alumin- 
ium chlorid, 0.5 Gm.; distilled water, 2 Cc. 

Mucigen {mu'-sij-en) [mucin; yewav, to pro- 
duce. A substance producing mucin; it 
is contained in epithelial cells that form 
mucus. 

Mucigenous {mu-sij' -en-us) [see Mucigen]. Pro- 
ducing mucus. 

Mucilage {mu'-sil-dj) [mucilago, moldy mois- 
ture]. In pharmacy, a solution of a gum in 
water. Mucilages {mucilagines) are employed 
as applications to irritated surfaces, particu- 
larly mucous membranes, as excipients for 
pills, and to suspend insoluble substances. The 
following are employed: Mucilago acacice (U. 
S. P.), M. amyli (B. P.), M. sassafras medulla 



MUCILAGINOUS 



625 



MUELLER'S CAPSULE 



(U. S. P.), M. tragacanthce (U. S. P.), M. 
ulmi (U. S. P.). 
Mucilaginous (w - sil - af - in - us) [mucilage]. 

Pertaining to or of the nature of mucilage. 
Mucilago (mu-sil-a'-go). See Mucilage. 
Mucin (mu'-sin) [mucus]. An albuminoid sub- 
stance, the characteristic constituent of mucus. 
It is supposed to be produced by the union 
of an albuminous body and a colloid carbo- 
hydrate, the "animal gum" of Landwehr. 
Mucin occurs in saliva, bile, secretions of 
mucous membranes, synovial fluid, in mu- 
cous tissue, in certain cysts, etc. It is insolu- 
ble in water, and is precipitated by alcohol 
and acetic acid. M. -sugar. See Levulose. 
Mucinemia (mu-sin-e 1 '-me-ah) [mucin; af/ia, 
blood]. The presence of mucin in the blood. 
Mucinoblast {mu-sin'-o-blast) [mucin; fiXaoxbc, 
a germ]. A cell whose function it is to elab- 
orate mucin. Syn., Mast-cell. 
Mucinogen (mu-sin'-o-jen) [mucin; yevvav, to 
produce]. The antecedent principle from 
which mucin is derived. 
Mucinoid (mu'-sin-oid) [mucin; eldoc, like]. 

Resembling mucin. 
Mucinoids (mu'-sin-oidz). See Mucoids. 
Mucinuria (mu-sin-u f -re-ah) [mucin; oopov, 
urine]. The presence of mucin in the urine. 
Muciparous (mu-sip'-ar-us) [mucus; parere, to 
bring forth]. Secreting or producing mucus. 
Mucitis (mu-si'-tis) [mucus; exec, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of a mucous membrane. 
Mucivorous (mu-siv 1 '-or-us) [mucus; vorare, to 

devour]. Subsisting on mucus or gum. 
Muco- (mu-ko-) [mucus]. A prefix meaning 

pertaining to mucus. 
Mucocele (mu'-ko-sel) [muco-; ktjXt), tumor]. 
A tumor formed from the distention of the 
lacrimal sac by mucus. 
Mucocolitis (mu-ko-ko-W '-tis) . See Colitis, Mu- 
cous. 
Mucocutaneous (mu-ko-ku-ta' -ne-us) [muco-; 
cutaneous]. Pertaining to a mucous mem- 
brane and the skin; pertaining to the lines 
where these join. 
Mucoid (mu'-koid) [muco-; eldoc, likeness]. 

Resembling mucus. 
Mucoids (mu'-koidz) [see Mucoid]. A group of 
glycoproteids embracing colloid, chondromu- 
coid, and pseudomucin, and differing from 
true mucins in their solubilities and precipita- 
tion properties. They are found in cartilage, 
in the cornea and crystalline lens, in white of 
egg, and in certain cysts and ascitic fluids. 
Mucomembranous (mu - ko - mem' - bran - us). 

See Mucosal. 
Mucoperiosteum (mu -ko- per -i- os'-te - urn). 

Periosteum possessing a mucous surface. 
Mucopurulent (mu-ko -pu' -ru-lent) [muco-; 
purulent]. Containing mucus mingled with 
pus. 
Mucopus (mu' -ko-pus) [muco-; pus]. A mix- 
ture of mucus and pus. 
Mucor (mu'-kor) [mucere, to be moldy]. A 
genus of hyphomycetes. M. corymbifer, 
a species found in the cerumen of the external 
auditory meatus. M. mucedo, a species 
41 



found on fecal matter and nitrogenous or- 
ganic substances. 
Mucoriferous (mu-kor-if'-er-us) [mucor; ferre, 
to bear]. Mold-bearing or covered with a 
mold-like substance. 
Mucosa (mu-ko' -sah) [mucosus, mucous]. A 
mucous membrane; more fully, membrana 
mucosa. 
Mucosal (mu-ko'-sal). Relating to mucosas. 
Mucosedative (mu-ko -sed'-at-iv). Soothing to 

mucosas. 
Mucosin (mu' -ko-sin) [mucus]. The form of 
mucin to which the nasal, uterine, and bron- 
chial mucus owe their viscosity. 
Mucosity (mu-ko s'-it-e). Sliminess. 
Mucous (mu'-kus) [mucus]. Containing or 
having the nature of mucus; secreting mucus, 
as mucous membrane; depending on the 
presence of mucus, as mucous rales. M. 
Casts, a term given to the casts found in the 
feces in cases of membranous enteritis. M. 
Catarrh, catarrhal inflammation of a mucous 
membrane. M. Colitis. See Colitis, Mucous. 
M. Disease, enterocolitis, especially of chil- 
dren. M. Patch, a flattened, grayish-white 
exudate, occurring in secondary syphilis on 
mucous membranes and at mucocutaneous 
junctions. M. Polyp, a soft, gelatinous out- 
growth from a mucous membrane; it may 
be a true myxoma, but usually is a hyper- 
plasia due to chronic inflammation. M. 
Tissue, a form of connective tissue in which 
the intercellular substance is of a soft, gela- 
tinous character and contains mucin. The 
cells from pressure assume a stellate or spin- 
dle shape. 
Mucuna (mu-ku'-nah) [Braz.]. A genus of 
leguminous herbs. The hairs of the pods of 
M . pruriens, cowage, were formerly used as a 
vermifuge and counterirritant. 
Mucus (mu'-kus) [L.]. The viscid liquid 
secreted by mucous membranes. It consists 
of water, mucin, and inorganic salts, together 
with epithelial cells, leukocytes, etc., held 
in suspension. 
Mud-bath. See Bath, Mud-. 
Mueller's Capsule. See Bowman's Capsule. 
M.'s Blood-motes, M.'s Dust-bodies. See 
Hemokonia. M.'s Duct, a duct lying in- 
ternally to the wolffian body; it practically 
disappears in the male, but becomes the fal- 
lopian tube and part of the uterus and vagina 
in the female. M.'s Eminence, in the 
embryo, the protuberance formed by the 
cloaca at the point of entrance of Mueller's 
duct. Syn., Colliculus miilleri. M.'s Ex- 
periment. 1. See Valsalva's Experiment. 
2. See Valsalva's Test. M.'s Fibers, modified 
neuroglia cells which traverse perpendicularly 
the layers of the retina, and connect the 
internal and external limiting membranes. 
M.'s Fluid, a fluid used for hardening tissues. 
Its composition is as follows: Potassium 
dichromate, 2 to 2.5 parts; sodium sulfate, 
1 part; water, 100 parts. M.'s Ganglion. 
See Ganglion, Jugular (Ehrenritter' s) . M.'s 
Law. 1. The tissue of which a tumor is com- 



MUELLERTAN CYST 



626 



MUREXID 



posed has its type in the tissues of the animal 
body, either in the adult or in the embryonic con- 
dition. 2. The "law of isolated conduction." 
The nervous impulse, or "wave of change," 
passing through a neuron is not communicated 
to other neurons, even when these lie close 
alongside of it, except at the terminals. M.'s 
Muscle, i. The circular bundles of muscu- 
lar fibers which form part of the ciliary muscle 
and are situated nearest to the iris. 2. The 
superior palpebral muscle. M.'s Ring, a 
muscular ring formed at the internal os uteri 
during the later stages of pregnancy. M.'s 
Sarcoma, adenofibroma of the breast. Syn., 
Sarcoma phyllodes. M.'s Sign, pulsation of 
the tonsils and soft palate in cases of aortic 
insufficiency. M.'s Test for Cystin, boil 
the cystin with potassium hydroxid to dissolve 
it; when cold, dilute with water and add a 
solution of sodium nitroprussid. This pro- 
duces a violet coloration which changes 
rapidly to yellow. 

Muellerian Cyst. A cyst developed from 
Mueller's duct. 

Muguet (mu-gwa') [Fr.]. Thrush. 

Muira-puama [Indian name for straight tree]. 
A shrub indigenous to the region of the 
Amazon. It is recommended in the treat- 
ment of impotence and as a nerve-tonic. 
Dose of fluidextract 15-30 min. (1-2 Cc). 

Mulberry (mul'-ber-e) [morus, mulberry-tree]. 
A tree of the genus Morus. Morus nigra is 
the source of mori succus of the B. P., the 
latter being used to make syrupus mori (B. 
P.). Both are employed as drinks in fevers 
and as additions to gargles in pharyngitis. 
The fruit of Morus alba is used as food for 
silkworms. M. Calculus. See Calculus, 
Mulberry. M. Mass. See Morula. 

Mulder's Test for Glucose. Alkalinize the 
solution with sodium carbonate and add a 
solution of indigo-carmin. If glucose is pres- 
ent, the solution becomes decolorized on 
heating, but changes to blue again on shaking 
with air. M.'s Test for Proteids, proteids 
are colored yellow on treating with concen- 
trated nitric acid; on the addition of ammonia 
or sodium or potassium hydroxid they become 
orange yellow. Syn., Xanthoproteic reaction. 

Mullen, Mullein (mul'-en). See Verbascum. 

Multangulum (mul-tan'-gu-lum) [multus, many; 
angulus, an angle]. A bone with many angles. 
M. majus, the trapezium. M. minus, the 
trapezoid bone. 

Multarticulate, Multiarticulate (mul-tar-tik'- 
u-ldt, mul-te-ar-tik' -u-lat) [multus, many; ar- 
ticulus, a joint]. Furnished with many joints. 

Multi- (mul-te-) [multus, much]. A prefix signi- 
fying many. 

Multicellular (mul-te- seV '-u-lar) [multi-; cellula, 
cell]. Many-celled. 

Multifetation (mul-tif-e-ta'-shun) [multi-; feta- 
tion]. Pregnancy with more than two fetuses. 

Multifid (mul' -tif-id) . Divided into many parts. 

Multigravida (mul-ti-grav'-id-ah) [multi-; grav- 
idus, pregnant]. A pregnant woman who has 
passed through one or more pregnancies. 



Multilobular (mul-ti-lob' -u-lar) [multi-; lobule]. 
Many-lobed. 

Multilocular (mul-ti-lok' -u-lar) [multi-; loculus, 
a locule or cell]. Many-celled; polycystic. 

Multinebulizer (mul - te - neb' -u-li- zer). A 
spraying device used in treatment of disease 
of the nose, throat, and ear. 

Multinuclear (mul-ti-nu' '-kle-ar) [multi-; nu- 
cleus]. Having several or many nuclei. 

Multipara (mul-tip' -ar-ah) [multi-; parere, to 
bring forth]. 1. A pregnant woman who 
has already borne one or more children. 
Opposed to primipara. . It has been custo- 
mary to designate the number of the preg- 
nancy of a multipara by the unpronounceable 
terms II-para, Ill-para, IV-para, etc. More 
commendable are the following terms: 
Secundipara, tertipara, quartipara, quinti- 
para, sextipara, septimipara, octavipara, noni- 
para, decimipara, etc., to designate respec- 
tively a woman in her second, third, fourth, 
etc., pregnancy. 2. A woman bearing several 
offspring at a birth. 

Multiparous imul-tip' -ar -us) [see Multipara]. 
Having borne several children. 

Multiple (mul'-tip-l) [multi-; plicare, to fold]. 
Manifold; affecting many parts at the same 
time. M. Neuritis. See Neuritis, Mul- 
tiple. M. Sclerosis. See Sclerosis, Multiple. 

Multipolar (mul-tip' -o-lar) [multi-; polus, a 
pole]. Having more than one pole, as mul- 
tipolar nerve-cells, those having more than 
one process. 

Multivalent (mul-tiv' -al-ent) [multi-; valere, 
to be worth]. In chemistry, combining with 
more than two atoms of a univalent element. 

Mummification (mum-if-ik-a'-shun) [mummy, 
from Pers., mum, wax; facere, to make]. The 
change of a part" into a hard, dry mass; dry 
gangrene. 
Mumps [Du., mompen, to mumble]. An acute 
infectious disease characterized by swelling 
of the parotid and at times of the other salivary 
glands. After a period 'of incubation of from 
two 'to three weeks, the disease begins with 
fever and pain below the ear; soon a tense, 
painful swelling forms in the region of the 
parotid gland, rendering mastication and 
deglutition difficult and painful. In the course 
of a week the swelling subsides without sup- 
puration. The most frequent complication is 
orchitis; in rare cases. the ovaries are affected. 

Mural (mu'-ral) [murus, a wall]. Pertaining to 
a wall, as a mural fibroid. M. Gestation, M. 
Pregnancy, pregnancy in the uterine ex- 
tremity of a fallopian tube. 

Murat's Symptom. In tuberculosis, vibra- 
tion of the affected part of the chest, attended 
with a sense of discomfort while speaking. 

Murexid (mu-reks'-id) [murex, the purple- 
fish], C 8 H 8 N 6 6 + H 2 0. Ammonium purpu- 
rate, a dichroic crystalline salt obtained from 
guano and used as a dye. M. Test for Uric 
Acid, cover the substance or the residue on 
evaporation with nitric acid; evaporate to 
dryness on a water-bath, and when cold, add 
ammonia, when it will turn purple-red. 



MURIATE 



627 



MURMUR 



Muriate {mu'-re-at) [muria, brine]. An old 
name for a chlorid. 

Muriated (mu'-re-a-ted) [muriate]. Containing 
chlorin or a chlorid. 

Muriatic (mu-re-at'-ik) [muriate]. Pertaining 
to brine. M. Acid. See Acid, Hydrochloric. 

Murmur (mer'-mer) [L.]. A blowing or 
rasping sound heard on auscultation. See 
also under Bruit. M., Accidental, a mur- 
mur dependent on an accidental circum- 
stance, as on compression of an artery 
by the stethoscope. M., Anemic. See 
M., Hemic. M., Aneurysmal, the mur- 
mur or bruit heard over an aneurysm. 
Syn., Aneurysmal bruit. M., Arterial, the 
sound made by the arterial current. M., 
Attrition, a pericardial murmur. M., 
Blood-. See M., Hemic. M., Car- 
diac, any adventitious sound heard over 
the region of the heart. In relation to their 
seat of generation, cardiac murmurs are 
designated as mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and 
pulmonary; according to the period of the 
heart's cycle at which they occur they are 
divided into systolic, those occurring during 
the systole; diastolic, those occurring in 
diastole; presystolic and prediastolic, those 
occurring just before systole and diastole 
respectively. M., Cardiopulmonary, one 
produced by the impact of the heart against 



the lung. M., Direct, a murmur produced 
by obstruction to the blood-current as it is 
passing in its normal direction. M., Duro- 
ziez's, the double murmur sometimes heard 
in the femoral artery in aortic regurgitation. 
M., Dynamic, one resulting from tumultuous 
and irregular action of the heart. M., En- 
docardial, a murmur produced within the 
cavities of the heart. (See Table below.) M., 
Exocardial, a murmur connected with the 
heart, but produced outside of its cavities. M., 
Flint's, a murmur sometimes heard at the 
apex of the heart in aortic regurgitation. It is 
generally presystolic in time, and is probably 
due to the fact that on account of the extreme 
ventricular dilation the valves cannot be forced 
back against the walls and produce a relative 
narrowing of the auriculoventricular orifice. 
M., Friction-, a sound produced by the rub- 
bing of two inflamed serous surfaces upon each 
other. M., Functional, a cardiac murmur 
occurring from excited action of the heart or 
anemic condition of the individual, without 
any structural change in the valves or orifices. 
M., Hemic, a sound believed to be due to 
changes in the quality or amount of the blood 
and not to lesions of the vessels or valves. It 
is heard especially in anemic conditions. 
M., Indirect, one produced by the blood 
flowing in a direction contrary to the normal 





Table of Endocardial Murmurs. 




Time. 


Point of Maximum 
Intensity. 


Line of Conduction. 


Lesion. 


Quality. 


Systolic. 


Center of mitral area, 
above and to left of 
apex. 


At sixth rib opposite apex, 
a line drawn from the 
anterior fold of axilla 
to lower angle of left 
scapula. 


Mitral insuffici- 
ency or incom- 
petence. 


Variable; usually soft, blow- 
ing; may be distinctly 
musical . 


Systolic. 


Midstemum or to right 
of it, opposite third 
rib or second inter- 
space. 


Toward top of sternum, 
and along aorta and its 
large branches. 


Aortic obstruc- 
tion. 


Usually loud and harsh. 
Harshness is one of its 
distinguishing character- 
istics. 


Diastolic. 


Midsternum opposite 
upper border of car- 
tilage of third rib. 


Down sternum to ensiform 
cartilage. 


Aortic insuffici- 
ency or incom- 
petence. 


Soft, blowing, sometimes 
rough, frequently musical. 
It has the greatest area of 
diffusion of all the cardiac 
murmurs. 


Presystolic. 


Over mitral area around 
the apex. 


Usually not transmitted. 


Mitral obstruc- 
tion. 


Generally low-pitched, 
rough, churning, grinding, 
or blubbering. Subject to 
great variation of pitch 
and quality. 


Systolic. 


Midsternum Just above 
the ensiform carti- 
lage. 


Toward the epigastrium. 


Tricuspid insuffi- 
ciency or in- 
competence. 


Low-pitched, superficial, 
blowing, soft, faint. 


Presystolic. 


Midsternum opposite 
the cartilage of fourth 
rib. 


Not transmitted. 


Tricuspid ob- 
struction. 


Undetermined. 


Systolic. 


Second interspace to 
the left of sternum 
or at the level of third 
rib. 


Upward a short distance 
and to left of sternum, 
stopping abruptly. 


Pulmonary ob- 
struction. 


Often harsh and audible 
over the whole precordia; 
may be very faint. 


Diastolic. 


Second left interspace. 


Down left edge of sternum 
to ensiform cartilage. 


Pulmonary in- 
sufficiency or 
incompetence. 


Soft and blowing. 



MURPHY'S BUTTON 



628 



MUSCLE 



current. M., Inorganic, a murmur not due 
to valvular lesions; a hemic or a functional 
murmur. M., Mitral, one produced at the 
mitral orifice. M., Muscular. i. The 
sound heard on auscultation of a contracting 
muscle. 2. The first sound of the heart. 
M., Musical, a cardiac murmur having a 
musical quality. M., Organic, a murmur 
due to structural changes in the heart. M., 
Paradox, a systolic murmur prolonged so 
as to appear to be followed by a diastolic 
murmur. M., Venous, M., Whiffling, M., 
Whistling. See Bruit de diable. 
Murphy's Button. A mechanic device for 
bringing together the visceral surfaces of the 




A p 

Murphy's Button. 
A. Male half. B. Female half. P. Spring flange, s, s. 
Springs projecting through opening in hollow stem. 
Part of the cap of the male half has been cut away at 
c to show circular spring which acts as flange. The 
round holes in the caps are for drainage. 

intestine in intestinal anastomosis. M.'s Law. 
See under Jaundice. 

Murrain {mur'-an) [Fr., from Lat. mori, to 
die], i. Any fatal disease of cattle and sheep. 
2. Foot-and-mouth disease. 

Muscat (mus'-ke) [L.]. Plural of musca, a. fly. 
M. hispaniolae, cantharides. M. volitan- 
tes, floating specks in the field of vision due 
to opacities in the media of the eye. 

Muscardine imus'-kar-din) [Fr., "a peculiar 
fungus"]. A disease of silkworms caused by 
the fungus Botrytis bassiana. 

Muscarin (mus'-kar-in), C 5 H 13 N0 2 + H 2 0. 
A poisonous alkaloid obtained from Agaricus 
muscarius. It causes depression of the action 
of the heart and the respiration, increases 
the excretions of the salivary and lacrimal 
glands and of the intestine, and produces 
contraction of the pupil. 

Muscegenetic (mus-e-jen-ef '-ik) [musca, a fly; 
generare, to produce]. Causing muscae voli- 
tantes or photopsia. 

Muscle (mus'-l) [musculus, a muscle]. A struc- 
ture composed chiefly of muscular tissue and 
having the property of contracting. Mus- 
cles are of two kinds, the striped, or striated, 
and the smooth, or unstriated, the first being 
voluntary, the second involuntary, i. e., not 
subject to the will. An alphabetic list of 
muscles is appended. M., Antagonistic, 
one acting in opposition to another. M., 
Bicaudate, one that has two distinct inser- 
tions. M., Biventer, one with two bellies. 
M., Carpophalangeus, one extending from 
the carpus to a phalanx. M. -casket, a 



muscle -compartment. M. -column. See 
under Muscular Tissue. M. -compartment, 
one of the divisions of a muscle-fiber produced 
by the extension of Krause's membrane 
from the sarcolemma. M., Complex, M., 
Compound, a muscle possessing more than 
one point of origin or of insertion or of 
both. M.s, Congenerous, those with re- 
lated action. M., Cutaneous, i. Having 
cutaneous origins and insertions. 2. Hav- 
ing cutaneous insertions. M. -fiber, the ulti- 
mate element of which muscular tissue is 
made up. Voluntary muscles consist of 
transversely striated fibers, involuntary mus- 
cles of spindle-shaped fibers or cells. M.s, 
Hypaxial, M.s, Hyposkeletal, those which 
pass below the vertebral axis; in man 
in front of the bodies of the vertebras. 
M. -imbalance, lack of muscular balance, 
as between the muscles of the eyes. M.s, 
Internal, involuntary muscles. M., Invol- 
untary, one not under the control of the 
will, as the nonstriated muscles. M., Iso- 
tonic, one that contracts on stimulation, its 
tension remaining the same. M.s, Multi- 
cipital, those having distinctly more than 
one origin. M., Nonstriated, one composed 
of spindle-shaped muscle-fibers. See Mus- 
cular Tissue. M.s, Papillary, the muscular 
eminences in the ventricles of the heart, 
from which the chordae tendineae arise. M.s, 
Pectinate, the serrated muscles. M.- 
plasma, the fluid portion of the muscle 
tissue. It is neutral or alkaline and spon- 
taneously coagulable, and contains myosino- 
gen (the coagulable substance), paramyosino- 
gen, myoglobulin, myoalbumoses, and albu- 
min. M., Polycipital. See M.s, Multicipi- 
tal. M.s, Polygastric, long muscles sepa- 
rated into parts by transverse tendinous sep- 
tums. M.s, Postaxial, muscles on the dor- 
sal aspect of the limbs, which lie at right 
angles to the spine. M.s, Preaxial, muscles 
on the ventral aspect of the limbs, which 
lie at right angles to the spine. M.-rod, one 
of the ultimate divisions of the dim band 
of a muscle-compartment. M.s, Serrated, 
broad muscles with serrate edges by means 
of which they are inserted. M.s, Simple, 
those having a single point of origin and 
one of insertion. M., Skeletal, any one 
of the muscles attached to and acting 
on the skeleton. M., Striated, M., 
Striped, a muscle constituted of striped 
muscle-fibers. See Muscular Tissue. M.- 
sugar. See Inosit. M. -tonus, the con- 
dition of slight but continued contraction 
in a muscle which causes the tension 
peculiar to waking hours. M.s, Tricipital, 
muscles having three distinct origins. M., 
Unstriated, M., Unstriped. See M., 
Nonstriated. M., Vestigial, one that is 
rudimentary in man but well developed in 
the lower animals. M., Voluntary. See 
M., Striated. Table of Muscles (Arranged 
Alphabetically) : Abductor hallucis, 
origin, outer head, os calcis, plantar fascia, 



MUSCLE 



629 



MUSCLE 



intermuscular septum; inner head, internal 
annular ligament and tendon of tibialis 
posticus; insertion, inner portion of lower 
surface of base of great toe and inner 
side of internal sesamoid bone; innervation, in- 
ternal plantar division of posterior tibial nerve; 
it flexes and abducts the first phalanx 
of the great toe. Abductor longus pollicis. 
See Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis in this 
table. Abductor minimi digiti manus, 
origin, pisiform bone; insertion, first phalanx 
of little finger; innervation, ulnar; abducts 
little finger. Abductor minimi digiti 
pedis, origin, outer tuberosity of the os 
calcis and plantar fascia; insertion, first 
phalanx of the little toe; innervation, ex- 
ternal plantar; it abducts the little toe. 
Abductor pollicis manus, origin, trape- 
zium, scaphoid, annular ligament, palmar 
fascia; insertion, first phalanx of thumb; 
innervation, median ; it abducts and flexes 
the first phalanx of the thumb. Abductor 
pollicis pedis, origin, inner tuberosity of 
os calcis; insertion, first phalanx of great 
toe; innervation, internal plantar; abducts 
great toe. Accelerator urinae, origin, 
central tendon of perineum and median 
raphe; insertion, bulb, spongy and cav- 
ernous parts of the penis; innervation, 
perineal; it ejects the urine. Accessorius 
sacrolumbalis. See Musculus accessorius 
ad sacrolumbalem in this table. Adduc- 
tor brevis, origin, ramus of pubes; in- 
sertion, upper part of the linea aspera of 
femur; innervation, obturator; it adducts, 
rotates externally, and flexes the thigh. 
Adductor hallucis, origin, tarsal ends 
of the three middle metatarsal bones; 
insertion, base of the first phalanx of 
great toe; innervation, external plantar; 
it adducts the great toe. Adductor lon- 
gus, origin, front of pubes; insertion, 
middle of linea aspera of femur; inner- 
vation, obturator; it adducts, rotates out- 
ward, and flexes the thigh. Adductor 
magnus, origin, rami of pubes and 1 " 
ischium; insertion, along the linea aspera 
of femur; innervation, obturator and great 
sciatic; it adducts the thigh and rotates.it 
outward. Adductor minimus, a name 
given to the upper portion of the adductor 
magnus. Adductor pollicis, origin, third 
metacarpal; insertion, first phalanx of 
thumb; innervation, ulnar; it draws the 
thumb to median line. Adenoid, Ad- 
enopharyngeal. See Thyroadenoideus 
in this table. Alares, the pterygoid 
muscles. Anconeus, origin, back of ex- 
ternal condyle of humerus; insertion, ole- 
cranon process and shaft of ulna; innerva- 
tion, musculospiral ; it extends the fore- 
arm. Arrectores pili, origin, pars papil- 
laris of the skin; insertion, hair- follicles; in- 
nervation, sympathetic; they elevate the hairs 
of the skin. Arytenoepiglottideus inferior, 
origin, arytenoid (anteriorly); insertion, epi- 
glottis; innervation, recurrent laryngeal; it 



compresses the saccule of the larynx. Ary- 
tenoepiglottideus superior, origin, apex of 
arytenoid cartilage; insertion, arytenoepi- 
glottidean folds; innervation, recurrent laryn- 
geal; it constricts the aperture of the larynx. 
Arytenoideus, origin, posterior and outer 
border of one arytenoid; insertion, back of 
other arytenoid; innervation, superior and 
recurrent laryngeal; it closes the back part 
of the glottis. Attollens aurem, origin, 
occipitofrontalis aponeurosis; insertion, pinna; 




Muscles of the Face and Neck. 
Frontal muscle. 2. Occipital muscle. 3, 3. Epicranial 
aponeurosis. 4. Temporal muscle. 5. Retrahens aurem. 
6. Orbicularis palpebrarum. 7. Levator labii superioris 
alceque nasi. 8. Dilator naris. 9. Compressor naris. 
9'. Pyramidalis nasi. 10. Zygomatic minor. 11. Zygo- 
matic major. 12. Masseter. 13. Levator anguli oris. 
14. Levator labii superioris. 15. Orbicularis oris. 16. 
Buccinator. 16'. Depressor anguli oris. 17. Depressor 
labii inferioris. 18. Levator labii inferioris. 19. Ster- 
nomastoid. 20. Trapezius. 21. Digastric and stylohyoid. 
22. Anterior belly of digastric. 23. Pulley for tendon of 
digastric. 24, 24. Omohyoid. 25. Sternohyoid. 26. 
Thyrohyoid. 27. Mylohyoid. 28. Splenius capitis. 29. 
Splenius colli. 30. Levator anguli scapulas. 31. Scale- 
nus posticus. 32. Scalenus anticus. 

innervation, temporal branch of facial; 
it elevates the pinna. Attrahens aurem, 
origin, lateral cranial aponeurosis; insertion, 
helix; innervation, facial; it advances the 
pinna. Azygos uvulag, origin, posterior 
nasal -spine of palate bone; insertion, uvula; 
innervation, facial through sphenopalatine 
ganglion; it raises the uvula. Bell's, the 
short muscular ridge on the inner surface of 
the bladder, passing forward from the ureteral 



MUSCLE 



630 



MUSCLE 



openings and ending in the uvula vesicae. Bi- 
ceps, origin: i. Longhead — glenoid cavity. 2. 
Short head — coracoid process; insertion, tu- 
berosity of radius; innervation, musculocuta- 
neous; it flexes and supinates the forearm. 
Biceps femoris, origin, ischial tuberosity and 
linea aspera; insertion, head of fibula and outer 
tuberosity of head of fibula; innervation, great 
sciatic and external popliteal; it flexes and ro- 
tates the leg outward. Biceps flexor cruris, 
the biceps femoris. Biceps flexor cubiti. 
See Biceps in this table. Biventer cervicis, 
origin, transverse processes, 2 to 4 upper dorsal; 
innervation, superior curved line of occipital 



4 



*§5 


■ ■. 




17 31 V *l 




12 — V-- L 

14 — V-~' - - 




18 H 

10 n 

lb --; 





Muscles of Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Regions. — (Holden.) 
. Posterior belly of digastric. 2. Stylohyoid. 3. Anterior belly of 
digastric. 4. Tendon and pulley of digastric. 5. Anterior belly 
of right digastric. 6. Mylohyoid. 7. Hyoglossus. 8. Sternal 
fibers of right sternomastoid. 9. Sternal fibers of left sternomas- 
toid. 10. Sternohyoid. 11. Tendon of omohyoid. 12. Thyro- 
hyoid. 13. Sternothyroid. 14. Inferior constrictor of pharynx. 
15. Trachea. 16. Esophagus. 17. Rectus capitis anticus major. 
18. Longus colli. 19. Scalenus anticus. 20, 20. Scalenus posti- 
cus. 21, 21. Levator anguli scapula;. 22. Splenius capitis. 23, 
23. Splenius colli. 24. Trapezius. 25. Attachment of sterno- 
mastoid. 26. Retrahens aurem. 27. Occipital portion of occipi- 
tofrontal. 28. Deltoid. 29. Attachment of pectorales majores 
to sternum. 30. External intercostal. 31. Internal intercostal. 



bone. It is a portion of the complexus and 
retracts and rotates the head. Bowman's. 
See Ciliary in this table. Brachialis an- 
ticus, origin, the lower half of the shaft of 
the humerus; insertion, coronoid process of 
ulna; innervation, musculocutaneous, mus- 
culospiral; it flexes the forearm. Brachio- 
radialis, the supinator longus. Briicke's. 
See Ciliary in this table. Buccinator, ori- 
gin, alveolar process of maxillary bones and 
pterygomaxillary ligament; insertion, orbicula- 
ris oris; innervation, buccal branch of facial; 
it compresses the cheeks and retracts the angle 



of the mouth. Bulbocavernosus. See Accel- 
erator urintz in this table. Casser's. 1. Lig- 
amentous fibers attached to the malleus 
and formerly described as the laxator tym- 
pani minor muscle. 2. The coracobrachialis. 
Cephalopharyngeus. See Constrictor of 
Pharynx, Superior, in this table. Cervicalis 
ascendens, origin, angles of five upper ribs; 
insertion, transverse processes of fourth, fifth, 
and sixth cervical vertebras; innervation, 
branches of cervical; it keeps the head erect. 
Chondrofascialis, a part of the pectoralis 
major inserted into the fascia of the arm. 
Ciliary, origin: 1. Longitudinal portion 
(Briicke's muscle): junction of 
cornea and sclera; 2. Circular por- 
tion (Muller's muscle): the fibers 
form a circle; insertion: 1. Outer 
layers of choroid. 2. Ciliary pro- 
cesses; innervation, ciliary; it is 
the muscle of visual accommoda- 
tion. Cleidooccipital, an anom- 
alous muscle arising from the clavi- 
cle externally to the sternomastoid 
and inserted into the superior 
curved line of the occipital bone. 
Coccygeus, origin, ischial spine; 
insertion, coccyx, sacrum, and sac- 
rococcygeal ligament; innervation, 
sacral; it supports the coccyx and 
closes the pelvic outlet. Coiteri, the 
corrugator supercilii. Complexus, 
origin, transverse processes seventh 
cervical and six upper dorsal, and 
articular processes of third to sixth 
cervical vertebras; insertion, occi- 
pital bone; innervation, suboccipi- 
tal, great occipital, and branches 
of cervical; it retracts and rotates 
the head. Compressor narium, 
origin, nasal aponeurosis; insertion, 
fellow muscle and canine fossa; 
innervation, facial; it compresses 
the nostril. Compressor nar- 
ium minor, origin, alar cartilage; 
insertion, skin at end of nose; in- 
nervation, facial; it dilates the nos- 
tril. Compressor sacculi laryn- 
gis, origin, fibers of the aryteno- 
epiglottideus; innervation, recurrent 
laryngeal; it is the compressor of 
the laryngeal saccule. Compres- 
sor urethrae, origin, ramus of 
pubes; insertion, fellow muscle; 
innervation, perineal; it compresses the 
membranous urethra. Compressor va- 
ginae, the analog of the two bulbocav- 
ernosi of the male; innervation, perineal;, 
it compresses the vagina. Compressor 
venae dorsalis penis, origin, fibers of 
the ischiocavernosus; insertion, fascial sheath 
of the penis, over the dorsal vessels; it is 
the compressor of the dorsal vein. Constric- 
tor of Pharynx (Inferior), origin, cricoid 
and thyroid cartilages; insertion, pharyngeal 
raphe; innervation, glossopharyngeal, pharyn- 
geal plexus, and external laryngeal; it con- 



MUSCLE 



631 



MUSCLE 



tracts the caliber of the pharynx. Con- 
strictor of Pharynx (Middle), origin, cornua 
of hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament; in- 
sertion, pharyngeal raphe; innervation, glosso- 
pharyngeal and pharyngeal plexus; it con- 
tracts the caliber of the pharynx. Constric- 
tor of Pharynx (Superior), origin, internal 
pterygoid plate, pterygomaxillary ligament, 
jaw, and side of tongue; insertion, pharyn- 
geal raphe; innervation, glossopharyngeal and 
pharyngeal plexus; it contracts the caliber 
of the pharynx. Coracobrachialis, origin, 
coracoid process of scapula; insertion, inner 
surface of shaft of humerus; 
innervation, musculocutaneous; Ai 

it adducts and flexes the arm. 
Coracocervicalis, an anomal- 
ous muscle arising from the 
coracoid process and passing 
upward and forward to be 
lost in the cervical fascia. Syn., 
Krause's -muscle. Coracohum- 
eral. See Coracobrachialis. 
Coracohyoid, the omohyoid 
muscle. Coracopectoralis, the 
pectoralis minor. Coracora- 
dialis- i. The short head of 
the biceps. 2. The biceps 
muscle. Coracoulnaris, the 
part of the biceps which has its 
point of insertion in the fascia 
of the forearm near the ulna. 
Corrugator cutis ani, origin, 
submucous tissue on interior of 
anus; insertion, subcutaneous 
tissue on opposite side of anus; 
innervation, sympathetic; it 
corrugates the skin about the 
anus. Corrugator supercilii, 
origin, superciliary ridge of 
frontal bone; insertion, orbicu- 
laris palpebrarum; innervation, 
facial; ■ it draws the eyebrow 
downward and inward. Cos- 
toabdominal, the obliquus ex- 
ternus. Costocoracoid, the 
pectoralis minor. Costohyoi- 
deus, the omohyoid muscle. 
Crampton's. See Ciliary in 
this table. Cremaster, origin, 
upper and deep surface of mid- 
dle of Poupart's ligament; in- 
sertion, spine and crest of 
pubic bone and fascia propria; 
innervation, genital branch of 
genitocrural; it elevates the testicle. 
Cricoarytenoideus lateralis, origin, side 
of cricoid cartilage; insertion, angle and 
external surface of arytenoid; innerva- 
tion, recurrent laryngeal; it closes the 
glottis. Cricoarytenoideus posticus, ori- 
gin, back of cricoid cartilage; insertion, 
base of arytenoid cartilage; innervation, re- 
current laryngeal; it opens the glottis. Crico- 
thyroid, origin, cricoid cartilage; insertion, 
thyroid cartilage (lower inner border); in- 
nervation, superior laryngeal; it makes the 



vocal bands tense. Crureus. Sec Vastus 
internus in this table. Deltoid, origin, clav- 
icle, acromion, and spine of scapula; in- 
sertion, shaft of humerus; innervation, cir- 
cumflex; it abducts the humerus. Depres- 
sor alag nasi, origin, incisive fossa of supe- 
rior maxillary bone; insertion, septum and 
ala of nose; innervation, facial: buccal 
branch; it contracts the nostril. Depressor 
anguli oris, origin, external oblique line of 
inferior maxillary bone; insertion, angle of 
mouth; innervation, facial: supramaxillary 
branch; it depresses the angle of the mouth. 




The Sternomastoid Muscle. Muscles of the Suprahyoid and 
Infrahyoid Regions. — (Holden.) 

1. Anterior belly of digastric. 2. Posterior belly. 3. Tendon and pulley 
for tendon. 4. Stylohyoid. 5. Mylohyoid. 6. Hyoglossus. 7. Ster- 
nomastoid. 8. Anterior or sternal portion. 9. Posterior or clavicu- 
lar portion. 10. Left sternohyoid, n. Right sternohyoid. 12, 12. 
Omohyoid. 13, 13. Thyrohyoid. 14, 14, 14. Sternothyroid. 15. 
Anterior portion of inferior constrictor of pharynx. 16. Occipital 
muscle. 17, 17. Retrahens aurem. 18. Trapezius. 19. Splenius 
capitis. 20. Splenius colli. 21. Levator anguli scapulae. 22. Sca- 
lenus posticus. 23. Scalenus amicus. 24. Superior portion of 
deltoid. 25. Superior portion of pectoralis major. 26. Inferior 
and anterior portion of right platysma myoides. 27. Depressor 
anguli oris. 28. Depressor labii' inferioris. 29. Masseter. 30. 
Buccinator.] 



Depressor epiglottidis, those fibers of the 
thyroepiglottideus that are continued for- 
ward to the margin of the epiglottis. De- 
pressor labii inferioris, origin, external 
oblique line of the inferior maxillary bone; 
insertion, lower lip; innervation, facial: supra- 
maxillary branch; it depresses the lip. De- 
pressor urethrae, origin, ramus of ischium 
near deep transversus perinei; insertion, fibers 
of constrictor vaginae muscle. Diaphragm, 
origin, ensiform cartilage, six or seven lower 
ribs, ligamenta arcuata, bodies of lumbar 



MUSCLE 



632 



MUSCLE 



vertebras; insertion, central tendon; . inner- 
vation, phrenic and sympathetic; function, 
respiration. Digastric (anterior belly), ori- 
gin, inner surface of inferior maxillary bone, 
near symphysis; insertion, hyoid bone; in- 
nervation, inferior dental; it elevates the hyoid 
bone and the tongue. Digastric (posterior 
belly), origin, digastric groove of mastoid 
process; insertion, hyoid bone; innervation, 
facial; it elevates the hyoid bone and the tongue. 
Dilator naris anterioris, origin, alar car- 
tilage; insertion, border of ala of nose; in- 
nervation, facial: infraorbital branch; di- 
lates the nostril. Dilator naris posterioris, 
origin, nasal notch of superior maxillary 
bone; insertion, skin at margin of nostril; 
innervation, facial: infraorbital branch; di- 
lates the nostril. Dorsal interossei (4), 
origin, sides of metacarpal bones; inser- 
tion, bases of corresponding phalanges; in- 



and spinalis dorsi; innervation, lumbar nerves, 
posterior division; function, extension of lum- 
bar spines on pelvis. Eustachian, the lax- 
atortympani. Extensor brevis digitorum 
(pedis), origin, os calcis, externally; inser- 
tion, first phalanx of great toe and tendons 
of extensor longus; innervation, anterior 
tibial; it extends the toes. Extensor brevis 
hallucis, a name applied to that portion of 
the extensor brevis digitorum that goes to 
the great toe. Extensor brevis pollicis. 
See Extensor primi internodii pollicis in this 
table. Extensor carpi radialis brevior, ori- 
gin, external condyloid ridge of humerus; in- 
sertion, base of second and third metacarpal; 
innervation, posterior interosseous; it ex- 
tends the wrist. Extensor carpi radialis 
longior, origin, lower one-third of external 
condyloid ridge of humerus; insertion, base 
of second metacarpal; innervation, musculo- 



4 4 3 3 1 6 

II I I 





.9 8 5 S 2 12 

Inferior Portion of the Abdominal Aponeurosis. — (H olden.) 
External abdominal ring. 2. External pillar. 3, 3. Internal pillar. 4, 4, 4, 4. Gimbernat's ligament. 5, 5. 
Its attachment. 6. Intercolumnar fibers. 7. Linea alba. 8. Symphysis pubis. 9. Spermatic cord. 10. Crural 
arch, n, 11. Cribriform fascia. 12. Internal saphenous vein. 



nervation, ulnar; abduct the fingers from 
the median- line. Dorsal interossei (4), 
origin, sides of metatarsal bones; insertion, 
base of first phalanx of corresponding toe; 
innervation, external plantar; abduct the 
toes. Dorsiscapularis, the rhomboideus 
major and rhomboideus minor regarded as 
one. Elevator, the levator muscles. Erec- 
tor clitoridis, origin, tuberosity of ischium; 
insertion, each side of crus of clitoris; it 
erects the clitoris. Erector penis, origin, 
ischial tuberosity, crus penis, and pubic 
ramus; insertion, tunica albuginea of corpus 
cavernosum; innervation, perineal; function, 
to maintain erection. Erector pili. See 
Arrectores pili in this table. Erector spinae, 
origin, iliac crest, back of sacrum, lumbar 
and three lower dorsal spines; insertion, 
divides into sacrolumbalis, longissimus dorsi, 



spiral; it extends the wrist. Extensor carpi 
ulnaris, origin: -first head, external condyle 
of humerus; second head, posterior border 
of ulna; insertion, base of fifth metacarpal; 
innervation, posterior interosseous; it extends 
the wrist. Extensor coccygis, origin, last 
bone of sacrum or first of coccyx; insertion, 
lower part of coccyx; innervation, sacral 
branches; it extends the coccyx. Extensor 
communis digitorum, origin, external con- 
dyle of humerus; insertion, all of the second 
and third phalanges; innervation, posterior 
interosseous; it extends the fingers. Ex- 
tensor indicis, origin, back of ulna; in- 
sertion, second and third phalanges of in- 
dex-finger; innervation, posterior interos- 
seous; it extends the index-finger. Exten- 
sor longus digitorum pedis, origin, outer 
tuberosity of tibia and shaft of fibula; in- 



MUSCLE 



633 



MUSCLE 



sertion, second and third phalanges of toes; 
innervation, anterior tibial; it extends the 
toes. Extensor longus pollicis. See Ex- 
tensor secundi internodii pollicis in this table. 
Extensor minimi digiti, origin, external 
condyle of humerus; insertion, second and 



terosseous; it extends the thumb. Exten- 
sor ossis metatarsi hallucis (anomalous), 
origin, extensor proprius hallucis, or extensor 
communis digitorum, or tibialis anticus; in- 
sertion, metatarsal bone of hallux. Extensor 
primi internodii pollicis, origin, back of 




^ 4.23 

Superficial and Middle Muscular Layers of the Posterior Aspect of the Trunk. — (Holden.) 
. Trapezius. 2. Latissimus dorsi. 3, 3. Lumbosacral aponeurosis. 4, 4. Portion of this aponeurosis to which 
latissimus dorsi is attached. 5. Fasciculus by which latissimus dorsi is attached to crest of ilium. 6. External 
border of latissimus dorsi. 7. Teres major. 8. Superior border of latissimus dorsi, curving around teres major, 
g. Rhomboideus major. 10. Rhomboideus minor, n. Superior border of serratus posticus superioris. 12,12,12. 
Fasciculi of serratus posticus inferioris. 13. Sternomastoid. 14. Splenius. 15. Levator anguli scapulae. 16. 
Infraspinatus. 17. Teres minor. 18. Teres major. 19. Divided latissimus dorsi. 20. Fasciculus of latissimus 
dorsi, arising from angle of scapula. 21. Inferior portion of serratus magnus. 22, 22.,, Lower portion of internal 
oblique. 23. Posterior aponeurosis of internal oblique. 24. Gluteus maximus. 25. Divided gluteus maximus. 26. 
Gluteus medius. 27. Pyramidalis. 28. Tendon of obturator internus and gemelli. 29. Quadratus femoris. 30. 
Sacrolumbalis and longissimus dorsi. 31. Deltoid. 32. Triceps. 



third phalanges of little finger; innervation, pos- 
terior interosseous; it extends the little finger. 
Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis, origin, 
back of radius and ulna and interosseous 
membrane; insertion, base of metacarpal of 
thumb and fascia; innervation, posterior in- 



radius; insertion, base of first phalanx of 
thumb; innervation, posterior interosseous; 
it extends the thumb. Extensor proprius 
hallucis, origin, middle of fibula; insertion, 
base of last phalanx of great toe; inner- 
vation, anterior tibial; it extends the great 



MUSCLE 



634 



MUSCLE 



toe. Extensor proprius minimi digiti, 

origin, lower part of ulna or posterior liga- 
ment of wrist-joint; insertion, base of first 
phalanx of little finger; it extends the little fin- 
ger. Extensor secundi internodii pollicis, 
origin, back of ulna; insertion, base of last 
phalanx of thumb; innervation, posterior in- 
terosseous; it extends the thumb. Extensor, 
Ulnocarpal, the extensor carpi ulnaris. Ex- 
trarectus. i. The pyriformis. 2. The rec- 
tus externus muscle of the eye. Fallopian, 
the pyramidalis. Fascialis. See Tensor vagina 
femoris in this table. Flexor accessories digi- 
torum (of foot) (two heads), origin, inner 
and outer, surface of os calcis; insertion, 
tendon of flexor longus digitorum; innerva- 
tion, external plantar; it is the accessory 
flexor of toes. Flexor accessorius longus 
digitorum (of foot), origin, shaft of tibia 



insertion, first phalanx of little finger; in- 
nervation, ulnar; it flexes the little finger. 
Flexor brevis pollicis (of Foot). See 
Flexor brevis hallucis in this table. Flexor 
brevis pollicis (of Hand) (two heads), origin — 
outer: lower border of anterior annular liga- 
ment; ridge of trapezium; inner: os magnum 
and bases of first, second, and third meta- 
carpal bones; insertion, base of first phalanx 
of thumb; innervation, outer head — median: 
palmar branch; inner head — deep ulnar; it 
flexes the metacarpal bone of the thumb. 
Flexor carpi radialis, origin, internal con- 
dyle of humerus; insertion, metacarpal bone 
of index-finger; innervation, median; it flexes 
the wrist. Flexor carpi ulnaris (two heads), 
origin: 1. Internal condyle. 2. Olecranon 
and ulna; insertion, fifth metacarpal, annular 
ligament, and pisiform bone; innervation, 




Diaphragm, Inferior Aspect. — (Holden.) 
Middle or anterior leaflet of central tendon. 2. Right leaflet. 3. Left leaflet. 4. Right crus. 5. Left crus. 6, 6. 
Intervals for phrenic nerves. 7. Muscular fibers from which the ligamenta arcuata originate. 8, 8. Muscular fibers 
that arise from inner surface of six lower ribs. 9. Fibers that arise from ensiform cartilage. 10. Opening for inferior 
vena cava. 11. Opening for esophagus. 12. Aortic opening. 13, 13. Upper portion of transversalis abdominis, 
turned upward and outward. 14, 14. Anterior leaflet of transversalis aponeurosis. 15, 15. Quadratus lumborum. 
16, 16. Psoas magnus. 17. Third lumbar vertebra. 



or fibula; insertion, tubercle of os calcis, 
and joins tendon of long flexor; innervation, 
external plantar; it assists in flexing the 
toes. Flexor brevis digitorum (of foot), 
origin, inner tuberosity of os calcis and 
plantar fascia; insertion, second phalanges 
of the lesser toes; innervation, internal plan- 
tar; it flexes the lesser toes. Flexor brevis 
hallucis, origin, under surface of cuboid, 
plantar ligaments, and external cuneiform; 
insertion, base of first phalanx of great toe; 
innervation, internal plantar; it flexes and 
slightly adducts the first phalanx of the great 
toe. Flexor brevis minimi digiti (of Foot), 
origin, base of fifth metatarsal; insertion, 
base of first phalanx of little toe; innerva- 
tion, external plantar; it flexes the little toe. 
Flexor brevis minimi digiti (of Hand), 
origin, unciform bone and annular ligament; 



ulnar; it flexes the wrist. Flexor indicis, 
the name given to the indicial portion of 
the flexor profundus digitorum when it is 
distinct. Flexor longus digitorum (of 
foot), origin, shaft of tibia; insertion, 
last phalanges of toes; innervation, posterior 
tibial; it flexes the phalanges and extends 
the ankle. Flexor longus hallucis, origin, 
lower two-thirds of shaft of fibula; insertion, 
last phalanx of great toe; innervation, pos- 
terior tibial; it flexes the great toe. Flexor 
longus pollicis, origin, shaft of radius and 
coronoid process of ulna; insertion, last pha- 
lanx of thumb; innervation, anterior inter- ' 
osseous; it flexes the thumb. Flexor pro- 
fundus digitorum, origin, shaft of ulna; 
insertion, last phalanges by four tendons; in- 
nervation, ulnar and anterior interosseous; it 
flexes the phalanges. Flexor sublimis digi- 



MUSCLE 



635 



MUSCLE 



torum {three heads), origin: i. Inner condyle. 
2. Coronoid process. . 3. Oblique line of 
radius; insertion, second phalanges by four 
tendons; innervation, median; it flexes the 
second phalanges. Gastrocnemius {two 
heads), origin, condyles of femur; inser- 
tion, os calcis by tendo achillis; innervation, 
internal popliteal; it extends the foot. Ge- 
mellus inferior, origin, tuberosity of is- 
chium and lesser sacrosciatic notch; insertion, 
great trochanter; innervation, sacral; func- 
tion, external rotator of the thigh. Gemel- 
lus superior, origin, ischial spine and 
lesser sacrosciatic notch; insertion, 
great trochanter; innervation, sacral; 
function, external rotator of the thigh. 
Geminous, Geminus, Gemelli, Ge- 
mini, the combined gemellus inferior 
and gemellus superior. Genioglossus. 
See Geniohyoglossus in this table. 
Geniohyoglossus, origin, superior 
genial tubercle of inferior maxillary 
bone; insertion, hyoid and inferior sur- 
face of tongue; innervation, hypo- 
glossal; it retracts and protrudes the 
tongue. Geniohyoid, origin, inferior 
genial tubercle of inferior maxillary 
bone; insertion, body of hyoid; in- 
nervation, hypoglossal; it elevates 
and advances the hyoid. Glossopal- 
atinus, a small muscle constricting 
the action of the fauces and compos- 
ing the major part of the anterior 
pillar. Gluteoperineal, an anomalous 
branch of the superficial transverse 
perineal muscle which originates from 
the fascia covering the gluteus maxi- 
mus. Gluteus maximus, origin, 
superior curved iliac line and crest, 
sacrum, and coccyx; insertion, fascia 
and femur below great trochanter; 
innervation, inferior gluteal and sacral 
plexus; it extends, abducts, and ro- 
tates the thigh outward. Gluteus 
medius, origin, ilium between superior 
and middle curved lines; insertion, 
oblique line of great trochanter; 
innervation, superior gluteal; it ro- 
tates, abducts, and advances the thigh. 
Gluteus minimus, origin, ilium be- 
tween middle and inferior curved 
lines; insertion, great trochanter; in- 
nervation, superior gluteal; it rotates, 
abducts, and draws the thigh forward. 
Gracilis, origin, rami of pubes and 
ischium; insertion, tibia, upper and 
inner part; innervation, obturator; it flexes 
and abducts the leg. Gubernaculum 
testis. See Cremaster in this table. Guth- 
rie's. See Compressor urethra in this table. 
Helicis major et minor, origin, tubercle 
on helix; insertion, rim of helix near sum- 
mit; innervation, auriculotemporal and pos- 
terior auricular. Hilton's. See Compressor 
sacculi laryngis in this table. Hippicus, the 
tibialis anticus. Horner's. See Ciliary and 
Tensor tarsi in this table. Hyoglossus, ori- 



gin, cornua of hyoid bone; insertion, side 
of tongue; innervation, hypoglossal; it de- 
presses the side of the tongue and retracts 
it. Iliacus, origin, iliac fossa and crest, 
base of sacrum; insertion, lesser trochanter, 
upper part of shaft of femur; innervation, 
anterior crural; it flexes and rotates the 
thigh outward. Iliacus externus, the pyri- 
formis. Iliocostal. See Sacrolumbalis in 
this table. Iliolumbalis, the quadratus 
lumborum. Iliopsoas, the iliacus and psoas 
muscles considered as one. Infracostals 




Internal Oblique and Transversalis Abdominis Muscles. 
— (H olden.) 

1, 1. Rectus abdominis. 2, 2. Internal oblique. 3, 3. An- 
terior leaflet of aponeurosis of internal oblique. 4, 4. 
Divided external oblique. 5, 5. Spermatic cords. 6, 6. 
Inferior portion of aponeurosis of external oblique. 7. 
Lower portion of left rectus abdominis; upper portion re- 
moved. 8, 8. Muscular portion of transversalis abdominis. 
9. Aponeurotic portion. 10. Umbilicus, n. Supraumbili- 
cal portion of linea alba. 12. Infraumbilical portion. 13, 
13. Serratus magnus. 14. Divided right latissimus dorsi. 
15. Divided left latissimus dorsi. 16. Divided serratus 
magnus. 17, 17. External intercostals. 18, 18. Femoral 
aponeurosis. 19. Divided internal oblique. 



(10), origin, inner surface of ribs; insertion, 
inner surface of two or three ribs above; 
innervation, intercostal; function, expiration, 
by depressing the ribs. Infraoblique. See 
Obliquus capitis inferior in this table. Infra- 
spinatus, origin, infraspinous fossa; insertion, 
great tuberosity of humerus ; innervation, su- 
prascapular; it rotates the humerus outward. 
Interaccessory, short lumbar muscles con- 
necting the accessory processes of the ver- 
tebras. Interarytenoid, origin, one aryte- 



MUSCLE 



636 



MUSCLE 



noid cartilage; insertion, the other arytenoid 
cartilage; innervation, recurrent laryngeal; 
function, approximates arytenoid cartilages. 
Intercostals, External (n), origin, outer 
lip of inferior costal border; insertion, su- 
perior border of ribs above; innervation, in- 
tercostal; they raise the ribs in inspiration. 



origin, adjacent surfaces of metatarsal bones; 
insertion, bases of first phalanges ; innervation, 
external plantar; they abduct from the middle 
line of the second toe. Interossei of Foot, 
Plantar (3), origin, inner lower surface of 
three outer metatarsal bones; insertion, bases 
of first phalanges of three outer toes; inner- 




23 it" i. 

Muscles of the Anterior Aspect of the Body. — (Holden.) 
Pectoralis major. 2. Its clavicular fasciculus. 3. Fasciculus attached to abdominal aponeurosis. 4, 4. External 
oblique. 5, 5. Serratus magnus. 6, 6. Anterior border of latissimus dorsi. 7. Decussation of tendinous fibers 
of pectorales majores. 8. Ensiform cartilage. 9, 9. Abdominal aponeurosis. 10, 10. Linea alba. 11. Umbili- 
cus. 12, 12, 12. Tendinous intersections of rectus abdominis. 13, 13. External abdominal ring. 14. Pyrami- 
dalis. 15, 15. External border of rectus abdominis. 16. Sternohyoid. 17. Omohyoid. 18. Sternomastoid. 
19. Cervical portion of trapezius. 20. Deltoid. 21. Biceps brachialis. 22. Pectineus. 23. Sartorius. 24. 
Rectus femoris. 25. Tensor vaginae femoris. 



Intercostals, Internal (n), origin, inner lip 
of inferior costal border; insertion, superior 
border of rib below; innervation, intercostal; 
they depress the ribs in expiration. Internal 
Pleuricostals. See Intercostals, Internal, in 
this table. Interossei of Foot, Dorsal (4), 



vation, external plantar; they adduct the 
outer three toes. Interossei of Hand, Dor- 
sal (4), origin, five metacarpal bones; in- 
sertion, sides of aponeurosis of extensor 
communis and adjacent parts of first pha- 
langes; innervation, ulnar; they abduct the 



MUSCLE 



637 



MUSCLE 



index, middle, and ring fin- 
gers, and aid in flexing the 
first phalanges and extending 
the second and third. In- 
terossei of Hand, Palmar 
(3), origin, sides of meta- 
carpal bones; insertion, apo- 
neurosis of extensor tendons, 
adjacent part of first pha-. 
langes; innervation, ulnar; they 
abduct the index, ring, and 
little fingers, and aid in flexing 
the first phalanges and in ex- 
tending the second and third. 
Interspinales, origin, upper 
surface of spines of vertebras, 
near tip; insertion, posterior 
part of lower surface of spine 
above ; innervation, internal 
divisions of posterior branches 
of spinal nerves; they extend 
the vertebras next above. In- 
tertransversales, origin, be- 
tween transverse processes of 
contiguous vertebras; inner- 
vation, spinal nerves; they 
flex the spinal column later- 



18 19 dg 



g-13 




10 11 



Muscles or Anterior Aspect of Thorax. — (Holden.) 
Pectoralis major. 2. Its clavicular portion. 3. Its sternocostal por- 
tion. 4. Its humeral attachment, divided and displaced upward. 5, 
5, 5. Its fasciculi of attachment to ribs. 6. Pectoralis minor. 7. 
Subclavius. 8. Deltoid. 9. Inferior border of pectoralis minor. 
10. Digitations of serratus magnus. n. Corresponding digitations of 
external oblique. 12, 12. Anterior border of latissimus dorsi. 13. Its 
tendon of attachment to humerus. 14. Teres major. 15. Subscapu- 
laris. 16. Long head of triceps. 17. Lower portion of deltoid. 18, 
18. Sternomastoid. 19. Lower portion of sternohyoid. 20. Trapezius. 




QUADRATUS LUMBORUM, AND TRANSVERSALIS 

Muscles . — (Holden .) 
1. Psoas parvus. 2. Its divided tendon. 3. Psoas magnus. 4. 
Its attachment to twelfth dorsal vertebra. 5, 5, 5, 5- Its 
attachment to bodies of first four lumbar vertebras. 6. Its 
tendon of attachment to lesser trochanter. 7, 7. Iliac muscle. 
8, 8. Inferior and external fibers of iliac muscle. 0, o. Rec- 
tus femoris. 10, 10. Obturator externus. 11. Quadratus 
lumborum. 12, 12, 12, 12. Posterior portion of quadratus 
lumborum. 13. External portion. 14, 14. Transversalis ab- 
dominis. 15.' Iliolumbar ligament. 16. Crura of diaphragm. 



ally. Ischiocavernosus. See Erector 
penis in this table. Jarjavay's. See 
Depressor urethra? in this table. Kera- 
tocricoid. See Cricothyroid in this 
table. Keratoglossus, those fibers of 
the hyoglossus that arise from the 
greater cornu of the hyoid bone. La- 
tissimus colli. See Platysma myoides 
in this table. Latissimus dorsi, 
origin, spines of six lower dorsal and 
lumbar and sacral vertebras, crest of 
ilium, and three or four lower ribs; 
insertion, bicipital groove of humerus; 
innervation, long subscapular; it draws 
the arm backward and downward and 
rotates it inward. Laxator tympani, 
origin, spinous process of sphenoid 
bone and eustachian tube; insertion, 
neck of malleus ; innervation, facial; it 
relaxes the membrana tympani. Leva- 
tor anguli oris, origin, canine fossa 
of superior maxillary bone; insertion, 
angle of mouth; innervation, infra- 
orbital branch of facial; it elevates 
the angle of the mouth. Levator 
anguli scapulae, origin, transverse 
processes of four upper cervical verte- 
bras; insertion, posterior border of 
scapula; innervation, fifth cervical and 
cervical plexus; it elevates the upper 
angle of the scapula. Levator ani, 
origin, posterior portion of body and 
ramus of pubes, pelvic fascia, ischial 
spine; insertion, rectum, coccyx, and 
fibrous raphe; innervation, sacral and 
perineal; supports the rectum and 
vagina. Levator labii inferioris, 
origin, incisive fossa of inferior maxil- 



MUSCLE 



638 



MUSCLE 






lary bone; insertion, skin pi lower lip; in- 
nervation, supram axillary branch of facial; 
it elevates the lower lip. Levator labii su- 
perioris, origin, lower margin of orbit; in- 
sertion, upper lip; innervation, infraorbital 
branch of facial; it elevates the upper lip. 
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, origin, 
nasal process of superior maxillary bone; 
insertion, alar cartilage- and upper lip; in- 
nervation, infraorbital branch of facial; it 
elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostril. 
Levator menti. See Levator labii inferior is 
in this table. Levator palati, origin, petrous 



hypoglossal; it elevates the middle of the 
tongue. Lingualis superior, a band of fibers 
extending from base to apex of the upper 
surface of the tongue. Longer Straight, 
the rectus capitis posticus major. Longis- 
simus dorsi, origin, erector spinae; insertion, 
transverse processes of lumbar and dorsal 
vertebras and seventh to eleventh ribs; in- 
nervation, branches of lumbar and dorsal; 
it erects the spine and bends the trunk back- 
ward. Longus colli : i. Superior oblique 
portion. 2. Inferior oblique portion. 3. Ver- 
tical portion. Origin: 1 . Transverse processes 




Muscles of Anal and Perineal Region. 
1. Bulbocavernosus muscle (accelerator urinae). 2. Its fibrous raphe. 3. Its anterior termination. 4. Ischio- 
cavernosus (erector penis) muscle. 5. Tendon of attachment to tuber ischii. 6. Transversus perinei. 7. Exter- 
nal sphincter ani. 8. Aponeurotic insertion into apex of coccyx. 9. Attachment to bulbocavernous raphe. 10. 
Fibers of insertion into perineum, divided. 11. Upper layer of external sphincter. 12. Internal sphincter. 13. 
Levator ani. 14. Obturator internus. 15. Internal border of gluteus maximus. 



portion of temporal bone; insertion, soft 
palate; innervation, sphenopalatine ganglion 
(facial) ; it elevates the soft palate. Levator 
palpebrse superioris, origin, lesser wing of 
sphenoid; insertion, upper tarsal cartilage; 
innervation, third cranial; it lifts the upper 
lid. Levatores costarum (12), origin, 
transverse processes of last cervical and dor- 
sal vertebras; insertion, each to the rib be- 
low; innervation, intercostal; they raise the 
ribs. Lingualis, origin, under surface of 
tongue; innervation, chorda tympani and 



third to fifth cervical vertebras. 2. Bodies of 
first to third dorsal vertebras. 3. Bodies of 
three dorsal and two cervical vertebras. In- 
sertion: 1. Anterior tubercle of atlas. 2. 
Transverse processes fifth and sixth cervical 
vertebras. 3. Bodies of second to fourth cer- 
vical vertebras. Innervation, lower cervical. 
It flexes the cervical vertebras. Lumbo- 
femoralis, the psoas magnus. Lumboilia- 
cus, the psoas parvus. Lumbricales (4) 
(of Foot), origin, tendons of flexor longus 
digitorum; insertion, first phalanges of the 



MUSCLE 



639 



MUSCLE 



lesser toes; innervation, internal and exter- 
nal plantar; they are accessory flexors. Lum- 




Superficial Muscles of Palmar Aspect of Forearm. 
— {H olden.) 

i. Lower portion of biceps. 2. Bicipital fascia. 3. Ten- 
don of insertion into radius. 4, 4. Brachialis anticus. 
5. Internal head of triceps. 6. Pronator radii teres. 
7. Flexor carpi radialis. 8. Palmaris longus. 9. Its 
termination in palmar ligament. 10. Flexor carpi 
ulnaris. n. Its attachment to pisiform bone. 12. 
Supinator longus. 13. Its attachment to styloid 
process of radius. 14, 14. Extensor carpi radialis 
longior. 15. Extensor carpi radialis brevior. 16. 
Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 17. Its tendon of 
insertion into base of first metacarpal bone. 18. 
Tendon of extensor secundi internodii pollicis. 19, 19. 
Flexor sublimis digitorum. 20, 20. Tendons of this 
muscle. 21,21. Their attachment to second phalanges 
of fingers. 22, 22. Attachment of tendons of flexor 
profundus digitorum to last phalanges of fingers. 23, 
.23. Lumbricales. 24. Adductor pollicis. 25. Its in- 
sertion into first phalanx of thumb. 26, 26. Flexor 
longus pollicis. 27. Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 
28. Abductor minimi digiti. 



bricales (4) (of Hand) , origin, tendons of flex- 
or profundus digitorum; insertion, tendons of 
common extensor; innervation, median and 
ulnar; they flex the first phalanges. Malaris, 
a part of the orbicularis palpebrarum origi- 
nating in the inner inferior margin of the 
orbit and adjacent part of the dorsum of 
the nose and uniting partly with the zygo- 
matics major. Malledius, the tensor tym- 
pani. Masseter, origin, zygomatic arch; 




Biceps and Coracobrachialis. — (H olden.) 
1. Biceps. 2. Short head. 3. Long head. 4. Ten- 
don of insertion into radius. 5. Bicipital fascia. 
6. Coracobrachialis. 7, 8. Laminas of tendon of 
insertion of pect oralis major. 9. Attachment of 
latissimus dorsi. 10. Teres major. 11. Subscapu- 
laris. 12. Brachialis anticus. 13. Long, middle, 
or scapular head of triceps. 14. Internal or short 
humeral head. 15. Supinator longus. 16. Exten- 
sor carpi radialis longior. 

insertion, angle and ramus of jaw; innerva- 
tion, inferior maxillary; it is the muscle of 
mastication. Mastoideus anterior, Mas- 
toideus colli, the sternomastoid. Mastoid- 
eus lateralis, the trachelomastoid. Mid- 
riff. See Diaphragm in this table. Miil- 
ler's. See Ciliary in this table. Mtiller's 
(Orbital), origin, connected with the orbital 
periosteum; it crosses the sphenomaxillary 



MUSCLE 



640 



MUSCLE 



fissure; innervation, sympathetic. Miiller's 
(Superior Palpebral), origin, connected with 



21-., 




Flexor Sublimis Digitorum. — (Holden.) 
Flexor sublimis digitorum. 2. Its origin from the 
epitrochlea. 3. Its origin from coronoid process of 
ulna. 4, 4. Its aponeurosis of attachment to radius. 

5, 5. Superficial tendons for middle and ring fingers. 

6, 6. Deep tendons for little and index-fingers. 7. 
Flexor longus pollicis. 8. Its tendon. 9, 9. Bifur- 
cation of tendons of flexor sublimis. 10, 10. In- 
tervals between divisions, n, 11. Tendons of flexor 
profundus. 12. Tendon of flexor brachialis anticus. 
13. Common tendon of origin of superficial epitroch- 
lear muscles. 14. Tendon of biceps. 15. Supinator 
longus. 16. Its attachment to styloid process of 
radius. 17. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 18,18. 
Tendon of attachment of pronator radii teres, divided. 
19. Tendon of extensor carpi radialis. 20. Triceps. 
21. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 22. Its attachment to 
pisiform bone. 23. Adductor minimi digiti. 24. 
Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 25. Adductor brevis 
pollicis. 

the levator palpebrae superioris; insertion, 
along the upper border of the tarsus; in- 



nervation, sympathetic; it assists in raising 
the upper lid. Multifidus spinas, origin, 
sacrum, iliac spine, articular processes of 
lumbar and cervical vertebras, and trans- 
verse processes of dorsal and seventh cer- 
vical; insertion, laminas and spines from 
last lumbar to second cervical vertebra; in- 
nervation, posterior spinal branches; it erects 
and rotates the spinal column. Musculus 




Triceps, Posterior Aspect. — {Holden.) 
1. Long, middle, or scapular head. 2. Its tendon of 
origin from scapula. 3. External or long humeral 
head. 4. Internal or short humeral head. 5. 
Common tendon. 6. Attachment to olecranon. 7. 
Anconeus. 8, 8. Upper portion of deltoid, posterior 
half removed. 9. Lower portion. 10. Supraspina- 
tus. 11. Infraspinatus. 12. Teres minor, middle 
portion removed. 13. Insertion of teres minor 
into _ humerus. 14. Teres major. 15. Upper ex- 
tremity of latissimus dorsi. 16. Supinator longus. 
17. Extensor carpi radialis longior. -18. Extensor 
carpi ulnaris. 19. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 



accessorius ad sacrolumbalem, origin, an- 
gles of six lower ribs; insertion, angles of 
six upper ribs; innervation, branches of dor- 
sal; it erects the spine and bends the trunk 
backward. Mylohyoid, origin, mylohyoid 
ridge of inferior maxillary bone; insertion, 
body of hyoid and raphe; innervation, in- 
ferior dental; it elevates and advances the 



MUSCLE 



641 



MUSCLE 



hyoid bone. Nasalis, a. name suggested for 
the pyramidalis nasi, a part of the levator 
labii superioris and the outer portion of the 
depressor alae nasi. Nasolabialis, origin. 




Muscles of Dorsal Aspect of. Forearm, Superficial 
Layer. — (Holden.) 

i. Tendon of triceps. 2. Upper extremity of supinator 
longus. 3. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 4. Its 
attachment to second metacarpal bone. 5. Extensor 
carpi radialis brevior. 6. Its attachment to third 
metacarpal bone. 7. Extensor ossis metacarpi polli- 
cis. 8, 8. Extensor primi internodii pollicis. 9, 9. 
Extensor secundi internodii pollicis. 10, 10. Annular 
ligament. 11. Extensor communis digitorum. 12, 
12. Attachment of its four tendons to the second and 
third phalanges. 13. Tendon of the extensor indicis. 
14. Tendon of extensor minimi digiti. 15. Exten- 
sor carpi ulnaris. 16. Its attachment to fifth meta- 
carpal bone. 17. Anconeus. 18. Flexor carpi ul- 
naris. 19. Posterior border of ulna. 20. Olecranon. 
21. Internal condyle of humerus, 
42 



Muscle of Dorsal Aspect of Forearm, Deep Layer. 
— (Holden.) 

1. Tendon of triceps. 2. Internal head of triceps. 3. 
Anconeus. 4. Humeral attachment of supinator 
longus. 5. Humeral attachment of extensor carpi ra- 
dialis longior. 6, 6. Tendon of insertion into second 
metacarpal bone. 7. Upper extremity of extensor 
carpi radialis brevior. 8, 8. Its tendon of insertion 
into third metacarpal bone. 9. Common tendon. of 
the superficial and deep muscles. 10. Supinator 
brevis. n. Radial insertion of pronator radii teres. 
12. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 13. Extensor 
primi internodii pollicis. 14. Extensor secundi inter- 
nodii pollicis. 15. Extensor indicis. 16. Its ten- 
don, uniting with corresponding tendon of common 
extensor. 17. Tendon of extensor minimi digiti. 18. 
Tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris. 19. Flexor carpi 
ulnaris, displaced to show flexor profundus digitorum. 
20. Fibrous arch extending from epitrochlea to ole- 
cranon and forming the upper portion of the deep 
flexor. 21. Annular ligament. 22. Dorsal interossei. 
23. Abductor minimi digiti. 24, 24. Tendons of 
extensor communis digitorum, 






MUSCLE 



642 



MUSCLE 



nasal septum; insertion, upper lip; inner- versalis, the compressor narium. Nauticus, 
vation, facial; it connects the upper lip the tibialis posticus. Obliquus auris, ori- 
with the septum of the nose. Nasotrans- gin, concha of ear; insertion, fossa of an- 





Muscle of Guthrie. 
Bulbocavernosus (erector penis) muscle. 2. Muscle of 
Guthrie (transversus perinei profundus). 3. Superfi- 
cial transverse muscle. 4. External sphincter ani. 5. 
Levator ani. 



thelix; innervation, temporal and posterior 
auricular. Obliquus capitis inferior, ori- 



Deep Muscles of Palmar Aspect of Forearm. — 
(Holden.) 

1. Lower portion of triceps. 2, 2. Attachments of pro- 
nator radii teres. 3- Attachment of flexor carpi 
radialis, palmaris longus, and flexor sublimis digi- 
torum. 3'. Tendon of biceps. 3. Tendon of bra- 
chialis anticus. 4, 4. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 5. Su- 
pinator longus. 6. Its distal attachment. 7. Supina- 
tor brevis. 7'. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 8, 8. 
Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 9. Flexor pro- 
fundus digitorum. 10. Its four tendons. 11. Tendon 
for index-finger. 12, 12. Tendon for middle finger. 
13. Tendon of flexor sublimis. 14. Tendon of flexor 
profundus for little finger. 15, 15. Lumbricales. 16, 
16. Attachments of abductor brevis. 17. Opponens 
pollicis. 18. Flexor brevis pollicis. 10. Adductor 
pollicis. 20. Flexor longus pollicis. 21. Its tendon. 
22, 22. Attachments of flexor brevis and adductor 
minimi digiti. 23. Opponens minimi digiti. 




Muscle of Guthrie and Wilson. 
1. Bulb of urethra. 2. Muscle of Guthrie (transversus 
perinei profundus). 3. Muscle of Wilson. 4- Trans- 
versus perinei superficialis. 5. External sphincter 
ani. 6. Levator ani. 



gin, spinous process of axis; insertion, trans- 
verse process of atlas; innervation, suboc- 
cipital and great occipital; it rotates the atlas 



MUSCLE 



643 



MUSCLE 



and the cranium. Obliquus capitis supe- 
rior, origin, transverse process of atlas; in- 
sertion, occipital bone;> innervation, suboc- 
cipital and great occipital; it draws the head 
backward. Obliquus externus, origin, eight 
lower ribs; insertion, middle line, iliac cresf, 
Poupart's ligament; innervation, intercostal, 
iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal; it compresses 
the viscera and flexes the thorax. Obliquus 
inferior, origin, orbital plate of superior 
maxillary bone; insertion, sclerotic; inner- 
vation, third cranial; it rotates the eyeball 
upward and outward. Obliquus interims, 
origin, lumbar fascia, iliac crest, Poupart's 




Gluteus Medius Muscle. — (H olden.) 
Inner extremity of gluteus maximus. 2. Attachment 
of gluteus maximus to linea aspera. 3, 3. Triangu- 
lar aponeurosis formed by convergence of tendinous 
fibers of upper half of gluteus maximus. 4. Gluteus 
medius. 5. Its tendon of insertion into great tro- 
chanter. 6. Upper portion of femoral aponeurosis. 
7. Pyramidalis. 8. Obturator internus. 9. Su- 
perior gemellus. 10. Inferior gemellus, n. Quad- 
ratus femoris. 12. Semitendinosus. 13. Upper 
portion of long head of biceps. 14. Adductor 
magnus. 15. Gracilis. 16. Vastus externus. 

ligament; insertion, three lower ribs, linea 
alba, pubic crest, pectineal line; innervation, 
intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal; it 
compresses the viscera, flexes the thorax, and 
assists in expiration. Obliquus superior, 
origin, above optic foramen, through pulley; 
insertion, sclerotic; innervation, fourth cran- 
ial; it rotates the eyeball downward and in- 
ward. Obturator externus, origin, obtura- 
tor foramen and membrane; insertion, digital 
fossa at base of great trochanter; innervation, 
obturator; function, external rotator of the 
thigh. Obturator internus, origin, obtura- 



tor foramen and membrane; insertion, great 
trochanter; innervation, sacral; function, ex- 
ternal rotator of thigh. Occipitalis. See 
Occipito frontalis in this table. Occipito- 
frontal , origin, superior curved line of 
occiput and angular process of frontal bone; 
insertion, aponeurosis; innervation, posterior 
auricular, small occipital, facial; it moves the 
scalp. Omohyoid, origin, upper border of 
scapula; insertion, body of hyoid bone; in. 
nervation, descendens and communicans noni- 
it depresses and retracts the hyoid bone. 



fspr 





Gluteus Maximus Muscle. — (Holden.) 
Gluteus maximus. 2. Its inferior portion. 3. Fi- 
bers of attachment to linea aspera. 4. Superior 
portion. 5, 5. Tendinous fibers of insertion into 
linea aspera. 6. Upper portion of femoral apo- 
neurosis. 7. Duplicature of this aponeurosis at su- 
perior level of gluteus maximus. 8, 8. Portion of 
its superficial layer attached to tendinous bands. 

9. Lower extremity of tensor vagina? femoris. 10, 

10. Portion of femoral aponeurosis continuous with 
tendinous fibers of gluteus maximus. n. Upper 
portion of biceps femoris. 12. Upper portion of 
semitendinosus. 13. Upper portion of semimem- 
branosus. 14. Gracilis. 

Opisthenar, the erector spinse. Opponens 
minimi digiti, origin, unciform bone; in- 
sertion, fifth metacarpal; innervation, ulnar; 
it flexes the little finger. Opponens pollicis, 
origin, trapezium, anterior annular ligament; 
insertion, metacarpal bone of thumb; inner- 
vation, median, palmar division: it flexes the 
thumb. Orbicularis oris, origin, nasal sep- 
tum and canine fossa of inferior maxilla, 
by accessory fibers; insertion, forms lips and 
sphincter of mouth; innervation, buccal and 
supramaxfllary branches of facial; it closes 



MUSCLE 



644 



MUSCLE 



the mouth. Orbicularis palpebrarum, ori- 
gin, mesal margin of orbit; insertion, lateral 
margin of orbit; innervation, facial; it closes 
the eyelids. Palatoglossus, origin, soft pal- 
ate; insertion, side and dorsum of tongue; 
innervation, sphenopalatine ganglion; it con- 
stricts the fauces. Palatopharyngeus, ori- 
gin, soft palate; insertion, thyroid cartilage 
and pharynx; innervation, sphenopalatine 
ganglion; it closes the posterior nares. Pal- 
maris brevis, origin, annular ligament and 
palmar fascia; insertion, skin of palm of 
hand: innervation, ulnar; it corrugates the 
skin of the palm. Palmaris interossei (3), 
origin, palmar surfaces second, fourth, and 
fifth metacarpal bones; insertion, bases of 
first phalanges of corresponding fingers; in- 
nervation, ulnar; adduct the fingers. Pal- 
maris longus, origin, internal condyle of 
humerus; insertion, annular ligament and 
palmar fascia; innervation, median; it ren- 
ders the palmar fascia tense. Palpebral, the 
orbicularis palpebrarum. Pectineus, origin, 
iliopectineal line and pubes; insertion, femur 
below lesser trochanter; innervation, anterior 
crural, obturator; it flexes and rotates the 



great toe; innervation, musculocutaneous; it 
extends and everts the foot. Peroneus ter- 
tius, origin, lower fourth of fibula; inser- 
tion, fifth metatarsal bone; innervation, an- 
terior tibial; it flexes the tarsus. Plantaris, 
origin, outer bifurcation of linea aspera and 
posterior ligament of knee-joint; insertion, os 
calcis by means of the tendo achillis; inner- 
vation, internal popliteal; it extends the foot. 
Plantaris interossei (3), -origin, shafts of 
third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones; inser- 
tion, bases of first phalanges of corresponding 
toes; innervation, external plantar; adduct the 
toes. Platysma myoides, origin, clavicle, 
acromion, and fascia; insertion, inferior 
maxillary bone, angle of mouth; innerva- 
tion, facial and superficial cervical; it wrink- 
les the skin and depresses the mouth. Pop- 
liteus, origin, external condyle of femur; 
insertion, shaft of tibia above oblique line; 
innervation, internal popliteal; it flexes the 
leg. Prodigus, the supinator longus. Pro- 
nator quadratus, origin, lower fourth of 
ulna; insertion, lower fourth of shaft of 
radius; innervation, anterior interosseous; it 
pronates the hand. Pronator radii teres, 




1. Femur. 



2. Ilium. 3. Pubis. 

Tendon of rectus femoris 



Pectineus and Adductor Longus. 
4. Pectineus. 5. Adductor longus. 



8, 8. Orifices for vessels. 



-(Holden.) 

6. Lower portion of adductor magnus. 7. 

9. Orifices for femoral vessels. 



thigh outward. Pectoralis major, origin, 
clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages; in- 
sertion, external bicipital ridge of humerus; 
innervation, anterior thoracic, external and 
internal; it draws the arm downward and 
forward. Pectoralis minor, origin, third, 
fourth, and fifth ribs; insertion, coracoid 
process; innervation, anterior thoracic; it 
depresses the point of the shoulder. Peri- 
cardiothyroideus, a band of fibers extend- 
ing from the isthmus of the thyroid gland 
to the anterior surface of the fibrous layer 
of the pericardium. Peristaphylinus exter- 
nus, the abductor of the eustachian tube, a 
muscle arising from the lower surface of the 
sphenoid bone and from the membranous part 
of the cartilaginous portion of the eustachian 
tube; it is inserted into the hamular process 
of the pterygoid bone. Peristaphylinus in- 
ternus, the levator palati. Peroneus brevis, 
origin, middle third of shaft of fibula, exter- 
nally; insertion, base of fifth metatarsal bone; 
innervation, musculocutaneous; it extends the 
foot. Peroneus longus, origin, head and 
shaft of fibula; insertion, first metatarsal of 



origin, internal condyle of humerus and coro- 
noid process of ulna; insertion, outer side 
of shaft of radius; innervation, median; it 
pronates the hand. Psoas magnus, origin, 
bodies and transverse processes of last dor- 
sal and all lumbar vertebras; insertion, lesser 
trochanter; innervation, lumbar; it flexes and 
rotates the thigh outward, and flexes the 
trunk on the pelvis. Psoas parvus, origin, 
bodies of last dorsal and first lumbar verte- 
bras; insertion, iliopectineal eminence and 
iliac fascia; innervation, lumbar; it flexes 
the pelvis upon the abdomen. Pterygoid 
(External), origin, two heads: 1, external 
pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone; 2, great 
wing of sphenoid bone; insertion, neck of 
condyle of lower jaw; innervation, inferior 
maxillary; it draws the inferior maxillary bone 
forward. Pterygoid (Internal), origin, ptery- 
goid fossa of sphenoid bone; insertion, inner 
surface of angle of jaw; innervation, inferior 
maxillary; it raises and draws the inferior 
maxilla forward. Pterygopalatal, Pterygo- 
palatine, the portion of the levator palati 
passing from the hamular process of the 



MUSCLE 



645 



MUSCLE 



sphenoid bone to the palate bone. Pubo- 
vesical, a bundle of muscular fibers taking 
origin in the back of the pubes and extend- 
ing with the anterior true ligament of the 
bladder to lose itself in the superficial mus- 
cular layer of the bladder. Pyloric. See 
Sphincter pyloricus in this table. Pyramidalis, 
origin, pubes; insertion, linea alba; innervation, 
iliohypogastric; it renders the linea alba 
tense. Pyramidalis nasi, origin, occipito- 
frontalis; insertion, compressor naris; inner- 
vation, infraorbital branch of facial; it de- 
presses the inner angle of the eyebrow. Pyri- 
formis, origin, front of sacrum, through great 
sciatic foramen; insertion, great trochanter; 
innervation, branch of sacral plexus; func- 
tion, external rotator of thigh. Quadratus 
femoris, origin, tuberosity of the ischium; 
insertion, quadrate line of femur; innerva- 
tion, fifth lumbar and first sacral; function, 
external rotator of thigh. Quadratus lum- 
borum, origin, crest of ilium, transverse pro- 
cesses of lower three lumbar vertebras; in- 
sertion, last rib, transverse processes of upper 
three lumbar vertebras; innervation, twelfth 



capitis posticus major, origin, spine of 
axis; insertion, inferior curved line of oc- 
cipital bone; innervation, suboccipital and 
great occipital; it rotates the head. Rectus 
capitis posticus minor, origin, dorsal arch 
of atlas; insertion, below inferior curved 
line of occipital bone; innervation, suboc- 
cipital and great occipital; it draws the head 
backward. Rectus externus, origin, two 
heads, outer margin of optic foramen; in- 
sertion, sclera; innervation, sixth cranial; it 
rotates the .eyeball outward. Rectus fem- 
oris, origin, anterior inferior iliac spine, brim 
of acetabulum; insertion, proximal border of 
patella; innervation, anterior crural; it ex- 
tends the leg. Rectus inferior, origin, 
lower margin . of optic foramen; insertion, 
sclera; innervation, third cranial; it rotates 
the eyeball downward. Rectus internus, 
origin, inner margin of optic foramen; in- 
sertion, sclera; innervation, third cranial; it 
rotates the eyeball inward. Rectus supe- 
rior, origin, upper margin of optic foramen; 
insertion, sclera; innervation, third cranial; 
it rotates the eyeball upward. Retrahens 




Adductor Brevis and Adductor Magnus. — (Holden.) 
i. Femur. 2. Ilium. 3. Pubis. 4. Obturator externus. 5. Upper portion of adductor magnus. 6. Upper portion 
of adductor brevis. 7. Inferior portion of adductor brevis. 8. Middle portion of adductor magnus. 9. Inferior 
portion. 10. Tendon of insertion into internal condyle of femur, n. Orifice for femoral vessels. 12. Orifice for 
internal circumflex artery and veins. 



thoracic and upper lumbar; it flexes the 
thorax laterally. Quadriceps extensor fem- 
oris, includes the rectus, vastus internus 
and externus, and crureus muscles; their 
common tendon surrounds the patella. Rec- 
tus abdominis, origin, pubic crest and fib- 
rous tissues in front of symphysis; insertion, 
cartilages of the ribs, from the fifth to the 
seventh; innervation, intercostal, iliohypo- 
gastric, ilioinguinal; it compresses the vis- 
cera and flexes the thorax. Rectus capitis 
anticus major, origin, transverse processes 
third to sixth cervical vertebras; insertion, 
basilar process of occipital bone; innerva- 
tion, first and second cervical; it flexes the 
head and slightly rotates it. Rectus capitis 
anticus minor, origin, transverse process 
and lateral mass of atlas; insertion, basilar 
process of occipital bone; innervation, first 
cervical; it flexes the head. Rectus capitis 
lateralis, origin, ventral cephalic surface of 
lateral mass of atlas; insertion, jugular pro- 
cess of occipital bone; innervation, first cer- 
vical; it flexes the head laterally. Rectus 



aurem, origin, mastoid process; insertion, 
concha; innervation, posterior auricular; it 
retracts the pinna. Rhomboatloideus, an 
anomalous muscle arising from the spinous 
processes of the lower cervical or upper dorsal 
vertebras; it is inserted into the transverse 
process of the atlas. Rhomboideus major, 
origin, spines of first five thoracic vertebras; 
insertion, root of spine of scapula; inner- 
vation, fifth cervical; it elevates and retracts 
the scapula. Rhomboideus minor, origin, 
spines of seventh cervical and first dorsal 
vertebras; insertion, root of spine of scapula; 
innervation, fifth cervical; it retracts and ele- 
vates the scapula. Risorius, origin, fascia 
over masseter; insertion, angle of mouth; 
innervation, buccal branch of facial; it draws 
the angle laterally. Rotatores spinae, ori- 
gin, transverse processes of from second to 
twelfth thoracic vertebras; insertion, lamina 
of next vertebra above; innervation, dorsal 
branches of spinal; they rotate the spinal 
column. Sacrolumbalis, origin, erector spi- 
nas; insertion, angle of six lower ribs; inner- 



MUSCLE 



646 



MUSCLE 



vation, branches of dorsal; it erects the spine 
and bends the trunk backward. Sacro- 
spinalis, the erector spinse. Salpingo- 
pharyngeus, a small muscle arising from the 
eustachian tube and descending to blend with 
the constrictors of the pharynx. Santonin' s. 
i. Therisorius. 2. The involuntary muscular 
fibers encircling the urethra beneath the con- 
strictor urethrae. Syn., Santorini's circular 



the neck laterally. Scalenus lateralis, an 
anomalous muscle originating in the dorsal 
tubercles of the transverse processes of the 
fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebras, 
and having its point of insertion with the 




IP 



Muscles of Anterior Aspect of Thigh. — (H olden.) 
1. Iliacus. 2. Psoas magnus. 3. Tensor vaginse femoris. 
4. Fibrous band by which this muscle is attached to 
external tuberosity of tibia. 5. Sartorius. 6. Rec- 
tus femoris. 7. Vastus externus 8. Vastus internus. 
9. Gracilis. 10. Adductor longus. n. Pectineus. 

• muscle. Sartorius, origin, anterior superior 
spine of ilium; insertion, upper internal por- 
tion of shaft of tibia; innervation, anterior 
crural; it flexes the leg upon the thigh and 
the thigh upon the pelvis; it rotates the 
thigh outward. Scalenus anticus, origin, 
scalene tubercle on first rib; insertion, trans- 
verse processes third to sixth cervical ver- 
tebras; innervation, lower cervical; it flexes 




Long Head of Biceps and Semitendinosus. — (Holden.) 
1. Long head of biceps. 2. Common tendon of long 
head of biceps and semitendinosus. 3. Inferior ten- 
don of biceps. 4. Semitendinosus. 5. Its tendon. 
6, 6. Its tendinous expansions, continuous with apo- 
neurosis of leg. 7. Semimembranosus. 8. Its infe- 
rior tendon. 9. Gracilis. 10. Its tendon, n. Sar- 
torius. 12. Vastus externus. 13. Femoral attach- 
ment of gluteus maximus. 14. Insertion of gluteus 
medius. 15. Gluteus minimus. 16. Tendon of pyri- 
formis. 17. Obturator internus. 18. Quadratus 
femoris. 19. Inner head of gastrocnemius. 20. 
Outer head of gastrocnemius. 21. Plantaris. 22. 
Popliteal aponeurosis. 

scalenus medius. Scalenus medius, origin, 
first rib; insertion, transverse processes of 
six lower cervical vertebras; innervation, 
lower cervical; it flexes the neck laterally. 
Scalenus posticus, origin, second rib; in- 



MUSCLE 



647 



MUSCLE 



sertion, transverse processes of three lower 
cervical vertebras; innervation, lower cer- 
vical; it bends the neck laterally. Semi- 



li 



Short Head 




Semimembranosus. — 



Attachment to ischium of long head of biceps and semi- 
tendinosus. 2. Semimembranosus. 3. Its superior 
tendon. 4. Its inferior tendon. 5. Middle portion of 
tendon. 6. Its anterior portion. 7. Its posterior por- 
tion. 8. Section of long head of biceps. 9. Its short 
head. 10. Its attachment to head of fibula. 11, n, 
11. Adductor magnus. 12, 12. Orifices for passage of 
perforating arteries and veins 13. Vastus externus. 
14,14. Insertion of gluteus maximus. 15. Divided ex- 
pansion of tendon of this muscle, continuous with the 
aponeurosis of the vastus externus. 16. Attachment 
of quadratus femoris. 17. Tendon of obturator ex- 
ternus. 18. Attachment of gluteus medius. 19. Ob- 
turator internus. 20. Tendon of pyramidalis. 21. 
Gluteus minimus. 22. Divided inner head of gas- 
trocnemius. 23. Outer head. 24. Plantaris. 25. 
Popliteus. 26. Soleus. 27. Fibrous ring for artery, 
vein, and nerve. 

membranosus, origin, tuberosity of isch- 
ium; insertion, inner tuberosity of tibia; in- 
nervation, great sciatic; it flexes the leg and 



rotates it inward. Semispinalis colli, ori- 
gin, transverse processes of four upper dor- 
sal and articular processes of four lower 
cervical vertebras; insertion, spines of second 
to fifth cervical vertebras; innervation, cer- 
vical branches; it erects the spinal column. 
Semispinalis dorsi, origin, transverse pro- 
cesses of sixth to tenth dorsal vertebras; in- 




Muscles of Inner Aspect of Thigh. — (Hotden.) 
Illacus. 2. Psoas magnus. 3. Obturator internus. 
4- Pyriformis. 5. Gluteus maximus. 6. Sartorius. 
7- Gracilis. 8. Semitendinosus. 9. Semimembra- 
nosus. 10. Tendon of sartorius. 11. Tendon of 
gracilis. 12. Tendon of semitendinosus. 13. Its 
expansions. 14. Tendon of semimembranosus. 15. 
Rectus femoris. 16*. Vastus internus. 

sertion, spines of last two cervical and first 
four thoracic vertebras ; innervation, branches 
of dorsal; it erects the spinal column. Semi- 
tendinosus, origin, tuberosity of ischium; 
insertion, upper and inner surface of tibia; 
innervation, great sciatic; it flexes the leg 
on the thigh. Serratus magnus, origin t 



MUSCLE 



648 



MUSCLE 



eight upper ribs; insertion, inner margin of 
dorsal border of scapula; innervation, pos- 
terior thoracic; it elevates the ribs in inspi- 




Short Portion of Biceps and Semimembranosus. — 
(H olden.) 

i. Attachment to ischium of long portion of biceps and 
semitendinosus. 2. Semimembranosus. 3. Its su- 
perior tendon. 4. Its inferior tendon. 5. Middle 
portion of this tendon. 6. Its anterior portion. 7. 
Its posterior portion. 8. Section of long portion of 
biceps. 9. Its short portion. 10. Its attachment to 
the head of fibula, n, n, 11. Adductor magnus. 
12, 12. Series of perforations for the passage of 
arteries and veins. 13. Vastus externus. 14, 14. In- 
sertion of gluteus maximus. 15. Section of expan- 
sion by which the tendon of this muscle is contin- 
uous with the aponeurosis of the vastus externus. 16. 
Attachment of quadralus femoris. 17. Tendon of 
obturator externus. 18. Attachment of gluteus med- 
ius. 19. Obturator internus. 20. Tendon of pyri- 
formis. 21. Gluteus minimus. 22. Inner head of 
gastrocnemius. 23. Outer head. 24. Divided plan- 
taris. 25. Popliteus. 26. Soleus. 27. Tendinous 
ring in soleus. 

ration. Serratus posticus inferior, origin, 
spines of last two thoracic and first three 



lumbar vertebras; insertion, four lower ribs; 
innervation, tenth and eleventh intercostal; 
it depresses the ribs in expiration. Serratus 
posticus superior, origin, spines of seventh 
cervical and first two thoracic vertebras; in- 
sertion, second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs; 
innervation, second and third intercostal; it 




U 16 



Muscles of the Leg, Internal Aspect. 
Tibialis anticus. 2, 3. Its tendon. 4. Tendons of 
extensor communis digitorum. 5. Inner head of 
gastrocnemius. 6. Its aponeurosis of origin. 7, 7. 
Soleus. 8. Tendo achillis. 9. Its attachment to os 
calcis. 10. Tendon of plantaris. n. Tendon of 
tibialis posticus. 12. Its attachment to scaphoid 
bone. 13, 14. Tendon of flexor longus digitorum. 
15. Tendon of flexor longus pollicis. 16, 16. Ad- 
ductor pollicis. 17. Vastus internus. 18. Sartorius. 
19. Its tendon. 20. Its expansion, largely removed. 
21. Gracilis. 22. Its tendon. 23. Tendon of semi- 
membranosus. 24. Tendon of semitendinosus. 25, 
25. Its fibrous expansions. 26. Common tendon of 
gracilis and semitendinosus. 



raises the ribs in inspiration. Soleus, origin, 
shaft of fibula, oblique line of tibia; inser- 
tion, os calcis by tendo achillis; innervation, 
internal popliteal and posterior tibial; it ex- 
tends the foot. Sphincter ani (External), 
origin, tip of coccyx; insertion, tendinous 



MUSCLE 



649 



MUSCLE 



center of perineum; innervation, perineal, 
pudic, and fourth sacral; it closes the anus. 
Sphincter ani ( Internal ) , a thicken- 
ing of the circular fibers of the intestine an 
inch above the anus; innervation, hemor- 
rhoidal nerves; it constricts the rectum. 
Sphincter antri pylorici, a band of circular 
fibers distant from the pyloric orifice of the 
stomach about 10 cm.; also called the 
transverse band. Sphincter pupillae, invol- 
untary fibers of the iris arranged circularly 
around the pupil and having a width of 
about 0.08 cm. Sphincter pyloricus, the 
aggregation of the fibers of the circular 
coat at the pyloric orifice of the stomach. 
Sphincter vaginae, origin, central tendon 
of perineum; insertion, corpora caver- 
nosa and clitoris; the homolog of the 
accelerator urinas in the man. Sphinc- 
ter vesicae, the aggregation of the fibers 
of the circular layer of the muscular coat, 
about the neck of the bladder and the 
beginning of the urethra. Sphincter vesicae 
internus, origin, near the urethral orifice of 
the bladder; innervation, vesical nerves; it 
constricts the internal orifice of the 
urethra. Spinalis. Same as Spin- 
alis dorsi in this table. Spinalis 
cervicis {normal, but inconstant), 
origin, spines of fifth, sixth, and 
seventh cervical and first two thor- 
acic vertebras; insertion, spine of 
axis, sometimes spines of third and 
fourth cervical vertebras. Spinalis 
colli, origin, spines of fifth and 
sixth cervical vertebras; insertion, 
spine of axis, or third and fourth Ig 
cervical spines; innervation, cervi- 
cal branches; it steadies the neck. 
Spinalis dorsi, origin, last two 
thoracic and first two lumbar spines; 
insertion, remaining thoracic spines; 
innervation, dorsal branches; it erects 
spinal column. Splenitis accessorius. 
Rhomboatloideus in this table. Splenitis 
capitis, origin, lower two-thirds of liga- 
mentum nuchae, spines of seventh cervical 
and first two thoracic vertebras; inser- 
tion, outer third of middle oblique line of 
occiput and outer surface of mastoid 
process; innervation, middle cervical, pos- 
terior branches; it extends the head and 
neck and rotates and flexes laterally. 
Splenius colli, origin, spines of third to 
sixth thoracic vertebras; insertion, dorsal 
tubercles of transverse processes of upper 
three or four cervical vertebras; innervation, 
posterior divisions of lower cervical; it ex- 
tends, flexes laterally, and rotates the neck. 
Square. See Quadratus lumborum in this 
table. Stapedius, origin, interior of pyra- 
mid; insertion, neck of stapes; innervation, 
facial; it depresses the base of the stapes. Ster- 
nocleidomastoid. See Sternomastoid in this 
table. Sternomastoid, origin, two heads, 
sternum and clavicle; insertion, mastoid pro- 
cess and outer half of superior oblique fine 



of occiput; innervation, spinal accessory and 
cervical plexus; it depresses and rotates the 
head. Sternocostal, Sternocostalis. See 
Triangularis sterni in this table. Sterno- 
humeral. See Pectoralis major in this table. 
Sternohyoid, origin, sternum and clavicle; 
insertion, hyoid bone; innervation, descend- 
ing and communicating branches of the hypo- 
glossal; it depresses the hyoid bone. Ster- 
nomastoid. See Sternomastoid in this 
table. Sternothyroid, origin, sternum and 
cartilage of first rib; insertion, side of thy- 
roid cartilage; innervation, descendens and 
communicans hypoglossi; it depresses the 
larynx. Styloglossus, origin, styloid pro- 
cess; insertion, side of tongue; innervation, 
hypoglossal; it elevates and retracts the 
tongue. Stylohyoid, origin, styloid process; 
insertion, body of hyoid; innervation, facial; 
it draws the hyoid upward and backward. 
Stylopharyngeus, origin, styloid process; 
insertion, thyroid cartilage; innervation, 
glossopharyngeal and pharyngeal plexus; it 
elevates the pharynx. Subancorieus, origin, 
humerus above olecranon fossa; insertion, 




Muscles of the Sole of Foot, Middle Layer. 
Flexor accessorius. 2. Tendon of flexor longus digitorum. 3. 
Tendon of flexor longus pollicis. 4. First lumbricalis. 5. 
Tendon of flexor brevis digitorum. 6. Flexor brevis minimi 
digiti. 7. Inner fasciculus of flexor brevis pollicis. 8. Outer 
fasciculus. 9. Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone. 10. Fibrous 
sheath of peroneus longus. n. Os calcis. 



the 
See 



posterior ligament of elbow; innervation. 
musculospiral ; function, tensor of ligament, 
Subclavius, origin, cartilage of first rib; 
insertion, inferior surface of clavicle; inner- 
vation, fifth and sixth cervical; it draws the 
clavicle downward. Subcrureus, origin, an- 
terior distal part of femur; insertion, synovial 
sac behind patella; innervation, anterior 
crural; it draws up the synovial sac. Sub- 
scapularis, origin, under surface of scapula; 
insertion, humerus, lesser tuberosity and 
shaft; innervation, subscapular; it is the 
chief internal rotator of the humerus.' Supi- 
nator longus, origin, external condyloid 
ridge of humerus; insertion, styloid process 
of radius; innervation, musculospiral; it 
flexes and supinates the forearm. Supinator 
radii brevis, origin, external condyle of 
humerus, oblique line of ulna; insertion, 
neck of radius and its bicipital tuberosity; 
innervation, posterior interosseous; it supi- 
nates the hand. Supraspinales, lie on spi- 
nous processes in cervical region. Supraspi- 
natus, origin, supraspinous fossa; insertion, 
great tuberosity of humerus; innervation, 



MUSCLE 



650 



MUSCLE 



suprascapular; supports the shoulder-joint 
and raises the arm. Tailors'. See Sartorius 
in this table. Temporal, origin, tem- 
poral fossa and fascia; insertion, cor- 
onoid process of mandible; innervation, in- 
ferior maxillary; it elevates the mandible. 
Tensor palati, origin, scaphoid fossa and, 




35 10 U els 



Muscles or the Leg, External Aspect. — (Holden.) 
c. Tibialis anticus. 2, 2. Tendon of extensor proprius 

pollicis. 3, 3. Extensor longus digitorum. 4. Its 

tendons for four last toes. 5. Peroneus tertius. 6. 

Its attachment to last two metacarpal bones. 7. 

Peroneus longus. 8. Its tendon. 0. Peroneus brevis. 

10. Its tendon. 11. Outer head of gastrocnemius. 

12. 12. Soleus. 13. Tendo achillis. 14. Extensor 

brevis digitorum. 15, 15. Abductor minimi digiti. 

16. Rectus femoris. 17. Vastus externus. 18. Its 

inferior fibers. 19. Tendon of biceps femoris. 20. 

External lateral ligament of knee. 21. Tendon of 

popliteus. 



alar spine of sphenoid; insertion, soft palate; 
winds about hamular process; innervation, 
otic ganglion; it renders the palate tense. 
Tensor tarsi, origin, crest of lacrimal bone; 
insertion, tarsal cartilages; innervation, infra- 
orbital branch of facial; it compresses the 
puncta and lacrimal sac. Tensor tympani, 



origin, temporal bone, eustachian tube and 
canal, sphenoid bone; insertion, handle of 
malleus; innervation, otic ganglion; it ren- 
ders tense the membrana tympani. Tensor 
vaginae femoris, origin, iliac crest and an- 
terior superior spinous process; insertion, 
fascia lata; innervation, superior gluteal; 
function, tensor of fascia lata. Teres major, 
origin, inferior angle of scapula; insertion, 
internal bicipital ridge of humerus; inner- 
vation, subscapular; it draws the arm down- 
ward and backward. Teres minor, origin, 
axillary border of scapula; insertion, great 




Muscles of External Aspect of Leg. — (Holdett.) 
Tibialis anticus. 2. Extensor longus digitorum. 3. 
Tendon of extensor proprius pollicis. 4. Peroneus 
tertius. 5. Peroneus brevis. 6. Peroneus longus. 7. 
Soleus. 8. Outer head of gastrocnemius. 9. Head 
of fibula. 10. Tendon of biceps femoris. 11. Semi- 
membranosus. 12. Tendon of rectus femoris. 13. 
Tendo achillis. 14. External malleolus. 15. Annu- 
lar ligament. 16. Insertion of peroneus tertius. 17. 
Insertion of peroneus brevis. 18. Extensor brevis 
digitorum. 19. Abductor minimi digiti. 20. Patella. 



tuberosity of humerus; innervation, circum- 
flex; it rotates the humerus outward and 
adducts it. Thenar, the abductor and flexor 
muscles of the thumb. Thyroadenoideus, 
a fascicle of the inferior constrictor of the 
pharynx having its point of insertion on the 
side of the thyroid gland. Thyropalatinus. 
See Palatopharyngeus in this table. Thyrc- 
arytenoideus, origin, thyroid cartilage and 
cricothyroid membrane; insertion, arytenoid, 
inferior and anterior surface; innervation, 
recurrent laryngeal; it relaxes the vocal 



MUSCLE 



651 



MUSCULAR 



bands. Thyroepiglottideus, origin, inner 
surface of thyroid cartilage; insertion, epi- 
glottis and arytenoepiglottidean fold; inner- 
vation, recurrent laryngeal; it depresses the 
epiglottis. Thyrohyoid, origin, side of thy- 
roid cartilage; insertion, body and greater 
cornu of hyoid bone; innervation, hypoglossal; 
it elevates the larynx. Tibialis anticus, ori- 
gin, outer tuberosity and upper part of shaft 
•of tibia; insertion, internal cuneiform and 
first metatarsal bone; innervation, anterior 
tibial; it flexes the tarsus and elevates the 
inner border of the foot. Tibialis posticus, 
origin, shaft of fibula and tibia, interosseous 
membrane; insertion, tuberosity of scaphoid, 
internal cuneiform, and bases of second 
to fourth metatarsal; innervation, posterior 
tibial; it extends the tarsus and inverts the 
foot. Trachelomastoid, origin, transverse 
processes of third to sixth thoracic, and 
articular processes of last three or four cer- 
vical vertebras; insertion, mastoid process; 
innervation, branches of cervical; it steadies 
the head. Tragicus, origin, tragus; inser- 
tion, tragus; innervation, temporal and pos- 
terior auricular. Transversalis abdominis, 



dorsal vertebras; insertion, clavicle, spine of 
scapula, and acromion; innervation, spinal 
accessory and cervical plexus; it draws the 
head backward. Triangularis sterni, ori- 
gin, ensiform cartilage, costal cartilages of 
three or four lower true ribs, and sternum; 
insertion, border of inner surfaces of second, 
third, fourth, and fifth costal cartilages; 
innervation, intercostal; function, expiration. 
Triceps {three heads), origin, external and 
internal near musculospiral groove, shaft of 
humerus; middle or long, lower margin of 
glenoid cavity; insertion, olecranon process 
of ulna; innervation, musculospiral; it ex- 
tends the forearm. Triceps Sural, Triceps 
surse, the gastrocnemius and soleus con- 
sidered as one. Triticeoglossus. See Boch- 
dalek's Muscle. Trochlear, Trochlearis. 
See Obliquus superior in this table. Of the 
Ureters, Musculi ureterum, a bundle of 
thin fibers from the urinary bladder running 
between the openings of the ureters. Ure- 
throbulbar, the accelerator urinse. Varolii. 
See Stapedius in this table. Vastus exter- 
nus, origin, anterior border of great trochan- 
ter and linea aspera of femur; insertion, 




Muscles of Anterior Aspect of Leg. — (Holden.) 
Tendon of rectus femoris. 2. Tibia. 3. Tibialis anticus. 4. Extensor longus digitorum. 5. Extensor proprius 
pollicis. 6. Peroneus tertius. 7. Peroneus longus. 8. Peroneus brevis. 9. Outer head of gastrocnemius. 10. 
Inner head. 11. Extensor brevis digitorum. 12. Annular ligament. 



origin, Poupart's ligament, iliac crest, six 
lower ribs, lumbar vertebras; insertion, linea 
alba, pubic crest, pectineal line; innervation, 
intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal; it 
compresses the viscera and flexes the thorax. 
Transversalis colli, origin, transverse pro- 
cesses of third to sixth thoracic vertebras; 
insertion, transverse processes of five lower 
cervical vertebras; innervation, cervical 
branches; it keeps the neck erect. Trans- 
versus auris, origin, convexity of concha; 
insertion, convexity over groove of helix; 
innervation, temporal and posterior auricular; 
it retracts the helix. Transversus pedis, 
origin, head of fifth metatarsal and plantar 
ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints; in- 
sertion, first phalanx of great toe; innerva- 
tion, external plantar; it adducts the great 
toe. Transversus perinei, origin, ramus of 
ischium; insertion, central tendon; innerva- 
tion, perineal; function, tensor of central 
tendon. Transversus perinei, Deep. See 
Compressor urethrce in this table. Trapezius, 
origin, superior curved line of occipital bone, 
spinous processes of last cervical and all the 



tuberosity of tibia; innervation, anterior 
crural; it extends the leg. Vastus internus, 
origin, inner lip of linea aspera of femur; 
insertion, tuberosity of tibia; innervation, 
anterior crural; it extends the leg. Wilson's, 
a nonconstant fasciculus of the compressor 
urethrae which is attached to the body of 
the pubis, near the symphysis. Zaglas' 
Perpendicular External, the vertical fibers 
of the tongue, which, decussating with the 
transverse fibers and the insertions of the 
geniohyoglossus, curve outward in each half 
of the tongue. Zygomaticus major et 
minor, origin, malar bone; insertion, angle 
of mouth; innervation, infraorbital branch 
of facial; it draws the lip upward and out- 
ward. 

Musculamin (mus-ku-la' '-min) . A nitrogen- 
ous base from muscular tissue. 

Muscular {mus' -ku-lar) [muscle]. 1. Pertain- 
ing to or affecting muscles. 2. Having well- 
developed muscles. M. Rheumatism, rheu- 
matism affecting the muscles. M. Sense, 
the sense of motion, weight, and position 
upon which the adjustment of .the body to 



MUSCULARIS MUCOSA 



652 



MUSTARD 



its surroundings depends. M. Tissue, the 
tissue of which muscles are composed; it 
is of two principal varieties — the striped, 
striated, or voluntary, and the unstriped, non- 
striated, or involuntary muscular tissue. The 
striped muscular tissue is composed of mus- 
cle-fibers, the unstriped of elongated, spindle- 
shaped cells. A muscle-fiber consists of sar- 
colemma, muscle-nuclei, and muscle-sub- 
stance. The sarcolemma is an elastic, homo- 
geneous, connective-tissue sheath which lightly 
invests the muscle-fiber. The nuclei are fusi- 
form in shape, are situated immediately be- 
neath the sarcolemma, and run parallel with 
the axis of the fiber. The muscle-fiber itself 
. consists of two substances — a dark, doubly 
refracting, or anisotropic contractile sub- 
stance, and a lighter, semifluid, isotropic 
substance termed sarcoplasm. The contrac- 
tile substance consists of delicate spindles, 
the apposition of the thicker portions of 
which produces the dark transverse disc. 
The spindles terminate in minute beads, the 
juxtaposition of which gives rise to the inter- 
mediate disc or membrane of Krause. The 
neutral sarcoplasm fills out the spaces left 
between the spindles, and, as ordinarily the 
tapering ends of the spindles are too delicate 
to be seen, the space between the intermedi- 
ate and transverse discs — the lateral disc — 
looks homogeneous. The contractile fibrils 
into which the contractile substance is di- 
vided, formed by the end-to-end union of the 
spindles, are aggregated into bundles — the 
muscle-columns — surrounded by a layer of 
sarcolemma. On transverse section these 
muscle-column's give rise to the appearance 
known as Cohnheim's fields. The muscle- 
fibers are held together by delicate areolar 
tissue — the endomysium. Several grouped 
together form a primary bundle, which is sur- 
rounded by a sheath termed the perimysium. 
Fasciculi are aggregations of primary bun- 
dles, and are the units of which the complete 
muscle is composed, the latter being sur- 
rounded by the epimysium. M.-tone. See 
Muscle-tonus. M. Tumor. See Myoma. 

Muscularis mucosae (mus-ku-la' -ris mu-ko'- 
se). The layer of unstriped muscular tissue 
separating the mucosa (of mucous mem- 
branes) from the submucosa. 

Musculation {mus-ku-la' -shun) [muscle]. The 
muscular endowment of the body or a part; 
also, the action of the muscles. 

Musculature (mus 1 '-ku-la-tur) [muscle]. The 
muscular system of the body, or a part of it. 

Musculin (mus'-ku-lin) [muscle], i. Extract 
of muscle tissue. See Organotherapy. 2. 
See Paramyosinogen. 

Musculo- (mus-ku-lo-) [muscle]. A prefix sig- 
nifying relating to the muscles. 

Musculocutaneous (mus - ku - lo-ku-ta 1 '-ne-us) 
[musculo-; cutaneous]. Pertaining to or sup- 
plying the muscles and skin, as the musculo- 
cutaneous nerve of the arm or leg. 

Musculodermic (mus-ku-lo-derm'-ik). See 
Musculocutaneous. 



Musculoelastic (mus-ku-lo-e-las'-tik). Mus- 
cular and elastic; made up of muscular and 
elastic -tissue. 

Musculomembranous (mus - ku-lo-mem' -bran- 
us) [musculo-; membranous]. Pertaining to or 
consisting of both muscles and membrane. 

Musculophrenic (mus-ku-lo -fr en' -ik) [musculo-; 
4>pr)v, diaphragm]. Pertaining to or supplying 
the muscles and the diaphragm, as the mus- 
culophrenic nerve. 

Musculospinal (mus-ku-lo-spi'-nal). Relating 
to or distributed to the muscles and spine. 

Musculospiral (mus-ku-lo-spi'-ral). 1. Supply- 
ing muscles and having a spiral course. 2. 
Pertaining to the musculospiral nerve. 

Musculotegumentary (mus-ku-lo-teg-u-men' - 
ta-re). Affecting both muscles and integu- 
ment. 

Musculotonic (mus-ku-lo-ton'-ik) [musculo-; 
tovoc, tone]. Relating to the tone or contrac- 
tility of a muscle. 

Musculous (mus'-ku-lus). Composed of or 
containing muscular fibers. 

Mushroom. See Agaric. 

Musin (mu'-sin). A proprietary cathartic said 
to be made from tamarinds. 

Musk [Skt., mushka, a testicle]. The dried 
secretions from the preputial follicles of Mos- 
chus moschiferus, a mammal of the order of 
Ruminantia. Musk (moschus, U. S. P.) oc- 
curs in grains or lumps, possessing a pecu- 
liar, penetrating odor. Its composition is 
complex, and among its constituents are 
ammonia, stearin, olein, cholesterin, a vola- 
tile oil, gelatin, albumin, and certain salts. 
. It is stimulant and antispasmodic, and is 
used in typhoid fever and other low fevers, in 
adynamic pneumonia, in laryngismus stridu- 
lus, and in hiccup. Dose 10 gr. (0.65 Gm.). 
M., Artificial, trinitrobutyltoluene, C e H. CH 3 . 



C 4 H 9 . (N0 2 ) a 



Dose 



10 gr. (0.65 Gm.). 
M., Vegetable, the seeds of Hibiscus 
abelmoschus; it is stimulant, stomachic, and 
antispasmodic. 

Mussanin (mus'-an-in). An alkaloid resembling 
saponin, from the bark of Albizzia anthelmin- 
tica, a species of acacia. Syn., Moussenin. 

(de) Mussey's Point, (de) M.'s Symptom. A 
point intensely painful on pressure at the inter- 
section of a line continuous with the left bor- 
der of the sternum and of another forming a 
prolongation of the tenth rib. It is noted in 
diaphragmatic pleurisy. Syn., Bouton dia- 
phragmatique . 

Mussitation (mus -it-a' -shun) [mussitare, to 
mutter]. Movement of the lips without the 
production of articulate speech. 

Must [mustum, new wine]. The juice freshly 
expressed from grapes. 

Mustard (mus' -tar d) [ME., mus tar de]. 1. A 
plant of the genus Brassica (Sinapis), of 
the natural order Cruciferce. 2. The seed of 
the mustard-plant. The seeds of two species 
are chiefly employed, those of Brassica nigra, 
yielding black mustard, or sinapis nigra 
(U. S. P.), and those of Brassica alba, yielding 
white mustard, or sinapis alba (U. S. P.). 



MUTACISM 



653 



MYDATOXIN 



The seeds contain a fixed oil consisting of 
the glycerol-compounds of stearic, oleic, and 
erucic or brassic acid, and of sinapoleic and 
behenic acids, sinalbin (in white mustard), 
and a volatile oil (in black mustard) . Mustard 
is used in dyspepsia, as an emetic (dose 1-2 
dr. — 4-8 Co), as a rubefacient and counter- 
irritant, especially in the form of mustard- 
plaster, and in baths. M., Flour of, black 
and white mustard seeds mixed and pulver- 
ized. M., Oil of, Volatile {oleum sinapis 
volatile, U. S. P.), contains allyl isosulfocy- 
anid, the active principle, which does not ex- 
ist preformed in the seeds, but is produced 
by the decomposition of potassium myro- 
nate, or sinigrin, under the influence of a fer- 
ment, myrosin. Dose ■§■ min. (0.008 Co). 
M. -paper (charta sinapis, U. S. P.), is 
used locally. M. -plaster, is made by mixing 
mustard and flour with water. M. -poultice 
{cataplasma sinapis, B. P.), is made by 
mixing mustard and linseed-meal with 
water. 

Mutacism (mu' -tas-izm) [jiuxaKcap.bg, fondness 
for the letter p.]. The too frequent use of the 
"m" sound, and its substitution for other 
sounds. 

Mutase (mu'-taz). A food-preparation rich in 
proteids, made from leguminous plants. It is 
used in gastrointestinal diseases. Dose 1 
dessertspoonful (10 Co) several times daily 
with food. 

Mute {mut) [mutus, dumb]. Dumb; unable 
to use articulate speech. 

Mutilation (mu-til-a' -shun) [mutilare, to cut]. 
1. The act of maiming or disfiguring. 2. 
The state thereby produced. Also, the con- 
dition of the parts remaining after the ex- 
cision or amputation of a member or part. 

Mutism (mu'-tizm) [mute]. Dumbness. 

Mutualism {mu' -tu-al-izm) [mutuus, reciproca]]. 
The living together of two organisms of dif- 
ferent species, for the advantage that each 
derives from the presence of the other. Syn., 
Symbiosis. 

Myalgia (mi-aV -je-ah) [pug, muscle; dkyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the muscles; muscular rheu- 
matism. 

Myasthenia (mi-as-then-e* '-ah or mi-as-the'-ne- 
ah) [fioc, muscle; asthenia]. Muscular debility. 
M. gravis pseudoparaiytica, a disease char- 
acterized by an abnormal exhaustibility of 
the voluntary muscles, manifesting itself in 
a rapid diminution of contractility both when 
the muscle is innervated by the will and 
when stimulated by the electric current. 

Myasthenic (mi-as-then' f -ik) . Characterized by 
myasthenia. 

Mycelium (mi-se'-le-um) \jiukt}C, fungus; Tj^of, 
nail; wart; excrescence]. The vegetative 
filaments of fungi, usually forming inter- 
woven masses. 

Mycethemia (mi-se-the' -me-ah) . See Myco- 
hemia. 

Mycetism (mi'-set-izm) [puKTjC, fungus]. Mush- 
room-poisoning. 

Mycetoma (mi-sel-o'-mah). See Madura-foot. 



Myco- (mi-ko-) [puKyc, fungus]. A prefix mean- 
ing fungus or fungoid. 

Myco angioneuro sis (mi-ko-an-je-o-nu-ro' -sis) 
[piUKOC, mucus; ayytcov, vessel; neurosis]. A 
neurosis accompanied by a hypersecretion of 
mucus producing the affection mucous colitis. 

Mycobacterium (mi-ko-bak-te' -re-um) [myco-; 
bacterium]. A genus of bacteria of the 
family Mycobacteriacece; the cells are com- 
monly short, cylindric, sometimes bent and 
irregularly swollen, clavate or cuneate; Y- 
shaped forms may appear or longer fila- 
ments with true branching,- or short coccoid 
elements which may be regarded as gonidia. 

Mycoderma (mi-ko-der'-mah) [myco-; deppa, 
skin]. A genus of fungi forming mem- 
branes upon or in fermenting liquids. M. 
aceti, the microorganism of acetous fermen- 
tation. 

Mycohemia (mi-ko-hem'-e-ah) [myco-; alpa, 
blood]. A condition in which fungi are 
in the blood. 

Mycology (mi-koV -o-je) [myco-; Xoyoc, science]. 
The science of fungi. 

Mycomyringitis (mi-ko-mi-rin-ji'-tis) [myco-; 
myringitis]. Fungous inflammation of the 
ear-drum. 

Myconostoc (mi-kon-os'-tok) [myco-; nostoc]. 
A genus of schizomycetes. 

Mycophylaxin (mi-ko-fil-aks'-in). See Pro- 
teids, Defensive. 

Mycoprotein {rni-ko -pr o' -te-in) [myco-; protein, 
from npcoxoc, first]. The albuminoid sub- 
stance obtained from the bodies of bacteria. 

Mycosis (mi-ko' -sis) [ponyc, fungus]. 1. A 
growth of fungi within the body. 2. A dis- 
ease caused by the presence of microorgan- 
isms in the body. M. fungoides, an affec- 
tion of the skin characterized by the appear- 
ance, chiefly on the scalp, face, and chest, 
of pinkish or reddish, nodular or flattened 
tumors, which may go on to ulceration. 
Itching is often present. The disease is be- 
lieved to be microorganismal in origin. M. 
intestinalis. Synonym of Anthrax. M. 
mucosina, a form in which the fungus in- 
vades the body through the intestines and 
leads to abscesses in the lungs, brain, and 
other organs. 

Mycosozin (mi-ko-so'-zin). See Sozin. 

Mycotic (mi-kot'-ik) [mycosis]. Charac- 
terized by mycosis; due to microorgan- 
isms. M. Endocarditis, that due to micro- 
organismal infection. Syn., Ulcerative or 
malignant endocarditis. 

Mycteric (mik-ler'-ik) [potczrjp, the nose]. Re- 
lating to the nasal cavities. 

Mycteroxerosis (mik-ter-o-ze-ro' -sis) [puKrrjp, 
the nose; xerosis]. Dryness of the nostrils. 

Mydalein (mid-a'-le-in) [pudaXkoc, putrid]. A 
ptomain obtained from putrefying cadaveric 
organs. It produces salivation, dilation of 
the pupil, elevation of temperature, peristaltic 
action of the intestine, first a rise, then a fall, 
of temperature, and diastolic arrest of the 
heart. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Mydatoxin (mid-at-oks'-in) [puddv, to be wet; 



MYDIN 



654 



MYELOCELE 



xo^ckov, poison], C 6 H 13 N0 2 . A ptomain 
obtained from horseflesh and human flesh. 
It produces symptoms resembling those of 
curara-poisoning. 

Mydin {mid' -in) [fiuodv, to be wet], C 8 H n NO. 
A nonpoisonous ptomain produced in the 
putrefaction of human internal organs. The 
free base is "strongly alkaline, has an ammo- 
niacal odor, and is characterized by its strong 
reducing properties. SeePtomains, Table of. 

Mydriasis {mid-ri' -as-is) [[wopcaocc, undue 
enlargement of the pupil of the eye]. Dila- 
tion of the pupil of the eye. M., Alternat- 
ing, M., Leaping, M., Springing, mydriasis 
which by normal light and convergence- 
reaction attacks first one eye and then the 
other. It is due to disorder of the central 
nervous system. M., Paralytic, that due 
to paralysis of the oculomotor nerve. M., 
Spasmodic, M., Spastic, that caused by 
overaction of the sympathetic or dilator nerve 
of the iris. M., Spinal, that produced by 
irritation of the ciliospinal center of the 
spinal cord. 

Mydriatic {mid-re-al'-ik) [see Mydriasis], i. 
Causing mydriasis, or dilation of the pupil. 
2. An agent causing mydriasis, or dilation 
of the pupil. 

Mydrin (mi'-drin). A combination of the 
hydrochlorates of ephedrin and homatropin. 
It is used in 10% solution when evanescent 
mydriasis is required. 

Mydrol {mi'-drof). Iodomethylpyrazolin, a 
colorless, bitter powder, soluble in water and 
alcohol. It is used in 5 to 10 % solution as a 
mydriatic. 

Myectopy {mi-ek'-to-pe) [fJ.0f, muscle; eKroKoc, 
displaced]. The abnormal placement of a 
muscle. 

Myel {mi' -el) [[lusloc, marrow]. The spinal cord. 

Myelalgia {mi-el-al' -je-ah) [myel; dXj-oc, pain]. 
Pain in the spinal cord. 

Myelapoplexy {mi-el-ap' -o-pleks-e) [myel; 
apoplexy]. Hemorrhage into the spinal cord. 

Myelasthenia {mi-el-as-the' -ne-ah) [myel; 
asthenia]. Spinal exhaustion. 

Myelatrophy {mi-el-at' -ro-fe) [myel; atrophy]. 
Wasting of the spinal cord. 

Myelemia {mi-el-e' -me-ah) . Synonym of Myel- 
ogenic leukemia. 

Myelen {mi' -el-en). An extract of, ox-marrow. 

Myelencephalon {mi-el-en-sef '-al-on) [myel; 
encephalon]. 1. The cerebrospinal axis. 2. 
See Metencephalon. 

Myelic {mi-el'-ik) [myel]. Pertaining to the 
spinal cord. 

Myelin {mi'-el-in) [iioeXbg, marrow]. 1. The 
white substance of Schwann — the sheath of a 
medullated nerve. 2. A substance obtained 
from nerve tissue. See Organotherapy. 

Myelinic {mi-el-in'-ik) [myelin]. 1. Relating 
to myelin, or to myelinic nerve-fibers. 2. 
Medullated. M. Nerve-fibers, nerve-fibers 
having the axis-cylinder inclosed in a sheath 
of myelin. 

Myelinization {mi-el-in-iz-a' -shun). The 
medullation of nerve-fibers, 



Myelitis (mi-el-i'-tis) [myel; cue, inflamma- 
tion]. 1. Inflammation of the spinal cord. 
If it affects the gray matter, it is called polio- 
myelitis; if the white matter, leukomyelitis; 
if it extends entirely across the cord, transverse 
myelitis. The symptoms of myelitis vary with 
the character and the seat of the lesion. The 
sensory disturbances consist of hyperesthesia 
or anesthesia, girdle-pains, and usually a 
hyperesthetic zone at the level of the lesion. 
The reflexes are generally lost in the begin- 
ning, but later become exaggerated; some- 
times they do not return. Paralysis is 
present in the parts below the lesion; the 
muscles are flaccid at first, later rigid. The 
sphincters are generally paralyzed. Bed- 
sores are common in certain forms of mye- 
litis. 2. Inflammation of- bone-marrow; os- 
teomyelitis. M., Acute, that due to expo- 
sure to cold, injuries, or to acute general dis- 
eases ; it is attended with sensory disturbances 
and motor paralysis, complete or incomplete, 
according to the part of the cord involved 
and the degree of the inflammation. M., 
Apoplectiform, that in which paralysis 
is developed with unusual rapidity. M., 
Ascending, a form in which the inflammation 
travels up the cord. M., Bulbar, that affect- 
ing the medulla and manifesting itself in dis- 
turbances of the cardiorespiratory apparatus, 
dysphagia, vomiting, and other symptoms. 
M., Central, that limited chiefly to the gray 
matter of the cord. M . , Chronic , a slowly ad- 
vancing form, presenting generally the same 
features as acute myelitis, but extended over a 
longer period. M., Compression-, an in- 
flammation of the spinal cord, secondary to 
compressing lesions outside of the cord (caries, 
carcinoma, exostosis of the vertebras, aneu- 
rysm) or to tumors of the cord itself. M., 
Cornual, inflammation affecting the anterior 
or posterior cornua. M. , Descending, a form 
in which the inflammation extends downward, 
following the pyramidal tracts. M., Diffuse, 
widely distributed inflammation of the cord in- 
volving large areas. M., Disseminated, one 
in which there are several foci. M. , Focal, one 
in which a small area is affected. M., Hem- 
orrhagic, myelitis associated with or depend- 
ent upon hemorrhage. M., Pressure-. 
See M., Compression-. M., Sclerotic, a 
form characterized by overgrowth of the 
interstitial tissue, which undergoes contrac- 
tion, producing an increase of hardness of 
the cord. M., Systemic, a variety in which 
the inflammation is confined to distinct 
systems or tracts of the cord. M., Trau- 
matic, myelitis following direct injury. 

Myelo- {mi-el-o-) [myelon]. A prefix denoting 
reference to or connection with the spinal 
cord or with the bone-marrow. 

Myeloblasts {mi'-el-o-blasts) [myelo-; ftXaozoc, 
a germ]. Cells from which myelocytes are 
formed. They are free from granules, con- 
tain no nucleoli, and the chromatin is always 
present in regular reticular form. 

Myelocele {mi' -el-o-seT) [myelo-; KOiXca, a cav- 



MYELOCENE 



655 



MYLOHYOID 






ity]. i. The central canal of the spinaL cord. 

2. [KJjXr), tumor.] Spina bifida. 
Myelocene (mi-el'-o-sen). A preparation of 

bone-marrow used as an application in psori- 
asis, etc. 

Myelocyst (mi'-el-o-sist) [myelo-; Kuozig, a cyst]. 
A cyst springing from the medullary canal. 

Myelocystic (mi-el-o-sis' -tik) [see Myelocyst]. 
Both myeloid and cystic. 

Myelocystocele (mi-el-o-sis' -to-sel) [myelo-; 
cystocele]. A cystic tumor of the spinal 
cord. 

Myelocystomeningocele (mi-el-o-sis-to-men- 
in'-go-sel). Spina bifida in which the tumor 
contains myelic substance, membranes, and 
fluids. 

Myelocyte (mi'-el-o-sit) [myelo-; kutoc, a cell]. 
i. A large uninuclear leukocyte containing 
neutrophil granules, and supposed to be 
derived from the bone-marrow. 2. A free 
nucleus of a central or ganglionic nerve-cell. 

3. Any one of the leukocytes derived from 
bone-marrow, as distinguished from lympho- 
cytes found in the lymphatic glands. 

Myelocythemia (mi-el-o-si-the'-me-ah) [myelo- 
cyte; alpa, blood]. An excess of myelocytes 
in the blood. 

Myelogangliitis (mi-el-o-gan-gle-i'-tis). A very- 
severe form of cholera believed to be due to 
gangliitis of the solar plexus and of the hepatic 
plexus. 

Myelogenic (mi-el-o-jen'-ik) [myelo-; ytvvav, 
to produce]. Produced in or by bone-mar- 
row. M. Leukemia, leukemia due to disease 
of the bone-marrow. 

Myeloid (mi'-el-oid) [myelo-; ecooc, like]. 

{Resembling marrow. M. Cell, a myeloplax. 
M. Sarcoma, a form of sarcoma distin- 
guished by the presence of multinucleated 
cells. 

Myelorymphangioma (mi-el-o-lim-fan-je-o'- 
mah). Same as Elephantiasis. 

Myeloma (mi-el-o'-mah) [myelo-; opa, tumor]. 
1. An encephaloid tumor. 2. A giant-celled 
sarcoma. 

Myelomalacia (mi-el-o-mal-a' -she-ah) [myelo-; 
paXaKca, softening]. A softening of the spinal 
cord. 

Myelomenia (mi-el-o-me' '-ne-ah) [myelo-; pijvsc, 
menses]. A supposed metastasis of the men- 
strual blood to the spinal cord. 

Myelomeningitis (mi-el-o-men-in-ji'-tis). In- 
flammation of the membranes of the spinal 
cord; spinal meningitis. 

Myelomeningocele (mi - el - o-men-in' -go-seT). 
Spina bifida. 

Myelomeninx (mi-el-o-me' -ninks) [myelo-; 
fifjviy^, membrane]. A spinal membrane. 

Myelomyces (mi-el-om' -is-ez) [myelo-; puKijc, 
fungus]. An encephaloid tumor. 

Myelon (mi'-el-on) [pusXoc, marrow]. The 
spinal cord. 

Myeloneuritis (mi-el-o-nu-ri' -tis) . Multiple 
neuritis combined with myelitis. 

Myelopathy (mi-el-op 1 '-ath'-e) [myelo-; rMoc, 
disease]. Any disease of the spinal cord. 

Myelopetal (mi-el-op' -et-aV) [myelo-; peter e, 



to seek]. Moving toward the myelon; said 
of nerve-fibers. 

Myeloplast (mi' -el-o-plast) [myelo-; rdaaxbc, 
shaped]. The peculiar cells of the bone- 
marrow resembling leukocytes. 

Myeloplax (mi' ' -el-o-plaks) [myelo-; TzXaq, a 
placque]. One of the large multinucleated 
cells found upon the inner surface of bone, 
and concerned in its absorption. 

Myelopore (mi'-el-o-por) [myelo-; -opoc;, pore]. 
An opening into the spinal column. 

Myelorrhaphy (mi-el-or' -af-e) [myelo-; pacpr], a 
seam]. The suturing of a severed spinal 
cord. 

Myelosclerosis (mi-el-o-skle-ro'-sis) [myelo-; 
sclerosis]. Sclerosis of the spinal cord or of 
the marrow of bones. 

Myelosis (mi-el-o' -sis) [myelon]. The growth 
or existence of a myeloma. 

Myelospasm (mi'-el-o-spazm) [myelo-; o-aopoc, 
spasm]. Spasm of the spinal cord. 

Myelospongium (mi-el-o-spun' -je-nm) [myelo-; 
o-byyog, sponge]. A network in the wall of 
the neural canal of the embryo, composed 
of processes given off by the outer extremities 
of the spongioblasts. 

Myelosyphilosis (mi-el-o-sif-il-o'-sis) [myelo-; 
syphilis]. Syphilitic disease of the spinal 
cord. 

Myelotherapy (mi-el-o-ther'-ap-e). The thera- 
peutic use of bone-marrow extracts. 

Myelotome (mi'-el-o-lom) [myelo-; xkp.vz.tv, 
to cut]. An apparatus for making sections 
of the spinal cord. 

Myelotoxic (mi-el-o-toks'-ik) [myelo-; xozckov, 
a poison]. Characteristic of or pertaining to 
a substance having toxic action on the cells 
of bone-marrow. 

Myelotoxin (mi-el-o-toks'-in). A cytotoxin 
with specific action upon bone-marrow 
cells. 

Myelyperemia (mi-el-ip-er-e' -me-ah) See Hy- 
per my clohemia. 

Myenteron (mi-en' -ter-on) [tiuc, muscle; en- 
teron]. The muscular coat of the intestine. 

Myiodeopsia, Myiodesopsia (mi-i-o-de-op'- 
se-ah, mi-i-o-des-op' -se-ali) [fLotdidrjf, fly-like; 
cxpcg, vision]. The subjective appearance of 
muscae volitantes. 

Myiosis (mi' -i-o-sis) [uo'ta, a fly]. The pres- 
ence of larvas of flies or maggots in or on 
the body, as in the nose or ear, in a wound, 
or upon mucous membranes. 

Myitis (mi-i'-tis). See Myositis. 

Mylius' Modification of Pettenkofer's 
Test for Bile-acids. Add one drop of fur- 
furol solution and 1 Cc. of concentrated 
sulfuric acid to each cubic centimeter of the 
alcoholic solution of bile acids; cool, if neces- 
sary, so that the test does not become too 
warm. A red coloration is produced, which 
changes to bluish-violet in the course of the 
day. 

Mylohyoid, Mylohyoidean (mi - lo - hi' - oid, 
mi-lo-hi-oid-e'-an). Pertaining to the region 
of the lower molar teeth and the hyoid bone. 

- M. Muscle. See under Muscle, 



MYO- 



656 



MYOMETER 



Myo- (mi-o-) [five, a muscle]. A prefix signify- 
ing pertaining to muscle. 

Myoblast (mi'-o-blast) [myo-; (HXaozog, germ]. 
A cell developing into a muscle-fiber. 

Myo cardiograph (mi-o-kar' ' -de-o-graf) . See Car- 
diograph. 

Myocarditis (mi-o -kar-di' -tis) [myocardium; 
ace, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
myocardium, the muscular tissue of the 
heart. 

Myocardium {mi-o-kar' -de-um) [myo-; napd'ca, 
heart]. The muscular tissue of the heart. 

Myocele (mi'-o-sel) [myo-; k^Xtj, hernia]. 
The protrusion of a muscle through its rup- 
tured sheath. 

Myocellulitis (mi-o-sel-u-W -tis) . Simultaneous 
myositis and cellulitis. 

Myocephalitis (mi-o-sef-al-i'-tis) [myo-; K£(f>aXrj, 
the head; ezee, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the muscles of the head. 

Myochorditis {mi-o -kor-di' -tis) [myo-; x°P^V> 
cord; cxtc, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the muscles of the vocal bands. 

Myo chrome (mi'-o-krom) ]myo-; xptipa, color]. 
A reddish pigment found in muscles, and 
believed to be identical with hemoglobin. 

Myochronoscope. (mi-o-kro' -no-skop) [myo-; 
Xpovoc, time; okoksIv, to examine]. An in- 
strument for measuring the rapidity of mus- 
cular contraction or the propagation of a 
nerve-stimulus through a muscle. 

Myoclonus (mi-ok'-lo-nus) [myo-; kXovoc, clo- 
nus]. Clonic spasm of a muscle or of vari- 
ous muscles. M. multiplex. See Paramyo- 
clonus multiplex. 

Myocomma (mi-o-kom'-ah) [myo-; ubiipa, seg- 
ment]. Any one of the transverse segments 
into which embryonic muscle tissue is divided. 

Myocyte (mi'-o-sit) [myo-; kutoc, cell]. A muscle- 
cell. 

Myodegeneration (mi-o-de-jen-er-a'-shun) . 

Muscular degeneration. 

Myodemia (mi-o-de' -me-ah) [myo-; drjpoc, fat]. 
Fatty degeneration of muscle tissue. 

Myodes (mi-o'-dez) [myo-; ddoc, like]. Myoid. 

Myodesopsia (mi-o-dez-ops'-e-ah). See Myio- 
deopsia. 

Myodynamometer (mi-o-di-nam-om'-et-er). See 
Dynamometer. 

Myodynia (mi-o-din'-e-ah) [myo-; dduvT), pain]. 
Pain in the muscles. 

Myoedema, Myooedema (mi-o-e-de' '-mah) . * i. 
See Myoidema. 2. Edema of the muscles. 

Myoepithelial (mi-o-ep-e-the' -le-al) . 1. Relat- 
ing to or consisting of muscle and epithelium. 
2. Pertaining to myoepithelium. 

Myoepithelium (mi-o-ep-e-the' -le-um) . Mus- 
cle-epithelium; epithelium, the cells of which 
possess contractile processes. 

Myofibroma (mi-o- fi-bro' -mah) . A tumor con- 
taining muscular and fibrous tissue. 

Myofibrosis (mi-o- fi-bro' -sis) . An increase of 
connective tissue between the muscle-fas- 
ciculi and also between the individual fibrils; 
it is most likely to occur in the ventricles of 
the heart. 

Myogen (mi'-o-jen). 1. See Myosinogen. 2. 



A dietetic prepared from blood-serum of 
cattle. 

Myogenous (mi-o]' -en-us) [myo-; yivvav, to 
produce]. Originating in muscle. ' 

Myoglobulin (mi-o-glob'-u-lin) [myo-; globulin]. 
A substance obtained from muscles, closely 
resembling serum-globulin in its properties. 

Myogram (mi'-o-gram) [myo-; ypappa, an in- 
scription]. The tracing made by the myo- 

, graph. 

Myogramma (mi-o- gram' -ah). A mark or line 
upon or in a muscle. 

Myograph (mi'-o-graf) [myo-; fpafecv, to write]. 
An instrument for recording the phases of a 
muscular contraction. 

Myographic (mi-o-graf'-ik) [see Myograph]. 
Pertaining to a myograph. 

Myography (mi-og'-ra-fe) [see Myograph]. 1. 
A description of the muscles. 2. The em- 
ployment of the myograph. 

Myohematin (mi-o-hem' -at-in) . A red pig- 
ment found in muscles. 

Myohysterectomy (mi-o-his-ter-ek'-to-me). The 
incomplete removal of the uterus, more or 
less of the cervix uteri being left and the 
operation being completed without opening 
the vagina. 

Myoid (mi'-oid) [myo-; eldoc, like]. Like a 
muscle or muscular tissue. 

Myoidema (mi-oid-e'-mah) [myo-; edema]. 
The wheal brought out by a sharp tap on 
a muscle in certain conditions of exhaus- 
tion. 

Myoideum (mi-oid'-e-um) [myo-; eldoc, resem- 
blance]. Tissue resembling muscle. 

Myoidism (mi'-oid-izm) [see Myoideum]. Idio- 
muscular contraction. 

Myokymia (mi-o -ki' -me-ah) [myo-; KUfxa, a 
wave]. Persistent, widespread, muscular quiv- 
ering without atrophy or loss of power. 

Myolemma (mi-o-lem'-ah) [myo-; U/x/xa, cov- 
ering]. The sarcolemma. 

Myolin (mi'-o-lin) [lioc, muscle]. The sub- 

• stance formerly supposed to form the con- 
tents of a muscular fibril. 

Myolipoma (mi-o-lip-o'-mah). A myoma con- 
taining fatty tissue. 

Myology (mi-ol'-o-je) [myo-; Xoyoc, science]. 
The science of the nature, structure, func- 
tions, and diseases- of muscles. 

Myoma (mi-o'-mah) [myo-; oLia, tumor]. A 
muscular tumor. If composed of nonstriped 
muscular tissue, it 'is called liomyoma; if of 
striped muscular tissue, rhabdomyoma. 

Myomalacia (mi-o-mal-a' -she-ah) [myo-; iiaXa- 
Kca, softening]. Softening of muscles. M. 
cordis, softening of a portion of the heart- 
muscle, usually resulting from thrombosis or 
embolism. 

Myomatous (mi-o'-mat-us) [myoma]. Of the 
nature of a myoma. 

Myomectomy (mi-o-mek' -to-me) [myoma; en- 
xojiTj, excision]. Excision of a uterine or other 
myoma. 

Myometer (mi-om'-et-er) [myo-; [ikxpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring 
muscle-contraction, 



MYOMETRITIS 



657 



MYOSITIS 



Myometritis (mi-o-met-ri'-tis). Inflammation 
of the uterine muscular tissue. 

Myometrium (mi-o-me' -tre-um) [myo-; prjrpa, 
womb]. The uterine muscular structure. 

Myomohystere ctomy (mi-o-mo-his-ter-ek' '-to- 
me) [myoma; hysterectomy]. The extirpation 
of a myomatous uterus. 

Myomotomy (mi-o-mot'-o-me). See Myomec- 
tomy. 

Myon (mi' -on) [pucov, a group of muscles]. A 
unit of musculature; a group of muscles 
viewed as an integer. 

Myoneuralgia (mi-o-nu-ral'-je-ah). Neuralgic 
pain in the muscles. 

Myoneurasthenia (mi-o-nu-ras-the-ni'-ah). 
Relaxation of the muscles occurring in neu- 
rasthenia. 

Myoneure (mi'-o-nilr) [myo-; veupov, nerve], 
A motor nerve-cell supplying a muscle. 
! Myoneuroma (mi-o-nu-ro'-mah). Combined 
myoma and neuroma. 

Myopalmus (mi-o-pal'-mus) [myo-; naXpog, a 
twitch]. Twitching of the muscles. 

Myoparalysis (mi-o-par-aV -is-is). Paralysis of 
a muscle or muscles. 

Myopathic (mi-o-path'-ik) [myo-; nadoc, dis- 
ease]. Depending upon or relating to dis- 
ease of the muscles. M. Facies, a peculiar 
form of expression seen in infantile forms of 
myopathic muscular atrophy. It is character- 
ized by imperfect movement of the facial 
muscles, sinking in of the cheeks, and droop- 
ing of the lower lip. Syn., Facies myopath- 
ique. 

Myopathy, Myopathia (mi-op' -ath-e, mi-o- 
path'-e-ah) [myo-; nadog, suffering], i. Any 
disease of the muscles. 2. A group of dis- 
orders characterized by slow progressive loss 
of power associated with atrophy or hyper- 
trophy of the muscles, absence of fibrillar 
contraction or quantitative electric change. 

Myope (mi'-op) [see Myopia]. A person af- 
fected with myopia. 

Myopericarditis (mi-o-per-ik-ar-di'-tis) [myo-; 
pericarditis]. A combination of pericarditis 
with myocarditis. 

Myoperitonitis (mi-o-per-it-on-i'-tis). Inflam- 
mation of the abdominal muscles combined 
with peritonitis. 

Myophagism (mi-of'-aj-izm) [myo-; fia-reiv, to 
eat]. The wasting away of muscular tissue 
observed in muscular atrophy. 

Myopia (mi-o'-pe-ah) [fiueev, to close; <jj([>, eye, 
myopes having the habit of partially closing 




The Formation of the Image in a Myopic Eye in 
Front of the Retina. 

the lids to avoid spheric aberration]. Near- 
sightedness; an optic defect, usually due to 
43 



an abnormal length of the anteroposterior 
diameter of the globe, whereby the focal 
image is formed in front of the retina. 

Myopic (mi-op'-ik) [see Myopia]. Pertaining 
to or having the nature of myopia; near- 
sighted. M. Crescent, a yellowish-white 
crescentic area about the papilla, due to 
atrophy or breaking away of the choroid 
and exposure of the sclerotic. 

Myoproteid (mi-o-pro'-te-id). A substance 
found in muscle-plasma, differing appar- 
ently from the recognized albumins. 

Myopsychopathy, Myopsychy (mi-o-si-kop'- 
ath-e, mi-o-si'-ke) [myo-; </>u%r], mind; nadoc, 
disease]. Myopathies associated with feeble- 
ness or defect of mind. 

Myopsychdses (mi-o-si-ko'-sez) [myo-; fax?), 
mind]. Myopathies and neuromuscular affec- 
tions associated with mental disturbances. 

Myorrhaphy (mi-or'-af-e) [myo-; pa<p-q, a seam]. 
The union of the abdominal recti muscles 
by suture when drawn apart. 

Myorrhexis (mi-or-eks'-is) [myo-; py)€tc, a 
tearing]. Laceration or rupture of a muscle. 

Myosalpingitis (mi-o -sal-pin- ji'-tis). Hyper- 
trophy of the muscular tissue of the salpinx. 

Myosarcoma (mi-o-sar-ko'-mah). A sarcoma 
containing muscular tissue. 

Myosclerosis (mi-o-skle-ro'-sis). 1. A harden- 
ing or induration of a muscle. 2. Synonym 
of Pseudohypertrophic paralysis. 

Myoseism (mi-o-se' -izm) [myo-; oecop.bg, a 
shake]. A symptom that consists in repeated 
stops in the course of muscular contractions 
by which the whole movement is rendered 
jerky. 

Myoserum (mi -0 - se' - rum). Muscle-juice; 
juice derived from meat submitted to pressure. 

Myosin (mi'-o-sin) [puc, muscle]. A proteid 
6f the globulin class, found in coagulated 
muscle-plasma, and formed from the ante- 
cedent globulin, myosinogen. It is also found 
in the cornea and in some vegetables. Myosin 
is soluble in strong saline solutions, and is 
changed into syntonin by the action of dilute 
hydrochloric acid and heat. 

Myosinogen (mi-o-sin' -o-jen) [myosin; yevvdv, 
to beget]. One of the proteids of muscle- 
plasma. It is the antecedent of myosin. Its 
coagulation after death is the cause of rigor 
mortis. 

Myosinuria (mi-o-sin-u'-re-ah). The occur- 
rence of myosin in the urine. 

Myosis (mi-o' -sis). See Miosis. 

Myositis (mi - o - si' - lis) [puc, muscle; cuf, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the muscles. 
M. fibrosa, M., Interstitial, an inflamma- 
tion of the connective tissue of muscle. M., 
Ischemic, myositis due to prolonged fixation 
of forearm fractures by any form of bandag- 
ing which intercepts circulation through the 
muscles and nerves of the part. M. ossi- 
ficans, a variety characterized by the forma- 
tion of osseous deposits in the muscles. M. 
ossificans progressiva, a process of ossifica- 
tion attacking one muscle after another. M. 
ossificans traumatica, the formation of a 



MYOSPASM 



658 



MYRTIFORM 



mass of bone in a muscle after an injury. 
M,, Specific, M., Syphilitic, that due to 
syphilis. M. trichinosa, that due to the 
presence of trichina spiralis in the muscles. 

Myospasm (mi'-o-spazm) [myo-; oizaop.bg, 
spasm]. Muscular spasm; a cramp. 

Myospasmia {mi-o-spaz' -me-ah) [see Myo- 
spasm]. Diseases in which spasmodic mus- 
cular contraction is a dominant symptom. 

Myosuria {mi-o-su' '-re-ah) . See Myosinuria. 

Myosuture {mi-o-su' -tur). Suture of a muscle. 

Myosynizesis {mi-o-sin-iz-e' -sis) [myo-; ouv'c£t)- 
acg, a falling together]. The adhesion of two 
or more muscles. 

Myotactic {mi-o-tak' -tik) [myo-; tangere, to 
touch]. Relating to the sense of touch in 
muscles. 

Myotatic {mi-o-tat'-ik) [myo-; zaocg, a stretch- 
ing]. Produced by or depending upon pas- 
sive tension of the muscles. M. Contrac- 
tion, tendon-reflex. M. Irritability, an in- 
creased irritability of muscles produced by 
passive extension, and giving rise, when the 
muscle is stimulated, to a myotatic contrac- 
tion, or tendon-reflex. 

Myotenotomy {mi-o-ten-ot' -o-me) [myo-; zivcov, 
tendon; to fir), a cutting]. Surgical division of 
muscles and tendons. 

Myotic {mi-ot'-ik). See Miotic. 

Myotome {mi'-o-tom) [myo-; xop.T], a cutting]. 
i. An instrument for performing myotomy. 
2. See Myocomma. 

Myotomy {mi-ot '-o-me) [see Myotome], i. Di- 
vision of a muscle, particularly through its 
belly. 2. The dissection of muscles. 

Myotonia, Myotonus {mi-o-to' -ne-ah, -ot'-o-nus) 
[myo-; xbvoc, tension], i. Tonic muscular 
spasm. 2. The stretching of a muscle. 3. 
Muscular tone, quality, or tension. M. ac- 
quisita, a disease, not hereditary, character- 
ized by tonic muscular spasm. M. con- 
genita, M. hereditaria, Thomsen's disease; 
a hereditary disease characterized by tonic 
spasms in the voluntarily moved muscles. 

Myrcia {mur'-se-ah). A genus of aromatic 
shrubs of the natural order Myrtacece. M. 
acris is the source of oil of bay, oleum myrcics, 
from which is prepared bay-rum, or spiritus 
myrcia. Bay-rum is used as a local applica- 
tion in headache and to impart its odor to 
many toilet preparations. 

Myricin {mir'-is-in) [jiupcKt], the tamarisk]. A 
constituent of wax {cera flava), insoluble in 
boiling alcohol. It consists chiefly of myricyl 
palmitate, C 30 H 61 .C 16 H 31 O 2 , which is a com- 
pound of palmitic acid and myricyl alcohol. 

Myricyl {mir'-is-il). A univalent hydrocarbon, 
C 30 H 6] , the radicle of myricyl alcohol. M. 
Alcohol, C 30 H 62 O, hydrogen myricylate, is ob- 
obtained by decomposing beeswax. 

Myringa, Myrinx (mir-in'-gah, mir' -inks) [L.]. 
The tympanic membrane. 

Myringectomy {mir-in-jek'-to-me). See My- 
ringodectomy. 

Myringitis (mir-in-ji' -Us) [myringa; cxcg, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the mem- 
brana tympani. 



Myringodectomy {mir-in-go-dek' -to-me) [my- 
ringa; iKTopiT), excision]. Excision of a part 
or of the whole of the membrana tympani. 

Myringodermatitis {mir-in-go-der-mat-i'-tis) 
[myringa; dermatitis]. Inflammation of the 
external layer of the drum-membrane with 
the formation of blebs below or behind the 
malleus. 

Myringomycosis {mir-in-go-mi-ko' -sis) [my- 
ringa; mycosis]. Disease of the drum-mem- 
brane, due to parasitic fungi, especially As- 
pergillus. 

Myringoplasty {mir-in-go-plas' -tik) [myringo- 
plasty]. Pertaining to myringoplasty. 

Myringoplasty {mir-in* ' -go-plas-te) [myringa; 
nXaooeiv, to shape]. A plastic operation on 
the membrana tympani. 

Myringotome {mir-in' -go-tom) [myringa; roprj, 
a cutting]. An instrument used in incising 
the membrana tympani. 

Myringotomy {mir -in-got' -o-me) [see Myringo- 
tome]. Incision of the tympanic membrane. 

Myristic Acid {mir-is'-tik) [myristica], Q^H^- 
2 . A monobasic acid found in Myristica 
fragrans, in cocoanut-oil, in spermaceti, 
etc. 

Myristica {mir-is'-tik-ah). See Nutmeg. 

Myristicin {mir-is'-tis-in) [myristica]. A pecu- 
liar fatty body contained in nutmeg. 

Myristicol {mir-is' -tik-oV) [myristica; oleum, 
oil], C 10 H 16 O. An oily substance extracted 
from oil of nutmeg. 

Myrmeciasis, Myrmeciasm {mir-me-si'-as-is, 
mir-me'-se-azm) [pbppi]$, ant]. Formication. 

Myron {mi'-ron) [pupov, any sweet juice exud- 
ing from plants]. 1. An unguent. 2. A soft 
resin. 

Myronic Acid {mi-ron'-ik). See Acid, Myronic. 

Myronin {mi-ro'-nin). An ointment-base said 
to be a mixture of soap, carnauba wax, and 
doegling oil. 

Myrosin {mi' -rosin) [myron]. An albuminous 
ferment occurring in mustard-seed, which lib- 
erates the oil of mustard from potassium myro- 
nate. 

Myrrh {mer) [puppa, myrrh]. A gum -resin 
{myrrha, U. S. P.) obtained from Commiphora 
{Balsamodendron) myrrha, a tree of the nat- 
ural order Burseracece. Myrrh contains a 
volatile oil, a resin {myrrhin), and a gum, 
and is used as a stimulant tonic in dys- 
pepsia, pulmonary affections, chlorosis, and 
amenorrhea. It is employed as a local ap- 
plication in various forms of stomatitis. Dose 
10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). M., Tincture of 
{tinctura myrrhce, U. S. P.). Dose 10—30 min. 
(0.65-2.0 Cc). Myrrh is also an ingredient 
of mistura ferri composita, piluloe aloes et 
myrrhce, and tinctura aloes et myrrhce. 

Myrrholin {mir'-ol-in). A solution of equal 
parts of fatty oil and myrrh used as a vehicle 
for the administration of creasote. 

Myrtaceous, Myrtal {mir-ta'-shus, mir' -tat). 
Belonging to or characteristic of the myrtle 
family. 

Myrtiform {mir'-tif-orm) [myrtle; forma, form]. 
Shaped like a myrtle-berry or myrtle-leaf, 



MYRTIFORMIS 



659 



MYXOSARCOMA 



as the myrtijorm caruncles (carunculae myrti- 
formes). 

Myrtiformis (mir-te-form'-is). See Depressor 
alee nasi and Compressor narium under Muscle. 

Myrtle (mir'-tl) [ptuproc, the myrtle], A plant 
of the genus Myrtus. The leaves of Myrtus 
chekan are used in bronchitis. Dose of fluid- 
extract 1-3 dr. (4-12 Cc). The leaves of 
Myrtus communis yield myrtol, which distils 
between 160 and 180 C. The leaves are 
used as an antiseptic dressing for wounds. 
Myrtol is employed an as antiseptic in bron- 
chitis, cystitis, and pyelitis. Dose 1-2 gr. 
(0.065-0.13 Gm.). 

Myrtol (mir'-tol). See Myrtle. 

Myrtus (mir'-tus). See Myrtle. 

Mysophobia (mi-so-fo' -be-ah) [p.oaoc, filth; 
4>6ftoc, dread]. An abnormal dread of con- 
tact or of dirt. 

Mytacism {mit' -as-izm) . See Mutacism. 

Mytilotoxicon (mit-il-o-toks' -ik-on) [see Mytilo- 
toxiri]. A general name for the active agent 
in mussel-poisoning. 

Mytilotoxin {mit-il-o-toks' -in) [pujxcXoc, mussel; 
tosckov, sl poison], C 6 H 15 N0 2 . A poisonous 
ptomain found in poisonous mussel; it is 
similar in action to curara. See Ptomains, 
Table of. 

Mytilotoxism (mit-il-o-toks' -izm). Mussel- 
poisoning. 

Myxasthenia (miks-as-the' '-ne-ah) [ptu$a, mucus; 
asthenia]. Overdryness of the mucosa or 
impairment of the power to secrete mucus. 

Myxedema (miks - e - de' -mah) \jxuqa, mucus; 
edema]. A disorder of nutrition in which the 
subcutaneous tissue, especially of the face 
and hands, becomes infiltrated with a mucin- 
like substance, giving rise to a pale, edematous 
swelling, which does not pit on pressure. 
It is associated with dulness of the intellect, 
slow monotonous speech, muscular weakness, 
tremors, and absence of sweating. It is 
thought to be due to atrophy or degeneration 
of the thyroid gland, a view that gains strength 
from the facts that a similar condition to that 
of myxedema is produced in animals by the 
removal of the thyroid gland (cachexia 
strumipriva), and that the administration 
of thyroid gland in myxedema produces a 
marked amelioration of symptoms. In indi- 
viduals in whom the thyroid gland is con- 
genially diseased or absent a state resembling 
myxedema is likely to develop; this is known 
as cretinism. 

Myxedematous (miks-e-dem'-at-us) {myxedema]. 
Pertaining to, affected with, or of the nature 
of myxedema. 

Myxo- (miks-o-) [p.u$a, mucus]. A prefix mean- 
ing relating to mucus or mucoid. 

Myxochondrofibrosarcoma (miks-o-kon-dro- 
fi-bro-sar-ko'-mah). A myxochondroma con- 
taining fibrous and sarcomatous elements. 

Myxochondroma (miks - o - kon - dro' - mah) 
[myxo-; chondroma]. A tumor containing 
mucous and cartilaginous tissue. 

Myxococcidium stegomyiae (miks-o-kok-sid'-e- 
um steg-o-mi'-i-e). The provisional name 



for the hematobious parasite of yellow 
fever. 

Myxocystoma (miks-o-sist-o'-mah). A cystoma 
containing mucous elements. 

Myxodermia (miks-o-der' -me-ah) [myxo-; oepp.a ) 
skin]. Softening of the skin. 

Myxodes (miks-o 1 '-dez) [myxo-; ddog, like]. 
Resembling mucus. 

Myxofibroma (miks - 0- fi - bro' - mah) [myxo-; 
fibroma]. A fibroma that has in part under- 
gone myxomatous degeneration. 

Myxofibrosarcoma (miks-o-fi-bro-sar-ko f -mah). 
A tumor made up of myxomatous, sarcomat- 
ous, and fibromatous elements. 

Myxoglioma (miks - o - gli - 0' - mah) [myxo-; 
glioma]. A glioma with myxomatous de- 
generation. 

Myxoid (miks'-oid) [myxo-; eloof, like]. Like 
mucus. 

Myxoidedema (miks-oid-e-de'-mah). A severe 
form of influenza. 

Myxoinoma (miks-o-in-o' -mah) [myxo-; "0, a 
fiber; bpta, a tumor]. A benign form of 
inoma with myxomatous elements. 

Myxolipoma (miks - - lip - 0' - mah) [myxo-; 
lipoma]. A fatty tumor that has in part 
undergone myxomatous change. 

Myxoma (miks-o' -mah) [myxo-; ofia, tumor]. 
A connective-tissue tumor after the type 
of the jelly of Wharton of the umbilical 
cord. It consists of a gelatinous, mucin-con- 
tainingj intercellular substance, in which are 
scattered peculiar branched or stellate cells. 
M., Cystic, M., Cystoid, one containing 
parts so fluid as to resemble cysts. M., 
Hyaline, a translucent form consisting 
almost wholly of mucous tissue. M., Medul- 
lary, one containing many cells and pre- 
senting a white, opaque, pith-like appear- 
ance. M., Telangiectatic, M. telangiec- 
todes, M., Vascular, a myxoma character- 
ized by a highly vascular structure. 

Myxomatous (miks-o' -mat-us) [myxoma]. Of 
the nature of, or pertaining to, myxoma. 
M. Degeneration, mucoid degeneration. 
It attacks epithelium and connective tissue, 
giving rise to the production of a gelatinous 
substance containing mucin. In epithelial 
tissue the cells are affected; in connective 
tissue, the intercellular substance. 

Myxomycetes (miks - - mi-se' - tcz) [myxo-; 
fiUKfje, fungus]. A genus of slime fungi found 
in decaying wood and moss. 

Myxoneuroma (miks-o-nu-ro'-mah) [myxo-; 
neuroma]. 1. A glioma. 2. A neuroma with 
mucous elements. 

Myxoneurosis (miks -0 -nu-ro' - sis) [myxo-; 
neurosis]. A neurosis which, as a functional 
disturbance, causes an abnormal secretion 
of mucus. M. intestinalis membranacea, 
intestinal catarrh combined with secretion 
of mucus of nervous origin. 

Myxopapilloma (miks-o-pap-il-o'-mah). Pap- 
illoma with mucous elements. 

Myxosarcoma (miks -o-sar- ko f -mah) [myxo-; 
sarcoma]. A sarcoma that has in part 
undergone myxomatous degeneration. 



MYXOSPORIDIA 



660 



NAPHTHOL 



Myxosporidia {miks-o-spor-id' -e-ah) [myxo-; 
oTtbpog, seed]. A group or order of Sporozoa 
found as parasitic bodies in the muscles 



and epithelial cells of fishes; they produce 
a psorospermosis which is frequently wide- 
spread and destructive. 



N 



N. The symbol for nitrogen; also {n) the sign 

of the index of refraction. 
Na. Symbol for sodium {natrium). 
N. A. Abbreviation of numeric aperture. 
Nabothian Cysts, N. Ovules {nah-bo' -the-an) . 
See Cysts, Nabothian. N. Follicles, the 
mucous follicles of the cervix uteri about the 
external os. N. Menorrhagia, a discharge 
from the pregnant uterus of thin mucous that 
accumulates as the result of excessive secre- 
tion of the uterine glands. Syn., Hydrorrhea 
gravidarum. 
Naegele's Obliquity. Biparietal obliquity; 
the lateral inclination of the fetal head, at 
the superior pelvic strait, which brings the 
sagittal suture nearer to the sacral promon- 
tory. N.'s Pelvis, the obliquely contracted 
pelvis; ankylosis of the sacroiliac synchon- 
drosis of one side, with imperfect develop- 
ment of the sacrum on the corresponding side. 
Naevus {ne'-vus). See Nevus. 
Naftalan {naf -tal-an) . An antiseptic, deodor- 
ant substance consisting of a Russian naphtha 
(97%) and hard soap (3%). It is used in 
skin diseases, burns, ulcers, and rheumatism. 
Nagana, N'gana, Nygana (nag-ah'-nah) [Afri- 
can]. A disease of animals due to Trypano- 
soma Brucei, which is transmitted by the 
tsetse-fly. 
Nail {naf) [AS., ncegel]. The horny structure 
covering the dorsal aspect of the term- 
inal phalanx of each finger and toe. It 
consists of intimately united horny epithelial 
cells derived from the stratum lucidum of 
the epidermis. N.-bed, a vascular tissue, 
corresponding to the corium 
and the stratum malpighii 
of the skin, in which a nail 
rests. N. -culture, a term 
applied in bacteriology to a 
stab - culture showing a 
growth along the needle- 
track, and on the surface a 
button-like projection, giv- 
ing the appearance of a 
nail driven into the gelatin. 
N.-fold, the portion of epi- 
dermis that covers the root 
and edges of the nail. N., 
Hang-. See Hangnail N., 
Ingrowing, N., Ingrown, an overlap- 
ping of the nail by the flesh, from pressure, 
attended with ulceration. N. -matrix, the 
proximal end of the nail-bed; the structure 
from which the nail grows. N., Turtle- 
back, a nail curved in all directions; a 




Elements of a 
Human Nail 
( X 240).— 
(Stohr.) 



condition seen in certain trophic disturb- 
ances. 

Nanism {na'-nizm) [nanus]. Dwarfishness. 

Nanocephalous {na-no-se}' -al-us) [nanus; 
tc£(f>aArj, head]. Possessing a dwarfed head. 

Nanoid {na'noid) [nanus; eldoc, like]. Dwarf- 
like. 

Nanomelia, Nanomelus {na-no-me' -le-ah, 
na-nom' -el-us) [nanus; juiAof, a limb]. A 
monster characterized by undersized limbs. 

Nanous {nan' -us). Dwarfed, stunted. 

Nanus {na'-nus) [yavog, a dwarf]. 1. A dwarf. 
2. Dwarfed; stunted. 

Nape {nap) [ME.]. The back part of the neck; 
the nucha. 

Napellin {na-peV -in) [napellus, dim. of napus, 
a turnip], C 26 H3 9 NO n . An alkaloid oiAcon- 
itum napellus. It is an anodyne and anti- 
neuralgic. Dose \-\ gr. (0.01-0.03 Gm.). 

Napha {na'-fah) [L.]. Orange-blossoms. 

Naphtha {naf-thah) [uacpOa, from Ar.,' naft, 
naphtha]. 1. Formerly, any strong-smelling, 
inflammable, volatile liquid. 2. A colorless, 
inflammable oil distilled from petroleum, 
bituminous shale, etc. N., Coal-tar, a 
volatile mixture distilled from coal-tar and 
containing benzene, toluene, xylene, and simi- 
lar hydrocarbons. N., Petroleum, the more 
volatile part of petroleum collected during 
distillation and known as crude naphtha, or 
again separated by distillation into gasolene, 
benzene, and refined naphtha. N.-salicyn, 
a disinfecting solution said to contain salicylic 
acid, naphthol, and borax. N., Shale, naphtha 
distilled from bituminous shale. N. vitrioli, 
ethylic ether. N., Wood-, methyl-alcohol. 

Naphthalene, Naphthalin, Naphtalin {naf- 
thal-en, ' na]' -thai -in, naf'-tal-in) [naphtha]. 
Naphthalinum- (U. S. P.), C 10 H 8 . A hydro- 
carbon crystallizing in large, silvery, rhombic 
plates, slightly soluble in hot, but insoluble 
in cold, water, though easily soluble in me- 
thyl- and ethyl-alcohols, chloroform, ether, 
and benzene. It is an antiseptic, and is used 
in intestinal putrefaction, in typhoid fever, 
etc.; locally, in scabies and pruritus. Dose 
5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). 

Naphthalol {naf -thal-ol) . See Betol. 

Naphthocresol {naf-tho-kre'-sol). A brown, 
tarry, antiseptic liquid, insoluble in water, 
soluble in alcohol; used the same as creolin. 

Naphthol, Naphtol {naf-thol, naf -tot), 
C, H 7 , OH. A substance found in coal-tar 
and prepared artificially from alphanaphthol. 
It exists in two isomeric forms, alphanaphthol 
and betanaphthol, and occurs in the form 



NAPHTHOLATE 



661 



NASMYTH'S MEMBRANE 



of pale, buff-colored crystals. Betanaphthol 
(U. S. P.) is employed in dyspepsia and as 
an intestinal antiseptic in diarrheas, typhoid 
fever, etc. Locally it is used in eczemas, 
prurigo, herpes, favus, etc. Dose 5-10 gr. 
(0.32-0.65 Gm.). N.-aristol, N.-diiodid. 
See Diiodobetanaphthol. N.-eucalyptol, a 
compound of alphanaphthol or betanaphthol 
and eucalyptol; it is used as a surgical anti- 
septic. 

Naphtholate (naj'-thol-dt). A naphthol com- 
pound in which a base replaces the hydrogen 
atom in the hydroxyl. 

Naphtholism (naf'-thol-izm). Poisoning from 
continued external application of naphthol; 
it is marked by nephritis, hematuria, and 
eclampsia. 

Naphtholum (naf -thol-um) . Betanaphthol. 

Naphthopyrin (naf-tho-pi'-rin). A molecular 
compound obtained by the prolonged tritura- 
tion of betanaphthol with twice its weight 
of antipyrin. 

Naphthosalol (naf-tho-sa' -lol) . See Betol. 

Naphthoxol (naf-thoks'-ol). An antiseptic fluid 
consisting of a 3 % solution of hydrogen 
dioxid, 32 to 38 % alcohol, and 2 % naphthol. 

Naphthyl (naf'-thil), C 10 H 7 . The radicle of 
naphthalene. 

Naphthylamin (na}-thil'-a-min), C 10 H 7 . NH 2 . 
A .crystallizable substance turning red in the 
air. 

Narcein (nar'-se-in) [vdpKf], numbness], C23- 
H 29 N0 9 . An alkaloid contained in opium. 
It is sparingly soluble in water and alcohol, 
and forms fine, silky, inodorous, bitter crys- 
tals. It is used as a substitute for mor- 
phin. Dose | gr. (0.016 Gm.). N. Hydro- 
chlorid, C 23 H 29 N0 9 . HC1 + 2H 2 0, an acid 
substance forming colorless needles freely 
soluble in water and alcohol. It is used as 
a hypnotic in doses of $—3 gr. (0.01-0.2 Gm.). 
N. Meconate, C 23 H 29 N0 9 . C 7 H 4 7 , yellow 
crystals soluble in water. It is used as a 
sedative. Subcutaneous dose tV"~ t g r - (0.006- 
0.025 Gm.). N., Reaction for (Arnold's), 
upon heating the substance containing narcein 
with concentrated sulfuric acid and a trace 
of phenol a reddish coloration results. N. 
Valerianate, C 23 H 29 NO 9 .C 5 H 10 O 2 , a greenish- 
white, unstable powder, soluble in alcohol or 
hot water; decomposes on exposure. It is 
used as a sedative in mania, hysteria, etc. 

Narco- (nar-ko-) [vapn-q, numbness]. A prefix 
meaning relating to narcosis, numbness, or 
stupor. 

Narcohypnia {nar-ko-hip' -ne-ah) [narco-; 
o-voc, sleep]. Waking numbness; a peculiar 
state in which the patient has a sense of numb- 
ness on awaking. 

Narcolepsy (nar' -ko-lep-se) [narco-; epilepsy]. 
An uncontrollable tendency to attacks of deep 
sleep of short duration. It has been observed 
in epilepsy and other affections. 

Narcoma (nar-ko 1 '-mah) [see Narcosis]. Stupor 
from the use of a narcotic. 

Narcomania (nar-ko-ma' '-ne-ah) [narco-; p.avca, 
madness]. 1. Insanity characterized by 



stupor. 2. Insanity from use of narcotics. 
3. A morbid craving for narcotics. 

Narcose (nar'-koz) [narcosis]. In a condition 
of stupor. 

Narcosis (nar-ko' '-sis) [vapnouv, to benumb]. 
The state of complete unconsciousness pro- 
duced by a narcotic drug or an anesthetic. 
N., Medullary, anesthesia by cocainization 
of the spinal cord. 

Narcotic (nar-kof '-ik) [see Narcosis]. 1. Pro- 
ducing stupor. 2. A drug that produces nar- 
cosis. 

Narcotin (nar r -kot-in) [see Narcosis], C 22 H 23 - 
N0 7 . An alkaloid of opium, separated from 
morphin by potassium hydroxid. It crystal- 
lizes from alcohol in shining prisms, and 
melts at 176 C. It is sudorific and anti- 
pyretic, but has no narcotic effects. Dose 
1-3 gr. (0.06-0.2 Gm.). 

Narcotism (nar' -kot-izm) [see Narcosis]. The 
condition resulting from the use of a narcotic. 

Narcotize (nar' -ko-tiz) [see Narcosis]. To put 
under the influence of a narcotic; to render 
unconscious by means of a narcotic. 

Nargol (nar'-goF). Silver nucleate; silver 
nucleid, a compound of nucleic acid and 
silver oxid containing 10% of the latter; it 
causes blanching of the conjunctiva. 

Narinjin (na-rin' -jin) [Sanskrit, narinji, the 
orange], C 23 H 26 12 + 4H 2 0, or C 23 H 28 12 + 
5H 2 0. A glucosid from the blossoms of 
Citrus decumana, the grape-fruit or pomelo 
tree. 

Naris (na'-ris) [L.; pi., nares]. One of a pair 
of openings at the anterior part (anterior 
nares) or at the posterior part (posterior 
nares) of the nasal fossas. 

Nasal (na'-zal) [nasus, the nose]. Pertaining 
to the nose. N. Artery. See under Artery. 
N. Bones, the two small bones forming the 
arch of the nose. N. Catarrh, catarrh of the 
nasal mucous membrane; coryza. N. Duct. 
See under Duct. N. Eminence. See Emi- 
nence, Nasal. N. Fossas, the cavities of the 
nose. N. Ganglion, the sphenopalatine gan- 
glion. N. Labyrinth, the irregular cavity 
formed by the turbinal bones in the nasal 
passages. N. Line. See Salle's (de) Line. 
N. Nerve. See under Nerve. N. Spine. 1. A 
sharp process descending in the middle line 
from the inferior surface of the frontal bone 
between the superior maxillas. 2. The in- 
ferior sharp edge of the nasal crest of the 
superior maxilla. Syn., Anterior nasal spine. 
3. The prominence formed by the junction in 
the median line of the elevations upon the 
posterior internal adjoining margins of the 
palatal plate of the palate bones. N. Voice, 
a peculiar muffled timbre of the voice, espe- 
cially marked in cases of perforation of the 
palate. 

Nascent (nas'-ent) [nasci, to be born]. A term 
applied to gaseous substances at the moment 
of their liberation from chemic union. 

Nasion (na'-ze-on) [nasus, nose]. The median 
point of the nasofrontal suture. 

Nasmyth's Membrane, N.'s Cuticle. The 



NASO- 



662 



NECRO- 



epithelial membrane enveloping the enamel 
of the tooth during its development and for 
a short time after birth. Syn., Cuticula dentis. 

Naso- (na-zo-) [nasus, nose]. A prefix denoting 
connection with or relation to the nose. 

Nasoantral (na-zo-an'-tral). Relating to the 
nose and the maxillary antrum. 

Nasoantritis (na-zo-an-tri' -tis) . Rhinitis com- 
bined with inflammation, of the antrum of 
Highmore. 

Nasoaural (na-zo-aw'-ral). Relating to the 
nose and ear. 

Nasobuccal (na-zo-buk'-al). Relating to the 
nose and cheek. 

Nasofrontal (na-zo-fron'-tal). Pertaining to 
the nasal and the frontal bones. 

Nasolabial (na-zo-la' -be-al) . Pertaining to the 
nose and lip. 

Nasolacrimal {na-zo-lak' -rim-al) [naso-; lac- 
rima, tear]. Pertaining to the nose and the 
lacrimal apparatus, as the nasolacrimal duct. 

Nasolambdoidal (na-zo-lam-doi'-dal) . Relat- 
ing to the nasal bones and the lambdoid 
suture. N. Line. See P airier' s Line. 

Nasomanometer (na-zo-man-om' -et-er) . A 
manometer supplied with tubes to introduce 
liquid into the nostrils in order to test the 
permeability of the nose. 

Nasooccipital (na-zo-ok-sip' '-it-al). Pertaining 
to the nose and the occiput. 

Nasopalatine (na-zo-pal' -at-en) . i. Pertaining 
to both the nose and the palate, as the naso- 
palatine nerve. 2. Giving passage to the 
nasopalatine nerve, as the nasopalatine canal. 

Nasopalpebral (na-zo-pal' '-pe-bral). Relating 
to the nose and the eyelids. 

Nasopharyngeal (na-zo-far-in'-je-al) [naso- 
pharynx]. Pertaining to both the nose and 
the pharynx or to the nasopharynx. 

Nasopharyngitis (na-zo-far-in-ji'-tis) [naso- 
pharynx; exec, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the nasopharynx. Syn., Rhinopharyngitis . 

Nasopharjrnx (na-zo-far' -inks) [naso-; (f)apuy£, 
pharynx]. The space between the posterior 
nares and a horizontal plane through the 
lower margin of the soft palate. 

Nasorostral (na-zo -ros'-tral). Relating to the 
rostrum of the nose. 

Natal Sore. See Furunculus orientalis. 

Nataloin (na-taV -o-in) [Natal, an African 
state; aloin], C 25 H 28 O u . The aloin derived 
from Natal aloes. 

Nates (na'-tez) [natis, the buttock]. The but- 
tocks. N. of Brain, the anterior pair of the 
corpora quadrigemina. 

Native (na'-tiv) [nativus, born]. Of indigenous 
origin or growth; occurring in its natural 
state; not artificial. N. Albumins, a class 
of proteids occurring ready -formed in the 
tissues. 

Natrium (na'-tre-um). See Sodium. 

Natron (na'-tron) [Ar., natrun, native sodium 
carbonate]. i. Native sodium carbonate. 
2. Soda. 3. Sodium or potassium nitrate. 

Natural (nat'-u-ral) [natura, nature]. Per- 
taining to nature. N. History, a term 
including a description of all the products 



and phenomena of nature, but at present 
generally restricted to the sciences of zoology 
and botany. N. Philosophy, the science 
treating of the physical properties of matter 
at rest and in motion; now usually called 
physics. 

Nauheim Treatment (now' -him). See Schott 
Method (2). 

Nausea (naw' -she-ah) [vaua'ca, sea-sickness]. 
Sickness at the stomach, with inclination to 
vomit. N., Creatic, N., Kreatic, morbid 
aversion to eating animal food. N. marina, 

. N. navalis, sea-sickness. 

Nauseant (naw' -she-ant) [nausea]. 1. Nauseat- 
ing; producing nausea. 2. Any agent that 
produces nausea. 

Nauseating, Nauseous (naw'-she-a-ting, naw'- 
she-us) [nausea]. Producing nausea or loath- 
ing. 

Nausiosis (naw-se-o* '-sis) . 1. Nausea. 2. A 
venous hemorrhage in which the flow is dis- 
charged by jets. 

Navel (na'-vel) [AS., nafela]. The umbilicus. 
N.-string, the umbilical cord. 

Navicular (na-vik'-u-lar) [navicula, a little 
ship]. Boat-shaped. N. Bone, the scaphoid 
bone of the foot. N. Fossa. 1. A depression 
between the vaginal aperture and the fourchet. 
2. A dilation of the urethra near the glans 
penis. 

Naviculare (na-vik-u-la' -re) [navicula]. See 
Bones, Table of. 

Near-point. The punctum proximum, the 
point nearest the eye at which an object can 
be seen distinctly. N., Absolute, that near- 
point for either eye alone at which no effort 
at accommodation is made. N., Relative, 
that near-point for both eyes at which accom- 
modation is brought into play. 

Near-sight. See Myopia. 

Nearthrosis (ne-ar -thro' -sis). See Neoarthrosis. 

Nebula (neb'-u-lah) [L.]. • A cloud; a faint, 
grayish opacity of the cornea. 

Nebulizer (neb'-u-li-zer). See Atomizer. 

Neck (nek) [AS., hnecta]. The constricted 
portion of the body connecting the head with 
the trunk; also, the narrow portion of any 
structure serving to join its parts. See also 
Cervix. N., Anatomic, the constricted por- 
tion of the humerus, just below the articular 
surface, serving for the attachment of the 
capsular ligament. N.-berg, the vulgar name 
of the cervical portion of the thymus gland 
of animals. See Heart-berg. N., Cephalic, 
the constricted, neck-like region lying between 
the quadrigeminum and the thalami. Syn., 
Isthmus prosencephali. N., "Derbyshire. 
Synonym of Goiter. N., Surgical, the con- 
stricted part of the humerus just below the 
condyles. N.-, Wry-. Synonym of Torti- 
collis. 

Necremia, Necraemia (nek-re' -me-ah) [veupbc, 
dead; aljia, blood]. A condition marked by 
loss of vitality in the corpuscles and a tend- 
ency not to run together. 

Necro- (nek-ro-) [vs/cpoc, dead]. A prefix signify- 
ing death. 



NECROBIOSIS 



663 



NECROSIS 




Vessels and Nerves of the Neck. — (Holden.) 
Subclavian artery. 2. Subclavian vein. 3, 3. Common carotid artery. 4. Internal jugular vein. 5. Anterior 
jugular vein. 6. Omohyoid muscle. 7. Sternohyoid muscle. 8. Trunk of pneumogastric nerve. 9. Hypoglossal 
nerve. 10. Its terminal portion. 11. Its descending branch. 12. Internal descending branch of cervical plexus. 
13. Plexus formed by last two branches. 14. External carotid artery. 15. Superior thyroid artery and vein. 16. 
Lingual and facial arteries. 17. Facial artery and vein. 18. Occipital artery. 19. Anterior branches of the first 
four cervical nerves. 20. Superior laryngeal nerve. 



Necrobiosis {nek-ro-bi-o' -sis) [necro-; ftfoc, life]. 
Molecular death of tissue. 

Necrocystosis (nek-ro-sis-to'-sis) [necro-; kuzoc, 
a cell]. Death or loss of vitality of the cells. 

Necrogenic (nek-ro-jen' '-ik) [necro-; yevvdv, to 
beget]. Originating from dead substances. 

Necrology (nek-rol'-o-je) [necro-; Xbyoc, science]. 
Tabulated mortality statistics. 

Necrometer {nek-rom' -et-er) [necro-; fierpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for weighing 
organs at an autopsy. 

Necrophilous {nek-rof'-il-us). Subsisting on 
dead matter. 

Necropneumonia {nek - ro - nu - mo' - ne - ah). 
Gangrene of the lung. 

Necropsy {nek'-rop-se) [necro-; tycc, sight]. 
The examination of a dead body; autopsy; 
postmortem examination. 

Necrosis {nek-ro' -sis) [venpoc , dead]. The death 
of cells surrounded by living tissue. Necrosis 
proper refers to death in mass; necrobiosis 
to death of individual cells. Among the 
causes of necrosis are: direct injury, obstruc- 
tion of the circulation, loss of trophic in- 



fluence. The varieties of necrosis are: coagu- 
lation-necrosis, liquefactive necrosis, cheesy 
necrosis, dry and moist gangrene. Necrosed 
tissues may be absorbed, retained, or thrown 
off. The dead tissue is called sequestrum in 
case of bone, and sphacelus in case of soft 
parts. In surgery the term necrosis is often 
applied specifically to the death of bone. 
N., Balser's Fatty. See Balser's Fat-ne- 
crosis. N., Central, that in which the internal 
portions of a bone are involved. N., Cheesy, 
necrosis characterized by the formation of a 
cheese-like material. It is usually due to the 
presence of the tubercle bacillus, and is most 
often seen in the lungs. N., Coagulation-, 
N., Coagulative, a variety characterized by 
the formation of fibrin. It is most com- 
mon in the blood, in thrombosis. It also 
occurs on mucous membranes, where it pro- 
duces a false membrane, chiefly under the 
influence of the bacillus of diphtheria, but 
also of other irritant agents. Occasionally it 
occurs in the interior of organs as the result 
of embolism or thrombosis, leading to the 



NECROSPERMIA 



664 



NEMATODA 



formation of an anemic infarct. N., Colli- 
quative. See N., Liquefactive. N., Em- 
bolic, coagulation-necrosis in an anemic in- 
farct following embolism. N., Endo globular 
(of Maragliano and Castellino), the degenera- 
tive decoloration of erythrocytes, giving rise 
to shadow corpuscles, "phantoms," or achro- 
macytes. SeeAchromacyte. N., Fat-, a type of 
necrosis following fatty degeneration, reducing 
the entire structure to a fatty emulsion. N. 
infantilis, cancrum oris. N., Liquefactive, 
a process analogous to coagulation-necrosis, 
but instead of fibrin the peculiar reaction of 
fluids and cells gives rise to the formation of 
a liquid. N., Mercurial, a necrosis of bones 
due to chronic poisoning with mercury. N., 
Phosphorus-, a necrosis of bone, especially 
of the lower jaw, occurring in those exposed 
to the fumes of phosphorus. N., Superficial, 
a necrosis in which the portion of bone just 
beneath the periosteum is affected. N., 
Total, a form in which ihe g bone through its 
entire thickness is necrotic. N. ustilaginea, 
dry gangrene from ergotism. 

Necrospermia (nek-ro-sperm'-e-ah) [necro-; 
oTikpua, seed]. Impotence due to loss of 
motility in the spermatozoa. 

Necrotic {nek-rot'-ik) {necrosis']. Pertaining to 
or characterized by necrosis. 

Necrotomy (nek-rot' -o -me) [necro-; to/jlt], a cut- 
ting]. The dissection of a dead body. 

Nectandra (nek-tan' -drah) [vii<rap, nectar; dvqp, 
a male]. A tree of the order Laurinece. The 
bark of Nectandra rodicei (nectandrce cortex, 
B. P.) contains tannic acid, resin, sugar, al- 

' bumin, various salts, and two alkaloids, be- 
berin and sipirin. It is tonic, astringent, and 
febrifuge, and has been used in malarial 
fevers, but is not so good an antiperiodic as 

' cinchona. Dose 20 gr.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 Gm.). 
The root of N . cymbarum, of Brazil, is robo- 
rant; the balsamic oil from the bark is tonic, 
antispasmodic, diuretic, emmenagog, and di- 
aphoretic, and is also applied to ulcers. N . 
• pichury-major, and N . pichur y -minor , of 
Brazil, furnish seeds which are used in diar- 
rhea and dysentery; they contain fat, an 
ethereal oil, and safrol. 

Nectareous (nek-ta' -re-us) [nectar]. Agreeable 
to the taste. 

Nedyia (ned-i'-e-ah) [vrjduca]. The abdominal 
viscera. 

Nedys (ned'-is) [vtjouc]. i. The stomach and 
bowels. 2. The uterus. 

Needle (ne'-dl) [AS., need!]. A sharp-pointed 
steel instrument used for sewing and for 
penetrating tissues for the purpose of 
carrying a ligature through. N., Aneu- 
rysm-, one fixed on a handle, and with the 
eye at the point, especially adapted for ligat- 
ing vessels. N., Cataract-, one for operat- 
ing upon the catarac'tous lens or its capsule. 
N., Discission-, one for insertion through 
the cornea, and breaking the capsule and 
substance of the crystalline lens. N., Ex- 
ploring, a grooved, sharp-pointed rod intro- 
duced into a cavity or a part for the purpose 



of determining the presence of fluid. N., 
Hagedorn's, a flat suture needle curved on 
its edge, with the eye perforating the side. 
N. -holder, a handle for clasping a needle. 
N., Hypodermatic, the fine, needle-pointed 
metallic tube attached to the barrel of the 
hypodermatic syringe. N., Knife, one that 
has a sharp cutting-edge; it is used in the 
discission of cataracts. 

Needling (ne'-dling) [needle]. The process of 
lacerating a cataract with a needle, to afford 
entrance to the aqueous humor and cause 
absorption of the lens. 

Nefrens (ne'-frenz) [ne, not; frendere, to gnash 
the teeth]. Without teeth; edentate. In the 
pi., nefrendes, toothless people, whether nurs- 
lings or aged persons. 

Neftel's Disease. See Atremia (2). 

Negative (neg'-at-iv) [negare, to deny]. 1. Deny- 
ing; contradicting; opposing. 2. Of quantities, 
less than nothing. 3. In physics, opposed to a 
quality termed positive. N. Accommoda- 
tion, the absence of active accommodation; 
the state of the eye at rest, or when looking 
at an object at an infinite distance. N. 
Blood-pressure, pressure which is less than 
that of the atmosphere. It exists in the 
large veins near the heart, owing to the as- 
pirating action of the thorax. N. Chemo- 
taxis, the absence of the power of attracting 
leukocytes and wandering cells, or their ac- 
tual repulsion. N. Electrode, N. Pole, the 
electrode or pole of an electric battery con- 
nected with the positive plate and conducting 
negative electricity. N. Variation of the 
Muscle-current, a diminution in the strength 
of the muscle-current during tetanic contrac- 
tion. 

Neisseria (ni-se' -re-alt). A group of schizo- 
mycetes. See under Bacteria. 

NeTaton's Catheter. A soft-rubber catheter. 
N.'s Fold, a transverse fold of mucosa at the 
junction of the middle and lower thirds of 
the rectum, about 10 to n centimeters above 
the anus. N.'s Hematocele, hematoma of the 
fallopian tube. N.'s Line. See Line, Nelaton's. 
N.'s Probe. See Probe, Nelaton's. N.'s 
Sphincter, a circular bundle of rectal mus- 
cular fibers situated from 8 to 10 centimeters 
above the anus, on a level with the prostate. 
It is not constant, and when present it gen- 
erally occupies only a part of the circumfer- 
ence of the bowel. N.'s Tumor, desmoid 
tumor of the abdominal wall. 

Nelavan (neV-av-an). See African Lethargy. 

Nematachometer (nem-at-ak-om' -et-er) [vrj[xa, 
thread; ra%oc, rapidity; p.hpov, a measure]. 
An instrument for measuring the rapidity 
of transmission of nervous impulses in per- 
ipheral nerves. 

Nematoblast (nem'-at-o-blast) [vfjfia, thread; 
phaozoc, a germ]. A spermatoblast. 

Nematoda (nem-at-o' -dah) [see Nematode]. A 
genus of worms, the threadworms, some of 
which are parasitic in man and the lower 
animals. The most important of these are 
Anguillula. Ankylostoma, Ascaris, Eustron- 



NEMATODE 



665 



NEPHRITIS 



gylus, Filaria, Oxyuris, Strongylus, Trichina, 
Trichocephalus. 

Nematode (nem'-at-od) [vfjiia, thread; aloof, 
like], i. Thread-like; belonging to or re- 
sembling the Nematoda, or threadworms; ap- 
plied to threadworms, hairworms, round- 
worms, pinworms. 2. The threads formed by 
a serial arrangement of the granules of pro- 
toplasm. 

Nematoid (nem' -at-oid) . See Nematode (1). 

Nemomena (nem-o-me'-nah) [vepsadac, to de- 
vour; to spread]. Perforating ulcers. 

Nencki's Test for Indol. Treat with nitric 
acid containing nitrous acid; a red colora- 
tion results, and in concentrated solution a 
red precipitate may form. 

Neo- [vioc, new]. A prefix meaning new. 

Neoarsycodil (ne-o-ar-sik'-o-dil). Sodium 

methyl arsenite. It is used in tuberculosis. 
Dose ^-ij gr. (0.02-0.1 Gm.) for five days, 
then omit for five days. 

Neoarthrosis (ne-o-ar-thro'-sis) [neo-; apdpov, 
a joint]. A false joint. 

Neoblast (ne'-o-blast). See Parablast. 

Neodermin (ne-o-der'-min). An ointment con- 
taining difluordiphenyl; used on burns and 
ulcerated surfaces. 

Neoformation (ne-o-jorm-a' -shun) . See New- 
growth. 

Neogenesis (ne-o-jen' -e-sis) [neo-; yevvdv, to 
produce]. Regeneration of tissues. 

Neogenic (ne-o-jen' -ik) . Productive of new 
growth. N. Zone. See under Zone. 

Neologism (ne-oV '-o-jizm) [neo-; Xoyoc, a word]. 
The utterance of meaningless words by the 
insane. 

Neomembrane (ne-o-mem'-bran). A new or 
false membrane. 

Neonatal (ne-o-na'-tal) [neo-; natus, born]. 
Pertaining to the newborn. 

Neoplasm (ne'-o-plazm). See New growth. N., 
Inflammatory Fungoid, mycosis fungoides. 

Neoplastic (ne-o-plas'-tik) [neoplasm]. Pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, a neoplasm. 

Neoplasty (ne'-o-plas-te) [see Neoplasm]. The 
restoration of lost tissue by a plastic ope- 
ration. 

Nepeta (nep'-et-ah). See Calnep. 

Nephralgia (nej-ral'-je-ah) [nephrus; alyoc, 
pain]. Neuralgic pain in the kidney. 

Nephrauxe (nej-rawks'-e) [nephrus; au$T], in- 
crease]. Enlargement of the kidney. 

Nephrectomy (ne)-rek'-to-me) [nephrus; iKtoptrj, 
excision]. Excision of the kidney. N., Ab- 
dominal, nephrectomy performed through 
an abdominal incision. N., Lumbar, neph- 
rectomy through an incision in the loin. 

Nephremia (nef-re'-me-ah) [nephrus; alfia, 
blood]. Renal congestion. 

Nephria (nef'-re-ah). See' Bright' s Disease. 

Nephric (nef'-rik) [nephrus]. Pertaining to the 
kidney. 

Nephridium (ne}-rid'-e-um) [dim. of vecfepoc, 
kidney]. 1. In biology, the fat about the 
kidneys. 2. The suprarenal capsule. 

Nephrin, Nephrina (nef'-rin, nef-ri' -nah) . See 
Cystin. 



Nephrism (nef'-rizm) [nephrus]. The grave 
condition of patients suffering from pro- 
nounced or advanced disease of the kidney. 

Nephritic (nef-rit'-ik) [see Nephritis]. 1. Per- 
taining to nephritis. 2. Improperly, pertain- 
ing to the kidney; the correct term is nephric. 

Nephritids, Nephritides (nef-rit'-ids, nef-rit'- 
id-ez). Morbid conditions of the skin due 
to disorder of the kidneys. 

Nephritis (nef-ri'-tis) [nephrus; exec, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the kidney. N., 
Diffuse, that involving both epithelial and 
connective-tissue elements of the kidney. N. , 
Interstitial, that involving the connective 
tissue chiefly; it may be acute or chronic. 
N., Interstitial, Acute, a form due to septic 
infection either through the blood, as in py- 
emia, or through extension along the ureter 
or from neighboring structures. N., Inter- 
stitial, Chronic, a form in which the kidney 
is small and hard, the capsule is adherent, 
the surface is granular and marked by cysts. 
The cortex is diminished in thickness. Micro- 
scopically there is a marked increase in the 
connective tissue about the tubules, the glom- 
erules, and the blood-vessels. The glomerules 
show degenerative changes; the epithelium 
is atrophic and degenerated. The symptoms 
are anemia, loss of flesh and strength, dis- 
turbances of digestion, dyspnea, and asthma- 
tic attacks; polyuria, the urine being of a 
low specific gravity, pale, and containing only 
a small amount of albumin and but few hya- 
line casts. There is also hypertrophy of the 
heart with sclerosis of the arteries; the pulse is 
of high tension, and the second aortic sound 
is accentuated. Uremia is common. Syn., 
Granular or gouty kidney. N., Parenchy- 
matous, a form in which the inflammation 
affects the epithelium of the uriniferous tu- 
bules. Syn., Catarrhal nephritis; Desquama- 
tive nephritis; Tubular nephritis. N., Par- 
enchymatous, Acute, a form in which the 
kidney is enlarged, congested, its structural 
markings are obscured, the epithelium is in 
a state of cloudy swelling or fatty degenera- 
tion, and many tubules contain casts; in 
others the epithelium is desquamated. The 
symptoms are fever, lumbar pains, and often 
dropsy; the urine is scanty and contains 
albumin, blood, casts, and epithelial cells; 
uremia is common. Syn., Acute Bright 's dis- 
ease. N., Parenchymatous, Chronic, a 
variety in which the kidney is enlarged, pale 
or yellow, and soft; the epithelium presents 
an advanced stage of fatty degeneration. 
Casts are often present. The symptoms are 
anemia, dropsy, gastrointestinal disturbances, 
dyspnea, and retinitis; the urine is scanty 
and contains a large amount of albumin, 
granular, fatty, and waxy casts, and com- 
pound granule-cells. Syn., Large white kid- 
ney. N., Saturnine, that due to chronic 
lead-poisoning. N., Scarlatinal, an acute 
nephritis due to scarlatina. N., Tubal, 
inflammation of the renal tubes. N., Tuber- 
culous, that due to the presence of tubercle 



NEPHRO- 



666 



NERVE 



bacilli. It presents itself either in the form 
of caseating masses or cavities in the sub- 
stance of the kidney, or as miliary tubercu- 
losis of the organ. N., Typhoid. See Neph- 
rotyphus. N. uratica, gouty kidney, partial 
or more diffuse interstitial nephritis in arth- 
ritic subjects, due to deposition of urates. 

Nephro- (nef-ro-) [nephrus]. A prefix meaning 
pertaining to the kidney. 

Nephrocele (nej'-ro-sel) [nephro-; ktjAt?, hernia]. 
Hernia of the kidney. 

Nephro cystanastomo sis * {nef-ro-sist-an-as-to- 
mo'-sis) [nephro-; kuotic, bladder; dvaoropuooce, 
an opening]. The surgical formation of an 
opening between the kidney and the urinary 
bladder. 

Nephrogenic, Nephrogenous {nef-ro-jen'-ik, 
nef-roj'-en-us) [nephro-; ytzvvav, to produce]. 
Of renal origin. 

Nephrohemia {ne]-ro-he' -me-ah). See Neph- 
remia. 

Nephrolith (nef'-ro-lilh) [nephro-; Xcdoc, a 
stone]. A calculus of the kidney. 

Nephrolithiasis {nef-ro-lith-i' -as-is) [nephro-; 
lithiasis]. The formation of renal calculi, 
or the diseased state that leads to their forma- 
tion. 

Nephrolithotomy {nef-ro-lith-ot'-o-me) [neph- 
ro-; lithotomy]. An incision of the kidney 
for the removal of a calculus. 

Nephrolysin {nef-rol'-is-in) [nephro-; Xuecv, to 
loose]. A cytolysin produced by inoculation 
with renal cells. 

Nephropexy {nef'-ro-peks-e) [nephro-; tztj^ic;, 
fixation]. Surgical fixation of a floating kid- 
ney. 

Nephrophthisis {nef -ro - ii' - sis) [nephro-; 
phthisis]. Cheesy degeneration of the kidney; 
it is due to the presence of the tubercle bacillus. 

Nephroptosis (nef-ro-to f -sis) [nephro-; nxwocg, 
a falling]. Prolapse of the kidney. 

Nephropyelitis {nef-ro-pi-el-i' '-tis) [nephro-; 
pyelitis]. Inflammation of the pelvis of the 
kidney; pyelonephritis. 

Nephropyosis (nej-ro-pi-o' '-sis) . Same as Pyo- 
nephrosis. 

Nephrorrhagia (nef-ror-a'-je-ah) [nephro-; pey- 
vuvac, to burst forth]. Renal hemorrhage. 

Nephrorrhaphy {ne}-ror r -a-fe) [nephro-; pacf>r), 
suture]. The stitching of a floating kidney 
to the posterior wall of the abdomen or to 
the loin. 

Nephrosis {nej-ro'-sis) [nephrus]. Any renal 
disease. 

Nephrospasis {ne}-ro-spa f -sis) [nephro-; ondv, 
to draw]. Extreme renal mobility in which 
the organ hangs by its pedicle, thus straining 
the contained vessels and nerves. 

Nephro stome,Nephrostoma {nef'-ros-tom, nef- 
ros -to'-mah) [nephro-; oxofia, a mouth]. The 
internal mouth of a wolffian tubule. 

Nephrostomy (nef-ros'-to-me) [see Nephrostome]. 
The formation of a fistula leading to the pelvis 
of the kidney. 
Nephrotomy (nef-rot'-o-me) [nephro-; xoptrj, a 
cutting]. Incision of the kidney. N., Ab- 
dominal, one through an abdominal inci- 



sion. N., Lumbar, one through an incision 
in the loin. 

Nephrotoxin {nef-ro-toks'-in) [nephro-; xo^ckov, 
a poison]. A cytotoxin found by Metch- 
nikoff in the kidney. 

Nephro tuberculosis (nef-ro-tu-ber-ku-lo'-sis) . 
See Nephrophthisis. 

Nephro typhoid, Nephrotyphus (nef-ro-ti'-foid, 
nef-ro-ti' -jus) [nephro-; typhoid]. Enteric 
fever with prominent renal complications. 

Nephroureterectomy {nef-ro-u-re-ter-ek'-to-me) 
[nephro-; ureterectomy]. The excision of the 
kidney and whole ureter at one operation. 

Nephrozymosis (nef-ro-zi-mo' '-sis) [nephro-; 
zymosis]. The condition due to or favoring 
zymotic disease of the kidney. 

Nephrus (nef'-rus) [ve(f)pbc]. The kidney. 

Nephrydrops, Nephrydrosis (nef'-rid-rops, nef- 
rid-ro'-sis). See Hydronephrosis. N., Sub- 
capsular, a large collection of urine between 
the kidney and its capsule. 

Neriin {ne'-ri-in). A glucosid from the leaves 
of Nerium oleander, apparently identical with 
digitalein. It is used as a heart stimulant 
and tonic. 

Neriodorein (ne-re-o-do f -re-in). Same as Ne- 
riin. 

Nerium {ne'-re-um) [vrjpcov, oleander]. The 
leaves and bark of N. oleander. The extrac- 
tive principles exert a marked influence on 
the motor centers, in large doses producing 
paralysis and heart failure. In small doses 
they act as a cardiac tonic, resembling digi- 
talis. Dose of the extract §-§ gr. (0.02-0.04 
Gm.). The tincture may be given cautiously 
in one-drop doses, gradually increased. 

Neroli (ner'-o-le) [Fr.]. Oil of orange-flowers. 

Nerve, Nervus inerv, ner'-vus) [nervus, nerve]. 
An elongated, cord-like structure made up of 
aggregations of nerve-fibers and having the 
property of transmitting nervous impulses. 
N., Accelerator, the cardiac sympathetic 
nerve, stimulation of which causes accelera- 
tion of the heart's action. N., Afferent, one 
that transmits impulses from the periphery 
to the central nervous system. N.-bulb. 
See End-bud and Motorial end-plate. N.- 
bulb, Terminal. See Krause's Corpuscles. 
N.s, Bulbous, amputation neuromas, round 
growths which form on the divided extremities 
of the nerves in the stumps left after amputa- 
tion. N., Calorific, a nerve stimulation 
of which increases the heat of the parts to 
which it is distributed. The term is applied 
to the dilator nerves and to those stimulating 
functional activity of organs. N.-cell, a 
mass of protoplasm containing a large 
vesicular nucleus within which lies a well- 
marked nucleolus. Nerve-cells have one or 
more elongated processes, and in accordance 
with the number of these are designated 
unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar. The proc- 
esses are of two kinds: the axis-cylinder 
process and the protoplasmic processes. The 
axis-cylinder {Deiters 1 ) process either becomes 
an axis-cylinder of a nerve-fiber, or divides 
within the gray matter into delicate filaments; 



NERVE 



667 



NERVE 



it gives off minute branches termed collaterals; 
the other processes are supposed to have 
nutritive and conducting functions. N.- 
center, a group, of ganglion-cells acting 
together in the performance of a function. 
N., Centrifugal. See TV., Efferent. N., 
Centripetal. See TV., Afferent. N. -cor- 
puscles, nucleated corpuscles lying between 
the neurilemma and the medullary sheath 
of medullated nerve-fibers. N., Cranial, a 
nerve arising directly from the brain and 
making its exit through one of the foramens 
in the skull. N., Depressor, an afferent 
nerve, irritation of which depresses or in- 
hibits the vasomotor center. N., Efferent, 
one carrying impulses from the central nervous 
system to the periphery. N. -endings, the 
terminations of nerves at the periphery or in 
the nerve-centers. N., Esodic, an afferent 
or centripetal nerve. N., Exodic, an efferent 
or centrifugal nerve. N. of Expression, the 
facial nerve. N. -fiber, a fiber having the 
property of conducting invisible or molecular 
waves of stimulation from one part of an 
organism to another, and so establishing 
physiologic continuity between such parts 
without the necessary passage of waves 
of contraction. There are two kinds of 
nerve-fibers: the medullated, or myelinic, 
and the nonmedullated, or amyelinic. A 
typical medullated fiber consists of the axis- 
cylinder, which may be surrounded by a 
sheath, the axilemma; the medullary sheath, 
or white substance of Schwann; the neuri- 
lemma, or sheath of Schwann. The axis- 
cylinder is made up of fine fibrils cemented 
together by a granular interstitial substance, 
the neuroplasm. The medullary sheath con- 
sists of a reticulated framework composed of 
a material resembling neurokeratin, and a 
semifluid substance filling the interstices, 
called myelin. At regular intervals the med- 
ullated sheath is marked by interruptions — 
the nodes of Ranvier. Each intemode, as 
the portions of fiber included between two 
Ranvier' s nodes are termed, possesses a 
nerve-corpuscle. The neurilemma, sheath of 
Schwann, or primitive sheath, is a delicate 
elastic membrane, closely investing the 
medullary substance. On its inner surface 
are placed the nerve-corpuscles. The non- 
medullated, pale, or Remak's fibers do not 
possess a medullary sheath, but consist only 
of axis-cylinder and neurilemma. The nerve- 
corpuscles are more abundant than in medul- 
lated nerve-fibers. Medullated nerve-fibers 
are found in the cerebrospinal nerves, while 
nonmedullated fibers occur in the sympathetic 
nerves and tend to form plexuses. Nerve- 
fibers are aggregated into fasciculi; these in 
turn unite to form nerve-trunks. The nerve- 
fibers in a fasciculus are held together by the 
endoneurium; while each fasciculus is sur- 
rounded by a sheath termed the perineurium. 
The epineurium holds together the several 
fasciculi composing a nerve -trunk. N., 
Frigorific, a sympathetic nerve stimulation 



of which causes a fall of temperature; the 
vasoconstrictor nerves are frigorific nerves. 
N. -grafting, the transplanting of a portion 
of healthy nerve from an animal to man, to 
reestablish the continuity of a divided nerve. 
Syn., N euro plasty. N.-head, the optic disc 
or papilla. N., Inhibitory, one the stimula- 
tion of which inhibits or lessens the activity 
of an organ. N., Motor, one containing only 
or chiefly motor fibers. N.-papillas, papillas 
of the skin containing tactile corpuscles, ner- 
vous plexuses,, or Krause's corpuscles and some- 
times blood-vessels. N. -plexus, a group- 
ing of nerves. N., Pressor, an afferent nerve, 
irritation of which stimulates the vasomotor 
center. N. -process, the axis-cylinder process 
of a neuron. N., Secretory, an efferent 
nerve, stimulation of which causes increased 
activity of the gland to which it is distributed. 
N., Sensory. Same as TV., Afferent. N., 
Spinal, one of those arising from the spinal 
cord and making its exit through an inter- 
vertebral foramen. There are 31 pairs of 
spinal nerves. N. -storm, a sudden outburst 
or paroxysm of nervous disturbance. N.- 
stretching, mechanic elongation or tension 
of a nerve for the relief of neuralgia, spas- 
modic contraction, and other pathologic 
conditions. N., Sympathetic, one of a 
system of nerves distributed chiefly to the 
blood-vessels and to the viscera. See Sym- 
pathetic. N., Thermic. Same as TV., 
Calorific. N.-tire, neurasthenia. N.-tree, 
a neurodendrite. N., Trisplanchnic, the 
system of sympathetic nerves. N., Trophic, 
a nerve the function of which is to preside 
over the nutrition of the part to which it is 
distributed. N.-unit, a neuron. N., Vaso- 
constrictor. See TV., Vasomotor. N., 
Vasodilator. See TV., Vasomotor. N., 
Vasomotor, any one of the nerves controlling 
the caliber of the blood-vessels; they are of 
two kinds — those stimulation of which causes 
contraction of the vessels — vasoconstrictor 
nerves — and those stimulation of which causes 
active dilation — vasodilator nerves. Ordinar- 
ily vasomotor is synonymous with vasocon- 
strictor. Table of Nerves (Alphabetic) : 
Abducens (Sixth Cranial), function, motion; 
origin, fourth ventricle; distribution, external 
rectus of eye. Accessorius. See Spinal Acces- 
sory in this table. Acusticus, the auditory 
nerve. Ambulatorius, the vagus. Am- 
pullares, branches of the vestibular nerve 
distributed to the ampullas of the semicircular 
canals. Arnold's. See Auricular in this 
table. Aschianus, the first cervical nerve. 
Auditory (Eighth Cranial; Portio Mollis of 
Seventh), function, hearing; origin, restiform 
body; distribution, internal ear; branches, 
vestibular, cochlear. Auricular, function, 
sensation; origin, lesser occipital; distribu- 
tion, integument of posterior and upper por- 
tion of pinna. Auricular (Arnold's), func- 
tion, sensation; origin, vagus; distribution, 
external ear. Auricular (Anterior), func- 
tion, sensation; origin inferior maxillary; 



NERVE 



668 



NERVE 



distribution, integument of external ear. 
Auricular (Posterior), function, motion; 
origin, facial; distribution, retrahens aurem, 
attollens aurem, occipitof rontalis ; branches, 



mastoid, and auricular. Auricularis pro- 
fundus, the posterior auricular nerve. Auri- 
culotemporal, function, sensation; origin, 
inferior maxillary; distribution, pinna and 



Medullated fiber with Schwann's sheath. 



6. Medullated fiber, with Schwann's sheath, c. Neuri- 
lemma, t, T. Ranvier's nodes. B. White substance 
of Schwann, d. Cells of the endoneurium. A. Axis- 
cylinder. 






Primitive fibril and axis-cylinder. Medullated varicose fiber. 

Typical Nerve-structure. 



auricular, occipital. Auricularis magnus, 

function, sensation; origin, cervical plexus, 
second and third cervical; distribution, 
parotid gland, face, ear; branches, facial, 



temple; branches, articular, two branches 
to meatus, parotid, anterior auricular, super- 
ficial temporal. Bell's Respiratory, the 
long thoracic nerve. Bigeminus, Biradia- 



NERVE 



669 



NERVE 



tus, the second sacral nerve. Buccal, 
junction, motion; origin, facial; distribution, 
buccinator and orbicularis oris muscles. 
Buccal, Long, function, sensation, motion( ?); 
origin, inferior maxillary; distribution, cheek; 
branches, superior and inferior buccinator 
and external pterygoid. Calcanean, Inter- 
nal, junction, sensation; origin, posterior 
tibial; distribution, fascia and integument 
of heel and sole. Cardiac {Cervical and 
Thoracic), junction, inhibition; origin, vagus; 
distribution, heart; branches to cardiac 
plexuses. Casser's. See Perforating and 
Musculocutaneous in this table. Cervical, 
First (Anterior Division), junction, motion 
and sensation; origin, cord; distribution, 
rectus lateralis and two anterior recti; 
branches, filaments to vagus, hypoglossal, 
sympathetic. Cervical, First (Posterior 
Division), junction, motion and sensation; 
origin, cord; distribution, recti, obliqui, com- 
plexus; branches, communicating and cutane- 
ous filaments. Cervical, Second (Anterior 
Division), junction, motion and sensation; 
origin, cord; distribution, communicating; 
branches, ascending, descending, communi- 
cating. Cervical, Second (Posterior Divi- 
sion), junction, motion and sensation; origin, 
cord; distribution, obliquus inferior, scalp, 
ear, complexus, splenius, trachelomastoid; 
branches, internal or occipitalis major, and 
external. Cervical, Third (Anterior Di- 
vision), junction, motion and sensation; 
origin, cord; distribution, communicating; 
branches, ascending, descending, and commu- 
nicating filaments. Cervical, Third (Poste- 
rior Division), junction, motion and sensa- 
tion; origin, cord; distribution, occiput, sple- 
nius, complexus; branches, internal and exter- 
nal. Cervical, Fourth (Anterior Division), 
junction, motion and sensation; origin, cord; 
distribution, shoulder; branches, communicat- 
ing filaments, muscular, etc. Cervicals, 
Fifth to Eighth (Anterior Divisions), 
junction, motion and sensation; origin, cord; 
distribution, brachial plexus; branches, com- 
municating. Cervicals, Fourth to Eighth 
(Posterior Divisions), junction, motion 
and sensation; origin, cord; distribution, mus- 
cles and skin of neck; branches, internal 
and external branches. Cervicofacial, junc- 
tion, motion; origin, facial; distribution, 
lower part of face and part of neck; 
branches, buccal, supramaxillary, inframaxil- 
lary. Chorda tympani, junction, motion; ori- 
gin, facial; distribution, tongue, tympanum, 
submaxillary gland. Ciliary, junction, sensa- 
tion, nutrition, motion; origin, ciliary ganglion; 
distribution, eyeball. Circumflex, junction, 
motion and sensation; origin, brachial 
plexus; distribution, teres minor, deltoid, 
and skin; branches, anterior, posterior, and 
articular. Coccygeal, junction, motion; 
origin, coccygeal plexus; distribution, coccy- 
geus and gluteus maximus/ Cochlear, 
junction, hearing; origin, auditory; distribu- 
tion, cochlea. Colli superficialis, junction, 



sensation; origin, cervical plexus; distribu- 
tion, platysma myoides and anterolateral 
parts of neck; branches, ascending and de- 
scending branches. Communicans noni, 
junction, motion and sensation; origin, 
second cervical, third cervical; distribution, 
descendens noni, depressor muscles of hyoid 
bone; branches, omohyoid, ansa hypoglossi. 
Communicating, function, motion and sen- 
sation; origin, cervical plexus; distribution, 
spinal accessory. Communicating, func- 
tion, sensation and motion; origin, first and 
second cervical; distribution, vagus, hypo- 
glossal, sympathetic. Of Cotunnius. See 
Nasopalatine in this table. Crural, function, 
sensation; origin, genitocrural ; distribution, 
shin, upper and central part anterior aspect 
of thigh. Crural, Anterior, function, motion 
and sensation; origin, lumbar plexus, second, 
third, and fourth lumbar nerves; distribu- 
tion, thigh; branches, middle and internal 
cutaneous, long saphenous, muscular, ar- 
ticular. Cubitalis, the ulnar nerve. Cutane- 
ous, function, sensation; origin, musculo- 
spiral; distribution, skin of arm, radial side 
of forearm; branches, one internal, two ex- 
ternal. Cutaneous, function, sensation; 
origin, ulnar; distribution, wrist and palm; 
branches, first and palmar cutaneous. Cu- 
taneous, Dorsal, function, sensation; origin, 
ulnar; distribution, little and ring fingers; 
branches, communicating. Cutaneous, Ex- 
ternal, function, sensation; origin, second 
and third lumbar; distribution, skin of 
thigh; branches, anterior and posterior. 
Cutaneous, Internal, function, sensation; 
origin, brachial plexus; distribution, fore- 
arm; branches, anterior and posterior 
branches. Cutaneous, Lesser Internal 
(of Wrisberg), function, sensation; origin, 
brachial plexus; distribution, inner side of 
arm. Cutaneous, Middle and Internal, 
function, sensation, motion ( ?) ; origin, 
anterior crural; distribution, skin of thigh; 
branches, communicating. Cutaneous, Per- 
forating, function, sensation; origin, fourth 
sacral; distribution, integument covering 
gluteus maximus. Cyon's. See Depressor 
in this table. Dental, Inferior or Man- 
dibular, function, sensation; origin, infe- 
rior maxillary; distribution, teeth, muscles; 
branches, mylohyoid, incisor, mental, dental. 
Dentals, Anterior and Posterior, function, 
sensation; origin, superior maxillary; dis- 
tribution, teeth. Depressor, function, lower- 
ing of the blood-pressure; origin, in the 
rabbit, from the vagus; distribution, heart. 
Descendens hypoglossi, function, motor; 
origin, cervical plexus; distribution, omohy- 
oid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, 
geniohyoid, hyoglossus, and muscles of the 
tongue; branches, muscular, lingual. De- 
scendens noni. See Descendens hypoglossi in 
this table. Digastric, function, motion; 
origin, facial; distribution, posterior belly of 
digastric. Dorsal, 12 (Anterior and Pos- 
terior Divisions), function, motion and 



NERVE 



670 



NERVE 



sensation; origin, cord; distribution, muscles 
and skin of trunk; branches, external, in- 
ternal, cutaneous. Dorsal (of Penis), sen- 



excitor or vasodilator nerves of the 
penis; derived from the first and second 
and sometimes from the third sacral nerves. 




Multipolar nerve-cell from the spinal cord. 
z. Axis-cylinder process, y. Protoplasmic processes. 




Remak's fibers. 
Nerve-fibers treated with silver nitrate and showing Frommann's lines. 




Transverse section of a nerve-fiber. 





Peripheral ganglionic cell with a connective-tissue capsule. Ganglionic cell showing a spiral and a straight process. 

Typical Nerve-structures. 



sation; origin, pudic; distribution, penis. 
Dorsospinal, the dorsal spinal nerves. 
See Spinal in this table. Erigentes, 



They have their origin in the sexual center 
of the spinal cord. Esophageal, function, 
motion; origin, vagus; distribution, mucous 



NERVE 



671 



NERVE 



and muscular coats of esophagus; branches, 
esophageal plexus. External Motor (of 
the Eye). See Abducens in this table. 
Facial, function, sensation; origin, great 
auricular; distribution, skin over parotid- 
Facial {Seventh Cranial, Portio Dura), 
function, motion; origin, floor of fourth ven- 
tricle; distribution, face, ear,' palate, tongue; 
branches, petrosals, tympanic, chorda tympani, 
communicating, posterior auricular, digastric, 
stylohyoid, lingual, temporal, malar, infra- 
orbital, buccal, superior and inferior maxillary. 
Fourth, the trochlear nerve. Frontal, func- 
tion, sensation; origin, ophthalmic; distri- 
bution, forehead and eyelids; branches, 



Gluteal, Inferior, function, motion; origin 
sacral plexus (second and third sacral nerves) ; 
distribution, gluteus maximus. Gluteal, Su- 
perior, function, motion; origin, sacral plexus; 
distribution, glutei, tensor vaginae femoris. 
Gustatory. See Lingual in this table. 
Hemorrhoidal, Inferior, function, sensa- 
tion and motion; origin, pudic; distribution, 
external sphincter ani and adjacent integu- 
ment. Hepatic, function (?); origin, vagus; 
distribution, liver; branches, hepatic plexus. 
Hirschf eld's, function, motion; origin, facial; 
distribution, styloglossus and palatoglossus. 
Hypogastric, function, sensation; origin, 
iliohypogastric; distribution, skin about ex- 




Medisection of Brain. Points of Exit of Nerves. — (H olden.) 
Falx cerebri. 2, 2. Its concave border, with the great longitudinal sinus. 3. Its concave border. 4, 4. Inferior 
longitudinal sinus. 5. Base of falx cerebri. 6. Straight sinus. 7. Apex of falx cerebri. 8. Right half of the 
tentorium, seen from below. 9. Right lateral sinus. 10. Superior petrosal sinus. 11. Inferior petrosal sinus. 
12. Posterior occipital sinus. 13. Falx cerebelli. 14. Optic nerve. 15. Motor oculi. 16. Pathetic. 17. Tri- 
geminus. 18. Abducens. 19. Facial and auditory nerves. 20. Glossopharyngeal, pneumogastric, and spinal 
accessory nerves. 21. Hypoglossal nerve. 22. First cervical nerve. 23. Second cervical nerve. 24. Upper 
extremity of ligamentum denticulatum. 



supraorbital, supratrochlear. Furcal, the 
fourth lumbar nerve. Gastric, function, 
motion; origin, vagus; distribution, stomach. 
Genital, function, motion and sensation; 
origin, genitocrural ; distribution, cremaster 
muscle. Genitocrural, function, motion and 
sensation; origin, first and second lumbar; 
distribution, cremaster and thigh; branches, 
genital, crural, communicating. Glosso- 
pharyngeal {Ninth Cranial), function, sen- 
sation and taste; origin, fourth ventricle; dis- 
tribution, tongue, middle ear, tonsils, phar- 
ynx, meninges; branches, tympanic, carotid, 
pharyngeal, muscular, tonsillar, lingual. 



ternal abdominal ring. Hypoglossal {Twelfth 
Cranial), function, motion; origin, floor of 
fourth ventricle; distribution, hypoglossus 
and hyoid muscles; branches, descendens 
noni or hypoglossi, muscular, thyrohyoid, 
geniohyoid, and meningeal. Iliac, function, 
sensation; origin, iliohypogastric; distribu- 
tion, integument covering fore part of gluteal 
region. Iliac, function, sensation; origin, 
last dorsal; distribution, integument covering 
forepart of gluteal region. Iliohypogastric, 
function, motion and sensation; origin, first 
lumbar; distribution, abdominal and glutea 
regions; branches, iliac, hypogastric, com- 



NERVE 



672 



NERVE 



municating. Ilioinguinal, function, motion 
and sensation; origin, first lumbar; distri- 
bution, inguinal region and scrotum; branches, 
muscular, cutaneous, and communicating. 
Incisive, function, sensation; origin, inferior 
dental; distribution, canine and incisor teeth 
and corresponding portion of gums. Infra- 
mandibular. See Inframaxillary in this 
table. Inframaxillary, function, motion; 
origin, facial; distribution, platysma myoides. 
Infraorbital, function, sensation and motion; 
origin, facial; distribution, nose and lip; 
branches, palpebral, nasal, labial. Infra- 
trochlear, function, sensation; origin, nasal; 
distribution, skin and conjunctiva of inner 
part of eye, lacrimal sac. Intercostal, 
function, motion and sensation; origin, spinal 
cord; distribution, muscles and integument 
of thorax; branches, muscular, anterior and 
lateral cutaneous. Intercostohumeral, func- 
tion, sensation; origin, second intercostal; 
'distribution, integument of upper two-thirds 



cle and thyroid gland; internal — mucous 
membrane of larynx. Lingual, function, mo- 
tion and sensation; origin, facial; distribution, 
mucous membrane of tongue, palatoglossus 
and styloglossus muscles. Lingual, function, 
sensation; origin, glossopharyngeal; distribu- 
tion, circumvallate papillas and glands of 
tongue. Lingual, function, taste and sensa- 
tion; origin, inferior maxillary; distribution, 
tongue and mouth. Lumbar (5), function, 
motion and sensation; origin, cord; distribu- 
tion, lumbar and genital regions; branches, an- 
terior and posterior divisions, lumbar plexus. 
Malar, fanction, motion; origin, facial; distri- 
bution, lower part of orbicularis palpebrarum 
and eyelids. Malar, function, sensation; 
origin, orbital; distribution, skin over malar 
bone. Mandibular. See Maxillary, Inferior, 
in this table. Masseteric, function, motor; or- 
igin, inferior maxillary ; distribution, masseter 
muscle (and temporal?). Masticatorius, 
Masticatory, originates chiefly in the motor 



Corpora quadrigemina. 



Eminentia teres. 

Striae acoustics. 

Ala cinerea. 



Calamus scriptorius. 




Nucleus of third. 
Nucleus of fourth. 

Motor nucleus of fifth. 
Sensory nucleus of fifth. 
Nucleus of sixth. 
Nucleus of facial. 
Principal nucleus of auditory. 
Nucleus of glossopharyngeal. 
Nucleus of vagus. 
Nucleus of spinal accessory. 

Nucleus of hypoglossal. 



Diagram of Fourth Ventricle of. Brain and Adjacent Parts, as Seen from Dorsal Aspect, to Show Positions 

of Nerve-nuclei. — (Ajlcr Erb.) 



of inner and posterior part of arm. Interos- 
seous, Anterior, function, motion; origin, 
median; distribution, deep muscles of fore- 
arm. Interosseous, Posterior, function, 
motion and sensation; origin, musculospiral ; 
distribution, carpus and radial and posterior 
brachial regions. Ischiadic, the great 
sciatic nerve. Jacobson's. See Tympanic 
(Jacobson's Nerve) in this table. Labial, 
function, motion and sensation; origin, 
superior maxillary; distribution, muscles and 
mucous membrane of lips. Lacrimal, func- 
tion, sensation; origin, ophthalmic; distribu- 
tion, lacrimal gland and conjunctiva. Of 
Lancisi, longitudinal striations on upper 
surface of corpus callosum. Laryngeal, 
Recurrent or Inferior, function, motion; 
origin, vagus; distribution, larynx; branches, 
to all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid. 
Laryngeal, Superior, function, sensation 
and motion; origin, vagus; distribution, 
larynx; branches, external — cricothyroid mus- 



nucleus in the pons, but receives an accession of 
fibers from a nucleus lying beneath and lateral 
to the mesocele. It innervates the muscles of 
mastication. Mastoid, function, sensation; 
origin, great auricular; distribution, skin over 
mastoid process. Mastoid, function, motion; 
origin, lesser occipital; distribution, skin over 
mastoid process. Maxillary, Inferior, func- 
tion, sensation, motion, and taste; origin, 
trigeminus; distribution, muscles of mastica- 
tion, ear, cheek, tongue, teeth; branches, 
masseteric, auriculotemporal, buccal, gusta- 
tory, inferior dental. Maxillary, Superior, 
function, sensation'; origin, trigeminus; dis- 
tribution, cheek, face, teeth; branches, orbital, 
sphenopalatine, dentals, infraorbital. Me- 
dian, function, motion and sensation; origin, 
brachial plexus; distribution, pronator radii 
teres, flexors, two lumbricales, fingers, palm; 
branches, muscular, anterior interosseous, 
palmar cutaneous. Meningeal, function, 
sensation; origin, glossopharyngeal; distri- 



NERVE 



673 



NERVE 



button, pia and arachnoid. Meningeal, 
function, sensation; origin, hypoglossal; dis- 
tribution, dura mater. Meningeal, function, 
sensation; origin, vagus; distribution, dura 
mater around lateral sinus. Meningeal, 
Recurrent, function, sensation; origin, in- 
ferior maxillary; distribution, dura mater and 
mastoid cells. Mental, function, motion and 
sensation; origin, inferior maxillary; dis- 
tribution, mucous membrane of lower lip and 
chin. Motor oculi {Third Cranial), func- 
tion, motion; origin, floor of aqueduct of 
Sylvius; distribution, all muscles of the eye 



back of hand; branches, musculocutaneous, 
radial, posterior interosseous. Mylohyoid, 
function, motion; origin, inferior maxillary; 
distribution, mylohyoid and digastric muscles. 
Nasal, function, sensation; origin, dental, 
anterior; distribution, mucous membrane of 
inferior meatus. Nasal, function, sensation; 
origin, maxillary, superior; distribution, in- 
tegument of lateral aspect of nose. Nasal, 
function, sensation; origin, ophthalmic; dis- 
tribution, iris, ciliary ganglion, nose; branches, 
ganglionic, ciliary, infratrochlear. Nasal, 
Inferior, function, sensation; origin, ante- 






Superior or Cervical Segment of Middle or Dorsal Portion Inferior Portion of Cord and 

Spinal Cord. — (Holden.) of Cord. — (Holden.) Cauda Equina. — (Holden.) 

i. Floor of fourth ventricle. 2. Superior cerebellar peduncle. 3. Middle cerebellar peduncle. 4. Inferior cerebellar 

peduncle. 5. Enlargement at upper extremity of posteromedian column. 6. Glossopharyngeal nerve. 7. Vagus. 

8. Spinal accessory. 9, 9, 9, 9. Ligamentum denticulatum. io, 10, 10, 10. Posterior roots of spinal nerves. 

11, 11, ti. 11. Posterolateral fissure. 12, 12, 12, 12. Ganglions of posterior roots. 13, 13. Anterior roots. 14. 

Division of united roots into anterior and posterior nerves. 15. Terminal extremity of cord. 16, 16. Filum ter- 

minale.. 17,17. Cauda equina. I, VIII. Cervical nerves. I, XII. Dorsal nerves. I, V. Lumbar nerves. I, V. 

Sacral nerves. 



except external rectus, superior oblique, and 
orbicularis palpebrarum. Musculocutane- 
ous (of Casser), function, motion and sensa- 
tion; origin, brachial plexus; distribution, 
coracobrachialis, biceps, brachialis anticus, 
forearm; branches, anterior and posterior. 
Musculocutaneous, function, motion and 
sensation; origin, external popliteal; dis- 
tribution, muscles of fibular side of leg, skin 
of dorsum of foot; branches, internal, exter- 
nal. Musculospiral, function, motion and 
sensation; origin, brachial plexus; distri- 
bution, back of arm and forearm, skin of 
44 



rior palatine; distribution, mucous membrane 
of nose. Nasal, Superior, function, sensa- 
tion; origin, Meckel's ganglion; distribution, 
mucous membrane of nose and posterior 
ethmoid cells. Nasopalatine, function, sen- 
sation; origin, Meckel's ganglion; distribu- 
tion, nasal septum. Obturator, function, 
motion and sensation; origin, lumbar plexus, 
third and fourth nerves; distribution, obtura- 
tor externus, adductors, hip-joint, and skin; 
branches, anterior and posterior articular 
and communicating. Obturator, Accessory, 
function, motion and sensation; origin, 



NERVE 



674 



NERVE 



lumbar plexus; distribution, pectineus and 
hip-joint. Occipital {Smallest or Third), 
function, sensation; origin, third cervical; 
distribution, integument of occiput. Occipi- 
talis magnus, junction, motion and sensa- 
tion; origin, second cervical; distribution, 
complexus, trapezius, and scalp. Occipitalis 



Ophthalmic, function, sensation; origin, 
trigeminus; distribution, forehead, eyes, nose; 
branches, frontal, lacrimal, nasal. Optic 
{Second Cranial), function, sight; origin, 
cortical center in occipital lobe; distribution, 
retina. Orbital, function, sensation; origin, 
Meckel's ganglion; distribution, mucosa of 





Brachial Portion of Musculocutaneous, Median, Terminal Portion of Median Nerve and of Ulnar 
and Ulnar Nerves. — {Holden.) Nerve. — (Holden.) 

i. Musculocutaneous nerve. 2. Branch to coracobrachialis. 3. Branch to biceps. 4. Branch to brachialis anticus. 
5. Anastomotic branch from median. 6. Division of musculocutaneous. 7. Radial nerve. 8. Its external cutane- 
ous branch. 9. Internal cutaneous. 10. Its anterior or ulnar branch. 11. Upper portion of median and ulnar 
nerves. 12. Their middle portion. 13. Branch to pronator radii teres. 14. Trunk giving rise to anterior muscular 
branches. 15. Branches to flexor profundus digitorum. 16. Branch to flexor longus proprius pollicis. 17. Inter- 
osseous branches. 18. Palmar cutaneous branch. 19. Branch for muscles of thenar eminence. 20. External 
collateral branch to thumb. 21. Internal collateral branch. 22. External collateral branch to index-finger. 23. 
Common trunk of internal collateral branch to index-finger and external collateral branch to middle finger. 24. 
Trunk of internal collateral to middle finger and external collateral branch to ring-finger. 25. Branch of ulnar 
nerve to flexor carpi ulnaris. 26. Branches to two inner fasciculi of flexor profundus digitorum. 27. Cutaneous 
and anastomotic filament. 28. Dorsal branch. 29. Superficial palmar branch. 30. Common trunk of internal 
collateral branch to ring-finger and external collateral branch to little finger. 31. Internal collateral branch to 
little finger. 32. Deep palmar branch. 33. Branch of the latter to hypothenar muscles. 34. Branches to muscles 
of fourth interosseous and to fourth lumbricalis. 35. Branches to muscles of third interosseous space and to third 
lumbricalis. 36. Branches to the adductor of the thumb and to the muscles of the first two interosseous spaces. 



minor, function, sensation ; origin, second cer- 
vical; distribution, occipitofrontalis, ear", etc.; 
branches, communicating, auricular. Oculo- 
motor. See Motor oculi in this table. Olfac- 
tory {First Cranial), function, smell; origin, 
frontal lobe, optic thalamus, island of Reil; 
distribution, schneiderian membrane of nose. 



posterior ethmoid cells and sphenoid sinus. 
Orbital, function, sensation; origin, superior 
maxillary; distribution, temple and cheek; 
branches, temporal and malar. Palatine, 
Anterior or Great, function, sensation; 
origin, Meckel's ganglion; distribution, hard 
palate, gums, and nose; branches, two inferior 



NERVE 



675 



NERVE 



nasal. Palatine, External, function, sensa- 
tion; origin, Meckel's ganglion; distribution, 
tonsil and soft palate. Palatine, Posterior 

or Small, function, motor; origin, Meckel's 
ganglion; distribution, levator palati and 
azygos uvulae. Palmar Cutaneous, func- 
tion, sensation; origin, median; distribution, 
thumb and palm. Palmar, Deep, function, 
motion; origin, ulnar; distribution, little 
finger, dorsal and palmar interosseous, two 
inner lumbricales, abductor pollicis. Palmar, 
Superficial, function, sensation and motion; 
origin, ulnar; distribution, palmaris brevis, 
inner side of hand, and little finger. Palpe- 
bral, function, motor; origin, superior 
maxillary; distribution, integument of lower 
lid. Parotid, function, sensation; origin, 
auriculotemporal; distribution, parotid gland. 
Patellar, function, sensation; origin, long 
saphenous; distribution, integument over 
patella and plexus patellae. Patheticus 
{Fourth Cranial), function, motion; origin, 
valve of Vieussens; distribution, superior 
oblique of eye. Pectineus, function, motion; 
origin, anterior crural; distribution, pectineus 
muscle. Perforating (of Casser). See Mus- 
culocutaneous in this table. Perineal, func- 
tion, motion and sensation; origin, pudic; 
distribution, perineum, genitalia, and skin 
of perineal region; branches, cutaneous and 
muscular. Perineal, function, motion and 
sensation; origin, fourth sacral; distribution, 
external sphincter ani and integument of anus. 
Peroneal, the external popliteal nerve. 
Peroneal, Communicating, a branch of 
the external popliteal, generally uniting with 
the short saphenous nerve, but at times it 
extends down the leg to the heel. Petrosals, 
function, motion; origin, facial; distribution, 
ganglions and plexus; branches, great, small, 
external to Meckel's ganglion, otic ganglion, 
and meningeal plexus, respectively. Pharyn- 
geal, function, motion and sensation; origin, 
glossopharyngeal; distribution, pharynx; en- 
ters into formation of pharyngeal plexus. 
Pharyngeal, function, sensation; origin, 
Meckel's ganglion; distribution, upper part 
of pharynx, posterior nares, and sphenoid 
sinus. Pharyngeal, function, motion; ori- 
gin, vagus; distribution, pharynx; branches, 
pharyngeal plexus, muscles, and mucosa. 
Pharyngeal, function, sensation; origin, 
sympathetic; distribution, pharynx; helps 
to form the pharyngeal plexus. Phrenic, 
function, motion and sensation; origin, third, 
fourth, and fifth cervical; distribution, 
diaphragm, pericardium, pleura. Plantar, 
External, function, motion and sensation; 
origin, posterior tibial; distribution, little toe 
and deep muscles of foot; branches, super- 
ficial and deep. Plantar, Internal, function, 
sensation and motion; origin, posterior 
tibial; distribution, sole of foot, adductor 
pollicis, flexor brevis digitorum, toes; branches, 
cutaneous, muscular, articular, digital. Pneu- 
mogastric [Tenth Cranial, Par Vagum, 
or Vagus), function, sensation and motion; 



origin, floor of fourth ventricle; distribution, 
ear, pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, esophagus, 
stomach; branches, auricular, pharyngeal, 
superior and inferior laryngeal, recurrent 
laryngeal, cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal, 
gastric, hepatic, communicating, meningeal. 
Popliteal, External, function, sensation and 
motion; origin, great sciatic; distribution, 
extensors of foot, skin, and fascia; branches, 
anterior tibial, musculocutaneous, articular, 
cutaneous. Popliteal, Internal, function, 
motion and sensation; origin, great sciatic; 
distribution, knee, gastrocnemius, tibialis 
posticus, plantaris, soleus, popliteus, skin of 
foot; branches, articular, muscular, cutaneous, 
external saphenous, plantar. Pterygoid, 
External, function, motion; origin, inferior 
maxillary; distribution, external pterygoid 
muscle. Pterygoid, Internal, function, 
motion; origin, inferior maxillary; distribu- 
tion, internal pterygoid muscle. Pudendal, 
Inferior, a branch of the small sciatic nerve 
distributed to the front and external part of 
the scrotum and perineum. Pudendal, Long 
{Nerve of Soemmering), function, sensation; 
origin, small sciatic; distribution, integument 
of genitalia and inner and proximal part of 
thigh. Pudic, function, motion and sen- 
sation; origin, sacral plexus; distribution, 
perineum, anus, genitalia; branches, inferior 
hemorrhoidal, perineal, cutaneous, dorsal of 
penis. Pulmonary, Anterior and Pos- 
terior, function (?); origin, vagus; dis- 
tribution, lungs; branches to pulmonary 
plexuses. Radial, function, sensation; or- 
igin, musculospiral; distribution, skin of 
radial side and ball of thumb; skin on pos- 
terior surface of ulnar side of thumb; skin 
of index-fingers, middle finger, and radial 
side of ring-finger; branches, external and 
internal. Renal, branches of the renal plexus 
following the distribution of the renal artery. 
Sacral (5), function, motion and sensation; 
origin, cord; distribution, multifidus spinae, 
skin of gluteal region; branches to sacral 
plexus. Saphenous, External or Short, 
function, sensation; origin, internal popliteal; 
distribution, integument of foot and little toe. 
Saphenous, Long or Internal, function, 
sensation; origin, anterior crural; distri- 
bution, knee, ankle; branches, cutaneous, 
patellar, communicating. Sappey's, the 
mylohyoid nerve. Of Scarpa. See Naso- 
palatine in this table. Sciatic, Great, func- 
tion, motion and sensation; origin, sacral 
plexus; distribution, skin of leg, muscles 
of back of thigh, and those of leg and 
foot; branches, articular, muscular, popliteal. 
Sciatic, Small, function, sensation and 
motion; origin, sacral plexus; distribution, 
perineum, back of thigh and leg, gluteus 
maximus; branches, muscular, cutaneous, 
long pudendal. Second Cranial, the optic 
nerve. Seventh Cranial. See Facial in this 
table. Sixth Cranial. See Abducens in 
this table. Sixth Sacral, the coccygeal nerve. 
Of Soemmering. See Pudendal, Long, 



NERVE 



676 



in this table. Sphenopalatine, function, 
sensation; origin, superior maxillary; dis- 
tribution, Meckel's ganglion. Spinal, 
function, motion and sensation; origin, 
spinal cord; distribution, trunk- There are 




Terminal Branches of the Radial Nerve. — (Holden.) 
i. Trunk of radial nerve. 2. Branch to supinator 
longus. 3. Branch to extensor carpi radialis 
longior. 4. Branch to extensor carpi radialis 
brevior. 5. Bifurcation. 6. Posterior or mus- 
cular division. 7. This division traversing the 
supinator brevis, to which it furnishes several 
branches. 8. Its terminal branches. 9, 9. Anterior 
or cutaneous division. 10. Terminal branches of 
this division. 11. Musculocutaneous nerve. 12, 
12, 12. Its terminal branches. 13. One of its 
branches descending to the wrist and anastomosing 
with the cutaneous branch of the radial. 

31 on each side: 1 coccygeal, 8 cervical, 12 dor- 
sal, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral. Spinal Accessory 
(Eleventh Cranial), function, motion; origin, 
floor of fourth ventricle; distribution, ster- 
nomastoid, trapezius. Spiral. See Mus- 



NERVE 

culospiral in this table. Spiralis, the radial 
nerve. Splanchnic, Great, function, sympa- 
thetic; origin, thoracic ganglions; distri- 
bution, semilunar ganglion, renal and supra- 
renal plexuses. Splanchnic, Lesser, func- 



_22 




Muscular Nerves of the Anterointernal Aspect of 
the Thigh. — {Holden.) 
1. Anterior crural nerve. 2. Branches to iliacus 
muscle. 3. Branch to inner part of psoas. 4. 
Large cutaneous branch. 5, 6. Muscular fila- 
ments of small musculocutaneous branch. 7. 
Cutaneous branches. 8. Deep or anastomotic 
filament of internal cutaneous branch. 9. Branches 
to rectus femoris. 10. Branches to vastus externus. 
n, 11. Branches to vastus internus. 12, 12. 
Internal saphenous nerve. 13 Its patellar branch. 
14. Vertical or tibial branch. 15. Obturator nerve. 
16. Branch to adductor longus. 17. Branch to 
adductor brevis. 18. Branch to gracilis. 19. 
Branch to adductor magnus. 20. Lumbosacral 
trunk. 21. Union of this trunk and the first sac- 
ral nerve. 22, 22. Lumbar and sacral portions 
of sympathetic. 23. External inguinocutaneous 
branch. 

Hon, sympathetic; origin, tenth and eleventh 
thoracic ganglions, great splanchnic; dis- 
tribution, celiac plexus and great splanchnic. 
Splanchnic, Renal or Smallest," function, 
sympathetic; origin, last thoracic ganglion; 



NERVE 



677 



NERVE 



distribution, renal and celiac plexuses. Stape- 
dial, function, motion; origin, facial; dis- 
tribution, stapedius muscle. Sternal, de- 
scending cutaneous divisions of the third 
and fourth cervical nerves. Stylohyoid, 
function, motion; origin, facial; distribution, 
stylohyoid muscle. Subclavian, a branch 
of the brachial plexus which supplies the 
subclavius muscle. Subcostal, the inter- 
costal nerve. Sublingual, a division of the 
lingual nerve distributed to the sublingual 
gland. Submaxillary, the inframaxillary 
nerve. Suboccipital, the anterior division 
of the first cervical nerve. Subscapular, 
function, motion; origin, brachial plexus; 
distribution, subscapular, teres major, and 
latissimus dorsi. Supraacromial, function, 
sensation; origin, cervical plexus; distri- 
bution, skin over deltoid. Supraclavicular, 
Descending, function, sensation; origin, 
third and fourth cervical; distribution, skin 
of neck, breast, and shoulder; branches, 
sternal, clavicular, acromial. Supragluteal, 
the superior gluteal nerve. Supramandib- 
ular. See Maxillary, Superior, in this 
table. Supramaxillary. See Maxillary, 
Superior, in this table. Supraorbital, 
function, sensation; origin, ophthalmic; dis- 
tribution, upper lid, forehead ; branches, 
muscular, cutaneous, and pericranial. Supra- 
pubic, the genitocrural nerve. Suprascapu- 
lar, function, motion and sensation; origin, 
brachial plexus; distribution, scapular mus- 
cles. Suprasternal, function, sensation; 
origin, cervical plexus; distribution, integu- 
ment over upper part of sternum. Supra- 
trochlear, function, sensation; origin, oph- 
thalmic; distribution, forehead and upper 
eyelid; branches, muscular and cutane- 
ous. Sympathetic. See under Sympa- 
thetic. Temporal, function, motion; origin, 
inferior maxillary; distribution, temporal 
muscle. Temporal, function, sensation; 
origin, orbital; distribution, integument over 
temporal muscle. Temporal, function, mo- 
tion; origin, temporofacial; distribution, 
orbicularis palpebrarum, occipitofrontalis, 
attrahens and attollens aurem, corrugator 
supercilii; branches, muscular. Temporal, 
Superficial, function, sensation; origin, 
auriculotemporal ; distribution, integument 
over temporal fascia. Temporofacial, func- 
tion, motion; origin, facial; distribution, 
upper part of face; branches, temporal, 
malar, infraorbital. Temporomalar. See 
Orbital in this table. Tenth Cranial, the 
vagus nerve. Third Cranial, the motor 
oculi. Thoracic, Anterior and Exterior, 
function, motion; origin, brachial plexus; dis- 
tribution, pectoralis major and minor. Thor- 
acic, Posterior or Long {External Respira- 
tory Nerve of Bell), function, motion; origin, 
brachial plexus; distribution, serratus magnus. 
Thoracic, Spinal, function, motion, and sen- 
sation; origin, cord; distribution, muscles 
and skin of thorax. Thyroid, branches 
of the middle cervical ganglion distri- 



buted to the thyroid. Tibial, Anterior, 

function, motion and sensation; origin, 
external popliteal; distribution, tibialis anti- 
cus, extensor longus digitorum, peroneus 
tertius, joints of foot, skin of great toe; 
branches, muscular, external, internal. Tibial, 




External Popliteal or Peroneal Nerve. — (H olden.) 
i. External popliteal nerve. 2. Fibular cutaneous 
branch. 3. Communicans peronei. 4. External 
saphenous nerve. 5. Trunk formed by the union 
of the last two. 6. Calcanean branches. 7. 
External terminal branch. 8. Internal branch. 
9, 9. Muscu]ocutaneous nerve. 10, 10. Its terminal 
branches. 11. Anastomosis of its external terminal 
branch with internal saphenous. 12. Anastomosis 
of internal terminal branch with external. 13. 
Anterior tibial nerve. 14. Its terminal portion, 
anastomosing with the musculocutaneous and 
dividing to form the deep dorsal internal collateral 
branch to the great toe and the external collateral 
branch to the second toe. 

Posterior, function, motion and sensation; 
origin, internal popliteal; distribution, tibialis 
posticus, flexor longus digitorum, flexor longus 
pollicis, skin of heel and sole, knee-joint; 
branches, plantar, muscular, calcaneoplantar, 
cutaneous or internal calcanean, articular. 
Tonsillar, function sensation; origin, glos- 



NERVE 



678 



NETTLESHIP'S DOTS 



sopharyngeal; distribution, tonsil, soft palate, 
and fauces. Trigeminus, Trifacial {Fifth 
Cranial), function, motion and sensation 
(taste); origin, floor of fourth ventricle; 
distribution, skin and structures of face, 
tongue, and teeth; branches, ophthalmic, 
superior and inferior maxillary. Trochlear. 



r>\ T *§ 




12.' J ' " 





Great Sciatic Nerve. — (Holden.) 
I. Superior gluteal nerve. 2. Inferior gluteal or small 
sciatic nerve. 3, 3, 3. Branches to gluteus maximus. 
4. Branch to pyriformis. 5. Genital branch of 
small sciatic. 6. Femoropopliteal branch. 7, 7. 
Trunk of great sciatic. S. Branch to long head of 
biceps. ' 9. Branch to short head. 10, 10. 
Branches to semitendinosus. 11, 11. Branches 
to semimembranosus. 12, 12. Branches to ad- 
ductor magnus. 13. External popliteal. 14. In- 
ternal popliteal. 15. Filament to plantaris. 16, 
16. Branches to gastrocnemius. 17. Origin of 
external saphenous. 

See Patheticus in this table. Twelfth Cranial, 
the hypoglossal nerve. Tympanic, function, 
motion; origin, facial; distribution, stapedius 
and laxator tympani muscles. Tympanic, 
function, sensation; origin, sympathetic; distri- 
bution, tympanum. Tympanic (J acobsorf s 
Nerve), function, motion; origin, glossophar- 



yngeal; distribution, tympanum; branches, 
tympanic plexus and communicating. Tym- 
panichordal. See Chorda tympani in this 
table. Ulnar, function, motion and sensation; 
origin, brachial plexus; distribution, muscles, 
shoulder-joint and wrist -joint, and skin of little 
finger; branches, articular, muscular, palmar 
cutaneous, dorsal, superior palmar, deep 
palmar. Vagus. See Pneumogastric in this 
table. Vestibular, function, sensation; 
origin, auditory; distribution, utricle and 
ampullas of the semicircular canals. Vidian, 
function, sensation; origin, union of large 
superficial and deep petrosal; distribution, 
sphenomaxillary fossa and posterior part of 
upper nasal meatus. Of Willis. See Spinal 
Accessory in this table. Wrisberg's. See 
Cutaneous, Lesser Internal, in this table. 

Nervi {ner'-vi) [L.]. Plural of nervus, a nerve. 
N. nervorum, the small nerves distributed to 
the nerve-sheaths. 

Nervimotility {ner-vi-mo-tiV -it-e). Capability 
of nerve motion. 

Nervitone (ner'-vit-on). A proprietary remedy 
said to be a mixture of iron, phosphorus, 
asafetida, sumbul, and nux vomica. 

Nervine {ner'-vin). 1. Acting upon the nerves. 
2. A remedy that calms nervous excitement or 
acts favorably on nervous diseases. 

Nervosine (ner'-vo-sen). A remedy for hysteria 
said to consist of reduced iron 0.025 %, with 
valerian, orange-peel, angelica, and licorice 
extract. 

Nervosity {ner-vos'-it-e). Excessive nervous- 
ness. 

Nervotabes, Peripheral {ner-vo-ta'-bez). A 
disturbance of an intact -spinal cord, present- 
ing clinically the appearance of tabes; due 
to parenchymatous neuritis of the cutaneous 
nerves. 

Nervous {ner'-vus) [nerve]. 1. Pertaining to or 
composed of nerves or nerve-structures. 2. 
Characterized by excessive irritability of the 
nervous system. N. Fluid, a hypothetic fluid 
supposed to traverse the nerves from the 
nerve-centers to the periphery. 

Nervousness (ner'-vus-nes) [nervous]. A condi- 
tion of excessive excitability of the nervous 
system, characterized by great mental and 
physical unrest. 

Nessler's Reagent. A solution of potassium 
iodid, mercury bichlorid, and sodium hy- 
droxid used in estimating the amount of am- 
monia in water. 

Nest [ME.]. An abode, as of eggs, insects, etc. 
N.s, Brunn's Epithelial, branched or solid 
groups of flat epithelial cells occurring in 
all normal ureters. N., Cell-, an aggregation 
or cluster of cells, as in carcinoma. 

Nestiatria {nes-te-a' -tre-ah) [vrjoreta, a _ fast; 
eaxpeca, treatment]. Treatment by fasting; 
the hunger-cure. 

Nestitherapy {nes-ti-ther'-a-pe). See Nestia- 
tria. 

Nettlerash. See Urticaria. 

Nettleship's Dots. Minute white dots scat- 
tered in considerable numbers between the 



NEU 



679 



NEURATROPHIA 



macula and periphery of the retina; they are 
associated with pigment changes and night- 
blindness, and occur in several members of 
the same family. 

Neu (nu). See Neurilemma. 

Neubauer's Artery. The deep thyroid artery; 
an occasional branch of the innominate artery, 
distributed to the same parts as the inferior 
thyroid, and often taking its place. N.'s 
Ganglion, the large ganglion formed by the 
union of the lower cervical and first thoracic 
ganglion. 

Neuber's Method. A method of treating joint 
and bone tuberculosis: an incision is made 
and all fragments and tubercular foci are re- 
moved and the cavity filled with an emulsion 
of iodoform and glycerol of 10 % strength. It 
is then sewed up with buried sutures without 
drainage. 

Neumann's Corpuscles. Nucleated red cor- 
puscles, sometimes found in the blood when 
an active regenerative process is going on, 
as after hemorrhage. N.'s Crystals. See 
Crystals, Charcot's. N.'s Disease, pem- 
phigus vegetans. N.'s Phenylhydrazin Test, 
consists in the use of a solution of sodium ace- 
tate in acetic acid of 50 to 75 % strength or in 
glacial acetic acid. A special test-tube is em- 
ployed, the urine is introduced, the solution 
and two or three drops of pure phenylhydrazin 
are added, and the whole boiled down, cooled 
rapidly in running water, boiled one minute 
more, and cooled. In the presence of sugar, 
phenylhydrazin crystals appear. N.'s Sheaths, 
the dentinal sheaths that form the walls of 
the dentinal tubules. 

Neura (nu'-rah). Synonym of Neuron. 

Neurad (nu'-rad) [neural; ad, to]. Toward the 
neural aspect or axis. 

Neuradynamia (nu-rah-din-a' -me-ah). See 
Neurasthenia. 

Neuragmia (nu-rag' '-me-ah) [neuron; dypLoc, a 
breaking]. The bruising or tearing of a nerve- 
trunk above or below its ganglion for the pur- 
pose of studying the trophic changes that 
follow. 

Neural (nu'-ral) [neuron]. Pertaining to nerves 
or nervous tissue. N. Arch, the part of the 
vertebra that incloses the spinal cord, formed 
by the two neurapophyses. N. Axis, the 
spinal cord. N. Canal. 1. The dorsal tube 
of the embryo, formed by the union of the 
dorsal folds, and constituting the earliest 
traces of the nervous system. 2. The bony 
canal comprising the cavity of the cranium 
and vertebral column, which in the verte- 
brate animals contains the central nervous 
system. It is situated dorsad, the hemal 
canal, inclosing the heart, etc., being ventrad. 
See Canal, Hemal. N. Groove, the medul- 
lary groove. N. Lamina, the lateral portion 
of the neural arch of a vertebra. 

Neuralgia (nu-raV-je-ah) [neuron; al-foc, pain]. 
Severe paroxysmal pain along the course of 
a nerve and not associated with demonstrable 
structural changes in the nerve. According to 
their anatomic situation, the following forms 



of neuralgia are described: trigeminal neu- 
ralgia, tic douloureux, or prosopalgia; supra- 
orbital neuralgia; cervico occipital neuralgia; 
cervicobrachial and brachial neuralgia; inter- 
costal neuralgia, sciatica or ischialgia; coccy- 
godynia; visceral neuralgia (as hepatic, gas- 
tric, intestinal, uterine, ovarian neuralgia). 
According to their causes, neuralgias are 
classed as anemic, malarial, gouty, rheu- 
matic, syphilitic, diabetic, toxic (e. g., alco- 
holic, saturnine), hysteric, and reflex. The 
pain of neuralgia is sharp, stabbing, and 
paroxysmal, lasting usually but a short time; 
tenderness is often present at the points of 
exit of the nerve (points douloureux). Inter- 
costal neuralgia is at times associated with 
herpes zoster. 

Neuralgic (nu-ral'-jik) [neuralgia]. Pertaining 
to, or affected with, neuralgia. 

Neuralgin (nu-ral' -jin) . A proprietary antipy- 
retic said to consist of a mixture of antifebrin, 
sodium salicylate, and caffein. Dose 8-45 gr. 

• (o-5-3-° Gm.). 

Neuranagenesis (nu-ran-aj-en' -es-is) [neuron; 
avayewaetv, to renew]. Regeneration or re- 
newal of nerve tissue. 

Neurapophysis (nu-rap-of -is-is) [neuron; anb- 
<f)uacc, offshoot]. Either one of the two apo- 
physes on each vertebra which blend and form 
the neural arch, or the dorsal wall of the spinal 
foramen. 

Neurasthenia (nu-ras-then-i'-ah or nu-ras-the'- 
ne-ah) [neuron; asthenia]. A group of symp- 
toms resulting from debility or exhaustion 
of the nerve-centers. Among the more com- 
mon symptoms are a lack of energy, undue 
readiness of fatigue, disinclination to activity, 
a sense of fulness or pressure at the top of 
the head, pain in the back, impaired memory, 
and disturbed sleep; gastrointestinal symp- 
toms, such as anorexia, constipation, fulness 
after eating; amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea 
in women, and spermatorrhea and impotence 
in men. N., Cerebral, a form marked by 
depression, inability to concentrate the mind, 
insomnia, irritability, headache, visual dis- 
turbances, etc. N. cordis, a neurosis in 
which the heart symptoms dominate. N. 
gastrica, nervous dyspepsia, a condition of 
disturbed functional activity of the stomach, 
as a rule without retardation of digestion; 
flatulence, pain, palpitation of the heart, and 
constipation are prominent symptoms. N., 
Sexual, a depressed state of the nervous 
system associated with disturbance of the 
sexual function; it is characterized by pain 
in the back, tender points along the spine, 
weakness of the extremities, great prostration 
on slight exertion, neuralgic pains, and other 
nervous manifestations. 

Neurasthenic (nu-r as-then' -ik) [neurasthenia]. 
Relating to, or characterized by, neurasthenia. 

Neurataxia, Neurataxy (nu-rah-tak'-se-ah, 
nu'-rah-tak-se) [neuron; dra$(a, want of 
order]. 1. Ataxia of cerebrospinal origin. 2. 
Neurasthenia. 

Neuratrophia, Neuratrophy (nu-rat-ro'-fe-ah, 



NEURAXIS 



680 



NEUROCHITIN 



nu-rat' -ro-fe) {neuron; atrophy]. Atrophy, 
or impaired nutrition, of a nerve or nerves. 

Neuraxis {nu-raks'-is) [neuron; axis], i. The 
neural axis. 2. An axis-cylinder. 

Neuraxon inu-raks' -on) [see Neuraxis], The 
axis-cylinder process of a nerve-cell. 

Neure (nilr). Synonym of Neuron. 

Neurectasis, Neurectasy (nu-rek'-tas-is, nu- 
rek'-tas-e) [neuron; EKzaotc;, stretching]. Nerve- 
stretching. 

Neurectomy [nu-reW -to-me) [neuron; e/cro/iiy, 
excision]. Excision of a part of a nerve. ' 

Neurectopia {nu-rek-to' -pe-ah) [neuron; inzonoc, 
out of place]. Displacement or other ab- 
normity of the distribution of a nerve. 

Neurenteric (nu-ren-ter f -ik) [neuron; enteron]. 
Pertaining to the embryonic neural canal 
and the intestinal tube. N. Canal, a tem- 
porary communication existing between 'the 
neural canal and the intestinal tube of the 
embryo. Syn., Kowalewsky's canal. 

Neurexairesis (nu-reks-i-re' -sis) [neuron; i$at- 
pelv, to take out]. The extraction of a nerve 
for relief of neuralgia. 

Neuridin (nu'-rid-in) [neuron], C 5 H 14 N 2 . A 
ptomain produced in the putrefaction of 
horseflesh, beef, human muscle, fish, cheese, 
etc. It has a repulsive odor and is non- 
poisonous. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Neurilemma (nu-ril-em 1 '-ah) [neuron; tefipa, 
bark]. . 1. The sheath incasing a nerve-fiber; 
the sheath of Schwann. See Nerve-fiber. 
2. See Perineurium. 

Neurin {nu'-rin) [neuron]. 1. The albuminous 
substance forming the basis of nerve tissue. 
2. C 5 H 13 NO; a poisonous ptomain obtained 
from decomposing flesh and in the decompo- 
sition of protagon by barium hydroxid. Its 
action is similar to that of muscarin. 3. An 
extract of nerve tissue employed therapeutic- 
ally. See Organotherapy. 

Neurit (nu'-rit) [neuron]. Synonym of Neurite. 

Neurite (nu'-rit) [neuron]. The axis-cylinder 
process of a nerve-cell ; a neuraxon. 

Neuritic (nu-rit'-ik) [neuritis]. Pertaining to 
neuritis. 

Neuritis (nu-ri'-tis) [neuron; exec, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of a nerve. N., Alco- 
holic. See N., Multiple. N., Ascending, 
inflammation extending from the periphery 
of a nerve centrad to the spinal cord or brain. 
N., Atheromatous, a form in which necrotic, 
inflammatory processes take place in the 
parts of the nerves supplied by arteries 
affected with atheroma, giving rise to symptoms 
resembling in character those of the toxic form. 
N., Axial, N. axialis, optic neuritis in 
which the central fibers of the optic nerve, 
supplying the central part of the retina, are 
diseased. It results in central scotoma. N., 
Degenerative. See N., Parenchymatous. N., 
Descending, neuritis the result of extension 
of disease from the spinal cord or the brain 
toward the periphery. N., Diabetic, a poly- 
neuritis sometimes seen in diabetes, and 
probably the result of autointoxication with 
the products of faulty metabolism. N. fas- 



cians, interstitial neuritis. N., Intersti- 
tial, inflammation of the interstitial con- 
nective tissue of a nerve-trunk. N., Lipo- 
matous, that form in which the nerve-fibers 
are completely destroyed and replaced by a 
fibrous connective tissue in which much fat 
is deposited. N., Malarial, neuritis due 
to the malarial poison. N., Multiple, the 
simultaneous inflammation of several nerve- 
trunks, usually symmetrically situated on 
both sides of the body. Its most common 
cause is alcoholic poisoning; it may be due 
to arsenic, malaria, mercury, or lead; to 
diphtheria, pneumonia, typhoid fever, and 
other infectious diseases. Beriberi is a form 
of multiple neuritis. The symptoms depend 
somewhat upon the cause: in alcoholic 
neuritis, the most frequent variety, there are 
paresthesias and pain, followed by paralysis 
of the legs and arms, wrist-drop and foot -drop, 
with edema, loss of reflexes, and delirium. 
Anesthesia is slight; there may be hyperes- 
thesia or pain; in some cases ataxia is present. 
The sphincters are generally not affected. 
N., Optic, inflammation of the optic nerve. 
See Papillitis. N., Parenchymatous, a 
form in which the medullary substance and 
the axis-cylinders are chiefly involved, the 
interstitial tissue being but little altered or 
affected only secondarily. Syn., Degenerative 
neuritis. N., Postocular, that affecting the 
portion of the optic nerve behind the eyeball. 
N., Pressure-, inflammation of a nerve re- 
sulting from compression. N., Proliferative, 
that form in which the overgrowth of the 
connective tissue is so extensive as to convert 
the whole nerve into a sclerotic cord. N., 
Radicular, that in which the nerve-roots 
rather than the plexus are the seats of inflam- 
mation. N., Segmental, N., Segmentary, 
that affecting a segment of a nerve.. N., 
Toxemic, that due to some poison or virus in 
the blood. N., Toxic, that due to some poison- 
ous substance, as lead, silver, arsenic. N., 
Tuberculous, polyneuritis due to the specific 
action on the nerves of a poison produced 
by tubercle bacilli. 
Neuro- (nu-ro-) [neuron]. A prefix signifying 

connection with or relation to a nerve. 
Neuroarthritism (nu-ro-ar' -thrit-izm). A com- 
bined nervous and gouty diathesis. 
Neuroblast {nu' -ro - blast) [neuro-; fiXaotoc, 
germ]. A cell derived from the primitive ecto- 
derm, and giving rise to nerve-fibers and 
nerve -cell. 
Neurocardiac (nu-ro-kar f - 
de-ak) [neuro-; cardia]. 
Pertaining to the nervous 
system and the heart. N. 
Disease, exophthalmic 
goiter. 
Neurocele inu'-ro-set) [neu- 
ro; Ko'cXta, hollow]. The 
system of cavities and 
ventricles in the cerebro- 
spinal axis. 
Neuro chitin (nu-ro-ki'-tin) 




Neuroblasts. 
Three neuroblasts, each 



with a nerve - fiber 
process growing 
out beyond the 
base ment-mem- 
brane of the em- 
bryonic spinal 
cord. 



NEUROCHORIORETINITIS 



681 



NEUROMYELITIS 



[neuro-; chitin]. The substance forming the 
skeletal support of nerve-fibers. 

Neurochorioretinitis (nu-ro- ko-re-o-ret-in-i' '- 
tis). Chorioretinitis combined with optic 
neuritis. 

Neurochoroiditis (nu-ro-ko-roi-di'-tis). Com- 
bined inflammation of the choroid body and 
optic nerve. 

Neurocyte (nu'-ro-slt) [neuro-; kutoc, a cell]. 
Synonym of Neuron. 

Neurodendrite (nu-ro-den'-drit) [neuro-; div- 
dpov, a tree]. A dendritic and protoplasmic 
extension or process of a nerve-cell, a com- 
bined neuron and dendron. 

Neurodendron (nu-ro-den' -dron) [see Neuro- 
dendrite], i. Synonym of Neuron. 2. See 
Neurodendrite. 

Neurodermatitis (nu-ro-der-mat-i'-tis) [neuron- 
dermatitis]. A neurotic affection of the skin 
associated with itching. 

Neurodin (nu'-ro-din) [neuron]. Acetylpara- 
oxyphenylurethane, a crystalline substance 
used as an antineuralgic and antipyretic. 
Dose, antineuralgic, 15-24 gr. (1. 0-1.5 Gm.); 
as antipyretic, 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). 

Neurodynia (nu-ro-din'-e-ah). See Neuralgia. 

Neuroepidermal (nu-ro-ep-e-der'-mal). Rela- 
ting to the nerves and the skin. 

Neuroepithelioma (nu- ro-ep-e-the-le-o' ' -mah) 
[neuro-; epithelioma]. A glioma of the retina. 

Neuroepithelium (nu -ro-ep -e - the' - le - um) 
[neuro-; epithelium]. The highly specialized 
epithelial structures constituting the termina- 
tions of the nerves of special sense, as the 
rod-and-cone cells of the retina, the olfactory 
cells of the nose, the hair-cells of the internal 
ear, the gustatory cells of the taste-buds. 

Neurofibril (nic-ro-fi'-bril). A conducting fibril 
of a nerve -cell. 

Neurofibroma (nu-ro-fi-bro' '-mah) [neuro-; -fi- 
broma]. A tumor of a nerve composed of 
fibrous tissue. 

Neurofibromatosis (nu-ro- fi-bro-ma-to' -sis) 
[neurofibroma]. A disease characterized by 
the formation of numerous great and small 
tumefactions of the nerves. 

Neurofil (nu'-ro-fiT) [neuro-; filum, thread]. A 
network of protoplasmic processes arising 
from the commencement of the axis-cylinder 
and surrounding the cell. 

Neurogastric (nu-ro-gas'-trik). Relating to 
the nerves and the stomach. 

Neurogenesis (nu-ro-jen'-es-is) [neuro-; yeuvav, 
to produce]. The formation of nerves or 
nerve tissue. 

Neurogenetic (nu-ro-jen-et'-ik) [neurogenesis]. 
Pertaining to neurogenesis. 

Neurogenous (nu-roj'-en-us). Originating in 
the nervous system. 

Neurogeny (nu-roj'-en-e). See Neurogenesis. 

Neuroglia (nu-rog'-le-ah) [neuro-; yXca, glue]. 
The tissue, probably of ectodermic origin, 
forming the basis of the supporting frame- 
work of the nervous tissue of the cerebro- 
spinal axis. It consists of peculiar cells, the 
glia-cells, having many fine branching pro- 
cesses. 



Neurogliar (nu-rog'-le-ar) [neuroglia]. Per- 
taining to or resembling neuroglia. 

Neuroglioma (nu-ro-gli-o' -mah) [neuro-; gli- 
oma]. A tumor composed of neurogliar 
tissue; a glioma. N., Ganglionar, N. 
ganglionare, a glioma containing ganglion- 
cells. 

Neurography (nu-ro g'-ra-fe) [neuro-; ypafatv, 
to write]. A treatise on the anatomy and 
physiology ' of the nerves and the nervous 
system. 

Neurokeratin (nu-ro-ker'-at-in) [neuro-; ker- 
atin]. The form of keratin found in nerve- 
sheaths and the white substance of Schwann. 

Neurokinet (nu-ro-kin'-et) [neuro-; kcvuv, to 
move]. An apparatus for stimulating the 
nerves by means of mechanic percussion. 

Neurolemma (nu-ro-lem f -ah). Synonym of 
Retina. 

Neurologic (nu-ro-lof -ik) [neurology]. Per- 
taining to neurology. 

Neurologist (nu-rol'-o-jist) [neurology]. One 
versed in neurology. 

Neurology (nu-rol'-o-je) [neuro-; Xoyoc, sci- 
ence]. The branch of medicine dealing with 
the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of 
the nervous system. 

Neurolysin (nu-roV -is-in) [see Neurolysis]. A 
cytolysin having specific action upon nerve- 
cells. 

Neurolysis (nu-roV '-is-is) [neuro-; Xuocc, solu- 
tion]. Exhaustion of a nerve in consequence 
of overstimulatiftn. 

Neuroma (nu-ro' -mah) [neuro-; ofia, tumor]. 
A tumor springing from a nerve. It is a 
true neuroma when made up of nervous 
tissue proper, and a false neuroma when 
consisting of other than nervous tissue. 
False neuromas may be fibromas, myxomas, 
gliomas, etc. N., Amputation-, the neu- 
roma of a stump, forming at the end of a 
divided nerve. N., Amyelinic, a neuroma 
made up of nonmedullated nerve-fibers. N., 
Ganglionic, N., Ganglionated, a neuroma 
made up of nerve-cells. N., Myelinic, one 
made up of medullated nerve-fibers. N., 
Plexiform, one characterized by the for- 
mation of multiple enlargements along the 
course of the cutaneous nerves, giving rise 
to the appearance of an intertwining network. 

Neuromalacia (nu-ro-mal-a' -she-ah) [neuro-; 
[laXanca, a softening]. A softening of nerve- 
tissue. 

Neuromatous (nu-ro' -mat-us) [neuroma]. Of 
the nature of a neuroma. 

Neuromere (nu'-ro-mer) [neuro-; ptepoc, a 
part]. A natural segment of the cerebro- 
spinal axis. 

Neuromimesis (nu -ro -mi- me' - sis) [neuro-; 
H'cixtjocc, imitation]. Hvsteric phenomena re- 
sembling true organic disease. 

Neuromimetic (nu-ro-mi-met'-ik). Pertaining 
to neuromimesis. 

Neuromuscular (nu-ro-mus'-ku-lar) [neuro-; 
muscular]. Pertaining conjointly to nerves 
and muscles. 

Neuromyelitis (nu-ro-mi-el-i'-tis) [neuro-; my- 



NEUROMYOLOGY 



682 



NEUROTABES 



elitis]. Inflammation of myelonic substance 
or of the medulla spinalis. 

Neuromyology (nu-ro-mi-ol'-o-je) [neuro-; my- 
ology]. The classification of muscles with 
regard to their innervation. 

Neuromyositis (nu-ro-mi-o-si'-tis) [neuro-; my- 
ositis]. Myositis associated with neuritis. 

Neuron (nu'-ron) [veupov, nerve], i. The cere- 
brospinal axis taken as a whole. 2. One of 
the countless number of units of which the 
nervous system is composed. Each neuron 
consists of a cell and a series of processes 



and muscles of expiration characterized by 
the utterance of sharp, spasmodic cries. 
Neurophysiology (nu-ro- fiz-e-ol' -o-je) [neuro-; 
physiology]. The physiology of the nervous 
system. 
Neuropilem, Neuropilema (nu-ro-pi' '-lem, -pi- 
le' -mah) [neuro-; iz'doc, felt]. The dense 
mat of fibrils formed in some parts by the 
branching nerve-processes. 
Neuroplasm (nu'-ro-plazm) [neuro-; nXaoaecv, 
to mold]. The protoplasm filling the inter- 
stices of the fibrils of nerve-cells. 

One of these processes is, as a rule, an axis- Neuroplasty (nu'-ro-plas-te) [see Neuroplasm]. 

cylinder and terminates free, generally break- A plastic operation on the nerves; nerve- 

ing up into a bundle of fine "fibrils. The grafting. 

other processes branch dichotomously, but Neuroplex, Neuroplexus (nu'-ro-pleks, nu-ro- 

also terminate in free extremities; they are pleks'-us). A plexus of nerves. 

known as protoplasmic processes or dendrites. Neuropsychology (nu-ro-si-koV -o-je) [neuro-; 



In the gray matter of the brain and spinal 
cord the terminal processes of the neuron 
form a dense feltwork, but not a communicat- 
ing reticulum. In every physiologic act in- 
volving the nervous system at least two, usu- 
ally more,_ neurons participate. The neuron 
at which the impulse starts is termed archi- 
neuron; the one at the termination, the 
teleneuron. See also Nerve-cell. N.s, Edin- 
ger's Law Concerning, a regular and gradual 
increase of function of a neuron leads at first 
to increased growth; if carried to excess, 
especially if irregular and spasmodic, it re- 
sults in atrophy and degeneration, and ulti- 
mately in proliferation ofe the surrounding 
tissue. N.s, Goldscheider-Marinesco's Law 
Concerning, the fewer connections a neuron 
has, and, consequently, the fewer stimuli it 
receives, the less is its tendency to degenera- 
tion. N. -threshold, the degree of excitation 
of a neuron which just suffices to produce a 
sensation in another with which it is in 
contact. 

Neuronal, Neuronic (nu'-ron-al, nu-ron'-ik). 
Relating to a neuron. 

Neuronephric (nu-ro-nef -rik) [neuro-; vecfrpoc;, 
the kidney]. Pertaining to the nervous and 
renal systems. 

Neuronymy (mi-ron'-im-e) [neuro-; ovofia, a 
name]. Neurologic nomenclature. 

Neurooccipital (nu-ro-ok-sip' '-it-al). Relating 
to a neural arch and the occiput. 

Neuroparalysis {nu-ro-par-aV -is-is) [neuro-; 
paralysis]. Paralysis due to disease of a nerve. 

Neuropathic (nu-ro-path' '-ik) [neuro-; izaOoc, 
disease]. 1. Characterized by a diseased or 
imperfect nervous system. 2. Depending 
upon or pertaining to nervous disease. N. 
Eschar, a bed-sore following disease of the 
spinal cord. 

Neuropathology (nu-ro- path-ol' -o-je) [neuro-; 
pathology]. The pathology of diseases of 
the nervous system. 

Neuropathy (nu-ro p'-ath-e) [neuro-; nadoc, 
disease]. Any nervous disease. 

Neurophlegmon (nu-ro-jleg'-mon) [neuro-; 
phlegmon]. Neuritis. 

Neurophonia (nu-ro-}o f -ne-ah) [neuro-; <jxovq, 
voice]. A rare choreic disease of the larynx 



psychology]. A system of psychology based 
on neurology. 

Neuropsychosis (nu-ro-si-W -sis) [neuro-; psy- 
chosis]. A combined nervous and mental 
disease. 

Neuroretinitis (nu-ro-ret-in-i' -Us) [neuro-; ret- 
initis]. Inflammation of both the optic nerve 
and the retina. 

Neurorrhaphy (nu-ror' -a-fe) [neuro-; pacfir), 
suture]. The operation of suturing a divided 
nerve. 

Neurosarcoma (nu-ro -sar-ko'-m ah). A com- 
bined neuroma and sarcoma. 

Neurosin (nu-ro' -sin) [neuron]. A trade name 
for several preparations containing calcium, 
glycerol, and phosphates. 

Neurosis {nu-ro' -sis) [neuron]. A functional 
disease of the nervous system — -a disturbance 
of the nerve-centers or peripheral nerves not 
due to any demonstrable structural change. 
N., Occupation-, N., Professional, a func- 
tional disorder affecting groups of muscles 
used in the performance of special movements. 
N., Traumatic, any deviation from the nor- 
mal state of the nervous system caused by 
violence. N., WestphaPs, a form of hysteria 
simulating multiple sclerosis. 

Neuroskeleton (nu-ro-skel' -et-on) [neuro-; skel- 
eton]. The vertebrate endoskeleton, or true 
skeleton; so called from being made up of parts 
that correspond with and largely serve to 
protect portions of the central nervous system. 

Neurosomes (nu'-ro-somz) [neuro-; ocopta, a 
body]. Minute granules, variable in size, 
observed at the nodal points of the axospon- 
gium or meshwork making up the structure 
of axis-cylinders. 

Neurospongium (nu-ro-spun' -je-um) [neuro-; 
o-EOff'cov, dim. of onoyjog, a sponge]. The 
inner reticular layer of the retina. 

Neurostearic (nu-ro-ste-ar'-ik) [neuro-; ozkap, 
fat]. Pertaining to nervous tissue and fat. 
N. Acid, C l8 H 3t 50 2 . An acid isomeric with 
stearic acid, occurring in the brain. 

Neurosuture (nu-ro-su'-tur). The suture of a 
nerve. 

Neurotabes (nu-ro-ta' -bez) [neuro-; tabes, wast- 
ing]. A form of multiple neuritis resembling 
posterior sclerosis. 



NEUROTENSION 



683 



NICOL'S PRISM 



Neurotension (nu-ro-ten' -shun) . See Neu- 
rectasis. 

Neurothele (nu-ro-the'-le) [neuro-; dyky, a nip- 
ple]. A nerve-papilla. 

Neurothelion, Neurothelium (nu-ro-the' '-le-on, 
-um) [neurothele]. A small nerve-papilla. 

Neurotic (nu-rot' -ik) [neuron]. i. Pertaining 
to the nerves; nervous. 2. Pertaining to 
neuroses. 3. Having a disordered nervous 
system; suffering from a neurosis. 

Neurotica (nu-rot' -ik-ah) [neuron]. Functional 
nervous diseases. 

Neurotization {nu-rot-iz-a f -shun). The regen- 
eration of a divided nerve. 

Neurotome (nu'-ro-tom) [neuro-; to/* 77, a cut- 
ting]. 1. A needle-like knife for the division 
of a nerve. 2. The nerve tissues of an 
embryonic metamere; a neural segment or 
neuromere. 

Neurotomy (nu-rot' -o-me) [see Neurotome]. The 
division of a nerve. 

Neurotonia, Neurotony (nu-ro-to 1 '-ne-ah, nu- 
rot' -on-e). See Nerve-stretching. 

Neurotonic (nu-ro-lon'-ik). Having a tonic 

• effect upon the nerves. N. Reaction, a rare 
from of electric reaction exhibited in a per- 
sistent tetanic quivering of the muscles fol- 
lowing irritation of the nerve-stems. 

Neurotoxic (nu-ro-toks'-ik) [neuro-; zo$ckov, a 
poison]. Having toxic action on neurons. 

Neurotoxin (nu-ro-toks'-in). A cytotoxin ob- 
tained by E. Metchnikoff from nerve tissue. 

Neurotrophasthenia (nu-r o-tr of -as-the' -ne-ah) 
[neuro-; rpo(f>rj, nourishment; asthenia]. Mal- 
nutrition of the nerves. 

Neurotropism (nu-rot' -ro-pizm) [neuro-; zpoTcoc, 
a turn]. The attraction or repulsion exer- 
cised upon regenerating nerve-fibers. A sub- 
stance is said to have positive neurotropism 
when these regenerating nerve-fibers have a 
tendency to grow toward and into it ; negative, 
when they avoid it. 

Neusser's Granules. Basophilic granules 
sometimes found in the leukocytes of the 
blood, near the nuclei. They are regarded 
by Neusser as being closely connected with 
the uric-acid diathesis, but their presence has 
been noticed also in other conditions. 

Neutral (nu'-tral) [neuter, neither]. Neither 
alkaline nor acid; bland and soothing; in- 
active. N. Mixture, solution of potassium 
citrate. See Potassium Citrate, Solution of. 

Neutralize (nu'-tral-iz) [neutral]. To render 
neutral; to render inert; to counterbalance 
an action or influence. 

Neutrolactis (nu-tro-lak'-tis). A galactagog 
said to be a liquid extract of Galega offici- 
nalis. 

Neutrophil (nu'-tro-fil) [neuter, neither; <f>c\o£, 
loving]. 1. Stained readily by neutral dyes; 
applied to certain cells. 2. A leukocyte or 
histologic element readily stainable with neu- 
tral dyes. N. Leukocytes, leukocytes the 
protoplasm of which contains granules colored 
by neutral stains. 

Nevi (ne'-vi). Plural of nevus (q. v.). 

Nevolipoma (ne-vo-lip-o'-mah). A rare form 



of lipoma containing a large number of blood- 
vessels, considered a degenerated nevus. 

Nevose (ne'-voz) [nevus]. Spotted, having 
nevi. 

Nevus, Naevus (ne'-vus) [L., nczvus; pi., nevi, 
ncevi]. 1. A circumscribed area of pigmenta- 
tion; a mole. 2. An angioma of the skin, usu- 
ally congenital. Syn., Mother's mark. Naevus 
araneus. See Acne rosacea. N., Capillary, 
one that involves the capillaries of the skin. 
N., Cutaneous, a nevus of the skin. Naevus 
lipomatodes, a large, soft mole containing 
a quantity of fat and loose connective tissue. 
Naevus maternus. See Nevus (2). Naevus 
pigmentosus, a mole; a circumscribed, con- 
genital pigmentary deposit in the skin, varying 
in color from a light fawn to a blackish tint, 
and often associated with hypertrophy of 
the hairs. Naevus vascularis. See Nevus 
(2). Naevus vascularis fungosus, N. vas- 
cularis tuberosus, a cavernous angioma 
marked by formation of red or bluish erectile 
tumors. 

Newgrowth (nu'-groth). A circumscribed new 
formation of tissue, characterized by abnor- 
mity of structure or location. As generally 
used, the term includes all true tumors, as 
well as tumor-like growths due to micro- 
organisms, as the gumma and tuberculous 
tumor. Syn., Neoplasm. 

Newton's Color-rings. The colorings pro- 
duced when a cover-glass is pressed upon a 
slide; they are the result of chromatic aber- 
ration. 

Nexus (neks'-us) [nectere, to bind]. A tying or 
binding together; an interlacing. N. ner- 
vorum opticorum, the chiasm. N. stam- 
ineus oculi, the ciliary body. 

N. F. Abbreviation of National Formulary, 
a collection of formulas issued by the Am- 
erican Pharmaceutical Association as a sup- 
plement to the United States Pharmacopeia. 

Niccolic (nik-ol'-ik) [niccolicum, nickel]. Con- 
taining nickel. 

Nickel (nik'-l) [G.]. Symbol Ni; atomic weight 
58.3; quantivalence 11, rv. A metal of silver- 
white luster, resembling iron in physical 
properties. See Elements, Table of Chemic. N. 
Bromid, NiBr 2 + 3H2O, has been used 
in epilepsy. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). 
N. Chlorid, NiCl 2 , has been used as a tonic 
in anemia. Dose 2 gr. (0.13 Gm.). N. 
Sulfate, NiS0 4 + 7H 2 0, has been used as 
a tonic. Dose \-i gr. (0.032-0.065 Gm.). 

Nickle's Test for Distinguishing Glucose 
from Cane-sugar. Heat the sugar for some 
time to ioo° C. with carbon tetra chlorid; 
cane-sugar is turned black by the process and 
glucose is not. 

Nicol's Prism [after William Nicol, of Edin- 
burgh]. A polished prism of Iceland-spar, 
cut diagonally across the principal axis, the 
sections being joined together by means of 
Canada balsam. It has the property of re- 
flecting the ordinary ray of light out of the 
field, while the socalled polarized ray is 
transmitted. 



NICOTIANA 



684 



NITRIFICATION 



Nicotiana {nik-o-she-a'-nah). See Tobacco. 

Nicotianin (nik-o-she-a'-nin). The volatile 
principle to which tobacco owes its flavor. 

Nicotianomania (nik -o- she -an-o- ma'- ne - ah) 
[nicotin; mania]. Insane craving for tobacco. 

Nicotin (nik'-o-tin), C 10 H U N 2 . A liquid poison- 
ous alkaloid found in the leaves of the to- 
bacco-plant. N. Bitartrate, white soluble 
crystals used in tetanus and as an antidote 
in strychnin-poisoning. If. Salicylate, hex- 
agonal tablets containing 54% of nicotin; 
recommended in scabies in 1 % lanolin oint- 
ment. N. Tartrate, C 10 H u N 2 (C 4 H 6 O 6 ) + 
2H 2 0, a solution more stable than that of the 
free alkaloid or the other salts. 

Nicotinism {nik' -o-tin-izm) [nicotin]. The mor- 
bid effects from the continued or excessive 
use of tobacco. 

Nictation (nik-ta'-shun). Same as Nictita- 
tion. 

Nictitating (nik'-tit-a-ting) [see Nictitation]. 
Winking. N. Membrane. See Membrane, 
Nictitating. N. Spasm, blepharospasm. 

Nictitation (nik-tit-a'-shun) [nictitare, to wink]. 
Abnormal frequency of winking. 

Nidulus (nid'-u-lus). The nucleus or origin 
of a nerve. 

Nidus (ni'-dus) [L., "nest"]. 1. A central 
point or focus of infection; a place in which 
an organism finds conditions suitable for 
growth and development. 2. A collection of 
ganglion-cells at the deep origin of a cranial 
nerve; a nucleus. N. avis, a depression or 
hollow left on the mesial surface of the cun- 
eate lobule after the removal of a tonsil. N. 
hirundinis, a deep fossa in the cerebellum 
situated between the posterior medullary 
velum in front and the nodules and uvula 
behind. 

Niemeyer's Pill (ne'-mi-er). A pill of quinin, 
1 gr., digitalis, | gr., and opium, \ gr. It is 
used in pulmonary tuberculosis, and is taken 
every six hours. 

Night-blindness. See Hemeralopia. 

Night-blooming Cereus. See Cactus gran- 
diflorus. 

Nightingale (ni' -tin- gal) [after Florence Night- 
ingale, a nurse]. A short cape used in hos- 
pitals to protect the shoulders and chest of 
nurses and patients. 

Nightmare [AS., neaht, night; mara, mare]. 
A dream characterized by great distress and 
a sense of oppression or suffocation. 

Nightshade (nit' -shad). A name applied to 
plants of the genus Solanum. N., Deadly, 
a poisonous plant, Atropa belladonna. See 
Belladonna. 

Night -terrors (nit'-ter-orz). Distressing dreams 
occurring in children and causing them to 
wake up with cries of fear. 

Nigranilin (ni-gran' -il-in) . Anilin-black. 

Nigrosin (ni'-gro-sin) [niger, black]. A blue- 
black anilin dye, used in staining brain tissue. 

Nihil album (ni'-hil). Flowers of zinc. N. 
gr&cum, impure zinc oxid. 

Nikiforoff's Method of Fixation of Blood- 
films. This consists in immersion of the dried 



films in ether, in absolute alcohol, or in a 
mixture of equal parts of the two. 

Niopo [Venezuelan name]. A snuff prepared 
from the seeds of Piptadenia peregrina, which 
produces an intoxication approaching frenzy. 

Niphablepsia (ne-jah-bhp' -se-ah) [vc<f>a, snow; 
dfth(l>la, blindness]. Snow-blindness. 

Nipple (nip'-l) [allied to neb, the beak of a 
bird, from AS., nebb, the face]. The conic 
projection in the center of the mamma, con- 
taining the outlets of the milk-ducts. N.- 
line, a vertical line drawn on the surface of 
the chest through the nipple. 

Nirlus (nir'-lus) [origin obscure]. An ephem- 
eral papular eruption sometimes following 
measles or scarlatina. 

Nirvanin (nir-van'-in). The hydrochlorate of 
diethylglycocoll - paraamido- o - oxybenzoic- 
methyl-ester. It is a local anesthetic, one-tenth 
as toxic as cocain, used by Schleich's infil- 
tration method in 0.5 to 0.2 % solution; in 
dentistry in 2 to 5% solution. 

Nisbeth's Chancre. Nodular abscesses on the 
penis following acute lymphangitis from soft 
chancre. Syn., Bubonuli nisbethii. 

Nissl's Bodies. The chromophilic bodies of 
a nerve-cell; finely granular bodies, of var- 
ious sizes and shapes, brought out between 
the cytoreticulum by staining with Nissl's 
stain. Syn., Tigroid masses. N.'s Stain, 
methylene-blue. 

Nisus (ni'-sus) [L., "effort," from niti, to en- 
deavor]. 1. The periodic desire for pro- 
creation manifested in the spring season by 
certain species of animals. 2. The contrac- 
tion of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles 
for the expulsion of the . feces or the urine. 

Nit [AS., hnitu, a nit]. The egg or larva of 
a louse. t 

Niter (ni'-ter) [Ar., nitrun, natron]. Potas- 
sium nitrate or saltpeter. N., Cubic, sod- 
ium nitrate. N., Sweet Spirit of (spiritus 
cetheris nitrosi, U. S. P.), spirit of nitrous ether, 
an alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrite. Dose 
in fever 20-30 min. (1.3-2.0 Cc); as a 
diuretic 30-60 min. (2-4 Cc). 

Nithsdale Neck. Goiter. 

Nitragin (ni-traj'-in). A nitrifying bacterial 
ferment obtained from the root-tubercles of 
leguminous plants. 

Nitrate (ni'-trat). A salt of nitric acid. 

Nitrated (ni'-tra-ted). Combined with nitric 
acid. 

Nitration (ni-tra' -shun) [nitric]. The process 
of combining or treating with nitric acid. 

Nitric (ni'-trik) [niter]. Pertaining to or con- 
taining niter. N. Acid. See Acid, Nitric. 
N.-acid Test, a test for albumin, consist- 
ing in the addition of nitric acid to the sus- 
pected fluid — if albumin is present, a precipi- 
tate is formed. The test is usually applied 
by superimposing the suspected fluid over the 
acid. Syn., Heller's test. 

Nitrification (ni-trif-ik-a' -shun) [niter; facere, 
to make]. The conversion of the nitrogen 
of ammonia and organic compounds into 
nitrous and nitric acids, a process constantly 



NITRIFYING 



685 NITROSOPHENYLDIMETHYLPYRAZOL 



going on in nature under the influence of cer- 
tain bacteria and other agencies. 

Nitrifying (ni'-tri}-i-ing). Converting into ni- 
trous and nitric acids. N. Bacillus. See 
under Bacteria'. 

Nitril (ni'-tril) [niter']. A compound of cyano- 
gen with an alcohol radicle in which the 
nitrogen is trivalent and the radicle is united 
to the remaining carbon atom. The nitrils are 
readily converted into acids. 

Nitrite (ni'-trit) [niter]. A salt of nitrous acid. 
See Amyl Nitrite, Potassium Nitrite, Sodium- 
Nitrite. The nitrites produce dilation of the 
blood-vessels, diminution of the blood-pres- 
sure, increased rapidity of the pulse, and 
depression of the motor centers in the spinal 
cord. They are used as antispasmodics in 
asthma and angina pectoris, in spasmodic 
dysmenorrhea, tetanus, epileptic and hysteric 
convulsions, and in cases of arteriosclerosis 
with high arterial tension. Full doses in man 
give rise to flushing of the face, throbbing, 
and headache. 

Nitro- (ni-tro-) [niter]. A prefix denoting 
combination with nitrogen or with the radicle 
NO,. 

Nitrobacteria (ni-tro-bak-te 1 '-re-ah) [nitro-; bac- 
teria]. Bacteria that convert ammonia into 
nitric acid. 

Nitrobenzol, Nitrobenzene {ni-tro-ben'-zol, ni- 
tro -ben' -zen), C 6 H 5 N0 2 . An oily, sweetish 
liquid made by the action of strong nitric 
acid on benzol. It is an intermediate product 
in the manufacture of anilin oil, and is em- 
ployed as a flavoring agent under the name 
of artificial oil of bitter almonds or oil of 
mirbane. It is a powerful poison, resembling 
hydrocyanic acid in action. Persons en- 
gaged in its manufacture often suffer from 
headache and drowsiness. 

Nitrobenzolism (ni-tro-ben'-zol-izm). Poison- 
ing by nitrobenzol through ingestion of some 
liquor containing it, through inhalation of its 
vapor, or through cutaneous absorption. 

Nitrocellulose {ni-tro-sel'-u-los). See Pyroxy- 
lin. 

Nitroerythrol {ni-tro-er'-ith-roT), C 4 H 6 (N0 3 ) 4 . 
Butine tetranitrate, obtained by dissolving 
erythrol in nitric acid; large glistening plates 
melting at 6i° C. It explodes on percussion; 
used in the same manner as nitroglycerin. 

Nitrogen {ni f -tro-jen) [nitro-; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. Symbol N; atomic weight 14; quan- 
tivalence I, in, v. A nonmetallic element 
existing free in the atmosphere, of which it 
constitutes about 77 % by weight. It is a 
colorless, odorless gas, incapable of sus- 
taining life. Chemically it is very inert, and 
combines directly with but few elements. It 
is an important constituent of all animal 
and vegetal tissues. With hydrogen it com- 
bines to form ammonia, from which a mul- 
titude of important compounds are derived. 
It forms several oxygen compounds: nitro- 
gen monoxid, N 2 0; nitrogen dioxid, NO; 
nitrogen trioxid, N 2 3 ; nitrogen tetroxid, N0 2 ; 
nitrogen pentoxid, N 2 O s . The oxids combine 



with water to form acids. With the halo- 
gens nitrogen forms very explosive com- 
pounds; nearly all explosive substances are 
compounds of nitrogen. N. -equilibrium, the 
state of an animal in which, during a definite 
period, the nitrogen of the excreta equals 
in amount the nitrogen of the food. 
Nitrogenous {ni-trof '-en-us) [nitrogen]. Con- 
taining nitrogen. 
Nitroglucose (ni-tro-glu' -kos) . A substance 
obtained from glucose by action of nitric 
and sulfuric acids. It is used as an arterial 
stimulant. Dose of 5 % solution \-i min. 
(0.016-0.065 Cc). 

Nitroglycerin {ni-tro-glis' -er-in) [nitro-; gly- 
cerin], C 3 H 5 (N0 3 ) 3 . Glonoin, a colorless, oily 
liquid produced by the action of sulfuric and 
nitric acids upon glycerol. It is a powerful 
explosive; physiologically it has the actions 
of the nitrites, but is more persistent than 
amyl nitrite, which it most resembles. Dose 
2M"M gr- (0.0003-0.0013 Gm.). N., Spirit 
of (spiritus glycerylis nitralis, U. S. P.), spirit 
of glyceryl trinitrate, a 1 % alcoholic solu- 
tion. Dose 1-2 min. (0.065-0.13 Cc). N., 
Tablets of (tabellce nitroglycerin, B. P.), 
contain each T ^ gr. (0.0006 Gm.) of 
nitroglycerin. 

Nitrohydrochloric Acid (ni-tro-hi-dro-klo'-rik). 
See Acid, Nitrohydrochloric. 

Nitrolevulose {ni-tro-lev' -u-loz). Dextrose ni- 
trate. It has properties similar to nitro- 
glycerin. 

Nitromonas {ni-tro-mo' -nas) [nitro-; p.ovac, 
unit]. A group of bacteria occurring in the 
soil, which convert ammonium salts into ni- 
trites and nitrites into nitrates. They will 
not grow in gelatin or other organic 
mediums. 

Nitromuriatic Acid {ni-tro-mu-re-at r -ik) . See 
Acid, Nitrohydrochloric. 

Nitropropiol {ni-tro-pro'-pe-oV). A preparation 
of orthonitrophenyl-propiolic acid and sodium 
carbonate; used for detecting sugar in the 
urine. N. Test for Sugar in the Urine, 
place 10 to 15 drops of urine in test-tube, add 
10 Cc. distilled water and a nitropropiol tablet, 
and heat two to four minutes. In the pres- 
ence of sugar there is first a green coloration, 
followed by an intensely blue color. This will 
indicate 0.3% of sugar, and only takes place 
if grape-sugar is actually present. If much 
albumin is present, first eliminate it by shak- 
ing with salt or chloroform. 

Nitroso- (ni-tro-so-) [niter]. A prefix signifying 
combination with nitrosyl, the univalent rad- 
icle NO. 

Nitrosobacter {ni-tro-so-bak'-ter). A rod-like 
form of nitrifying bacteria. 

Nitrosobacteria \ni-tro-so-bak-te' -re-ah). See 
Nitrobacteria. 

Nitrosomonas (ni-tro-so-mo'-nas). See Nitro- 
monas. 

Nitrosonitric Acid {ni-tro-so-ni'-trik) . Fuming 
nitric acid containing nitrous acid gas. 

Nitrosophenyldimethylpyrazol (ni-tro-so-fen- 
il-di-meth-il-pir'-az-ol), C 11 H 11 (NO)N 2 0. A 



NITROSYL 



686 



NONVALENT 



reaction-product of a solution of sodium 
nitrite with a solution of antipyrin in acidu- 
lated water; it is antipyretic, analgesic, and 
diuretic. Syn., I sonitrosoantipyrin. 

Nitrosyl {ni-tro'-sil). The univalent radicle 
NO. N. Sulfate, HSNO s , a nitrosyl substi- 
tution derivative of sulfuric acid; recom- 
mended as a disinfectant. 

Nitrous {ni'-trus) [niter], i. Containing nitro- 
gen as a univalent or trivalent element. 2. 
Pertaining to or derived from nitrous acid. 
N. Acid, HN0 2 , an acid having one atom 
of oxygen less than nitric acid. See Griess. 
N. Ether, C 2 H 5 N0 2 , ethyl nitrite, a very 
volatile liquid having properties similar to 
those of amyl nitrite. N. Oxid, N 2 0, used 
as a general anesthetic in dentistry and in 
minor surgery. Syn., Hyponitrous oxid; 
Laughing-gas; Nitrogen protoxid. See under 
Anesthetic. 

Nitroxyl {ni-troks'-il), N0 2 . A univalent radi- 
cle found in nitric acid. 

Nobel's (Le) Test for Acetone. A modifica- 
tion of Legal's test. Le N.'s Test for Bile- 
pigments, add to the liquid zinc chlorid and a 
few drops of tincture of iodin. A dichroic 
play of colors is the result. 

Noctambulation {nok-tam-bu-la'-shun) [nox, 
night; ambulare, to walk]. Sleep-walking. 

Noctiphobia {nok-te-fo' -be-ah) [nox, night; 
(f)6/3oc, fear]. Morbid fear of night and its 
darkness and silence; at times a distressing 
accompaniment of neurasthenia. 

Nocturnal {nok-tur'-nal) [nocturnus, pertaining 
to the night]. Pertaining to the night. N. 
Emission, N. Pollution, the discharge of 
semen without coitus during sleep. N. Enu- 
resis, incontinence of urine at night during 
sleep. N. Epilepsy, epilepsy in which the 
convulsions occur at night. 

Nodal {no'-dal) [nodus, a node]. Pertaining to 
a node. N. Point, the point of intersection 
of convergent rays of light with the visual 
axis of the eye. The first nodal point is 
6.9685 mm. behind the summit of the -cornea. 
The second nodal point is 7.3254 mm. behind 
the summit of the cornea, or 0.1254 mm. 
behind the lens. 

Nodding Spasm {nod'-ing spazm) . See Eclamp- 
sia nutans. 

Node {nod) [nodus, a node]. 1. A knob, swell- 
ing, or protuberance. 2. A point of narrow- 
ing or constriction. N., Parrot's, one of the 
bony prominences on the outer table of the 
skull, the result of syphilitic periostitis. N., 
Ranvier's, one of the constrictions occurring 
in the course of medullated nerve-fibers, where 
the sheath of Schwann lies upon the axis- 
cylinder. N., Syphilitic, the localized 
swelling on bones due to syphilitic peri- 
ostitis. 

Nodose {no'-doz). Characterized by nodes; 
jointed or swollen at intervals. 

Nodosity {no-do s' -it-e) [node]. 1. The state of 
having nodes. 2. A node. N., Bouchard's, 
a nodose condition of the second joints of 
the fingers, supposed to be indicative of gas- 



trectasis. N., Hagarth's, N., Heberden's, 

one of the firm nodules on the sides of the 
distal phalanges of the fingers in rheumatoid 
arthritis. 

Nodular {nod'-u-lar) [nodule]. Composed of or 
covered by nodules; resembling a nodule. 

Nodule {nod'-ul) [nodulus, dim. of nodus]. A 
small node. N.s ofArantius. See Corpora 
arantii. N. of Cerebellum, the anterior 
termination of the inferior vermiform process 
of the cerebellum. N.s, Endolymphangeal, 
small knobs formed within lymphatic vessels 
by localized masses of adenoid tissue. N., 
Lymph-, a more nearly correct term for 
lymph-follicle. N.s, Lymphangeial, N.s, 
Lymphatic, N,s, Lymphoid, localized 
masses of adenoid tissue consisting of branched 
nucleated corpuscles holding lymphoid cells 
in the spaces between them. N.s of Mor- 
gagni. Same as N.s of Arantius. 

Nodus {no'-dus). See Node. 

Noematachometer {no-e-ma-tak-om' -et-er) . See 
Nematachometer. 

Noli - me - tangere {no-le-ma-tan'-jer-e). See 
Ulcer, Rodent. 

Noma {no'-mah) [voptrj, a corroding sore]. A 
grave, usually fatal, form of stomatitis, oc- 
curring in debilitated children, generally dur- 
ing the convalescence from one of the exan- 
thems. It is characterized by the formation 
of a rapidly spreading ulcer involving the 
cheek and soon becoming gangrenous. It is 
a parainfectious disease due to Bacillus diph- 
theriticus. Syn., Cancrum oris; Gangrcena 
oris; Gangrenous stomatitis. N. pudendi, 
N. vulvae, a similar ulceration occurring 
about the genital region of female children. 

Nomadic {no-mad' -ik) [vojiag, roving]. Spread- 
ing; said of ulcers. 

Nonadherent {non-ad-he' -rent) [non, not; ad- 
hcerere, to adhere]. Not connected to an ad- 
jacent organ or part. 

Nonalbuminoid {non-al-bu' -min-oid) . A nitro- 
genous animal or vegetal compound of simpler 
composition than a proteid; nonproteid, e. g., 
the nitrogenous extractive of muscujar and 
connective tissue. 

Nonan {no'-nan) [nonus, ninth]. Occurring 
every ninth day, or having an exacerbation 
every ninth day. 

Non compos mentis {non kom'-pos men'-tis) 
[L.]. Of unsound mind. 

Nonconductor {non-kon-duk' -tor) . Any sub- 
stance not transmitting electricity or heat. 

Nonigravida {non-i-grav' -id-ah) [nonus, ninth; 
gravida, a pregnant woman]. A woman 
pregnant for the ninth time. 

Nonipara {non-ip' -ar-ah) [nonus, ninth; parere, 
to bring forth]. A woman who has been in 
labor nine times. 

Nonmetal {non-metf -al) . An element that is 
not a metal. 

Nonproteid {non-pro' -te-id). See Nonalbu- 
minoid. 

Nonus {no'-nus) [L., "ninth"]. The glosso- 
pharyngeal nerve. 

Nonvalent (non-va'-lent). Without chemic 



NONVIABLE 



687 



NOSOMANIA 



valency; incapable of entering into chemic 
composition. 

Nonviable {non-vi'-ab-l). Incapable of living. 

(von) Noorden Treatment. See Oat Treatment. 

Nordauism {nor' -dow-izm) [Nordau, a German 
writer on degeneracy]. Degeneracy. 

Nori {no' -re). A Japanese gelatin obtained 
from Porphyra vulgaris, employed in cultivat- 
ing protozoa. 

Norm, [norma, a rule or measure]. A standard. 

Norma {nor'-mah). In anatomy, a view 
or aspect, essentially of the skull. N. bas- 
ilaris, the view of the skull looking toward 
the inferior aspect. N. facialis, the aspect 
looking toward the face. N. lateralis, a 
profile view. N. occipitalis, the aspect 
looking toward the back of the skull. N. 
verticalis, the aspect viewed from above, 
or that directed toward the top of the 
skull. 

Normal {nor' -mat) [norma]. i. Conforming 
to natural order or law. 2. Having the 
typical structure. N. Antitoxic Serum, N. 
Therapeutic Serum, an antitoxic blood- 
serum of which 0.1 Gm. is sufficient to neu- 
tralize ten times the fatal dose of toxin for a 
guinea-pig weighing 300 Gm. N. Salt Solu- 
tion, N. Saline Solution, an aqueous solution 
of sodium chlorid of a strength similar to 
that of the body -fluids — usually 0.6 to 0.75 %. 
N. Solution, a solution containing in one 
liter a quantity of the reagent equal to the 
molecular weight in grams, and reduced so 
that the replaceable hydrogen or its equivalent 
represents one gram. A decinormal solution 
is one of one-tenth the strength, and a centi- 
normal solution one of one-hundredth the 
strength, of the normal solution. 

Normoblast {nor' -mo-blast) [norma; (3\aor6(;, 
a germ]. A nucleated* red corpuscle of the 
same size as an ordinary red corpuscle. 

Normocyte {nor 1 '-mo-sit) [norma; kLtoc, a 
cell]. A red blood-corpuscle of normal size 

(7-5 A*)- 

Normotonic {nor -mo-ton' -ik) [norma; xovog, a 
stretching]. Relating to normal muscular 
contraction; to a muscle working under nor- 
mal physiologic conditions. 

Norris" Colorless Corpuscles. See Cor- 
puscles, Norris, Invisible. 

Nose {noz) [AS., nosu]. The prominent 
organ occupying the center of the face, the 
upper part {regio olfactoria) of which con- 
stitutes the organ of smell, the lower part 
{regio respiratoria) represents the commence- 
ment of the respiratory tract, in which the 
inspired air is warmed, moistened, and de- 
prived of impurities. The nose consists of 
two symmetric cavities, separated by a sep- 
tum, and is lined internally by mucous 
membrane {schneiderian membrane). N.- 
piece, a mechanic device to be attached to 
the tube of a microscope for holding two, 
three, or four objectives. 

Nosebleed {noz' -bled). A hemorrhage from 
the nose. Syn., Epistaxis. 

Nosegay, Riolan's. The entire group of 



muscles arising from the styloid process of 

the temporal bone. 
Nosema {nos-e'-mah) [voooc, disease]. 1. Ill- 
ness; disease. 2. A genus of Schizomycetes. 

N. bombycis. See under Bacteria. 
Noseresthesia {nos-er-es-the'-ze-ah) [nosema; 

a'cod-qocc, perception]. Perverted sensibility. 
Noserous (nos'-e-rus) [nosema]. Diseased; 

unhealthy. 
Noso- {nos-o-) [voaoc, disease]. A prefix signify- 
ing disease. 
Nosocarya {nos-o-kar'-i-a) [noso-; napuov, a 

nut]. Ergot of rye. 
Nosochorologia {nos-o-kor-o-lb'-je-ah). See 

Nosochthonography. 
Nosochthonography {nos - ok - thon - og'-raf-e) 

[noso-; x®uv, the earth; jpafaiv, to write]. 

Geography of endemic diseases; medical 

geography. 
Nosogeny {nos-o]' -en-e) [noso-; yevvdv, to 

beget]. The development of diseases. 



ACCESSORY 
CARTILAGES 




Front View of the Skeleton of the Nose. — {Gerrish, 

after Testut.) 

The upper lateral cartilage is labeled "lateral cart."; the 

lower, " alar cart." 

Nosogeography {nos-o-je-og'-raf-e). See Nos- 
ochthonography. 

Nosographer {nos-og'-raf-er) [see Nosography]. 
One who writes descriptions of diseases. 

Nosography {nos-og'-ra-fe) [noso-; j-pafeiv, to 
write]. A treatise on diseases 

Nosohemia {nos-o-he' -me-ah) [noso-; al/xa, 
blood]. Disease of the blood. 

Nosointoxication {nos-o-in-toks-ik-a' -shun) 
[noso-; intoxication]. Autointoxication caused 
by pathologic processes which alter the nor- 
mal course of metabolism in such a way as 
to produce harmful products. 

Nosology {nos-ol'-o-je) [noso-; X6yog, science]. 
The science of the classification of diseases. 

Nosomania {nos-o-ma' -ne-ah) [noso-; p.av'ta, 
madness]. 1. A morbid dread of disease. 
2. A delusion that one is suffering from 
disease. 



NOSONOMY 



NOTCH 



Nosonomy [nos-on' -o-me) \noso-; bvo/ia, name]. 
The nomenclature of diseases. 

Nosoparasites inos-o-par '-as-itz) \noso-; para- 
site]. Microorganisms found in conjunction 
with a disease process, which, while capable 
of modifying the course of the disease, are 
not its cause. 

Nosophen (nos f -o-/en), C 6 H 4 C 2 2 (C 6 H 2 I 2 OH) 2 . 
Tetraiodophenolphthalein, a yellowish - gray 
powder without odor or taste, insoluble in 
water or acids, slightly soluble in alcohol, 
more soluble in ether, chloroform, or alkalis. 
It is used externally as a substitute for iodo- 
form, internally for catarrh of the stomach 
and intestine. Dose 5-8 gr. (0.3-0.5 Gm.). 
Syn., Iodophen. 



Nosotrophy (nos-ot'-ro-fe) \noso-; rpocf)7j, nour- 
ishment]. 1. The nourishment of disease. 
2. The care of the sick. 

Nostalgia (nos-tal'-je-ah) [voaroc, a return; 
aXjoc, pain]. Homesickness. 

Nostoc (nos'-tok) [Ger., Nostoch]. A genus of 
alga? having a gelatinous nature. 

Nostosite (nos'-to-sit) [voozoc, a return; a'cxoc, 
food], A parasite situated in or upon its 
permanent host. 

Nostrate (nos'-trat) [noster, ours]. Endemic. 

Nostril [nos'-tril) [AS., nosu, nose; thyrl, a 
hole]. One of the external orifices of the 
nose. 

Nostrum (nos'-trum) [noster, ours]. A quack 
medicine; a secret medicine. 




Transverse Section of the Nasal Fossas. — (Holden.) 
1. Nasal septum. 2. Anterior extremity of middle turbinated bone. 3. Middle meatus 
ated bone. 5. Inferior meatus. 6. Lacrimal canal. 7. Canaliculi 
mucous membrane. 10. Maxillary sinus or antrum of Highmore. 



4. Section of inferior turbin- 
Nasal canal. 9. Section of reflected 



Nosophobia (nos-o-fo'-be-ah). See Nosomania. 
Nosophyte (nos'-o-Jit) \noso-; <J)0t6v, a plant]. 

Any pathogenic vegetable microorganism. 
Nosopoietic (nos-o-poi-et'-ik) [noso-; noce'cv, 

to make]. Causing disease. 
Nosotaxy (nos'-o-taks-e). See Nosonomy. 
Nosotoxic (nos-o-toks'-ik). Relating to noso- 

toxin. 
Nosotoxicosis (nos-o-toks-ik-o'-sis) [see Noso- 

toxin]. An abnormal condition referable to 

the presence of toxic basic products formed 

in the system in disease. 
Nosotoxin {nos-o-toks' -in) [noso-; to^ckov, a 

poison]. A toxin generated in the body by 

a pathogenic microorganism, 



Notal {no'-tal) [vcbrov, the back]. Pertaining 
to the back; dorsal. 

Notanencephalia (no - tan - en - sej - a'- le - ah) 
[vdjrov, the back; avejuk^aXoc;, without 
brain]. Congenital absence of the dorsal part 
of the cranium. 

Notch [O. Du., nock]. A deep indentation. N., 
Acetabular, the cotyloid notch. N., Clavic- 
ular, a depression at the upper end of 
the sternum articulating with the clavicle. 
N., Coracoid. See N., Suprascapular. 
N., Cotyloid, the notch in the acetabulum 
near to the obturator foramen. N., Iliac, 
Greater, N., Ischiadic, Greater. See N., 
Sacrosciatic. N., Interlobar (of the liver), 



NOTENCEPHALUS 



689 



NUCLEIN 



the notch in the ventral border of the liver de- 
marcating the right and left lobes. N., In- 
tervertebral, one of the depressions on the 
vertebral pedicles, either on the upper or the 
lower surface. The apposition of two notches 
of the contiguous vertebras forms the interver- 
tebral foramen. N., Ischiatic. See N., 
Sacrosciatic. N., Jugular, a notch forming 
the posterior boundary of the jugular foramen. 
N., Nasal, an uneven interval between the in- 
ternal angular processes of the frontal bone, 
which articulates with the nasal bone and the 
nasal process of the superior maxillary bone. 
N., Popliteal, the depression on the posterior 
surface of the head of the tibia, separating 
the two tuberosities. N. of Rivinus. See 
Rivinian Notch. N., Sacrococcygeal, the 
lateral notch at the point of union of the 
coccyx and sacrum. N., Sacrosciatic, one 
of two notches on the posterior edge of the 
innominate bone. The greater notch is just 
above the spine of the ischium, and is con- 
verted into a foramen by the lesser sacro- 
sciatic ligament; the lesser notch is below 
the spine of the ischium, and is converted 
into a foramen by the sacrosciatic ligaments. 
N., Scapular, one at the back of the neck 
of the scapula through which the supra- 
spinous and infraspinous fossas communicate. 
N., Semilunar. See ' N., Suprascapular. 
N., Sigmoid, a deep semilunar depression 
separating the coronoid and condyloid pro- 
cesses of the inferior maxillary bone. N., 
Sphenopalatine, the notch that separates 
the orbital and sphenoid processes of the 
palate bone. N., Suprascapular, a notch 
in the superior border of the scapula at the 
base of the coracoid process, for the passage 
of the suprascapular nerve. N., Supra- 
sternal, the depression at the top of the 
manubrium, between the two sternoclavicular 
articulations. N., Tympanic. See Rivinian 
Notch. 

Notencephalus (no-tense f'-al-us) [vojtov, the 
back; encephalon]. A variety of monster 
in which the cranial contents are in large 
part outside the skull, resting upon the back 
of the neck. 

Nothnagel's Symptom. Paralysis of the 
facial muscles, which is less marked on vol- 
untary movements than on movements con- 
nected with emotions. This symptom has 
been noticed in cases of tumor of the optic 
thalamus. N.'s Test, a crystal of sodium 
chlorid placed upon the serous surface of any 
portion of the intestine of the rabbit causes 
ascending peristalsis. This test has been ap- 
plied to ascertain the direction of the bowel 
in operations upon man, but has not been 
found wholly reliable. N.'s Type of Facial 
Paralysis. See N.'s Symptom. 

Nothrous (no'-thrus) [vwdpog, sluggish]. Drowsy; 
slow; languid; torpid. 

Notifiable (no-tif-i'-ah-bl) [notificare, to make 
known]. Applied to a disease which should 
be made known to a board of health or other 
authorities. 
45 



Notochord (no'-to-kord) [vcurov, the back; Z°P°V> 
a cord]. An elongated cord of cells inclosed 
in a structureless sheath, which in the embryo 
represents the vertebral column ; the chorda 
dorsalis, or primitive backbone. 

Notomelus (no-tom'-el-us) [vtirov, the back; 
[ikXoc, a limb]. A form of double monster 
in which the rudimentary limbs are attached 
to the back. 

Notomyelitis {no-to-mi-el-i' -tis) [vcurov, the 
back; myelitis]. Inflammation of the spinal 
cord. 

Noxa (noks'-ah) [L.]. An injurious principle; 
especially a pathogenic microorganism or 
other mater ies morbi. 

Noxious (nok'-shus) [noxius, harmful]. Harm- 
ful; poisonous or deleterious. 

N-rays. See Rays, N-. 

Nubecula (nu-bek'-u-lah) [dim. of nubes, a 
cloud]. i. The cloudiness caused by the 
suspension of insoluble matter in the urine. 
2. A cloudiness of the cornea. 

Nubility inu-bil' -it-e) [nubere, to marry]. The 
state of sexual development when marriage 
may be consummated. 

Nucha (nu'-kah) [L.]. The nape of the neck. 

Nuchal (nu'-kal) [nucha]. Pertaining to the 
nape of the neck. 

Nuck's Canal. The canal formed by Nuck's 
diverticulum. N.'s Diverticulum, the peri- 
toneal covering of the round ligament of the 
uterus, which in the child can be traced for a 
short distance into the inguinal canal. N.'s 
Gland. See Blandin 's Gland. 

Nuclear (nu'-kle-ar) [nucleus]. Pertaining to 
or resembling a nucleus. N. Figures, the 
peculiar arrangement of the mitome during 
karyokinesis. N. Layer, a stratum of gray 
matter in the cortex of the brain. N. Paral- 
ysis, paralysis from lesions of the nuclei of 
origin of the nerves. N. Plate, i. The equa- 
torial plate, formed by the chromosomes 
during the prophases of mitosis. 2. The 
septum which sometimes divides the nucleus 
in amitotic division. N. Spindle, delicate 
strias appearing in the nucleus undergoing 
mitosis, arranged with the apexes pointing 
toward the poles of the future nuclei. Its 
function probably is to guide the movements 
of the mitome threads. N. Stain, a pigment 
showing a strong affinity for nuclei. 

Nuclease {nu' -kle-az) . i. An immunizing 
enzym found in cultures of Bacillus pyo- 
cyaneus and other organisms. 2. A proposed 
general term to designate any of the bacterio- 
lytic enzyms, because they digest the nucleo- 
proteids of the bacterial cells. 

Nucleated {nu' -kle-a-ted) {nucleus]. Possessing 
a nucleus. 

Nucleid {nu' -kle-id) . A compound of nucleol 
with an oxid of some metal (iron, copper, 
silver, mercury, etc.). 

Nuclein (nu'-kle-in) [nucleus], C 29 H 49 N 9 P 3 22 . 
An amorphous substance resembling the 
proteids, and forming the essential chemic 
constituent of all living cells. It is composed 
of nucleic acid and a base; the former seems 



NUCLEINATE 



690 



NUCLEUS 



to be the same for all nucleins, but the base 
varies. Nucleins are generally insoluble in 
dilute acids and soluble in dilute alkalis. 
They are supposed to represent the germicidal 
constituent of blood-serum. N. -therapy, 
the employment of nuclein from different 
glands and blood-serum in the treatment 
of disease. 

Nucleinate {nu 1 ' -kle-in-at) . A white, soluble 
powder used as a diagnostic aid in tubercu- 
losis. Dose 30-45 gr. (2-3 Gm.). 

Nucleo- {nu-kle-o-) [nucleus]. A prefix meaning 
relating to a nucleus or to nuclein. 

Nucleoalbumin {nu-kle-o-al-bu'-min) [nucleo-; 
albumin]. A compound of a proteid and 
nuclein, occurring in cell-protoplasm. 

Nucleofugal {nu-kle-o}' -u- gal) [nucleo-; fugere, 
to flee]. Moving from a nucleus. 

Nucleohiston {nu-kle-o-his' -ton) [nucleo-; fordf, 
tissue]. 1. A substance composed of nuclein 
and histon found in the leukocytes of the 
blood. Nuclein induces coagulation of the 
blood; histon prevents it. The liquid state 
of the blood is supposed to be dependent on 
the integrity of the compound formed by 
these two bodies. 2. An albuminoid sub- 
stance obtained from lymph and thymus 
gland of calves; a white powder, soluble in 
water, alkalis, and mineral acids. It is used 
as a bactericide. 

Nucleoid {nu'-kle-oid) [nucleo-; eldoc, like]. 

1. Shaped like a nucleus. 2. A finely granu- 
lar or fibrillar substance in the red corpuscles 
formed from the original nucleus. 

Nucleol {nu'-kle-ol). Nuclein obtained from 
yeast. 

Nucleolar {nu-kle'-o-lar) [nucleolus]. Pertain- 
ing to the nucleolus. 

Nucleolus {nu-kle'-o-lus) [dim. of nucleus]. 
The small spheric body within the cell- 
nucleus. Its true function has not as yet 
been established. 

Nucleon {nu'-kle-on). See Paranucleon. 

Nucleonic {nu-kle-on'-ik). Pertaining to the 
nucleus. 

Nucleopetal {nu-kle-o p'-et-al) [nucleo-; petere, 
to seek]. Seeking the nucleus: said of the 
movement of the male pronucleus toward the 
female pronucleus. 

Nucleoplasm {nu' -Me -o - plazm) [nucleo-; 
plasma]. 1. The protoplasm of the nucleus. 

2. Chromatin. 

Nucleoproteids {nu-kle-o-pro' '-te-ids) . Com- 
pound proteids which yield true nucleins on 
pepsin digestion, and also those which, on 
being boiled with dilute mineral acids, yield, 
besides proteids, xanthin bases. They occur 
chiefly in the cell-nuclei, and are widely dif- 
fused in the animal body. 

Nucleoreticulum {nu-kle-o-ret-ik' -u-lum) [nu- 
cleo-; reticulum, a net]. Any network con- 
tained within a nucleus. 

Nucleotherapy {nu-kle-o-ther' -ap-e) . See Nu- 
clein-therapy. 

Nucleotoxin {nu-kle-o-toks' -in) [nucleo-; to^ckov, 
a poison]. A toxin derived from cell-nuclei; 
any toxin affecting the nuclei of cells. 



Nucleus {nu'-kle-us) [nucleus, from nux, a 
nut]. 1. The essential part of a typical cell, 
usually round in outline, and situated near 
the center. 2. The center around which the 
mass of a crystal aggregates. 3. The central 
element in a compound, as the carbon in 
hydrocarbons. 4. A collection of gray matter 
in the central nervous system having a dis- 
tinct function. 5. The deep origin of a nerve. 
N. abducens, N., Abducent, N. abducentis, 
a gray nucleus giving origin to the abducens 
and facial nerves, situated within the fasciculus 
teres, behind the trigeminal nucleus, on the 
floor of the fourth ventricle. Syn., Nidus 
abducentis. N., Accessoriovago glosso- 
pharyngeal, a columnar tract of nerve-cells 
extending from the level of the calamus 
scriptorius to that of the auditory strias, 
and from which the accessory vagus and 
glossopharyngeal nerves arise in succession 
from below upward. N. ambiguus, N., 
Anterior, a collection of nerve-cells near the 
nucleus of the vagus. N. amygdalae, an 
irregular aggregation of gray matter situated at 
the apex of the temporal lobe of the brain, 
between it and the apex of the middle ventric- 
ular horn. Nuclei anterolateralis, the nu- 
clei of the lateral column. Nuclei, Auditory, 
the nuclei in the oblongata giving rise to the 
auditory nerves. N., Auditory, External. 
See N. ma gno cellular is. N.,. Auditory In- 
ternal, a columnar tract of small multipolar 
cells embedded in the auditory eminence. 
N. of Bechterew, an ill-defined group of 
ganglion-cells lying dorsad of Deiters' nucleus, 
and supposed to give origin to some of the 
fibers of the middle root of the auditory nerve. 
Syn., Nucleus vestibularis. N., Beclard's, 
a vascular bony nucleus, of lenticular shape, 
appearing in the cartilage of the lower epiphy- 
sis of the femur during the thirty-seventh 
week of fetal life. N., Bony, the center of 
ossification. N., Burdach's. See N. funi- 
culi cuneati. N., Caudal. See A7"., Oculo- 
motor. N., Caudate, the intraventricular 
part of the corpus striatum. N. centralis, 
the corpus dentatum. N. cinereus, a term 
sometimes used to designate the gray sub- 
stance of the restiform bodies. N., Clavate, 
Burdach's nucleus. N., Cleavage-. See N., 
Segmentation-. N., Cuneate, N., Cuneate, In- 
ternal, Burdach's nucleus. N., Daughter-, 
one of the nuclei (usually two) produced by 
the division of a mother nucleus. See Karyo- 
kinesis. N., Deiters'. See N. magnocellu- 
laris. N. dentatus, a folded layer of gray mat- 
ter in the mesal part of the corresponding 
cerebellar hemisphere, and close to the roof of 
the fourth ventricle. N., Edinger's. See Edin- 
ger's Nucleus. N., Edinger-Westphal's. See 
Edinger-W estphaV s Nucleus. N. emboli- 
formis, a small mass of gray matter situated in 
the interval between the nucleus dentatus and 
nucleus fastigii, and lying nearer the former. 
N., Facial, one in the reticula at the back of 
the pons, giving origin to the seventh or facial 
nerve. N. fastigii, a flat expanse of gray mat- 






NUCLEUS 



691 



NUHN'S GLAND 



ter on each side of the inferior vermiform pro- 
cess of the cerebellum, directly over the roof of 
the fourth ventricle. N. fimbriatus. Syno- 
nym of Corpus dentation. N. funiculi cu- 
neati, a mass of gray matter of the posterior 
column of the medulla, lying beneath the 
funiculus cuneatus. N. funiculi gracilis, 
an elongated, club-shaped mass of gray 
matter in the mesal portion of the posterior 
column of the medulla. N., Germinal, the 
nucleus resulting from the union of the male 
and female pronuclei. N., Gingival, a part 
of the cerebellum in the fetus (between the 
third and fourth months) which bears some 
resemblance to the gums. N., Globic, N. 
globosus, the globulus, a number of small 
round or oval masses of gray matter situated 
in the interval between the nucleus dentatus 
and nucleus fastigii, lying near to, and proba- 
bly an accessor)' detachment of, the latter. 
N. gracilis, a column of gray matter in the 
posterior pyramid of the medulla oblongata. 
If., Gray, the gray matter of the spinal cord. 
N., Hypoglossal, a columnar tract of large 
multipolar nerve-cells embedded in the cinerea 
of the terete funicle in the inferior triangle 
of the fourth ventricle, and giving origin to 
the nerve-fibers forming the rootlets of the 
hypoglossal nerve. N. hypothalami cus, 
the subthalamus. N., Insular, one entirely 
separated from adjoining masses of gray 
matter. N., Intermediolateral. See 

Column, Intermediolateral. N., Intermedul- 
lary, Great, the external and internal audi- 
tor}- nuclei considered as one. N., Intra- 
ventricular, the caudate nucleus. N. 
juxtaolivaris. See Olive, Accessory. N., 
Kolliker's, the gray matter surrounding the 
canal of the spinal cord. N., Laryngeal, the 
nucleus of origin of the nerve-fibers of the 
larynx. N., Lateral, that part of the cornu 
of the cord ascending in the oblongata behind 
the olivary body. N., Lenticular, N. lenti- 
formis, the extra ventricular portion of the 
corpus striatum, lying between the internal 
and external capsules. N. of Luys, an 
almond-shaped mass of gray matter with pig- 
mented ganglion-cells in the subthalamic re- 
gion. N. magnocellularis, a nucleus of gray 
matter in the medulla oblongata, situated 
mesad of the restiform column at the level of 
entry of the auditory nerve-roots. Syn., 
Belters' nucleus. N., Mesencephalic (of the 
trigeminal nerve), a group of large nerve- 
cells in the gray matter surrounding the 
sylvian aqueduct. N., Mesoblastic, a 
nucleus of a cell belonging to the mesoblast. 
N., Mother-, a cell that is in course of divi- 
sion into two or more parts called daughter- 
nuclei. See Karyokinesis. N., Motor, 
a collection of nerve-cells in the central 
nervous system giving origin to a motor nerve. 
N., Oculomotor, the nucleus of the oculo- 
motor nerve, lying dorsad of the posterior 
longitudinal bundle, under the aqueduct of 
Sylvius. N., Olivary, a folded mass of gray 
matter in the medulla oblongata, producing 



a swelling on the surface — the olivary body. 
N., Olivary, Accessory. See Olive, Acces- 
sory. N. of Origin, the collection of ganglion- 
cells in the central nervous system giving 
origin to a nerve. N., Ossific. See N., 
Bony. N., Peripheral. See N., In- 
sular. N., Perlia's. See N., Spitzka's. 
N., Polymorphic, a cell nucleus which 
assumes irregular forms. Nuclei, Pontile, 
N. pontis, scattered gray matter included 
in the intervals in the bundles of fibers of 
the ventral portion of the pons. Syn., Nidi 
pontis. N., Postpyramidal, a gray nucleus 
in the oblongata giving origin to the posterior 
pyramid., N. pyramidalis, the inner acces- 
sor}' olivary nucleus. N., Red. See A 7 ., 
Tegmental. ' N., Respiratory, N. of Res- 
spiration, Clarke's column. N., Restiform, 
the gray matter of the restiform body. N. 
ruber. ' See N., Tegmental. PL, Sacral, 
a mass of gray matter in the spinal 
cord at the level of the origins of the second 
and third spinal nerves. N., Sagittal, the 
middle part of the oculomotor nucleus. N., 
Secondary. See Paranucleus. N., Seg- 
mentation-, the nucleus that appears shortly 
after the fusion of the male and female pro- 
nuclei; the last step in the process of fertiliza- 
tion; it is so called because within it cleav-" 
age is first established. N., Spermatic, 
the male pronucleus. N., Spitzka's, the 
central nucleus of the oculomotor group 
in the gray matter below the sylvian aqueduct. 
N., Stilling's. Same as A"., Tegmental. 
N., Styloid, a bony nodule contained in the 
cartilages which unite the lesser cornua with 
the body of the hyoid. N., Subependymal, 
the internal nucleus of the eighth or auditor}- 
nerve, lying just beneath the ependyma of 
the fourth ventricle. N., Tegmental, N. 
tegmenti, red nucleus; a mass of reticular 
substance in the tegmentum of the crus 
cerebri, to the inner side of the substantia 
nigra. N., Trigeminal, several groups of 
nerve-cells ventrad of the facial nucleus below 
the lateral angle of the fourth ventricle. 
N., Trochlear, the ganglionic gray substance 
surrounding the sylvian aqueduct and giving 
origin to the fibers of the fourth nerve. N. 
of the Vagus, that part of the accessorio va- 
goglossopharyngeal nucleus giving origin to 
the pneumogastric nerve. N., Vesicular, a 
rather large cell-nucleus, the membranes of 
which stain deeply, while the central portion 
remains relatively pale. N. vestibularis. 
See N. of Bec'hterew. N., Vitelline, a 
nucleus resulting from the fusion of the male 
and female pronuclei within the vitellus. N., 
Westphal's, the nucleus of origin of a part 
of the trochlear nerve-fibers; it is situated 
posteriorly to the trochlear nucleus proper. 
N., White, the white substance of the dentate 
body of the olive. 

Nuel's Space. A triangular space between 
the outer hair-cells and the outer rods of 
Corti of the internal ear. 

Nuhn's Gland. See Blandin's Gland. 



NULLIPARA 



692 NYLANDER'S TEST FOR GLUCOSE 



Nullipara inul-ip' -ar-aK) [nullus, none; par ere, 
to bring forth]. A woman who has never 
borne a child. 

Nulliparity [nul-ip-ar' -it-e) [nullipara]. The 
condition of being nulliparous. 

Nulliparous (nul-ip' -ar-us) [nullipara]. Hav- 
ing never borne children. 

Nummular {num'-u-lar) [nummus, z. coin]. 
Resembling a coin in form, as nummular 
sputum; resembling rouleaux or rolls of coin. 

Nummulation {num-u-la'-shun). The aggre- 
gation of blood-corpuscles into rolls resemb- 
ling rolls of coin. 

Nunn's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles, Bennett's. 

Nurse's Contracture. Tetany occurring in 
nursing women. 

Nussbaum's Cell. One of the four kinds of 
epithelial cells forming the peptic glands; its 
function is unknown. 

Nutation (nu-ta' '-shun) [nutatus, to nod]. 
Nodding or oscillation. N. of Sacrum, a 
partial rotation of the sacrum on its trans- 
verse axis, whereby the distance between the 
upper extremity or the lower extremity and 
the anterior pelvic wall is increased. 

Nutmeg [ME., nutmegge]. The seed of 
various species of Myristica, of the order 
MyristicecB. The kernel of the ripe seed of 
Myristica fragrans is the myristica of the 
U. S. P. and B. P., and is the source of a 
volatile oil. Nutmeg is employed as a con- 
diment, as a corrective and mild flavoring 
agent, and it has also slight narcotic proper- 
ties. Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). N., 
Oil of {oleum myristicce, U. S. P., B. P.), con- 
tains a stearopten, myristin, which is the 
glycerid of myristic acid, C 16 H 28 2 . Dose 
2-3 min. (0.13-0.2 Cc). N., Oil of, Ex- 
pressed (oleum myristicce expressum, B. P.), 
the oil of mace. 

Nutone (nu'-ton). A nutritive tonic said to 
consist of cod-liver oil, malt-extract, beef- 
juice, and glycerol emulsion, each, 25%; 
calcium hypophosphite, 1 gr. ; sodium hypo- 
phosphite, 1 gr. ; tincture of nux vomica, 1 
drop in each teaspoonful. 

Nutrabin (nu'-ira-bin). A dietetic prepared 
from proteids of milk and beef; a brown 
powder flavored with vanilla. 

Nutrient (nu f -tre-ent) [see Nutriment]. 1. Af- 
fording nutrition. 2. A substance that 
nourishes; a food. 

Nutriment (nu' -trim-ent) [nutrire, to nourish]. 
Anything that nourishes. 

Nutrition (nu-trish' -un) [nutriment]. The 
process by which tissue is built up and waste 
repaired. 

Nutrose {nu'-troz). Neutral casein sodium, 
a soluble powder containing 13.8% of nitro- 
gen, used as a food in intestinal disorders. 

Nux vomica (nuks vom'-ik-ah) [nux, a nut; 
vomica, vomit]. The seed of Strychnos nux- 
vomica, an Indian tree of the order Logania- 
cece. It contains several alkaloids, the most 
important being strychnin and brucin (q. v.), 
which are united with a peculiar acid called 
igasuric acid. In small doses it is a bitter 



tonic, stimulating gastric digestion; it raises 
blood-pressure by stimulating the heart and 
the vasomotor center, and stimulates the 
respiratory center and the motor centers of 
the spinal cord. In overdoses it produces 
tetanic convulsions and risus sardonicus; the 
reflex excitability is enormously increased, 
and the slightest stimulus serves to bring on 
a convulsion. Death usually occurs from 
asphyxia (cramp-asphyxia), and more rarely 
from exhaustion. Nux vomica, or strychnin, 
is employed in dyspepsia, in convalescence 
from acute diseases, *in acute infectious dis- 
eases, in shock, in poisoning by chloroform 
and opium, in emphysema, phthisis, and 
other conditions associated with dyspnea, in 
chronic bronchitis, in constipation, in atony 
of the bladder, in lead-palsy, and in amaurosis 
from tobacco or alcohol. Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065- 
0.32 Gm.) N. vomica, Extract of {extractum 
nucis vomica, U. S. P.). Dose ^— | gr. (0.01- 
0.016 Gm.). N. vomica, Fluidextract of 
{jluidextr actum nucis vomicae, U. S. P.). Dose 
1-5 min. (0.065-0.32 Cc). N. vomica, 
Tincture of (tinctura nucis vomicae, U. S. P.). 
Dose 5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). 

Nyctalgia (nik-tal'-je-ah) [vu£, night; alyoc, 
pain]. Pain which occurs chiefly during the 
night, e. g., the osteocopic pains of syphilis. 

Nyctalop (nik'-ta-lop) [v6£, night; a><j>, the 
eye]. One who sees better at night or in 
semidarkness than in a bright light. 

Nyctalopia (nik-tal-o' -pe-ah) [see Nyctalop]. 1. 
Night- vision; the condition in which the 
sight is better by night or in semidarkness 
than by daylight. It is a symptom of central 
scotoma, the more dilated pupil at night 
allowing a better illumination of the periph- 
eral portions of the retina. Dr. Greenhill and 
Mr. Tweedy have shown that according to the 
quite universal usage of modern times, the 
definitions of the words nyctalopia and 
hemeralopia have been the reverse of those of 
the early Greek and Latin writers. The 
proper derivation, therefore, of nyctalopia 
would be vu£, night; aXaoc, blind; axp, eye, the 
word meaning night-blindness. Hemeralopia 
was likewise derived from rjptepa, day; dXaoc, 
blind; a>(/>, eye, and meant day-blindness. 
The attempt to reinstate the ancient usage can 
result only in confusion, and the words should, 
therefore, never be used. 

Nycterine (nik' -ter-en) [vunTEptvoe, nightly]. 
1. Occurring in the night. 2. Obscure. 

Nyctophobia (nik-to-}o f -be-ah) [vu$, night; 
4>6ftoc, fear]. Insane dread of the night. 

Nycturia (nik-tu f -re-ah) [v6$, night; obpov, 
urine]. Nocturnal urinary incontinence. 

Nylander's Test for Glucose. Dissolve 4 Gm. 
of rochelle salts in 100 Cc. of a solution of 
caustic potash (10%), and add 2 Gm. of 
bismuth subnitrate; place on the water-bath 
until as much of the bismuth salt is dissolved 
as possible; on heating 10 volumes of urine 
with 1 volume of the foregoing solution a 
black coloration or the precipitation of phos- 
phates is produced in the presence of glucose. 



NYMPHA 



693 



OBLIGATE 



Nympha (nim'-fah) [vuij.<f>r], nymph]. A labium 
minus of the vulva. 

Nymphectomy, Nymphotomy (nim-fek' -to- 
me, nim-fot' -o-me) [nympha; eKzo/jLT), exci- 
sion]. Surgical removal of one or both 
nymphas. 

Nymphitis (nim-fi'-tis) [nympha; exec;, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the nymphas. 

Nymphomania (nim-jo-ma' -ne-ah) [nympha; 
fiavca, madness]. Excessive sexual desire on 
the part of a woman. 

Nymphomaniac {nim-jo-ma' -ne-ak) [see Nym- 
phomania}. One affected with nymphomania. 

Nymphoncus (nim-jong' '-kus) [nympha; oynog, 
tumor]. Tumor of the nympha. 



Nystagmus (ni-stag'-mus) [vuexa^eev, to nod 
in sleep]. An oscillatory movement of the 
eyeballs. It may be congenital or dependent 
on intracranial disease, especially meningitis, 
on multiple sclerosis, etc. N., Cheyne's, N., 
Cheyne-Stokes'. See Cheyne-Stokes' Nys- 
tagmus. N., Lateral, oscillation of the eyes 
in the horizontal meridian. N., Rotatory, 
an oscillatory, partial rolling of the eyeball 
around the visual axis. N., Vertical, oscil- 
latory movement in the vertical meridian. 

Nysten's Law. Rigor mortis begins in the 
muscles of mastication, extends to the facial 
and neck muscles, then to the trunk and arms, 
and finally to the lower extremities. 



O 



O. The symbol of oxygen; also the abbreviation 
of oculus, eye, and of octarius, a pint. 

Oak (ok) [AS., ac\. A genus of trees, 
Quercus, of the order Cupulijerce. The dried 
bark of Quercus alba, white oak, is official 
in the U. S. P. It contains a peculiar tannic 
acid known as quer'citannic acid, and a bitter 
principle, quercin, and is used as an astringent 
tonic, especially in the form of the oak-bath. 
It has also been employed in leukorrhea, 
hemorrhoids, and prolapse of ,the rectum. 
Dose of the bark 15 gr. (1 Gm.); of the 
fluidextract (fluidextr actum quercus, U. S. P.) 
15 min. (1 Cc). 

Oakum (o'-kum) [AS., acumba, tow]. A mate- 
rial made by picking old rope to pieces. It 
has been used as a dressing for wounds, 
and in the form of pads to absorb lochial 
discharges. 

Oat (ot) [AS., aian x oats]. A cereal plant, 
Avena saliva, or other species of Avena, and 
its seed. O. Treatment (of v. Noorden), in 
diabetes mellitus: consists in daily regime of 
250 Gm. of oat-flakes or meal cooked for a 
long time in water, 100 Gm. of albumin, 300 
Gm. of butter. 

Oatmeal (ot'-mel). The meal made from oats. 
It is used in the form of a gruel, as a food, 
as a demulcent and laxative, and as an emol- 
lient poultice. . 

Ob- [L.]. A prefix signifying on, against, in 
front of, or toward. 

Obdormition (ob-dor-mish'-un) [obdormire, to 
fall asleep]. Numbness of a part due to 
interference with nervous function; the state 
of a part when it is said to be "asleep." 

Obduction (ob-duk r -shun) [Ger.]. A necropsy. 

O'Beirne's Sphincter. A thickened circular 
bundle of muscular fibers, situated in the 
rectum, just below its junction with the 
colon. O'B.'s Tube, a long, flexible tube 
used in making rectal injections. 

Obelion (o-be f -le-on) See under Craniometric 
Point. 



Obermeier, Spirillum of. A spirillum found 
in the blood in relapsing fever. See under 
Bacteria. 

Obermeyer's Test for Indican in the Urine. 

With a lead-acetate solution (1 15) precipitate 
the urine; care must be taken not to add an 
excess of lead solution. Filter, and shake 
the filtrate for one or two minutes with an 
equal quantity of fuming hydrochloric acid 
which contains 1 or 2 parts of ferric chlorid 
solution to 500 parts of the acid. Add chloro- 
form, which becomes blue from the genera- 
tion of indigo-blue. 

Obermueller's Test for Cholesterin. Place 
the cholesterin in a test-tube, and fuse with 
2 or 3 drops of propionic acid anhydrid over 
a small naked flame. The fused mass on 
cooling is violet, changing to blue, green, 
orange, carmin, and finally, copper-red. 

Obesity (o-bes' -it-e) [obesus, fat]. An excessive 
development of fat throughout the body; 
corpulence; polysarcia. 

Obex (o'-beks) [L., "a barrier"]. A band of 
white nervous matter at the point of the cala- 
mus scriptorius. 

Obfuscation (ob - jus -ka'- shun) [ob-; fuscus, 
dusky]. 1. Darkening or clouding, as obfus- 
cation of the cornea. 2. Mental confusion. 

Object-glass (ob f -jekt-glas) . See Objective (3). 

Objective (ob-jek'-tiv) [ob-; jacere, to throw]. 

1. Pertaining to an object or to that which 
is contemplated or perceived, as distinguished 
from that which contemplates or perceives. 

2. Pertaining to those relations and conditions 
of the body perceived by another, as objective 
signs of disease. 3. The lens of a microscope 
nearest the object. 

Obligate (ob f -lig-at) [obligare, to bind]. Con- 
strained; bound. O. Aerobic, of a micro- 
organism, one that can live only as an aerobe. 
O. Anaerobic, of a microorganism, one that 
can live only as an anaerobe. O. Para- 
site, a parasite that can live only as a 
parasite. 



OBLINITION 



694 



OCCLUSION 



Oblinition (ob-lin-ish'-un) [oblinere, to smear]. 
Inunction. 

Oblique (ob-lek' or ob-lik') [obliquus]. Slant- 
ing. 

Obliquimeter (ob-lik-wim'-et-er) [oblique; fik- 
xpov, a measure]. An instrument fitted with 
arms employed to indicate the angle formed 
by comparing the plane of the pelvic brim 
with the perpendicular axis of the upright 
body. 

Obliquity (ob-lik' -wit-e) [oblique]. The state of 
being oblique. 

Obliquus (ob-li'-kwus) [L., "slanting"]. A 
term applied to various muscles. See under 
Muscle. 

Obliteration (ob-lit-er-a'-shun) [obliterate, to 
efface, from ob-; litera, a letter]. Removal of 
a part; extirpation; complete closure of a 
lumen. 

Oblongata (ob-lon-ga'-tah) [L.]. The medulla 
oblongata. 

Obsession (ob-sesh'-un) [ob-; seder e, to sit]. 
Possession by evil spirits. O. dentaire, neu- 
rasthenic neuralgia erroneously attributed to 
the teeth. 

Obsolescence (ob-so-les'-ens) [obsolescere, to 
grow old]. The state of becoming old or 
obsolete. 

Obstetric (ob-stet' '-rik) [obstetrics]. Pertaining 
to the practice of obstetrics. 

Obstetrician (ob-stet-rish'-an) [obstetrics]. One 
who practises obstetrics. 

Obstetrics {ob-stet' -riks) [obstare, to stand be- 
fore]. The branch of medicine that deals 
with the care of women during pregnancy, 
labor, and the puerperium. 

Obstipation (ob-stip-a' -shun) [obstipare, to stop 
up]. Constipation. 

Obstruction (ob-struk'-shun) [ob-; struere, to 
build], i. The state of being obstructed or 
blocked up. 2. The act of impeding or block- 
ing up. 3. An impediment or obstacle. 

Obstructive (ob-siruk'-tiv) [obstruction]. 1. 
Stopping or blocking up. 2. Due to an ob- 
struction, as obstructive jaundice. 

Obstruent (ob'-stru-ent) [obstruere, to close up]. 
1. Obstructive; tending to obstruct. 2. Any 
remedy or agent closing the lumen or orifice 
of vessels or ducts. 

Obtund (ob-fund') [ob-; tundere, to beat]. To 
blunt or dull; to lessen, as to obtund sensibil- 
ity. 

Obtundent (ob-tund'-ent) [obtundere, to make 
dull]. Soothing, quieting; a remedy that re- 
lieves or overcomes irritation or pain. 

Obturation (ob-tu-ra'-shun) [obturare, to stop 
up]. The closing of an opening or passage. 

Obturator (ob'-tu-ra-tor) [obturation]. 1. 
Closing an opening. 2. That which closes 
an opening. 3. Pertaining to the obturator 
membrane, muscles, etc. O. Foramen, a 
foramen in the anterior part of the os innom- 
inatum. See Foramen, Obturator. O. Mem- 
brane, the membrane closing the obturator 
foramen. O. Muscle. See under Muscle. O. 
Nerve. See under Nerve. 

Obtusion (ob-tu'-shun) [obtundere, to blunt]. 



The blunting or weakening of normal sen- 
sation: a symptom of certain diseases. 

Occipital (ok-sip' -it-al) [occiput]. Pertaining to 
or in relation with the occiput. O. Artery. See 
under Artery. O. Bone. See Bones, Table of. 
O. Cross, the internal occipital protuberance. 
O. Lobe, one of the lobes of the cerebrum. O. 
Nerve. See under Nerve. O. Protuberance, 
the prominence on the inner surface (internal) 
or on the outer surface (external) of the oc- 
cipital bone. O. Triangle. See under 
Triangle. 

Occipito- (ok-sip-it-o-) [occiput]. A prefix de- 
noting connection with or relation to the oc- 
cipital bone or the occiput. 

Occipitoanterior (ok-sip-it-o-an-te'-re-or) [occip- 
ito-; anterior]. Having the occiput directed 
toward the front, as the occipitoanterior posi- 
tion of the fetus in the uterus. 

Occipitoatloid (ok-sip-it-o-af -loid) [occipito-; 
atlas; ddog, form]. Pertaining to the occipital 
bone and the atlas. 

Occipitoaxoid (ok-sip-it-o-aks'-oid) [occipito-; 
axis; eldoe, form]. Pertaining to the occipital 
bone and the axis. 

Occipitobregmatic (ok-sip-it-o-breg-mat'-ik) 
[occipito-; bregma]. Pertaining to the occiput 
and the bregma. 

Occipitocervical (ok-sip-it-o-ser' -vik-al) [occip- 
ito-; cervix]. Pertaining to the occiput and 
the neck. 

Occipitofrontal (ok-sip-it-o-fron'-tal) [occipito-; 
frontal]. Pertaining to the occiput and fore- 
head, or to the occipitofrontal muscle (occipito- 
frontal). 

Occipitomastoid (ok - sip - it - o - mas' - toid) 
[occipito-; mastoid]. Pertaining to the occip- 
ital bone and the mastoid process. 

Occipitomental (ok-sip-it-o-men'-tal) [occipito-; 
mentum, the chin]. Pertaining to the occiput 
and the chin. 

Occipitoparietal (ok-sip-it-o-par-i' -et-al) [occip- 
ito-; parietal]. Pertaining to the occipital 
and parietal bones, or. to the occipital and 
parietal lobes of the brain. 

Occipitoposterior (ok-sip-it-o-pos-te'-re-or) [oc- 
cipito-; posterior]. Having the occiput di- 
rected backward, as the occipitoposterior posi- 
tion of the fetus in the uterus. 

Occipitotemporal (ok-sip-it-o-tem'-por-al) [oc- 
cipito-; temporal]. Pertaining to the occipital 
and temporal bones. 

Occiput (ok'-sip-ut) [ob-, over against; caput, 
the head]. The back part of the head. 

Occluding (ok-lu'-ding) [see Occlusion]. Clos- 
ing; applied to the grinding surfaces of molars 
and bicuspids. 

Occlusal (ok-lu'-sal). See Occluding. 

Occlusion (ok-lu'-zhun) [ob-, against; claudere, 
to shut]. 1. A closing or shutting up. 2. 
The state of being closed or shut. 3. The 
absorption, by a metal, of gas in large quan- 
tities, as of hydrogen by platinum. 4. The 
full meeting or contact in a position of rest 
of the masticating surfaces of the upper and 
lower teeth; it is erroneously called articula- 
tion of the teeth. 



OCCLUSIVE 



695 



ODONTOLOGY 



Occlusive (ok-lu'-ziv) [see Occlusion]. Closing 
or shutting up, as an occlusive surgical dress 
ing. 

Occupation-disease. One caused by the oc 
cupation of the patient. See Occupation- 
neurosis. 

Occupation-neurosis. A functional disturb- 
ance of the part used in carrying on a cer- 
tain occupation, as writer's cramp, tele- 
grapher's cramp, etc. 

Ocher (o'-ker) [(b^pdc, pale]. A variety of fine 
clay containing iron; the common colors are 
yellow and red. 

Ochlesis (ok-le'-sis) [pxXoc, crowd]. Any dis- 
ease due to overcrowding. 

Ochlophobia (ok-lo-fo'-be-ah) [oxXoc, crowd; 
<f)6ftoc, fear]. Morbid fear of crowds. 

Ochronosus (o-kron' '-o-sus) [ocher; vbaoc, dis- 
ease]. Any disease marked by dark discolora- 
tion of the cartilages and allied structures. 

Ocotea (ok-ot'-e-ah) [native name in Guiana]. 
A genus of laurinaceous trees. O. cujumary, 
of Brazil, furnishes seeds which are used in 
dyspepsia. O. opifera, a variety the oil from 
the fruit and the bark of which is used as 
an antirheumatic. O. pretiosa is used in 
neurasthenia. 

Octad (ok'-tad) [octo, eight]. An octavalent 
element. 

Octan (ok'-tan) [octo]. Returning every eighth 
day, as an octan fever. 

Octarius (ok-ta'-re-us) [octo]. An eighth part 
of a gallon; a pint. Abbreviated O. 

Octavalent (ok-tav' -al-ent) [octo; valere, to be 
worth]. Having a quantivalence of eight. 

Octavipara {pk-tav -ip'-ar -ah). See Octipara. 

Octigravida (ok-te-grav'-id-ah) [octo; gravida, 
a pregnant woman]. A woman pregnant 
for the eighth time. 

Octipara (ok-tip'-ar-ah) [octo; parere, to bring 
forth]. A woman who has been in labor 
eight times. 

Octivalent. See Octavalent. 

Octoacetate (ok-to--as'-et-at). A compound of 
eight molecules of the radicle of acetic acid 
with a base. 

Octoferric (ok-to-fer'-ik) [octo; ferrum, iron]. 
Containing eight atoms of iron in the molecule. 

Ocular (ok'-u-lar) [oculus, the eye], i. Pertain- 
ing to or in relation with the eye. 2. The 
lens of a microscope that is turned toward 
the eye. O., Compensating, a lens that 
compensates for axial aberration of the ob- 
jective. O., Huygenian, a lens consisting 
of two planoconvex lenses, the convex- 
ities being directed toward the objective; the 
lower lens is the field-lens, the upper, the eye- 
lens. 

Oculin (ok' '-u-lih) . An organotherapeutic prep- 
aration said to be a glycerol extract from the 
ciliary body of the eyes of oxen. 
Oculist (ok'-u-list). Synonym of Ophthalmol- 
ogist. 
Oculo- (ok-u-lo-) [oculus, eye]. A prefix signi- 
fying pertaining to the eye. 
Oculomotor (ok-u-lo-mo' -tor) [oculo-; movere, 
to move]. 1. Pertaining to the movement 



of the eye, as the oculomotor nerve. 2. Per- 
taining to the oculomotor nerve, as the oculo- 
motor nucleus. 

Oculomotorius (ok-u4o-mo-to f -re-us) [see Occu- 
lomotor]. The third, or motor oculi, nerve. 

Oculozygomatic (ok-u-lo-zi-go-mat'-ik) [oculo-; 
zygoma]. Pertaining to the eye and the zy- 
goma. See Jadelot's Lines. 

Oculus (ok'-u-lus) [L.]. An eye. 

Oculustro (ok-u-lus'-tro). A soap consisting 
of oleate of potassium, glycerol, and turpen- 
tine. 

O. D. Abbreviation of oculus dexter, right eye. 

Odol (o'-dol). A mouth-wash, said to consist 
of phenyl salicylate, 2.5 parts; oil of pepper- 
mint, 0.5 part; saccharin, 0.004 part; and 
alcohol, 97 parts. 

Odontagra (o-don-ta'-grah) [ddouc, tooth; ay pa, 
seizure]. Toothache, especially a form due 
to gout. 

Odontalgia (o-don-tal' -je-ah) [ddouc, tooth; aX- 
yoc, pain]. Toothache. O., Phantom, pain 
felt in the space from which a tooth is absent. 

Odonterism (o-don' -ter-izm) . Chattering of the 
teeth. 

Odonthemodia (o-dont-hem-o' -de-ah) [ddouc, 
tooth; alptcodta, a having the teeth on edge]. 
Hemodia; excessive sensibility of the teeth. 

Odontiasis (o-don-ti' -as-is) [ddovxcaacc, teeth- 
ing]. Dentition; the cutting of teeth. 

Odontitis (o-don-ti' -tis) [ddouc, tooth; exec, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the teeth. 

Odonto- (o-don-to-) [ddouc, tooth]. A prefix 
signifying pertaining to a tooth. 

Odontoatlantal (o-don-to-at-lant'-al). Same as 
Atloaxoid. 

Odontoblast (o-don' -to-blast) [odonto-; ^Xaaxoc, 
a germ]. One of the cells covering the dental 
papilla and forming the dentin. 

Odontobothriitis (o-don-to-both-re-i'-tis) [odon- 
to-; ftodpcov, a little cavity; cue, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the socket of a tooth. 

Odontoclast (o-don' '-to-klast) [odonto-; kXcl- 
ecv, to break]. A protoplasmic cell engaged 
in absorbing the fang of a deciduous tooth. 

Odontodol (o-don' -to-doT) . A dental anodyne 
said to contain cocain hydrochlorid, 1 part; 
oil of cherry-laurel, 1 part; tincture of ar- 
nica, 10 parts; solution of ammonium acetate, 
20 parts. 

Odontodynia (o-don-to-din'-e-ah) [odonto-; 
dduvfj, pain]. Toothache. 

Odontogeny (o-don-to]' -en-e) [odonto-; yevvdv, 
to beget]. The origin and development of 
teeth. 

Odontography (o-don-to g' -ra-fe) [odonto-; ypa- 
(fyecv, to write]. The descriptive anatomy of 
the teeth. 

Odontoid, Odontonoid (o-don' -toid, o-don'-to- 
noid) [odonto-; eldoc, like]. Resembling a 
tooth; tooth-like. O. Ligament. See Liga- 
ment, Odontoid. O. Process, the dentate pro- 
cess of the second cervical vertebra. 

Odontolith (o-don' -to-lith) [odonto-; XWoc, a 
stone]. The calcareous accretion on the 
teeth, popularly known as tartar. 

Odontology (o-don-tol'-o-je) [odonto-; Xdyoc, 



ODONTOMA 



696 



OIL 



science]. The branch of science dealing with 
the anatomy and diseases of the teeth. 

Odontoma (o-don-to' -mah) [odonto-; opta, tumor], 
A tumor arising in connection with the teeth 
and presenting a tooth-like structure. 

Odontonecrosis (o-don-to-nek-ro'-sis) [odonto-; 
necrosis]. Necrosis or decay of the tissues of 
the teeth. 

Odontoneuralgia (o - don -to-nu- ral' - je - ah) 
[odonto-; neuralgia]. Neuralgia due to dis- 
eased teeth. 

Odontopathy (o-don-to p'-ath-e) [odonto-; rthdog, 
suffering]. Any disease of the teeth. 

Odontoprisis (o-don-to-pri'-sis) [odonto-; itpi- 
occ, a sawing]. Grinding of the teeth. 

Odontorthosia (o-don-tor-tho' -ze-ah) [odonto-; 
dpdoc, straight]. The operation of straight- 
ening irregularly growing teeth. 

Odontoseisis (o-don-to-si'-sis) [odonto-; oslocc, 
a shaking]. Looseness of the teeth from par- 
tial or total destruction of the alveolar pro- 
cesses, caused most frequently by disease of 
the gums. 

Odontosis (o-don-to' '-sis) [Sdouc, tooth]. The 
formation and development of the teeth. 

Odontotherapy (o-don-to-ther'-ap-e) [odonto-; 
6 span eta, treatment]. The treatment of dis- 
eases of the teeth. 

Odontotrypy (o-don-tof -rip-e) [odonto-; xpoTtdv, 
to perforate]. Perforation of a tooth to re- 
move pus or a diseased pulp. 

Odoriferous (o-dor-if -er-us) [odor; ferre, to 
carry]. Fragrant. 

O'Dwyer's Method of Treating Intubation 
Ulcers. This consists in the employment of 
tubes provided with a narrow neck and coated 
with a layer of gelatin and alum. The gelat- 
inized tube is left in the larynx for five days, 
at the end of which time it is removed and 
replaced by a similar tube. This process is 
repeated three times, at the end of which the 
ulcer will usually be found to be completely 
healed. O'D.'s Tubes, tubes used for intu- 
bation of the larynx. 

Odynacousis, Odynacusis (o-din-ah-koo'-sis) 
[doovfj, pain; olkoUcv, to hear]. Pain caused 
by noises. 

-odyne, -odynia (-o-din, -o-din' -e-ah) [dduvq, 
pain]. A suffix denoting pain. 

Odynolysis (o-din-oV -is-is) [ddovq, pain; XUcv, 
to loose]. Alleviation of pain. 

Odynopeia (o-din-o-pe' -e-ah) [dduvfj, pain; nocslv, 
to make]. The induction of labor-pains. 

Odynopeic (o-din-o-pe' -ik). Oxytocic. 

CE-. See E-. 

Oehl's Layer. The stratum lucidum of the 
epidermis. 

CEnanthe (e-nan'-the) [olvoc, wine; avdoc, a 
flower]. A genus of umbelliferous plants. 
The fruit of (E. phellandrium is. diuretic, 
carminative, and recommended as a specific 
sedative to the bronchial mucosa. Dose of 
powdered fruit i dr. (4 Cc.) in 24 hours. 

Oertel's Method. The treatment of circulatory 
disturbances of heart disease, obesity, emphy- 
sema, etc., by mechanic means. The objects 
aimed at are: 1. Diminution of the fattv 



tissue deposited, achieved by regulating the 
diet, etc. 2. Reduction of the body-fluids, 
accomplished by reducing the ingestion of 
all fluids. 3. Strengthening of the heart- 
muscle and promotion of the development 
of compensatory hypertrophy, attained by 
methodic mountain -climbing and other syste- 
matic exercise. 4. Stimulation of the circu- 
lation by massage, passive movements, and 
sanitary gymnastics. 

Oese [Ger.]. An instrument consisting of a loop 
of platinum wire affixed to a glass handle and 
employed in bacteriologic investigation. 

Official (o}-ish'-al) [officium, duty; service]. Of 
medicines, sanctioned by the recognized au- 
thority, i. e., the pharmacopeia. 

Officinal (of-is'-in-al) [officina, a workshop]. 
For sale in the shops; kept on sale in apothe- 
caries' shops. 

Ogston's Line. An imaginary line extending 
from the tubercle of the femur to the inter- 
condyloid notch, and indicating the course 
of the tendon of the adductor magnus; it is 
a guide in section of the internal condyle 
from the shaft of the femur. 

Ohm (dm) [G. S. Ohm, a German physicist]. 
The unit of electric resistance. The ohm 
adopted as a standard varies: the British 
Association ohm is the resistance of a col- 
umn of mercury 1 square millimeter in sec- 
tion and 1. 049318 meters long. The legal 
ohm is similar to that just described ex- 
cept that the column of mercury is 1.06 
meters in length. The international ohm, 
adopted 1893, is the resistance of a column 
of mercury 1.063 centimeters long and weigh- 
ing 14.4521 grams. O.'s Law, the current 
strength in any conductor varies directly as 
the electromotive force, and inversely as the 
resistance. 

Oidial (o-id'-e-al). Pertaining to or due to a 
fungus of the genus Oidium. 

Oidiomycosis (o-id-e-o-mi-ko'-sis) [cjov, an egg; 
mycosis]. A disease produced by yeast-fungi 
of the genus Oidium. O. cutis, a cutaneous 
disease produced by blastomycetic fungi of 
the genus Oidium. 

Oidium (o-id'-e-um) [dim. of dov, egg]. A genus 
of parasitic fungi. 0. albicans, the thrush- 
fungus. 

Oikoid (oi'-koid) [ofooc, house; eldog, like]. 
The stroma of red corpuscles. 

Oikologic (oi-kol-oj'-ik) [oIkoc, house; Xofoc, 
science]. Relating to the condition and im- 
provement of homes. 

Oikosite (oi'-ko-sit) [oIkoq, house; o'croc, food]. 
A parasite fixed to its host. 

Oil [oleum, from eXacov, oil]. A liquid of ani- 
mal or vegetal, sometimes of mineral, origin, 
having a peculiar feel, and not miscible with 
water. Animal and vegetal oils are either 
volatile or fixed. (For the various oils not 
defined here see under the qualifying word.) 
O., Aleurites, a fixed oil with nutty flavor 
from the seeds of the candlenut tree, 
Aleurites triloba. It is a mild cathartic, 
acting in the same manner as castor- 



OIL 



697 



OIL 



oil and more promptly. Dose J-i oz. (15- 
30 Cc). O., Almond. See under Amyg- 
dala. O. of Amber. See Succinum. O., 
Animal, an oil obtained from destructive 
distillation of bones; applied in skin diseases 
and used internally in hysteria. Dose 5-20 
min. (0.3-1.2 Cc). 0., Arbor vitse. See 
O., Thuja. O. of Asphalt, a rubefacient, 
antiseptic oil obtained from destructive dis- 
tillation of asphalt; it is applied in rheu- 
matism and parasitic skin diseases. O., 
Basil-, an essential oil from the leaves of 
Ocimum basilicum. It is antiseptic and 
stimulant. Dose 1-2 min. (0.06-0.12 Cc). 
0. of Birch-bark, a volatile oil from the 
bark of Betula lenta, almost identical with 
oil of wintergreen; antirheumatic and anti- 
septic Dose 5-30 min. (0.3-1.8 Cc). 0. 
of Birch-wood, an antiseptic black liquid 
from Betula alba. It is used in skin dis- 
eases. O. of Bitter Almond. See under 
Amygdala. 0. of Cade. See Cade, Oil of. 
O. of Camomile (German), an essential oil 
from Matricaria chamomilla. It is used in 
colic, cramps, etc. Dose 1-5 min. (0.06- 
0.3 Cc). O. of Camomile (Roman), an 
essential oil from the flowers of Anthemis 
nobilis. It is tonic and stomachic. Dose 1—5 
min. (0.06-0.3 Cc). 0., Camphorated, a 
solution of camphor in olive-oil. 0., Candle- 
nut. See O., Aleurites. O. of Caraway. 
See under Carum. O., Carron, an oil con- 
sisting of equal or nearly equal parts of 
linseed-oil and lime-water. It is used as an 
application to burns, and is named after 
the Carron iron-works in Scotland, where 
it was first employed. O. of Cascarilla, 
a volatile oil from the bark of Croton 
eluteria; it is stimulant and aromatic and 
is used as an adjuvant in bitter tonics. 
Dose 1-2 min. (0.06-0.12 Cc). 0. of 
Cherry-laurel, an essential oil from the 
leaves of Prunus lanrocerasus; it has the odor 
and properties of oil of bitter almonds; used 
as a sedative. Dose |-| min. (0.01-0.03 Cc). 
0. of Citronella, an essential oil from var- 
ious species of the grass Andropogon. 0., 
Cocoanut-, a white, semisolid fat, soluble 
in alcohol and ether, obtained from the nut 
of Cocos nucifera. It is used as an alterant 
and nutrient and as an ointment-base. Dose 
2-4 dr. (8-16 Cc). O. of Cypress, a volatile, 
oily liquid obtained from the fresh leaves 
and shoots of Cupressus sempervirens. It is 
antiseptic and antispasmodic and is recom- 
mended in whooping-cough; used by sprink- 
ling the clothes and room. O., Dill, a vola- 
tile oil from the fruit of dill, Peucedanum 
graveolens; it is used as a carminative. Dose 
3-10 min. (0.2-0.6 Cc.).' O., Dippel's. See 
O., Animal. O.s, Distilled, volatile oils. 
0., Doegling. See Doegling Oil. O.s, Es- 
sential. See Essential Oils. 0., Ethereal. 
See Oleum cethereum. 0., Fatty, salt -like 
bodies composed of characteristic acids (oleic, 
palmitic, and stearic), known as fatty acids, 
and a base. In most cases the base is gly- 



ceryl, the radicle of the triatomic alcohol, 
glycerol, so that the oils are said to be gly- 
cerids of the several fatty acids. See O., 
Fixed. O., Fixed, one not volatilizing on 
the application of heat. Fixed oils are also 
called fatty oils, because they in part consti- 
tute the animal and vegetal fats. Some 
are liquid, as olive-oil, cottonseed-oil, linseed- 
oil, castor-oil,* etc.; others are solid, as tal- 
low and beeswax, which chemically belong 
to the group of oils. See O., Fatty. O., 
Fusel, amylic alcohol. O. of Gaultheria. 
See O. of Wintergreen. O., Gomenol, a 
terpinol said to be obtained from Melaleuca 
leucadendron; it is recommended in per- 
tussis. Dose 1^-3 dr. (6-12 Cc.) of 5% oil 
injected into the gluteal muscles. O., Heavy, 
of Wine, the product obtained when alcohol 
is treated with an excess of sulfuric acid. See 
Oleum cethereum. O. of Hops, a volatile oil 
from hops; sedative, tonic, and narcotic. 
Dose 1-5 min. (0.06-0.3 Cc). O. of Horse- 
mint, a volatile oil from Monarda punctata; 
used as a carminative. Dose 1-10 min. (0.06- 
0.6 Cc). O. of Hyoscyamus Leaves, a 
green oil prepared by heating a fixed oil with 
fresh leaves of Hyoscyamus niger; used as a 
sedative in the cough of tuberculosis. Dose 
1-5 min. (0.06-0.3 Cc). 0., Hyssop, a vola- 
tile oil from Hyssopus officinalis; used in 
diarrhea, colic, etc. Dose 1-5 min. (0.06- 
0.3 Cc). 0., Juniper, Empyreumatic. 
See Cade, Oil of. 0., Lard, oil from hog's 
lard. 0., Linseed-. See Lini, Oleum, under 
Ltnum. 0. of Male -fern, a volatile oil from 
Dryopteris flix-mas and D. marginalis; it 
is used as an anthelmintic. Dose 12-25 
min. (0.7-1.5 Cc). 0., Margosa, a bitter 
yellow oil from the seeds of Melia azadirachta; 
it is used as an anthelmintic and as an ap- 
plication in rheumatism and in sunstroke. 
0., Marjoram, Wild, an essential oil from 
the tops of Origanum vulgare; it is antiseptic, 
tonic, and emmenagog. Dose 2-10 min. 
(0.12-0.6 Cc). It is also used externally in skin 
diseases. 0. of Matico, a volatile antiseptic 
oil from Piper angustifolium; used in dis- 
eases of the urinary tract. Dose §-1 min. 
(0.03-0.06 Cc). 0., Mineral, petroleum 
and certain of its derivatives. 0. of Neroli, 
an essential oil from the flowers of bitter 
orange, used as a perfume. 0., Niaouli, a 
volatile oil from the leaves of Melaleuca leu- 
cadendron, containing 66%, of eucalyptol; 
used in tuberculosis.' Dose 4 min. (0.25 
Cc.) 6 times daily; as an injection, 
i6| min. (1 Cc.) in olive-oil. 0. of Orange- 
peel, an essential oil from the fresh rind of 
Citrus aurantium. 0., Origanum. See O., 
Marjoram, Wild; also the common but er- 
roneous name for oil of thyme. 0. of Pinus 
pumilio, a very fragrant volatile oil from 
the leaves of Pinus pumilio; antiseptic and 
expectorant, and used also in glandular en- 
largements and skin diseases. Dose 5-10 
min. (0.3-0.6 Cc). 0., Rock-, petroleum. 
0. Seneca, crude petroleum. 0., Sesame, 



OINOMANIA 



698 



OLFACTORY 



a fixed oil from the seeds of Sesamum indicum; 
it is laxative and nutrient. Dose 4-8 dr. 
(15-30 Cc.). O. of Spike, a volatile oil 
from the leaves and tops of Lavandula spica; 
carminative and rubefacient, and used ex- 
ternally in rheumatism. 0., Straits, the 
first oil obtained by the exposure of the livers 
of codfish to the sun in casks, on board ship. 
O., Sweet-. See Olive-oil. . O. of Theo- 
broma, cacao-butter. O., Thuja, an essential 
oil from the leaves of Thuja occidentalis ; em- 
menagog, tonic, and antiseptic. 0. of Tur- 
pentine, a volatile oil from the concrete 
resin of Pinus palustris and other species; 
chiefly consisting of C 10 H 16 ; it is anthelmintic, 
antiseptic, diuretic, and rubefacient. Dose 
5-120 min. (0.3-7.4 Cc). O., Valerian, a 
volatile oil from the rhizome and root of 
Valeriana officinalis, used in nervous diseases. 
Dose 4-5 min. (0.25-0.3 Cc). 0., Vola- 
tile, one which vaporizes at ordinary tem- 
peratures. Volatile oils are odoriferous, and 
are generally obtained by distillation. O., 
White Cedar. See O., Thuja. 0. of Win- 
tergreen, an essential oil from the leaves of 
Gaultheria procumbens; used in rheumatism 
and chronic cystitis. Dose 5-10 min. (0.3- 
0.6 Cc). 

Oinomania {pi-no -ma' -ne-ali) [olvoc, wine; 
jiavca, madness]. 1. A form of insanity char- 
acterized by an irresistible craving for, and 
consequent indulgence in, drink. 2. Deli- 
rium tremens. 

Ointment (oint'-ment) [L., unguentum]. A fatty 
material of the consistence of butter, gen- 
erally impregnated with a medicinal sub- 
stance, and used for application to the skin. 
0., Citrine. See Citrine Ointment. 0., 
Lister's, boric acid, 1; white wax, 1; par- 
affin, 2; almond oil, 2 parts. 0., Maury's, 
one composed of one dram of mercuric nitrate 
and half a dram each of powdered opium 
and rhubarb to an ounce of simple ointment. 
It is used as an application to ulcers. 0., 
Simple. See Unguentum. (For other oint- 
ments not here defined see under Unguentum 
or the qualifying word.) 

Old-sight. Presbyopia. 

Oleaginous (o-le-af -in-us) [oleum, oil]. Oily. 

Oleander (o-le-an'-der). See Nerium. 

Olease (o'-le-az). An enzym in olives which 
causes precipitation of the coloring-matter of 
olive-oil and rancidity by formation of fatty 
acids. 

Oleate (o'-le-at)\oleum, oil]. 1. A salt of oleic 
acid. 2. A mixture of oleic acid with cer- 
tain medicinal principles. 

Olecranarthritis (o-lek-ran-ar-thri'-tis) [ole- 
cranon; arthritis]. Inflammation of the 
elbow-joint. 

Olecranon (o-lek'-ran-on) [(hXevq, the ulna; upa- 
v'cov, skull]. The large concave process at 
the upper extremity of the ulna. 

Oleflant (o-lef -e-ant) [see Olefin]. Making oil. 
O. Gas. See Ethylene. 

Olefin (o'-lef-in) [oleum, oil; facere, to make]. 
Olefiant gas; also any one of a series of un- 



saturated hydrocarbons having the formula 

Oleic (o'-le-ik) [oleum]. Relating to, contain- 
ing, or obtained from oil. O. Acid. See 
Acid, Oleic. 

Olein (o'-le-in) [oleum], C 57 H 104 O 6 . A neu- 
tral fat, glyceryl trioleate, occurring in olive- 
oil, butter, and other animal and vegetal 
fats. It is a colorless oil with a faint, sweet- 
ish taste, insoluble in water, readily soluble 
in alcohol and ether. 

Oleo- (o-le-o-) [oleum]. A prefix to denote 
connection with or relation to an oil. 

Oleobalsamic Mixture (o-le-o-bawl-sam'-ik). A 
mixture of the oils of lavender, thyme, lemon, 
mace, orange-flowers, cloves, and cinnamon, 
with balsam of peru and alcohol. It is used 
as a nervine. 

Oleocreasote (o-le-o-kre' -a-sot) [oleo-; creasote]. 
A yellowish, neutral liquid composed of crea- 
sote, 33 °/ c , and oleic acid. It is used in 
bronchial and pulmonary diseases. Dose 10- 
15 min. (0.65-1.0 Cc). 

Oleoguaiacol (o-le-o-gwi'-ak-ol). See Guaiacol 
Oleate. 

Oleoinfusion (o-le-o-in-fu' -shun). An oily 
solution of a drug. 

Oleomargarin (o-le-o-mar' -gar-in) [oleo-; p.ap- 
yapog, the pearl-oyster]. An artificial butter 
made by removing the excess of stearin from 
tallow or suet. 

Oleoresin (o-le-o-rez' -in) [oleo-; resina, resin]. 
A substance consisting chiefly of a mixture 
of an essential oil and a resin extracted from 
plants with ether. 

Oleum (o'-le-um) [L.]. See Oil. (For the 
various oils (olei) not defined here see under 
Oil or under the qualifying word.) 0. aethe- 
reum, a volatile, yellowish liquid consisting 
of equal volumes of heavy oil of wine and 
ether. Heavy oil of wine is produced when 
alcohol and sulfuric acid are distilled, and 
is a mixture of ethyl sulfate, ethyl sulfite, 
and several polymeric forms of ethylene. O. 
fixum, a fixed oil. See Oil, Fixed. 0. 
nigrum, a reddish-yellow oil, obtained in the 
East Indies from the seeds of Celastrus 
paniculatus; it is a powerful stimulant and 
diaphoretic, and is used in rheumatism, 
gout, and various fevers. 0. phosphora- 
tum, a mixture of phosphorus, 1 gr. ; ether, 
9 gr. ; almond oil, 90 Cc. It is prescribed in 
rachitis. 

Olfaction (ol-fak'-shun) [olfacere, to smell]. 
The function of smelling. 

Olfactometer (ol-fak-tom' -et-er) [olfaction; 
[xhpov, a measure]. An instrument for de- 
termining the power of smell. 

Olfactory (ol-fak'-to-re) [olfaction]. Pertain- 
ing to the sense of smell. O. Bulb. See 
Bulb, Olfactory. O. Cells, the cells of the 
nasal fossas forming the peripheral end-organs 
of the olfactory nerve. O. Center, the cere- 
bral center for the sense of smell, supposed 
to be in the hippocampal gyrus. 0. Groove. 
See O. Sulcus. O. Lobe, the olfactory tuber- 
cle, olfactory tract, and olfactory bulb con- 



OLIBANUM 



699 



OLIVER'S SYMPTOM 



sidered together. O. Nerve. See under Nerve. 
O. Region, the area of distribution of the 
olfactory nerve in the upper part of the 
nose. 0. Sulcus, the furrow for the olfactory 
tract and bulb on the cribriform plate of 
the ethmoid bone, and on the orbital surface 
of the cerebral hemispheres. O. Tract, the 
central portion of the olfactory lobe terminat- 
ing anteriorly in the olfactory bulb and pos- 
teriorly in the olfactory tubercle. O. Tuber- 
cle, the expanded end of the narrow olfac- 
tory lobe. Commonly called olfactory nerve 
or first cranial nerve; the olfactory bulb. O. 
Vesicle, a part budded 
off from the cerebral 
vesicle and forming the 
olfactory lobe. 

Olibanum {p-lib' -an-um) 
[Ar., al-luban, frankin- 
cense]. A gum-resin 
produced by various 
species of Boswellia. It 
has been used as a sub- 
stitute for the balsams 
of peru and tolu, as an 
inhalation in laryngeal 
and bronchial inflam- 
mations, for fumigation, 
and in plasters. Syn., 
Frankincense. 

Oligemia {pl-ig-e' -me-ah) 
[oUjoc, scanty; alp.a, 
blood]. A state in which 
the total quantity of the 
blood is diminished. 
Oligaemia serosa. Same 
as Hydremia. 

Olighydria, Oligidria (ol- 
ig-hi'-dre-ah, ol-ig-id'-re- 
ah) [oligo-; uocop, water], 
body-fluids. 

Oligo- (ol-ig-o-) [dXcyoc, few or scanty]. A 
prefix signifying want or deficiency. 

Oligocholia {pl-ig-o-ko' -le-ah) [oligo-; #oat?, 
bile]. A deficiency of bile. 

Oligochromemia {ol-ig-o- kro - me r -me- ah) 
[oligo-; %pu)pia, color; alp.a, blood]. Deficiency 
of hematin in the blood. 

Oligochrosis (ol-ig-o-kro' 'sis) [oligo-; %p<l)Occ, 
a coloring]. Deficiency of hemoglobin in the 
blood-corpuscles. 

Oligochylia {ol-ig-o-W -le-ah) [oligo-; xulbc, 
chyle]. A deficiency of chyle. 

Oligocopria {pl-ig-o-kop' -re-ah) [oligo-; nonpoc, 
excrement]. Deficiency of excrement. 

Oligocythemia iol-ig-o-si-the' -me-ah) [oligo-; 
kutoc, cell; al/ia, blood]. A deficiency of 
red corpuscles in the blood. 

Oligocytosis (ol-ig-o-si-to'-sis). See Oligo- 
cythemia. 

Oligogalactia (ol-ig-o-gal-ak' '-te-ah) [oligo-; gal- 
actia]. Deficiency in the secretion of milk. 

Oligogalia (ol-ig'-o-ga' -le-ah). See Oligogal- 
actia. 

Oligoglobulia (ol-ig-o-glo-bu 1 '-le-ah) . See Oli- 
gocythemia. 

Oligohydramnios (ol - ig - o-hi - dram'-ne-os) 




Olfactory Cells. 

n. From human being, 
n. From frog. e. 
Supporting cell. 

Deficiency of the 



[oligo-; hydr amnios']. A deficiency in the 
quantity of the amniotic fluid. 

Oligomania {pl-ig-o-ma' -ne-ah) [oligo-; jiavca, 
madness]. Insanity in which only a few of 
the mental faculties are deranged. 

Oligomorphic (ol-ig-o-mor'-fik) [oligo-; p-op<j>rj, 
form]. Applied to organisms which have but 
few stages of development. 

Oligonitrophilous (ol-ig-o-ni-tro}' '-il-us) [oligo-; 
nitrogen; c^ch'cv, to love]. Organisms occur- 
ring freely in nature, which develop in nu- 
trient mediums containing combined nitro- 
gen. They have the ability of assimilating 
and utilizing atmospheric nitrogen. 

Oligophosphaturia {ol-ig-o- fos-fat-u' -re-ah). . A 
decrease in the amount of phosphates in the 
urine. 

Oligophrenia (ol-ig-o-f re' -ne-ah) [oligo-; §pi\v, 
mind]. Imbecility. 

Oligoplasmia (ol-ig-o-plaz' -me-ah) [oligo-; 
plasma]. A deficient amount of plasma in 
the blood. 

Oligospermia [ol-ig-o-sper' -me-ah) [oligo-; aizkp- 
fia, seed]. A deficiency in the secretion of 
semen. 

Oligotrophy (ol-ig-ot' -ro-je) [oligo-; zpo^ij, nour- 
ishment]. Defective or imperfect nutrition. 

Oligozoospermia {ol -ig-o-zo - o - sper' -me-ah) 
[oligo-; £<l>ov, animal; orripfia, seed]. Defi- 
ciency of the spermatozoa in the spermatic 
fluid. 

Oliguria (ol-ig-u' -re-ah) [oligo-; o&pov, urine]. A 
diminution in the quantity of urine excreted. 

Oligydria iol-ig-id' -re-ah). See Olighydria. 

Oliva (o-li'-vah) [L.]. The olivary body. 

Olivary {ol'-iv-a-re) [olive]. Resembling an 
olive in shape. O. Body, an oval mass 
of gray matter situated behind the anterior 
pyramid of the medulla. O. Fasciculus. 
See Fillet, Olivary. O. Nucleus. See Nu- 
cleus, Olivary. O. Peduncle, the mass of 
fibers entering the hilum of the olivary body. 
O. Process. See Process, Olivary. 

Olive {ol'-iv) [L., oliva]. i. The oil -tree, 
Olea europcea, of the natural order Oleacece. 
The value of the olive lies chiefly in its fruit, 
from which a fixed oil is expressed — oleum 
olivce (U. S. P., B. P.). Olive-oil consists 
chiefly of olein and palmitin, and is used as a 
nutritive food; in medicine as a laxative; in 
the treatment of gall-stones; as an anthel- 
mintic; as an emollient external application 
to wounds, burns, etc.; and as an ingredient 
of liniments, ointments, and plasters. 2. The 
olivary body. O., Accessory. 1. A nucleus 
composed of two small masses of gray mat- 
ter — an outer (the external accessory olivary 
body of Miiller) and an inner (the internal 
accessory olivary body of Miiller), within the 
olive, situated above and to the inner side 
of the dentatum. Syn., Accessory olivary 
nucleus; Nucleus juxtaolivaris. 2. A gray 
plate dorsad of the olive. 3. A similar but 
smaller gray plate dorsad of the pyramid. O.- 
oil. See under Olive (1.) 

Oliver's Symptom. Pulsation of the larynx, 
elicited by grasping the larynx between the 



OLIVER-CARDARELLI'S SYMPTOM 700 



ONCOSIS 



thumb and index-finger and pressing upward, 
the patient being in the erect position; it is 
noted in aneurysm of the aortic arch and in 
mediastinal tumors that bring the arch of the 
aorta in contact with the left bronchus. O.'s 
Test for Albumin, float the urine on a mix- 
ture of equal parts of sodium tungstate solu- 
tion (i .4) and a saturated solution of citric 
acid (10 : 6). If albumin is present, a white 
ring is formed at the junction of the two 
liquids. 

Oliver-Cardarelli's Symptom. See Oliver's 
Symptom. 

Oilier' s Law. When two bones are parallel 
and joined at their extremities by ligaments, 
arrest of growth in one of them entails devel- 
opmental disturbances in the other. O.'s 
Layer, the inner or osteogenetic layer of the 
periosteum. 

-oma (-o-mah) [6fia]. A termination denoting 
a tumor. 

Omagra (om-a'-grah) [ajfiof, shoulder; ay pa, 
seizure]. Gout in the shoulder. 

Omal {o'-mal). See Trichlor phenol. 

Omalgia (o-maV -je-ah) [<Lp.og, shoulder; aXyoc, 
pain]. Same as Omodynia. 

Omarthritis (o-mar-thri'-tis) [o»//of, shoulder; 
arthritis]. Inflammation of the shoulder- 
joint. 

Omasum (om-as'-um). See Many plies. 

Omental (o-men' -tal) [omentum]. Pertaining 
to the omentum. O. Hernia. See Epip- 
locele. 

Omentum {o-men' -turn) [L., "adipose mem- 
brane"]. A fold of the peritoneum connecting 
the abdominal viscera with the stomach. 
O., Gastrocolic, a fold of peritoneum at- 
tached to the greater curvature of the stomach 
above and, after dipping down over the 
intestine, returning to inclose the transverse 
colon. Between the ascending and descend- 
ing folds is the cavity of the great omentum. 
Syn., Great omentum. O., Gastrohepatic, 
a double fold of peritoneum passing from the 
lesser curvature of the stomach to the trans- 
verse fissure of the liver. On the left side 
it includes the esophagus; on the right its 
edges are free and inclose all the structures 
issuing from or entering the transverse fissure 
of the liver: the hepatic vessels and nerves 
and the bile-duct. Behind it is the foramen 
of Winslow. Syn., Lesser omentum. O., 
Gastrosplenic, the fold of peritoneum pass- 
ing from the stomach to the spleen. O., 
Pancreaticosplenic, a fold of peritoneum 
uniting the tail of the pancreas with the 
lower part of the inner surface of the spleen. 

Omnivorous (om-niv' -o-rus) [omnis, all; vorare, 
to devour]. Subsisting on all kinds of food. 

Omo- (o-mo-) [topioc, shoulder]. A prefix de- 
noting connection with or relation to the 
scapula or shoulder. 

Omodynia (o-mo-din'-e-ah) [omo-; ddovq, pain]. 
Pain in the shoulder. 

Omohyoid (o-mo-hi' '-oid) [omo-; hyoid]. Per- 
taining conjointly to the scapula and the 
hyoid bone. O. Muscle. See under Muscle. 



Omophagia (o-mo-fa' -je-ah) (hp.6c, raw; <j)ayuv, 
to eat]. The practice of eating raw food. 

Omphalelcosis (om-fal-el-ko'-sis) [omphalos; 
Ukcoocc, ulceration]. Ulceration of the navel. 

Omphalic (om-faV -ik) [omphalos]. Pertaining 
to the umbilicus. O. Duct, the vitelline duct: 
the duct connecting the umbilical vesicle 
with the fetal intestine during the first three 
months of intrauterine life. 

Omphalitis {om-fal-i' -tis) [omphalos; acg, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the navel. 

Omphalo- (om-fal-o-) [omphalos]. A prefix 
denoting relation to the navel. 

Omphalocele (om-fal '-o-sel) [omphalo-; kt)Xtj, 
hernia]. Umbilical hernia. 

Omphalomesaraic, Omphalomesenteric (om- 
fal-o-mez-ar-a' -ik, om-fal-o- mez -en- ter' - ik) 
[omphalo-; mesentery]. Pertaining conjointly 
to the umbilicus and the mesentery. O. 
Arteries. See under Artery. O. Duct, a duct 
connecting the intestinal canal of the embryo 
with the umbilical vesicle. 

Omphaloncus (om-fal-ong'-kus) [omphalo-; 
oyKoc, tumor]. A tumor or swelling at the 
navel. 

Omphalopagus (om-fal-op' -ag-us) [omphalo-; 
Trqyvuvat, to make fast]. A double monster 
united at the umbilicus. 

Omphalophlebitis (om-fal-o-fleb-i'-tis) [ompha- 
lo-; phlebitis]. Inflammation of the umbilical 
vein. 

Omphalorrhagia (om - fal -or -a' - je - ah) [om- 
phalo-; p-qyvuvac, to burst forth]. Hemor- 
rhage from the umbilicus. 

Omphalorrhea (om-fal-or-e'-ah) [omphalo-; 
poia, a flow]. An effusion of lymph at the 
navel. 

Omphalos (om'-fal-os) [d/x^aUc, the navel]. 
The umbilicus. 

Omphalosite (om-fal' -o-sit) [omphalo-; olzoc, 
nourishment]. A single monster, which, lack- 
ing the heart, receives its blood-supply through 
the umbilical vessels, and is, therefore, in- 
capable of extrauterine existence. 

Omphalotomy (om-fal-ot'-o-me) [omphalo-; 
Top.7), a cutting]. The cutting of the umbilical 
cord. 

Omphalotripsy (om-fal-o-trip'-se) [omphalo-; 
Tpcftetv, to rub]. Separation of the umbilical 
cord by a crushing instrument. 

Onanism (o'-nan-izm) [from Onan, the son 
of Judah]. 1. Incomplete coitus. 2. Mas- 
turbation. 

Oncograph (ong' -ko-graf) [oyKoc, a mass; 
ypafaw, to record]. An instrument register- 
ing the changes of volume of an organ placed 
in an oncometer. 

Oncology (ong-koV -o-je) [byKoe, a mass; Xbyoc, 
science]. The branch of surgery and pathol- 
ogy relating to tumors. 

Oncometer (ong-kom'-et-er) [oyKOf, a mass; 
fihpov, a measure]. An instrument for meas- 
uring variations in the volume of an organ, 
especially of the kidney or spleen. 

Oncosis (ong-ko'-sis) [oynoc, a, mass]. The 
diseased state marked by the growth of 
tumors. 



ONCOTOMY 



701 



OOPHOROMANIA 



Oncotomy (ong-kot'-o-me) [of/coc, a mass; 
rojj.7), a cutting]. The operation of incising a 
tumor or other swelling. 

Oneiric, Oniric (o-ni'-rik) [ovecpof, a dream]. 
Relating to dreams; attended by visions. 

Oneirism (o-ni'-rizm) [see Oneiric]. A condi- 
tion of cerebral automatism analogous to the 
dream state, as a dream prolonged to the 
waking period. 

Oniomania (o-ne-o-ma'-ne-ah) [iovloc, to be 
bought; jiavea, madness]. A mania for buy- 
ing everything. 

Onion (un'-yun) [L., unto, an onion]. The 
Allium cepa and its bulb. The latter con- 
tains a volatile oil resembling oil of garlic, 
and consisting principally of C 6 H l2 S. The 
onion is diuretic, expectorant, and rube- 
facient, and is at times used in dropsy, bron- 
chitis, etc.; locally it has been applied as an 
emollient poultice. 

Onkinocele (ong-kin' -o-seV) [oynoc, a mass; 
7f, a fiber; ktjXtj, tumor]. Inflammation 
of the tendon-sheaths attended by swell- 
ing. 

Ononis (o-no'-nis) [ovoc, an ass]. A genus of 
leguminous plants. The diuretic root of 
O. spinosa, rest-harrow, a shrub of Europe, is 
used in dropsy and gout. 

Ontogenesis, Ontogeny (on-to-jen'-es-is, on- 
to]' -en-e) [ojv; ovtoc, existing; j-ewav, to beget]. 
The development of the individual organism. 
See also Phylogenesis. 

Onychatrophia (on-ik-at-ro' '-fe-ah) [onyx; 
atrophy]. Atrophy of the nails. 

Onychauxis (on-ik-awks'-is) [onyx; aij^ecv, 
increase]. Hypertrophy of the nail. 

Onychia (on-ik'-e-ah) [onyx]. Inflammation 
of the matrix of the nail. O. maligna, 
a form occurring in debilitated persons, and 
characterized by an unhealthy ulcer in the 
matrix of the nail, 
the latter becoming 
discolored and 

thrown off. O. 
simplex, onychia 
without much ul- 
ceration, with loss 
of the nail and its 
replacement by a 
new one. 

Onychitis (on-ik-i'- 
tis). See Onychia. 

Onycho- (on -ik -o -) 
[onyx]. A prefix 
meaning relating to 
the nails. 

Onychograph (on - 
ik'-o-graf) [onycho-; 
Ypafiecv, to write]. 
An instrument for 
recording variations 
in blood-pressure in Chronic OnychA — (Moul- 
the capillaries of the '*»■) 

tips of the fingers. 

Onychogryposis (on-ik-o-gri-po'-sis) [onycho-; 
Ypuizioocc, curvature]. A thickened, ridged, 
and curved condition of the nail. 




Onychoma (on-ik-o' -mah) [onycho-; bpa, tumor]. 
A tumor of the nail-bed. 

Onychomycosis • (on-ik-o-mi-ko' -sis) [onycho-; 
mycosis]. A disease of the nails due to 
parasitic fungi, as the trichophyton, acho- 
rion, etc. 

Onychophagy (on-ik-o f -a j-e) [onycho-; fyaytuv, 
to eat]. The practice of biting the nails. 

Onychophyma (on-ik-o-ft'-mah) [onycho-; fo/ia, 
a growth]. Morbid degeneration of the 
nails. 

Onychorrhexis (on - ik -or - eks' - is) [onycho-; 
prj$cc, rupture]. The splitting of the nails. 

Onychorrhiza (on-ik-or-i'-zah) [onycho-; pc^a, 
a root]. The root of the nail. 

Onychosis (on-ik-o' -sis) [onyx]. Any disease 
of the nails. 

Onychostroma (on-ik-os-tro'-mah) [onycho-; 
oxpcbpa, mattress]. The matrix, or sensi- 
tive tissue of the finger, forming the bed of 
the nail. 

Onychyphosis (on-ik-if-o'-sis) [onycho-; u(j)T], 
a web]. A disease of the toe-nails, con- 
sisting in an accumulation of thickened, 
horny layers of epidermis under the nail, 
raising it from its bed and sometimes altering 
its growth. 

Onyx (on'-iks) [6vu£, nail], i. A nail of the 
fingers or toes. 2. A collection of pus between 
the corneal lamellas at the most dependent 
part. 

Onyxitis (on-iks-i'-tis). Onychia. 

Ooblast (o'-o-blast) [cJov, egg; ftXaozoc, a 
germ]. A cell of the germinal epithelium 
giving rise to an ovum. 

Oocyst (o'-o-sist) [woy, egg; k&ouc, a cyst]. 
Applied by some writers to the cysts in which 
the vermicules of the malaria parasite encyst 
themselves. The term is misleading; spore- 
cyst is preferable. 

Oocyte (o'-o-sit) [wov, egg; kuzoc, a cell]. The 
ovarian egg-cell before the formation of the 
polar bodies. Syn., Ovocyte. 

Oodeocele (o-od'-e-o-sel) [cj'ov, egg; eldoc, like; 
ktjXtj, hernia]. Obturator hernia. 

Oodocresol (o-od-o-kre'-sol). See Traumatol. 

Ookinete (o-o-kin'-et). See Oocyst. 

Oophoralgia (o-of-or-al'-je-ali) [oophoron; dXyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the ovaries. 

Oophorectomy (o-o-for-ek' -to-me) [oophoron; 
iKTop.7), excision]. Excision of the ovary. 

Oophorin (o-of'-or-in). An organotherapeutic 
preparation made from the ovaries of cows 
and hogs. 

Oophoritis (o-of-or-i'-tis) [oophoron; ncg, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the ovary. 

Oophoro- (o-of-or-o-) [oophoron]. A prefix 
meaning relating to the ovary. 

Oophorocystosis (o-of-or-o - sist - 0' - sis) 
[oophoro-; kOoxcc, a cyst]. The formation of 
ovarian cysts. 

Oophorohysterectomy (o-of - or -o-his-ter-ek'- 
to-me) [oophoro-; hysterectomy]. Removal 
of the uterus and ovaries. 

Oophoromania (o-of-or-o-ma'-ne-ah) [oophoro-;- 
fxavia, madness]. Insanity due to ovarian 
disorder. 



OOPHORON 



Oophoron (o-of'-o-ron) [tiov, egg; (f)kpecv, to bear]. 
The ovary. 

Oophorosalpingectomy (o-of-or-o-sal-pin- 

jek'-to-me) [oophoro-; salpingectomy]. Ex- 
cision of an ovary and oviduct. 

Oophorosalpingotomy (o-of-or-o-sal-pin - got'- 
o-me) [oophoro-; salpingotomy]. Surgical 
removal of the ovary and oviduct. 

Oophorostomy (o-o-Jor-os'-to-me) [oophoro-; 
ord/ia, mouth]. The establishment of an 
opening into an ovarian cyst for drainage. 

Oophorrhaphy {o-of-or'-a-fe) [oophoro-; pacf>r], 
suture]. The operation of suturing an ovary 
to the pelvic wall. 

Oosperm {o' -o-sperm) [y'ov, egg; onkpp.a, seed]. 
The cell formed by union of the ovum and 
the spermatozoon. 

Oospora {o-os'-po-rah) [tiov, egg; onopa, seed]. 
A genus of fungi. O. bovis, a name proposed 
for the fungus of actinomycosis. O. guig- 
uardi, a fungus that causes the deposition 
of carbonate of lime in the connective tissue 
of the walls of cystic tumors and skeletal 
nodosities. 

Oothectomy (o-o-thek' '-to-me) [w'ov, egg; Otjkt] 
a case; i/cro/x^, excision]. The surgical re- 
moval of an ovary. 

Opacification (o-pas-if-i-ka'-shun) [opacity]. 
The process of becoming opaque. 

Opacity {o-pas'-it-e) [opacus, dull]. i. The 
condition of being impervious to light. 2. An 
opaque spot, as opacity of the cornea or lens. 

Opaline {o' -pal-en) [onaXXcoc, an opal]. Having 
the appearance of an opal. O. Patch, the 
mucous patch of syphilis, forming, in the 
mouth, a whitish pellicle. 

Opalisin {o-pal' -is-in) . A proteid found in 
considerable quantity in human milk, less 
in mares' milk, and in very small quantity 
in cows' milk. 

Open [AS.]. Exposed to the air, as an open 
wound; interrupted, as an open circuit, one 
that is interrupted so that the electric current 
cannot pass. 

Operant {op'-e-rant) [see Operation]. 1. Ef- 
fective; active. 2. An operator. 

Operation {op-er-a'-shun) [operatio, from op- 
erari, to labor; to do]. 1. Anything done 
or performed, especially anything done with 
% instruments; a surgical procedure. 2. The 
mode of action of anything. O., Abbe's, 
lateral anastomosis of the intestine with catgut 
rings. O., Adams'. 1. Osteotomy for anky- 
losis of the hip-joint, the neck of the femur 
being divided subcutaneously within the 
capsule. 2. See O., Alexander's (2). O., 
Alexander's. 1. For the relief of epi- 
lepsy: ligation of the vertebral artery to 
diminish the blood-supply to the brain. 2. 
For prolapse and retroflexion of the uterus: 
shortening of the round ligaments for the 
purpose of holding the uterus in its normal 
position. O., Aliingham's (H.), for inguinal 
colotomy: the incision is made parallel to 
the outer third of Poupart's ligament, and 
about one-half inch above. O., Amussat's, 
lumbar colotomy: a transverse incision is 



OPERATION 

made, crossing the outer border of the quad- 
ratus lumborum muscle. 0.,Anel's. 1. For 
aneurysm: ligation on the cardiac side close 
to the aneurysm. 2. For stricture of the 
lacrimal duct: dilation by means of a gold 
probe, followed by the injection of an as- 
tringent fluid into the sac. O., Annandale's. 
1. For dislocated cartilages: incision into the 
knee-joint and stitching of the dislocated 
cartilages into their proper position. 2. For 
genu valgum: partial excision of both con- 
dyles of the femur. O., Antyllus', for 
aneurysm: it consists in ligation above and 
below the sac, followed by opening of the 
aneurysm and evacuation of its contents. 
O., Appolito's, enterorrhaphy by means of 
a form of right-angle continuous suture. 
O., Arlt-Jaesche's, for distichiasis : the edge 
of the lid and the contained ciliary bulbs are 
dissected from the tarsus, a crescent-shaped 
piece of skin is removed from the lid above 
the flap, and the edges of the wound are 
united, thus transplanting the ciliary bulbs 
farther away from the edge of the lids. O., 
Ball's. 1. Iliac colotomy, in which the in- 
cision is made in the left semilunar line, 
and the bowel secured above and below the 
future artificial opening by means of two 
special clamps, which are removed after 
suturing and opening of the bowel. 2. For 
inguinal hernia: the sac is separated up to 
the abdominal portion of the neck, and then 
twisted around its own axis, after which the 
fundus is cut away and the stump is secured 
in the ring. O., Barker's. 1. For excision 
of the astragalus: the incision runs from just 
above the tip of the external malleolus forward 
and a little inward, curving toward the dorsum 
of the foot. 2. For excision of the hip: by an 
anterior incision, commencing on the front 
of the thigh, one-half inch below the anterior 
superior iliac spine, and running downward 
and inward for three inches. O., Barwell's, 
osteotomy for genu valgum: division of the 
lower and upper end of the tibia above and 
below their respective epiphyses. O., Bas- 
sini's, for the radical cure of inguinal hernia: 
the sac is exposed, twisted, and the neck 
ligated and removed; the spermatic cord is 
lifted, and the border of the rectus is stitched 
to the edge of the internal oblique, the trans- 
versalis muscle, and the transversalis fascia 
to Poupart's ligament under the cord. The 
cord is placed upon this layer and the border 
of the external oblique is stitched to Poupart's 
ligament over the cord. O., Battey's, 
removal of the ovaries for the purpose of 
inducing the menopause. Syn., Normal 
ovariotomy. O., Beer's, for cataract: ex- 
traction by the flap-method. O., Billroth's, 
pylorectomy: a parietal incision is made in 
almost a transverse direction; the divided 
walls of the stomach and bowel are brought 
together and united by sutures on the side 
of the greater curvature of the stomach. O., 
Brasdor's, for aneurysm: ligation immedi- 
ately beyond the aneurysm. O., Bryant 's f 






OPERATION 



703 



OPERATION 



lumbar colotomy: an oblique incision is made 
midway between the last rib and the iliac 
crest. The bowel is fixed in position and 
opened. O., van Buren's, for prolapsus 
ani: a linear cauterization of the mucosa with 
the Paquelin cautery. O., Capital, one in- 
volving a risk of life. O., Carnochan's. i. 
For elephantiasis: ligation of the main artery 
of the limb. 2. For neuralgia: removal of 
the second division of the fifth nerve, together 
with the sphenopalatine ganglion as far back 
as the foramen rotundum. O., Cheyne's, for 
the radical cure of femoral hernia : after reduc- 
ing the hernia, a flap of the pectineus muscle is 
raised and made to cover the hernial orifice. 
O., Chopart's, a method of amputation 
through the foot: the bony structure is 
divided at the articulation between the as- 
tragalus and the calcaneum behind, and the 
scaphoid and cuboid bones anteriorly. O., 
Cock's, a method of external urethrotomy: 
the urethra is opened behind the stricture 
without a guide, the knife being carried into 
the median line of the perineum and the 
incision extended vertically so far as is neces- 
sary. O., Cooper's, for ligation of the ex- 
ternal iliac artery : an incision four or five inches 
long is made parallel with Poupart's ligament, 
and nearly an inch above it, commencing 
just outside the center of the ligament and 
extending outward and upward beyond the 
anterior superior iliac spine. O., Cripps', 
iliac colotomy: an imaginary fine from the 
anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus 
is crossed at right angles, i| inches from the 
superior spine, by an incision 2\ inches long. 
The bowel is fixed in position and opened. 
O., Czerny's, for the radical cure of inguinal 
hernia: the sac is exposed and isolated; the 
neck is tied with a strong catgut ligature, 
and cut off below this point; the stump is 
pushed into the abdominal cavity; the borders 
of the opening are freshened and united by 
continuous catgut sutures. O., Dallas', for 
the radical cure of inguinal and femoral 
hernia: after a transverse incision through 
the integument a special instrument is intro- 
duced to produce abrasion of the hernial 
canal; the instrument is then withdrawn, and 
the external wound sealed with iodoform 
collodion and a compress applied. The canal 
is obliterated by the resulting inflammatory 
action. O., Diefenbach's, for amputation 
at the hip-joint: an elastic ligature is applied 
around the limb, a circular incision is made 
down to the bone, the vessels are secured, 
and the ligature removed; a knife is inserted 
two inches above the greater trochanter and 
the incision is carried down the outer aspect 
of the bone to meet the circular incision; the 
joint is then disarticulated. O., Dittel's, 
for enlarged prostate: enucleation of the 
lateral lobes of the prostate by an external 
incision. O., Dudley's, for retroversion of 
the uterus: the abdomen is opened, and a 
strip is denuded from the anterior surface of 
the uterus., and likewise a strip along the 



inner side of each round ligament, followed 
by suturing of the three together. O., Du- 
play's. 1. For epispadias: the urethra is 
formed at the expense of the corpus spongio- 
sum and corpora cavernosa instead of by 
flaps. 2. For hypospadias: it is performed 
in three stages: (1) straightening of the penis 
and the formation of a meatus; (2) the forma- 
tion of a canal from the meatus to the hypo- 
spadiac opening; (3) junction of the old and 
new canals. O., Dupuytren's, for amputa- 
tion at the shoulder-joint : two rounded flaps 
are taken from the outer and inner aspects 
of the arm; the outer flap is made first by 
transfixion from behind at a point two inches 
below the acromion; the bone is then dis- 
articulated and a short inner flap cut from 
within outward. O., Emmet's, for lacerated 
perineum: the crest of the rectocele and the 
two lower caruncles are drawn together by 
tenaculums, and the tissue thus folded together 
is denuded as far into the sulci as the folds 
extend. V- sna P e d stitches are passed from 
the center toward the circumference in the 
sulci, and the perineum is closed by two or 
three superficial sutures. O., Equilibrating, 
tenotomy on the direct antagonist of a para- 
lyzed ocular muscle. O., Esmarch's. 1. 
For amputation at the hip-joint: the soft parts 
of the thigh are divided to the bone by a 
single sweep of the knife five inches below the 
tip of the trochanter; the bone is then sawed 
across and a second incision is made to join 
the first from a point two inches above the 
trochanter, when the bone is shelled out. 2. 
For ankylosis of the lower jaw: an incision 
about two inches long is made along the 
lower border of the jaw, and a wedge-shaped 
piece of bone is removed from the hori- 
zontal portion. O., Estlander's, for em- 
pyema: resection of several ribs for the 
escape of the pus and to allow the chest- 
wall to come in contact with the lung. O., 
Frank's, of gastrotomy: consists in form- 
ing a valve out of a small cone of the stom- 
ach-wall. The oblique incision is made and 
a cone of the stomach pulled out and its 
base sutured to the parietal peritoneum. 
A second incision is then made immediately 
above the rib-margin, the bridge of the skin 
is elevated, and the cone pulled up beneath 
it and the apex sutured into the second 
wound. The tube is inserted and the first 
skin-wound closed. O., Gant's, for anky- 
losis of the hip-joint: division of the shaft 
of the femur just below the lesser trochanter. 
O., (von) Graefe's, for cataract: extraction 
of the cataract through a scleral incision, 
with iridectomy and laceration of "the cap- 
sule. O., Gritti's, for amputation above 
the knee-joint: the patella is preserved in 
a long anterior flap, and, having had a thin 
slice removed from its deep surface, is se- 
cured in apposition with the femur, the latter 
having been deprived of its articular sur- 
face by being sawn through the condyles. 
O., Halsted's, for the radical cure of inguinal 



OPERATION 



704 



OPERATION 



hernia: the same as Bassini's operation. 
O., Hancock's, for amputation through the 
foot: a modification of Pirogoff's operation, 
in which the sawn surface of the os calcis is 
brought in contact with the transverse section 
of the astragalus. O., Hartley-Krause's, the 
removal of the entire gasserian ganglion and 
its roots for relief of facial neuralgia. O., 
Heath's, for fixity of the lower jaw: division 
of the ascending ramus beneath the masseter 
with a saw introduced through the mouth by 
means of a small incision above the last 
molar tooth. O., Hegar's, for the relief of 
cancer of the rectum: the knife is carried 
along the sides of the sacrum, making the 
letter V* He hinges the flap with a chain- 
saw. O.jHey's. i. For amputation through 
the foot: the same as Lisfranc's operation, 
except that the internal cuneiform bone is 
sawn through in a line with the articulation 
of the second metatarsal bone instead of 
being disarticulated. 2. For amputation of 
the leg: the amputation is made in the middle 
of the leg by a long posterior flap, cut by 
transfixion, and a slightly shorter anterior 
one. O., High. 1. Suprapubic lithotomy. 
2. The application of the forceps to the fetal 
head at the superior strait. O., Hochen- 
egg's, for relief of cancer of the rectum: a 
curved incision is made with its convexity 
to the right, commencing opposite the third 
foramen of the sacrum, extending outward, 
and passing the middle line again below the 
last button of the coccyx. O., Holmes', 
for excision of the os calcis: an incision is 
made from the inner edge of the achilles 
tendon along the upper border of the os calcis 
and the outer border of the foot to the cal- 
caneocuboid joint, and this is joined by 
another incision running across the sole, the 
peroneal tendons being divided. O., Hu- 
guier's, a method of performing colotomy: 
the right lumbar operation. O., Hunter's, 
for aneurysm: ligation of the artery on the 
cardiac side of the aneurysm at some distance 
from it. O., Indian, for rhinoplasty: a flap 
is taken from the forehead, with its pedicle 
at the root of the nose; hollow plugs are 
inserted into the nostrils, and the flap is 
secured. O., Italian, for rhinoplasty: the 
skin is taken from the arm over the biceps; 
the flap is cut on three sides, and after the 
skin has shrunk, it is fitted to the fresh mar- 
gins of the defect, the arm being bandaged in 
position for at least eight days. O., Jordan's. 

1. For amputation at the hip-joint: the soft 
parts are divided down to the bone by the 
circular method, as low down as possible, 
and the femur is shelled out by a longitudinal 
incision along the outer side of the thigh. 

2. For amputation at the shoulder-joint: the 
' soft parts are divided down to the bone by 

the circular method, three or four inches 
below the axilla, and the humerus is shelled 
out by a longitudinal incision along the outer 
and posterior aspect of the limb, meeting 
the circular incision at right angles. O., 



Knapp's, for cataract-extraction: a broad 
iridectomy and peripheral opening of the 
capsule; the lens is expelled by gentle pres- 
sure on the lower part of the cornea. O., 
Kocher's. 1. For excision of the ankle-joint: 
the incision is made beneath the external 
malleolus, and is followed by division of the 
peroneal tendons after being secured with 
threads, and opening of the joint with re- 
moval of the diseased parts; the foot is re- 
placed and the tendons sutured. 2. For 
excision of the thyroid gland: an incision is 
made in the median line from the sternal 
notch to the upper limit of the bronchocele; 
from this point two lateral incisions are made 
upward and outward to a point a little 
below the angle of the jaw. 3. For 
reducing subcoracoid dislocation of the hu- 
merus: the patient is placed upon the back 
and anesthetized if necessary. The surgeon 
grasps the elbow of the dislocated arm with 
his opposite hand, and with the other hand 
seizes the patient's wrist; the elbow is brought 
to the side; the forearm is next flexed to a 
right angle with the arm and then carried 
outward to a right angle with the patient's 
body by the surgeon's hand grasping the 
wrist; while in this position the elbow is 
raised by the hand grasping it and carried 
upward and inward across the patient's 
chest, the olecranon being kept close to the 
chest-wall until firm resistance is met; the 
arm is then quickly rotated upward and the 
patient's hand placed upon his opposite shoul- 
der. 4. For the relief of cancer of the rectum: 
a long integumentary incision is made, freely 
exposing the bone. With a chisel each side 
of the sacrum is grooved along the inner side 
of the foramens, beginning at the third. The 
segment is removed, thus exposing the sacral 
canal, which makes certain the protection of 
the nerves. O., Kraske's, for carcinoma of 
the rectum: resection of the coccyx and of a 
portion of the sacrum to give access to the 
rectum high up. O., Laborie's, for ampu- 
tation through the foot: differs from Chopart's 
method in the retention of the scaphoid in 
addition to the calcaneum and astragalus. 
O., Lange's, for resection of the rectum, 
with osteoplastic transplantation of the anal 
portion : the knife is carried from each ischial 
tuberosity across the perineum in front of 
the sphincters. The incisions meet in the 
raphe and are made deep enough to allow 
of pushing the whole muscular apparatus 
of the anus upward, including the anal end 
of the gut. O., Lannelongue's, for crani- 
otomy: (a) the vertex of the skull is exposed 
by means of a single incision in its long axis 
and a narrow strip of- parietal bone is re- 
moved close to the sagittal suture; (b) the 
bones of the skull are so cut as to produce 
osseous flaps of various shapes. O,, Larrey's, 
for amputation at the shoulder-joint: an in- 
cision is made from the acromion to a point 
2f inches below, from which point anterior 
and posterior spiral incisions are carried down 



OPERATION 



705 



OPERATION 



the arm, meeting on the inner aspect; after 
disarticulation of the bone the flap is brought 
up and secured in the space made by the gap- 
ing of the first incision. O., Lisfranc's, for 
amputation through the foot: disarticulation 
through the tarsometatarsal joints. O., 
Littre's, inguinal colotomy: it is performed 
on the left side for opening of the sigmoid 
flexure; an incision from i^ to 3 inches long 
is made parallel with the outer part of Pou- 
part's ligament, and about \ inch above it. 
O., Lorenz's, for congenital dislocation of 
the hip: consists in reduction of the disloca- 
tion and fixation of the head of the femur 
against the rudimentary acetabulum until a 
socket is formed. O., Loreta's. 1. For 
aneurysm: the insertion of a small wire into 
the sac, and the use of electrolysis as well. 
2. For stenosis of the orifices of the stomach: 
digital or instrumental divulsion of the pyloric 
or cardiac orifice, following gastrotomy. O., 
Macewen's. 1. For aneurysm: a long pin 
with a tapering point is passed into the 
aneurysm and the point is made to touch 
the opposite wall of the sac ; the point is then 
moved over the inner surface of the aneurysm 
for ten minutes, for the purpose of causing 
irritation. 2. For the radical cure of inguinal 
hernia: the sac is dissected out and separated 
from its connections, and then so drawn 
upward by means of a suture as to form a 
pad upon the inner surface of the circum- 
ference of the ring; the ring and canal are 
then closed by means of sutures. 3. Oste- 
otomy for genu valgum: supracondyloid divi- 
sion of the femur from the inner side. O., 
Major, an important and serious operation. 
O., Marian's, the old median perineal op- 
eration for stone in the bladder. O., Maydl's, 
the transplantation of the ureters into the 
rectum in the treatment of exstrophy of the 
bladder. O., McBurney's, for the radical 
cure of inguinal hernia: after exposing the 
sac the anterior wall of the canal is incised 
and the sac ligated and excised at the internal 
ring; the skin is inverted and stitched to 
the ligamentous and tendinous structures, 
the wound healing by granulation. O., 
MacDowell's, oophorectomy. O., McGill's, 
prostatectomy by a suprapubic incision, as 
in suprapubic lithotomy. O., Mikulicz's, 
a tarsectomy. Syn., Wladimiroff's operation. 
O., Minor, a comparatively trivial operation. 
O., Muller's. 1. For cesarean section: a 
modification of Porro's operation, whereby 
the whole uterus is turned out of the abdo- 
men before it is opened. 2. For vaginal 
hysterectomy: the uterus is divided into halves 
longitudinally; one part is brought down at 
a time, and the broad ligament is ligated 
in sections. O., Nelaton's, for amputation 
through the foot: subastragaloid disarticula- 
tion by dorsal and plantar flaps, larger on 
the inner than on the outer side. O., Ols- 
hausen's, for vaginal fixation, consists in 
suturing the round ligaments and a portion 
of the broad ligaments instead of the uterine 
46 



fundus. 0., Panas'. 1. Linear proctot- 
omy. 2. For ptosis: the tarsal portion of- 
the lid is raised by sutures and the occipi- 
tofrontalis muscle is caused to assume, 
to a great extent, the function of the 
levator palpebral. . , Phelps ' , for club-foot : 
a direct open incision is made through the 
inner and plantar surfaces of the foot. O., 
Pirogoff's, for amputation through the foot: 
a partial osteoplastic operation in which 
the os calcis is sawed through obliquely from 
above downward and forward, and the pos- 
terior portion is brought up and secured 
against the surface made by sawing off the 
lower ends of the tibia and fibula. O., Plas- 
tic, one for the purpose of restoring a lost 
part or repairing a deformity. O., Pollock's, 
for amputation of the knee-joint: it is done 
by a long anterior and a short posterior skin- 
flap, somewhat rectangular in outline, the 
patella being left. 0., Porro's, for puerperal 
hysterectomy: cesarean section, followed by 
removal of the uterus at the cervical junction, 
together with the ovaries and oviducts. O., 
Porro-Miiller's, for otherwise impossible 
labor: a modification of the Porro operation, 
in which the uterus is brought out of the 
abdomen before extracting the fetus. O., 
Porro -Veit's, for otherwise impossible labor: 
a modification of the Porro operation: the 
stump is ligated and dropped. O., Pratt's, 
the practice of orificial surgery, based on the 
belief that many chronic diseases are due to 
morbid conditions of the orifices of the body, 
particularly the anus and the urogenital 
canal. The operation consists in the dilation 
of either or both of these orifices and the 
removal of any irritating condition that may 
be present. O., Radical, one removing the 
cause of the disease or the diseased part 
itself. O., Ramsden's, for ligation of the 
third part of the subclavian artery: a trans- 
verse incision three inches in length is made 
across the base of the posterior triangle of 
the neck, about one-half inch above the 
clavicle. 0., Reverdin's, for skin-grafting: 
a point of skin is raised on an ordinary sewing- 
needle, and shaved off with a scalpel or scis- 
sors; the graft is then transferred to the fresh 
surface next to the healthy granulations. 
O., Roberts', for deflected nasal septum: a 
linear incision is made with a bistoury along 
a prominent line of the deflection, so as to 
enable it to be pressed into its proper position, 
after which a long steel pin is thrust into the 
septum in such a manner as to maintain this 
position. 0., Rose's, for the relief of neural- 
gia of the fifth nerve : removal of the gasserian 
ganglion. O., Rupprecht's, for removal of 
carcinomatous inguinal glands: the line of 
incision extends from the pubic spine to the 
anterior superior iliac spine, the ends being 
joined by incisions passing below the glands. 
This flap is entirely removed; if necessary, 
the saphenous vein may be ligated. . , Rydy- 
gier's, circular pylorectomy when the in- 
cision is made in the linea alba and the duo- 



OPERATION 



706 



OPERATION 



denum is sutured directly to the wound made 
by resecting the stomach. O., Saemisch's, 
for hypopyon ulcer: the cornea is transfixed, 
and the intervening tissue, including the base 
of the ulcer, is divided by cutting outward. 
O., Sanger's, a method of performing cesa- 
rean section: a modification of the usual 
operation in which the uterus is brought out 
through a long abdominal incision before 
extraction of the fetus. O., Scarpa's, for 
ligation of the femoral artery : it is done at 
the middle of Scarpa's triangle. O-., Schede's. 
i. For chronic empyema: resection of the 
thorax. 2. For varices of the leg: this consists 
in a circular incision around the leg, one cuff 
rolled up and another down, with the idea 
of reaching the different venous branches 
and removing them. O., Schmalz's, for 
stricture of the lacrimal duct : the introduction 
of a thread through the sac, and as far into 
the duct as possible. O., Schucking's, for 
prolapse of the uterus: vaginal hysteropexy 
by means of a special needle, the thread being 
passed through the uterine cavity, out at the 
fundus, and through the anterior vaginal 
vault; the two ends are tied together and 
allowed to slough out. O., Sedillot's. 1. 
For performing amputations: a. combination 
of the flap and circular methods; the super- 
ficial flaps are formed from within outward, 
and the deep muscles are divided circularly. 
2. For amputation at the ankle-joint: this 
method resembles Syme's operation, except 
that the flap is made from the inner and 
plantar surfaces of the foot and ankle. 3. 
For amputation of the leg it is done at the 
"place of election" by a large external' flap 
cut by transfixion. 4. For amputation of 
the thigh: it is done by a single long anterior 
flap, the structures at the back of the limb 
being divided to the bone by one transverse 
incision. O., Senn's, for intestinal anasto- 
mosis: the diseased tissue is excised and the 
ends of the bowel entirely and permanently 
closed, the continuity of the canal being 
restored by means of "intestinal anastomosis 
by lateral approximation" without the use of 
bone-plates. O., Sigault's, for otherwise 
impossible labor: symphysiotomy. O., 
Simon's, for exploration of the rectum and 
adjacent parts: it consists in introducing 
the hand or the hand and arm of the operator 
into the bowel. O., Smith's, for hemor- 
rhoids: crushing by means of a clamp, and 
applying the Paquelin cautery to the stump 
after cutting away the projecting part. O., 
Ssbanajew-Frank's. See O., Frank's. O., 
Surgical, one performed by the surgeon by 
means of the hands or instruments. O., 
Syme's. 1. For amputation at the ankle- 
joint: a single plantar flap is made, from 
which the os calcis is dissected out, after dis- 
articulation has been accomplished; the 
malleoli and lower end of the tibia are then 
removed. 2. For external urethrotomy: the 
stricture is divided through the perineum 
upon a grooved director. O., Tagliacotian, 



O., Tagliacozzi's. See O., Italian. O., 
Tait's, for lacerated perineum — the flap- 
splitting operation: the rectovaginal septum 
is split transversely, and from the extremities 
of this incision two lateral incisions are made, 
running up toward the lower terminus of each 
nympha and down to a little above the anal 
orifice; these two flaps are dissected up; the 
upper one is drawn toward the urethra, the 
lower one down toward the anus; sutures are 
passed laterally and the edges are brought 
together. O., Talma's, suture of the omen- 
tum to the abdominal wall for relief of ascites 
due to cirrhosis of the liver. O., Teale's. 
1. For amputation of the arm: the long flap 
is placed upon the anteroexternal aspect of 
the arm; the brachial artery and the median 
and ulnar nerves are divided with the poste- 
rior flap. 2. For amputation of the leg: a 
rectangular flap operation, in which a long 
anterior and a short posterior flap are made, 
each consisting of both integument and mus- 
cle; the length of the anterior flap is equal 
to half the circumference of the limb, and 
the posterior flap is one-quarter of the length. 
O., Thiersch's, for skin-grafting: the graft 
is made by a to-and-fro motion with a razor, 
shaving off as long and as broad a section 
of the upper layers of the skin as is desired. 
O., Thomas', laparoelytrotomy: removal of 
the fetus through incisions in the abdomi- 
nal wall and in the vagina, without opening 
the peritoneum or wounding the uterus. 
O., Verneuil's, an iliac colotomy: a nearly 
vertical incision is made, and a knuckle of 
gut is transfixed and kept in place by two 
needles which lie on the parietes; the exposed 
bowel is then stitched to the margins of the 
parietal wound and the protruding knuckle 
is excised. O., Wagner-Wolf's. See Osteo- 
plastic Resection. O., Wardrop's, for aneu- 
rysm : ligation of a main branch of the artery 
distal to the aneurysm, leaving a circulation, 
however, through another branch. O., Weir's, 
appendicostomy: suturing the tip of the ap- 
pendix to the abdominal wall, and by opening 
the appendix at the end gaining access to 
the cecum, for the purpose of irrigating the 
lower bowel in cases of ulceration of the large , 
intestine. O., White's, for hypertrophy of 
the prostate: removal of the testicles. O.,' 
Whitehead's. 1. For excision of hemor- 
rhoids: removal of a circular strip of mucous 
membrane around the anus, including the 
tumors. 2. For excision of the tongue: re- 
moval through the mouth, using only scissors. 
O., Wilde's, for mastoid or cerebral abscess: 
the bone is exposed from the base to the apex 
of the mastoid process, one-half inch behind 
the auricle, and, if necessary, the bone is opened 
with a drill, gouge, or trephine. O., Wini- 
warter's, cholecystenterostomy: it is per- 
formed in two stages:, in the first the gall- 
bladder is united to the upper portion of the 
jejunum and the parts are fixed to the parietal 
peritoneum; in the second, after about five 
days, the bowel is incised and a communica- 



OPERATIVE 



707 



OPHTHALMOPLEGIA 



tion is established between the latter and 
the gall-bladder. O., WladimirofFs, a form 
of tarsectomy: the astragalus, os calcis, and 
the soft parts covering them are removed; 
the articular surfaces of the tibia, fibula, 
cuboid, and scaphoid bones are sawed off 
and the foot brought into a straight line with 
the leg. O., Wiitzer's, for the radical cure 
of inguinal hernia: plugging of the hernial 
canal by an invagination of the scrotum, and 
its retention by a special instrument, thus 
exciting adhesive inflammation in the neck 
of the sac. O., Wyeth's, for amputation at 
the hip-joint — the bloodless method: two 
steel mattress-needles are inserted in the 
tissues and rubber tubing is passed several 
times around the limb above the needles. 
Operative {op'-er-a-tiv). i. Able to act; ef- 
fective. 2. Pertaining to operations. 
Operculum {o-per' -ku-lum) [L.]. i. A lid or 
cover, as operculum ilei, the ileocecal valve. 
2. The convolutions covering the island of 
• Reil. 

Ophryoalveoloauricular {of-re-o-al-ve-o-lo-aw- 
rik'-u-lar). Applied to an angle formed by 
the ophryon, alveolar point, and auricular 
point. 
Ophryon {of'-re-on) [6<f>p'jc, eyebrow]. In crani- 
ometry, the middle of a line drawn across the 
forehead at the level of the upper margin of 
the orbits. 
Ophryosis {of-re-o'-sis) [6<f>puc, eyebrow]. Spasm 

of the eyebrow. 
Ophthalmatrophy {of -thai-mat' -ro-fe) [oph- 

thalmus; atrophy]. Atrophy of the eyeball. 
Ophthalmectomy {of-thal-mek' '-to-nie) [oph- 
thalmus; iKzofiT], excision]. Excision of the 
eye. 
Ophthalmemicrania {of-thal-mem-ik-ra'-ne- 

ah). See Amaurosis, Epileptiform. 
Ophthalmia {of-thal'-me-ah) [ophthalmus]. In- 
flammation of the eye, especially one in which 
the conjunctiva is involved. O., Catarrhal, 
simple conjunctivitis; a hyperemia of the 
conjunctiva with a mucopurulent secretion. 
O., Caterpillar-, inflammation of the con- 
junctiva or of the cornea, the result of pene- 
tration of the tissues by the hairs of cater- 
pillars. Syn., Ophthalmia nodosa. O., Egyp- 
tian. See Trachoma. O., Gonorrheal, an 
acute and severe form of purulent conjunctivitis, 
caused by infection from urethral discharges 
containing the gonococcus of Neisser. O., 
Granular. See Trachoma. O. neona- 
torum, a gonorrheal or purulent ophthalmia 
of the newborn, the eyes having been in- 
fected by the mother's vaginal discharges. 
O., Neuroparalytic, disease of the eye from 
lesion of the gasserian ganglion or of branches 
of the fifth nerve supplying the eyeball. 
O. nodosa. See O., Caterpillar-. O., 
Phlyctenular, conjunctivitis characterized by 
phlyctenules or small vesicles situated in the 
epithelial layer of the conjunctiva or cornea. 
O., Purulent, conjunctivitis with a purulent 
discharge. O., Sympathetic, a severe de- 
structive inflammation, a form of iridocyclitis 



secondary to injury or disease of the fellow 
eye. 
Ophthalmic {of-thal'-mik). Pertaining to the 
eye. O. Artery. See under Artery. O. 
Ganglion. See Ganglion, Ophthalmic. O. 
Nerve. See under Nerve. 
Ophthalmitis {of-thal-mi'-tis) [ophthalmus; ncc, 

inflammation]. Inflammation of the eye. 
Ophthalmo- {of-thal-mo-) [6(f)daAp.6c, eye]. A 

prefix denoting relation to the eye. 
Ophthalmoblennorrhea {of-thal-mo-blen-or-e' '- 
ah) [ophthalmo-; blennorrhea]. Blennorrhea 
of the conjunctiva. 
Ophthalmo cele {of-thal'-mo-sel). See Exoph- 
thalmos. 
Ophthalmo copia {of-thal-mo-ko'-pe-ah) [oph- 
thalmo-; kokoc, fatigue]. Fatigue of visual 
power; asthenopia. 
Ophthalmo done sis {of-thal-mo-don-e'-sis) [oph- 
thalmo-; d6i>r}Ocg, a trembling]. A voluntary 
tremulous or oscillatory movement of the eye. 
Ophthalmodynia {of-thal-mo-din' -e-ah) [oph- 
thalmo-; douvq, pain]. Neuralgic pain in the 
eye. 
Ophthalmoleukoscope {of-thal-mo-lu'-ko-skdp) 
[ophthalmo-; Asukoc, white; okotie'cv, to view]. 
An instrument for testing color -sense by means 
of polarized light. 
Ophthalmologist {of-thal-mol' -o-jist) [see Oph- 
thalmology]. One versed in ophthalmology. 
Ophthalmology {of-thal-mol'-o-je) [ophthalmo-; 
Xoyoc, science]. The science of the anatomy, 
physiology, and diseases of the eye. 
Ophthalmomalacia {of-thal-mo-mal-a' -se-ah) 
[ophthalmo-; fiaXanla, softness]. Abnormal 
softness or subnormal tension of the eye. 
Ophthalmometer {of -thai-mom' -et-er) [ophthal- 
mo-; [lhpov, a measure], i. An instrument 
for measuring the capacity of the chambers 
of the eye. 2. An instrument for measuring 
refractive errors, especially astigmatism. 3. An 
instrument for measuring the eye as a whole. 
Ophthalmometry {of -thai-mom' -et-re) [ophthal- 
mometer]. The determination of refractive 
errors by means of the ophthalmometer. 
Ophthalmomyitis {of-thal-mo-mi-i'-tis) [oph- 
thalmo-; myitis]. Inflammation of the ocular 
muscles. 
Ophthalmomyositis {of-thal-mo-mi-o-si'-tis) . 

See Ophthalmomyitis. 
Ophthalmopathy {of-thal-mop' -ath-e) [ophthal- 
mo-; nadoc, disease]. Any disease of the eye. 
O., External, an affection of the eyelids, 
cornea, conjunctiva, or muscles of the eye. 
O., Internal, any disease affecting the deeper 
structures of the eye. 
Ophthalmophacometer, Ophthalmopha- 
kometer {of-thal-mo-fa-kom' -et-er) [ophthal- 
mo-; phacometer]. An instrument for measur- 
ing the curvature radius of the crystalline lens. 
Ophthalmophthisis {of-thal-mo-ti' -sis) . See 

Phthisis bulbi. 
Ophthalmoplasty {of-thaV ' -mo-plas-te) [ophthal- 
mo-; izXaooecv, to mold]. Plastic surgery of 
the eye or accessory parts. 
Ophthalmoplegia {of-thal-mo-ple'-je-ah) [oph- 
thalmo-; nXrjYTj, stroke]. Paralysis of the 



OPHTHALMOPLEGIC 



708 



OPISTHOTONOS 



ocular muscles. O. externa, paralysis of the 
external ocular muscles. O. interna, paral- 
ysis of the internal muscles of the eye — those 
of the iris and ciliary body. O., Nuclear, 
a form due to a lesion of the nuclei of origin 
of the motor nerves of the eyeball. O., Par- 
tial, a form in which some of the muscles 
only are paralyzed. O., Progressive, a form 
in which all the muscles of both eyes grad- 
ually become paralyzed. O., Total, that 
form involving the iris and ciliary muscle 
as well as the external muscles of the eyeball. 

Ophthalmoplegic {of-thal-mo-ple' -jik) [ophthal- 
moplegia]. Pertaining to ophthalmoplegia. 

Ophthalmoptosis {of-thal-mo-to'-sis) [ophthal- 
mo-; nxtbotc, a fall]. Protrusion of the eye- 
ball ; exophthalmos. 

Ophthalmorrhagia {of-thal-mor-a r -je-ah) [oph- 
thalmo-; p-qyvuvac, to burst forth]. Hemor- 
rhage from the eye. 

Ophthalmorrhea {of-thal-mor-e'-ah) [ophthal- 
mo-; poca, a flow]. A watery or sanguineous 
discharge from the eye. 

Ophthalmorrhexis (of-thal-mor-eks'-is) [oph- 
thalmo-; pr]$cc, rupture]. Rupture of the eye- 
ball. 

Ophthalmoscope (of-thal'-mo-skop) [ophthal- 
mo-; otconelv, to see]. An instrument for 
examining the interior of the eye. It con- 
sists essentially of a mirror with a hole in 
it, through which the observer looks, the 
concavity of the eye being illuminated by 
light reflected from the mirror into the eye 
and seen by means of the rays reflected from 




Morton's Ophthalmoscope. 

the eye-ground back through the hole in the 
mirror. The ophthalmoscope is fitted with 
lenses of different powers that may be re- 
volved in front of the observing eye, and 
these neutralize the ametropia of either the 
patient's or the observer's eye, thus render- 
ing the details of the fundus oculi clear. 
Ophthalmoscopic (of-thal-mo-skop'-ik) [oph- 



thalmoscope]. Pertaining to the ophthalmo- 
scope or its use. 

Ophthalmoscopy {of-thal-mos'-ko-pe) [ophthal- 
moscope]. The examination of the interior 
of the eye by means of the ophthalmoscope. 
O., Direct, the method of the erect or up- 
right image, the observer's eye and the oph- 
thalmoscope being brought close to the eye 
of the patient. O., Indirect, the method 
of the inverted image: the observer's eye is 
placed about 16 inches from that of the pa- 
tient, and a 20 D. biconvex lens is held about 
two inches in front of the observed eye, 
thereby forming an aerial inverted image of 
the fundus. 

Ophthalmospasm {of-thal'-mo-spazm) [ophthal- 
mb-; ouaap.bc, a spasm]. Ocular spasm. 

Ophthalmostasis {of-thal-mos'-tas-is) [ophthal- 
mo-; oxaocc, a stopping]. Fixation of the 
eye during an operation upon it. 

Ophthalmostat {o}-thal'-mo-stat) [ophthalmo-; 
ioxavat, to cause to stand]. An instrument 
used in fixing the eye in any position during 
an operation on it. 

Ophthalmostatometer {of-thal-mo-stat-om'-et- 
er) [ophthalmo-; Ioxavat, to cause to stand; 
pkxpov, a measure]. An instrument for de- 
termining the position of the eyes. 

Ophthalmotonometer {o}-thal-mo~ton-om'-et- 
er) [ophthalmo-; tonometer]. An instrument 
for measuring intraocular tension. 

Ophthalmotrope (of-thal'-mo-trdp) [ophthal- 
mo-; xpbnoc, a turn]. An instrument used 
for the demonstration of the direction and 
the position that the eye takes under the in- 
fluence of each of its muscles, and the posi- 
tion of the false image in the case of paral- 
ysis of a given muscle. 

Ophthalmoxysis (of-thal-moks-i'-sis) [ophthal- 
mo-; £uocg, a scraping]. Treatment by scrap- 
ing or scarification of the conjunctiva. 

Ophthalmus (of -thalamus) [6(pQolp,6c, eye]. 
The eye. 

Opianin {p-pe-an' -in) [opium], C 66 H 72 N 3 2 . An 
alkaloid of opium. 

Opianyl {p f -pe-an-iV) [opium; uXtj, matter]. 
Synonym of Meconin. 

Opiate {o'-pe-at) [opium]. A preparation of 
opium. 

Opiomania {o-pe-o-ma' -ne-ah) [opium; pav'ta, 
madness]. A morbid desire for opium. 

Opiophagism, Opiophagy (o-pe-of -aj-izm, 
o-pe-oj'-aj-e) [opium; (frayelv, to eat]. Opium- 
eating. 

Opisthiobasial {p-pis-the-o-ba'-se-aT). Relat- 
ing to or uniting the opisthion and basion. 

Opisthion {p-pis'-the-on). See under Cranio- 
metric Point. 

Opisthionasial {p-pis-the-o-na' -ze-aT) . Uniting 
the opisthion and nasion. 

Opisthoporia {o-pis-tho-po'-re-ah) [cmtodev, be- 
hind; itopt'ca, going]. Involuntary backward- 
walking in an attempt to go forward. 

Opisthotonos {o-pis-thoV '-on-os) [cmtodev, be- 
hind; xbvoc, stretching]. A condition in 
which, from a tetanic spasm of the muscles 
of the back, the head and lower limbs are 



OPIUM 



709 



OPOMEDULLIN 



bent backward and the body, arched for- 
ward. 
Opium {o'-pe-um) \otzlov, from 6t:6c, juice]. 
The inspissated juice obtained by incising 
the unripe capsules of Papaver somnijerum, 
of the order Papaveracece, occurring in com- 
merce in the form of brownish cakes having 
a narcotic odor and a bitter taste. Opium 
contains a large number of alkaloids, of 
which morphin is the most important, since 
it represents the chief properties of the drug. 
Other alkaloids are narcotin, C22H 23 N0 7 , 
codein, Ci 8 H 21 N0 3 , thebain or paramorphin, 
C 19 H 21 N0 3 , papaver in, C2oH 21 N0 4 , narcein, 
C 23 H 2 (,N0 9 , pseudomorphin, C 34 H 36 N 2 6 , and 
laudanin, C 20 H 25 NO 4 . These bases occur in 
opium combined with meconic and thebolactic 
acids. According to the U. S. P., moist 
opium should contain not less than 9 % of 
crystallized morphin. Opium acts as a nar- 
cotic, producing deep sleep, which, however, 
is often preceded by a stage of mental ex- 
citement and exhilaration; on awakening 
there may be headache, nausea, or vomit- 
ing. It slows the pulse and increases its 
force and raises blood-pressure; small doses 
do not depress the respiration, but large 
doses do so in a marked degree. It checks 
the motor activity of the stomach and in- 
testine, and lessens all secretions except that 
of the skin; it produces contraction of the 
pupil. When taken in poisonous doses it 
causes unconquerable drowsiness, passing into 
deep sleep, with slow, full respiration, slow 
pulse, and contracted pupils; later cyanosis 
develops, the respiration becomes exceed- 
ingly slow, and the pulse rapid and feeble; 
death takes place from failure of the respira- 
tion. See Poisons, Table of. There is a 
chronic form of opium-poisoning produced by 
the habitual use of opium or morphin, and 
characterized by mental depression, a deteri- 
oration of the moral sense, and attacks of 
diarrhea. The drug is used for the relief of 
pain of all forms except that due to cerebral 
inflammation; in insomnia; in inflammation 
of serous membranes ; in spasmodic conditions ; 
in acute colds; for cough, retention of urine, 
vomiting, diarrhea, certain forms of dyspnea, 
particularly that from heart disease; and 
locally as an application to sprains and in- 
flamed surfaces. Dose 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.). 
O., Confection of {confectio opii, B. P.). 
Dose 5-20 min. (0.32-1.3 Cc). O., Deo- 
dorized {opium deodoratum, U. S. P.). Dose 
1 gr. (0.065 Gm.). O., Extract of 
{extractum opii, U. S. P., B. P.). Dose J-J 
gr. (0.016-0.032 Gm.). O., Extract of, 
Liquid {extractum opii liquidum, B. P.). 
Dose 5-20 min. (0.32-1.3 Cc). O., Granu- 
lated {opium granulatum, U. S. P.). Dose 
1 gr. (0.065 Gm.). O., Pills of {pilulce opii, 
U. S. P.), pills containing 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.) 
of opium; those of the B. P. {pilula saponis 
compositd) contain each about 20 % of opium. 
O. Plaster {emplastrum opii, U. S. P., B. P.), 
contains i| dr. (6 Gm.) of the drug. 0., Pow- 



der of, Compound {pulvis opii compo situs, B. 
P.), contains 10% of opium. O., Powder of 
Ipecac and {pulvis ipecacuanha et opii, 
U. S. P.), Dover's powder, contains 10% 
each of ipecac and opium. O., Powdered 
{opii pulvis, U. S. P.). Dose \-\ gr. (0.016- 
0.065 Gm.). O., Tincture of {tinctura opii, 
U. S. P., B. P.), laudanum. Dose 5-15 
min. (0.32-1.0 Cc). O., Tincture of, Am- 
moniated {tinctura opii ammoniata, B. P.). 
Dose 30 min.-i dr. (2-4 Cc). O., Tincture 
of, Camphorated {tinctura opii camphorata, 
U. S. P.; tinctura camphor a composita, B. P.), 
paregoric Dos'e 1-4 dr. (4-16 Cc). O., 
Tincture of, Deodorized {tinctura opii deo- 
dorati, U. S. P.). Dose 5-15 min. (0.32-1.0 
Cc). O., Tincture of Ipecac and {tinctura 
ipecacuanha et opii, U. S. P.). Dose 5-15 
min. (0.32-1.0 Cc). O., Troches of Glycyr- 
rhiza and {trochisci glycyrrhiza et opii, 
U. S. P., B. P.), each troche contains 
Y2 gr. (0.005 Gm.) of opium. O., Vinegar 
of {acetum opii, U. S. P.), black-drop. Dose 
5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). O., Wine of 
{vinum opii, U. S. P., B. P.), Sydenham's 
laudanum. Dose 5-15 min. (0.32-1.0 Cc). 
See also Codein and Morphin. 

Opiumism {0' -pe-um-izm) [opium]. The con- 
dition produced by the action of opium on 
the system. 

Opobalsam, Opobalsamum {o-po-bawV -sam, 
o-po-bawl-sam'-um) [oizog, juice; fiaXoafiov, 
balsam]. A resin from Balsamodendron opo- 
balsamum and Balsamodendron gileadense. 

Opocephalus {o-po-sef '-al-us) [oh/>, eye; Ksfiakrj, 
head]. A monster characterized by fusion of 
the ears, one orbit, and absence of mouth 
and nose. 

Opocerebrin {o-po-ser' -e-brin) [6tzoc, juice; cere- 
brum]. A proprietary therapeutic preparation 
from the gray matter of brain; used in ner- 
vous diseases, anemia, etc. Dose 4-6 gr. 
(0.2-0.4 Gm.) twice daily. 

Opodeldoc {op-o-del' -dok) [origin obscure]. See 
under Soap. 

Opodymus {o-pod' -im-us) \coi}>, eye; didu/jtoc, 
twin]. A monster with a single body and 
skull but with two distinct faces. 

Opohepatoidin {o-po-hep-at-oid'-in). A pro- 
prietary therapeutic preparation from the liver; 
it is used in icterus and epistaxis. Dose 8 
gr. (0.5 Gm.) 3 times daily. 

Opohypophysin {o-po-hi-poj'-is-in). A pro- 
prietary preparation from the hypophysis. 
It is used in akromegaly- Dose f gr. (0.05 
Gm.)^ 

Opolienin {o-po-W -en-in) . A proprietary prep- 
aration from the spleen. It is used in hyper- 
trophy of the spleen, malarial cachexia, and 
leukemia. Dose 20-30 gr. (1.3-2.0 Gm.) 
twice daily. 

Opomammin {o-po-mam'-in). A proprietary 
preparation from the mammary gland; it 
is used in uterine diseases. Dose 24 gr. 
(1.5 Gm.) daily. 

Opomedullin {o-po-med-uV -in) . A proprietary 
preparation from red bone-marrow; used in 



OPOORCHIDIN 



710 



ORANGE 



anemia, chlorosis, and neurasthenia. Dose 
3-16 gr. (0.2-1.0 Gm.) daily. 

Opoorchidin {o-po-or' -kid-in) . A proprietary 
preparation from the testicles; it is used in 
spinal and other nervous diseases. Dose 8- 
12 gr. (0.5-0.8 Gm.) 3 times daily. 

Opoossiin (o-po-os'-e-in). A proprietary prep- 
aration from yellow bone-marrow; used in 
rachitis and osteomalacia. Dose 3-16 gr. 
(0.2-1.0 Gm.) up to 1^ dr. (5 Gm.) daily. 

Opoovariin {p-po-ov-ar'-e-in). A proprietary 
preparation from the ovaries; it is used in 
chlorosis, hysteria, and in climacteric symp- 
toms. Dose 3-12 gr. (0.2^-0.8 Gm.) 3 times 
daily. 

Opopancreatin {p-po-pan-kre'-at-in). A pro- 
prietary preparation from the pancreas; used 
in diabetes mellitus. Dose 3-12 gr. (0.2-0.8 
Gm.); daily dose 32 gr.-2 dr. (2-8 Gm.). 

Opoprostatin (p-po-pros' -tat-in). A proprie- 
tary preparation from the prostate; it is used 
in hypertrophy of the prostate. Dose 3 gr. 
(0.2 Gm.) 4 times daily. 

Oporeniin ip-po-ren'-e-in). A proprietary 
preparation from the kidneys; used in ure- 
mia, chronic nephritis, and albuminuria. 
Dose 8-12 gr. (0.5-0.8 Gm.) 3 or 4 times 
daily. 

Oposuprarenalin {o-po-su-prah-ren' -al-in) . A 
proprietary preparation from the suprarenal 
capsule; used in diabetes insipidus, Addison's 
disease, and neurasthenia. Dose 3— 6J gr. 
(0.2-0.4 Gm.) twice daily. 

Opotherapy (op-o-ther' -ap-e) [otzoc, juice; ther- 
apy]. Synonym of Organotherapy. 

Opothymiin [p-po-thi'-mi-in). A proprietary 
preparation from the thymus; it is used in 
Graves' disease, chlorosis, anemia, etc. Dose 
3-8 gr. (0.2-0.5 Gm.); daily dose 10-48 
gr. (0.6-3.0 Gm.). 

Opothyroidin {p-po-thi-roid'-in). A proprie- 
tary preparation from the thyroid gland; it 
is used in myxedema, cretinism, obesity, etc. 
Dose 1-2 gr. (0.065-0.13 Gm.) 3 times daily. 

Oppenheim's Gait. A modification of the 
spastic gait of disseminated sclerosis, consist- 
ing in large and irregular oscillations of the 
head, trunk, and extremities. 

Oppenheimer's Test for Acetone. Make a 
reagent by diluting 20 Cc. of concentrated 
sulfuric acid with a liter of water; to this add 
50 Gm. of yellow oxid of mercury and set 
aside for 24 hours. To 3 Cc. of unfiltered 
urine add a few drops of the reagent. In the 
presence of albumin a precipitate occurs at 
once; in its absence the precipitate is seen 
some time later. 

Oppilation (op-il-a 1 'shun) [oppilatio, closure]. 
Closure; constipation. 

Oppilative (op'-il-a-tiv) [see Oppilation]. 1. Ob- 
struction; closing the pores; causing con- 
stipation. 2. A constipating agent or remedy. 

Oppolzer's Sign. On palpation the seat of 
the apex-beat is found to change with the 
alteration of the patient's posture in cases of 
serofibrinous pericarditis. 

Opponens {pp-o'-nenz) [ob, against; ponere, 



to place]. Opposing. A term applied to cer- 
tain muscles that bring one part opposite an- 
other, as opponens minimi digiti, a muscle 
placing the little finger opposite the thumb. 

Opsonin {op'-so-nin) [o^ojvcov, provisions]. 
That quality of a serum which makes a 
microbe more susceptible to phagocytosis. 

Optic {pp'-tik) [otctckoc, from the base on-, to 
see]. Pertaining to vision or to the science 
of optics. O. Atrophy, atrophy of the optic 
nerve. O. Axis, the axis of the eye. O. 
Center. 1. The point in the main axis of 
the crystalline lens at which the rays of light 
meet. 2. The nerve-center concerned in the 
visual function. O. Chiasm, O. Commis- 
sure. See Commissure, Optic. O. Cup, the 
concave area formed by the involution of the 
distal extremity of the primary optic vesicle. 
O. Disc, the optic papilla. O. Foramen. 
See Foramen, Optic. O. Groove, the groove 
on the sphenoid bone for the optic chiasm. O. 
Lobes, the corpora quadrigemina. O. Nerve. 
See under Nerve. O. Neuritis. See Papilli- 
tis. O. Papilla, the circular prominence 
formed by the optic nerve after its entrance 
into the eyeball. O. Radiations, a large bundle 
of nerve-fibers joining the optic thalamus and 
the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. O. Thal- 
amus. See Thalamus. O. Tract, the fibers 
between the visual center and the optic 
chiasm. O. Vesicle, a diverticulum from 
each side of the primary anterior vesicle of 
the embryo, forming the basis of the future eye. 

Optical (op'-tik-al) [optic]. Pertaining to sight. 

Optician (op-tish'-un) [optic]. A maker of op- 
tical instruments. 

Opticociliary {pp-tik-o-siV -e -a -re) [optic; ciliary]. 
Pertaining to the optic and ciliary nerves. 

Opticopupillary (op-tik-o-pu' '-pil-a-re) [optic; 
pupillary]. Pertaining to the optic nerve and 
the pupil. 

Optics {op'-tiks) [6tctck6c, from the base biz-, to 
see]. The science treating of light and vision. 

Opto- (op-to-) [optic]. A prefix denoting rela- 
tion to the eye or to vision. 

Optogram ipp' -to-gram) [opto-; ypap./ia, a 
writing]. A faint image stamped on the retina 
for a brief period after death, believed to be 
that of the last object seen before death. 

Optometer (op-tom'-et-er) [opto-; [lhpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for determining 
the strength of vision, especially the degree 
of refractive error that is to be corrected to 
render vision normal. 

Optomyometer {op-to-mi-om' -et-er) [opto-; 
myometer]. An instrument for measuring the 
strength of the muscles of the eye. 

Optostriate {pp-to-stri' -at) [opto-; striatum, 
striped]. Pertaining to the optic thalamus 
and the corpus striatum. 

Ora (o'-rah) [L.]. Margin. O. serrata, the 
jagged anterior margin of the retina. 

Oral {p'-ral) [os, the mouth]. Pertaining to the 
mouth. O. Whiff, a peculiar sound heard 
during expiration from the open mouth, prin- 
cipally in cases of thoracic aneurysm. 

Orange {pr'-anf). See Aurantium. 



ORBICULAR 



711 



ORGANIZATION 



Orbicular {or-bik' -u-lar) [orbicularis, dim. of 
orbis, circle]. Circular. A term applied to 
circular muscles, as the orbicular muscle of 
the eye or of the mouth (orbicularis palpebra- 
rum, orbicularis oris). 

Orbicularis {or-bik-u-la'-ris). See under Muscle. 

Orbiculostapedial {or-bik-u-lo-sta-pe' '-de-al) . 
Relating to the orbicular process of the incus 
and to the stapes. 

Orbit {or' -bit) [orbita, from orbis, a circle]. 
The bony pyramidal cavity containing the 
eye, and formed by the frontal, sphenoid, 
ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, superior maxillary, 
and palatal bones. 

Orbital {or'-bit-al). Pertaining to the orbit. 
O. Height, in craniometry, the greatest verti- 
cal width of the external opening of the orbit. 

0. Index, the orbital height multiplied by 
ioo and divided by the orbital width. If the 
orbital index is above 89, it is called mega- 
seme; if under 84, microseme; if between, 
mesoseme. 

Orchectomy, Orchiectomy {or-kek'-to-me, or- 
ki-ek'-to-me). See Orchidectomy . 

Orchioplasty {or'-ke-o-plas-te). See Orchio- 
plasty. 

Orchi-, Orchid-, Orchio- {or-ke-, or-kid-, or- 
ke-o-) [opx^C, a testicle]. Prefixes signifying 
connection with or relation to the testicle. 

Orchialgia {or-ke-aV -je-ah) [orchi-; dXyoc, 
pain]. Neuralgia of the testicle. 

Orchichorea {or-ke-ko-re'-ah) [orchi-; chorea]. 
Irregular movements of the testicle due to 
contraction of the cremaster muscle. 

Orchidectomy {or-kid-ek'-lo-me) [orchi-; zkzo- 
jit), excision]. Castration. 

Orchidin {or' -ki-din) . A proprietary fluid from 
the testicle; used as a nervine. 

Orchidoncus (or-kid-ong'-kus) [orchido-; of/coc, 
tumor]. A tumor or tumefaction of the 
testicle. 

Orchidopexy {or'-kid-o-peks-e) [orchido-; nfj^cc, 
a hardening]. 1. Hardening of the sub- 
stance of the testicle. 2. Same as Orchidor- 
rhaphy. 

Orchidorrhaphy {or-kid-or'-a-je) [orchido-; 
pa.(j)T], suture]. Suturing of the testicle to the 
surrounding tissue. 

Orchidospongioma {or-kid-o-spun-je-o'-mah) 
[orchido-; oTzoyyta, sponge; bp.a, tumor]. A 
tuberculous tumor of the testicle. 

Orchidotherapy {or-kid-o-ther' -ap-e) . The ther- 
apeutic use of testicular extracts. 

Orchidotomy {or-kid-of -o-me) [orchido-; to/xtj, a 
cutting]. Incision of the testicle. 

Orchidotuberculum {or-kid-o-tu-ber'-ku-lum). 
See Orchidospongioma. 

Orchiepididymitis {or-ke-ep-id-id-im-i'-tis) [or- 
chi-; epididymitis]. Inflammation of both 
testis and epididymis. 

Orchiocele {or'-ke-o-sel) [orchio-; ktjXtj, tumor]. 

1. A tumor of the testicle. 2. Scrotal hernia. 
Orchiodynia {or-ke-o-din' -e-ah) [orchio-; dduvq, 

pain]. Pain in the testicles. 
Orchioplasty {or'-ke-o-plas-te) [orchio-; nXaa- 
oecv, to form]. Any plastic operation on the 
scrotum. 



Orchiotomy {or-ke-ot'-o-me). Synonym of Or- 
chidotomy. 

Orchis {or'-kis) [opx^C, a testicle]. 1. A genus 
of plants furnishing salep and vanilla. 2. 
The testicle. 

Orchitin {or' -kit-in). A sterilized testicular 
extract. 

Orchitis {or-ki'-tis) [orchis; czcc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the testicle. 

Orcin {or'-sin) [Orcus, Pluto, from its dark 
color], C 7 H 6 (OH) 2 . A substance found in 
many lichens of the genera Roccella and 
Lecanora. It is an antiseptic, and has been 
used instead of resorcinol. O. Reaction for 
Xylose in the Urine, heat the urine with an 
equal volume of hydrochloric acid and a trace 
of orcin. As soon as a green color is appar- 
ent, cool the solution and shake with amyl- 
alcohol. The amyl-alcohol takes on a green 
color and in the spectroscope shows the char- 
acteristic band between C and D, and, in 
addition, a more uncertain band, more toward 
the red. 

Ordeal Bark {or' -de-al). Casca-bark. O. 
Bean, O. Nut. See Physostigma. 

Orexin {o-reks'-in) [ops&c, appetite], C U H 12 - 
N 2 .HC1.2H 2 0. Phenyldihydroquinazolin hy- 
drochlorate, used as a stomachic. Dose 4-7 
gr. (0.26-0.45 Gm.). O. Tannate, a light 
yellow powder, used as an appetizer and 
stomachic. Dose 4-8 gr. (0.25-0.5 Gm.). 

Orexoids {o-reks'-oids). Merck's name for 5- 
grain orexin tannate tablets. 

Organ {or'-gan) [opyavov, an organ]. A part 
of the body having a definite function to 
perform. O. of Corti. See under Ear. O., 
Enamel-, a club-shaped process of epithelium 
growing from the dental ridge and forming a 
cap over the dental papilla. From it the 
enamel of the tooth is developed. O. of 
Giraldes. See Giraldes' Organ. O., Jacob- 
son's. See Jacobson's Organ. O.s of Re- 
production, the testicles and penis and its 
glands in the male, the uterus and its append- 
ages and the vagina and its glands in the female. 
O. of Rosenmiiller. See Parovarium. O., 
Segmental, a mesoblastic embryonic struc- 
ture consisting of three parts — the proneph- 
ros, the mesonephros, or wolffian body, and 
the metanephros. 

Organacidia {or-gan-as-id'-e-ah). The pres- 
ence of organic acids. O. gastrica, the pres- 
ence of large quantities of organic acids in 
the gastric contents. 

Organic {or-gan'-ik) [organ]. Having, pertain- 
ing to, or characterized by organs; pertain- 
ing to the animal and vegetal worlds; affect- 
ing the structure of organs. O. Chemistry, 
the chemistry of the carbon compounds, car- 
. bon being the central element of compounds 
occurring in organized beings. O. Disease, 
disease of an organ attended with structural 
changes. 

Organism {or' -gan-izm) [organ]. A body con- 
sisting of an aggregation of organs having 
a definite function; a living being. 

Organization {or-gan-iz-a'-shun) [organ]. 1. 



ORGANO- 



712 



ORTHO- 



The orderly arrangement of organs or parts. 

2. An organism. 3. The conversion into an 
organ, or into something resembling an organ, 
or into living tissue. 

Organo- (or-gan-o-) [organ]. A prefix meaning 
relating to the organs. 

Organoferric (or-gan-o-fer'-ik). Consisting of 
iron and some organic substance. 

Organogenesis (or-gan-o-jen' -es-is) [organo-; 
yeveocc, origin]. The process of the develop- 
ment of an organ. 

Organogenetic (or-gan-o-jen-et'-ik) [organogen- 
esis]. Pertaining to organogenesis. 

Organography (or-gan-o g'-ra-fe) [organo-; ypa- 
<f>ecv, to write]. A descriptive treatise of the 
organs of an animal or plant. 

Organoid (or'-gan-oid) [organo-; eldof, like]. 
Resembling an organ. 

Organoleptic (or-gan-o-Iep f -tik) [organo-; 
h)%-UK.bc, taking]. Affecting organs, particu- 
larly those of special sense. 

Organology (or-gan-oV -o-je) [organo-; Xojog, 
science]. The science that treats of the 
organs of plants and animals. 

Organoma (or-gan-o' -mah) [organo-; bfia, tu- 
mor]. A tumor containing distinct organs or 
parts of organs, but not so arranged as to 
form a body or part of one. 

Organometallic (or-gan-o-met-al'-ik). Applied 
to a combination of an alcoholic radicle with 
a metal or metalloid. 

Organopexia, Organopexy (or-gan-o-peks'-e- 
ah, or-gan' -o-peks-e) [organo-; tit^scc, a fixing 
in]. The surgical fixation of a misplaced 
organ. 

Organosol (or-gan' -os-ol). A proprietary prep- 
aration of colloidal silver with an organic 
solvent; used in gonorrhea. 

Organotherapy (or-gan-o-ther'-ap-e) [organo-; 
depaTce'ca, treatment]. The treatment of dis- 
eases by the adminstration of animal organs 
or extracts prepared from them. The organs 
chiefly employed are: 1. The testicles (tes- 
ticular extract), for various nervous affections. 
From testicular juice a crystalline substance — 
spermin — has been isolated and its use ad- 
vised in nervous depression, debility, and 
asthma. 2. Thyroid gland (in the form of 
the gland itself, glycerol extracts, or the desic- 
cated gland). It has been found of much 
value in myxedema, cretinism, various chronic 
skin diseases, in obesity, colloid goiter, and 
of questionable value in exophthalmic goiter. 

3. Pancreas (extract of pancreas), for dia- 
betes mellitus. 4. Suprarenal bodies (ex- 
tract of suprarenal bodies), for Addison's 
disease. 5. Bone-marrow, for pernicious an- 
emia and other anemias. Other extracts, 
as those of brain, spinal marrow, muscles, 
kidney, ovary, heart muscle, spleen, thymus 
gland, and stomach, have been employed. 

Orgasm (or'-gazm) [6pyaap.bg, swelling]. In- 
tense excitement, especially that occurring 
during sexual intercourse. 

Oriental (o-re-en'-tal) [oriens, the east]. Per- 
taining to the orient or east. O. Boil. See 
Furunculus orientalis. 



Orientation (o-re-en-ta' -shun) [see Oriental]. 
The act of determining one's position in 
space (subjective orientation), or the position 
of surrounding objects with reference to each 
other (objective orientation). 

Orifice (or'-if-is) [orificium, an opening]. An 
opening. 

Orificial (or-if-ish'-al) [orifice]. Pertaining to 
an orifice. O. Surgery.' See Operation, 
Pratt's. 

Origanum (o-rig'-an-um) [bpiyavov, marjoram]. 
A genus of plants of the order Labiatce. 
O. majorana, sweet marjoram, is used as a 
condiment. O. vulgare, wild marjoram, 
contains a pungent oil (oleum origani), con- 
sisting chiefly of terpene, C 10 H 16 . Origanum 
is tonic, excitant, diaphoretic, emmenagog, 
and locally anodyne. It is also employed as 
a clearing-agent in microscopy. 

Origin (or'-ij-in) [oriri, to arise]. The be- 
ginning or starting-point of anything. 0., 
Deep, of a nerve, its beginning in the cells 
of the nerve-center. O. of a Muscle, the 
point of attachment of a muscle which re- 
mains relatively fixed* during contraction of 
the muscle. O., Superficial, of a nerve, 
the point at which it emerges from the brain 
or cord. 

Orinasal (o-ri-na'-zal). See Oronasal. 

Ormosin (or'-mo-zin). A crystalline alkaloid 
from the seeds of Ormosia dasycarpa, of 
South America. It is hypnotic, sedative, and 
narcotic. The hydrochlorid is also used. 

Orolingual (o-ro-lin'-gwal) [os, mouth; lingua, 
tongue]. Pertaining to the mouth and the 
tongue. 

Oronasal (o-ro-na'-zal). Pertaining to the 
mouth and the nose. 

Oropharynx (0 - ro - far' - inks) [os, mouth; 
pharynx]. The pharynx proper, situated be- 
low the level of the lower border of the soft 
palate, as distinguished from the nasopharynx. 

Oro therapy (or-o-ther'-a-pe). See Orrhother- 
apy. 

Oroxylon (or-oks' -il-on) [opoc, mountain; $0- 
Xov, wood]. A genus of the Bignoniacece. 
O. indicum is indigenous to tropical Asia. 
The root -bark is tonic and astringent and a 
powerful sudorific. The leaves are applied 
to ulcers. 

Orphol (or'-fol). See Bismuth Betanaphtholate. 

Orpiment (or' -pim-ent) . Arsenic trisulfid. 

Orrhodermitis (or-o-der-mi'-tis). See Sero- 
dermitis. 

Orrhorrhea (or-or-e'-ah) [bppbc, serum; po'ca, 
a flow]. An abnormally great flow of serum. 
Also, a watery discharge; rice-water dis- 
charges. 

Orrhotherapy (or-o-ther'-ap-e) [dppbc, serum; 
Oepaxeca, therapy]. 1. The treatment of dis- 
ease by the use of human or animal blood- 
serum containing antitoxins; serum therapy. 
2. Whey-cure. 

Orris (or'-is). See Iris (2). 

Ortho- (or-tho-) [bpdbc, right; straight]. 1. A 
prefix denoting straight, normal, or true. 2. 
In chemistry, a prefix denoting that one 



ORTHOCEPHALOUS 



713 



OS 



among several compounds of the same ele- 
ments which is considered the normal com- 
pound. Among derivatives of the benzol- 
ring it refers to those formed by the sub- 
stitution of two adjacent hydrogen atoms. 

Orthocephalous (or-tho-sef -al-us) [ortho-; necf)- 
aXi], head]. Having a skull with a vertical 
index of from 70.1 to 75. 

Orthocresalol (or-tho-kres' -al-oT) . See Cresalol. 

Orthodiagraph (or-tho-di' -ah-graf) [ortho-; dia- 
graph]. A radiographic apparatus which re- 
cords accurately and quickly the dimension, 
form, and position of internal organs of the 
body or the location of foreign bodies. 

Orthodiography (or-tho-di-og'-raf-e). The 
mode of determining by the aid of the roent- 
gen-rays the exact dimensions of an internal 
organ by the shadow which it throws upon 
the fluorescent screen. 

Orthodontia (or-tho-don' -she-ah) [ortho-; odouc, 
tooth]. The correction of irregularities of 
the teeth. 

Orthoform (or'-tho-form), C„H 3 (OH)(NH 2 )- 
COOH 2 . A white, crystalline, odorless, taste- 
less powder, slightly soluble in water, soluble 
in alcohol or ether; used as a local anesthetic 
and antiseptic and internally in cancer of 
the stomach. Dose 75—15 gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.). 
Syn., Methylparaamidometaoxybenzoate. O. 
Emulsion, orthoform, 25 parts, in olive -oil, 
100 parts. It is recommended in subcuta- 
neous injection in laryngeal tuberculosis. O., 
New, metaamidoparaoxybenzoic-methylester 
— a cheaper product, used as is the original 
orthoform. 

Orthognathous (or-thog'-na-thus) [ortho-; yva- 
doc, the jaw]. Straight-jawed; having a 
gnathic angle of from 83 to oo°. 

Orthometer (or -thorn' -et-er) [ortho-; fihpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
relative degree of protrusion of the eyes. 

Orthomorphia (or-tho-mor' -fe-ah) [ortho-; 
fJ.op<f)T], form]. The surgical correction of de- 
formity. 

Orthopedic (or-tho-pe' -dik) [ortho-; zalc, child]. 
Pertaining to the correction of deformities, 
especially in children. O. Surgery, the 
branch of surgery devoted to the correction 
of deformities. 

Orthopedics (or-tho-pe' '-diks). See Orthopedic 
Surgery. 

Orthopedist (or-tho-pe' -dist). One who prac- 
tises orthopedic surgery. 

Orthophoria (or-tho-fo' -re-ah) [ortho-; (f>6poc, a 
tending]. 1. A tending of the visual lines 
in parallelism. 2. Normal balance of the 
eye muscles. 

Orthophosphoric Acid (or-tho-fos-for'-ik) . See 
Acid, Orthophosphoric. 

Orthoplasy (or'-tho-plaz-e) [ortho-; xlaocc, a 
forming]. The directive or determining in- 
fluence of organic selection in evolution. 

Orthopnea (or-thop-ne'-ah) [ortho-; Ttvelv, to 
breathe]. A condition marked by quick and 
labored breathing, in which the patient finds 
relief only by maintaining an upright posi- 
tion. 



Orthopneic (or-thop-ne'-ik) [orthopnea]. Char- 
acterized by orthopnea. 

Orthopraxis, Orthopraxy (or-tho-praks'-is, or'- 
tho-praks-e) [ortho-; npa^cg, doing]. Correc- 
tion of the deformities of the body. 

Orthoptic (or-thop'-tik) [ortho-; optic]. Per- 
taining to normal binocular vision. O. 
Training, a method of correcting the de- 
fective vision of those having strabismus or 
muscular insufficiency, by stereoscopic and 
• other ocular exercises of_a gymnastic kind. 

Orthoscope (or'-tho-skop) [ortho-; okotzsIv, to 
see]. An instrument for examination of the 
eye through a layer of water, whereby the 
curvature, and hence the refraction, of the 
cornea is neutralized and the cornea acts 
as a plane medium. x 

Orthoscopic (or-tho-skop'-ik) [orthoscope]. 1. 
Pertaining to an orthoscope or to orthos- 
copy. 2. Applied to lenses cut from the 
periphery of a large lens. 3. Having normal 
vision. 

Orthoscopy (or-thos'-ko-pe) [orthoscope]. The 
examination of the eye with the orthoscope. 

Orthotonus (or-thot'-o-nus) [ortho-; tovoc~, ten- 
sion]. Tetanic cramp in which the body lies 
rigid and straight. 

Oryza (o-ri'-zah). See Rice. 

Os [L. ; gen., oris]. 1. The mouth. 2. The 
symbol for osmium. 3. [L.; gen., ossis.] 
A bone. O. acromiale, the acromion 
when not united to the scapula. O. alae- 
forme, the sphenoid bone. O. alare, O. 
alatum, the sphenoid bone and alisphenoid 
bone. O. ballistae, the astragalus. O. 
brachii, the humerus. Ossa bregmatis, the 
parietal bones. O. calcis, the bone of the 
heel. O. capitatum. See O. magnum. O. 
coronale, the frontal bone. O. coxae. See 
O. innominatum. O. cubitale, the cunei- 
form bone of the wrist. O. externum, the 
external orifice of the cervical canal of the 
uterus opening into the vagina. O. femoris, 
the femur. O. hamatum, the unciform bone. 
O. humeri, the humerus. O. ilii, the ilium. 
O. innominatum, the innominate bone. 
Ossa intercalaria, the wormian bones. O. 
internum, the internal orifice of the cervi- 
cal canal opening into the cavity of the body 
of the uterus. O. ischii, the ischium. O. 
japonicum, the divided malar bone, a racial 
characteristic of the Japanese. O. jugale, 
O. jugamentum, the malar bone. O. 
juguli, the clavicle. O. magnum, the 
third bone of the second row of the carpus. 
O. multiforme, the sphenoid bone. O. navic- 
ulare, the scaphoid bone. O. orbiculare. 1. 
The pisiform bone. 2. The lenticular pro- 
cess of the incus. O. orbitale, the upper 
of two portions into which the malar 
bone is sometimes divided by a horizontal 
suture. O. pectinis, the os pubis. O. pec- 
toris, the sternum. O. praemaxillare , the 
intermaxillary bone. O. pubis, the pubis. 
O. scutiforme, the patella. Ossa sutura- 
rum, the wormian bones. Syn., Ossa trique- 
tral Ossa wormiana. O. tetragonum, the 



OSAZONE 



714 



OSSICULUM 



parietal bone. O. triangular e. See O. cubi- 
tale. O. trigonum, an ossicle due to the 
separation of the external tubercle of the 
posterior surface of the astragalus and ossi- 
fication from a distinct center. O. triquet- 
rum. See O. cubitale. O. unguis, the 
lacrimal bone. O. uteri, either orifice of 
the cervical canal of the uterus. O. ypsi- 
loides, the hyoid bone. O. zygomaticum, 
the malar bone. 

Osazone {o'-saz-on). A compound formed when 
solutions of sugar are warmed for some time 
with a solution of phenylhydrazin and dilute 
acetic acid. 

Oscedo (os-e'-do) [L.]. Yawning. 

Oschea (os'-ke-ah) [oo%eov, scrotum]. Synonym 
of Scrotum. 

Oscheal (os'-ke-al). Pertaining to the scrotum. 

Oscheitis {os-ke-i'-tis) [oschea; exec, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the scrotum. 

Oscheo- (os-ke-o-) [oschea]. A prefix meaning 
relating to the scrotum. 

Oscheocele {os'-ke-o-sel) [oscheo-; ktjXtj, hernia]. 
Scrotal hernia. 

Oscheohydrocele (os-ke-o-hi'-dro-seT) [oscheo-; 
hydrocele]. A hydrocele occupying the sac 
of a scrotal hernia after the return of the 
bowel to the peritoneal cavity and the shut- 
ting off of the sac from the latter. 

Oscheoma {os-ke-o' -mah) [oscheo-; opa, tumor]. 
A scrotal tumor. 

Oscheoplasty (os'-ke-o-plas-te) [oscheo-; tzXclo- 
osiv, to form]. Plastic surgery of the scro- 
tum. 

Oschitis {os-ki'-tis). See Oscheitis. 

Oscillation {os-il-a'.-shun) [oscillatio; oscillare, 
to sway to and fro]. A swinging or vibra- 
tion; also any tremulous motion. 

Oscillator (os'-il-a-tor) [see Oscillation]. An 
apparatus for the application of mechanic 
therapeutics. 

Oscillatoria malarise (os-il-a-to'-re-ah mal-a r - 
ri-e). The pigmented ameboid bodies and 
flagellate organisms observed in the blood- 
discs in cases of ague. 

Oscitation (os-it-a'-shun) [oscitare, to yawn]. 
The act of yawning. 

Osculation ios-hu-la' -shun) [osculum]. The 
union of vessels by their mouths. 

Osculum (os'-ku-lum) [L., "a little mouth"]. 
A small aperture. 

-ose (-oz) [-osus]. A suffix denoting a member 
of the carbohydrate group. 

-osis (-o-sis). A suffix signifying condition of, 
or state caused by. 

Osier's Disease. See P olycythcemia cyanotica. 
O.'s Phenomenon, the agglutination of the 
blood-platelets observed in blood immediately 
after its withdrawal from the body. 

Osmate (oz'-mdt) [osmium]. A salt of osmic 
acid. 

Osmazome {pz'-maz-om) [do pi), smell; t.ojpbc, 
broth]. A brownish-yellow substance de- 
veloped by heat in muscular fibers, and for- 
merly supposed to give to cooked meats their 
peculiar flavor. 

Osmic (oz'-mik) [osmium]. Pertaining to or 



containing osmium. O. Acid. See Acid, 
Osmic. 

Osmidrosis {oz-mid-ro' -sis) [dopy, smell; tdpeo- 
occ, sweat]. The secretion of a malodorous 
perspiration ; bromidrosis. 

Osmium {oz'-me-um) [oopjj, smell]. A heavy 
metallic element belonging to the platinum 
group. Symbol Os; specific gravity 22.48; 
atomic weight 189.6; quantivalence II, IV, 
vi, viii. See Acid, Osmic. 

Osmodysphoria (oz-mo-dis-fo' '-re-ah) [oopq, 
smell; due, difficult; <f>kpttv, to bear]. Intol- 
erance of certain odors. 

Osmometer {oz-mom' -et-er) [60 pi], smell; ph- 
pov, a measure]. 1. An instrument for test- 
ing the sense of smell. 2. An apparatus for 
measuring osmosis. 

Osmosis (oz-mo'-sis) [(bop.bg, impulsion]. The 
passage of liquids and substances in solution 
through a porous septum. See Endosmosis 
and Exosmosis. 

Osmotic {oz-mot' -ik) . Pertaining to osmosis. 

Osphus (os'-fus) [6o(puc, loin]. The loin. 

Osphyalgia (os-fi-al'-je-ah) [osphus; aXjog, 
pain]. Any pain in the hip or loins; sciatica. 

Ossa (os'-ah) [L.; pi. of os, a bone]. Bones. 
See Os. 

Ossagen {os'-aj-en). A proprietary remedy 
used in rickets, said to be the calcium salt 
of the fatty acids of red bone-marrow. Dose 
30-60 gr. (2-4 Gm.) twice daily. 

Ossalin {os'-al-in). A hygroscopic ointment- 
base prepared from bone-marrow. It oc- 
curs as a grayish fat with the odor of tallow. 
Syn., Adeps ossium. 

Ossalinate (os-aV-in-dt). A proprietary sub- 
stitute for cod-liver oil said to be the sodium 
compound of the acid of ox-marrow. 

Ossein {os'-e-in) [os, a bone]. The organic 
base of osseous tissue. 

Osseoalbumoid (os-e-o-al'-bu-moid). A pro- 
teid substance resembling elastin, obtained 
from bone after hydration of the collagen. 

Osseoaponeurotic (os-e-o-ap-on-u-rot'-ik) [os; 
aponeurosis]. Bounded by bone and the 
aponeurosis of a muscle. 

Osseomucoid (os-e-o-mu'-koid) . A mucin dis- 
covered in bone and having the composition 

C47-07-^6-69^ ll-8lS2'41^31-85- 

Osseous {os'-e-us) [os]. Bony; composed of 
or resembling bone. 

Ossicle {os'-ik-l) [ossiculum, dim. of os]. A 
small bone. O., Auditory, one of a chain 
of small bones found in the tympanic cavity 
of the ear. 

Ossicula {os-ik'-u-lah) [L.]. Plural of Ossic- 
ulum. 

Ossiculectomy (os-ik-u-lek'-to-me) [ossicle; eu- 
ro py, excision]. The excision of an ossicle 
or of the auditory ossicles. 

Ossiculotomy (os-ik-u-lot'-o-me) [ossicle; rip- 
vecv, to cut]. Surgical incision of the ossicles 
of the ear. 

Ossiculum (os-ik'-u-lum). Synonym of Os- 
sicle. Ossicula calcoidea, the cuneiform 
bones of the foot. Ossicula epactalia, the 
wormian bones. O. hamuli, a horny 



OSSIFEROUS 



715 



OSTEODERMIA 



nodule in the trochlea near the ventral bor- 
der of the lacrimal groove. O. jugulare, 
one of frequent occurrence in the posterior 
lacerated foramen. Ossicula triticea, the 
lesser cornua of the hyoid bone. 

Ossiferous (ps-if'-er-us) [os; ferre, to bear]. 
Containing or producing bone tissue. 

Ossific (os-if'-ik) [os; facere, to make]. Pro- 
ducing bone. 

Ossification (os-if-ik-a'-shun) [see Ossific]. 
The formation of bone. 

Ossifluent (os-if'-lu-ent) [os; fluere, to flow]. 
Breaking down and softening bony tissue, 
as an ossifluent abscess. 

Ossiform (os'-if-orm) [os; forma, form]. Bone- 
like. 

Ossifying (os'-if-i-ing) [os; facere, to make]. 
Changing into bone. O. Chondroma, a 
chondroma that is undergoing ossification. 
O. Myositis, inflammation of muscle at- 
tended with, or followed by, deposition of 
bone-like masses. 

Ostalgia (os-tal' -je-ah) [osteo-; alyoc, pain]. 
Pain in a bone. 

Ostalgitis (os-tal-ji'-tis) [osteo-; aX-foc, pain; 
exec , inflammation]. Inflammation of a bone 
attended by pain. 

Ostearthrocace (os-te-ar-throk'-as-e) [osteo-; 
apdpov, joint; Kanoc, bad]. Malignant caries 
of the bones of a joint. 

Ostectopy (os-tek'-to-pe) [osteo-; iKzoxoc, 
placed]. Displacement of bone. 

Osteectomy (os-te-ek'-to-me) [osteo-; iKzop.rj, 
excision]. Excision of a portion of a bone. 

Ostein (os'-te-in). The same as Ossein. 

Osteitis, Ostitis {ps-te-i'-tis, os-ti'-tis) [osteo-; 
tree, inflammation]. Inflammation of bone. 
O., Condensing, a form usually involving 
the whole of a hollow bone, and resulting in 
the filling of the medullar}' cavity with 
a dense bony mass; new bone usually 
forms on the surface, so that the bone be- 
comes heavier and denser than normal. O. 
deformans, a rare form characterized by 
the production of deformity. O. fungosa, 
a simple inflammatory hyperplasia of the 
medulla and of the compact substance of 
bone characterized by fungoid granulations 
and leading to new ossification or destruc- 
tive chronic inflammation. O., Gummat- 
ous, a chronic form due to syphilis and char- 
acterized by the formation of gummas in 
the cancellous tissue of the epiphysis, in the 
shaft of a bone, or in the periosteum. O., 
Rarefying. See Osteoporosis. O., Scleros- 
ing. See Osteosclerosis. 

Ostemia (os-te'-me-ah) [osteo-; alpta, blood]. 
A morbid condition of bone distinguished 
by its turgescence with blood. 

Ostempyesis (os-tem-pi-e'-sis) [osteo-; i/ixuTjoec, 
suppuration]. Suppuration of bone. 

Osteo- (os-te-o-) [oarkov, bone]. A prefix 
signifying connection with or relation to 
bone. 

Osteoanabrosis (os-te-o-an-ab-ro'-sis) [osteo-; 
dva, up; ftpujocc, eating]. Absorption of bone 
or its destruction, as by osteoclasts. 



Osteoaneurysm (os-te-o-an' '-u-rizm) [osteo-; 
aneurysm]. Aneurysm of the arteries of a 
bone; a pulsating tumor of a bone. 

Osteoarthritis (os-te-o-ar-thri' -tis) [osteo-; ar- 
thritis]. An inflammation of the bones form- 
ing a joint. 

Osteoarthropathy (os - te - o - ar - throp'-ath -e) 
[osteo-; apdpov, joint; ~adoc, disease]. Any 
disease of bony articulations. O., Hyper- 
trophic Pulmonary, a disease characterized 
by a bulbous enlargement of the terminal 
phalanges of the fingers and toes, a thick- 
ening of the articular ends of the bones, 
and a peculiar curvation of the nails. The 
condition is usually associated with disease 
of the lungs or pleura (whence the name 
osteoarthopathie pneumique hypertrophiante 
given to it by Marie), and results from the 
absorption of toxic products from the dis- 
eased foci. 

Osteoarthrotomy (os-te-o-ar-throt'-o-me) [osteo-; 
arthrotomy]. Excision of the joint-end of a 
bone. 

Osteoblast (os'-te-o-blast) [osteo-; fiXaoroc, a 
germ]. Any one of the cells of mesoblastic 
origin concerned in the formation of bony 
tissue. 

Osteocachexia (os-te-o-kak-eks'-e-ah) . Cachexia 
due to disease of the bones. 

Osteocarcinoma (os-te-o- kar - sin - o'-mah) . 
i. Ossifying carcinoma. 2. Carcinoma of 
bone. 

Osteocele (os'-te-o-sel) [osteo-; kt/Xt], hernia]. 
A bone-like substance found in old hernial 
sacs; also marked hardening of the testicle. 

Osteochondritis (os-te-o-kon-dri f -tis). Inflam- 
mation involving both bone and cartilage. 

Osteochondroma (os-te-o-kon-dro'-mah). A 
tumor that is in part bony and in part car- 
tilaginous. 

Osteochondrophyte (os-te-o-kon'-dro-fit). A 
bone tumor in which the proportions of bone 
and cartilage are nearly equal. 

Osteochondrosarcoma (os-te-o-kon-dro-sar-ko'- 
mah). An osteochondroma with sarcomatous 
features. 

Osteoclasis (os-te-ok' -la-sis) [osteo-; nXaocc, a 
breaking]. 1. Fracture of bones for purposes 
of remedying deformity. 2. The destruction 
of bony tissue by osteoclasts. 

Osteoclast (os'-te-o-klast) [see Osteoclasis]. 

1. An instrument for performing osteoclasis. 

2. One of the large multinuclear cells found 
against the surface of bone in little eroded 
depressions (Howship's lacunas), and con- 
cerned in the removal of bone. 

Osteocope (os'-te-o-kop). See Osteocopic Pain. 

Osteocopic Pain (os-te-o-kop r -ik) [osteo-; koxoc, 
a beating]. A severe pain in a bone, usually 
worse at night. It is a symptom of osteitis 
or periostitis, especially of syphilitic origin. 

Osteocranium (os-te-o-kra'-ne-um). The ossi- 
fied cranium as distinguished from the chon- 
drocranium. 

Osteocystoma (os-te-o-sis-to'-mah). A cystic 
bone-tumor. 

Osteodermia (os-te-o-der'-me-ah) [osteo-; okpfia, 



OSTEODIASTASIS 



716 



OSTEOTOMY 



skin]. The existence of bony formations in 
the skin. 

Osteodiastasis (os-te-o-di-as'-ta-sis) [osteo-; dta- 
oxaocc, separation]. Separation of bone (as 
an epiphysis) without true fracture. 

Osteodiclis (os-te-o-dik'-lis). See Diclidostosis. 

Osteodynia (os-te-o-din'-e-ah) [osteo-; ddovr,. 
pain]. A chronic pain in a bone. 

Osteoepiphysis {os-te-o-e-pi}'-is-is). A bony 
. epiphysis. 

Osteofibrolipoma (os-te-o~fi-bro-lip-o'-mah). A 
tumor made up of bony, fibrous, and fatty 
elements. 

Osteofibroma (os-te-o-fi-bro'-mah). A com- 
bined osteoma and fibroma. 

Osteogenesis (os-te-o-jen'-es-is) [osteo-; ykveacc, 
origin]. The development of bony tissue. 

Osteogenetic ips-te-o-jen-et' -ik) [see Osteogen- 
esis']. Pertaining to, or concerned in, osteo- 
genesis. O. Cell, an osteoblast. O. Layer, 
the deep layer of periosteum from which 
bone is formed. 

Osteohalisteresis {os-te-o-hal-is-ter-e'-sis) [os- 
teo-; aXc, salt; oriprjocc, privation]. A loss 
of the mineral constituents of bone. 

Osteoid (os'-te-oid) [osteo-; eldoc, like]. i. 
Resembling bone. 2. An osteoma. 

Osteolipochondroma (os-te-o-lip -o- kon - dro'- 
mah) [osteo-; X'cnog, fat; chondroma]. A 
chondroma with osseous and fatty elements. 

Osteology (os-te-oV-o-je) [osteo-; Aoror, science]. 
The science of the anatomy and structure of 
bones. 

Osteolysis {os-te-ol f -is-is) [osteo-; Xoacc, dis- 
solution]. Absorption of bone. 

Osteoma {ps-te-o' -mah) [osteo-; opta, a tumor]. 
A bony tumor. O. durum, a tumor con- 
sisting of hard bony tissue. O. eburneum. 
Synonym of O. durum. O. medullare, an 
osteoma containing marrow-spaces. O. 
spongiosum, an osteoma containing cancel- 
lated bony tissue. 

Osteomalacia (os-te-o-mal-a'-she-ah) [osteo-; 
fiakaKca, softening]. Softening of bone from 
loss of its earthy constituents. It occurs 
chiefly in adults, especially in women in the 
course of pregnancy. 

Osteomyelitis {os-te-o-mi-el-i' -tis) [osteo-; mye- 
litis]. Inflammation of the marrow of bone. 

Osteomyelum {ps-te-o-mi f -el-um) [osteo-; p.oe- 
Xoc, marrow]. The marrow of bone. 

Osteonabrosis ips-te-on-ab-ro' -sis) . See Osteo- 
anabrosis. 

Osteonagenesis (os-te-on-aj-en' -es-is). See 
Osteogenesis. 

Osteoncus (os-te-ong' -kus) [osteo-; oynog, 
tumor]. 1. A tumor of a bone. 2. An 
exostosis. 

Osteonecrosis {os-te-o-ne-kro'-sis). Necrosis of 
bone. 

Osteoparectasis {os-te-o-par-ek'-tas-is) [osteo-; 
napkuraoic, a stretching out]. Abnormal' 
lengthening of a bone; overextension in the 
treatment of fracture. 

Osteopathy {os-te-op'-ath-e) [osteo-; tzoBoc, 
suffering]. 1. Any disease of bone. 2. A 
socalled system of healing conceived by A. 
T. Still, based on the belief that all disease 



is due to misplacement of bones with resul- 
tant pressing upon nerves, muscles, etc. 

Osteoperiostitis {ps-te-o-per-e-os-ti' -tis) [osteo-} 
periostitis]. Combined inflammation of the 
bone and periosteum. 

Osteophlebitis (os-te-o-fle-bi'-tis). Inflamma- 
tion of the veins of a bone. 

Osteophyma (os-te-o-fi 1 '-mah) [osteo-; <j>ujia, 
swelling]. Any tumor or swelling of a bone. 

Osteophyte (os'-te-o-fit) [osteo-; (fzuxov, a plant]. 
A bony outgrowth of dendritic character. 

Osteoplastic (os-te-o-plas'-tik) [see Osteoplasty]. 

1. Pertaining to the formation of bone. 2. 
Pertaining to plastic operations upon bone. 
O. Resection, an operation in which a 
portion of bone, cut loose from its attach- 
ments except at one point, is laid back, the 
underlying diseased structure removed, and 
the bone replaced. It is known as the 
Wagner- Wolff method. 

Osteoplasty ips' -te-o-plas-te) [osteo-; izXaooztv, 
to form]. Plastic operations performed upon 
bone. 

Osteoporosis {os-te-o-por-o' -sis) [osteo-; nbpoc, 
a pore]. An enlargement of the spaces of bone 
whereby a porous appearance is produced. 

Osteopsathyrosis (os-te-o-sath-ir-o' '-sis) [osteo-; 
(padupoc, friable]. Fragility of the bones. 

Osteorrhaphy (ps-te-or'-a-je) [osteo-; pa<firj, su- 
ture]. The suturing of bones. 

Osteosarcoma (os-te-o-sar-ko f -mah). A sar- 
coma containing bone. 

Osteosarcosis {os-te-o-sar-ko' -sis) [osteo-; ob.pt;, 
flesh]. The conversion of bone into sarcoma- 
tous tissue. 

Osteosclerosis (os-te-o-skle-ro f -sis). A condi- 
tion in which the bone becomes hard and 
heavy; it is seen in sclerosing or condens- 
ing osteitis. 

Osteospongioma (os-te-o-spun-je-o'-mah). A 
tumor consisting of a spongy or highly can- 
cellous growth of bony tissue. 

Osteosteatoma {ps-te-o-ste-at-o' -mah). A fatty 
tumor of bone. 

Osteostixis (os-te-o-stiks 1 '-is) [osteo-; ot'c&c, a 
pricking]. Surgical puncturing of a bone. 

Osteosuture ips-te-o-su'-tur). See Osteor- 
rhaphy. 

Osteosynovitis {os-te-o-sin-o-vi'-tis). Syno- 
vitis complicated with osteitis of adjacent 
bones. 

Osteotabes (os-te-o-ta'-bez). Bone degenera- 
tion of infants beginning with the destruc- 
tion of the cells of the lymphoid or splenoid 
bone-marrow, which disappears completely in 
parts and is replaced by soft gelatinous tissue; 
later the spongy bone diminishes, and lastly 
the compact bone. 

Osteotome (os'-te-o-tom) [osteo-; rofi-q, a cut- 
ting]. 1. An instrument for cutting bone. 

2. An instrument used in cutting the bones 
of the fetal head in embryotomy. 

Osteotomy (os-te-ot'-o-me) [see Osteotome]. 
The division of a bone. O., Cuneiform, 
an osteotomy in which a wedge of bone is 
removed. O., Linear, a simple division of 
a bone. O., Macewen's. See Operation, 
Macewen's. 



OSTEOTRITE 



717 



OTOSCOPE 



Osteotrite {os'-te-o-trlt) [osteo-; rpcftecv, to 
rub]. An instrument for scraping away 
carious bone. 

Osteotympanic {os-te-o-tim-pan'-ik). See 

Craniotympanic. 

Ostial {os'-te-al) [ostium]. Pertaining to an 
opening or orifice. 

Ostiary {os'-te-a-re) {ostium]. Same as Ostial. 

Ostium {os'-te-um) [L.]. A mouth or aper- 
ture. 0. abdominale, the orifice of the 
oviduct communicating with the peritoneal 
cavity. O. internum, the uterine opening 
of the oviduct. O. pharyngeum, the phar- 
yngeal opening of the eustachian tube. O. 
tympanicum, the tympanic opening of the 
eustachian tube. O. vaginas, the external 
orifice of the vagina. 

Ostoid {os'-toid). See Osteoid. 

Otacoustic {o-ta-koos'-tik) [ode, ear; anouetv, to 
hear], i. Pertaining to or aiding hearing. 
2. An ear-trumpet. 

Otalgia {o-tal f -je-ah) [ouc, ear; dXyoc, pain]. 
Earache. 

Otaphone (o'-taf-ori) [ouc, ear; <f>covrj, sound]. A 
clamp for throwing the pinnas forward and 
outward, and thus assisting the hearing. 

Othematoma {ot-hem-at-o' -mah) [ouc, ear; 
hematoma]. Hematoma of the external ear, 
usually the pinna; it is comparatively fre- 
quent in the insane. Syn., Hcematoma auris; 
Insane ear. 

Otiatrics {o-te-af -riks) [ouc, ear; earpcKoc, of 
healing]. The study of diseases of the ear 
and their treatment. 

Otic {o'-tik) [wtckoc, from ouc, ear]. Pertain- 
ing to the ear. O. Ganglion. See Ganglion, 
Otic. 

Oticodynia {o-tik-o-din' -e-alt) [otic; d'cvoc, ver- 
tigo]. Vertigo from ear disease. 

Otitis {o-ti'-tis) [ouc, ear; ntc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the ear. O. externa, in- 
flammation of the external ear. O. interna, 
that affecting the internal ear. O. mas- 
toidea, inflammation confined to the mas- 
toid cells; mastoid disease. O. media, that 
affecting the middle ear. 

Oto- {o-to-) [ouc, ear]. A prefix signifying 
connection with or relation to the ear. 

Otocephalus {o-to-se}' -al-us) [oto-; Ke<f>a\-q, 
head]. A monster characterized by a union 
or close approach of the ears, by absence 
of the lower jaw, and an ill-developed mouth. 

Otocleisis {o-to-kli'-sis) [oto-; kXuocc, closure]. 
Occlusion of the ear. 

Otoconite {o-tok'-o-nlt). See Otoconium. 

Otoconium {o-to-W -ne-um) [oto-; tcovcc, dust]. 
An otolith. 

Otocrane, Otocranium {o' -to-krdn, o4o-kra r - 
ne-um) [oto-; upavtov, skull]. The cavity 
of the petrous portion of the skull holding 
the organ of hearing. 

Otodynia (o-to-din' '-e-ah) [oto-; dduvr), pain]. 
Pain in the ear. 

Otogenous {o-to]' -en-us) [oto-; yevvdv, to pro- 
duce]. Originating in the ear. 

Otography {o-tog'-ra-fe) [oto-; ypafetv, to 
write]. Descriptive anatomy of the ear. 



Otohemineurasthenia {o-to-hem-i-nu-ras-the' - 
ne-ak) [oto-; hemi, half; neurasthenia]. A con- 
dition in which hearing is limited exclusively 
to one ear, without the evidence of any 
materia] lesion of the auditory apparatus. 

Otolith {o'-to-lith) [oto-; Xcdoc, stone]. One of 
the calcareous concretions within the mem- 
branous labyrinth of the ear. 

Otology {o-tol'-o-je) [oto-; Xbyoc, science]. The 
science of the ear, its anatomy, functions, 
and diseases. 

Otomassage {o-to-mas-ahzh') [oto-; massage]. 
The application of passive motion to the 
tympanic membrane and auditory ossicles. 

Otomyasthenia {o-to- mi -as- the' -ne- ah) . i . 
Weakness of the muscles of the ear. 2. 
Defective hearing due to a paretic condi- 
tion of the tensor tympani and stapedius 
muscles. 

Otomyces {o-to-mi'-sez) [oto-; fiUKf]c, fungus]. 
A fungous growth within the ear. 

Otomycosis {o-to-mi-ko' -sis) . The growth of 
fungi within the ear, or the diseased con- 
dition caused by the same. 

Otoneurasthenia {o-to-nu-ras-the'-ne-ah). A 
condition of deficient tone of the auditory 
apparatus. 

Otopathy {o-top'-ath-e) [oto-; izadoc, disease]. 
Any affection of the ear. 

Otopharyngeal {o-to-far-in f -je-al). Pertaining 
to the ear and the pharynx. O. Tube, the 
eustachian tube. 

Otophone {o'-to-fon) [oto-; cfyoivf), voice]. 1. 
An ear-trumpet or other device for gather- 
ing and intensifying sound-waves. 2. An 
auscultating tube used in ear diseases. 

Otopiesis {o-to-pi' -es-is) [oto-; izhocc, pressure]. 
Pressure on the labyrinth sufficient to cause 
deafness. Depression of the tympanic mem- 
brane by atmospheric pressure, owing to the 
rarefaction of the air within the tympanic 
cavity. 

Otoplasty {0' -to-plas-te) [oto-; nXaooecv, to 
form]. Plastic surgery of the external ear. 

Otopolyp {o-to-pol'-ip). A polyp occurring 
in the ear. 

Otor {o'-tor) [ouc, ear]. Aural. 

Otorhinolaryngology {o-to-ri-no-lar-in-goV-o- 
je) [oto-; pec, nose; laryngology]. The 
anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the 
ear, nose, and throat. 

Otorrhea {o-tor-e'-ah) [oto-; po'ca, a flow]. A 
discharge from the external auditory meatus. 

Otoscleronectomy {o-to-skle-ro-nek' -to-me) 

[oto-; onXrjpoc, hard; eKzopiT), excision]. Sur- 
gical removal of sclerosed and ankylosed 
conductors of sound in chronic otitis media. 

Otoscope {o'-to-skop) [oto-; okotzb'cv, to exam- 
ine]. An instrument for examining the 
ear, especially a rubber tube, one extremity of 
which is inserted into the ear of the subject, 
and the other extremity into the ear of the 
examiner, a current of air being passed by 
means of a Politzer bag and a eustachian 
catheter through the middle ear. In case of 
tympanic perforation the rushing sound made 
by the passing air is audible to the examiner. 



OTOSCOPY 



718 



ovos 



Otoscopy (o-tos' -ko-pe) [see Otoscope]. Exami- 
nation of the ear, especially by means of 
the otoscope. 

Otosteal {o-tos' -te-al) [see Otosteon]. Pertain- 
ing to the bones of the ear. 

Otosteon (o-tos' -te-on) \oto-; boxkov, bone], 
i. An auditory ossicle, or ear-bone. 2. An 
otolith. 

Ototomy (o-tot'-o-me) [0I0-; to/xtj, a cutting]. 
Dissection of the ear. 

Ouabain (oo-a'-ba-in), C 30 H 46 O 12 . A poisonous 
glucosid from the wood of Carissa schimperi 
and of Acocanthera venenata. Introduced 
into the stomach it is nonpoisonous, but 
injected into the blood it is extremely viru- 
lent. It is a depressant to the heart and the 
respiration. As a local anesthetic it has ten 
times the power of cocain. It has been 
recommended for whooping-cough in doses 
of joVo g r - (0.000065 Gm.), repeated with 
caution. 

Oulitis (oo-li'-tis). See U litis. 

Ounce (ouns) [uncia, a. contraction of undecia, 
a twelfth part]. A unit of measure of weight. 
O., Avoirdupois, the sixteenth part of the 
avoirdupois pound, or 437.5 g r - (3 1 - 1 Gm.). 
O., Troy, the twelfth part of the troy pound, 
or 480 gr. (31.08.Gm.). 

Ouro- (00-ro-). See Uro-. 

Outpatient (out'-pa-shent). A hospital patient 
treated without the walls of the institution. 

Ovadin (o'-vad-in). A proprietary preparation 
of the ovaries of animals containing iodin. 

Oval (o'-val) [ovum]. Egg-shaped. 

Ovalbumen (o-val-bu'-men) [ovum; albumen]. 
The albumen of the egg. 

Ovaraden (o-var-ad'-en). An organotherapeu- 
tic preparation from the ovaries of animals; 
used as a nervine. Dose 45-90 gr. (3- 
6 Gm.) daily. 

Ovarialgia (o-va-re-aV -je-ah) [ovary; a\foc, 
pain]. Neuralgic pain in the ovary. 

Ovarian (o-va'-re-an) [ovary]. Pertaining to 
the ovaries. 

Ovariin (o-var'-e-in). An organotherapeutic 
preparation from the ovaries of cows; used 
in ovarian disorders. Dose 15-24 gr. (1.0- 
1.6 Gm.) 3 times daily in pills. 

Ovarin (o'-var-in). The sterilized extract of 
the ovaries of the pig; used in diseases of 
women, sterility, etc. 

Ovario- (o-va-re-o-) [ovarium, ovary]. A prefix 
denoting relation to the ovary. 

Ovariocele (o-va'-re-o-sel) [ovario-; k7}Xtj , hernia]. 
Hernia of an ovary. 

Ovariocentesis {p-va-re-o-sen-te' -sis) [ovario-; 
Kevxrjocc, puncture]. Puncture of the oyary 
or of an ovarian cyst. 

Ovarioepilepsy (o-va-re-o-ep'-il-ep-se). See 

Hystero epilepsy. 

Ovariosalpingectomy (o-va-re -o-sal-pin-jek f -to- 
me). See Oophorosalpingectomy. 

Ovariostomy (o-va-re-os'-to-me). See Oopho- 
rostomy. 

Ovariotomist (o-va-re-of '-o-mist) [see Ovari- 
otomy]. One who performs ovariotomy. 

Ovariotomy (o-va-re-ot'-o-me) [ovario-; tony, a 



cutting]. Literally, incision of an ovary. 
As generally used, removal of an ovary; 
oophorectomy. O., Normal, the removal of 
an ovary that is free from disease. Syn., 
Battey's Operation. 

Ovaritis (o-var-i' -tis) . See Oophoritis. 

Ovary (o'-var-e) [ovarium, an egg-holder, from 
ovum, egg]. One of a pair of glandular or- 
gans giving rise to ovums. It consists of a 
fibrous framework or stroma, in which are 
embedded the graafian follicles, and is sur- 
rounded by a serous covering derived from 
the peritoneum. 

Ovaserum (o-va-se'-rum). The serum of an 
animal which has acquired specific precipi- 
tating action by the inoculation of egg- 
albumen ; it may be used as a test for egg- 
albumen. 

Overextension. Excessive extension; exten- 
sion beyond the normal point or line. 

Overtone. A harmonic tone heard above the 
fundamental tone. 

Ovi- [ovum]. A prefix denoting relating to the 
ovum. 

Oviduct (o'-vid-ukt) [ovi-; ductus, a canal]. 
The fallopian tube; a small tube upon each 
side of the uterus, through which the ovule 
passes to the uterus. 

Oviferous {p-vif '-er-us) [ovi-; ferre, to bear]: 
Producing or bearing ovums. 

Ovification (o-vif-ik-a' -shun) [see Oviferous]. 
The production of ovums. 

Ovigerm (o'-vij-erm) [ovi-; germen, sprout; 
bud]. A cell producing or developing into 
an ovum. 

Ovigerous (o-vif -er-us) [ovi-; gerere, to carry]. 
Producing or carrying ovums. 

Ovination (o-vin-a' -shun) [ovis y a sheep]. In- 
oculation with the virus of sheep-pox. 

Oviparous (o-vip'-ar-us) [ovi-; parere, to 
bring forth]. Laying eggs; bringing forth 
young in the egg-stage of development. 

Oviprotogen (o-vi-pro' -to-jen) . A proprietary 
dietetic, said to be a methylene compound 
of albumin, given in milk to infants, and used 
hypodermatically also. 

Ovisac (o'-vis-ak) [ovi-; saccus, sac]. The 
capsule of an ovum; a graafian follicle. 

Ovo-. , The same as Ovi-. 

Ovocenter (o'-vo-sen-ter) [ovo-; center]. The 
centrosome of the ovarian egg during fertili- 
zation. 

Ovocyte (o'-vo-slt). The same as Oocyte. 

Ovoglobulin (o-vo-glob'-u-lin) [ovo-; globulin]. 
The globulin of white of egg. 

Ovoid (o'-void) [ovo-; eldoc, like]. Egg- 
shaped. O., Fetal, the fetal ellipse, or the 
ellipse formed by the bending of the fetal 
body in the uterus. 

Ovolecithin (o-vo-les' -ith-in) . See Lecithin. 

Ovomucin (0 - vo - mu'-sin). A glycoproteid 
composing about 7 % of the proteid matter of 
egg-white. 

Ovomucoid (o-vo-mu'-koid). A glycoproteid 
obtained from white of egg. 

Ovos (o'-vos). A proprietary substitute for 
meat-extract, prepared from yeast. 



OVOVITELLIN 



719 



OXYGEN 



Ovovitellin {o-vo-vit-el'-in). A proteid con- 
tained in yolk of egg; a white, granular 
substance, soluble in dilute acids, alkalis, and 
a 10% solution of common salt. 

Ovoviviparous {o-vo-vi-vip' -ar-us) [ovo-; vivi- 
parus, bringing forth alive]. Reproducing by 
means of eggs hatched within the body. 

Ovulation {ov-,u-la' -shun) [ovulum, dim. of 
ovum]. The maturation and escape of the 
ovum. 

Ovule {ov'-uV) [ovum], i. The ovum before 
its escape from the graafian vesicle. 2. A 
small egg; especially a small, egg-like body, 
as the ovule of Naboth, one of the small 
cysts resulting from obstruction of the ducts 
of the glands of the cervix uteri. O., Mi- 
gration of, the transfer of the ovule from 
the ovary to the oviduct. 

Ovum {p'-vum) [L., "an egg"]. The repro- 
ductive cell of an animal or vegetable; an 
egg. A human ovum is a cell consisting of 
a large amount of protoplasm {vitellus) and 
a large spheric nucleus, the germinal vesicle, 
within which is a bright spot, the nucleolus, 
or germinal spot. It is surrounded by an 
inner zone, the zona pellucida, and an outer, 
the vitelline membrane. O., Alecithal, one 
in which the food-yolk is entirely absent 
or present only in very small quantity. O., 
Blighted, an impregnated ovum the devel- 
opment of which has been arrested by dis- 
ease or by hemorrhage into the chorion or 
amniotic cavity. 0., Centrolecithal, one 
in which the formative yolk is arranged in a 
regular layer around the whole ovum, as well 
as in a mass at the center in which lies the 
germinal vesicle. O., Holoblastic, one in 
which the food-yolk is scant and more or less 
thoroughly intermingled with the formative 
yolk, and in which germination is accom- 
panied by a practically uniform segmentation. 
O., Meroblastic, an ovum with a large 
amount of food-yolk that takes no active part 
in the development of the embryo. O., 
Telolecithal, one in which the food-yolk 
and the formative yolk divide the egg into 
two hemispheres, or in which the quantity 
of the nutritive yolk is greatly in excess. 

Oxalate {oks'-a-lat) [oxalis]. A salt of oxalic 
acid. 

Oxalic Acid {oks-al'-ik). See Acid, Oxalic. 

Oxaluria {oks-al-u' -re-ah) [oxalis; obpov, urine]. 
The presence of an excessive amount of cal- 
cium oxalate in the urine. 

Oxalylurea {oks-a-lil-u-re' '-ah) [oxalic; urea]. 
Parabanic acid, a substance produced by 
oxidizing uric acid or alloxan with nitric 
acid. 

Oxaphor {oks' -a- for) . A 50% alcoholic solu- 
tion of oxy camphor; used in dyspnea. Dose 
15 min. (1 Cc.) 2 or 3 times daily. 

Oxatyl {oks'-at-il). See Carboxyl. 

Oxid {oks'-id) [6£uc, sharp]. A binary com- 
pound of oxygen and another element or 
radicle. O., Acid, an oxid which produces 
an acid when combined with water; an 
anhvdrid. 



Oxidase {oks'-id-dz). The inherent substance 
of the living cell-nucleus that possesses the 
power of setting free active oxygen. Col- 
umnar epithelium and glandular tissue are 
rich in oxidase. 

Oxidation {oks-id-a' -shun) [oxid]. The act or 
process of combining with oxygen. 

Oxidize {oks'-i-diz). To combine or to cause 
to combine with oxygen. 

Oxims {oks'-imz). A series of chemic com- 
pounds for the most part the product of the 
action of hydroxylamin upon aldehyds and 
ketones. 

Oxols {oks'-olz). A collective name for anti- 
septic fluid mixtures of a 3% solution of 
hydrogen dioxid, 32 to 38 % alcohol, and 1 % 
naphthol, menthol, or other substance. Cf. 
Camphoroxol; Menthoxol; Naphthoxol. 

Oxolyin {oks-oV -i-in) [6^'jc, sharp; XOecv, to dis- 
solve]. According to Le Conte, that one of two 
substances contained in globulin, casein, albu- 
min, and fibrin which dissolves in glacial 
acetic acid. Cf. Anoxolnin. 

Oxy- (oks-e-) [6£uc, sour; sharp]. 1. A pre- 
fix denoting sharp or acid. 2. A prefix de- 
noting combined with oxygen. 

Oxyacid {oks'-e-as-id) See under Acid. 

Oxyakoia, Oxyacoa {oks-e-a-koi'-ah, oks-e-a- 
ko'-ah) [oxy-; dnorj, hearing]. Increased 
acuteness of hearing. 

Oxybromid {oks-e-bro'-mid). A compound of 
an element or radicle with oxygen and bromin. 

Oxybutyric Acid {oks-e-bu-ti'-rik) [oxy-; buty- 
rum, butter], C 4 H 8 3 . A fatty acid found 
in the urine in certain fevers and in dia- 
betes. Its presence in the body in diabetes, 
simultaneously with that of diacetic acid, 
is supposed to be the cause of diabetic 
coma. 

Oxy camphor {oks-e-kam'-for), C 10 H 15 O(OH). 
An oxidation-product of camphor. It is used 
in dyspnea. Dose 8-16 gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.) 
2 or 3 times daily. 

Oxychinaseptol {oks-e-kin-ah-sep'-tol). See 
Diaphtherin. 

Oxychinolin {oks-e -kin' -o-lin). See Oxyquino- 
lin. 

Oxychlorid {oks-e-klo' -rid) [oxy-; x^copoc, green]. 
A compound of a basic element or radicle 
with both oxygen and chlorin. 

Oxydases {oks' -e-da-zes) . See Ferments, Oxi- 
dation, and Oxidase. 

Oxydol {oks'-ed-oV). A solution of hydrogen 
dioxid. 

Oxydum {oks' -id-um) . See Oxid. 

Oxyecoia {oks-e-e-koi'-ah). Synonym of Oxya- 
koia. 

Oxygen {oks'-ij-en) [o£uf, sour; yewdv, to pro- 
duce]. A colorless, tasteless, odorless gas, one 
of the nonmetallic elements, having an atomic 
weight of 15.96; quantivalence 11; symbol O, 
and constituting one-fifth of the atmosphere, 
eight -ninths of water, three-fourths of organ- 
ized bodies, and about one-half the crust of the 
globe; it supports combustion, and is essen- 
tial to the respiration of animals and plants. 
It combines with most elements, its combina- 



OXYGENATED 



720 



OZOSTOMIA 



tion with the nonmetallic substances giving 
rise to acids (oxyacids). In medicine it has 
been employed by inhalation in the treatment 
of pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, grave 
anemias, asphyxia, and poisoning by opium. 
O. -carrier, a katalytic substance capable of 
absorbing molecules of oxygen and in turn of 
splitting these to give off atomic oxygen; the 
nucleoproteids are the oxygen-carriers of living 
matter. 

Oxygenated (oks r -e-jen-a-ted) [oxygen]. Con- 
taining or impregnated with oxygen. 

Oxyhematoporphyrin (oks-e-hem-at-o-por' -fir- 
in). A peculiar substance found in urine 
and closely allied to urohematoporphyrin, 
but producing a red instead of an orange 
color. 

Oxyhemoglobin (oks-e-hem-o-glo' -bin) [oxygen; 
hemoglobin]. Oxidized hemoglobin; that 
found in arterial blood. 

Oxyiodid (oks-e-i' -o-did) [oxy-; iodin]. A 
salt formed by the combination of an element 
with both oxygen and iodin. 

Oxymel (oks'-im-el) [oxy-; p.e\t, honey], i. 
A mixture of honey and vinegar or dilute 
acetic acid. 2. Any preparation containing 
honey and vinegar (or acetic acid) as a vehicle, 
as oxymel of squill. 

Oxymethy lene (oks -e- meth'- il - en) . Form- 
al dehyd. 

Oxyntic (oks-in'-tik) [6£6c, acid]. Secreting acid. 
O. Cells, cells of the fundus glands of the 
stomach supposed to secrete hydrochloric 
acid. 

Oxyopia (oks-e-o' -pe-ah) [oxy-; u><J>, eye]. In- 
creased acuity of vision. 

Oxyphenylsulfonic Acid Test for Albumin. 
Make a solution of 3 parts of oxyphenylsul- 
fonic acid, 1 part salicylsulfonic acid, water 
20 parts. To 1 drop of this add 1 Cc. of urine, 
and in the presence of albumin a white, trans- 
parent precipitate will be formed. 

Oxyphenylethylamin (oks-e-fen-il-eth-il f -am- 
in). A product of pancreatic digestion. 

Oxyphil (oks'-if-il) [oxy-; <f>tt.oc, loving]. 
Histologic elements that attract acid dyes. 

Oxypodia (oks-e-po'-de-ah). See Talipes 
equinus. 

Oxypropylenediisoamylamin (oks-e-pro-pil- 
en-di-ls-o-am-il f -am-in) . A synthetic alka- 
loid occurring as a clear fluid, soluble in 
alcohol, ether, or oils, insoluble in water, with 
action similar to atropin. 

Oxyquinaseptol (oks -e- kuuin -ah- sep'- tol) . 
Same as Diaphtherin. 

Oxyquinolin (oks-e-kwin'-o-lin), C 9 H 7 NO. A 
compound prepared by digesting quinolin 



with a bleaching lime-solution. Syn., Carbo- 
styril. 

Oxysalt (oks' -e-sawlt) [oxy-; salt]. A salt of an 
oxyacid. 

Oxysepsin (oks-e-sep'-sin). An oxidized toxin 
prepared from cultures of Bacillus tubercu- 
losis. 

Oxyspartein (oks-e-spar' -te-in) [oxy-; spar- 
tein]. A derivative of spartein; it is a cardiac 
stimulant. O. Hydrochlorate, C 15 H 24 N 2 0. - 
2HCI, is used hypodermatically in heart 
disease. Dose f-i| gr. (0.05-0.1 Gm.). 

Oxytocic (oks-e-tos'-ik) [oxy-; tokoc, labor]. 
1. Hastening parturition. 2. A drug that 
hastens parturition. 

Oxytoxin (oks-e-toks' -in) . An oxidized toxin. 

Oxy tuberculin (oks-e-tu-ber' -ku-lin) . An oxi- 
dized tuberculin. Dose 5 dr. (20 Cc.) daily. 

Oxyuris (oks-e-u f -ris) [oxy-; oupa, tail]. A 
genus of nematode worms — the pinworms. 
O. vermicularis, the common seatworm or 
pinworm infesting the rectum of children. 

Oxyvaselin (oks-e-vas'-el-in). Vasogen. 

Oxyzymol (oks-e-zi' -mol) . See Carvacrol. 

Ozalin (o'-za-lin). A proprietary disinfectant 
consisting of a mixture of sulfates of calcium, 
magnesium, and iron with caustic soda and 
magnesia. 

Ozena (o-ze'-nah) [b^ecv, to' smell]. Chronic 
disease of the nose accompanied by a fetid 
discharge, and depending on atrophic rhinitis, 
syphilitic ulceration, or caries. 

Ozocerite (o-zo-se' -rit) [o^ecv, to smell; KT)p6c, 
wax]. A solid paraffin found free in Galicia 
and Rumania, and used in diseases of the 
skin. 

Ozocrotia (o-zo-kro' -she-ah) [b£etv, to smell; 
%p(bc, skin]. An offensive odor of the skin. 

Ozonator (o'-zo-na-tor). An apparatus for 
generating ozone. 

Ozone (o'-zone) [p^ecv, to smell]. An allotropic 
form of oxygen, the molecule of which con- 
sists of three atoms. It occurs free in the 
atmosphere, and is a powerful oxidizing agent. 
In medicine it is employed as a disinfectant. 

Ozonized (o'-zo-nizd) [ozone]. Containing 
ozone. 

Ozonoform (o-zo' -no-form) . A proprietary dis- 
infectant said to consist of ozone and a dis- 
tillate of the fir tree. 

Ozonoscope (o-zo'-no-skop) [ozone; okotccIv, 
to view]. A test-paper saturated with starch 
and iodin used in determining the amount of 
ozone in the air. 

Ozostomia (o-zo-sto' -me-ah) [b^ecv, to smell; 
oxbjia, mouth]. A foul odor from the mouth 
or on the breath. 



721 



PAIN 



P. i. The symbol for phosphorus. 2. An ab- 
breviation of position and punctum proxi- 
mum (near-point). 

Pabulum (pab'-u-lum) [L.]. Food. 

Pacchionian Bodies, P. Glands (pak-e- 
o'-ne-an). Small vegetations occupying the 
convex surface of the meninges, chiefly along 
the superior longitudinal sinus and over the 
convexity of the cerebellum. P. Depres- 
sions, the depressions produced by the 
pacchionian bodies on the inner surface of the 
skull. P. Foramen, the opening in the 
tentorium for the passage of the encephalic 
isthmus. 

Pachy- (pak-e-) [nagac, thick]. A prefix mean- 
ing thick. 

Pachyblepharon (pak-e-blef -a-ron) [pachy-; 
pXk<f>apov , the eyelid]. Thickening of the 
eyelids. 

Pachycephaly (pak-e-sef '-al-e) [pachy-; Ke^aki], 
head]. Abnormal thickness of the skull. 

Pachydactylia (pak-e-dak-tiV -e-ah) [pachy-; 
dcLKTukoc, a finger]. A condition character- 
ized by great thickness of the fingers 

Pachyderma, Pachydermia (pak-e-der' -mah, 
pak-e-der' '-me-ah) [pachy-; dipfia, skin]. 1. 
Thickening of the skin. 2. Elephantiasis. 
P. laryngis, extensive thickening of the 
mucous membrane of the larynx. 

Pachydermatocele (pak-e-der-maf -o-sel) [pa- 
chy-; dermatocele]. A tumor due to thicken- 
ing of the skin. 

Pachydermatosis (pak-e-der ■-mat-o' '-sis) [pa- 
chy-; dermatosis]. Hypertrophic rosacea. 

Pachydermatous (pak-e-der' -mat-us) [pachy- 
derma]. Thick-skinned. 

Pachyemia (pak-e-e' -me-ah) [pachy-; alfia, 
blood]. Abnormal or morbid thickening of 
the blood. 

Pachy hymenia (pak-e-hi-me'-ne-ah). See Pachy- 
menia. 

Pachyleptomeningitis (pak-e-lep-to-men-in-ji' '- 
lis) [pachy-; leptomeningitis]. Combined in- 
flammation of the pia and dura. 

Pachylosis (pak-e -lo' -sis) [izaxoc, thick]. A 
condition of the skin, especially of the legs, in 
which it is* thick, dry, harsh, and scaly. 

Pachymenia (pak-e-me' -ne-ah) [pachy-; u/.ir]v, 
a membrane]. Thickening of the skin or of 
a membrane. 

Pachymeningitis (pak-e-men-in-ji'-tis) [pa- 
chy-; meningitis]. Inflammation of the dura 
of the brain (cerebral pachymeningitis) or the 
spinal cord (spinal pachymeningitis). P. cer- 
yicalis hypertrophica, a form of primary 
inflammation of the spinal dura producing 
pain and partial paralysis of one arm. P., 
External, that affecting the external layer 
of the dura. P., Hemorrhagic, P. haemor- 
rhagica interna, an effusion of blood on the 
inner surface of the dura. P., Internal, that 
involving the internal layer of the dura. P., 
Syphilitic, that due to syphilis. 
47 



Pachypelviperitonitis (pak-e-pel-vi-per-it-on- 
i'-tis) [pachy-; pelvis; peritonitis]. Pelvic 
peritonitis with a fibrous deposit over the 
uterus. 

Pachysalpingitis (pak-e-sal-pin-ji'-tis). Chronic 
parenchymatous salpingitis. 

Pachysalpingoovaritis (pak-e-sal-ping-o-o-var- 
i'-tis). Inflammation of the ovary and ovi- 
duct with thickening of the parts. 

Pachysomia (pak-e-so' -me-ah) [pachy-; o<L}ia, 
body]. Abnormal growth in thickness of the 
soft parts of the body, as in akromegaly. 

Pachytic (pak-it'-ik) [naxozTjc, thickness]. Fat; 
•thick; obese; also having the power of thick- 
ening the fluids of the body. 

Pachyvaginalitis (pak-e-vaj-in-al-i' -tis) [pachy-; 
vagina; tree, inflammation]. Hemorrhagic in- 
flammation of the • tunica vaginalis of the 
testicle, leading to hematocele. 

Pacini's Fluid (pah-tshe'-ne). A conserving 
and diluting fluid used in counting the red 
blood-corpuscles: Corrosive sublimate, 1 
part; sodium chlorid, 2 parts; glycerol, 13 
parts; distilled water, 113 parts; allow it to 
stand two months. For use, mix one part 
of this solution with three parts of water and 
filter. 

Pacinian Corpuscles (pah-tshin' -e-an) . See 
Corpuscles, Pacinian. 

Pack (pak). A blanket, either dry or soaked 
in hot or cold water, and wrapped about the 
body. P., Cold, a blanket wrung out of 
cold water and wrapped about the body. 
P., Hot, a blanket wrung out of hot water 
and wrapped about the body. P., Wet, a 
blanket wrung out of warm or cold water and 
wrapped about the body. 

Packing (pak'-ing). 1. The act of filling a 
wound or cavity with gauze or other material. 
2. The material used for filling the cavity. 

Page's Disease. See Erichsen's Disease. 

Pagenstecher's Ointment [Pagenstecher, a 
German ophthalmologist]. An ointment of 
yellow mercuric oxid, used in ophthalmic 
practice. 

Paget's Abscess (paj'-et) [Sir J. Paget, an 
English surgeon]. A residual abscess. P.'s 
Disease. 1. Malignant dermatitis, attack- 
ing most often the nipple and areola. 2. 
Osteitis deformans; hypertrophic deforming 
osteitis. P.'s Recurrent Fibroid, spindle- 
celled sarcoma of the subcutaneous tissue. 

Pain (pan) [pcena, punishment; pain]. 1. 
Bodily suffering due to irritation of a sensory 
nerve, or possibly, in rare cases, to changes in 
the central nervous system. 2. One of the 
rhythmic contractions of the uterus during 
labor. P., After-, that following labor, and 
caused by the uterus contracting to expel 
clots, etc. P., Bearing-down, pain with 
a sensation of dragging or bearing down of 
the pelvic organs, occurring in labor and in 
various inflammatory affections of the female 



PAINTER'S COLIC 



722 



PALMITIN 



pelvic organs. P., False, that occurring Paleontology (pa-le-on-tol'-o-je) [xaXacoc, an- 



in the latter part of pregnancy and resem- 
bling labor pain, although not followed by 
labor. P., Fulgurant, P., Fulgurating, 
the intense shooting pain affecting princi- 
pally the limbs of patients suffering from 
locomotor ataxia. Syn., Lancinating pain. 
P., Girdle-, a painful sensation as of a cord 
tied about the waist; it is a symptom of or- 
ganic disease of the spinal cord. P., Grow- 
ing, a popular term for the soreness about 
the joints in young persons at puberty. 
Some attribute it to increased vascularity 
of the epiphyses of long bones; others, to 
rheumatism. P., Labor. See Pain (2). 
P., Lancinating. See P., Fulgurant. P., 
Starting, pain caused by a spasmodic con- 
traction of the muscles just before the onset 
of sleep. It occurs in joint diseases when 
the cartilages are ulcerated. P., Terebrat- 
ing, P., Terebrant, boring pain. 

Painter's Colic. Lead colic. 

Palatal {pal'-at-al) [palate]. Pertaining to the 
palate. 

Palate (pal'-dt) [palatum, palate]. The roof 
of the mouth. It is composed of the hard 
palate, formed by the palatal processes of 
the superior maxillary bones and the palatal 
bones, and the soft palate, or velum palati, 
consisting of an aggregation of muscles — the 
tensor palati, azygos uvulae, palatoglossus, 
and palatopharyngeus. P., Artificial, a 
plate of hard material used as an obturator 
to close a fissure in the palate. P. Bone, 
an L-shaped bone back of the nasal fossas; 
it helps to form the floor and outer wall of 
the nose, roof of the mouth, and floor of the 
orbit; also sphenomaxillary and pterygoid 
fossas and the sphenomaxillary fissure. P., 
Cleft. See Cleft Palate. 

Palatine (pal'-a-tin) [palate]. 1. Pertaining to 
the palate, as the palatine arteries. 2. Con- 
veying the palatine vessels or nerves. 

PalatO- (pal-a-to-) [palate]. A prefix denoting 
relation to the palate. 

Palatoglossal (pal-a-to - glo s' -al) [potato-; yXcLoaa, 
tongue]. Pertaining to the palate and the 
tongue. 

Palatoglossus (pal-a-to-glos'-us). See under 
Muscle. 

Palatonasal (pal-a-to-na' -sal) [palato-; nasal]. 
Pertaining to the palate and the nose. 

Palatopharyngeal (pal-a-to- far -in' '-je-al) [pal- 
ato-; pharynx]. Pertaining conjointly to the 
palate and the pharynx. 

Palatopharyngeus (pal-a-to- far-in' -je-us). See 
under Muscle. 

Palatorrhaphy (pal-a-tor'-a-fe). See Staphy- 
lorrhaphy. 

Palatosalpingeus (pal -a -to -sal- pin f - je-us). 
The tensor palati muscle. 

Palatoschisis (pal-a-to s'-kis-is) [palato-; 0%'cocc, 
cleft]. Cleft palate. 

Palatostaphylinus (pal-at-o-staf-il-i'-nus). See 
Azygos uvula under Muscle. 

Palatouvularis (pal-a-to-u-vu-la'-ris). See 
Azygos uvula under Muscle. 



cient; ibv, being; Xbyog, science]. The sci- 
ence of the early life-forms of the earth. 

Palimbolous (pal-im' -bo-lus) [naXiv, back; /?a/l- 
Xecv, to cast]. Changing often; applied to 
diseases with very inconstant symptoms. 

Palingenesis (pal-in-jen' -es-is) [naXcv, back; 
fkvzotg, production]. The form of develop- 
ment of an individual germ in which the 
development of its ancestors is succinctly 
repeated. 

Palinodia (pal-in-o' -de-ah) [izaXtv, back; bdog, 
a way]. A recurrence or relapse of a disease. 

Palladium (pal-a' -de-um) [naXXadcov, a statue 
of Pallas] A rare metal sometimes used in 
making instruments of precision. P. Chlorid, 
a drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis. 
Dose 10 drops of a 3% solution. 

Palliative (pal' -e-a-tiv) [palliare, to cloak]. 
1. Relieving or alleviating suffering. 2. A 
drug relieving or soothing the symptoms of 
a disease without curing it. 

Pallium (pal'-e-um) [L., "a cloak"]. 1. The 
mantle or shell-forming tissue of a mol- 
lusk. 2. Of the brain, the fissured portion 
of each cerebral hemisphere, exclusive of 
the caudatum and the rhinencephalon. 

Palm (pahm) [palma, palm]. 1. The inner 
■ or flexor surface of the hand; the hollow of 
the hand. 2. A palm-tree. P. -oil (oleum 
palma), a fixed oil obtained from the fruit 
of Elceis guineensis. It is employed in mak- 
ing soap. 

Palma (pal'-mah) [L.]. Palm. Palmae plica- 
tae, the arborescent rugas of the interior of 
the vagina. 

Palmar (pal' -mar). Pertaining to the palm 
of the hand. P. Abscess, an abscess in 
the palm of the hand, usually situated be- 
neath the palmar fascia. P. Arch, one of 
the two curved arches, superficial and deep, 
formed by the anastomosis of the radial and 
ulnar arteries in the hand. P. Fascia, the 
sheath investing the muscles of the hand. 

Palmaris (pal-ma' -r is). See under Muscle. 

Palmature (pal' -mat-ur) [palm]. Union of the 
fingers, congenital or from burns, wounds, or 
other trauma. 

Palmella (pal-mel'-ah). A genus of fresh- 
water algse. 

Palmellin (pal-meV -in) . A red coloring-prin- 
ciple of a fresh-water alga, the Palmella 
cruenta, resembling hemoglobin. 

Palmiacol (pal-mi' -ak-ol), C 2 3H 40 O 2 . A pro- 
prietary remedy for tuberculosis, asthma, etc., 
said to be a derivative of guaiacol. Dose 
3 min. (0.18 Cc.) 3 or 4 times daily. 

Palmic (pal'-mik) [palm]. 1. Referring to the 
palm; palmitic. 2. [naXnoc, throb.] Pertain- 
ing to the pulse or palpitation. 

Palmitate (pal'-mit-dt) [palm]. A salt of pal- 
mitic acid. 

Palmitic (pal-mit'-ik). 1. Relating to or de- 
rived from palm-oil. 2. Relating to palmitin. 
P. Acid. See Acid, Palmitic. 

Palmitin (pal' -mit-in) [palm], C 3 H 5 (C 16 H 31 2 ) 3 . 
Glyceryl tripalmitate, a solid, crystallizable 



PALMITONE 



723 



PANCREATIC 



substance which, with stearin, constitutes the 
greater proportion of solid fats. 

Palmitone (pal'-mit-on). A ketone of pal- 
mitic acid resulting when it is distilled with 
slaked lime. 

Palmus (pal'-mus) [7taXjj.6c, a twitch]. A form 
of convulsive tic. Syn., Jumpers' disease; 
Lata; Miryachit. 

Palpate (pal' -pat) [palpare, to feel], i. To 
examine by touch. 2. Furnished with tac- 
tile organs. 

Palpation (pal-pa' -shun) [palpate]. In phy- 
sical diagnosis, the laying of the hand on 
a part of the body or the manipulation of a 
part with the hand for the purpose of ascer- 
taining its condition or that of underlying 
organs. P., Bimanual, the use of the two 
hands in examining an organ. P., Mediate, 
a method of physical examination performed 
by placing the phonendoscope on the chest 
after removing the tubes and resting the 
palmar surface of the hand upon the instru- 
ment, thus intensifying the vibrations. 

Palpatometer (pal-pat-om' -et-er) [palpare, to 
feel; jxkxpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
measuring arterial tension. 

Palpatopercussion (pal-pat- -per - hush' -un). 
Combined palpation and percussion. 

Palpebra (pal' -pe-brah) [ L. ]. The eyelid. 

Palpebral (pal'-pe-bral) [palpebra]. Pertaining 
to the eyelid. P. Conjunctiva, the con- 
junctiva of the eyelid. P. Fissure, the open- 
ing between the upper and lower eyelids. 

Palpebralis (pal-pe-bra'-lis). An old term for 
the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle. 

Palpebrate (pal' -pe-brat) [palpebra]. 1. Fur- 
nished with eyelids. 2. To wink. 

Palpebration (pal - pe - bra' - shun) [palpebra]. 
The act of winking; nictitation. 

Palpebrin (pal'-peb-rin). A proprietary remedy 
used externally in eye diseases; it is said to 
consist of boric acid, mercury bichlorid, zinc 
sulfate, and glycerol. 

Palpebrofrontal (pal-pe-bro-front'-al). Relat- 
ing to the eyelid and the brow. 

Palpitation (pal- pit-a' -shun) [palpitare, to 
quiver]. A fluttering or throbbing, especially 
of the heart, of which the person is con- 
scious. 

Palsy (pawl'-ze) [from paralysis]. Paralvsis. P., 
Bell's. See Bell's Palsy. P., Birth-. See 
Birth-palsy. P., Bulbar. See Bulbar 
Paralysis. P., Crutch-. See Crutch Par- 
alysis. P., Erb's. See Erb's Palsy. 
P., Hammer-, that due to excessive use of 
the hammer. P., Local, progressive mus- 
cular atrophy. P., Painter's, lead paralysis. 
P., Shaking. Synonym of Paralysis agitans. 
P., Wasting, progressive muscular atrophy. 

Paludal (pal'-u-dal) [pahcs, a marsh]. Pertain- 
ing to or originating in marshes; malarial. 

Paludein (pal-u' -de-in) [Paludina, a genus of 
fresh-water snails]. The mucus of the snail 
Paludina vivipara, which has been used to 
make a pectoral syrup. 

Paludism (pal'-u-dizm) [palus, a marsh]. Ma- 
larial poisoning. 



Palustral (pal-us'-tral) [see Paludism]. Per- 
taining to, or having the nature of, marsh- 
fever; paludal. 

Pampiniform (pam-pin' -i-form) [pampinus, 
tendril; forma, form]. Having the form of 
a tendril. P. Plexus. See Plexus, Pam- 
piniform. 

Pampinocele (pam-pin' -o-sel) [pampinus, ten- 
dril; ktjXtj, hernia]. A varicocele of the veins 
of the pampiniform plexus. 

Pan- [ndc, all]. A prefix signifying all, every, 
the whole of anything. 

Panacea (pan-a-se'-ah) [izavanEca, all-healing, 
"from nag, all; anoc;, a cure]. A remedy curing 
all diseases; a cure-all. 

Panada (pan-a'-dah) [Sp. from panis, bread]. 
Bread soaked in water; also a bread poultice. 

Panama Bark. Quillaja bark. P. Fever. 
1. A pernicious form of malarial fever oc- 
curring on the isthmus of Panama. 2. Yel- 
low fever. P. Paralysis, beriberi. 

Panaris (pan-a' -ris) . See Paronychia. 

Panaritium (pan - ar - ish' e -urn). See 
Paronychia. 

Panarthritis (pan-ar-thri'-tis). Inflammation 
of all the structures of a joint. 

Panas' Solution. A mild antiseptic collyrium, 
consisting of mercuric iodid, 1 part; absolute 
alcohol, 400 parts; distilled water, sufficient 
to make 20,000 parts. 

Panax (pa'-naks) [nava^ , all-healing]. A genus 
of araliaceous plants. Ginseng was formerly 
classed as Panax. See Aralia, also Ginseng. 

Panblastic (pan-bias' -tik) [pan-; ftXaoroc, a 
germ]. Connected with all the layers of the 
blastoderm. 

Pancarditis (pan-kar-di'-tis). General in- 
flammation of the heart. 

Panchrestous (pan-kres'-tus) [pan-; %pT)or6c, 
useful]. Useful for everything; relating to 
a panacea. 

Pancolpohysterectomy (pan-kol-po-his-ter-ek' - 
to-me). See Panhysterokolpectomy. 

Pancreaden (pan-kre' -ad-en). The direct 
extract of pancreas attenuated with calcium 
carbonate; used in pancreatic diabetes. Dose 
4-6 dr. (15-23 Gm.) daily. 

Pancreas (pan'-kre-as) [pan-; upeac, flesh] A 
compound racemose gland, from six to eight 
inches in length, lying transversely across the 
posterior wall of the abdomen ; the sweetbread 
of animals; the abdominal salivary gland of 
the Germans. Its right extremity, the head, 
lies in contact with the duodenum; its left 
extremity, the tail, is in close proximity to 
the spleen. It secretes a limpid, colorless 
fluid that digests proteids, fats, and carbo- 
hydrates. The secretion is conveyed to the 
duodenum by the pancreatic duct, or duct 
of Wirsung. P. glomeruli, the islands of 
Langerhans. P., Lesser, a small, partially 
detached portion of the gland, lying posteriorly 
to its head, and having occasionally a separate 
duct that opens into the pancreatic duct 
proper. 

Pancreatic (pan-kre-at'-ik) [pancreas]. Per- 
taining to the pancreas, as the pancreatic 



PANCREATICODUODENAL 



'24 



PANSPHYGMOGRAPH 



duct; depending upon disease of the pancreas, 
as pancreatic diabetes. P. Duct, the duct of 
Wirsung. P. Fluid, P. Juice, the secretion 
of the pancreas, a thick, transparent, colorless, 
odorless fluid, of a salty taste, and strongly 
alkaline. 
Pancreaticoduodenal {pan-kre-at-ik-o-du-od' - 
en-al) [pancreas; duodenum]. Pertaining to 
the pancreas and the duodenum, as the pan- 
creaticoduodenal arteries. 
Pancreatin {pan-kre' -at-in) [pancreas]. The 
active elements of the juice of the pancreas; 
also the commercial extract of the pancreas, 
supposed to possess a fermentative action 
similar to that of the pancreatic juice. 
Pancreatitis {pan-kre-at-i' -tis) [pancreas; ncc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the pancreas. 
It may be hemorrhagic, suppurative, or gan- 
grenous. The onset of pancreatitis is usually 
sudden, with severe abdominal pain, vomiting, 
tympanites, and tenderness of the abdo- 
men. It is generally fatal. 
Pancreato lipase {pan-kre-at-o-lip'-az). Lipase 

found in the pancreatic juice. 
Pancreatolith {pan-kre-af -o-lith) [pancreas; 
'X'cdog, a stone]. A calculus of the pancreas. 
Pancreatotomy {pan-kre-at-of -o-me) [pancreas; 

rop.Tj, a cutting]. Incision of the pancreas. 
Pancreon, Pankreon {pan'-kre-on). A prepara- 
tion obtained by the action of tannic acid 
on pancreatin. It is a grayish, odorless pow- 
der having a strong tryptolytic power. Dose 
l\ g 1 "- (°-5 Gm.) 3 times daily. 
Pandemic {pan-dem'-ik) [pan-; dfjfxoc, people]. 

Epidemic over a wide area. 
Pander's Islands. The reddish-yellow patches 
in Pander's layer which consist of corpuscles 
containing hemoglobin. P.'s Layer, the 
splanchnopleural layer of the mesoblast in 
which the blood-vessels are first formed. 
Pandiculation {pan-dik-u-la' -shun) [pandicu- 
lari, from pandere, to stretch out]. The act 
of stretching the limbs, especially on waking 
from sleep. 
Panelectroscope {pan-e-lek'-tro-skop). An in- 
spection apparatus for use in proctoscopy, 
esophagoscopy, urethroscopy, etc. It throws 
concentrated light through the whole tube, 
thus illuminating the spot that is to be in- 
spected. 
Pang, Brow-. Hemicrania. 
Pangaduine {pan-gad' -u-in). A crystalline 
solid said to contain the basic principles of 
cod-liver oil; indicated in all affections due 
to faulty elimination. 
Pangenesis {pan-jen' -es-is) [pan-; yheoic, 
origin]. Darwin's theory of heredity, which 
supposes the existence of gemmules or minute 
particles separated from the body-cells and 
segregated from the circulation by the repro- 
ductive glands. These preformed constitu- 
ents of all parts of the fully formed animal 
or plant become aggregated in the germ, and 
give rise by a process of evolution to the new 
organism. 
Panglossia {pan-glos' -e-ah) [naffXioaoca, wordi- 
ness]. Excessive or insane garrulity. 



Panhidrosis {pan-hi-dro' -sis) . See Pani- 
drosis. 

Panhydrometer {pan-hi-drom'-et-er). An in- 
strument for determining the specific gravity 
of any liquid. 

Panhygrous {pan-hi'-grus) [pan-; uypbg, moist]. 
Damp as to the entire surface. 

Panhyperemia {pan-hi-per-e'-me-ah). Ple- 
thora. 

Panhysterectomy {pan-his-ter-ek' -to-me) . To- 
tal extirpation of the uterus. 

Panhysterokolpectomy {pan-his-ter-o-kol-pek' '- 
to-me) [pan-; uozepa, womb; koXtioc, vagina; 
eKxo/XT) y excision]. Complete removal of the 
uterus and vagina. 

Panicula {pan-ik' -u-lah) [L.]. A swelling or 
tumor. 

Panidrosis {pan-id-ro' -sis) [pan-; cdpibg, sweat]. 
General perspiration. 

Panis (pan'-is) [L.]. Bread. 

Panizza's Plexuses. Two lymphatic plex- 
uses lying in the lateral fossa of the preputial 
frenum; they are formed by the deeper lym- 
phatic vessels of the integument of the glans 
penis. 

Panmnesia {pan-ne' -se-ah) [pan-; fivTJotc, re- 
membrance]. A potential remembrance of all 
impressions. 

Panneuritis {pan-nu-ri'-tis). Multiple neu- 
ritis. P. epidemica, beriberi. 

Panniculus {pan-ik' -u-lus) [dim. of pannus]. 
A membrane or layer. P. adiposus, the 
layer of subcutaneous fat. P. carnosus, 
the layer of muscles contained in the super- 
ficial fascia. It is well developed in the 
lower animals, but in man is represented 
mainly by the platysma. 

Pannosity {pan-os'-it-e) [pannus]. Softness of 
the skin. 

Pannus {pan' -us) [L., "a cloth"]. Vasculari- 
zation of the cornea, usually due to the irri- 
tation of trachoma granulations. 

Panodic {pan-od' -ik) . See Panthodic. 

Panopeptone {pan-o-pep' -ton) . A dietetic said 
to consist of bread and beef, cooked, pep- 
tonized, sterilized, concentrated, and pre- 
served in sherry. 

Panophobia {pan-o-fo' -be-ah) [pan-; <po(3oc, 
fear]. Morbid fear of everything; a symptom 
present in some cases of neurasthenia. 

Panophthalmia, Panophthalmitis {pan-of- 
thal'-me-ah, pan-of-thal-mi'-tis). Inflam- 
mation of all the tissues of the eyeball. 
P. purulenta, a severe form with great pro- 
trusion of the eyeball and formation of pus, 
usually resulting in blindness. 

Panosteitis {pan-os-te-i'-tis). An inflamma- 
tion of all the structures of a bone. 

Panotitis {pan-o-ti' -tis) . An inflammation in- 
volving all the structures of the ear. 

Pansinusitis {pan-si-nus-i' -tis) . Inflammation 
of all the sinuses of a part or region. 

Panspermatism {pans per' -mat-izm). The 
theory that germs are omnipresent. 

Pansphygmograph {pan-sfig'-mo-graf). An 
instrument by means of which tracings can 
be taken simultaneously of the cardiac move- 



PANTACHROMATIC 



725 



PAPYRACEOUS 



merits, the arterial pulse, and the respir- 
ation. 

Pantachromatic (pan-tah-kro-maf '-ik) [pant- 
achromatic]. Colorless throughout. 

Pantatrophia (pan-tat-ro'-fe-ah) [pan-; atrophy]. 
General atrophy. 

Panthodic (pan-thod'-ik) [pan-; odoc, way]. 
Of nervous impulses, radiating to all parts 
of the body. 

Pantophobia (pan-to-) [ o'-be-ah). See Pano- 
phobia. 

Pantoscopic (pan-to-skop'-ik). See Bifocal. 

Panus (pa' -mis) [L., "a swelling"]. An in- 
flamed, nonsuppurating lymphatic gland. 
P„ faucium, an inflamed gland in the throat. 
Po inguinalis, a bubo. 

Papain (pa'-pa-in). See under Papaya. 

Papaver (pa-pa' -ver). The poppy. See Opium. 

Papaverin (pa-pa' -ver -in) [papaver], C 21 H 21 N0 4 . 
A crystalline alkaloid found in opium and 
thought to possess narcotic properties. Dose 
\ gr. (0.016 Gm.). 

Papaw (pa' -paw) [a name of Malabar origin]. 
1. The seed of Asimina triloba; it is a prompt 
emetic. Dose of the fluidextract 10-30 min. 
(0.6-1.9 Cc). 2. See Papaya. 

Papaya (pa-pa' -yah). Melon-tree; papaw — 
the Carica papaya, a tree of the order Passi- 
fioracece. The unripe fruit yields a milky 
juice containing an albuminous substance, 
papain or papayotin, capable of digesting 
fibrin and other proteid bodies. Papain in 
commerce occurs as a grayish powder, and 
has been used as a digestant in dyspepsia, as 
an application to false membranes, warts, epi- 
theliomas, etc. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 
Gm.). ^ 

Papayotin (pa- pa '-yo -tin). See under Papaya. 

Paper (pa' -per) [papyrus]. See Charta. P., 
Helianthin, P., Methyl- orange, P., Trop- 
aeolin D, paper charged with methyl-orange 
and used in testing for acids and alkalis. P., 
Indigo-carmin. See under Indigo. 

Papilla (pap-il'-ah) [L., "a nipple"]. 1. A 
small, nipple-like eminence. 2. Synonym 
of Optic disc. P., Circum vallate, one of 
the large papillas at the root of the tongue, 
arranged like the letter V opening forward. 
P., Clavate. Synonym of P., Fungiform. 
P., Conic. See P., Filiform. P., Dental. 
See Organ, Enamel-. P., Duodenal, the 
elevation at the point where the common 
bile-duct enters the duodenum. P., Fili- 
form, any one of the papillas occurr- 
ing on all parts of the tongue, consisting 
of an elevation of connective tissue covered 
by a layer of epithelium. P., Fungi- 
form, any one of the low, broad papillas 
found on the surface of the tongue, consisting 
of a connective-tissue elevation, covered by 
secondary papillas. P.s, Gustatory, those 
papillas of the tongue which are furnished 
with taste-buds. Syn., Papillce gustus. P., 
Lacrimal, a small conic eminence on the 
eyelid at the inner canthus, pierced by the 
lacrimal punctum. P.s, Nerve-. See under 
Nerve. P., Renal, the summit of any one 




Upper Surface of the Tongue, 
with the Fauces and Ton- 
sils. — (Holden.) 

i, 1. Circumvallate papillas. 2,2. 
Fungiform papillas. 



of the renal pyramids projecting into the 
renal pelvis. P.s, Vascular, papillas of the 
skin containing 
capillary loops. 

Papillary (pap'-il- 
a-re) [papilla]. 
Composed of or 
containing pa- 
pillas; resemb- 
ling a papilla. 

Papillectomy 
(pap -il-ek' -to- 
me) [papilla; ek- 
ro/j.rj, excision]. 
Surgical removal 
of papillas. 

Papillif erous 
(pap-il-if'-er -us) 
[papilla; ferre, to 
bear]. Bearing 
o r containing 
papillas, as a 
papillif erous 
cyst. 

Papilliform (pap- 
il'-if-orm) [pap- 
illa; forma, 
form]. Shaped 
like a papilla. 

Papillitis (pap-il- 
i'-tis) [papilla; 

exec, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
optic disc. Syn., Choked disc; Optic neuritis. 

Papilloadenocystoma (pap-il-o-ad-en-o-sist-o' - 
mah). Papilloma combined with adenoma 
and cystoma. 

Papilloma (pap-il-o'-mah) [papilla; bfia, tumor]. 
A growth on the skin or mucous membrane 
resembling hypertrophied papillas. It is a 
benign tumor, occurring in two forms, the 
hard papilloma, one growing from squamous 
epithelium, and the soft papilloma, one de- 
veloped from columnar epithelium. P. 
diffusum, multiple papillomas occurring on 
the legs and buttock. P. neuroticum, a 
painless, mostly congenital affection charac- 
terized by warty or papillomatous growths 
occurring on one side of the body along the 
course of a nerve. 

Papine (pap-en'). A proprietary anodyne said 
to contain the pain-relieving principle of 
opium. 

Papoid (pap'-oid). A proprietary preparation 
resembling papain. 

Paprica, Paprika (pap-re' -kah). The dried 
and pulverized capsules of Capsicum annuum. 
Syn., Spanish pepper; Turkish pepper. 

Papulation (pap-u-la' -shun) [papula, a pimple]. 
The stage, in certain eruptive diseases, marked 
by the formation of papules. 

Papule (pap' -id) [papula, a pimple]. A small, 
circumscribed, solid elevation of the skin. 
P., Moist, the syphilitic condyloma. 

Papulosquamous (pap - u - lo - skwa' - mus). 
Characterized by both papules and scales. 

Papyraceous (pap-ir-a' -se-us) [papyrus, paper]. 
Resembling paper. 



PAQUELIN CAUTERY 



726 



PARACYSTITIS 



Paquelin Cautery {pah f -kel-an) . See Cautery, 

Paquelin's. 
Par [L.]. A pair. P. vagum, the vagus 

nerves. 
Para- (par-ah-) [napa, beyond; beside], i. A 
prefix signifying beyond, beside, near, the 
opposite of, etc. 2. In chemistry, prefixed 
to a derivative of the benzol ring, it indicates 
the substitution of two atoms of hydrogen 
situated opposite each other. 
Paraacetophenolethyl Carbonate (par-ah-as- 
et-o-fe-nol-eth'-il kar' -bon-at) . A crystalline 
powder without color or taste, used as an 
analgesic and hypnotic. Dose 8 gr. (0.5 
Gm.). 
Paraamidoacetanilid (par - ah -am -id- o-as-et- 

an'-il-id). See Paraphenylendiamin. 
Paraanalgesia (par -ah-an-al-je' -ze-ah) {para-; 
analgesia']. Analgesia limited to the lower 
half of the body. 
Paraanesthesia (par -ah-an-es-the' -ze-ah). An- 
esthesia of the body below the waist. 
Paraappendicitis (par-ah -ap -en- dis - i'-tis). 
Suppurative inflammation of the connective 
tissue adjacent to that part of the appendix 
not covered with the peritoneum. 
Parabanic Acid (par-ah-ba'-nik). See Oxalyl- 

urea. 
Parablast (par' -ah-blast) [para-; fiXaorof, a 
germ]. One of the two main divisions of 
the embryonal tissues, from which the blood- 
vessels, lymphatic vessels, and other connec- 
tive tissues are developed. 
Parablastic (par-ah-blas' -tik) [parablast]. Per- 
taining to the parablast. 
Parablastoma (par -ah-blas-to' -malt) [parablast; 
ofia, tumor]. A tumor composed of para- 
blastic tissue. 
Parablepsis (par-ah-blep'-sis) [para-; ftXi(pcc, 

vision]. False or perverted vision. 
Parabulia (par-ab-u'-le-ah) [para-; ftouXrj, will]. 

Abnormity of volitional action. 
Paracele (par'-as-el) [para-; nocX'ca, a hollow]. 

A lateral ventricle of the brain. 
Paracentesis (par-ah-sen-te' -sis) [para-; ksv- 
ttjoic, puncture]. Puncture; especially punc- 
ture of the wall of a cavity of the body, 
such as the thoracic wall, cornea, tympanic 
membrane. 
Paracentral (par-ah-sen'-traT) [para-; nkvxpov, 
a center]. Situated near the center. P. 
Lobule, a convolution on the mesial sur- 
face of the cerebral hemisphere uniting the 
upper ends of the ascending frontal and 
ascending parietal convolutions. 
Paracephalus (par-ah-sef '-al-us) [para-; ks- 
(f>aXr), head]. A monster characterized by a 
rudimentary, misshapen head and defective 
trunk and limbs. 
Parachlorphenol (par-ah-klor-fe'-noT), C 6 H 4 - 
(Cl)OH. A substitution-product of phenol. 
It is antiseptic, disinfectant, and is employed 
in a 2 to 3 % ointment in erysipelas. P. 
Paste, a paste of equal parts of lanolin, 
vaselin, starch, and parachlorphenol; it is used 
in lupus. 
Parachlorsalol (par-ah-Udr-sa'-lol). Para- 



chlorphenol salicylate; used as an internal 
and external antiseptic like phenyl salicylate. 
Dose 60-90 gr. (4-6 Gm.) daily. 
Paracholia (par-ak-o'-le-ah) [para-; xoXy, bile]. 

1. Any abnormity in the secretion of bile. 

2. The prodrome of disturbed liver-cell ac- 
tivity in consequence of which the bile pours 
over the blood-vessels and lymph-vessels. 

Parachrea (par-ak-re'-ah) [para-; xP oa *, color]. 
Morbid discoloration or change of complex- 
ion. 
Parachroma (par-ak-ro'-mah) [para-; xp^pa, 
color]. Change in color, especially in the 
natural color of the skin. 
Parachromatin (par-ak-ro' -mat-in) [para-; 
chromatin]. That part of the nucleoplasm 
which forms the spindle-threads during 
karyokinesis. 
Parachromophoric , Parachromophorous 
(par-ah-kro-mof'-or-ik, -us) [para-; XP<l>p.a, 
color; (fropoc, bearing]. Possessing _ color 
which remains within the cell as a passive 
metabolic product, as in some bacteria. 
Parachymosin (par-ah-ki' -mo-sin) [para-; x"~ 
p.6c, juice]. The chymosin or rennin found 
in the human stomach and in that of the 
Pig- . 
Paracinesis (par-as-in-e'-sis) [para-; Kcvqacc, 
motion]. Morbid movement of the volun- 
tary muscles, arising from disease of the 
motor nerves or centers. 
Paracolon Bacillus (par-ah-W -Ion) . See 

under Bacteria. 
Paracolpitis (par-ah-kol-pi'-tis) [para-; iwXnoc, 
vagina; tree, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the connective tissue about the vagina. 
Paracolpium (par-ah-koV -pe-um) [para-; koX- 
ttoc, vagina]: The connective tissue lying 
around the vagina. 
Paracoto (par-ah-W -to) [para-; Sp., coto, a 
cubit]. A South American tree the bark 
of which contains a neutral substance, para- 
cotoin, closely resembling cotoin. 
Paracotoin (par-ah-ko'-to-in). See under Para- 
coto. 
Paracousia, Paracusis (par-ah-koo f -se-ah, par- 
ah-koo'-sis) [para-; anouetv, to hear]. Per- 
version of the sense of hearing. 
Paracresol (par-ah-kre'-sol), C 7 H g O. A com- 
pound of cresolsulfonate and potassium hy- 
dro xid used as a disinfectant. 
Paracresotate (par-ah-kres f -o-tat), C 6 H 3 (OH)- 
(CH 3 )C0 2 Na. A crystalline powder ob- 
tained by heating sodium cresylate with car- 
bonic acid; used in acute articular rheu- 
matism. Dose 45-90 gr. (3-6 Gm.) daily. 
Paracresylol (par-ah-kres'-il-ol) [para-; cresof]. 

A derivative of cresol. 
Paracrises (par-ak'-ris-ez) [para-; npfaecv, to 
secrete]. Disorders of the secretory func- 
tion. 
Paracyclesis (par-ah-si-kle' -sis) [para-; kukXt)- 
gcc, a revolution]. A disturbance of the cir- 
culation. 
Paracystitis (par-ah-sis-ti'-tis). Inflammation 
of the connective tissue surrounding the 
bladder. 



PARACYSTIUM 



727 



PARALYSIS 



Paracystium (par-ah-sis' -te-um) [para-; k'jotic, 
a bladder]. The connective tissue which 
surrounds the bladder. 

Paradidymis (par-ah-did'-im-is) [para-; dcou- 
uoc, testicle]. The organ of Giraldes, the 
atrophic remains of the tubules of the wolffian 
body, lying among the convolutions of the epi- 
didymis. 

Paradoxic Contraction. A slow tonic con- 
traction occurring in a muscle when suddenly 
relaxed or when its length is suddenly short- 
ened. P. Pulse. See Pulse, Paradoxic. 

Paresthesia (par-es-the' -ze-ah) . See Pares- 
thesia. 

Paraffin, Paramnum (par'-af-in, par-af- 
i'-num) [parum, little; affinis, affinity], i. 
Any saturated hydrocarbon of the marsh- 
gas series, having the formula C n H 2n + 2 . 
2. A white, odorless, translucent hydro- 
carbon (paraffinum, U. S. P.), ob- 
tained from coal-tar or by the destructive 
distillation of wood. Paramnum durum 
(B. P.), hard or solid paraffin, a mixture of 
several of the harder members of the paraffin 
series of hydrocarbons. It is usually ob- 
tained by distillation from shale. P., Liquid, 
a liquid hydrocarbon of the paraffin series. 
Paramnum molle, soft paraffin; the petro- 
latum of the U. S. P. See Petrolatum. 

Paraformaldehyd {par -ah-} or -mal' -de -hid). See 
Formaldehyd, Para-. 

Paragammacismus (par-ah-gam-ah-siz' '-mus) 
[para-; -faiijia, the Greek letter g]. Inability to 
pronounce the hard " g," and also " k," other 
consonants being substituted, as "d"or "t." 

Paraganglin (par-ah-gan'-glin). A proprie- 
tary extract of the myelinic part of the 
suprarenal gland of the ox. 

Parageusia (par-ah-gu' -se-ah) [para-; ysuocc, 
taste]. Perversion of the sense of taste. 

Paraglobulin (par-ah-glob'-u-lin) [para-; glob- 
ulus, a little ball]. A globulin found in 
blood-serum and other fluids of the body. 
Syn., Fibrinoplastin; Fibroplastin; Serum- 
globulin. 

Paraglobulinuria (par-ah-glob-u-lin-u'-re-ah) 
[paraglobulin; oupov, urine]. The presence of 
paraglobulin in the urine. 

Paraglossa (par-ah-glos'-ah) [para-; yXcoooa, 
the tongue]. Swelling of the tongue; also, a 
hypertrophy of the tongue, usually congenital. 

Paragonimiasis (par-ah-go-ni-mi' -a-sis) . See 
Hemoptysis, Parasitic. 

Paragraphia (par-ah-gra f -fe-ah) [para-; 
ypa<j>£cv, to write]. A form of aphasia in which 
the person writes the improper word or mis- 
places the words. 

Paraguay Tea (par f -ah-gwi) . See Mate. 

Parahemoglobin (par-ah-hem-o-glo'-bin). i. 
Nencki's name for a polymeric modification 
of oxyhemoglobin. 2. A proprietary pre- 
paration of blood containing 5 % of iron. 

Parainfectious (par-ah-in-fek'-shus). Per- 
taining to or characteristic of pathologic states 
attributable to infection, which occur as 
accessory or by-conditions to some already 
existing disease. 



Paralactic Acid (par-ah-lak'-tik). See Acid, 
Sarcolactic. 

Paralalia (par-ah-la' -le-ah) [para-; XaXch, 
speech]. Disturbance of the faculty of speech. 

Paralbumin (par-al-bu' -min) [para-; albumin]. 
A proteid substance found in ovarian cysts. 

Paraldehyd (par-aV -de-hid) [para-; aldehyd], 
C 6 H 12 3 . A polymeric form of aldehyd, oc- 
curring as a colorless liquid of repulsive odor 
and unpleasant taste, with powerful hypnotic 
properties. It is used in delirium tremens, 
mania, tetanus, and other nervous affections. 
Dose 30-60 min. (2-4 Cc). 

Paralexia (par-ah-leks' '-e-ah) [para-; X££cf, 
speech]. Disturbance of the power of read- 
ing, consisting in the transposition or sub- 
stitution of words or syllables. 

Paralgesia (par -al-je' '-ze-ah) [para-; alyoc, pain]. 
An abnormal painful sensation; painful 
paresthesia. 

Parallax (par r -al-aks) [para-; aXXoc, other]. 
The apparent displacement of an object due 
to a change in the position of the observer, or 
by looking at it alternately with one eye and 
then with the other. P., Crossed, P., 
Heteronymous, that in which the object 
moves away from the uncovered eye. P., 
Homonymous, that in which the object 
moves toward the uncovered eye. P. Test, 
for locating opacities in the cornea, lens, and 
vitreous. It is used with the plane mirror at 
ten to twelve inches. A body situated anterior 
to the plane of the pupil will move in the direc- 
tion taken by the eye, while one posterior to 
the plane of the lens will move against the 
direction taken by the eye. Bodies lying 
about the same plane as the pupil will show 
little if any movement. P., Vertical, that in 
which the object moves upward or downward. 

Paralogia (par-ah-lo' -je-ah) [para-; Xoyoc, 
reason]. Difficulty in thinking logically. 
P., Thematic, a condition in which the 
thought is unduly concentrated on one sub- 
ject. _ m 

Paralysin (par-al' -is-in) . See Agglutinin. 

Paralysis (par-al' -is-is) [para-; Xbecv, to loosen]. 
A loss of motion or of sensation in a part. P., 
Acute Amyotrophic Spinal. Same as P., 
Infantile. P., Acute Ascending. See Landry's 
Disease. P., Acute Atrophic. See P., 
Infantile. P., Acute Progressive. See 
Landry's Disease. P. agitans, an affec- 
tion marked by tremor or alternate con- 
traction and relaxation of the muscles of the 
part involved. It usually begins in one hand 
and seldom affects the head. The move- 
ments persist during rest and are little 
influenced by voluntary motion. Late in the 
disease there is a typical gait (festination), 
which consists in progressive increase of the 
gait until the patient breaks into a run which 
grows faster and faster until he falls or seizes 
some support. The disease is most common 
in males over forty and may last thirty or 
forty years. Syn., Parkinson's disease; 
Shaking palsy. P., Amyotrophic, that 
occurring as the sequel of some acute disease, 



PARALYSIS 



728 



PARALYSIS 



and attended by atrophy of certain muscles. 
P., Angio-. See Angio paralysis. P., As- 
thenic Bulbar. See Myasthenia gravis 
pseudoparalytica. P., Atrophic Bulbar. 
Same as P., Bulbar. P., Atrophic Muscu- 
lar. See P., Amyotrophic. P. Atrophic 
Spinal, See P. Infantile. P., Atropho- 
spastic. See Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. 
P., Bell's. See P., Facial. P., Bifacial, 
paralysis of both sides of the face. P., 
Birth-. See Paraplegia, Infantile Spas- 
modic. P., Brown-Sequard's, a motor 
paralysis of one side of the body with sensory 
paralysis of the other side. P., Bulbar. 
See Bulbar Disease. P., Central, a 
paralysis due to a lesion of the brain or spinal 
cord. P., Cerebral, a paralysis due to a 
brain-lesion. P., Crossed, a paralysis of the 
arm and leg of one side, associated with either 
a facial paralysis or a paralysis of the oculo- 



Eoctry 




Face 



-pyjc. 



•Erfremzfy 



Crossed Paralysis. — (Tyson, after Hirt.) 
O. Medulla oblongata. pyx. Decussation of anterior 
pyramids. E. Nerve-fiber going to extremities. F. 
Nerve-fiber to face. 



motor nerve of the opposite side. P., Crutch. 
See Crutch Paralysis. P., Cruveilhier's, 
progressive muscular atrophy. P., Diph- 
theric, a motor paralysis due to the action 
of the diphtheria poison on the nervous sys- 
tem, chiefly on the peripheral nerves. P., 
Duchenne's. See Duchenne's Paralysis. 
P., Erb's, a partial paralysis of the 
brachial plexus, involving the nerves sup- 
plying the deltoid, biceps, brachialis 
anticus, and supinator longus, often the 
supinator brevis, and occasionally the in- 
fraspinatus and subscapularis muscles. P., 
Facial, a paralysis of the muscles of the face, 
usually of one side only, due to central dis- 
ease or due to a lesion of the facial nerve. 
P., General, of the Insane, an or- 
ganic disease of the brain characterized by 
progressive loss of power and by a deteriora- 



tion of the mental faculties, ending eventu- 
ally in dementia and death. The main 
symptoms may be divided into psychic, 
motor, and sensory. The psychic symptoms 
are principally a change of character and 
delusions of grandeur; the motor are weak- 
ness, tremor, disturbance of speech, apoplec- 
tiform or epileptiform seizures, and finally 
motor paralysis; there is often inequality of 
the pupils, with miosis or mydriasis; sensory 
symptoms are slight and consist chiefly in 
paresthesias. The causes are obscure — 
syphilis and severe nervous strain are impor- 
tant factors. Syn., General paresis; Para- 
lytic dementia; Paretic dementia; Progressive 
paralysis of the insane. P. , Glossolabiolaryn- 
geal, bulbar paralysis. P., Histrionic, a name 
for Bell's facial palsy, because it destroys the 
power of facial expression. P., Infantile, 
a disease peculiar to childhood, and character- 
ized by sudden paralysis of one or more limbs 
or of individual muscle-groups, and followed 
by rapid wasting of the affected parts, with 
reaction of degeneration and deformity. The 
paralysis is due to changes in the anterior 
cornua of the gray matter of the spinal cord, 
and is probably the result of infection. 
Syn., Acute anterior poliomyelitis; Acute 
atrophic paralysis; Atrophic spinal paralysis; 
Essential paralysis. P., Ischemic, paralysis 
of a part due to stoppage of the circulation, 
e. g., paralysis of the lower limb following 
embolism or thrombosis of the femoral artery. 
P., Klumpke's, a paralysis involving the 
lower portion of the brachial plexus, the eighth 
cervical and first dorsal nerves, and charac- 
terized by paralysis of the small muscles of the 
hand, of some of the muscles of the forearm, 
with anesthesia in the distribution of the ulnar 
and median nerves. Pupillary changes may 
be present. P., Landry's. See Landry's 
Disease. P., Lead-, a paralysis due to lead, 
usually of the extensors of the wrist, causing 
wrist-drop. It is nearly always bilateral, and 
is caused by a peripheral neuritis induced 
by the lead-poisoning. P., Little's, infantile 
spasmodic paraplegia. P., Motor, paralysis 
of the voluntary muscles. P., Musculospiral, 
paralysis of the extensors and supinators of 
the wrist, due to an injury or to inflammation 
of the musculospiral nerve. P., Myosclerotic. 
See P., Pseudohypertrophic Muscular. P., 
Narcosis, pressure paralysis in the region of 
the brachial plexus due to prolonged narcosis, 
during which the arm is elevated with the 
head resting upon it or it is pressed against 
the edge of the table. P., Nuclear, one due 
to a lesion of the nuclei of origin of a cranial 
nerve. P., Obstetric, any paralysis of the 
child resulting from injuries received during 
delivery. P. , Peripheral, loss of power due to 
a lesion of the nervous motor mechanism be- 
tween the nuclei of origin and peripheral termi- 
nation. P., Postdiphtheric. See P., Diph- 
theric. P., Pressure, paralysis of a group of 
muscles supplied by a nerve which has been sub- 
jected to prolonged pressure. P., Pseudobul- 



PARALYTIC 



729 



PARANEPHROS 



bar, a symmetric lesion of the halves of the 
cerebrum producing paralysis of the lips, the 
tongue, and the larynx or the pharynx. P., 
Pseudohypertrophic Muscular, a chronic 
disease characterized by progressive muscular 
weakness, associated with an apparent hyper- 
trophy of the affected muscles. The disease 
usually begins in the muscles of the calf, and 
spreads over the body, the muscles of the 
hand almost always escaping. There are 
marked lordosis and a peculiar gait, with 

• wide separation of the legs and swaying of the 
body from side to side. The characteristic 
symptom is the manner in which the patient 
arises from the floor — he "climbs" up on his 
legs, on account of the weakened state of the 
extensor muscles of the back. It is most com- 
mon in young male children. The disease 
is entirely myopathic, no adequate nerve- 
lesion having as yet been discovered. The 
muscles are the seat of hypertrophy and 
atrophy of muscular fibers, hyperplasia of 
the connective tissue, and fatty infiltration. 
P., Reflex, the paralysis sometimes follow- 
ing immediately upon a wound of a nerve, 
or the paraplegia sometimes due to irri- 
tation of an adherent prepuce. Other so- 
called reflex palsies, as that from renal cal- 
culus, are probably due to secondary changes 
in the spinal cord or nerves. P., Sensory, 
anesthesia. P., Spastic, a paralysis as- 
sociated with rigidity of the muscles and 
heightened tendon-reflexes. P., Spastic 
Spinal, lateral sclerosis. P. spinalis, 
paraplegia. P., Vasomotor, paralysis of the 
vasomotor center or of the vasomotor nerves; 
it leads to dilation of the blood-vessels. 

Paralytic {par-al-it'-ik). i. Of the nature 
of paralysis; affected with paralysis. 2. A 
person suffering from paralysis; also one 
suffering from general paralysis of the insane. 

Paralyzant {par-al-V -zant) [paralysis]. 1. 
Causing paralysis. 2. An agent or drug that 
induces paralysis. P., Motor, a drug par- 
alyzing any part of the motor apparatus: the 
motor cells of the spinal cord, the motor 
nerves, or the muscles. 

Paralyzing Vertigo. See Gerlier's Disease. . 

Paramagnetic {par-ah-mag-net'-ik). Exhibit- 
ing a polarity in the same direction as the 
magnetizing force. 

Paramagnetism {par-ah-mag' -net-izm) [para-; 
magnet]. The phenomena exhibited by 
paramagnetic substances. 

Paramastitis {par-ah-mas-W -tis) [para-; mas- 
titis]. Inflammation of the connective tissue 
about the mamma. 

Paramenia {par-ah-me' '-ne-ah) [para-; ptrjvsf, 
menses]. Difficult or disordered menstruation. 

Paramesial {par-ah-me' -ze-aT) [para-; jJ-kooc, 
middle]. Located near the mesial line. 

Parametric {par-ah-met'-rik) [parametrium]. 
Pertaining to the tissues about the uterus. 

Parametrism {par - ah - met' - rizm) [para- 
metrium]. Painful spasm of the smooth 
muscular fibers of the broad ligament. 

Parametritis {par - ah - me - tri' - Us) [para- 



metrium; ncc, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the cellular tissue about the uterus; pelvic 
cellulitis. P., Anterior, that in which the 
inflammation is limited to the loose vesico- 
uterine cellular tissue or that between the 
symphysis and the bladder. The swelling 
is anterior, and the pus generally tracks into 
the bladder, vagina, or inguinal region. P. 
chronica atrophicans, inflammatory hyper- 
trophy of the connective tissue of the pelvis 
progressing to cicatricial atrophy. P. chron- 
ica posterior, chronic inflammatory processes 
in Douglas' folds, causing fixation of the 
uterus at the level of the internal os and 
anteflexion by shortening of the folds and 
torsion of the uterus when only one fold is 
shortened. P., Remote, parametritis marked 
by formation of abscesses in places more or 
less remote from the focus of the disease. 

Parametrium {par-ah-me' -tre-um) [para-; 
fiTjrpa, womb]. The connective tissue sur- 
rounding the uterus. 

Paramimia {par-ah-mim'-e-ah) [para-; ixcixe'co- 
dac, to mimic]. A form of aphasia charac- 
terized by the faulty use of gestures. 

Paramitome {par -ah-mi' -torn) [para-; p.hoc, 
a thread]. The fluid portion of the cell-sub- 
stance, contained in the meshes of the mi- 
tome. 

Paramnesia {par-am-ne'-ze-ah) [para-; am- 
nesia]. Illusion of memory, especially the 
illusion of feeling, as if one had already 
undergone the experience which may be 
passing. 

Paramonochlorphenol {par-ah-mon-o-klor-fe'- 
nol), C 6 H 4 (C1) . OH(i : 4). A crystalline body 
obtained by the chlorination of phenol; it 
is antiseptic and employed in erysipelas, 
tuberculous diseases of throat, etc., in 5 to 
20% solution in glycerol. 

Paramorphin {par-ah-mor'-fin). See Thebain. 

Paramusia {par-ah-mu' -ze-ah) [para-; ixouocfcf}, 
music]. A form of aphasia in which there is 
perversion of the musical sense, resulting in 
the production of improper notes and in- 
tervals. 

Paramyoclonus multiplex {par-ah-mi-ok' -to- 
nus mul'-tip-leks). A neurosis marked by 
sudden, shock-like muscular contractions, 
which are bilateral and do not, as a rule, 
affect the hands or face. The etiology is 
unknown, and the disease is believed to be 
analogous to chronic adult chorea. 

Paramyosinogen {par - ah-mi- o - sin'-o-jen). 
One of the proteids of muscle-plasma, co- 
agulating at 47 C. 

Paramyotonia {par - ah - mi - o - to' - ne - ah) 
[para-; fj.Dc, muscle; tovoo, tone]. A per- 
version of muscular tonicity characterized 
by tonic spasms. It is usually congenital. 
P. congenita, congenital paramyotonia. 
See Thomsen's Disease. 

Paranephritis {par-ah-nef-ri'-tis). 1. Inflam- 
mation of the paranephros. 2. Inflammation 
of the connective tissue about the kidney. 

Paranephros {par-ah-nef'-ros) [para-; ve<f>p6f, 
kidney]. The suprarenal capsule. 



PARANESTHESIA 



730 



PARASITE 



Paranesthesia {par-an-es-the' -ze-ah) . See Para- 
anesthesia. 

Parangi {par-an'-je). See Frambesia. 

Paranoia {par-ah-noi' -ah) [para-; voug, mind]. 
Mental aberration, especially a chronic dis- 
ease characterized by systematized delusions. 

Paranoiac {par-ah-noi' -ak) [paranoia]. i. Af- 
fected with paranoia. 2. A person who is 
affected with paranoia. 

Paranuclein (par-ah-nu'-kle-in). A combina- 
tion of albumin with metaphosphoric acid, 
split off from the nucleoalbumins by action 
of pepsin hydrochloric acid. 

Paranucleon {par-ah-nu'-kle-on). Phospho- 
carnic acid, a complex body supposed to 
constitute the source of muscle energy. It 
gives rise to lactic acid and C0 2 on hydrolysis. 

Paranucleoproteid {par - ah-nu- kle - o-pro'- 
te-id). A synonym of Nucleoalbumin. 

Paranucleus {par - ah - nu' - Me - us) [para-; 
nucleus, kernel]. An irregular spheric body 
lying in the protoplasm of a cell near the 
nucleus and perhaps extruded by the latter. 

Paraoxyethylacetanilid {par-ah-oks-e-eth-il- 
as-ei-an' -il-id) . Acetphenetidin. 

Paraparesis {par-ah-par' -es-is, or par-ah-par-e'- 
sis). Partial paralysis of the lower extremities. 

Parapeptone {par-ah-pep' -ton) . See Peptone. 

Paraphasia {par -ah-] a' -ze-ah) [para-; fyaotc, 
speech]. A form of aphasia in which there 
is inability to connect ideas with the proper 
words to express the ideas. 

Paraphenetolcarbamid {par-ah-fe-net-ol-kar'- 
bam-id). Sucrol. 

Paraphenylendiamin {par-ah-fen-il-en-di'- 
am-in), C 6 H 8 N 2 . A crystalline substance ob- 
tained by the nitration of acetanilid and re- 
duction with tin and hydrochloric acid. It 
is used in the manufacture of certain hair- 
dyes, and gives rise to eczema of the scalp 
and eyelids, or poisoning marked by vomiting, 
diarrhea, etc. 

Paraphia {par-af '-e-ah) [para-; d(j)rj, touch]. 
Abnormity of the sense of touch. 

Paraphimosis {par-ah-fi-mo'-sis). Retraction 
and constriction of the prepuce behind the 
glans penis. 

Paraphonia {par-ah-fo' -ne-ah) [para-; (jxovrj, 
voice]. Any abnormal condition of the 
voice. 

Paraphrasia {par-ah-fra'-ze-ah) [para-; <j>pa- 
gcc, utterance]. A form of aphasia charac- 
terized by incoherence of speech. 

Paraphrenia, Paraphrenitis {par-ah-fre' '-ne-ah, 
par-ah-fren-i' -tis) [para-; 4>p^v, mind; dia- 
phragm]. 1. Delirium; a mental disease. 
2. Inflammation of the diaphragm. 

Paraplasm {par' -ah-plazm) [para-; nXaap.a, a 
thing formed]. 1. The fluid substance in 
the meshes of the cell-protoplasm. 2. A 
heteroplasm or false growth. 

Paraplast {par'-ah-plast). A proprietary plas- 
ter mass. 

Paraplastic {par-ah-plas'-tik) [paraplasm]. 1. 
Of the nature of paraplasm. 2. Having mor- 
bid formative powers. P. Formations, 
the contractile substance of the muscular 



fibrils, the nervous fibers, and the red blood- 
corpuscles. 

Paraplegia {par-ah-ple' -je-ah) [para-; 7^77 pj, 
stroke]. Paralysis of the lower half of the 
body or of the lower extremities. P., Ataxic, 
a disease characterized clinically by a com- 
bination of ataxia and exaggerated tendon- 
reflexes, and anatomically by sclerosis of the 
posterior and lateral columns of the cord. 
P. diabetica, a peripheral paralysis of the 
extensor muscles of the feet in diabetic sub- 
jects. It differs from tabes in absence of 
disturbance of coordination and sensibility. 
P., Infantile Spasmodic, a spastic paralysis 
coming on in early childhood, and usually 
dependent on a cerebral lesion with failure 
of proper development or secondary sclerosis 
of the motor tracts of the spinal cord. The 
causes are injuries during birth, intrauterine 
cerebral inflammation, or anomalies of brain- 
development. Syn., Birth-palsy; Spasmodic 
tabes dorsalis; Spastic cerebral paraplegia. 
P. simplex senilis, that dependent upon 
disturbed nutrition of the cortex, causing, in 
advanced age, paralysis of the legs without 
muscular atrophy. P., Spastic, lateral 
sclerosis. 

Paraplegic {par-ah-ple' -jik) [paraplegia]. Per- 
taining to, or affected with, paraplegia. 

Parapleuritis {par-ah-plu-ri'-tis). i. Pleuro- 
dynia. 2. A slight degree of pleuritis. 

Paraproctitis {par-ah-prok-ti'-tis). Inflam- 
mation of the connective tissue about the 
rectum. 

Parapsis {par-ap'-sis) [para-; a<pcc, a touch- 
ing]. Perversion of the sense of touch. 

Parareducin {par-ah-re-du' -sin) [para-; re- 
ducere, to lead back]. A leukomain found 
in conjunction with reducin in the urine. 

Pararhotacism {par - ah - ro'- tas - izm) . See 
Rhotacism. 

Pararthria {par-ar' -thre-ah) [para-; apdpov, 
articulation]. A disorder of articulate speech. 

Parasacral {par-ah-sa' -kral) . Beside or near 
the sacrum. 

Parasalpingitis {par-ah-sal-pin-ji'-tis) . In- 
flammation of the tissues around an oviduct. 

Parasigmatism {par-ah-sig' -mat-izm) [para-; 
a'ifiia, the Greek letter s\ The inability to pro- 
nounce "s" or "sh," another letter, as "/>" 
being substituted. 

Parasinoidal {par-ah-sin-oi'-dal) [para-; sinus]. 
Lying near or along a cerebral sinus. 
P. Spaces, the expansion of the cerebral 
veins just before emptying into the superior 
longitudinal sinus. 

Parasite {par' -ah-slt) [para-; o'czoc, food]. 
1. An animal or vegetable living upon or 
within another organism, termed the host. 
The most important classes of animal para- 
sites of man are the following: (A) Protozoa, 
unicellular organisms, as the Plasmodium 
malarice, and the Amoeba coli. (B) Metazoa, 
multicellular organisms, as — {a) Vermes, or 
worms, including the Trematodes, the most 
important of which are the Distomas; the 
Cestodes, Tcenice, or tape-worms, including 



PARASITIC 



731 



PARENCEPHALIA 



Tcenia solium, Taenia mediocanellata or sag- 
inata, Tcenia echinococcus, and Bothrioceph- 
alus latus; the Nematodes, comprising As- 
caris, Oxyuris, Anchylostomum, Filaria, Tri- 
china, and Trichocephalus; (b) the Arthro- 
poda, including the itch-mite, louse, flea, 
etc. The vegetable parasites are the bac- 
teria and fungi (q. v.). 2. In teratology, a 
fetus or fetal parts attached to or included 
in another fetus. 

Parasitic (par-ah-sif -ik) [parasite]. 1. Of the 
nature of a parasite; living upon or in an 
animal or vegetable, as parasitic bacteria, 
parasitic worms. 2. Caused by parasites, as 
parasitic skin diseases. 

Parasiticide (par-ah-sif -is-id) [parasite; ccedere, 
to kill]. 1. Destructive to parasites. 2. An 
agent capable of destroying parasites, espe- 
cially one destroying the parasites living upon 
or in the skin. 

Parasitifer (par-ah-sif -if-er) [parasite; <f>ip£tv, 
to bear]. The host of a parasite. 

Parasitism (par' ' -ah-si-tizm) [parasite]. The 
relation that a parasite bears to its host; 
infestion by parasites. 

Parasitogenetic" (par-ah-si-to-jen-ef-ik) [para- 
site; yevvav,, to beget]. Produced by para- 
sites; depending for its origin upon para- 
sites. 

Parasitology (par-ah-si-tof -o-je) [parasite; X6- 
foc, science]. The study of parasites. 

Paraspadia (par-ah-spa' -de-ah) [para-; onaEtv, 
to draw]. A condition in which the urethra 
opens on one side of the penis. 

Parasternal (par-ah-ster'-nal) [para-; sternum]. 
Beside or near the sternum. P. Line, an 
imaginary vertical line midway between the 
margin of the sternum and the line passing 
through, the nipple. P. Region, the region 
between the sternal margin and the para- 

. sternal line. 

Parasynovitis (par - ah - sin - - vi' - tis) . In- 
flammation of the structures about a 
joint. 

Parasyphilis, Parasyphilosis (par-ah-sif -il-is, 
-sif-il-o'-sis). A series of morbid manifes- 
tations not having the anatomopathologic 
characteristics of syphilis, but apparently of 
syphilitic origin; e. g., tabes, general paral- 
ysis, etc. 

Parathelioma (par-ah-the-le-o f -mah) [para-; 
drjXrj, nipple; #/za, a tumor]. A tumor located 
near the nipple. 

Parathyroid (par-ah-thi' -roid) . 1. Lying be- 
side the thyroid gland. 2. An accessory thy- 
roid gland. 

Paratoloid (par-ah' -to-loid) . Synonym of Tu- 
berculin. 

Paratonia (par-ah-to 1 '-ne-ah) [para-; xbvoc, 
tension]. Overextension; excessive ten- 
sion. 

Paratrichosis (par-ah-trik-o' '-sis) [para-; Opis, 
hair]. A condition in which the hair is 
either imperfect in growth or develops in 
abnormal places. 

Paratrimma (par-ah-trim' -ah) [para-; xp'c^ecv, 
to rub]. Intertrigo. 



Paratrophy (par-af -ro-fe) [para-; xpocfrr), nutri- 
tion]. Perverted or abnormal nutrition. 

Paratyphlitis (par-ah-tif-W -tis) . Inflamma- 
tion of the connective tissue behind the 
cecum. 

Paratyphoid (par-ah-W -foid) . An affection 
produced by the paracolon bacillus, present- 
ing all the characteristic symptoms of typhoid, 
but in which the Widal reaction is negative; 
the serums, however, react promptly to other 
bacteria of the colon-typhoid group, which 
may be isolated from the blood or from the 
excrement. 

Paratyphus (par - ah - ti' - fus). Synonym of 
Paratyphoid. 

Paratypical, Paratypicus (par -ah-tip'- 
ik-al, -us). Irregular; not typical in char- 
acter. 

Paraurethral (par-ah-u-re'-thral). Beside the 
urethra. 

Paraxanthin (par-ah-zan'-thin) [para-; xan- 
thin], C 7 H 8 N 4 2 . Dimethylxanthin, a crys- 
talline leukomain occurring in normal urine 
and isomeric with theobromin, which it re- 
sembles in its action upon the organism, pro- 
ducing muscular rigidity, dyspnea, and dimi- 
nution in reflex excitability. 

Paraxial (par-aks'-e-al) [para-; axis]. Lying 
near the axis of the body. • 

Paraxon (par-aks' '-on) [para-; axon]. A lateral 
branch of the axis-cylinder process of a nerve- 
cell; a collateral fiber. 

Parazoon (par-ah-zo'-on) [para-; t,&ov, an ani- 
mal]. A parasite that lives on the exterior 
of its host. 

Parectasis (par-ek' -ta-sis) [para-; enxaocc, a 
stretching out]. Excessive stretching or di- 
lation. 

Paregoric (par-e-gor'-ik) [-nap-qjopiKoc, soothing]. 
1. Soothing or assuaging. 2. A soothing 
remedy, as paregoric elixir, or paregoric, 
the tinctura opii camphor ata (U. S. P.). 

Pareira (par-a'-rah). The root of Chondro- 
dendron tomentosum, of the natural order 
Menispermaceoe. It was formerly called 
pareira brava. It contains a resin, an alka- 
loid, pelosin, identical with berberin, a bitter 
principle, a nitrogenous substance, calcium 
malate, potassium nitrate, and other salts. 
Pareira is used as a diuretic in calculous 
pyelitis, in cystitis, and has also been em- 
ployed in leukorrhea, rheumatism, and 
dropsy, and in Brazil in the treatment of 
snake-bite. P., Decoction of (decoctum 
pareira, B. P.). Dose 1-2 oz. (32-64 
Cc). P., Extract of (extractum pareira, B. 
P.). Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 Gm.). P., 
Fluidextract of (fluidextr actum pareira, U. 
S. P.). Dose ±-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). P., Liquid 
Extract of (extractum pareira liquidiim, B. 
P.). Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). 

Parelectronomic (par-e-lek-tro-nom'-ik) [para-; 
'^XeKzpoVy amber; vo/ioc, law]. Unresponsive 
to electromotive stimulus. 

Parencephalia (par-en-sef-a' -le-ah) [para-; iy- 
Ke(f)aXoc, brain]. Congenital malformation of 
the brain. 



PARENCEPHALIS 



732 



PAROPHTHALMONCUS 



Parencephalis (par-en-sef -al-is). See Paren- 
cephalon. 

Parencephalitis (par-en-sef-al-i'-tis). Inflam- 
mation of the cerebellum. 

Parencephalon {par-en-sef'-al-on) [para-; ir- 
nk<f>aXoc, brain]. The cerebellum. 

Parencephalus (par-en-sef '-al-us) [see Paren- 
cephalon']. One with a congenital malforma- 
tion of the brain. 

Parenchyma (par-eng'-kim-ah) [para-; ztx&v, 
to pour in]. The essential or specialized 
part of an organ as distinguished from the 
supporting connective tissue. 

Parenchymatous (par-eng-ki' -mat-us or par- 
eng-kim' '-at-us) [parenchyma]. Pertaining to 
or affecting the parenchyma. P. Degenera- 
tion, cloudy swelling. P. Inflammation, 
inflammation of the parenchyma, as dis- 
tinguished from that of the interstitial tissue. 

Parepicele (par-ep'-is-el) [para-; ini, upon; 
ko'cXoc, a hollow]. The lateral recess of the 
epicele. 

Parepididymis (par - ep -i- did'-im - is). See 
Paradidymis. 

Paresis (par'-es-is or par-e'-sis) [para-; ckvac, 
to let go]. A slight paralysis; incomplete loss 
of muscular power. P., General. See 
Paralysis, General, of the Insane. 

Paresthesia (par-es-the' -ze-ah) [para-; diod-qoic, 
sensation], i. Morbid or perverted sensa- 
tion, as numbness, formication, "pins-and- 
needles." 2. See Acroparesthesia. 

Paresthetic (par-es-thet'-ik) [paresthesia]. Per- 
taining to, affected with, or characterized by 
paresthesia. 

Paretic (par-et'-ik) [paresis]. Pertaining to or 
affected with paresis. P. Dement, a person 
suffering from paretic dementia. P. Demen- 
tia. See Paralysis, General, of the Insane. 

Pareunia (par-u'-ne-ah) [para-; edwf), a bed]. 
Coitus. 

Parfocal (par-fo'-kal). A term used to desig- 
nate microscopic oculars and objectives which 
are so constructed or so mounted that in 
changing from one to another the image 
will remain in focus. 

Paridrosis (par-id-ro' -sis) [para-; tdpcooic, 
sweat]. Any abnormal condition of the 
secretion of sweat. 

Parietal (par-i' -et-al) [paries, wall]. 1. Form- 
ing or situated on a wall, as the parietal 
layer of the peritoneum. 2. Pertaining to or 
in relation with the parietal bone of the skull, 
as the parietal foramen, parietal lobe of the 
brain. P. Bones. See Bones, Table of. P. 
Cells, cells found in the periphery of the pep- 
tic glands of the stomach, immediately be- 
neath the basement-membrane. Their func- 
tion is supposed to be the secretion of 
hydrochloric acid. 

Parietalia (par-i-et-a'-le-ah) [see Parietal]. 
The bones that collectively form the vault 
of the cranium. 

Parietes (par-i' -et-ez) [pi. of paries, a wall]. 
The walls of a cavity. 

Parieto- (par-i-et-o-) [parietal]. A. prefix mean- 
ing relating to the parietal bone. 



Parietooccipital (par-i-et-o-ok-sip'-it-al) [par- 
ieto-; occipital]. Pertaining to the parietal 
and occipital bones or lobes. 
Parietosphenoid (par-i-et-o-sfe'-noid) [parieto-; 
sphenoid]. Pertaining to the parietal and 
sphenoid bones. 
Parietosquamosal (par-i-et-o-skwa-mo'-sal) 
[parieto-; squamosal]. Of or pertaining to 
the parietal bone and the squamous portion 
of the temporal bone. P. Suture, a suture 
between the squamous portion of the tem- 
poral bone and the parietal bone. 

Parietotemporal (par-i-et-o-tem' -po-ral) [par- 
ieto-; temporal]. Pertaining to the parietal 
and temporal bones. P. Suture, the suture 
between the parietal and temporal bones. 

Parietovisceral (par-i-et-o-vis'-er-al) [parieto-; 
visceral]. Pertaining to the walls of a body- 
cavity and the contained viscera. 

Parinaud's Conjunctivitis. A severe form of 
conjunctivitis due to infection from animals. 
P.s Ophthalmoplegia, paralysis of the ex- 
ternal rectus of one side and spasm of the 
internal rectus of the other side; it is of 
peripheral origin. 

Paris' Disease. Acrodynia.' 

Paris Green (par'-is), Cu(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 . 3Cu(As- 
2 ) 2 . Copper acetoarsenite, a poisonous sub- 
stance used in the arts and for the destruction 
of the potato-bug. 

Park's Aneurysm. Arteriovenous aneurysm, 
the arterial dilation communicating with two 
contiguous veins. 

Parkesin (park'-es-in). A mixture of linseed- 
oil and chlorin sulfid in a solution of collodion 
in nitrobenzol. It is used as a substitute for 
caoutchouc. 

Parkinson's Disease. Paralysis agitans. P.'s 
Mask, the immobile facies of paralysis 
agitans. 

Parnum's Test for Albumin. Add to the 
filtered urine one-sixth of its volume of a 
concentrated solution of magnesium or so- 
dium sulfate. On acidulating with acetic 
acid and boiling, the albumin is precipitated. 

Paroccipital (par-ok-sip'-it-al). 1. Beside the 
occipital region. 2. The mastoid process. 

Parodinia (par-o-din' -e-ah). See Parodynia. 

Parodontitis (par-o-don-ti' -tis) [para-; odouc. 
a tooth; crcc, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the tissues surrounding a tooth. 

Parodynia (par-o-din' -e-ah) [parere, to bring 
forth; oduvfj, pain]. Difficult parturition; 
dystocia. 

Parons (par'-onz) [parere, to bring forth]. 
Bringing forth; bearing. 

Paronychia (par -o-nik' -e-ah) [para-; ony- 
chia]. An inflammation of the flexor tendons 
and tendinous sheaths of the fingers; whitlow. 

Paroophoron (par -o - of - o - ron) [para-; 
oophoron]. The persistent tubules of the 
posterior part of the wolffian body in the 
female, corresponding to the organ of Giraldes 
in the male. 

Parophthalmoncus ' (par - of - thai - mong'-kus) 
[para-; dfiOaAfioc, the eye; oymc, a tumor]. 
A tumor near the eye. 






PAROPTIC 



733 



PARTUS 



Paroptic (par-op' -tiK) [para-; b(pcc, vision]. 
Applied to colors produced by the diffraction 
of light -rays. 

Parorchidium (par-or-kid'-e-um) [para-; bpyjg, 
a testicle]. Abnormal position of a testicle 
or its nondescent. 

Parorganum (par-org'-an-um) [para-; bpyavov, 
an instrument]. A growth the tissue of 
which resembles that of some organ. 

Parosmia (par-oz' -me-ah) [para-; 60 fir], smell]. 
A perversion of the sense of smell. 

Parostia (par-os'-te-ah) [para-; baxkov, bone]. 
Disorder or defect of ossification. 

Parostitis (par-os-ti'-tis) [para-; baxkov, bone; 
ace, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
outer surface of periosteum. 

Parostosis (par-os-to'-sis) [para-; baxkov, bone]. 
The abnormal formation of bone outside of 
the periosteum, or in the connective tissue 
surrounding the periosteum. 

Parotic (par-o'-tik) [para-; ouc, ear]. Situated 
near or about the ear. 

Parotid (par-ot'-id) [see Parotic]. i. Situ- 
ated near the ear, as the parotid gland. 2. 
Pertaining to or affecting the parotid gland. 
P. Abscess, an abscess of the parotid gland. 
The term is sometimes also applied to abscess 
of the lvmphatic gland lying upon the parotid. 
P. Gland, one of the salivary glands in front 
of and below the external ear. It is a com- 
pound racemose gland and secretes saliva 
containing ptyalin, a globulin-like body, 
potassium sulfocyanid, a trace of urea, and 
mineral salts. Its duct is Stenson's duct. 

Parotiditis (par-ot-id-i'-tis). See Parotitis. 

Parotis (par-o'-tis) [L.]. The parotid gland. 
P. accessoria, a small lobule near the parotid 
gland. 

Parotitis (par-o-li'-tis) [parotid; ixcc, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the parotid 

' gland, especially the specific infectious disease 
known as mumps; the name is also given to 
inflammation of the lymphatic gland over- 
lying the parotid (parotid bubo). P., Met- 
astatic, that secondary to disease elsewhere; 
it occurs in infectious fevers, as typhoid fever, 
and usually goes on to suppuration. 

Parovarian (par-o-va' -re-an) [para-; ovarium, 
ovary]. 1. Situated near the ovary. 2. Per- 
taining to the parovarium. 

Parovariotomy (par-o-va-re-ot'-o-me). Ex- 
cision of a parovarian cyst. 

Parovaritis (par-o-var-i'-tis). Inflammation 
of the parovarium. 

Parovarium (par-o-va' -re-uni) [para-; ovarium, 
ovary]. The remnant of the wolffian body 
of the female; the organ of Rosenmuller. 

Paroxia (par-oks'-e-ah). See Pica. 

Paroxyntic (par-oks-in'-tik) [napo^uvscv, to 
excite]. Paroxysmal. 

Paroxysm (par'-oks-izm) [para-; b^ovscv, to 
sharpen]. The periodic increase or crisis in 
the progress of a disease; a sudden attack, 
a sudden reappearance of symptoms, or a 
sudden increase in the intensity of existing 
symptoms. 

Paroxysmal (par-oks-iz'-mal) [paroxysm]. Of 



the nature of or resembling a paroxysm; oc- 
curring in paroxysms. 

Parrot's Atrophy of the Newborn. Primary 
infantile atrophy or marasmus. Syn., Athrep- 
sia. P.'s Disease, pseudoparalysis of the 
extremities due to epiphyseal separation which 
prevents spontaneous movements, in heredi- 
tary syphilis of the newborn. P.'s Nodes, 
osteophytes of the frontal and parietal bones, 
around the anterior fontanel, in hereditary 
syphilis. P.'s Sign, dilation of the pupil 
when the skin is pinched; it is noted in menin- 
gitis. P.'s Ulcers, the whitish or yellowish 
patches of thrush. 

Parrot Disease. See Psittacosis. 

Parrot-beak Nails. Nails that are curved 
strongly anteroposteriorly, like the beak of a 
parrot. 

Parry's Disease. Exophthalmic goiter. 

Pars (parz) [L.]. A part. P. ciliaris retinae, 
the part of the retina in front of the ora 
serrata. P. papillaris, the papillary layer of 
the skin. P. sphincteria inferior, the low- 
est portion of the esophagus. 

Parsley (pars' -le) [-kxpoc, rock; akXcvov, a kind 
of parsley]. The Carum petroselinum, a plant 
of the order Umbelliferce, containing a volatile 
oil. From the seed a peculiar oily liquid, 
termed apiol (q. v.), is obtained. The root is 
used in renal diseases and dropsy; the juice of 
the fresh herbs and the seeds are employed 
as antiperiodics; apiol is an emmenagog. 

Parson's Disease. Exophthalmic goiter. 

Parthenium (par-the'-ne-um) [xapOivoc, a 
virgin]. A genus of herbs of the order Com- 
posite. P. hysterophorus contains several al- 
kaloids, one of which, called parthenin, seems 
to be the active principle of the plant and 
has been used as an antipyretic and antineu- 
x ralgic. P. integrifolium, prairie-dock, a per- 
ennial plant of the southern United States, 
is used as an antiperiodic. 

Parthenogenesis (par - then - - jen' - es - is) 
[napdkvoc, a virgin; jkveocc, production]. 
The development of an organism from an 
unfertilized ovum. 

Partridge's Hernia. Femoral hernia external 
to the femoral vessels. 

Partridge-berry. 1. A trailing plant, Mitch- 
ella repens, with medical uses like those of 
pipsissewa. 2. See Gaultheria. 

Parturient (par-tic' '-re-ent) [parturition]. 1. 
Being in labor; giving birth; as a par- 
turient woman. 2. Traversed during birth, 
as the parturient canal. 

Parturifacient (par-tu-re-fa' -se-ent) [parturi- 
tion; facere, to make]. 1. Promoting par- 
turition. 2. An agent that induces parturition. 

Parturiometer (par-tu-re-om'-et-er) [parturi- 
tion; fihpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for determining the progress of labor by 

• measuring the expulsive force of the uterus. 

Parturition (par-tu-rish' -un) [parturitio, from 
parturire]. The act of giving birth to young. 
See Labor. 

Partus (par'-tus) [parturire, to bring forth]. 
The bringing forth of offspring; labor. P. 



PARULIS 



734 



PATHOAMINS 



agrippinus, labor with breech presentation. 
P. caesarius, cesarean section. P. difficilis, 
dystocia. P. immaturus, premature' labor. 
P. maturus, labor at term. P. praecipita- 
tus, precipitate labor. P. siccus, dry labor. 

Parulis (par-u'-lis) [para-; ouXov, the gum]. 
Abscess of the gum; a gum-boil. 

Paruria (par-u' -re-ah) [para-; obpov, urine]. 
Abnormity in the excretion of the urine. 

Parurocystis (par-u-ro-sis'-tis). See Bladder, 
Supplementary . 

Parvolin (par'-vo-lin), C 9 H 13 N. A synthetic 
liquid base; also a ptomain isomeric with 
it, occurring in decomposing fish and horse- 
flesh. 

Parvule (par'-vul) [parvus, small]. A small 
pill or pellet. 

Paschachurda (pas-kah-koor' -dah) . See Sar- 
tian Disease. 

Passage (pas'-aj) [passare, to pass], i. A 
channel. 2. The act of passing from one 
place to another. 3. The introduction of an 
instrument into a cavity or channel. 4. An 
evacuation of the bowels. P., False, a false 
channel, especially one made by the unskil- 
ful introduction of an instrument into the 
urethra. 

Passavant's Cushion. The bulging of the 
posterior pharyngeal wall, produced during 
the act of swallowing by the upper portion of 
the superior constrictor pharyngis. 

Passiflora (pas-if-W -rah) [passio, passion; flos, 
a flower]. Passion-flower, a genus of climb- 
ing plants. P. incarnata, of North America, 
is used as a narcotic and anodyne. Dose of 
fluidextract 2-5 min. (0.13-0.3 Cc). P. 
quadrangular is, of the West Indies; the root 
causes vomiting, convulsions, and paralysis, 
but has been prescribed as an anthelmintic. 

Passion (pash'-un) [passio, from pati, to 
suffer]. 1. Pain; suffering; as ileac pas- 
sion, a synonym of volvulus. 2. An intense 
emotion of the mind; intense sexual excite- 
ment. 

Passive (pas'-iv) [see Passion]. Not active; 
not performed or produced by active efforts, 
but by causes coming from without. P. 
Congestion, congestion due to retention of 
blood in a part, and not to an active flow 
of blood toward the part. P. Immunity. 
See Immunity, Passive. P. Motion, the 
movement produced by external agency and 
not by the person himself. 

Passula (pas'-u-lah) [L.]. A raisin. 

Paste (past) [ndoTT], mess]. Any soft, sticky 
substance, especially a mixture of starch or 
flour and water. P., Arsenical, a caustic 
paste containing arsenic. P., Canquoin's. 
See Canquoin's Paste. P., London, a mix- 
ture of equal parts of sodium hydroxid and 
slaked lime, moistened with alcohol. P., 
Piffard's, copper sulfate, 1 part; tartrated 
soda, 5 parts; caustic soda, 2 parts. It is 
used as a test for sugar in urine. P., Serum, 
a sterilized mixture of serum from ox-blood 
with 25% of zinc oxid; used as a film on 
abrasions or diseased surfaces. P., Sulfuric- 



acid, a caustic mixture of equal parts of 
sulfuric acid and powdered saffron. P., 
Vienna, a mixture of potassium hydroxid and 
caustic lime moistened with water. 

Pasteur's Exhaustion Theory. See Immun- 
ity, Theory of, Exhaustion Hypothesis. P.'s 
Fluid, P.'s Liquid, an artificial liquid for 
the cultivation of bacteria, composed of water, 
100 parts; crystallized sugar, 10 parts; ammon- 
ium carbonate and ashes of yeast, each, 1 part. 

Pasteurella (pas-tur-el'-ah). A group of poly- 
morphic coccobacteria destitute of spores and 
cilia. 

Pasteurellose (pas-tur-el'-oz). Hemorrhagic 
septicemia in animals. 

Pasteurization (pas-tur-i-za'-shun). The pro- 
cess of checking fermentation in milk, wine, 
and other organic fluids by heating them to 6o° 
or 70 C. 

Pastil, Pastille (pas' -til, pas-tel') [dim. of pasta, 
paste]. 1. A small mass composed of aro- 
matic substances and employed in fumigation. 
2. A troche. 

Patch [Prov. Ger., Patschen]. An irregular 
spot or area. P., Moth-, chloasma. P., 
Mucous, one of the characteristic lesions of 
syphilis, occurring in the socalled secondary 
stage, and appearing as a whitish papule or 
patch on mucous membranes and at muco- 
cutaneous junctions. Syn., Condyloma latum; 
Mucous papule. P., Opaline. See Opaline 
Patch. P.s, Peyer's. See Peyer's Glands. 

Patefying (pat' -e-fi-ing) [patere, to stand open]. 
The act of rendering patent. 

Patella (pat-el'-ah) [dim. of patina, a shallow 
dish]. The knee-pan, a small, round, sesamoid 
bone in front of the knee, developed in the 
tendon of the quadriceps extensor femoris 
muscle. 

Patellar (pat-el'-ar) [patella]. Pertaining to 
the patella. P. Reflex, P. Tendon-reflex. 
See Reflex, Knee-. 

Patelliform (pat-el' -if-orm) [patella; forma, 
form]. Shaped like a patella. 

Patelloid, Patelloidean (pat-el'-oid, pat-el-oid'- 
e-an). Disc-like; shaped like a knee-pan; 
patelliform. 

Patency (pa'-ten-se) [patent]. The state of be- 
ing open; openness. 

Patent (pat'-ent) [patere, to be open]. Open; 
exposed. 

Pathemate (path' -em-at) [xadrj/ia, a suffering]. 
Pertaining to emotional excitement. 

Pathetic (path-eV '-ik) [nadoc, disease]. Arous- 
ing pity; indicating sadness or sorrow; ap- 
pealing; that which appeals to or stirs the 
passions; applied to the fourth cranial nerve 
(pathetic nerve), which innervates the pathetic 
muscle (patheticus, superior oblique) of the 
eye, by which the eye is rolled outward and 
downward. 

Pathetism (path' -et-izm) [see Pathetic]. Hyp- 
notism. 

Patho- (pa-tho-) [nadoc, disease]. A prefix de- 
noting disease. 

Pathoamins (path-o-am'-ins). The basic sub- 
stances found in disease. 



PATHOANATOMY 



735 



PECQUET, CISTERN OF 



Pathoanatomy (path-o-an-aV -o-me) [patho-; 
anatomy]. Pathologic anatomy. 

Pathogenesis (path-o-jen' '-es-is) [patho;- ykvtocg, 
generation]. The origin or development of 
disease. 

Pathogenic, Pathogenetic (path-o-jen' -ik, 
path-o-jen-et' -ik [patho-; yevvdv, to produce]. 
Producing disease. P. Microorganism, one 
that when introduced into the system causes 
disease. 

Pathogenicity (path-o-jen-is' -it-e) . The con- 
dition of being pathogenic. 

Pathognomonic (path-og-no-mon'-ik) [patho-; 
fvuj/jLoju, a judge]. Characteristic of a disease, 
distinguishing it from other diseases. 

Pathologic (path-o-loj' '-ik) [pathology]. Per- 
taining to pathology; pertaining to disease. 
P. Anatomy. See Anatomy, Morbid. P. 
Histology, the microscopic study of diseased 
tissues. 

Pathologist (path-ol f -o-jist) [pathology]. One 
versed in pathology. 

Pathology (path-oV -o-je) [patho-; Xoyoc, sci- 
ence]. The branch of medical science that 
treats of the modifications of function and 
changes in structure caused by disease. 
P., Cellular, pathology that makes the cell 
the basis of all vital phenomena, and teaches 
that every cell is derived from a preexisting 
parent-cell. P., Comparative, a study 
of pathologic processes in lower animals, 
for purposes of tracing resemblances and 
differences among them and between them 
and those of the human body. P., Ex- 
perimental, the study of pathologic pro- 
cesses artificially induced in lower animals. 
P., General, that department of pathology 
which takes cognizance of those morbid 
processes that may be observed in various 
diseases and in any organ, e. g., inflamma- 
tion, hypertrophy. P., Geographic, path- 
ology in its relation to climatic and geo- 
graphic conditions. P., Humoral, the old 
doctrine that disease is due to abnormal con- 
ditions of- the blood. It has been revived 
in recent times in a modified form, and is 
now based on the theory that both immunity 
and susceptibility to disease reside in the 
juices of the body. P., Special, that treat- 
ing of changes in function and structure oc- 
curring in special diseases, e. g., pneumonia. 
P., Surgical, the pathology of diseases treated 
by the surgeon. 

Pathophobia (path-o-fo' -be-ah) [patho-; 4>6pog, 
fear]. Exaggerated dread of disease. 

Patient (pa'-shent) [pati, to suffer]. A person 
under the care of a physician; a sick person. 

Patterson's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles, Pat- 
terson's. 

Patulous (pat-u-lus) [patere, to lie open]. Ex- 
panded; open. 

Paul's Sign. Feeble apex-beat with forcible 
impulse over the body of the heart, in adher- 
ent pericardium. 

Paullinia {paw-lin'-e-ah). See Guarana. 

Paulocardia (paw-lo-kar'-de-ah) [nauXa, pause; 
napdca, heart]. A subjective sensation of in- 



termission or momentary stoppage of the 
heart-beat. 

Pavement-epithelium. Epithelium consist- 
ing of flattened, scale-like cells fitted together 
by their edges like the tiles of a pavement. 

Pavilion (pa-viV -yon) [papilio, a butterfly; 
a tent], i. The expanded extremity of a 
canal or tube, as the pavilion of the ear — the 
auricle; the pavilion of the fallopian tube — 
the fimbriated extremity of the fallopian tube. 
2. In anatomy, a tent-shaped structure. 

Pavor (pa'-vor) [L.]. Fright; fear. P. noc- 
turnus, night-terrors. 

Pavy's Disease. Cyclic albuminuria. P.'s 
Solution for Glucose, make a solution by 
mixing 120 Cc. of the ordinary Fehling's so- 
lution with 300 Cc. of strong ammonia (spe- 
cific gravity, 0.88) and 400 Cc. of sodium 
hydroxid solution of specific gravity of 1.14; 
dilute with 1000 Cc. of water. This solution 
becomes decolorized on boiling with a glucose 
solution. One hundred Cc. of this solution 
is reduced by glucose to the same extent as 
10 Cc. of Fehling's solution. 

Pawlik's Folds. The anterior columns of 
the vagina, which form the lateral boundaries 
of Pawlik s triangle and serve as landmarks 
in locating the opening of the .ureters. P.'s 
Triangle, extra vesical or vaginal triangle. 
The triangular space formed by two diver- 
gent columns of the vagina and the transverse 
ridge below the external orifice of the neck 
of the bladder. It corresponds line for line 
to the trigonum vesicae. 

Paxton's Disease. Tinea nodosa. 

Pearl (perl) [Ft., perle, from L., pirula, a 
little pearl]. In pharmacy, a small, hollow 
glass body containing a dose of a volatile 
liquid medicine, as a pearl of amyl nitrite. 
P. -disease, tuberculosis of serous mem- 
branes in the lower animals, especially cattle, 
so called on account of the most manifest 
lesion, the pearly nodules or tumors, which 
are often pendulous. P., Epidermic, P., 
Epithelial, one of the spheroid concentric 
masses of epithelial cells often seen in hard 
papillomas, in squamous epitheliomas, and 
in cholesteatomas. Syn., Pearly body. P.- 
white, bismuth oxychlorid. 

Pear lash (perl'-ash). Crude potassium car- 
bonate. 

Pearly Body. See Pearl, Epidermic. 

Pebrine (peb'-rin) [Fr.]. An infectious epi- 
demic disease of silkworms. 

Peciloblast (pe-sil'-o-blast). See Poikilocyte. 

Pecilocytosis (pe-sil-o-si-to' '-sis) . See Poikilo- 
cytosis. 

Pecilonymy (pe-sil-on'-im-e) [tzock'cXoc, various; 
ovufia, name]. The use in one publication 
of different names for the same part. Syn., 
Poikilonymy. 

Pecilothermal (pe-sil-o-ther'-mal). See Poikil- 
othermic. 

Pecklin's Glands. See Peyer's Glands. 

Pecquet, Cistern of, P., Reservoir of. The 
receptaculum chyli. P.'s Duct, the thoracic 
duct. 



PECTEN 



736 



PEDUNCULAR 



Pecten {pek'-ten) [L., "a comb"]. The os 
pubis. 

Pectin {pek'-tin) [7tf)Kxbc, congealed]. A white, 
amorphous carbohydrate contained in ripe 
fleshy fruits and in certain roots, and believed 
to be formed from the pectose found in unripe 
fruits by the action of acids. Syn., Vegetable 
jelly. 

Pectinate {pek'-tin-at) [pecten]. Arranged 
like the teeth of a comb. P. Ligament, 
fibers of connective tissue at the angle of 
the anterior chamber of the eye, between the 
iris and the cornea. P. Muscles, the mus- 
culi pectinati, muscular ridges in the auricles 
of the heart. 

Pectineal {pek-tin-e' -al) [pecten]. i. Comb- 
shaped. 2. Pertaining to the pecten or os 
pubis. P. Line, that part of the iliopecti- 
neal line found on the os pubis. 

Pectineus {pek-tin-e' -us) . See under Muscle. 

Pectiniform {pek-tin' -if-orm) [pecten; forma, 
a form,]. Comb-shaped. 

Pectoral {pek'-tor-al) [pectus, breast], i. Per- 
taining to the chest, as the pectoral muscles. 
2. Useful in diseases of the chest. 3. A 
remedy useful in diseases of the chest. 

Pectoralis {pek-tor-a'-lis). See under Muscle. 

Pectoriloquy {pek-tor-iV -o-kwe) [pectus, breast; 
loqui, to speak]. The distinct transmission 
of articulate speech to the ear on ausculta- 
tion. It may be heard over cavities in the 
lung, over areas of consolidation near a large 
bronchus, over a pneumothorax when the 
opening in the lung is patulous, and over 
some pleural effusions. P., Aphonic. 1. 
The sound heard in auscultating a lung in 
which there is a cavity. 2. The sound heard 
in auscultation in pleuritic effusion when the 
subject speaks in a low tone. P., Whisper- 
ing, the transmission of the whispered words 
to the auscultating ear. The sounds seem 
to emanate directly from the spot auscul- 
tated. 

Pectose {pek'-tos) [tztjktoc, congealed]. A com- 
pound occurring in unripe fruits, and giving 
rise to pectin. 

Pectus (pek'-tus) [L., "breast"]. The chest 
or breast. P. carinatum, a narrow chest 
projecting anteriorly in the region of the 
sternum. Syn., Keeled breast; Pigeon-breast. 

Pedal {pe'-dal) [pes, foot]. Pertaining to the 
foot. 

Pedatrophia, Pedatrophy {ped-at-ro' -fe-ah, 
ped-at' -ro-fe) [r.a'cg, child; atrophy]. 1. 
Any wasting disease of childhood. 2. Tabes 
mesenterica. 

Pederasty {ped'- er - as - te) [na'cc, boy; ipaar^c, 
lover. Sexual intercourse through the anus. 

Pedesis {pe-de'-sis). See Brownian Move- 
ment. 

Pedialgia {pe-de-al' -je-ah) [rczd'cov, foot; aXyoc;, 
pain]. Pain in the foot. 

Pediatrics, Pediatry {pe-de-at'-riks, pe-di'-at- 
re) [na'cc, child; carps ca, therapeutics]. The 
branch of medicine dealing with the diseases 
of children. 

Pedicle {ped'-ik-l) [pediculus, dim. of pes, 



foot]. 1. A slender process acting as a foot 
or stem, as the pedicle of a tumor. 2. Of 
a vertebra, the portion of bone projecting 
backward from each side of the body and 
connecting the lamina with the body. P., 
Vertebral. See Pedicle (2). P., Vitelline, 
the pedicle uniting the umbilical vesicle to the 
embryo. 
Pedicterus {ped-ik' -ter-us) [nacc, a child; "ckxe- 

pog, jaundice]. Icterus neonatorum. 
Pedicular {ped-ik' -u-lar) [pedicle]. 1. Per- 
taining to a pedicle; peduncular. 2. [pedic- 
ulus, louse.] Lousy. 3. Belonging to the genus 
Pediculus. 
Pediculation {ped-ik-u-la' -shun) [pediculus]. 
The state of one suffering from pedicu- 
losis. 
Pediculin '{ped-ik' -u-lin) [pediculus]. A pro- 
prietary insecticide said to consist of lime- 
stone, 65 %, and crude naphthalin, 35 %. 
Pediculofrontal {ped-ik-u-lo-fronf -al) . Relat- 
ing to the pedicles of the frontal convolu- 
tions. 
Pediculoparietal {ped-ik-u-lo-par-i'-et-al). Re- 
lating to the pedicles of the cerebral convolu- 
tions and the parietal region. 
Pediculophobia {ped-ik-u-lo-fo' -be-ah) [pedicu- 
lus; <f)6(3oc, fear]. Morbid dread of lice. 
Pediculosis {ped - ik - u - lo' - sis) [pediculus]. 
Lousiness; a skin affection characterized by 
the presence of pediculi or lice. 
Pediculus {ped-ik! -u-lus) [L., "a louse"]. A 
small parasitic hemipterous insect, the louse. 
P. capitis, the head-louse. P. corporis, the 
body-louse. P. pubis, a species infesting 
the pubic region of unclean persons, occasion- 
ally spreading over other hairy parts of the 
body — eyebrows, axillas, etc. Syn., Crab- 
louse. P. vestimenti. Synonym of P. 
corporis. 
Pedicure {ped'-ik-ur) [pes, foot; cura, care]. 

1. Care of the feet. 2. A chiropodist. 
Pediluvium {ped-il-u' -ve-um) [pes, foot ; lavare, 

to wash]. A foot-bath. 
Pedion, Pedium {pe'-de-on, -urn) [na~tc, child]. 
1. A child; also, a fetus. 2. [neocov, sole.] 
The sole of the foot. 
Peduncle {pe'-dung-kl) [pedunculus, dim. of 
pes]. A narrow part acting as a support. 
P., Cerebellar, Inferior, one of two bands of 
white matter passing up from the medulla 
oblongata, connecting the medulla with the 
cerebellum, and forming the lower lateral 
wall of the fourth ventricle. P., Cerebellar, 
Middle, one of the bands of white matter 
joining the pons and the cerebellum. P., 
Cerebellar, Posterior. Synonym of P., 
Cerebellar, Inferior. P., Cerebellar, Su- 
perior, one of the two bands of white matter 
that pass from the cerebellum to the testes of 
the corpora quadrigemina. P., Cerebral, 
the cms cerebri. P. of the Pineal Gland, 
a delicate white band passing forward from 
each side of the pineal gland along the 
edge of the third ventricle. 
Peduncular {ped-ung' -ku-lar) [peduncle]. Per- 
taining to a peduncle. 



PEGMATIC 



737 



PELVIS 



Pegmatic (peg-mat' -ik) [iriffjia, a concrement]. 
Pertaining to or producing coagulation. 

Peino therapy (pi-no-ther'-ap-e) [izeeva, hunger; 
6e panda, cure]. The cure of disease by de- 
privation of food. 

Pekelharing's Theory of Blood-coagulation. 
Thrombin (fibrin-ferment) is composed of 
nucleoalbumin and calcium; the calcium 
leaves the nucleoproteid and unites with 
fibrinogen, the compound of the two being 
fibrin. 

Pelada, Pelade (pel'-a-dah, pel-ahd') [Ft.], i. 
Alopecia areata of the scalp. 2. A disease 
resembling pellagra, due to eating infected 
maize. 

Pelage (pel-ahj') [j>ilus, the hair]. The hairy 
system of the body. 

Pelagin (pel'-aj-in). A proprietary remedy for 
sea-sickness, said to "consist of a solution of 
antipyrin, caffein, and cocain. 

Pelargonic Acid (pel-ar-gon'-ik) [neXapjoc, a 
stork], C 9 H 18 2 . A monobasic crystalline 
acid obtained from the essential oil of Pelar- 
gonium roseum and from other oils. It is 
employed in the flavoring of wines. 

Pelatina (pel-at-i'-nah). See Pelada (2). 

Pelicochirometresis (pel-ik-o-ki-ro-met-re' -sis) 
{ksXckt), a wooden bowl; /sip, the hand; 
[ikrpov, a measure]. Digital pelvimetry. 

Pelioma (pel-e-o' -mah) [rcsXtajfia, a livid spot]. 
A livid spot, as seen in peliosis. 

Peliosis (pel-e-o' -sis) [see Pelioma]. Purpura. 
P. rheumatica, purpura rheumatica; a dis- 
ease characterized by a purpuric rash, with 
arthritis and fever. 

Pellagra (pel-a'-grah) [nkXXa, skin; ay pa, 
a seizure]. A disease occurring in Italy, 
southern France, and Spain, and attributed 
to the use of diseased maize. It is charac- 
terized in the early stages by debility, spinal 
pains, and digestive disturbances; later ery- 
thema develops, with drying and exfoliation 
of the skin. In severe cases various nervous 
manifestations arise, such as spasms, ataxic 
paraplegia, and mental disturbances. In 
cases presenting ataxic paraplegia the spinal 
cord has shown combined posterior and 
lateral sclerosis. Syn., Lombardian leprosy. 

Pellagracein (pel-a-gra'-se-in) [pellagra]. A 
poisonous substance found in decomposed 
corn-meal, and believed to cause pellagra. 

Pellagrazein, Pellagrocein, Pellagrozein 
(pel-a-gra'-ze-in, -gro'-se-in, -gro'-ze-in). See 
Pellagracein. 

Pellentia (pel-en' -she-ah) [pellere, to drive]. 
Abortifacient drugs. 

Pellet (pel'-et) [pila, ball]. A small pill. 

Pelletierin (pel-et'-e-er-in), C 8 H 13 NO. A liquid 
alkaloid obtained together .with an isomeric 
body, iso pelletierin, also a liquid alkaloid, 
from pomegranate-bark. It is used as a 
teniafuge, chiefly in the form of the tannate. 
P. Hydrobromid, used in paralysis of the 
eye-muscles. Dose 4-6 gr. (0.25-0.4 Gm.). 
P. Hydrochlorate, used as a teniafuge. 
Dose 4^-8 gr. (0.3-0.5 Gm.). P. Sulfate, 
used as an anthelmintic. Dose 6 gr. (0.4 



Gm.) with 8 gr. (0.52 Gm.) of tannin in 1 oz. 
(30 Cc.) of water, followed by a cathartic. 
P. Tannate (pelletierince tannas, U. S. P.), 
a mixture of the tannates of four alkaloids ob- 
tained from Punica granatum. Dose 4 gr. 
(0.25 Gm.). 

Pellicle (pel'-ik-l) [pellis, skin]. A thin mem- 
brane, film, scum, or cuticle. 

Pellitory (pel'-it-or-e). See Pyre thrum. 

Pellotin (pel'-ot-in), C 13 H 19 N0 3 . An alkaloid 
from the Mexican cactus, Anhalonium wil- 
liamsi; it is a hypnotic, and is used chiefly 
in the form of the hydrochlorate. Dose §-i 
gr. (0.056-0.06 Gm.); subcutaneously \-\ 
gr. (0.02-0.048 Gm.). 

Pelmatic (pel-mat' -ik) [nkXp.a, sole]. Relating 
to the sole of the foot. 

Pelohemia (pe-lo-he'-me-ah) [tctjXoc, mud; o.}p.a, 
blood]. Excessive thickness of the blood. 

Pelopathy (pe-lop'-ath-e). The treatment of 
diseases by the application of mud. 

Pelotherapy (pe-lo-ther'-ap-e). See Pelopathy. 

Peltation (pel-ta'-shun) [niXrr), a shield]. The 
protection afforded by inoculation with a 
serum. 

Pelvic (pel'-vik) [pelvis]. Pertaining to the 
pelvis. P. Abscess, a suppurative inflam- 
mation of the connective tissue of the pelvic 
cavity, most common in women, and usually 
associated with puerperal or gonorrheal 
infection. P. Arch. Same as P. Girdle. 
P. Cellulitis, inflammation of the connective 
tissue of the pelvis. P. Girdle, the arch 
formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis, or 
in the higher vertebrates by the two innomin- 
ate bones. P. Index, the relation of the 
anteroposterior to the transverse diameter of 
the pelvis. P. Inlet, the superior strait. P. 
Outlet, the inferior strait. P. Region, the 
region within the true pelvis. 

Pelvifixation (pel-ve-fiks-a'-shun). Surgical 
fixation of a misplaced pelvic organ. 

Pelvimeter (pel-vim' -et-er) [pelvis; p.kxpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
pelvic dimensions. 

Pelvimetry (pel-vim' -et-re) [see Pelvimeter]. 
The measurement of the dimensions of the 
pelvis. 

Table of Measurements of the Female Pelvis 
Covered by the Soft Parts. 

Between iliac spines 26 cm. 

Between iliac crests 29 " 

External conjugate diameter 20^ " 

Internal conjugate diagonal \2% " 

True conjugate, estimated 11 " 

Right diagonal 22 " 

Left diagonal 22 " 

Between trochanters 31 " 

Circumference of pelvis 90 " 

Pelviperitonitis (pel-vi-per-i-ton-i'-tis) [pelvis; 
peritonitis]. Pelvic peritonitis. 

Pelvirectal (pel-vi-rek'-tal). Relating to the 
pelvis and the rectum. 

Pelvis (pel' -vis) [L., "a basin"]. 1. A basin 
or basin-shaped cavity, as the pelvis of the 
kidney. 2. The bony ring formed by the 
two innominate bones and the sacrum and 
coccyx. 3. The cavity bounded by the bony 



PELVIS 



738 



PELVIS 



pelvis. The pelvis consists of two parts — 
the true pelvis and the false pelvis, which are 
separated by the iliopectineal line. The 



bounded by the symphysis pubis, the 
tip of the coccyx, and the two ischiums. 
In measuring the pelvis the cardinal points 




Female Pelvis, Seen from the Front. 







Female Pelvis, Viewed in the Axis of the Brim. 
Showing the diameters of the superior strait. 




Outlet of Pelvis. 
Anteroposterior and transverse diameters of outlet seen from below. 



entrance of the true pelvis, corresponding 
to this line, is known as the inlet or superior 
strait; the outlet or inferior strait is 



of Capuron are used as landmarks. They 
are the two iliopectineal eminences and the 
two sacroiliac joints, P. aequabiliter justo 



A 



PELVIS 



739 



PELVIS 



major, one equally enlarged in all diameters. to the middle of the anteroposterior diameter. 
P. aequabiliter justo minor, a pelvis with P., Beaked, one in which the pubic bones are 




Male Pelvis, Seen from the Front. 




Kyphotic Pelvis. 




Infantile Pelvis, Viewed in the Axis of the Brim. 



all its diameters reduced below the normal. compressed laterally so as to approach each 
P., Axis of {of inlet or outlet), a perpendicular other, and are pushed forward; a condition 



PELVIS 



740 



PELVIS 




Oblique Pelvis. 
From ankylosis of the hip-joint and disuse of the right leg. 




Oblique Pelvis of Naegele. 




Renieorm Rachitic Pelvis. 






PELVIS 



741 



PELVIS 



seen in osteomalacia. P., Brim of, the en- 
trance to the pelvic cavity, called the inlet, 



superior strait, margin, 



isthmus. P., 



Diameters of, imaginary lines drawn be- 
tween certain bony points. (a) Of the inlet: 
the anteroposterior (sacropubic, or conjugate), 
from the upper edge of the promontory of 
the sacrum to a point \ of an inch below the 
upper border of the pubic sym- 
physis; it measures n cm.; the 
transverse, from side to side at the 
widest point, measuring 13^ cm.; the 
oblique (right and left), measuring 
I2f cm. (b) Of the outlet: the 
anteroposterior, from the tip of the 
coccyx to the subpubic ligament, 
measuring 9^ cm.; the transverse, 
between the ischial tuberosities, meas- 
uring 11 cm.; the oblique, from the 
under surface of the sciatic ligaments 
to the junction of the ischiopubic 
rami. P., Floor of, the mass of skin, 
connective tissue, muscles, and fascia 
forming the inferior boundary of the 
pelvis. P., Justomajor. SeeP.cequa- 
biliter justo major. P., Justominor. 
See P. cequabiliter justo minor. P., Kyphotic, 
one characterized by increase of the conjugate 
diameter of the inlet, but decrease of the 
transverse diameter of the outlet, through 
approximation of the tuberosities of the 
ischium. P., Naegele's Oblique, a pelvic 
deformity with ankylosis of one sacroiliac 
synchondrosis, lack of development of the 
associated lateral sacral mass, and other 



of,' imaginary surfaces touching all points of 
the circumference. The plane of pelvic ex- 
pansion perforates the middle of the sym- 
physis, the tops of the acetabulums, and the 
sacrum between the second and third verte- 
bras. Its anteroposterior diameter is 1 2f cm. ; 
its transverse diameter is 12^ cm. The plane 
of pelvic contraction passes through the 




Figure-of-eight Rachitic Pelvis. 

tip of the sacrum, the spines of the ischiums, 
and the under surface of the symphysis. Its 
anteroposterior diameter is 11 % cm.; its 
transverse diameter is io| cm. P., Rach- 
itic, one characterized by a sinking in and 
forward of the sacrovertebral angle, with a 
flaring outward of the iliac crests and in- 
creased separation of the iliac spines. P., 
Robert's, one in which there is an ankylosis 




Transversely Contracted Pelvis of Robert. 

defects that distort the diameters and render 
the conjugate oblique in direction. P., 
Obliquity of, P., Inclination of, the angle 
between the axis of the pelvis and that of the 
body. P., Osteomalacic, a distorted pelvis 
characterized by a lessening of the transverse 
and oblique diameters, with great increase 
of the anteroposterior diameter. P., Planes 



Rostrated Osteomalacic Pelvis in Early Stage of 
Deformity. 

of both sacroiliac joints, with a rudimentary 
sacrum, both lateral sacral masses being un- 
developed, the oblique and transverse diam- 
eters being much narrowed. P., Simple 
Flat, one in which the only deformity consists 
in a shortening of the anteroposterior diam- 
eter. P. spinosa, a rachitic pelvis in which 
the crest of the pubis is very sharp, and 



PELVISACRUM 



742 



PEPO 



presents a spine at the insertion of the psoas 
parvus. P., Split, a form in which there is 
congenital separation of the pubic bones at 
the symphysis. It is often associated with 
exstrophy of the bladder. 

Pelvisacrum (pel-ve-sa'-krum). The pelvis 
and sacrum taken conjointly. 

Pelvitrochanterian {pel-ve-tro -kan - te'- re - an) . 
Relating to the pelvis and the great trochanter 
of the femur. 

Pemphigoid (pern' - fig - oid) [see Pemphigus]. 
Resembling or having the nature of pemphi- 
gus. 

Pemphigus (pem'-fig-us) [nijifaZ, a blister]. 
An acute or chronic disease of the skin char- 
acterized by the appearance of bullas or blebs. 
P. foliaceus, a rare form characterized by 
crops of flaccid blebs containing a turbid 
fluid. The disease is usually of long duration, 
but eventually ends fatally. P. neonatorum, 
an acute form occurring in infants and sup- 
posed to be due to a microorganism. P. 
syphiliticus, a bullous eruption due to syph- 
ilis. P. vegetans, an affection characterized 
by sore mouth, followed by some form of 
dermatitis attended by vesication and then 
by papillary growths, gradual emaciation, 
and death. Syn., Neumann'' s Disease. P. 
vulgaris, a form that is usually chronic, the 
blebs appearing in successive crops; on heal- 
ing they leave a pigmented spot, i Itching 
and pain may be present. 

Pendjeh Sore. See Furunculus orientalis. 

Pendulous {pen' -du-lus) [pendcre, to hang]. 
Hanging down loosely. 

Penetrating (pen' '-e-tra-ting) [see Penetration]. 
Entering beyond the surface. P. Wound, 
one that pierces the wall of a cavity or enters 
an organ. 

Penetration (pen-e-tra' -shun) [penetrare, to 
pierce], i. The act of penetrating or pierc- 
ing into. 2. Of a microscope, the focal 
depth. 3. The entrance of the penis into the 
vagina. 

Pengawar, Penghawar Djambi. The long 
soft hairs, used as a mechanic styptic, 
obtained from rhizomes of various ferns of 
Sumatra and Java, particularly from the 
genus Cibotium. 

Penicillate (pen'-is-il-dt) [penicillus, a painter's 
brush or pencil]. Shaped like a pencil of 
hairs. 

Penicillium (pen-is-iV -e-um) [see Penicil- 
late]. A genus of fungi, . of which the 
Penicillium glaucum, or common blue-mold, 
is a familiar example. 

Penile (pe'-nil) [penis]. Pertaining to the penis. 

Penis (pe'-nis) [L.]. The male organ of 
copulation. It consists of the corpus spongi- 
osum, inclosing the urethra, the two corpora 
cavernosa, largely composed of erectile tissue, 
and the glans. P. lipodermus. See Para- 
phimosis. P. palmatus, one inclosed by 
the skin of the scrotum. Syn., Webbed penis. 

Penitis (pe-ni'-tis) [penis; czee, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the penis. 

Penniform (pen'-if-orm) [penna, feather; forma, 



form]. Shaped like a feather; said of certain 
muscles. 

Pennyroyal (pen-e-roi'-al). See Hedeoma. 

Pennyweight (pen' -e-wdt) [AS., pening, penny; 
wegan, weigh]. A weight of 24 grains. 

^Penology (pe-noV '-o-je) [noevrj, penalty; hoyoc, 
science]. The science treating of crime, its 
punishment and prevention; ' the study of 
the management of prisons, etc. 

Pentad (pen'-tad) [izkvxe, five]. An element or 
radicle having a valence of five. 

Pental (pen'-tal) [nhrs, five], C 5 H 10 . Tri- 
methylethylene; it is used as an anesthetic. 

Pentamethylendiamin (pen-tah-meth-il-en-di'- 
am-in). See Cadaverin. 

Pentane (pen'-tdn) [nivze, five], C 5 H 12 . Thc 
fifth member of the paraffin series of hydrocar- 
bons. It is a liquid and occurs in naphtha. 

Pentavalent (pen - tav' - al - ent) [nhzs, five; 
valens, having power]. Quinquivalent. 

Pentene (pen' -ten) [nkvze, five], C 5 H ]0 . Amylene, 
one of the olefin series of hydrocarbons. 

Pentosan (pen' -to-san) . A complex carbohy- 
drate capable of forming a pentose by hy- 
drolysis. 

Pentosazon (pen-to' -saz-on). A body occurring 
in urine, possessing marked reducing quali- 
ties, but incapable of fermentation; it 
represents an abnormity in the total metabol- 
ism of the body. 

Pentose (pen'-toz) [nivzs, five]. Any one 
of a class of carbohydrates containing five 
atoms of carbon. The pentoses are not fer- 
mentable, and on boiling with dilute hydro- 
chloric acid yield furfurol, C 5 H 4 2 . 

Pentosuria (pen-to-su' -re-ah) [pentose; oupov, 
urine]. The presence of pentose in the urine. 
Urine containing pentose reduces Fehling's 
solution, but does not ferment. 

Pentyl (pen' -til) [kevze^ five; 3^, matter], 
C 5 H n . A univalent hydrocarbon. P. Hy- 
drid. See Amyl Hydrid. 

Penzoldt's Test for Acetone. Treat a warm 
saturated solution of orthonitrobenzaldehyd 
with the liquid to be tested for acetone, and 
alkalinize with sodium hydroxid. If acetone 
is present, the liquid becomes first yellow, 
then green, and lastly indigo separates, which 
may be dissolved with a blue color on shaking 
with chloroform. P.'s Test for Glucose 
in Urine, to a few cubic centimeters of urine 
add some caustic potash, and enough of a 
weakly alkaline solution of diazobenzol 
sulfonic acid to equal the amount of urine. 
Shake for one-fourth to one-half of an hour 
to produce foam. A light Bordeaux-red or 
yellowish-red coloration will result, with a 
red foam. 

Penzoldt and Fischer's Test for Phenol. 
Treat a strongly alkaline solution of phenol 
with a solution of diazobenzol sulfonic acid; 
a deep red coloration is produced. 

Peotomy (pe-ot'-o-me) [xsoc, penis; Topuf), z. 
cutting]. Amputation of the penis. 

Pepo (pe'-po) [tcetzojv, ripe; mellow]. Seed of 
the pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo; it is a tenia- 
fuge. 



PEPORESIN 



743 



PERCOLATION 



Peporesin (pe-po-rez'-in). A hard substance in 
the husk of pumpkin-seeds; it is a vermicide. 

Pepper (pep'-er) [piper, from Skt., pippala]. 
The fruit of various species of Piper, of the 
order Piper acece. P., Black, the piper of the 
U. S. P.; piper nigrum of the B. P., contains a 
neutral principle, piperin (piperina, U. S. P.), 
an acrid resin, and a volatile oil, and is used 
as a condiment and as a carminative stimu- 
lant, and to a slight extent is antiperiodic. 
Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.). P., Cayenne. 
See Capsicum. P., Oleoresin of (oleoresina 
piperis, U. S. P.). Dose \-i min. (0.016- 
0.065 Cc). P., White, similar to black 
pepper, but less active. 

Peppermint. See Mentha piperita. 

Pepsin [nii/icf, digestion]. A ferment found 
in the gastric juice, and capable of digesting 
proteids in the presence of an acid. It splits 
albumin into antialbumose and hemialbu- 
mose, the former of which it separates into two 
molecules of antipeptone, while the latter is 
acted upon by trypsin and split into two 
molecules of hemipeptone. Pepsin is used in 
medicine to aid digestion. The pepsinum 
of the U. S. P. and B. P. is obtained from the 
stomach of pigs. Dose 10-15 gr. (0.65-1.0 
Gm.). Pepsinum saccharatum, pepsin 
mixed with sugar of milk. Pepsini, Vinum, 
contains 0.3% of hydrochloric acid. Dose 
|-i oz. (16-32 Cc). 

Pepsinogen (pep-sin'-o-jen) [pepsin; ytwav, to 
beget]. The antecedent substance or zymo- 
gen of pepsin, present in the cells of the gastric 
glands, and which during digestion is con- 
verted into pepsin. 

Peptic (pep'-tik) [pepsin]. 1. Pertaining to 
pepsin. 2. Pertaining to digestion. P. 
Glands, the glands situated in the cardiac 
and middle thirds of the stomach, and secret- 
ing pepsin and hydrochloric acid. P. Ulcer, 
the round ulcer of the stomach, due to erosion 
of the mucous membrane by the gastric juice. 

Peptogenic {pep-to-jen' -ik) [pepsin; yswdv, to 
produce]. Producing pepsin or peptones. 

Peptomangan (pep-to-man' '-gan). A proprie- 
tary compound said to consist of iron, man- 
ganese, and peptone; used in tuberculosis, 
etc. 

Peptone (pep'-ton) [nkzxetv, to cook]. A proteid 
body formed by the action of ferments on 
albumins during gastric and pancreatic di- 
gestion. It may be considered a hydrated 
albumin. Before the final formation of pep- 
tone several similar intermediate compounds 
are produced, as hemipeptone and antipep- 
tone. See Pepsin. Amphopeptone is a mix- 
ture of these two. Propeptone or hemi- 
albumose is a mixture of several intermediate 
products. Parapeptone is also an intermedi- 
ate product of digestion and is closely allied 
to syntonin. Gelatin-peptone is a peptone 
formed in the digestion of gelatin. Peptones 
are soluble, readily diffusible, are not pre- 
cipitated by boiling, by nitric acid, or by 
potassium ferrocyanid; they are precipitated 
by mercury bichlorid, by tannic acid, and by 



phosphomolybdic acid; they give Millon's 
test, and the xanthoproteic and biuret reac- 
tions; they are levorotatory. P., Albumin-, 
a light yellow powder obtained from white of 
egg by action of pepsin with a little hydro- 
chloric acid; used as a nutrient. P. Anhy- 
drid. See Albuminate. P., Beef, true 
peptone from beef; a light brown powder, 
soluble in water, used as a nutrient in 
dyspepsia. P., Casein, peptonized casein 
from milk; a yellow, hygroscopic powder 
used as a nutrient. P., Milk. See P., 
Casein. P. Powder, a nutrient containing 
91 % of peptone. P.s, Test for. See Ho}- 
meister. 

Peptonemia (pep-to-ne' -me-ah) [peptone; alfia, 
blood]. The presence of peptone in the 
blood. 

Peptonization (pep-to-ni-za'-shun) [peptone]. 
The process of converting proteids into 
peptones. 

Peptonize (pep'-to-nlz) [peptone]. To digest with 
pepsin; to predigest; to convert into peptones. 

Peptonuria (pep-to-nu' -re-ah) [peptone; oupov, 
urine]. The presence of peptones in the urine. 

Peptosin (pep' -to -sin). A proprietary prepara- 
tion of pepsin. 

Peptothyroid (pep-to-thi'-roid). A proprietary 
peptonized preparation of thyroid extract. 

Peptotoxin (pep-to-toks'-in) [peptone; ro£- 
ckov, a poison]. A poisonous ptomain found 
in peptones and in putrefying albuminous 
substances, such as fibrin, casein, brain, liver, 
and muscle. P., Cholera, a toxic substance 
generated by the cholera bacillus, and 
chemically allied to peptone. 

Per [L.]. A preposition meaning through. P. 
anum, by way of the anus. P. OS, by the 
mouth. P. rectum, by the rectum. P. vagi- 
nam, by the vagina. P. viam, by the way of. 

Peracidity (per-as-id'-it-e) [per, very; acidus, 
acid]. Excessive acidity. 

Peracute (per-ak-uf) [per, very; acutus, sharp]. 
Very acute. 

Perarticulation (per-ar-tik-u-la'-shun) [per; 
articulation]. Synonym of Diarthrosis. 

Perception (per-sep'-shun) [per, capere, to 
receive]. 1. The act of receiving impres- 
sions through the medium of the senses. 
2. The faculty receiving such impres- 
sions. 

Perchlorate (per -Ho' -rat). See under Per- 
chloric Acid. 

Perchlorhydria (per-klor-hi' -dre-ah) . See Hy- 
perchlorhydria. 

Perchloric Acid (per-klo'-rik) [per; xAcopoc, 
green], HC10 4 . The highest oxyacid of 
chlorin. It is a volatile liquid decompos- 
ing in contact with organic substances, and 
forming salts called perchlorates . 

Percolate (pcr'-ko-lat) [percolare, to strain 
through]. 1. To submit to the process of 
percolation. 2. The solution obtained by 
percolation. 

Percolation (per-ko-la'-shun) [see Percolate]. 
The process of extracting the soluble con- 
stituents of a substance by allowing the 



PERCUSSION 



744 



PERICARDITIS 



solvent to trickle through a powdered mass 
placed in a long conic vessel — the percolator. 

Percussion (per-kush'-un) [percutere, to strike 
through]. A method of physical diagnosis 
applied by striking upon any part of the 
body, with a view to ascertaining the condi- 
tions of the underlying organs by the character 
of the sounds elicited. P., Auscultatory, 
percussion combined with auscultation. It is 
best performed by placing a double stetho- 
scope at a fixed point and percussing gently 
all around. P., Immediate, percussion in 
which the surface is struck directly, without 
the interposition of a pleximeter. P., In- 
strumental, the use of a special hammer as a 
plexor, either alone or with a plate as a 
pleximeter. P., Mediate, percussion in 
which a pleximeter is used. P. -wave, the 
term given to the chief ascending wave of the 
sphygmographic tracing. 

Percutaneous (per-ku-ta' -ne-us) [per; cutan- 
eous]. Performed through the skin, as 
percutaneous faradization. 

Pereirin (per-i'-rin). An amorphous alkaloid 
found in the bark of Geissospermum Iceve. Its 
hydrochlorate and valerianate are used as 
antipyretics. 

Perencephalia, Perencephaly (per-en-sef-a'- 
le-ah, per-en-se}' -al-e) [xypa, a pouch; eyne^aXoc;, 
brain]. A condition marked by multiple 
cystic brain tumors. 

Perez's Sign. A loud friction-murmur heard 
over the sternum when the patient raises his 
arms, especially the left, over his head and 
lets them fall again; it is noted in cases of 
aneurysm of the arch of the aorta and in 
mediastinal tumors. 

Perflation {per- fla' -shun) [perflare, to blow 
through], i. A method of ventilation by 
which a current of air blowing against a 
dwelling is made to force its way in. 2. The 
act of forcing air into a cavity for the purpose 
of evacuating fluid. 

Perforans (per'-for-anz) [perforate]. Penetrat- 
ing or perforating, a term applied to a muscle 
or nerve perforating a part. 

Perforate {per' -for -at) [per; forare, to bore]. 
In biology, pierced with small holes. 

Perforated (per' -for-a-ted) [perforate]. Pierced 
through. P. Space, a part of the base of the 
brain pierced with many small holes for the 
passage of blood-vessels. The anterior per- 
forated space is situated on the inner side of 
the fissure of Sylvius; the posterior perforated 
space, between the corpora albicantia in front, 
the pons behind, and the crura cerebri on 
either side. 

Perforating (per'-for-a-ting) [perforate]. Pierc- 
ing. P. Ulcer. See Ulcer, Perforating. 

Perforation (per- for-a' -shun) [perforate]. 1. 
The act of piercing or boring into a part; 
especially the piercing of the fetal head during 
labor. 2. A hole made through a part or the 
wall of a cavity. 

Perforator (per' -for-a-tor) [perforate]. An in- 
strument for boring through the fetal skull; 
also for perforating other bones. 



Perforatus (per-for-a'-tus) [perforate]. Perfor- 
ated, applied to a muscle which is perforated 
by another muscle or by a nerve. 

Perfusion (per-fu'-zhun) [per; fundere, to pour]. 
A pouring of fluid into or through. 

Peri- (per-e-) [nepi, around]. A prefix signifying 
around or surrounding. 

Periacinous (per-e -as' -in-us) [peri-; acinus, a 
grape]. Lying around an acinus. 

Perialgia (per-e-al'-je-ah) [peri, very; alyoc, 
pain]. A condition of excruciating pain. 

Perialienitis (per-e -dl-yen-i'-tis) [peri-; alieni- 
tas, causes of disease extraneous to the body]. 
Noninfectious inflammation due to a foreign 
body. Syn., Perialienitis cirrhosa. 

Perianal (per-e-a'-nal) [peri-; anus]. Situated 
or occurring around the anus. 

Periappendicitis (per-e-ap-en-dis-i'-tis). In- 
flammation of the tissue around the vermiform 
appendix. 

Periarteritis (per-e-ar-ter-i'-tis) . Inflammation 
of the external sheath of an artery. P. 
nodosa, a thickening of the arterial coats in 
localized areas, producing nodular swellings. 

Periarthritis (per-e-ar-thri'-tis). Inflammation 
of the tissues about a joint. 

Periarticular (per-e-ar-tik'-u-lar). About a 
joint. 

Periaxial (per-e-aks'-e-al) [peri-; axis]. Sur- 
rounding an axis. P. Neuritis, inflammation 
of the myelin sheath but not of the axis- 
cylinder of a nerve. 

Periaxillary (per-e-aks'-il-a-re). Around the 
axilla. 

Periaxonal (per-e-aks'-on-al) [peri-; axon]. 
Around an axon. 

Periblast (per' -e-blast) [peri-; ftlaoxbc, a germ]. 
The protoplasm surrounding the nucleus of a 
cell; periplast. 

Periblepsia, Periblepsis (per-ib-lep'-se-ah, -sis) 
[peri-; ftUizztv, to look]. The wild look of 
a patient in delirium. 

Peribronchial (per-e-brong'-ke-al) [peri-; bron- 
chus]. Surrounding a bronchus; occurring 
about a bronchus. 

Peribronchitis (per-e-brong-ki'-tis). Inflam- 
mation of the tissue immediately surrounding 
the bronchi. 

Pericardiac, Pericardial (per-e-kar'-de-ak, 
per-e-kar'-de-al) [pericardium]. Pertaining to 
the pericardium. 

Pericardicentesis (per-e-kar-de-sen-te'-sis) [peri- 
cardium; Kkvrqotc, a pricking]. Puncture of 
the pericardium. 

Pericardiopleural (per-e-kar-de-o-plu'-ral) . Re- 
lating to the pericardium and to the pleuras. 

Pericardiotomy (per-e-kar-de-ot'-o-me). See 
Pericardotomy. 

Pericarditis (per-e-kar-di'-tis) [pericardium; 
ncc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
pericardium. The symptoms are slight fever, 
precordial pain and tenderness, cough, dysp- 
nea, and rapid pulse. The physical signs 
vary — in the early stage there is a distinct 
friction-sound on auscultation, and sometimes 
a fremitus on palpation. In the stage of 
effusion there are bulging of the precordia 



PERICARDIUM 



745 



PERIHYSTERIC 



and a triangular area of dulness, the base of 
which is downward; the heart-sounds are 
muffled. In chronic pericarditis with adhe- 
sions there is often systolic retraction of the 
precordia. The causes of pericarditis are 
rheumatism, the acute and chronic infectious 
diseases, Bright's disease, and extension of 
inflammation from neighboring parts. P., 
Adhesive, that in which the two layers of peri- 
cardium tend to adhere. P., Carcinomatous, 
that due to carcinoma of the pericardium. 
P., Dry, a form without effusion. P., Fi- 
brinous, a form in which the membrane is 
covered with a fibrinous exudate, first soft 
and buttery in consistence, but later organiz- 
ing. P., Hemorrhagic, a form in which the 
fluid is hemorrhagic. This is the case most 
often in tuberculous pericarditis, also in 
scorbutus and in cachectic conditions. P., 
Localized, a form giving rise to whitish 
areas, the socalled milk-spots. P., Moist, 
that attended by an effusion. P., Purulent, 
a variety in which the effused fluid becomes 
purulent. P., Serofibrinous, a form in 
which there is but little lymph or fibrin, but 
a considerable quantity of serous fluid. P. Tu- 
berculous, a form due to tuberculous infection 
of the pericardium. P., Typhoid, that in which 
there are high fever and typhoid symptoms. 

Pericardium (per-e-kar' -de-um) [peri-; mpdca, 
heart]. The closed membranous sac envelop- 
ing the heart. Its base is attached to the 
central tendon of the diaphragm; its apex 
surrounds for a short distance the great vessels 
arising from the base of the heart. It con- 
sists of an outer fibrous coat, derived from 
the cervical fascia, and an inner serous coat. 
The sac normally contains from 5 to 20 Gm. 
of clear serous liquid. The part in contact 
with the heart (visceral pericardium) is termed 
the epicardium; the other is the parietal 
pericardium. P., Bread-and-butter, a pe- 
culiar appearance produced in fibrinous peri- 
carditis by the rubbing of the two surfaces 
of the membrane over each other. P., 
Shaggy, a pericardium upon which, as the 
result of fibrinous pericarditis, thick, loose, 
shaggy layers of fibrin are deposited. 

Pericardosis (per-e-kar-do'-sis). Microbic in- 
fection of the pericardium. 

Pericardotomy (per-e-kar -dot' '-o-me) [pericar- 
dium; TOftr), a cutting]. The operation of 
opening the pericardium. 

Pericecal (per-e-se'-kal) [peri-; cecum]. Sur- 
rounding the cecum. 

Pericementitis (per -e- sem - ent - i' - tis) [peri-; 
cemenlum, cement; cue, inflammation]. Fau- 
chard's disease; progressive necrosis of the 
dental alveoli. 

Pericementum (per-e-sem-ent f -um). A dense 
fibrous tissue covering the fang of a tooth. 

Perichondritis (per-e-kon-dri'-tis) [perichon- 
drium; exec, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the perichondrium. 

Perichondrium (per-e-kon'-dre-um) [peri-; %6v- 
dpoc, cartilage]. The fibrous connective 
tissue covering the surface of cartilage. 



Perichord (per' -ik-ord) [peri-; %opdr), cord]. 
The sheath of the notochord. 

Pericolitis (per-e-ko-li'-tis) [peri-; colitis]. In- 
flammation of the tissues around the 
colon. 

Pericolpitis (per-e-kol-pi' '-tis) . See Paracol- 
pitis. 

Periconchitis (per-e-kon-ki'-tis) [peri-; koyxt), 
the socket of the eye]. Inflammation of the 
periosteum or lining membrane of the 
orbit. 

Pericorneal (per-e-kor' '-ne-al) [peri-; cornea]. 
Surrounding the cornea. 

Pericoxitis (per-e-koks-i' -tis) . Coxitis extend- 
ing to the adjacent tissues. . . 

Pericranial (per-e-kra' -ne-al) [pericranium]. 
Pertaining to the pericranium. 

Pericranium (per-e-kra' -ne-um) [peri-; upav'cov, 
skull]. The periosteum of the skull. 

Pericystitis (per-e-sis-ti'-tis). Inflammation 
of the peritoneum or the connective tissue 
surrounding the bladder. 

Pericystium (per-e-sis' -te-um) [peri-; kuotcc, 
a cyst]. The vascular wall of a cyst. 

Pericytial (per-e-sil'-e-al) [peri-; kutoc, a cell]. 
Surrounding a cell. 

Peridectomy (per-e-dek'-to-me). Synonym of 
Peritomy. 

Peridental (per-e-den'-tal) [peri-; dens, a 
tooth]. Surrounding a tooth or its root; 
periodontal. 

Peridesmium (per-e-dez'-me-um) [peri-; deap.de, 
a band]. The delicate membrane that in- 
vests a ligament. 

Peridiastole (per-e-di-as'-to-le) [peri-; diastole]. 
The pause between the systole and diastole. 

Perididymis (per-e-did' -im-is) [peri-; dedupoe, 
a testicle]. The tunica albuginea testis. 

Perididymitis (per-e-did-im-i'-tis) [perididymis; 
exce, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
perididymis. 

Periencephalitis (per-e-en-sef-al-i'-tis). Inflam- 
mation of the pia mater. 

Periencephalomeningitis (per -e -en-se} - al- 
o-men-in-ji'-tis). See Periencephalitis. 

Periendothelioma (per-e-en-do-the-le-o'-mah). 
A tumor originating in the endothelium of 
the lymphatics and the perithelium of the 
blood-vessels. 

Periepithelioma (per-e-ep-e-the-le-o'-mah). A 
tumor originating in the endothelium lining 
the blood-vessels or lymphatics. 

Perigastritis (per-e-gas-tri'-lis). Inflammation 
of the peritoneal coat of the stomach. 

Periglandulitis (per-e-gland-u-W -tis). Inflam- 
mation of the tissues about a small gland. 

Periglottis (per-e-glot'-is) [peri-; yXcuttcc, the 
tongue]. The mucous membrane or villous 
coating of the tongue. 

Perihepatitis (per-e-hep-at-i'-tis). Inflamma- 
tion of the peritoneum surrounding the 
liver. 

Periherniary, Perihernious (per-e-her'-ne-a-re, 
-ne-us). Applied to tissue immediately about 
a hernia. 

Perihysteric (per-e-his-ter'-ik) [peri-; uaripa, 
the womb]. Around the uterus; periuterine. 



PERIKARYON 



746 



PERIODOLOGY 



Perikaryon (per-e-kar' -e-on) [peri-; napuov, a 
nut]. The cytoplasm of a neuron. 

Perilymph (per' -e-limf) . The fluid separating 
the membranous from the osseous labyrinth 
of the ear. 

Perilymphatic (per-e-lim-fat'-ik). i. Pertain- 
ing to the perilymph. 2. Situated or occur- 
ring about a lymphatic vessel.' 

Perimadarous (per-e-mad' '-ar-us) [peri-; fiad- 
apbc, bald]. Applied to a spreading ulcer 
with the epiderm peeling off before its advance. 

Perimastitis (per-e-mast-i'-tis). Inflammation 
of the connective tissue surrounding the mam- 
mary gland. 

Perimeningitis (per-e-men-in-ji' -tis) . Inflam- 
mation of the dura mater. 

Perimeter (per-im'-et-er) [peri-; pkxpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
extent of the field of vision. It consists 
ordinarily of a flat, narrow, metal plate bent 
in a semicircle, graduated in degrees, and 
fixed to an upright at its center by a pivot, 
on which it is movable. Variously colored 
discs are moved along the metal plate, and 
the point noted at which the person, looking 
directly in front of him, distinguishes the 
color. 

Perimetritis (per-e-met-ri'-tis) [perimetrium; 
exec, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
peritoneal covering of the uterus. 

Perimetrium (per-e-me' -tre-um) [peri-; firjrpa, 
the womb]. The serous covering of the uterus. 

Perimetrosalpingitis (per-e-met-ro-sal-pin-ji'- 
tis). A collective name for periuterine in- 
flammations. 

Perimetry {per-im' -et-re) [perimeter]. The 
measuring of the field of vision. 

Perimyelitis (per-e-mi-el-i'-tis). Inflammation 
of the pia mater of the spinal cord. 

Perimyoendocarditis (per-e-mi-o-en-do-kar-di'- 
tis). Combined pericarditis, myocarditis, 
and endocarditis. 

Perimysium (per-e-mis'-e-um) [peri-; p.uc, 
muscle]. The connective tissue enveloping 
the primary bundles of muscle-fibers. 

Perineal (per-in-e' -al) [perineum]. Pertaining 
to the perineum. P. Body, the mass of tissue 
composed of skin, muscle, and fascia, occupy- 
ing the interval between the vagina and the 
rectum of the woman. P. Cystotomy, 
cystotomy performed through a perineal 
incision. P. Fossa, the ischiorectal fossa. 
P. Hernia, a hernia perforating the perineum 
by the side of the rectum or between the 
rectum and the bladder or the vagina. P. 
Section, incision through the perineum for 
the relief of urethral stricture, the removal of 
calculi from the bladder, or the relief of 
other morbid conditions. 
Perineo- (per-in-e-o-) [perineum]. A prefix 

meaning relating to the perineum. 
Perineocele (per-in-e' -o-sel) [perineo-; ktjXtj, 

hernia]. Perineal hernia. 
Perineocolporectomyomectomy (per-in-e-o- 
kol-po-rek-to-mi-o-mek' -to-me) . Excision of 
a myoma by incision of the perineum, vagina, 
and rectum. 



Perineoplasty (per-in-e' -o-plas-te) [perineo-; 
TzXb.aas.tv, to form]. Plastic operation upon 
the perineum. 
Perineorrhaphy (per-in-e-or'-a-je) [perineo-; 
pacfir), suture]. Suture of the perineum, usu- 
ally for the repair of a laceration caused 
during childbirth. 
Perineoscrotal (per-in-e-o-skro'-tal). Relating 

to the perineum and scrotum. 
Perineotomy (per-in-e-ot'-o-me) [perineo-; 
Top.7], a cutting]. Incision through the peri- 
neum. 
Perineovaginal {per-in-e-o-vaf '-in-al) . Relat- 
ing to the perineum and vagina. 
Perineovaginorectal (per-in-e-o-vaj-in-o-rek'- 
tal). Relating to the perineum, vagina, 
and rectum. 
Perinephric (per-e-ne)'-rik) [peri-; ve(f)pbc, 
kidney]. Situated or occurring around the 
kidney, as perinephric abscess. 
Perinephritic (per-e-nef rit' -ik) [perinephritis]. 
1. Pertaining to perinephritis. 2. Improp- 
erly used instead of perinephric. 
Perinephritis (per-e-nef -ri' -tis). Inflammation 

of the tissues surrounding the kidney. 
Perinephrium (per-e-nef -re-um) [peri-; vecfipbc, 
kidney]. The connective and adipose tis- 
sue surrounding the kidney. 
Perinephros (per-e-nef -ros). See Perineph- 
rium. 
Perineum (per-in-e' -urn) [neplvatov, the peri- 
neum]. That portion of the body included 
in the outlet of the pelvis, bounded in fror 
by the pubic arch, behind by the coccyx and 
great sacrosciatic ligaments, and at the side 
by the tuberosities of the ischium. It is oc- 
cupied by the terminations of the rectum, 
the urethra, and the root of the penis, to 
gether with their muscles, fascias, vessels, 
and nerves. 
Perineuritis (per-e-nu-ri'-tis) [perineurium, 
ace, inflamm^rion]. Inflammation of the 
perineurium. 
Perineurium ^per-e-nu' -re-um) [peri-; veupov, 
a nerve]. The connective-tissue sheath invest- 
ing a funiculus or primary bundle of nerve- 
fibers. 
Perinuclear (per-e-nu'-kle-ar). Surrounding 

the nucleus. 
Periocular (per-e-ok'-u-lar) [peri-; oculus, eye]. 
Surrounding the eye. P. Space, the space 
between the globe of the eye and the orbital 
walls. 
Period (pe'-ri-od) [peri-; bdbc, way]. The 
space of time during which anything is in 
progress or an event takes place. P., In- 
cubation-. See Incubation (2). P., Men- 
strual, P., Monthly, the menses. 
Periodic (pe-ri-od' -ik) . Recurring at more or 

less regular intervals. 
Periodicity (pe-ri-od-is'-it-e) [period]. Recur- 
rence at regular intervals. 
Periodocasein (pe-re-o-do-ka'-ze-in). A pro- 
prietary compound of iodin and casein, used 
in myxedema. 
Periodology (pe-re-od-ol'-o-je) [period; Xbyoc, 
science]. The sum of what is known con- 



PERIODONTAL 



747 



PERIPLOCIN 



cerning the tendency of certain diseases and 
morbid phenomena to recur at stated periods. 
! Periodontal (per-e-o-don' -tal) [peri-; odouc, 
tooth]. Surrounding a tooth, as the perio- 
dontal membrane, that lining the cement of 
a tooth. 
; Periodontitis (per-e-o-don-ti'-tis) [periodontium; 
euc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
periodontal membrane. 
I Periodontium (per - e - o -don' -she-um) [peri-; 
odooc, tooth]. The membrane surrounding 
a tooth; the periodontal membrane. 
I Periddoscope (pe-re-od' -o-skop) [period; oko- 
nslv, to inspect]. A calendar in the form of 
a movable dial, used in determining the 
probable date of confinement. 

Periomphacous (per-e-om' -fak-us) [peri-; 6/i<j)a- 
k(o§7jc, like unripe grapes]. Immature, unripe ; 
applied to abscesses. 

Perion (per'-e-on) [peri-; Cdbv, egg]. The 

decidua. 

Perionychium (per-e-on-ik'-e-um) [peri-; bvu^, 
nail]. The border of epiderm at the root 
of the nail. 

Perioophoritis (per -e-o-of-or- i'-tis) [peri-; 
oophoron; cue, inflammation] Inflammation 
of the peritoneum and connective tissue cov- 
ering the ovary. 

Perioophorosalpingitis (per-e-o-ofor-o-sal-pm- 
ji'-tis) [peri-; oophoron; salpinx; crcg, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the tissues surround- 
ing the ovary and oviduct. 

jPeriophthalmic (per-e-of-thaV -mik) . Around 

f- the eye. 

Perioptometry (per - e - op - tom'-et-re) [peri-; 
dnxoc, visible; nkxpov, a measure]. The 
measurement of the limits of the visual field. 

Periorbita (per-e-or'-bit-ah) [peri-; orbita, or- 
bit]. The periosteum of the eye-socket. 

Periorbital (per-e-or -bit-al) . i. Surrounding 

■t the orbit. 2. Pertaining to the periorbita. 

Periorchitis (per-e-or-ki'-tis). Inflammation 
of the tissues surrounding the testicle. P. 
prolifera, periorchitis associated with pro- 
liferation of the connective-tissue elements 
of the tunica albuginea. 

Periost (per'-e-ost). Same as Periosteum. 

Periosteal (per-e-os' -te-al) [periosteum]. Per- 
taining to the periosteum. 

Periosteitis (per-e-os-te-i' -lis). See Periostitis. 

Periosteomedullitis, Periostomedullitis. See 
Periosteoosteomyelitis. 

Periosteoosteomyelitis (per-e-os-te-o-os-te-o- 
mi-el-i' -tis) [periosteum; osteomyelitis]. In- 
flammation of the periosteum and medulla 
of a bone. 

Periosteotome (per-e-os' -te-o-tom) [periosteum; 
to/jlt}, a cutting]. An instrument for incising 
the periosteum and scraping it from the 
bone. 

Periosteotomy (per-e-os-te-ot'-o-me) [see Peri- 
osteotome]. The operation of incising the 
periosteum. 

Periosteum (per-e-os' -te-um) [peri-; dorkov, 
bone]. A fibrous membrane investing the 
surfaces of bones, except at the points of 
tendinous and ligamentous attachment and 



on the articular surfaces, where cartilage is 
substituted. 

Periostitis (per-e-os-ti'-tis) [periosteum; ace, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the perios- 
teum. It may be acute or chronic, the latter 
being the more frequent form. Acute peri- 
ostitis is either traumatic or the result of 
infection; the chronic is due to traumatism, 
syphilis, tuberculosis, or actinomycosis. In 
the acute there are swelling and diffuse sup- 
puration, with fever and other constitutional 
symptoms; in the chronic, pain, which is 
usually worse at night, swelling, and tender- 
ness. P. albuminosa, a mild form of in- 
flammation characterized by the formation 
of a clear, ropy, albuminous liquid resembling 
synovia. It is most common in the young, 
and is unaccompanied by fever. P., Hem- 
orrhagic, that accompanied by bleeding be- 
tween the periosteum and the bone. 

Periostosis (per-e-os-to'-sis) [peri-; ooxkov, 
bone]. An osseous formation on the exterior 
of a bone. 

Periotic (per-e-o'-tik) [peri-; ouc, ear]. 1. Situ- 
ated about the ear. 2. Of or pertaining to 
the parts immediately about the internal ear. 
3. The petrous and mastoid parts of the 
temporal bone. 

Periovaritis (per-e-o-var-i'-tis). See Peri- 
oophoritis. 

Peripachymeningitis (pere-e-pak-e-men-in-ji'- 
tis) [peri-; pachymeningitis]. Inflamma- 
tion of the connective tissue between the 
dura mater and the bone. 

Peripancreatitis (per-e-pan-kre-at-i'-tis). In- 
flammation of the tissues about the pancreas. 

Periphacus (per-if-a'-kus) [peri-; (f>a/<6c, crys- 
talline lens]. The capsule surrounding the 
crystalline lens. 

Peripherad (per-if -er-ad) [periphery; ad, 
toward]. Toward the periphery. 

Peripheral, Peripheric (per-if -er-al, per-i- 
fer'-ik) [periphery]. Pertaining to or placed 
near the periphery. 

Peripheraphose (per-if -er-a-foz). See under 
Phose. 

Peripherocentral (per-if-er-o-sen'-iral). Re- 
lating to the center and periphery. 

Peripherophose (per-if -er-o-foz). See under 
Phose. 

Periphery (per-if -er-e) [peri-; fiipscv, to carry]. 
Circumference; the external surface. 

Periphlebitis (per-e-fleb-i'-tis). Inflammation 
of the tissues about a vein. 

Periplast (per' -e-plasf) [peri-; TiXaaaecv, to 
mold]. The protoplasm of a cell surrounding 
the nucleus; cell-protoplasm. 

Peripleuritis (per-e-plu-ri'-tis). Inflammation 
of the tissues surrounding the pleura. 

Periploca (per-ip'-lo-kah) [peri-; nXknecv, to 
twine]. A genus of plants of the order 
Asclepiadece. P. grceca is a European species 
naturalized in western New York. The 
leaves are used as an emollient; the milky 
juice has been used to poison animals; the 
bark contains a glucosid, periplocin. 

Periplocin (per-ip'-lo-sin), C 30 H 48 O 12 . A crys- 



PERIPNEUMONIA 



748 



PERITONEUM 



talline glucosid from the bark of Periploca 
grcBca. It is a powerful cardiac poison used 
subcutaneously in heart disease. Maximum 
daily dose -g 1 ^ gr. (o.ooi Gm.). 
Peripneumonia {per-e-nu-mo' -ne-ah) . i. Pneu- 
monia. 2. Pleuropneumonia. 
Peripolar (per-e-po'-lar) [peri-; pole]. Sur- 
rounding a pole or the poles. 
Periportal (per-e-por'-tal) [peri-; porta, door]. 
Surrounding the portal vein. P. Carcinoma, 
a primary carcinoma developing around the 
portal vein, beginning at its entrance into 
the liver, thence extending along the portal 
vessels to the remotest branches. 
Periproctitis (per-e-prok-ti'-tis). Inflamma- 
tion of the areolar tissue about the rectum 
or anus. 
Perirectal (per-e-rek'-tal) [peri-; rectum]. About 

the rectum. 
Perirectitis (per-e-rek-ti'-tis). See Periproc- 
titis. 
Perirenal {per-e-re' -nal) [peri-; ren, kidney]. 

Around the kidney. 
Perisalpingitis (per-e-sal-pin-ji'-tis). Inflam- 
mation of the peritoneal covering of the 
fallopian tube. 
Perisalpingoovaritis (per-e-sal-pin-go-o-va-ri' '- 

tis). ' See Perioophorosalpingitis. 
Periscelis {per-is'-kel-is) [peri-; o/<iXoc, leg]. 
Herpes occurring around the leg where the 
garter binds it. 
Periscleritis (per-e-skle-ri'-tis). See Episcle- 
ritis. 
Periscopic (per-e-skop'-ik) [peri-; okowuv, to 
see]. Designed for looking around, as a 
periscopic lens. See Lens, Periscopic. 
Perisinal, Perisinous, Perisinuous (per-e-sV- 
nal, -nus, -sin'-u-us). Surrounding a 
sinus. 
Perisinuitis, Perisinusitis (per-e-si-nu-i'-tis, 
-si' -tis). Inflammation of the tissue about a 
sinus. 
Perisplenitis {per-e-splen-i'-tis). Inflammation 

of the peritoneal coat of the spleen. 
Perispondylitis (per-e-spon-dil-i'-tis). Inflam- 
mation of the tissues around a vertebra. P., 
Gibney's, a painful condition of the muscles 
of the spine. 
Perissad (per'-is-ad) [nepioooc, odd], i. Hav- 
ing an odd quantivalence, as nitrogen, the 
quantivalence of which is three or five. 2. An 
element having such a quantivalence. 
Peristalsis (per-e-stal'-sis) [peri-; ozaXocc, con- 
striction]. A peculiar wave-like movement 
seen in tubes provided with longitudinal and 
transverse muscular fibers. It consists in a 
narrowing and shortening of a portion of the 
tube, which then relaxes, while a lower portion 
becomes shortened and narrowed. By means 
of this movement the contents of this tube 
are forced toward the opening. P., Re- 
versed, peristaltic movement opposite to the 
normal direction. 
Peristaltic (per-e-stal'-tik) [peristalsis]. Per- 
taining to or resembling peristalsis. P. Un- 
rest, a common symptom of neurasthenia, 
consisting in increased peristaltic movements 



of the stomach coming on shortly after eating, 
with borborygmus and gurgling. 
Peristaphyline (per-e-staf'-il-in) [peri-; oxa(f>- 

oXtj, uvula]. Situated near the uvula. 
Peristaphylitis (per-e-staj -il-i' -tis) [peri-; ozacj)- 
uXi), uvula; ace, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the tissues surrounding the uvula. 
Peristerna (J>er-e-ster'-nah) [peri-; sternum]. 
A name for the lateral portions of the 
chest. 
Peristroma (per-e-stro'-mah) [peri-; arpajpia, 
covering]. The internal layer of a tube -like 
covering. The villous coat of the intestine. 
Perisystole (per-e-sis'-to-le). The slight in- 
terval between the diastole and systole. 
Peritendineum (per-e -ten-din' -e-um) [peri-; 
tendo, tendon]. The tissue surrounding the 
tendons like a sheath. 
Perithelioma (per-e-the-le-o'-mah). A tumor 

originating in the perithelium of a vessel. 
Perithelium (per-e-the'-le-um) [peri-; df)Xi), 
nipple]. The layer of cells surrounding the 
capillaries and smaller vessels. 
Peritome (per-it'-om-e) [peri-; roptrj, a cutting]. 

Circumcision. 
Peritomy {per-it'-om-e) [see Peritome]. 1. The 
removal of a strip of conjunctival and sub- 
conjunctival tissue from about the cornea 
for the relief of pannus. 2. Circumcision. 
Peritoneal (per-e-ton-e'-al) [peritoneum]. Per- 
taining to the peritoneum. 
Peritoneopexy (per-it-on-e-o-peks'-e) [perito- 
neum; XT)£cc, a fixing in]. Fixation of the 
uterus by the vaginal route in the treatment 
of retroflexions of this organ. 
Peritoneum (per-it-on-e'-um) [peri-; rscvecv, 
to stretch]. The serous membrane lining 
the interior of the abdominal cavity and 
surrounding the contained viscera. In trac- 
ing its extension we may begin at the dia- 
phragm and take two layers. From the dia- 
phragm two layers of peritoneum proceed to 
the liver; they separate to inclose that or- 
gan, meet again on its under aspect, and 
pass on, as the gastrohepatic omentum, to the 
lesser curvature of the stomach. They em. 
brace the stomach, and, meeting again at its 
greater curvature, pass down in front of the 
small intestine, forming the great omentum. 
They are then reflected upward as far as the 
transverse colon, which they inclose, meeting 
again at the back of the colon, and proceed- 
ing to the spine as the transverse mesocolon. 
Here the two layers diverge: the upper as- 
cends in front of the pancreas to the under 
surface of the diaphragm, the starting-point; 
the lower layer is reflected from the spine, 
over the small intestine, as the mesentery. 
From the root of the mesentery it passes into 
the pelvis, invests the upper part of the rec- 
tum, and is thence reflected on the bladder, 
forming between the two the rectovesical 
pouch. In the woman it is reflected from 
the rectum to the upper part of the vagina, 
and thence over the uterus, from which it 
proceeds to the bladder. From the bladder 
it passes up the anterior wall of the abdomen 



PERITONISM 



749 



PERONEAL 



to the diaphragm. The following structures 
are completely invested by peritoneum: the 
stomach, liver, spleen, first portion of the 
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, transverse colon, 
sigmoid flexure, the upper part of the rectum 
and of the uterus, and the ovaries. 

Peritonism {per' ' -it-on-izm) . i. A false peri- 
tonitis soon yielding to treatment. 2. A com- 
plex of serious phenomena complicating peri- 
tonitis or diseases of those parts covered 
by peritoneum. 

Peritonitis (per-it-on-i' -Us) [peritoneum; tree, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the peri- 
toneum. It may be acute or chronic. Acute 
peritonitis may be due to exposure to cold 
and wet {idiopathic peritonitis), traumatism, 
perforation of an abdominal viscus, exten- 
sion from neighboring parts, rheumatism, or 
Bright's disease. The symptoms are mod- 
erate fever, a wiry pulse, abdominal pain, 
tenderness, and distention; the patient lies 
on his back with the thighs flexed; there 
are vomiting and constipation. Chronic peri- 
tonitis is due to tuberculosis, syphilis, car- 
cinoma, nephritis, or it may be the sequel 
of an acute attack. P., Adhesive, peritonitis 
with adhesion between the parietal and vis- 
ceral layers. P., Diffuse, that affecting the 
entire peritoneum. P., Parietal, inflamma- 
tion of the serous fining of the peritoneal 
cavity. P., Permeation, that produced by 
the penetration of the healthy intestinal wall 
by bacteria. P., Puerperal, that following 
labor, and usually due to septic infection. 
P., Septic, peritonitis due ' to the micro- 
organisms of suppuration. P., Serous, P. 
serosa, that accompanied by liquid exuda- 
tion. 

Peritonsillar {per-e-ton' -sil-ar) [peri-; tonsil]. 
About the tonsil. 

Pertrochanteric {per-e-tro-kan-ter f -ik). Situ- 
ated about a trochanter. 

Perityphlitis {per-e-tif-li'-tis). Inflammation of 
the peritoneum surrounding the cecum. 

Periumbilical {per-e-um-bil'-ik-al). Surround-- 
ing the umbilicus. 

Periureteric {per-e-u-re-ter' -ik) [peri-; ureter]. 
Surrounding the ureters. 

Periureteritis {per-e-u-re-ter-i f -tis). Inflamma- 
tion of the tissues around a ureter. 

Periurethritis {per-e-u-re-thri' -tis) [peri-; ure- 
thra; cue, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the connective tissue about the urethra. 

Periuterine {per-e-u'-ter-in) [peri-; uterus]. 
About the uterus. 

Perivaginitis {per-e-vaj-in-i' '-tis) . Synonym of 
Paracolpitis. 

Perivascular {per-e-vas'-ku-lar). About a ves- 
sel. 

Perixenitis {per-e-zen-i' '-tis) [peri-; $ivoc, a 
stranger; nee, inflammation]. Inflammation 
around a foreign body embedded in the tis- 
sues. 

Perkinism {per' -kin-izm) . A method of em- 
piric treatment devised by Elisha Perkins, 
a Connecticut physician. It consisted in 
drawing over the affected part the extremities 



01 two rods (metallic tractors; of different 
metals. Syn., Tractoration. 

Perle {perl) [Fr. and Ger., "a pearl"; pi., 
perles], A capsule for administration of medi- 
cine. See Pearl. P.s, Laennec's, rounded 
gelatinous masses of sputum seen in the early 
stage of an attack of bronchial asthma. 

Perleche (la) {lah pehr-ldsh) [Fr.]. A peculiar 
contagious disease of the mouth occurring in 
children. It consists in a thickening and 
desquamation of the epithelium at the angles 
of the mouth, with occasionally the formation 
of small fissures, giving rise to a smarting 
sensation in the lips. The disease is proba- 
bly microbic in origin. 

Perles' Anemia Bodies. Small, club-shaped, 
actively motile bodies, from 3 to 4 jj. in length, 
found by Perles in the blood in three cases 
of pernicious anemia. 

Perlia's Nucleus. See Nucleus, Spitzka's. 

Perlsucht. See Pearl-disease. 

Permanent {per' -man-ent) [per, through; man- 
ere, to remain]. Lasting; fixed; enduring, 
as permanent teeth. 

Permanganate {per-man' -gan-at) . A salt of 
permanganic acid. See Manganese. 

Permanganic Acid {per-man-gan'-ik), HMn0 4 . 
A monobasic acid known chiefly in its salts. 

Permeable {per' -me-a-bl) [per, through; meare, ^ 
to pass]. Capable of affording passage. P. 
Stricture, a stricture that permits the pass- 
age of an instrument. 

Permixion {per -mik' -shun) [permiscere, to 
mingle]. A perfect chemic mixture. 

Pernambuco Wood. The wood of Ccesalpinia 
echinata. It is used as an astringent and 
roborant, and contains brasilin, a coloring- 
matter. 

Pernicious {per-nish'-us) [perniciosus, destruc- 
tive]. Highly destructive; of intense sever- 
ity; deadly; fatal. P. Anemia, a disease of 
the blood characterized by a great diminution 
in the number of red corpuscles, and a rela- 
tively smaller diminution of the hemoglobin, 
by the presence in the blood of poikilocytes, 
macrocytes, microcytes, and nucleated red 
corpuscles. A symptomatic pernicious an- 
emia may be produced by parasites in the 
intestinal canal, by atrophy of the gastric 
mucous membrane, and by hemorrhage. The 
nature of primary pernicious anemia is still 
obscure. Most writers believe that the dis- 
ease is dependent upon increased hemolysis, 
*. e., blood-destruction. The disease most 
common in middle fife is usually fatal, al- 
though recoveries are reported in several 
instances. P. Malaria. See under Malarial 
Fever. P. Vomiting, persistent, uncontroll- 
able vomiting occurring in pregnancy. 

Pernio {per'-ne-o) [L.]. Synonym of Chilblain. 

Peromoplasty {pe-rom' -o-plas-te) [nrjpcofia, a 
maiming; TzXb.aas.tv, to form]. The formation 
of a new stump after an amputation when 
the end of a bone projects. 

Perone {per'-o-ne) [nspovrj, pin]. The fibula. 

Peroneal {per-o-ne' -al) [perone]. Pertaining 
to the fibula. 



PERONEUM 



750 



PETIT' S CANAL 



Peroneum (per-o-ne'-um). Synonym of 
Per one. 

Peroneus (per-o-ne' -us) [see Perone]. Pertaining 
to the fibula. P. Muscles. See under 
Muscle. 

Peronin (per-o'-nin), C 24 H 25 N0 3 . CHI. Ben- 
zylmorphin hydrochlorate ; a substitution- 
product of morphin possessing feeble nar- 
cotic properties, but useful as a somnifacient 
and in allaying cough. Dose |-i| gr. (0.04- 
0.1 Gm.); maximum daily dose 6 gr. (0.3 
Gm.). 

Peronospora (per-o-nos' -po-rah) \nzp6vi), a pin; 
onopoc, spore]. A genus of fungi producing 
mildew. P. ferrani is a species that was 
supposed to cause cholera; P. lutea, one 
that has been held to be the cause of yellow 
fever. 

Perosmic (per-oz'-mik). Containing osmium 
as an octavalent radicle. P. Anhydrid, os- 
mic acid; it is used infernally in mus- 
cular rheumatism. Dose ^ T gr. (0.001 Gm.). 

Perosomus (pe-ro-so'-mus) [n-qpog, maimed; 
owpa, body]. A monster presenting mal- 
formation of the entire body. 

Peroxid (per-oks'-id) [per, through; oxid]. 
That oxid of any base which contains the 
most oxygen. 

Peroxidate, Peroxidize (per-oks' '-id-at, per-oks' - 
id-lz) [peroxid]. To oxidize completely. 

Perplioation (per -plik-a' -shun) [per, through; 
plicare, to fold]. The operation of turning 
an incised vessel upon itself by drawing its 
end through an incision in its own wall. 

Perpoena (per-pe'-nah). A proprietary anal- 
gesic said to be a coal-tar derivative. Dose 
5-8 gr. (0.3-0.5 Gm.). 

Perseveration (per-sev-er-a 1 '-shun) [perseverare, 
to persist]. A senseless repetition of plainly 
spoken words or of imperfect speech. 

Persistence-time. The period succeeding the 
contraction of the ventricle of the heart, but 
prior to the occurrence of relaxation. 

Persodine (per' -so-den) . The proprietary name 
for a solution of 2 parts of sodium persulfate 
in 300 parts of water. 

Personal (per' -son-al) [persona, a person]. 
Pertaining to a person. P. Equation, the 
peculiar difference of individuals in their 
reaction to various orders of stimuli. 

Perspiration (per-spir-a' '-shun) [perspire]. 1. 
The secretion of sweat. 2. The sweat. P., 
Insensible, that which takes place con- 
stantly, the fluid being evaporated as fast 
as excreted. P., Sensible, that accumulat- 
ing in visible drops or beads; the sweat. 

Perspire (per-spir') [perspirare, to breathe 
everywhere]. To sweat. 

Perstriction (per -strik' -shun) [per, through; 
stringere, to bind]. The arrest of hemor- 
rhage by ligating the bleeding vessel. 

Persulfate (per-sul'-fat). The sulfate which 
contains a greater proportion of the sulfuric 
acid radicle than the other sulfates of the 
same radicle. 

Persulfid (pcr-sul'-fid). The compound of sul- 
fur with an element or radicle which con- 



tains more sulfur than the other compounds 
of sulfur with the same element or 
radicle. 

Pertik's Diverticulum. See Diverticulum, 
Pertik's. 

Pertussin (per-tus'-in). A proprietary remedy 
for whooping-cough said to consist of the 
fiuidextract of thyme mixed with syrup to 
procure an infusion in the strength of 1 : 7. 

Pertussis (per-tus'-is). See Whooping-cough. 

Perucognac (pe-ru-kon'-yak). A preparation 
employed in tuberculosis said to consist of 
the active principle of balsam of peru, 25 
gr.; cinnamic acid, 10%, in a liter of cognac. 

Peruol (pe'-ru-ol). A mixture of peruscabin 
and castor-oil. It is used in scabies. 

Peruscabin (pe-rw-ska' -bin) . Synthetic ben- 
zoic-acid behzylester. It is used in scabies. 

Peruvian (pe-ru'-ve-an) [Peru]. Pertaining to 
Peru. P. Bark. See Cinchona. P. Wart. 
See Verruga peruana. 

Pervigilium (per-vij-il'-e-um) [per, through; 
vigilium, a, watch]. Insomnia; wakefulness. 

Pervious (per'-ve-us) [per, through; via, way]. 
Open; permeable. 

Pes (pez) [L.]. A foot or foot-like structure. 
P. accessorius, the eminentia collateralis, 
a smooth white eminence in the brain, situ- 
ated at the junction of the posterior and de- 
scending cornua of the lateral ventricle. P. 
anserinus, goose's foot; the radiate branch- 
ing of the facial nerve after its exit at the 
side of the face. P. calcaneovalgus, talipes 
calcaneovalgus. P. calcaneus, talipes. P. 
cavus, P. excavatus, talipes cavus. P. 
equinus, talipes equinus. P. hippocampi 
major, the lower portion of the hippocam- 
pus major. P. hippocampi minor. See 
Hippocampus minor. P. oifactorius, the 
inner root of the olfactory lobe. P. varus, 
talipes varus. 

Pessary (pes'-ar-e) [nzoobc, an oval-shaped 
stone]. 1. An instrument placed in the vagina 
to hold the uterus in position. 2. A vaginal 
suppository. 

Pestiferous (pes-tif'-er-us) [pestis, pest; ferre, 
to bear]. Causing pestilence. 

Pestilence (pes' -til-ens) [pest]. Any deadly 
epidemic disease, especially the plague. 

Pestilential (pcs-til-en'-shal) [pestilence]. Hav- 
ing the nature of or producing a pestilence. 

Pestle (pes'-l) [pistillum, a pounder]. The in- 
strument with which substances are rubbed 
in a mortar. 

Petanelle (pet'-an-el). A patented preparation 
of fibrous peat used as an absorbent. 

Petechia (pet-e'-ke-ah) [It., peleche, a flea-bite]. 
A small spot beneath the epidermis, due to 
an effusion of blood. 

Petechial (pet-e'-ke-al) [petechia]. Character- 
ized by or of the nature of petechias. P. 
Fever, typhus fever. 

Peter's Law. Atheromatous changes in blood- 
vessels are most likely to occur where there 
are angles and projections. 

Petit's Canal. See Canal of Petit. P.'s Hernia, 
lumbar hernia. P.'s Ligament, the concave 



PETIT MAL 



751 PFEIFFER'S GLANDULAR FEVER 



fold formed back of the vagina by the union 
of Douglas' ligaments. P.'s Sinus. See 
Valsalva's Sinus. P.'s Triangle, the tri- 
gonum lumbale. The space bounded in front 
by the posterior border of the external ob- 
lique, behind by the anterior border of the 
latissimus dorsi, its base being formed by 
the iliac crest. Lumbar hernia usually occurs 
in this triangle. 

Petit mal {pet-e mahl) [Fr., "little illness"]. 
A slight epileptic seizure characterized by a 
momentary, scarcely recognizable loss of con- 
sciousness, often with an upward staring of 
the eyes and fibrillary movements of the facial 
muscles. 

Petri's Capsules, P.'s Dishes, P.'s Saucers. 
Shallow, cylindric, covered glass vessels for 
bacteria culture, in which the colonies may 
be counted without removing the cover. P.'s 
Test for Proteids, a faint yellow coloration 
is produced by treating a proteid or pep- 
tone solution with a solution of diazobenzol- 
sulfonic acid; but if the solution is rendered 
alkaline by the addition of caustic alkali, the 
color changes to orange or brown according to 
concentration, and a red froth is formed on 
shaking. 

Petrifaction (pet-ri-fak' '-shun) [nhpa, a stone; 
facere, to make]. Conversion into stone, as 
petrifaction of the fetus, the formation of a 
lithopedion. 

Petrolatum (pet-ro-la'-tum) [petroleum]. A 
jelly-like preparation obtained from the 
residuum of petroleum, soluble in ether, in- 
soluble in water and alcohol, and known 
commercially as vaselin or cosmolin. It is 
used as a basis for ointments and as an 
emollient. P. album, white petrolatum. P. 
liquidum (U. S. P.), liquid petrolatum. 

Petroleum (pet-ro' -le-um) [nhpa, rock; oleum, 
oil]. An oily liquid issuing from the earth 
in various places, and consisting of a mix- 
ture of hydrocarbons with small amounts of 
oxidation-products. The hydrocarbons be- 
long chiefly to the paraffin series. P.-jelly, 
petrolatum. 

Petrolization {pet-rol-i-za'-shun) [petroleum]. 
The act or process of treating waters with 
kerosene for the extermination of mosquitos. 

Petrolize {pet'-rol-lz). To treat waters with 
kerosene. 

Petromastoid (pet -ro - mas' - toid) [petrosa; 
mastoid]. Pertaining to the petrous and mas- 
toid portions of the temporal bone. P. Canal, 
a short passage connecting the mastoid sinuses 
and the tympanic cavity. P. Foramen, the 
tympanic orifice of the petromastoid canal. 

Petrooccipital (pet -ro - ok-sip' - it - al) [petrosa; 
occiput]. Pertaining to the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone and to the occipital 
bone. 

Petrosa (pet-ro' -sah) [nhpa, rock]. The petrous 
portion of the temporal bone. 

Petrosal (pet-ro' -sal) [petrosa]. i. Pertaining to 
the petrosa, as the petrosal sinus (superior 
and inferior), petrosal nerves. 2. The pet- 
rosa. 



Petrosapol (pet-ro-sa'-pol) . A proprietary com- 
bination said to consist of soap and certain 
constituents of petroleum residue; used in 
scalp diseases. 

Petroselinum (pet-ro-se-li'-num). See Parsley. 

Petrosomastoid (pet-ro-so-mas' -toid) . Syno- 
nym of Petromastoid. 

Petrosphenoid (pet -ro - sje' - noid) [petrosa; 
sphenoid]. Pertaining to the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. 
P. Suture, the suture between the temporal 
bone and the great wing of the sphenoid 
bone. 

Petrosquamosal, Petrosquamous (pet - ro - 
skwa-mo'-sal, pet -ro - skwa' - mus) [petrosa; 
squamosa]. Pertaining to the petrous and 
squamous portions of the temporal bone. 
P. Fissure, P. Suture, the line of juncture 
of the squamous and petrous portions of 
the temporal bone. P. Sinus, a venous pass- 
age formed in the dura mater at the junc- 
tion of the petrous and squamous portions 
of the temporal bone. It opens into the lat- 
eral sinus. 

Petrosulfol (pet -ro - suV - Jol). A proprietary 
product resembling ichthyol, but with less 
disagreeable odor; used as is ichthyol. 

Petrous (pe'-trus) [nhpa, rock]. 1. Stony; of 
the hardness of stone, as the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone. 2. See Petrosal (1). 

Petrox (pet'-roks). A mixture of paraffin -oil, 
100 parts; oleic acid, 50 parts; and alcoholic 
ammonia solution, 25 parts; a substitute for 
vasogen. 

Pettenkofer's Soil-water or Ground-water 
Theory. Cholera never prevails epidemic- 
ally where the soil is impermeable to water, 
or where the level of the soil-water is not 
liable to fluctuations. P.'s Test for Bile 
Acids, dissolve in concentrated sulfuric acid 
a small quantity of bile in substance in a 
small glass dish, or mix some of the liquid 
containing the bile acids with concentrated 
sulfuric acid and warm; in either case great 
care must be exercised that the temperature 
does not rise above 6o° to 70 C. Add drop 
by drop a 10% solution of cane-sugar, con- 
stantly stirring with a glass rod. In the 
presence of bile a beautiful red coloration 
is produced, which becomes bluish-violet in 
the course of the day. This red liquid shows 
an absorption band at F and another near 
E, between D and E. 

Peucine (pu'-sen) [neony, the fir]. Resin; pitch. 

Peucinous (pu'-sin-us) [see Peucine]. Relat- 
ing to or like the fir-tree; resinous. 

Pexin (pek'-sin) [tzt)£c£, a curdling]. Rennin. 

Pexinogen (peks-in' -o-jen) . See Renninogen. 

Peyer's Glands, P.'s Patches. Aggregations 
of lymph-follicles situated in the mucous 
membrane of the lower part of the small in- 
testine, opposite the mesenteric attachment. 

Peyerian Fever. Typhoid fever. 

Pfeiffer's Glandular Fever. An acute in- 
fectious fever characterized by inflammatory 
swelling of the lymph-glands, anemia, and 
prostration. P.'s Reaction, the mixing of 



PFLUEGER'S LAW OF CONTRACTION 752 



PHAKITIS 



some of the peritoneal effusion provoked in a 
guinea-pig by inoculating it with a mixture 
of blood-serum of an animal immune to 
cholera, and of bouillon to which a small 
portion of a culture of the Spirillum cholera 
asiaticce has been added, causes these organ- 
isms to become nonmotile and to agglutinate. 
The absence of this phenomenon proves that 
the spirillum under investigation is of a dif- 
ferent species. The same phenomenon has 
been observed in the case of the typhoid 
bacillus and typhoid antitoxic serum, and is 
a valuable differential sign. 
Pflueger's Law of Contraction. Galvanic 
stimulation of a nerve causes muscular con- 
traction, which varies uniformly according as 
the kathode or the anode is applied, or as the 
current is closed or opened. Certain devia- 
tions from this law constitute the reaction of 
degeneration. The law may be briefly stated 
as follows: 



Current 
Strength. 


KC 


KO 


AC 


AO 


Weak 


C 
C 
Te 


C 


C 
C 






c 


Strong 


C 



C, contraction; Te, tetanic contraction. 

P.'s Law of Reflex Action, i. If stimula- 
tion of a sensory nerve is followed by a uni- 
lateral reflex movement, the latter always 
occurs on the side to which the sensory nerve 
belongs. 2. If the stimulus received by a 
sensory nerve extends to motor nerves of the 
opposite side, contraction occurs only in the 
corresponding muscles. 3. If the contraction 
is unequal on the two sides, the stronger con- 
traction always takes place on the side which 
is stimulated. 4. If the reflex excitement ex- 
tends to other motor nerves, the direction of 
the impulse from the sensory to the motor 
nerve is from before backward in the brain 
and from below upward in the spinal cord — 
*. e., always in the direction of the oblongata. 
P.'s Tubes, ovarian tubes; sacciform or 
tubular ingrowths of the germ epithelium on 
the anterointernal surface of the wolffian body; 
they ultimately form the cortex of the ovary. 

Pfuhl's Sign, P.-Jaffe's Sign. In subphrenic 
pyopneumothorax the liquid issues from the 
exploratory puncture or incision with con- 
siderable force during inspiration, while the 
contrary occurs in true pneumothorax. 

Phace, Phacea (fa'-se, }a-se'-ah) [(frandc, a lens]. 
The crystalline lens. 

Phacentocele (fa-sen' -to-sel) [<f>cuc6c, a lens; 
kvzbg, within; KTjArj, hernia]. Displacement 
of the crystalline lens into the anterior cham- 
ber of the eye. 

Phacicous (fa'-sik-us) [(fyanbc, a lens]. 1. Belong- 
ing to the crystalline lens. 2. Lentil-shaped. 

Phacitis (fa-si' -lis). See Phakitis. 

Phaco- (fa-ko-) [<fiafc6c, a lens]. A prefix mean- 
ing pertaining to a lens or to the lens of the eye. 

Phacocele (fa'-ko-sel). See Phacentocele, 



Phacoiditis (fa-koid-i'-tis). See Phakitis. 

Phacoidoscope (fa-koid' -o-skdp) . Synonym of 
Phacoscope. 

Phacolysis, Phakolysis (fa-kol'-is-is) [phaco-; 
Xuetv, to loose]. 1. Dissolution or disin- 
tegration of the crystalline lens. 2. An 
operation for relief of high myopia consist- 
ing in discission of the crystalline lens fol- 
lowed by extraction. 

Phacomalacia, Phakomalacia (fa-ko-mal-a'- 
se-ah) [phaco-; [xaXania, softness]. Soft cat- 
aract. 

Phacometer, Phakometer (fa-kom'-et-er) [pha- 
co-; fiezpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
determining the refractive power of lenses. 

Phacoplanesis, Phakoplanesis (fa-ko-plan-e'- 
sis) [phaco-; nXdvTjocc, a making to wander]. 
Displacement of the lens of the eye from 
the posterior to the anterior chamber and 
back again. 

Phacosclerosis, Phakosclerosis (fa-ko-skle-ro'- 
sis) [phaco-; sclerosis]. Hardening of the 
crystalline lens. 

Phacoscope, Phakoscope (fa'-ko-skop) [phaco-; 
OK07teiv } to inspect]. An instrument for ob- 
serving the accommodative changes of the lens. 

Phacoscopy, Phakoscopy (fa - kos' - ko - pe) 
[see Phacoscope]. The observation and estima- 
tion of the changes in the lens of the eye 
caused by accommodative influences. 

Phacotherapy, Phakotherapy (fa-ko-ther'-ap-e) 
[phaco-; depaize'ca, therapy]. Heliotherapy. 

Phagedena (faj-ed-e'-nah) [(frayed aiva, a cancer- 
ous sore]. A rapidly spreading destructive 
ulceration of soft parts. 

Phagedenic (faj-ed-en'-ik) [phagedena]. Of the 
nature of phagedena. P. Chancroid, a 
chancroid that spreads rapidly and destroys 
a large amount of tissue. 

Phagedenism (faj'-ed-en-izm). Rapidly pro- 
gressive ulcerative processes of the soft parts, 
frequently complicated with chancroid bubos. 

Phagedenoma (faj-ed-en-o'-mah). A phag- 
edenic ulcer. 

Phagocyte (fag'-o-slt) [<f>aytuv, to eat; kuzoc, a 
cell]. A cell having the property of englob- 
ing and digesting foreign or other particles 
harmful to the body. Phagocytes are either 
fixed — endothelial cells, fixed connective- 
tissue cells — or free — the wandering cells or 
leukocytes. A large phagocyte is termed a 
macrophage; sl small one, a microphage. 

Phagocytic (fag-o-sit'-ik) [phagocyte]. Of, per- 
taining to, or caused by phagocytes. 

Phagocytosis (fag^o-si-to'-sis) [phagocyte]. The 
ingestion of foreign or other particles, prin- 
cipally bacteria, by certain cells. Phago- 
cytosis has been claimed to be the cause 
of immunity against infectious diseases. 

Phagolysis (fag-ol'-is-is) [cfrayelv, to eat; Xuztv, 
to loose]. Destruction or dissolution of 
phagocytes. 

Phago therapy (fag-o-ther'-ap-e) [cfrajelv, to eat; 
depane'ca, therapy]. Treatment by superali- 
mentation. 

Phakitis (fa-ki'-tis) [cfraKoc, lens; cnc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the crystalline 



PHALACROSIS 



753 



PHARYNGOPALATINE 



lens of the eye; a condition that has, how- 
ever, not been observed. 

Phalacrosis (fal-ak-ro'-sis) [cf>aXaKp6c, bald]. 
Baldness. 

Phalacrotic, Phalacrous (fal-ak-rot'-ik, fal-ak'- 
rus) [phalacrosis]. Bald. 

Phalangeal (fa-lan'-je-al) [phalanx]. Pertain- 
ing to a phalanx. 

Phalanges " (fa - Ian' - jez) [phalanx]. Plural 
of phalanx. 

Phalangitis (fal-an-ji'-lis) [phalanx; ace, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of a phalanx. P. 
syphilitica. See under Dactylitis syphilitica. 

Phalangosis (fal-an-go' -sis) [phalanx], i. A 
disease of the eyelids in which the lashes are 
arranged in rows. 2. Ptosis. 

Phalanx (fa'-lanks) [<f>aXaj-$, phalanx]. 1. One 
of the bones of the fingers or toes. 2. One 
of the delicate processes of the headplate 
of the outer rod of Corti projecting beyond 
the inner rod. 

Phallalgia (fal-aV '-je-ah) [phallus; alfoc, pain]. 
Pain in the penis. 

Phallic (fal'-ik) [phallus]. Pertaining to the 
penis. 

Phallus (fal'-us) [<f>aXXbc, penis]. Penis. 

Phaneroscope (fan'-er-o-skdp)[<f>avzpbs, visible; 
OKonelv, to see]. An instrument for render- 
ing the skin transparent ; it is used in examin- 
ing for diseases of the skin, such as lupus. 

Phantasm (fan'-tazm) [fyavxa^ecv, to render 
visible]. An illusive perception of an object 
that does not exist; an optic illusion; an 
apparition. 

Phantom {fan' -turn) [phantasm]. 1. An appa- 
rition. 2. A model of a part or the whole 
of the human body used in practising various 
operations and procedures. P. Tumor, a 
tumor-like swelling produced artificially by 
the contraction of a muscle or by other 
causes. 

Pharcidous (far'-sid-us) [<f)apKCf, a wrinkle]. 
Wrinkled; rugose: full of wrinkles. 

Pharmacal (far' -mak-al) [<f>appaKov, a drug]. 
Pertaining to pharmacy. 

Pharmaceutic (far-ma-su'-tik) [pharmacy]. 
Pertaining to pharmacy. 

Pharmaceutics (far-ma-su'-tiks). See Phar- 
macy. 

Pharmacist (far'-ma-sist) [pharmacy]. An 
apothecary. 

Pharmaco- (far-ma-ko-) [<f>app.aiiov, a drug]. A 
prefix meaning pertaining to drugs. 

Pharmacodynamics (far-ma-ko-di-nam'-iks) 
[pharmaco-; duvap.ee, force]. The science of 
the action of drugs. 

Pharmacognosis, Pharmacognosy (far-ma- 
kog-no'-sis, far-ma-ko g' -no-se) [pharmaco-; 
yvebocc, knowledge]. The science of crude 
drugs. 

Pharmacography (far-ma-kog'-ra-fe). See 

Pharmacognosis. 

Pharmacologist (far-ma-kol' -o-jist) [pharmacol- 
ogy]. One versed in pharmacology. 

Pharmacology (far-ma-kol' -o-je) [pharmaco-; 
Xoyoc, science]. The science of the nature 
and properties of drugs. 
49 



Pharmacopeia (far-ma-ko-pe'-ah) [pharmaco-; 
izocicv, to make]. A collection of formulas 
and methods for the preparation of drugs, 
especially a book of such formulas recognized 
as a standard, as the United States or the 
British Pharmacopeia. The former is issued 
every ten years under the supervision of a 
national committee. 

Pharmacopeial (far-ma-ko-pe'-al) [pharmaco- 
peia]. Contained in or sanctioned by the 
pharmacopeia. 

Pharmacy (far'-ma-se) [<fiappaK£ca, the use of 
drugs]. 1. The art of preparing, compound- 
ing, and dispensing medicines. 2. A drug- 
store. 

Pharyngalgia (far-in-gaV -je-ah) [pharynx; &X- 
yog, pain]. Pain in the pharynx. 

Pharyngeal (far-in'-je-al) [pharynx]. Pertain- 
ing to the pharynx. P. Tonsil. See Lusch- 
ka's Tonsil. P. Tubercle, a small ele- 
vation near the middle of the inferior sur- 
face of the basilar process of the occipital 
bone, for the attachment of the pharynx. 

Pharyngectomy (far-in-jek'-to-me) [pharynx; 
iKtop.7), excision]. Excision of the pharynx. 

Pharyngismus (far-in-jiz'-mus) [pharynx]. 
Spasm of the pharynx. 

Pharyngitis (far-in-ji'-tis) [pharynx; acg, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the pharynx. 
P., Acute, P., Catarrhal, a form due to 
exposure to cold, to the action of irritant 
substances, or to certain infectious causes, 
and characterized by pain on swallowing, by 
dryness, later by moisture, and by conges- 
tion of the mucous membrane. P., Chronic, 
a form that is generally the result of repeated 
acute attacks, and is associated either with 
hypertrophy of the mucous membrane (hyper- 
trophic pharyngitis) or with atrophy (atrophic 
pharyngitis). P., Croupous, P., Diph- 
theric, that characterized by the presence 
of a false membrane, the product of the ac- 
tion of the diphtheria bacillus. P., Follicu- 
lar, clergyman's sore throat. P., Granular, 
a form of chronic pharyngitis in which the 
mucous membrane has a granular appearance. 
P., Lithemic, a sense of fulness in the throat 
with a feeling of rigidity associated with heat 
and dryness; it is due to the gouty diathesis. 

Pharyngo- (far-in-go-) [pharynx]. A prefix 
signifying pertaining to the pharynx. 

Pharyngocele (far-in' -go-set) [pharyngo-; KTjXrj, 
hernia]. A hernia or pouch of the pharynx 
projecting through the pharyngeal wall. 

Pharyngolaryngeal (far - in - go - lar - in'-je-al) 
[pharyngo-; larynx]. Pertaining both to the 
pharynx and to the larynx. 

Pharyngo laryngitis (far-in-go-lar-in-ji'-lis) 
[pharyngo-; laryngitis]. Simultaneous in, 
flammation of the pharynx and larynx. 

Pharyngomaxillary (far-in-go-maks' -il-a-re) . 
Relating to the pharynx and the maxilla. 

Pharyngomycosis (far-in-go-mi-ko'-sis). Dis- 
ease of the pharynx due to the action of 
fungi. 

Pharyngopalatine (far-in-go-pal'-a-tin). Re- 
lating to the pharynx and the palate. 



PH AR YNG OP AR ALYSIS 



754 



PHECINE 



Pharyngoparalysis {far - in - go - par-al' -is-is) . 

See Pharyngoplegia. 
Pharyngoplasty {far-in' -go-plas-te) [pharyngo-; 

TzXb.aas.cv, to form]. Plastic surgery of the 

pharynx. 




Pharynx, Opened Posteriorly, Showing Larynx, Tongue, and 
Soft Palate. — (Holden.) 

A. Cartilaginous expansion of the eustachian tube. B. Posterior nasal 
openings. C. Soft palate. D. Uvula. E, E. Posterior pillar of 
the palate. F. Tonsil. G, G. Pharynx, opened in median line. 
H. Base of the tongue. I. Epiglottis. K. Left glossoepiglottidean 
fold. L. Superior opening of the larynx. M. Thyroid cartilage. 
N. Posterior surface of the larynx. O. Group of grape-like glands 
constantly found in this position. P. Upper extremity of the 
esophagus, i. Azygos uvulae muscle. 2. Levator palati muscle. 3, 
3. Palatopharyngeus muscle. 4. Salpingopharyngeus muscle. 5. 
Internal portion of the palatopharyngeus muscle. 6. Fibers pro- 
ceeding from the middle of the palate and ending in the palato- 
pharyngeus muscle. 7. Superior fibers of the palatopharyngeus 
muscle, going to interlace on the lateral and posterior surface of the 
pharynx with those on the opposite side. 8. Inferior fibers of the 
palatopharyngeus muscle, being inserted into the posterior margin 
of the thyroid cartilage near the base of the superior cornu and 
pharyngeal aponeurosis. 0. Anterior fibers of the stylopharyngeus 
muscle, attached (1) to the lateral fold of the epiglottis; (2) to the 
superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage at the base and superior mar- 
gin. 10. Superior constrictor of the pharynx. 



Pharyngoplegia (far-in-go-ple'-je-ah) [pharyn- 
go-; nXTjyq, a stroke]. Paralysis of the mus- 
cles of the pharynx. 

Pharyngoscope {far-in' -go-skdp) [pharyngo-; 



onone'cv, to inspect]. An instrument for use 
in examining the pharynx. 
Pharyngoscopy {far-in-gos' -ko-pe) [pharyngo- 
scope]. Examination of the pharynx with the 
pharyngoscope. 

Pharyngospasm {far-in' -go-spazm) 
[pharyngo-; anaap.bg, a spasm]. 
Spasmodic contraction of the 
pharynx. 
Pharyngospasmodic {far -in-go-spas- 
mod' -ik). Relating to spasmodic 
contraction of the pharynx. 
Pharyngostenous {far-in-go-ste'-nus) 
[pharyngo-; stenosis']. Relating to 
stricture of the pharynx. 
Pharyngotherapy {far-in-go-ther'-a- 
pe) [pharyngo-; depaneta, therapy]. 
The treatment of diseases of the 
pharynx by direct applications or 
irrigations. 
Pharyngotome {far - in' - go - torn) 
[pharyngo-; ropr), a cutting]. An 
instrument for .incising the pharynx. 
Pharyngotomy {far-in-got' -o-me) [see 
Pharyngotome]. Incision into the 
pharynx. P., Inferior, that in 
which the tissues between the 
hyoid bone and the cricoid cartil- 
age are divided. P., Lateral, in- 
cision into one side of the pharynx. 
P., Subhyoidean, that through 
the thyrohyoid membrane. 
Pharyngotonsillitis {far-in-go-ton- 
sil-i'-tis) [pharyngo-; tonsillitis]. 
Inflammation of the pharynx and 
the tonsil. 
Pharyngoxerosis {far-in-go-zer-o' - 
sis) [pharyngo-; xerosis]. Dryness 
of the pharynx. 
Pharynx {far'-ingks) [(papuy^, the 
throat]. The musculomembranous 
pouch situated back of the nose, 
mouth, and larynx, and extending 
from the base of the skull to a 
point opposite the sixth cervical 
vertebra, where it becomes contin- 
uous with the esophagus. It is 
lined by mucous membrane, cov- 
ered in its upper part with col- 
umnar ciliated epithelium, in its 
lower part with stratified epithel- 
ium. On the outside of this is a 
layer of fibrous tissue — the pharyn- 
geal aponeurosis. This in turn is 
surrounded by the muscular coat. 
The upper portion of the pharynx 
communicates with the nose through 
the posterior nares, is known as the 
nasopharynx, and functionally be- 
longs to the respiratory tract; the 
lower portion is divided into the 
oropharynx and laryngopharynx, 
and is a part of the digestive tract. 
The pharynx communicates with the middle 
ear by means of the eustachian tube. 
Phecine {fe'-sen), C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 S0 4 . Sulfometa- 
dihydroxybenzene, a sulfate of the double 



PHENACETIN 



755 



PHENYLGLYCURONIC ACID 



hydrate of benzene; it is said to De a non- 
irritant antiseptic and prophylactic, and is 
indicated in diseases of the skin. 

Phenacetin (fe-nas'-et-in). See Acetphenetidin. 

Phenalgene (je-nal'-jen). A proprietary anal- 
gesic said to contain acetanilid, sodium bi- 
carbonate, etc. 

Phenalgin (fe-nal' -jin) . A proprietary anti- 
pyretic and analgesic said to be an ammo- 
niated combination of phenyl and acetanilid. 
Syn., A mmoniophenylacetamid. 

Phenate (fe f -nat) [phenol]. A compound of 
phenol and a base; a carbolate. 

Phenatol (fe'-nat-ol). A proprietary antipy- 
retic and anodyne said to be a combination 
of sodium carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, 
and chlorid, with acetanilid and caffcin. 

Phenazon (Je'-naz-on). Antipyrin. 

Phene (fen). Benzene. 

Phenedin Qe' -ned-in) . Acetphenetidin. 

Phenegol (fe'-ne-gol), C 6 H 5 . O . N0 2 . S0 3 K. 
Mercury potassium nitroparaphenol sulfonate. 
It is antiseptic and bactericide. 

Phenetidin (fe-net'-id-in) [phenol], C 8 H u NO. 
The base from which acetphenetidin is pre- 
pared by substitution. P. Citrate, a conden- 
sation-product of paraamidophenetol with 
citric acid; sedative and antipyretic. 

Phenic Acid (fen'-ik). See Acid, Carbolic. 

Phenicate (}en r -ik-dt). To charge with phenol 
or phenic acid. 

Phenidin, Phenin (fe'-nid-in, fe'-nin). See 
Acetphenetidin. 

Phenigmus (fe-nig f -mus) [<f>o~cv£, purple-red]. 
A skin disease characterized by diffuse red- 
ness, without fever. 

Phenocoll (}e'-no-kol) [phenol], C 10 H 14 N 2 O 2 . 
Amidophenacetin, a substance resembling 
acetphenetidin; the hydrochlorate is used as an 
antipyretic. Dose 10-15 gr. (0.65-1.0 Gm.). 

Phenocreasote (fe-no-kre f -a-sot) . A preparation 
of creasote and phenol. 

Phenol (fe'-nol) [cfrolvt!;, purple-red], r. C 6 H 5 - 
OH. Hydroxybenzene, obtained either from 
coal-tar by fractional distillation or made 
synthetically. More commonly known as 
carbolic acid. 2. Any derivative of benzene 
homologous with phenol. P. -camphor, 
camphorated phenol. P. Celluloid, a pro- 
tective varnish for wounds, prepared from 
pyroxylin, phenol, and camphor. P. Diiodid, 
a precipitate from a combination of solutions 
of sodium, phenol, and iodopotassium iodid, 
recommended as a wound antiseptic. Syn., 
Diiodo phenolic did. P., Glycerite of (glycer- 
itum phenolis, U. S. P.), a mixture of liquefied 
phenol and glycerol. P., Liquefied (phenol 
lique factum, U. S. P.), a liquid containing 
not less than 86.4% by weight of absolute 
phenol. Dose 1 min. (0.06 Cc). P., Oint- 
ment of (unguent um phenolis, U. S. P.), an 
ointment made of white petrolatum and 
phenol. P., Orthomonobromo-, C 6 H 5 BrO, 
an oily, violet-colored liquid with strong odor, 
soluble in ether, chloroform, or 100 parts of 
water; used as a wound antiseptic and in 
erysipelas, 1 to 2 % in petrolatum, twice 



daily. P., Orthomonochlor-, C 6 H 5 C10, a 
colorless antiseptic liquid, soluble in alcohol 
or ether, used with petrolatum in skin 
diseases, etc. P. Sulforicinate, a solution of 
phenol in sulforicinic acid, used in 20% solu- 
tion in tuberculosis of the throat. P., Tests 
for. See Allen, Berthelot, Davy, Eijkman, 
Jacquemin, Landolt, Penzoldt and Fischer, 
Plugge. P. Trichlorid. See Trichlor phenol. 

Phenolphthalein (fe-nol-tha' -le-in) [phenol; 
phthalic acid], C 20 H 14 O 4 . A substance produced 
by the action of phenol on phthalic acid and 
used generally in a 1 % solution in 50 % alco- 
hol, as a delicate test for acids and alkalis. 
It is turned red by alkalis and decolorized 
by acids. It has been recommended as a 
purgative. Dose 1J-4 gr. (0.09-0.2 Gm.). 

Phenolsulfonic Acid (fe-nol-sul-fon'-ik). Sul- 
focarbolic acid. 

Phenomenon (fe-nom f -en-on) [cfrai-ubnevov, that 
which is seen; pi., phenomena]. An event 
or manifestation, generally of an unusual 
character. 

Phenophthalein (fe-no-tha' -le-in). See Phe- 
nolphthalein. 

Phenosal (fe' -no-sal). Phenetidin acetosalicyl- 
ate; an antipyretic compound of acetphenetidin 
and salicylic acid; used in acute articular rheu- 
matism. Dose 8 gr. (0.5 Gm.) 2 to 6 times 
daily. Syn., Par a phenetidin salicylacetic acid. 

Phenosalyl (fe-no-saV -il) . A compound of 
phenol, salicylic acid, lactic acid, and men- 
thol, mixed with heat. It is an external' anti- 
septic, used in conjunctivitis in 0.2 to 0.4% 
solution; in eczema, in 1 % solution. 

Phenosuccin (fe-no-snk'-sin), C 6 H 4 (OC 2 H 5 )N- 
(COCH 2 ) 2 . Colorless needles derived from 
paraamidophenol by action of succinic acid; 
antipyretic and antineuralgic. Dose 15-45 
gr. (1-3 Gm.) daily. Syn., Pyrantin. 

Phenosuccinate (}e-no-suk'-sin-at). The so- 
dium salt of phenosuccin, forming a white, 
soluble powder. It is preferred to pheno- 
succin. Dose 7^-46 gr. (0.5-3.0 Gm.). 

Phenoxin (fe-noks'-in). A trade name for 
carbon tetrachlorid. 

Phenoxycaffein (fe-noks-e-kaf'-e-in), C 8 H 9 OC 6 - 
H 5 ) N 4 2 . It is anesthetic and narcotic 
and is used subcutaneously in sciatica. Dose 
4 gr. (0.26 Gm.). 

Phenyl (fe'-nil) [phenol; lit], matter]. The 
univalent radicle, C 6 H 5 , of phenol. P. Alco- 
hol. Synonym of Phenol. P. Hydrate, phenol. 
P. Salicylate (phenylis salicylas, U. S. P.), 
the salicylic ester of phenyl, a white, crystal- 
line substance, used as an intestinal and urin- 
ary antiseptic, and as a substitute for salicylic 
acid. It is decomposed in the intestine into 
salicylic acid and phenol. Dose 5-25 gr. 
(0.32-1.0 Gm.). Syn., Salol. 

Phenylate (fe'-nil-dt). A carbolate. 

Phenylglucosazone (fe-nil-glu - ko' - saz - on), 
C 18 H 22 N 4 4 . A yellow, crystalline compound 
produced in the phenylhydrazin test for glu- 
cose. 

Phenylglycuronic Acid (fe-nil-glik-u-ron'-ik). 
A crystalline body, a compound of phenol 



PHENYLHYDRAZIN 



756 



PHLOGOGEN 



and glycuronic acid, occurring in the urine 
after the ingestion of phenol. 

Phenylhydrazin (fe-nil-hi' -dra-zin), C 6 H 8 N 2 . 
A liquid base, crystallizing in plates, the hydro- 
chlorate of which is used as a test for sugar. 
P. Tests. See v. Jaksch, Neumann, Riegler. 

Phenylic (fe-niV-ik) [phenyl]. Pertaining to 
or containing phenyl. 

Phenylon (fe'-nil-on). Antipyrin. 

Phenylquinaldin (fe-nil-kwin-al'-din), C 9 H 5 - 
(C 6 H 5 )N, an antiperi^dic prepared by the 
action of hydrochloric acid on a mixture 
of anilin, acetophenone, and aldehyd. Dose 
1J-3 gr. (0.1-0.2 Gm.). It is also used ex- 
ternally as a local irritant. 

Phenylquinolin (fe-nil-kwin'-o-lin). A deriva- 
tive of quinolin by the entrance of the phenyl 
groups into its pyridin molecule. It is more 
active than quinin. 

Phenylurethane (fe-nil-u'-reth-an). See Eu- 
phorin. 

Phesin (fe'-sin), C 6 H 3 . O . C 2 H 5 S0 3 Na . NH .- 
CO . CH 3 . A proprietary antipyretic sulfo- 
derivative of acetphenetidin. 

Phial (fi'-al). See Vial. 

Phillips' Muscle. A small muscle extending 
from the styloid process of the radius and the 
external lateral ligament to the proximal por- 
tion of the phalanges. 

Phillyrea (fil-ir'-e-ah) [<f>c\upa, the linden-tree, 
from the similarity of its leaves]. A genus 
of the Oleacece. The leaves of P. latifolia, 
the stone-linden of southern Europe, are 
diuretic and emmenagog and are used in ulcer- 
ations of the mouth. It contains phillirin. 

Phillyrin (fil'-i-rin), C^O,, + H 2 0. A 
crystalline glucosid found in the bark and 
leaves of Phillyrea latifolia, P. angustifolia, 
and P. media. It is antimalarial. 

Philocytase (fil-o-si'-tdz) [faXelv, to love; nuzoc, 
a cell]. Metchnikoff's name for the inter- 
mediate body of Ehrlich. 

Phimosientomy (fi-mo-si-en' -to-me) [(pc/iouv, 
to constrict; ivzop.ii, incision]. ' Incision of a 
constricted prepuce. 

Phimosiotomy (fi-mo-si-ot' '-o-me) . See Phimo- 
sientomy. 

Phimosis (fi-mo'-sis) [cpcpog, a muzzle]. Elon- 
gation and constriction of the prepuce, so that 
it cannot be retracted over the glans penis. 

Phimotic (fi-mot'-ik). Relating to phimosis. 

Phisio therapy (fiz-i-o-ther' '-ap-e) [<f>uoec, nature; 
depansca, therapy]. The application of nat- 
ural remedies — air, water, sunlight, etc. — in 
the treatment of disease. 

Phlebectasia, Phlebectasis (fleb-ek-ta'-ze-ah, 
fleb-ek'-tas-is) [<j>Xi(f>, vein; 'inzaocc, dilation]. 
Dilation of a vein; varicosity. 

Phlebectomy (fieb-ek' -to-me) [<pU(l>, vein ; ifczopr], 
excision]. Excision of a vein. 

Phlebepatitis (fleb-ep-at-i'-tis) [<pki<j>, vein; 
hepatitis]. Inflammation of the. portal or 
hepatic veins. 

Phlebismus (fleb-iz' '-mus) [4>Xi(p, vein]. Undue 
prominence or swelling of a vein. 

Phlebitis (fleb-i'-tis) [(f>U(p, veinjmc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of a vein. This is gener- 



ally suppurative (suppurative phlebitis), and 
is the result of the extension of suppuration 
from adjacent tissues. It leads to the forma- 
tion of a thrombus within the vein (thrombo- 
phlebitis), which may break down and cause 
the distribution of septic emboli to various 
parts of the body. When not due to a sup- 
purative process the phlebitis, called plastic, 
adhesive, or proliferative, may give rise to 
obliteration of the vein. The symptoms of 
phlebitis are pain and edema of the affected 
part, redness along the course of the vein, 
the latter appearing as a hard, tender cord. 
P., Sinus-, phlebitis of the sinuses of the 
dura mater. 

Phlebo- (fleb-o-) [(j)U(f>, vein]. A prefix denoting 
pertaining to a vein. 

Phlebogram (fieb' -o-gram) [phlebo-; ypappa, a 
writing]. A tracing of the movements of a 
vein by the sphygmograph. 

Phlebolite, Phlebolith (fleb'-o-lit, fleb f -o-liih) 
[phlebo-; XWoc, a, stone]. Vein-stone, a hard 
concretion sometimes found in veins, and 
produced by calcareous infiltration of a throm- 
bus. 

Phlebosclerosis (fleb-o-skle-ro' -sis) [phlebo-; 
onX-qpog, hard]. Sclerosis of a vein. 

Phlebotome (fleb'-o-tom). A cutting-instru- 
ment used in phlebotomy; a fleam. 

Phlebotomy (fleb-ot'-o-me) [phlebo-; zoprj, a 
cutting]. Opening of a vein for the purpose 
of bloodletting. The vein most often selected 
is the median cephalic at the bend of the 
elbow. 

Phlegm (flem) [(f>Xiypa, phlegm]. 1. A viscid, 
stringy mucus, secreted by the mucosa of 
the upper air-passages. 2. One of the four 
humors of the old writers. 

Phlegmasia (fleg-ma'-ze-ah) [(fittypa, a flame]. 
Inflammation. P. alba dolens, milk-leg, 
a painful swelling of the leg beginning either 
at the ankle and ascending, or at the groin 
and extending down the thigh, its usual cause 
being septic infection after labor. 

Phlegmatic (fleg-mat'-ik) [phlegm]. Full of 
phlegm; hence, indifferent; apathetic; 
lymphatic. 

Phlegmon (fleg'-mon) [<f>Xeypovq, inflammation]. 
An inflammation characterized by the spread- 
ing of a purulent or fibrinopurulent exudate 
within the tissues. P., Gas, that in which 
more or less offensive gas is formed with the 
pus. P. ligneux, a peculiar form of chronic 
inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous 
tissue marked by a slow clinical course and 
a consistence resembling wood. It occurs 
most frequently on the neck. 

Phlegmonodcea (fleg-mon-o-de'-ah) [(pXeypovij, 
inflammation]. 1. See Eryihematica. 2. 
Peritonitis. 

Phlegmonous (fleg 1 '-mbn-us) [phlegmon]. Of 
the nature of or pertaining to phlegmon. 

Phlogistic (flo-jis' '-tik) [<f>Xoftozbc, burnt]. In- 
flammatory. 

Phlogogen, Phlogogon (flog'-o-jen, -flog'-o-gon) 
[(f>X6jojacc, inflammation; yzvvav, to produce]. 
Any substance having the property of ex- 



PHLOGOGENIC 



'57 



PHOSGEN 



citing inflammation in a tiss.ue with which 
it comes in contact; an irritant. 

Phlogogenic (flog-o-jen'-ik) [see Phlogogen]. 
Causing inflammation. 

Phlogosin (flog'-o-sin) [(f)X6ycoacc, inflammation]. 
A crystalline body isolated from cultures of 
pyogenic staphylococci, and causing suppu- 
ration when injected beneath the skin or 
introduced into the eye. 

Phlogosis (flog-o'-sis) [see Phlogosin]. Inflam- 
mation. 

Phloridzin, Phlorizin (flor-id'-zin, flor-i' -zin) 
[(f)Xoc6c, bark; pc^a, root], C 2l H 24 O 10 . 2H 2 0. 
A bitter crystalline glucosid occurring in the 
root and trunk of apple, pear, and other 
fruit-trees. It is said to possess antipyretic 
properties. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). 
Given to lower animals it produces glycosuria. 
P.-diabetes, the glycosuria induced in lower 
animals, especially dogs, by the administra- 
tion of phloridzin. 

Phloroglucin (flo-ro-glu'-sin) [(f>\oc6e, bark; 
yXun'jc, sweet], C 6 H 3 (OH) 3 . A crystalline 
substance found in the bark of the cherry, 
pear, apple, and other trees, and used as 
a test for woody tissue (lignin) and hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Phlyctena (flik-le f -nah) [(fyX'juxacva, a blister]. 
A vesicle. 

Phlyctenoid (flik'-ten-oid). See Phlyctenular. 

Phlyctenular (flik-len f -u-lar) [phlyctena]. Re- 
sembling a phlyctenule; characterized by the 
formation of phlyctenules, as phlyctenular 
conjunctivitis. 

Phlyctenule, Phlyctenula (flik-ten'-ul, flik- 
ten'-u-lah) [phlyctena]. A minute phlyctena; 
a little vesicle or blister. 

Phlysis (fli'-sis) [(f>Xuacc, eruption]. 1. A 
phlyctenule. 2. A whitlow. 

Phlyzacion, Phlyzacium (fii-za'-se-on, fli-za'- 
se-um) [$>X6geev, to inflame]. A pustular 
vesicle on an indurated base. P. acutum. 
See Ecthyma. 

Phobia (fo'-be-ah) [cf>6j3of, fear]. Any obsession 
of fear characteristic of insanity. 

Phocas' Disease. Chronic fibrous mastitis, 
characterized by the presence of multiple 
fibrous nodules in both breasts. 

Phocomelus (fo-kom'-el-us) [(Jxokt), a seal; fii- 
Xoc, a limb]. A monster with rudimentary 
limbs, the hands and feet being attached 
almost directly to the trunk. 

Phonation {jo-na' -shun) [(frcovr), voice]. The 
production of vocal sound or articulate speech. 

Phonatory (fon'-a-to-re) [phonation]. Pertain- 
ing to phonation. 

Phonautograph (fo-naw'-to-graf) [(fxovrj, voice; 
autograph]. An apparatus for recording auto- 
matically the vibrations of the air produced 
by the voice. 

Phonendoscope (fo-nen'-do-skop) [<f>a)vf), voice; 
'ivdov, within; OKonscv, to view]. A variety of 
stethoscope which intensifies the auscultatory 
sounds. 

Phonetic (fo-net'-ik) [(fiajvrj, voice]. 1. Pertain- 
ing to or representing sounds. 2. Pertaining 
to the voice. 



Phonetics (fo-net'-iks). The science dealing 
with the mode of production of sounds. 

Phonic (fon'-ik) [(pcovrj, voice]. Pertaining to 
the voice. P. Spasm, a spasm of the laryn- 
geal muscles occurring on attempting to 
speak. 

Phono- (fo-no-) [cfrcovrj, voice]. A prefix denot 
ing relating to the voice or to sound. 

Phonograph Qo'-no-graf) [phono-; ypafecv^ 
to record]. An instrument consisting of * 
wax-coated cylinder revolving under a stylus 
attached to a diaphragm. The vibrations 
of the diaphragm, set in motion by the voice, 
cause the cylinder to be indented by the 
stylus. When the cylinder is again revolved, 
the movement of the stylus upon the cylinder 
throws the diaphragm into vibration and re- 
produces the original sounds of the voice. 

Phonology (fo-nol'-o-je) [phono-; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science of vocal sounds; 
phonetics. 

Phonomassage {fo -no- mas - ahzh') [phono-; 
massage]. Action upon the tympanum by 
sound vibrations conducted into the auditory 
canal. 

Phonometer (fo-nom'-et-er) [phono-; fikx- 
pov, a measure]. An instrument for measur- 
ing the intensity of the voice. 

Phonopneumomassage (fo -no -nu - mo-mas- 
ahzh') [phono-; Tzvlup.a, air; massage]. 
The exercise of the muscles, ligaments, and 
articulating surfaces of the inner ear by means 
of an electric apparatus. 

Phonopsia (fo-nop'-se-ah) [phono-; b^cc, 
vision]. The perception of color-sensations 
by auditory sensations. 

Phonoscope (fo' '-no-shop) [phono-; onone'cv, 
to examine]. A stethoscope for intensifying 
the tone in auscultation. 

Phoria (fo'-re-ah) [<j>opa, motion]. A colloquial- 
ism used to represent one or more of the 
terms orthophoria, heterophoria, exophoria, 
esophoria, hyperphoria, etc. 

Phoro- (/o-ro-) [<f>opa, motion]. A prefix mean- 
ing motion. 

Phorometer (for-om'-et-er) [phoro-; fiexpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
relative strength of the ocular muscles. 

Phorooptometer (for-o-op-tom' -et-er) [phoro-; 
6tzt6c, visible; p.kxpov, a measure]. An appa- 
ratus for optical testing of muscular defects. 

Phorotone (for'-o-ton) [phoro-; xovoc, strength]. 
An apparatus for exercising the eye- 
muscles. 

Phose (fos) [4>oJf, light]. A subjective sensation 
of light or color, as, scotoma scintillans. 
An aphose is a subjective sensation of 
shadow or darkness, as, muscae volitan- 
tes. Cenlraphoses are aphoses originating in 
the optic centers. Centrophoses are phoses 
originating in the optic centers. A chromo- 
phose is a subjective sensation of color. 
Peripher -aphoses are peripheral aphoses. 
Peripherophoses are phoses originating in the 
peripheral organs of vision (the optic nerve 
or eyeball). 

Phosgen, Phosgene (fos'-jen, -jeri) [<j>ojc, light; 



PHOSOTE 



758 



PHOSPHURET 



yevvdv, to produce]. Producing light. P. 
Gas, COCl 2 , carbonyl chlorid; a colorless 
gas formed by the action of light on a mix- 
ture of carbonic oxid and chlorin. 

Phosote {fo'-sot). A syrupy liquid, consisting 
of creasote, 80%, and phosphoric anhydrid, 
20 %: Dose 30 min. (2 Cc.) daily. 

Phosphate {fos'-fdt) [phosphorus]. A salt of 
phosphoric acid. The phosphates are used 

- in medicine as tonics and alteratives in con- 
ditions associated with malnutrition of the 
bones (rickets, scrofula). P., Acid, one in 
which one or two of the hydrogen atoms only 
have been replaced by metals. P., Am- 
moniomag'nesium, a double salt of am- 
monium and magnesium and phosphoric 
acid. P., Earthy, a phosphate of one of 
the alkaline earths. P., Normal, one in 
which the three hydrogen atoms, or the six 
of two molecules, are substituted by metals, 
e. g., Na 3 P0 4 , Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 . P., Triple, ammo- 
niomagnesium phosphate. 

Phosphatic {fos-fal'-ik) [phosphate]. Contain- 
ing phosphates; characterized by the excre- 
tion of large amounts of phosphates, as 
phosphatic diathesis. 

Phosphatid {fos'-fa-tid) [phosphorus]. Any one 
of a large group of phosphorus-compounds 
found in brain-substance, and resembling 
the phosphates. 

Phosphatol {fos'-fat-ol). A thick liquid ob- 

' tained by action of phosphorus trichlorid on 
creasote in an alcoholic solution of soda. It 
contains 90 % of creasote; used in tuberculosis. 

Phosphatoptosis {fos-fat-o-to'-sis) [phosphate; 
tztwocc, a falling]. Spontaneous precipitation 
of phosphates in the urine. 

Phosphaturia {fos-fat-u'-re-ah) [phosphate; 
oupov, urine]. A condition in which an ex- 
cess of phosphates is passed in the urine. 

Phosphene (Jos' -fen) [<f>a~jg, light; (pahecv, to 
show]. A subjective luminous sensation 
caused by pressure upon the eyeball. 

Phosphergot (fos-fer'-got). A mixture of sod- 
ium phosphate and ergot; it is indicated 
in general debility. 

Phospherrin {fos-fer'-in). A mixture said to 
consist of ferric chlorid, phosphoric acid, 
and glycerol. 

Phosphid {fos'-fid) [phosphorus]. A compound 
of phosphorus and another element or radicle 
acting as a base. The phosphids are used 
in medicine as substitutes for phosphorus. 

Phosphin {fos'-fin) [phosphorus]. 1. Hydrogen 
phosphid, PH 3 , a poisonous gas of alliaceous 
odor. 2. A substitution-compound of PH 3 , 
bearing the same relation to it that an amin 
does to ammonia. 

Phosphite {fos'-flt) [phosphorus]. A salt of 
phosphorous acid. 

Phospho- {fos-fo-) [phosphorus]. A prefix mean- 
ing relating to phosphorus or to its compounds. 

Phosphoglyceric Acid {fos-fo-glis-e'-rik) [phos- 
pho-; jXukuc, sweet], C 3 H 9 PO e . A liquid 
body obtained from lecithin. 

Phosphoglycoproteids {fos-fo-gli-ko-pro'-te- 
ids). The same as Nucleoalbumins. 



Phosphomolybdic Acid {fos-fo-mol-ib'-dik) 
[phospho-; molybdenum]. A compound of 
phosphoric acid and molybdenum trioxid, 
used as a test for alkaloids. 

Phosphonecrosis, Phosphornecrosis {fos-fo- 
ne-kro'-sis, fos-for-ne-kro' -sis) . See Necrosis, 
Phosphorus-. 

Phosphonium {fos-fo' -ne-um) [phosphorus]. 
The hypothetic univalent radicle PH 4 ; it 
is analogous to ammonium, NH 4 . 

Phosphorated (Jos' - for - a - ted) [phosphorus]. 
Containing phosphorus. 

Phosphorescence {fos-for-es'-ens) [phosphorus]. 
The spontaneous luminosity of phosphorus 
and other substances in the dark. 

Phosphorescent {fos-for-es'-ent) [phosphorus]. 
Possessing the quality of phosphorescence. 

Phosphoreted Jos' - for - et - ed) [phosphorus]. 
Combined with phosphorus. 

Phosphoric Acid (fos-for'-ik). See Acid, Phos- 
phoric. 

Phosphoridrosis (fos-for-id-ro'-sis) [phospho-; 
"cdpojotc, sweat]. The secretion of phosphor- 
escent sweat. 

Phosphorism (fos' - for - izm) [phosphorus]. 
Chronic phosphorus-poisoning. 

Phosphorized (fos'-for-izd) [phosphorus]. Con- 
taining phosphorus. 

Phosphorous Acid {fos-fo' -rus). See Acid, 
Phosphorous. 

Phosphoruria {fos-for -u' -re- ah) [phospho-; 
oupov, urine]. 1. Phosphorescence of the 
urine; also, urine containing an excess of 
phosphates. 

Phosphorus {fos'-for-us) [<£a)c, light; (fiipecv, 
to bear]. A nonmetallic element having a 
quantivalence of in or v, and an atomic 
weight of 31. Symbol P. In commerce it 
is prepared from bone-ash or from sombrerite, 
an impure calcium phosphate found in West 
Indian guano. Phosphorus may be obtained 
in several allotropic forms. Ordinary phos- 
phorus is a yellowish-white, waxy solid, of a 
specific gravity of 1.837; it is exceedingly 
poisonous; it causes a wide-spread fatty de- 
generation, most marked in the liver. Red 
or amorphous phosphorus is a dark-red pow- 
der, having a specific gravity of 2.1 1, insolu- 
ble in carbon disulfid, noninflammable, non- 
luminous, nonpoisonous. Metallic rhombo- 
hedral phosphorus is an allotropic form pro- 
duced by heating phosphorus in a sealed tube 
with melted lead. Its specific gravity is 
2.34. Medicinally, phosphorus is used as an 
alterative in osteomalacia and in rickets, in 
sexual impotence, threatened cerebral degen- 
eration, neuralgia, chronic alcoholism, mor- 
phinomania, furunculosis, etc. Dose t ^q gr. 
(0.00065 Gm.). P., Pills of {pilulce phos- 
phori, U. S. P.). Dose 1 pill. P. Trichlorid, 
PCI3, a colorless liquid of unpleasant odor. 

Phosphotungstic Acid {fos-fo-lung'-stik). A 
crystalline compound of phosphoric and 
tungstic acids, used as a test for alkaloids 
and peptones. 
Phosphuret {fos'-fu-ret) [phosphorus]. A phos- 
phid. 



PHOSPHURETED 



759 



PHRENOLOGY 






Phosphureted (fos'-fu-ret-ed). Synonym of 

Phosphoreted. 

Photo- (fo-to-) [<f>a>c, light]. A prefix denoting 
relation to light. 

Photobiotic (fo-to-bi-ot'-ik) [photo-; fifoc, life]. 
Living habitually in the light. 

Photochemic (fo-to-kem'-ik) [photo-; chemic]. 
Pertaining to the chemic action of light. 

Photochemistry (Jo -to -kem' -is -tre). That 
branch of chemistry treating of the chemic 
action of light. 

Photoelectricity (fo-to-e-lek-tris'-it-e). Elec- 
tricity produced under the influence of light. 

Photogene (fo'-to-jen) [photo-; yevvav, to pro- 
duce], i. A retinal impression; an after- 
image. 2. A liquid derived from bituminous 
shale. 

Photogenic (Jo - to - fen' - ik) [see Photogene]. 
Light -producing. 

Photography (fo-tog'-ra-fe) [photo-; ypa^etv, to 
write]. The art of producing an image 
of an object (photograph) by throwing the 
rays of light reflected from it upon a surface 
coated with a film of a substance, such as a 
silver salt, that is readily decomposed by 
light, subsequently treating the film with 
certain agents (developers) that bring out 
the image, and then dissolving the salt unacted 
upon by the light. 

Photohemotachometer (fo-to-hem-o-tak-om'- 
et-er) [photo-; dlfia, blood; rd^oc, swiftness; 
fihpov, a measure]. A hemotachome.ter in 
which the changes in level of the column of 
blood are photographed. 

Photokinetic (fo-to-kin-et'-ik) [photo-; kwtjt- 
(koc, causing movement]. Causing move- 
ment by means of light. 

Photolyte (fo'-to-llt) [photo-; Xbecv, to loosen]. 
A substance that is decomposed by the action 
of light. 

Photomagnetism (fo-to-mag' '-net-izm) [photo-; 
magnetism]. Magnetism produced by the 
action of light. 

Photometer (fo-tom'-et-er) [photo-; fihpov, a 
measure]. An instrument ■ for measuring 
the intensity of light. 

Photometry (fo-tom' -et-re) [see Photometer]. 
The measurement of the intensity of light. 

Photomicrograph (Jo-to-mi'-kro-graf). A pho- 
tograph of a small or microscopic object, 
usually made with the aid of a microscope, 
and of sufficient size for observation with the 
naked eye. Cf. Micro photo graph. 

Photomicrography (fo -to - mi - krog' - ra - Je) 
[photomicrograph]. The art of producing 

photomicrographs. 

Photophobia (}o-to-}o'-be-ah) [photo-; <£<5/?of, 
fear]. Intolerance of light. 

Photophone (fo'-to-fon) [photo-; (f>ojvr), sound]. 
An apparatus for the graphic representation 
of the character of sound-waves by means 
of flames. 

Photophore (fo'-to-for) [photo-; fepecv, to 
bear]. An instrument for examination of the 
cavities of the body by means of the electric 
light. 

Photopsia (fo-to p' '-se-ah) [photo-; otytc-, sight]. 



Subjective sensations of sparks or flashes of 
light occurring in certain morbid conditions 
of the optic nerve, the retina, or the brain. 

Photoptic (Jo-top' -tik) [photopsia]. Relating to 
photopsia. 

Photoptometer (} o -top -torn' -et-er) [photo-; w<p, 
eye; fihpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
determining visual acuity. 

Photoscope (fo'-to-skop) [photo-; okotceIv, to 
view]. i. A fluoroscope. 2. An instrument 
used in inspecting the antrum of Highmore 
as regards the translucency of its walls. 

Photoskioptic (fo-to-ski-op'-tik) [photo-; ok'co, 
shadow; 6tzzck6c, pertaining to sight]. Skia- 
graphy. 

Phototherapy (fo-to-ther'-ap-e) [photo-; depa- 
izeta, treatment]. 1. The treatment of disease 
by light. 2. Finsen's light -treatment : the 
treatment of skin diseases by the application 
of the concentrated chemic rays (blue, violet, 
and ultraviolet) of light. 3. The treatment 
of small pox by red light. 

Photoxylin, Photoxylon (fo-toks' -il-in, fo-toks'- 
il-on) [photo-; £uXov, wood]. A substance 
produced from wood-pulp by the action of 
sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate. It serves 
as a substitute for collodion in minor surgery, 
and as a medium for mounting microscopic 
specimens. 

Photuria (fo-tu'-re-ah) [photo-; oupov, urine]. 
The passage of phosphorescent urine. 

Phren (fren) [<f>prjv, the mind, also the dia- 
phragm]. 1. The diaphragm. 2. Mind. 3. 
The epigastrium. 

Phrenalgia (fren-al' -je-ah) [phren; dXyoc, pain]. 

1. Melancholia; psychalgia. 2. Neuralgia 
of the diaphragm. 

Phrenauxe (fren-awks'-e) [phren; ab^-q, en- 
largement]. Hypertrophy of the substance 
of the brain. 

Phrenesis (Jren-e' -sis) [<f)pkvr}occ, insanity]. 
Frenzy; delirium; insanity. 

Phrenetic (fren-et'-ik) [phren]. Maniacal; 
delirious. 

Phrenic (fren'-ik) [phren]. 1. Pertaining to the 
diaphragm, as phrenic nerve, phrenic artery. 

2. Pertaining to the mind. 

Phrenitis (fren-i'-tis) [phren; exec, inflamma- 
tion]. 1. Inflammation of the brain. 2. In- 
flammation of the diaphragm. 

Phreno- (phren-o-) [phren]. A prefix meaning 
relating either to the mind or to the dia- 
phragm. 

Phrenograph (jren'-o-graf) [phreno-; ypdfetv, to 
write]. An instrument for registering the 
movements of the diaphragm. 

Phrenohepatic (fren-o-hep-at'-ik) [phreno-; 
T}izap, liver]. Pertaining to the diaphragm 
and the liver. 

Phrenology (}ren-oV -o-je) [phreno-; Xbyoc, sci- 
ence]. The theory that the various faculties 
of the mind occupy distinct and separate areas 
in the brain-cortex, and that the predominance 
of certain faculties can be predicted from 
modifications of the parts of the skull 
overlying the areas where these faculties are 
located. 



PHRENOPATHY 



760 



PHYSOMETRA 



Phrenopathy (}ren-op r -ath-e) [phreno-; xadoc, 

disease]. Mental disease. 
Phrenoplegia (fren-o-ple' -je-ah) [phreno-; TtX-qyt), 
stroke]. i. A sudden failure of mental 
power. 2. Paralysis of the diaphragm. 
Phrenosin (}ren r -o-sin) [phren]., A nitrogenous 

body obtained from brain tissue. 
Phthalic Acid (thal f -ik) [from naphthalene], 
C 8 H 6 4 . A crystalline substance derived 
from naphthalene. 
Phtheiriasis, Phthiriasis [thi-ri' -as-is) . See 

Pediculosis. 
Phthinoid ithi'-noid) [phthisis; eldoc, likeness]. 

Having a phthisic character. 
Phthisic (tiz'-ik) [phthisis]. i. Affected with 
or of the nature of phthisis. 2. A person 
affected with phthisis. 
Phthisin (tiz'-in). A proprietary preparation 
of the bronchial glands of animals; used in 
diseases of the lungs. 
Phthisiotherapy (tiz-e-o-ther' '-ap-e) [phthisis; 
6 spans ca, therapy]. Therapeutic measures 
for the cure of pulmonary tuberculosis. 
Phthisis (ti'-sis or te'-sis) [<pdcscv, to waste]. 
1. A wasting away or consumption. 2. Any 
disease characterized by emaciation and loss 
of strength, especially pulmonary tubercu- 
losis. P. bulbi, shrinking of the eyeball. 
P., Fibroid. 1. Interstitial pneumonia. 2. 
Chronic tuberculosis of the lungs attended 
with the formation of fibrous tissue, which 
contracts, causes shrinking of the affected 
part, and sometimes bronchiectasis by trac- 
tion on the bronchi. P. florida, an acute, 
rapidly fatal pulmonary tuberculosis. Syn., 
Galloping consumption. P., Laryngeal, 
tuberculosis of the larynx. P., Pulmonary. 
1. Tuberculosis of the lung. 2. Any one of 
a variety of interstitial pneumonias, such as 
grinder's phthisis, miner's phthisis, stone- 
cutter's phthisis, etc. P. ventriculi, atrophy 
of the mucous membrane and thinning of 
the coats of the stomach. 
Phylaxin (fi-laks'-in) [cf)uka£, a guardian]. 
A defensive proteid found in animals that 
have acquired an artificial immunity to a 
given infectious disease. The phylaxins are 
of two varieties: one having the power to 
destroy pathogenic microorganisms, called 
mycophylaxin; one that counteracts the 
ppisons of the microorganisms, called toxo- 
phylaxin. 
Phyletic (fi-let'-ik) [<}>uXov, a tribe]. Pertaining 

to phylogenesis. 
Phylogenesis, Phylogeny {fi-lo-gen'-es-is, fi- 
loj'-en-e) [<f>i>Xov, a tribe; jsvvav, to beget]. 
The evolution of a group or species of animals 
or plants from the simplest form; the evolu- 
tion of the species, as distinguished from 
ontogeny, the evolution of the individual. 
Phylogenetic (fi-lo-jen-ef '-ik) [phylogenesis]. 

Pertaining to phylogenesis. 
Phyma (fi'-mah) [<f>up.a, a growth]. 1. Form- 
erly, any one of a variety of swellings of the 
skin. 2. A localized plastic exudate larger 
than a tubercle; a circumscribed swelling 
of the skin. 



Phymatosis (fi-mat-o' -sis) [phyma]. Any dis- 
ease characterized by the formation of phy- 
mas. 
Physalis {fis' -al-is) [<jWa/Uic, a bladder]. A 
large giant epithelial cell of giant-cell carci- . 
noma. 
Physic (ftz'-ik) [cpuocc, nature]. 1. The science 
of medicine. 2. A medicine, especially a 
cathartic. 3. To administer medicines; also 
to purge. 
Physical (fiz'-ik-al) [see Physic]. 1. Pertaining 
to nature; also pertaining to the body or 
material things. 2. Pertaining to physics. 
P. Diagnosis, the investigation of disease 
by direct aid of the senses, sight, touch, and - 
hearing. P. Examination, examination of 
the patient's body to determine the condition 
of the various organs and parts. P. Signs, 
the phenomena observed on inspection, pal- 
pation, percussion, auscultation, mensura- 
tion, or combinations of these methods. 
Physician (fiz-ish'-an) [4>uoi£, nature]. One 

who practises medicine. 
Physick's Encysted Rectum. Hypertrophic 

dilation of the rectal pouches. 
Physicochemic (fiz-ik-o-kem' '-ik) [$60 tg, nature; 
chemic]. Pertaining to both physics and 
chemistry. 
Physics (fiz'-iks) [<j>ooic, nature]. The science 
of nature, especially that treating of the 
properties of matter and of the forces gov- 
erning it. 
Physiognomy {fiz-e-og' -no-me) [§botc, nature; 
yvajjif), knowledge]. 1. The science treating 
of the methods of determining character 
by a study of the face. 2. The countenance. 
Physiologic (fiz-e-o-loj r -ik) [physiology]. 1. 
Pertaining to physiology. 2. Pertaining to 
natural or normal processes, as opposed to 
those that are pathologic. P. Antidote, an 
antidote that neutralizes a poison by effects 
on the system that are antagonistic to those 
of the poison. P. Unit. See Unit, Physiologic. 
Physiologist (fiz-e-oV -o-jist) [physiology]. One 

versed in physiology. 
Physiology (fiz-e-ol f -o-je) [4>ooig, nature; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science that treats of the func- 
tions of organic beings. P., Morbid, the 
study of diseased functions or of functions 
modified by disease. 
Physio lysis (fiz-e-ol' '-is-is) [<j>uocc, nature; Xbscv, 
to dissolve]. The disintegration of dead tissue 
by natural processes. 
Physiopathology (fiz-e-o-path-ol f -o-je). The 

study of function as affected by disease. 
Physique (fiz-ek') [Fr.]. Physical structure or 

organization. 
Physocele {fi' -so-set) [<f>uoa, air; ktjXt), tumor]. 
1. A swelling containing air or gas. 2. 
Emphysema of the scrotum; a hernia filled 
with flatus. 
Physohydrometra (fi-so-hi-dro-me' '-trah) [^>uoa, 
air; hydrometra]. An accumulation of gas 
and water in the uterus. 
Physometra (fi-so-me' -trah) [<f)doa, air; /xrjrpa, 
uterus]. A distention of the uterus with gas, 
produced by the decomposition of its contents. 



PHYSOSTIGMA 



761 



PICRAMNIA 



Physostigma (fi-so-stig'-mah) [cf>uoa, air; stig- 
ma]. Calabar bean ; ordeal-nut. The seed of 
Physostigma venenosum, of the natural order 
Leguminosce, which is used by the natives of 
Africa as an ordeal poison. It contains two 
alkaloids — eserin or physostigmin and cala- 
barin. It acts as a general depressant, pro- 
ducing motor paralysis, and in poisonous 
doses causing death by paralysis of the respira- 
tion. It is a miotic, and in small doses 
stimulates the heart and intestinal peristalsis. 
In medicine it is employed as a motor de- 
pressant in tetanus and other spasms; as a 
stimulant in intestinal atony and dilation, in 
asthma and emphysema. P., Extract of 
(extractum physostigmatis, U. S. P., B. P.). 
Dose J-J gr. (0.008-0.016 Gm.). P., Tinc- 
ture of {tinctura physostigmatis, U. S. P.). 
Dose 5-20 min. (0.32-1.3 Cc). 

Physostigmin (fi-so-stig' -min) [physostigma], 
C 15 H 21 N 3 2 . An alkaloid found in the seed 
of Physostigma venenosum, Calabar bean. 
It is used in traumatic tetanus, tonic con- 
vulsions, strychnin-poisoning, neuralgia,mus- 
cular rheumatism, chronic bronchitis, etc. 
Dose ^•c-o~6 1 o g r - (0.0003-0.001 Gm.); 
maximum dose ^V gr. (0.001 Gm.), single. 
Syn., Eserin. P. Salicylate (physostigmince 
salicylas, U. S. P.), eserin salicylate, is 
used internally in doses of g 1 ^ gr. (0.0008 
Gm.), but its chief use is for instillation 
into the eye as a miotic in conditions of 
mydriasis, and to lessen intraocular ten- 
sion in glaucoma. It is used in these con- 
ditions in solution of the strength of from one 
to two grains to the ounce. P. Sulfate (phy- 
sostigmince sulfas, U. S. P.), eserin sulfate, is 
used in the same manner as the salicylate. 

Phytalbumose . (fi-tal'-bu-mos) [<f>uz6v, a plant; 
albumose]. A vegetable albumose. 

Phyto- (fi-to-) [cf)urdv, a, plant]. A prefix signify- 
ing relation to plants. 

Phytogenesis (fi-to-jen'-es-is) {phyto-; genesis]. 
The science of the origin and development 
of plants. 

Phytogenous (fi-to]' -en-us) [see Phytogenesis]. 
Produced by plants. 

Phytolacca (fi-to -lak' -ah) [phyto-; lacca, lac]. 
The dried root of P. decandra, a plant of the 
natural order Phytolaccacece. It is emetoca- 
thartic and slightly narcotic, and has been 
used in rheumatism and locally in granular 
conjunctivitis and parasitic skin diseases. 
Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-1.9 Gm.). P., Fluid- 
extract of (fluidextr actum phytolaccce, U. S. 
P.). Dose 5-30 min. (0.32-1.9 Cc). 

Phytolin (fi'-tol-in). A proprietary liquid said 
to be prepared from berries of Phytolacca 
decandra, used in obesity. 

Phytoparasite (fi-to-par' -as-lt) {phyto-; para- 
site]. A vegetable parasite. 

Phytopathology (fi-to-path-ol'-o-je) [phyto-; 
pathology]. 1. The science of diseases of 
plants. 2. The science of diseases due to 
vegetable organisms. 

Phytoplasm (fi'-to-plazm) [phyto-; plasma]. 
Vegetable protoplasm. 



Phytosis (fi-to'-sis) [<j>ut6v, a plant]. Any dis- 
ease due to vegetable organisms. 

Phytosterin (fi-to s'-ter -in) [phyto-, axkap, fat]. 
A fat-like substance, similar to cholesterin, 
present in plant-seeds and sprouts. 

Pia, Pia mater (pi-a mah'-ter) [L., "kind or 
tender mother"]. The vascular membrane 
enveloping the surface of the brain and spinal 
cord, and consisting of a plexus of blood- 
vessels held in a fine areolar tissue. 

Piaarachnitis (pi-ah-ar-ak-ni'-tis). See Pia- 
rachnitis. 

Piaarachnoid (pi-ah-ar-ak' -noid) . See Pia- 
rachnoid. 

Pial (pi'-al) [pia]. Pertaining to the pia. 

Pian (pi' -an) . See Frambesia. 

Piano-player's Cramp. A painful spasm of 
the muscles occurring in piano-players as the 
result of overuse of the muscles in playing; a 

' form of occupation-neurosis. 

Piarachnitis (pi-ah-rak-ni'-tis) [piarachnoid; 
crcc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
piarachnoid. Syn., Leptomeningitis. 

Piarachnoid (pi-ah-rak' -noid) [pia; arachnoid]. 
The pia and arachnoid considered as one 
structure. 

Piazza's Fluid. Sodium chlorid and ferric 
chlorid, each, 1 Gm.; water, 4 Cc. It is used 
as a means of coagulating blood. 

Pica (pi'-kah) [L., "magpie"]. A craving for 
unnatural and strange articles of food; a 
symptom present in certain forms of insanity, 
hysteria, and chlorosis, and during pregnancy. 

Picea (pis'-e-ah) [L., "the pitch-pine"]. A 
genus of coniferous trees. P. alba is the 
white spruce. P. excelsa, or P. vulgaris, the 
common fir or pitch-pine, yields resin and 
turpentine. P. nigra is the black spruce. 

Picein (pis'-e-in) [picea], H 18 7 H 2 0. A 
glucosid from the leaves of the Norway 
spruce, Picea excelsa. 

Piceous (pis'-e-us) [pix, pitch]. Resembling 
pitch. 

Pick's Bundle. An anomalous bundle of 
nerve-fibers in the oblongata connected with 
the pyramidal tract. P.'s Disease, pseudo- 
cirrhosis of the liver, met occasionally as a 
complication of adhesive pericarditis. 

Picolin (pik'-o-lin) [picea; oleum, oil], C 6 H 7 N. 
Methylpyridin, a liquid obtained by distilla- 
tion from coal-tar. 

Picraena (pik-re' -nah) [ncKpoc, bitter]. A genus of 
the SimarubecE, indigenous to the West Indies. 
P. excelsa furnishes Jamaica quassia. P. 
vellozii, quina quassia, is a Brazilian species; 
the bark is used in dyspepsia and in inter- 
mittent fever. 

Picramic Acid (pik-ram'-ik) [ntupoc, bitter; 
amin], C 6 H 5 N 3 5 . Picric acid in which one 
N0 2 radicle has been replaced by NH 2 . 

Picramin (pik-ram' -in) . A synonym of Amarin. 

Picramnia (pik-ram' -ne-ah) [ncupbc, bitter; 
dhpvoc, shrub]. A genus of the Simarubce. P. 
pentandra, of the West Indies, furnishes a 
bitter tonic. The bark of the root and stem 
(Honduras bark) is used in colic, syphilis, and 
cholera. 



PICRASMA 



762 



PILL 



Picrasma (pik-raz'-mah) [ncKpog, bitter]. A 
genus of the Simarubece. The bark of P. 
javanica, of Java, and of P. quassoides, of 
India, is used as an antipyretic, and the wood 
as a substitute for quassia; the wood contains 
quassin. 

Picrate (pik'-rat) [picric acid]. A salt of picric 
acid. 

Picratol (pik'-rat-ol). See Silver Trinitro- 
phenolate. 

Picric Acid (pik'-rik) [ncxpdf, bitter]. See Acid, 
Picric. P. -acid Test. See Braun's Reac- 
tion for Glucose. 

Picroanilin (pik-ro-an'-il-in). A histologic 
stain consisting of a mixture of saturated 
solutions of picric acid and anilin-blue. 

Picrocarmin (pik-ro-kar'-min) [ncKpog, bitter; 
carmin]. A preparation for staining speci- 
mens for the microscope. Its composition is 
as follows: carmin, i; ammonia, 5; distilled 
water, 50 parts. After solution 50 parts of a 
saturated watery solution of picric acid are 
added, and the mixture allowed to stand in a 
wide-mouthed bottle until the ammonia has 
evaporated. It is then filtered. 

Picroformal (pik-ro-form'-al). A fixing agent 
consisting of a mixture of a saturated solution 
of picric acid and a 6% aqueous solution of 
formal. 

Picrol (pik'-roT), C 6 HI 2 (OH) 2 S0 3 K. A white, 
odorless powder containing 52% of iodin; 
soluble in alcohol and ether; used as a wound 
antiseptic. Syn., Potassium diiodoresorcin- 
monosulfate. 

Picronigrosin {pik-ro-ni'-gro-sin). A stain 
consisting of picric acid and nigrosin in 
alcohol. 

Picrotoxin (pik-ro-toks'-in) [izcKpoc, bitter; ro£c- 
kov, a poison]. A bitter neutral principle pre- 
. pared from Anamirta paniculata (Cocculus 
indicus). Picrotoxin stimulates the motor and 
inhibitory centers in the medulla, especially the 
respiratory and vagus centers ; it causes epilep- 
tiform spasms by irritation of the motor centers 
of the cerebrum or cord. Its action is much like 
that of strychnin. It has been used in an 
ointment (10 gr. to 1 oz.) in pityriasis capitis 
and in pediculosis. It is useful in the night- 
sweats of phthisis and in the complex of 
symptoms known as vasomotor ataxia. 



Dose 



jr. (0.001-0.003 Grm."). 



Piebald Skin. See Leukoderma and Vitiligo. 

Piedra (pe-a'-drah) [S.A.]. A disease of the 
hair marked by the formation of hard, pin- 
head-sized nodules on the shaft of the hair; 
it is thought to be due to a micrococcus. 

Piesimeter, Piesmeter {pi-es-im'-et-er, pi-es'- 
me-ter). See Piezometer. 

Piezometer (pi-e-zom' -et-er) [iidrecv, to press; 
fikrpov, a measure]. An apparatus for meas- 
uring the degree of compression of gases. 
2. An apparatus for testing the sensitiveness 
of the skin to pressure. 

Pigment (pig'-ment) [pingere, to paint]. A 
dye-stuff; a coloring-matter. Pigments may 
be in solution or in the form of granules or 
crystals. P., Blood-. See P., Hematogen- 



ous. P., Cholera-blue, a color-base ob- 
tained by dissolving cholera-red in concen- 
trated sulfuric acid and then neutralizing 
with caustic soda. P., Cholera-red, a color- 
base found in cultures of cholera bacilli which, 
upon addition of mineral acids, gives a beau- 
tiful violet color. On rendering the solution 
alkaline and shaking it with benzol the 
cholera-red is obtained in brownish-red 
lamellas. Distillation of cholera-red with 
zinc dust gives indol. P. -granule, one of 
the minute structureless masses of which pig- 
ment consists. P., Hematogenous, any pig- 
ment derived from the blood. Hematogenous 
pigments are hemoglobin, hematoidin, hemo- 
siderin, and the bile-pigments, which are 
indirectly derived from the blood-pigment. 
P., Metabolic, a pigment formed by the 
metabolic action of cells. Melanin is the 
type of metabolic pigments. 

Pigmentary {pig' -men-ta-re) [pigment]. Per- 
taining to or containing pigment; character- 
ized by the formation of pigment. 

Pigmentation (pig-men-ta' -shun) [pigment]. 
Deposition of or discoloration by pigment. 

Pigmentodermia (pig-ment-o-der' -me-ah) . See 
Chrom oderm a to sis . 

Pigmentophage (pig-ment'-o-fdf) [pigment; 
(frajecv, to eat]. A phagocyte which destroys 
the pigment of hairs. 

Pilary (pi'-lar-e) [pilus, a hair]. Pertaining 
to the hair. 

Pilastered (pi-las' -terd) [pila, a pillar]. 
Flanged so as to have a fluted appearance; 
arranged in pilasters or columns. P. Femur, 
a condition of the femur in which the back- 
ward concavity of the shaft is exaggerated 
and the linea aspera prominent. 

Pilation (pi-la' -shun) . See Fracture, Capillary. 

Pile (piP) [pilus, a hair]. 1. The hair or hairs 
collectively of any part of the integument. 
2. A hemorrhoid. 3. A battery. P., Pros- 
tatic, a condition of enlarged prostate in 
which hemorrhage results. P., Thermo- 
electric, a battery in which an electric current 
is generated on heating the bars of two kinds 
of metal soldered together, of which the pile 
consists. An index registering the exact 
degree of heat is moved by the current. 

Pileous (pi'-le-us) [pilus, a hair]. Pertaining 
to hair; hairy. 

Piles (pilz). See Hemorrhoid. 

Piliganin (pi-lig'-an-in), C 15 H 24 N 2 0( ? ). An 
alkaloid obtained from Lycopodium sau- 
rurus; it is emetic, cathartic, drastic, anthel- 
mintic, antispasmic. Dose ^-| gr. (0.01- 
0.02 Gm.). The hydrochlorate is used in the 

• same way. 

Pill [pilula, dim. of pila, a ball]. A small, 
round mass containing one or more medicinal 
substances and used for internal administra- 
tion. P., Blaud's. See Ferrous Carbonate, 
Pills of. P., Blue. See Mercury Mass. P.s, 
Compound Cathartic. See Compound 
Cathartic Pills. P., Griffith's. Synonym of 
P., Blaud's. P., Lady Webster's, pill of 
aloes and mastic. P. 



PILLAR 



763 



PINOCYTOSIS 



used to hold together the medicinal ingredients 
of a pill. 
Pillar (pil'-ar) [pila, a pillar]. A columnar 
structure acting as a support. P. of the 
Abdominal Ring, one of the columns on 
each side of the abdominal ring. P. of 
the Fauces, one of the folds of mucous mem- 
brane on each side of the fauces. P. of 
the Fornix, Anterior, a band of white 
matter on each side passihg from the anterior 
extremity of the fornix to the base of the brain. 
P. of the Fornix, Posterior, one of two bands 
passing from the posterior extremities of the 
fornix into the descending horn of the lateral 
ventricle. 

Pilo- (pi-lo-) [pilns, a hair]. A prefix meaning 
relating to the hair or hairy. 

Pilocarpidin (pi-lo-kar' -pid-in). An alkaloid 
from jaborandi similar in physiologic effect 
to pilocarpin but weaker. 
Pilocarpin (pi-lo-kar' -pin) [see Pilocarpus]. 
An alkaloid isolated from pilocarpus. Used 
locally as a miotic. See Pilocarpus. P. 
Hydrochlorid (pilocarpines hydrochloridum, 
U. S. P.). Dose i gr. (0.008 Gm.). P. 
Nitrate (pilocarpines nitras, U. S. P.). Dose 
I gr. (0.008 Gm.). 

Pilocarpus (pi-lo-kar' -pus) [pilo-; Kapitoc, fruit]. 
The leaflets of Pilocarpus jaborandi, a South 
American shrub of the natural order Rutacece; 
it yields pilocarpin, C n H 18 N 2 2 , which re- 
sembles atropin in action. Jaborandi and its 
alkaloid pilocarpin taken internally produce 

- salivation, perspiration, and contraction of the 
pupil. They are employed as diaphoretics in 
dropsy, Bright's disease, uremia, rheumatism, 
and in the early stage of cold. Dose 20- 
40 gr. (1.3-4.0 Gm.). P., Fluidextract of 
(fluidextr -actum pilocarpi, U. S. P.). Dose 
10-30 min. (0.6-2.0 Cc). 

Pilocystic (pi-lo-sis'-tik) [pilo-; Kuaxcg, a sac]. 
Applied to encysted tumors containing hair 
and fat. 

Pilomotor (pi-lo-mo' -tor) [pilo-; movere, to 
move]. Causing movement of the hair. P. 
Nerves, nerves causing contraction of the 
arrectores pili. P. Reflex, the appearance 
of "goose-skin" when the skin is irritated. 

Pilonidal (pi-lo-ni' -dal) [pilo-; nidus, a nest]. 
Containing an accumulation of hairs in 
a cyst. P. Fistula, a fistula in the neigh- 
borhood of the rectum depending upon the 
presence of a tuft of hair in the tissues. 

Pilose, Pilous (pi'-los, pi'-lus) [pilosus, hairy]. 
Hairy. 

Pilosis (pi-lo'-sis) [pilus, a hair]. The ab- 
normal or excessive development of hair. 

Piltz's Reflex. Alteration of the size of the 
pupil when the attention is suddenly fixed. 

Pilula (pil'-u-lah) [L.]. A pill. 

Pilular (pil'-u-lar) [pilula, dim. of pila, a ball]. 
Of the nature of or pertaining to pills. 

Pilule (pil'-ul) [pilula, a small pill]. A small 
pill. 

Pimelorrhea (pim-el-or-e' -ah) [ru/ieXr), fat; 
pn'ca, a flow] An excessive fatty discharge. 
Fecal discharge of undigested fat. 



Pimenta (pi-men' -tah) [Sp., pimiento]. All- 
spice, the nearly ripe fruit of P. officinalis, a 
tree of the natural order Myrtaceee. It has 
a fragrant aromatic odor, due to the presence 
of a volatile oil. Pimenta is used as an aro- 
matic carminative in flatulence and locally 
in chilblains. Dose 10-40 gr. (0.65-2.6 Gm.). 
P., Oil of (oleum pimenta, U. S. P.). Dose 
2-5 min. (0.13-0.32 Cc). 

Pimpinella (pirn- pin-el' -ah). A genus of 
umbelliferous plants. P. anisum yields anise. 
P. saxijraga is said to be diaphoretic, diuretic, 
and stomachic, and has been employed in 
asthma, dropsy, amenorrhea, etc. Dose \ dr. 
(2 Cc). 

Pimple (pim'-pl) [AS., pipe!]. A small 
pustule or papule. 

Pinapin (pin'-ap-in). A fermented pineapple- 
juice, recommended in catarrh of the stomach, 
also as a spray in nasal catarrh. 

Pinard's Sign. After the sixth month of 
pregnancy a sharp pain upon pressure over 
the fundus uteri is frequently a sign of breech 
presentation. 

Pincet, Pincette (pin-set') [Fr.]. A small 
forceps. 

Pinckneya (pingk'-ne-ah). A genus of the 
Rubiacece. P. pubens is a small tree of the 
southern United States. The bark is astringent 
and tonic and is used in intermittent fevers. 

Pine (pin) [pinus]. A genus of trees of the 
order Conifers, yielding turpentine, pitch, 
tar, and other substances. 

Pineal (pin'-e-al) [pinus, a pine-cone], Be- 
longing to or shaped like a pine-cone. P. 
Body, P. Gland, a small, reddish-gray, 
vascular body situated behind the third ven- 
tricle, which is embraced by its two peduncles; 
it is also called the conarium, from its conic 
shape. P. Eye, a rudimentary third, median, 
or unpaired eye of certain lizards, with which 
the pineal body of the mammalia is homol- 
ogous. 

Pinene (pi'-nen) [pinus, pine], C 10 H 16 . A 
hydrocarbon, the chief constituent of many 
essential oils. 

Pineoline (pin'-e-o-len). A proprietary ex- 
tract of the needles of Pinus pumilio, com- 
bined with vaselin and lanolin; it is used as 
an application in skin diseases. 

Pinguecula (pin-gwek'-u-lah). SeePing-uicula. 

Pinguicula (pin-gwik'-u-lah) [dim. of pinguis, 
fat]. A small, yellowish-white patch situated 
on the conjunctiva, between the cornea and 
the canthus of the eye; it is composed of 
connective tissue. 

Piniform (pi'-nif-orm) [pine; forma, form]. 
Shaped like a pine-cone. 

Pink-eye. A contagious, mucopurulent con- 
junctivitis occurring especially in horses. 

Pinkroot. See Spigelia. 

Pinna (pin' -ah) [L., "feather"; "wing"]. The 
projecting part of the external ear; the auricle. 

Pinocytosis (pin-o-si-to' -sis) [ricvecv, to drink; 
k'jtoc, a cell]. A name for the property ex- 
hibited by phagocytes of imbibing and ab- 
sorbing liquid substances. 



PINOL 



764 



PITCH 






Pinol (pi' -nol). The commercial name for the 
oil distilled from the needles of Pinus pumilio. 
It is recommended in tuberculosis, rheuma- 
tism, etc., and may be used externally and 
internally. 

Pint (pint) [Sp., pinta, a spot, from L., pingere, 
to paint]. The eighth part of a gallon. 
Symbol O (octarins). 

Pinta Disease (pen'-ta)[Sp., "spot"]. Spotted 
sickness; a tropical contagious disease charac- 
terized by scaly spots, variable in color, shape, 
and size. The disease usually begins on the 

. face and extremities, and is probably due to a 
parasite. 

Pinus (pi'-nus). The pine (q. v.). P. pumilio, of 
the Alps, yields a turpentine and an oil used 
in medicine. The bark of P. slrobus, white 
pine of the northern United States, is astrin- 
gent and antiseptic, and is used in diarrhea and 
dysentery. Dose of the fluidextract 30-60 min. 
(1.8-3.7 Cc). An oil distilled from the leaves 
of P. sylvestris, Scotch pine or fir, is 
used in medicine; the young pine-cones are 
used as a diuretic. An extract from the 
leaves is used as a diuretic and antiseptic. 
Dose 3-6 gr. (0.2-0.4 Gm.). 

Pinworm. See Oxyuris. 

Pioepithelium (pi-o-ep-ith-e'-le-um) [n'cojv, fat; 
epithelium]. Epithelium containing fat. 

Pionemia (pi-on-e' -me-ah) . See Lipemia. 

Piotrowski's Reaction for Proteids. The 
biuret reaction; a violet color is produced 
on heating a proteid with an excess of a con- 
centrated solution of sodium hydroxid and one 
or two drops of a dilute solution of copper 
sulfate. This color is deepened by boiling. 

Pip. A contagious disease of fowls charac- 
terized by a secretion of thick mucus in the 
throat and mouth. 

Piper (pi' -per) [L.]. Pepper (q. v.). 

Piperazidin (pi-per-az' -id-in). See Piper azin. 

Piperazin (pi-per-a'-zin), C 4 H 10 N 2 . Diethyl- 
endiamin, a crystalline substance produced 
by the action of ammonia on ethylene bromid 
or chlorid. It is readily soluble in water. In 
watery solutions it acts as an excellent solvent 
of uric acid. It is used internally in cases 
of gout, lithemia, diabetes, and as a solvent 
for uric-acid calculi. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.) 
a day; for hypodermatic use it is best em- 
ployed in a 2% solution. P. Quinate, a 
form used in gout. Dose 75-120 gr. (5-8 
Gm.) daily in broken doses. P. Water, a 
combination of equal parts of piperazin and 
phenocoll in water. 

Piperic {pi-per f -ik) [piper]. Pertaining to or 
containing pepper. P. Acid, C 12 H 10 O 4 , 
a monobasic acid obtained by decomposing 
piperin. 

Piperidin (pi-per' -id-in) [piper], C 5 H n N. 
A liquid base produced in the decom- 
position of piperin. P. Bitartrate, is 
recommended in uratic diathesis. Dose 
10-16 gr. (0.65-1.03 Gm.) 3 times daily. 
P. Guaiacolate, C 5 H 11 N.(C 7 H 8 2 ) 2 , is used 
in tuberculosis. Dose 10 gr. (0.65 Gm.) 
twice daily. 



Piperin (pi' -per -in). A neutral principle (pi- 
perina, U. S. P.) obtained from pepper. 
Dose 1-6 gr. (0.065-0.4 Gm.). 

Piperovatin (pi-per-o'-va-lin), C 16 H 21 N0 2 . A 
crystalline alkaloid isolated from Piper 
ovatum. It is a heart-poison and depressant 
of the motor and sensory nerves, and acts as 
does strychnin. 

Pipet, Pipette (pip-ef) [Fr., dim. of pipe]. 
A glass tube open at both ends, but usually 
drawn out to a smaller size at one end. It 
is used to transfer small portions of a 
liquid from one vessel to another. 

Pipsissewa (pip-sis' -e-wah) . See Chimaphila. 

Piria's Test for Tyrosin. Moisten the sub- 
stance on a watch-glass with concentrated 
sulfuric acid, and warm two to ten minutes 
on a water-bath. Dilute with water, warm, 
neutralize with barium carbonate, filter while 
warm, and add a dilute solution of ferric 
chlorid. In the presence of tyrosin a violet 
color results. An excess of ferric chlorid 
destroys the color. 

Pirogoff's Formula. Sublimed sulfur, \ oz.; 
potassium carbonate, 1 oz.; distilled water, \ 
oz.; tincture of iodin, 1 oz.; lard, 3 oz. 
Used for the treatment of favus. P.'s Opera- 
tion. See Operation, Pirogoff's. 

Piroplasma (pi-ro-plaz'-mah) [nop, fire; TtXaoaecv, 
to form]. A genus of hematozoa. P. 
hominis, the supposed cause of a disease 
known as spotted fever. See Fever, Spotted (2) . 

Piscidia erythrina (pis-id' -e-ah er-e-thri'-nah) 
[piscis, fish; ccedere, to kill]. Jamaica dog- 
wood, a tree of the order Leguminosce, the 
bark of which has been used for stupefying 
fish. It contains a neutral principle, piscidin. 
Piscidin has been used as an anodyne in 
neuralgia, whooping-cough, and insomnia. 
Dose of the fluidextract 1 dr. (4 Cc). 

Piscidin (pis' -id-in). See under Piscidia erythrina. 

Pisiform (pis' -i] -or m) [pisum, a pea; forma, 
form]. Pea-shaped. P. Bone, a small bone 
on the inner and anterior aspect of the carpus. 

Pistia (pis' -te-ah) [tzcotoc, drinking]. A genus of 
the Aracece. The leaves of P. stratiotes, 
tropical duckweed, are used internally in 
diabetes and dysentery, externally on hemor- 
rhoids and abscesses. 

Pit [AS., pyt, from puteus, a well or pit]. 1. A 
depression, as the pit of the stomach; the 
armpit. 2. To indent by pressing; to be- 
come indented on pressure. 

Pitch [ME., picchen, to throw]. 1. The height 
of a sound; that quality which depends upon 
the relative rapidity of the vibrations that 
produce the sound. 2. [AS., pic, from pix, 
pitch.] A hard' but viscous, shining sub- 
stance, breaking with a conchoid fracture, 
obtained from various species of pine and from 
tar. P. -blende, an oxid of uranium, the 
source of the radium salts known to com- 
merce. It occurs in pitchy black masses, 
rarely in octahedrons. Syn., Pechurane; 
Uraninite. P., Burgundy, the prepared 
resinous exudation of Abies excelsa, used 
in the form of various plasters as a coun- 



PITH 



765 



PLAGIOCEPHALIC 



terirritant in chronic rheumatism. P., Can- 
ada, a resin obtained from Abies canadensis, 
and formerly used for making plasters. P., 
Liquid (pix liquida, U. S. P., B. P.), tar. 
See Tar. 

Pith [AS., pitha]. i. The soft cellular tissue 
found in the center of the stalks of 
plants. 2. To cut off all connection of the 
brain-centers of an animal with the periphery 
by piercing the brain and spinal cord. 

Pithecoid (pith'-e-koid) [tzWtjkoc, an ape; eldoc, 
likeness]. Resembling an ape. P. Theory, 
the theory of man's descent from the ape. 

Pitres' Sections. A series of nearly vertical 
sections through the brain for postmortem ex- 
aminations. P.'s Sign. i. "Signe du cor- 
deau"; the angle formed by the axis of the 
sternum and the line represented by a cord 
dropped from the suprasternal notch to the 
symphysis pubis indicates the degree of de- 
viation of the sternum in cases of pleuritic 
effusion. 2. Hypesthesia of the scrotum and 
testis in tabes dorsalis. 

Pituita {pit-u'-it-ah) [L.]. Phlegm; mucus. 

Pituitary {pit-u' -it-a-re) [pituita']. Secret- 
ing or containing mucus. P. Body, 
a small, reddish-gray, vascular body, weigh- 
ing about ten grains, contained within the 
sella turcica of the skull. It consists of two 
portions — the large anterior or oral, and the 
small posterior or cerebral division. The ante- 
rior lobe is derived as a diverticulum from 
the primitive oral cavity; the posterior lobe 
descends as an outgrowth from the brain, 
communicating in fetal life with the third 
ventricle. The stalk of this outgrowth re- 
mains as the infundibulum. The pituitary 
body has attracted much attention on account 
of pathologic changes in its structure in cer- 
tain obscure diseases, such as akromegaly, 
myxedema, and others. In some cases of 
akromegaly it has been much enlarged. 
Syn., Hypophysis cerebri. P. Membrane, 
the schneiderian membrane. 

Pituitous {pit-u' -it-us) [pituita]. Containing 
or resembling mucus. 

Pityriasis {pit-ir-i' -as-is) [nhopov, bran]. 1. 
A term applied to various skin affections 
characterized by fine, branny desquamation. 
2. Seborrhea. P. capitis, P. capillitii, 
alopecia furfuracea. P. circinata et mar- 
ginata, a disease characterized by an erup- 
tion of rose-colored spots on the trunk, the 
limbs, and in the axillas, associated with slight 
fever and itching. P. furfuracea, sebor- 
rhcea sicca. P. pilaris. See Keratosis pila- 
ris. P. rosea. See P. circinata et marginata. 
P. rubra, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, 
beginning in one or more localized patches, 
which coalesce and gradually invade the whole 
body. The skin is deep red in color, and 
covered by whitish vesicles that constantly 
reform. The disease lasts months or years, and 
generally ends fatally. Syn., Dermatitis exfoli- 
ativa. P. versicolor. See Tinea versicolor. 

Pityroid {pit' -ir-oid) [ncxupov, bran; eedof, like]. 
Branny. 



Pix {piks). See Pitch (2). P. liquida. See 

Pitch, Liquid. 

Pixine {piks' -en). A surgical dressing said to 
consist of Burgundy pitch with a wool-fat 
base. 

Pixol {piks'-ol). A solution of wood-tar in soap. 

Place, Kiesselbach's. See Kiesselbach' s Place. 

Placebo {pla-se'-bo) [L., "I will please," from 
placere, to please]. A medicine given for 
the purpose of pleasing or humoring the pa- 
tient, rather than for its therapeutic effect. 

Placenta {pla-sen'-tah) [-Xanoug, a cake]. The 
organ on the wall of the uterus to which the 
embryo is attached by means of the umbili- 
cal cord and from which it receives its nourish- 
ment. It is developed, about the third 
month of gestation, from the chorion of the 
embryo and the decidua serotina of the 
uterus. The villi of the chorion enlarge and 
are received into depressions of the decidua, 
and around them blood-sinuses form, into 
which, by diffusion, the waste-materials 
brought from the fetus by the umbilical ar- 
teries pass, and from which the blood receives 
oxygen and food-material being returned to 
the fetus by the umbilical vein. At term 
the placenta weighs one pound, is one inch 
thick at its center, and seven inches in diam- 
eter. P., Adherent, one that is abnormally 
adherent to the uterine wall after childbirth. 
P., Battledore, one in which the insertion 
of the cord is at the margin of the placenta. 
P., Circumvallate, a thickening or fungiform 
enlargement of the placenta at the point at 
which the decidua vera and the decidua reflexa 
would have united in cases in which such 
union has been thwarted by hypersecretion 
of the former or by endometritic processes. 
P. praevia, a placenta that is fixed to that part 
of the uterine wall that becomes stretched 
as labor advances, so that it precedes the 
advance of the presenting part of the fetus. 
Being detached before the birth of the child, 
it generally causes grave hemorrhage. P., 
Retained, one not expelled by the uterus 
after labor. P. succenturiata, an accessory 
placenta. 

Placental {pla-sen'-tal) [placenta]. Pertaining 
to the placenta. P. Murmur, P. Souffle, a 
sound attributed to the circulation of blood in 
the placenta. 

Placentation {pla-sen-ta' -shun) [placenta]. 
The formation and mode of attachment of 
the placenta. 

Placentitis {pla-sen-ti'-tis) [placenta; cue, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the placenta. 

Placentoma {pla-sen-to' -mah) . A neoplasm 
springing from a retained portion of a 
placenta. 

Placido's Disc. A keratoscope composed of a 
disc with concentric circles. 

Pladaroma {plad-ar-o' -mah) [~Xadapa>ua, wet- 
ness; softness]. A soft wart or tumor of the 
eyelid. 

Plagiocephalic {pla-je-o-sef-al'-ik) [plagio- 
cephaly]. Having a skull exhibiting plagio- 
cephaly. 



PLAGIOCEPHALY 



766 



PLASMODIUM 



Plagiocephaly {pla-je-o-sef -al-e) [rdaycoc, 
oblique; Ks<f>a).r), head]. A malformation of 
the head produced by the closing of half of 
the coronal suture, giving an oblique growth 
to the cranial roof. 

Plague (pldg) [xtyj-rj, a stroke]. A contagious 
disease endemic in eastern Asia, and in 
former times occurring epidemically in Europe 
and Asia Minor. After a period of incubation 
of from three to eight days the disease begins 
with fever, pain, and swelling of the lymphatic 
glands, chiefly the femoral, inguinal, axillary, 
and cervical. Headache, delirium, vomiting, 
and diarrhea may be present. When recov- 
ery is probable, the temperature falls in 
about a week. The cause of the disease 
is believed to be a bacillus found by Kitasato 
in the blood, buboes, and internal organs of 
the victims of the plague. 

Planarthragra {plan-ar-thra! -grah) [nXavav, to 
cause to winder; apdpov, a joint; ay pa, a 
seizure]. Gout which wanders from one joint 
to another. 

Plane {plan) [planus, flat]. Any flat, smooth 
surface, especially any assumed or conven- 
tional surface, whether tangent to the body 
or dividing it. 

Planiceps {pla'-ni-seps) [planus, flat; caput, a 
head]. Flat-headed. 

Planipes {pla'-ne-pez) [planus, flat; pes, afoot]. 
Having flat feet. 

Piano- {pla-no-) [planus, flat], i. A prefix signi- 
fying flat or level; also a lens having no re- 
fracting power. 2. [nkavoc, wandering.] A 
prefix signifying wandering. 

Planocellular {pla-no-seV -u-lar) [piano-; cel- 
lula, cell]. Flat-celled. 

Planocompressed {pla-no-kom-prest') . So com- 
pressed that the opposite sides are flat. 

Planoconcave {pla-no-kon-kav') . Concave on 
one surface and flat on the opposite side. 

Planoconic {pla-no-kon'-ik). Having one side 
flat and the other conic. 

Planoconvex {pla-no-kon-veks') . Plane on one 
side and convex on the other. 

Planocyte {plan' -o-sit) [piano-; kutoc, sl cell]. 
A wandering cell. 

Planorheumatism {plan-o-ru' -mat-izm) [piano-; 
rheumatism]. Wandering or metastatic rheu- 
matism. 

Planta (plan'-tah) [L.]. The sole of the 
foot. 

Plantar {plan'-tar) [planta]. Pertaining to the 
sole of the foot. P. Arch. See Arch, Plantar. P. 
Fascia, the dense triangular shaped aponeu- 
rosis occupying the middle and sides of the 
sole of the foot beneath the integument. 
P. Reflex. See under Reflex. 

Plantaris {plan-ta'-ris). See under Muscle. 

Plantigrade {plan'-te-grdd) [planta; gradi, to 
walk]. Bringing the entire length of the sole 
of the foot to the ground in walking, as is seen 
in the bear. 

Plantose {plan'-toz). A pale-yellow dietetic 
powder prepared from the oil-cake of rape- 
seed, containing 12% of nitrogen. 

Planuria {plan-u' -re-ah) [nlkvoc, straying; 



oupov, urine]. The discharge of urine through 
abnormal passages. 

Plaque (plak) [Ft.]. A patch. P.s, Blood-. 
See Blood-platelets. P s, Opaline, scattered 
white spots, like those caused by silver nitrate, 
seen on the fauces, hard palate, cheeks, and 
lips; an early affection in syphilis. 

Plasma {plaz'-mah) [TzXaajxa, a thing molded]. 
1. The fluid part of the blood and the lymph. 
See Blood-plasma. 2. Glycerite of starch. 
P. -cells, large, granular cells found in the 
connective tissue. P., Lymph-, the fluid 
part of the lymph. P., Muscle-. See Muscle- 
plasma. 

Plasmacules {plaz' -ma-kills). See Hemokonia. 

Plasmatic {plaz-mat' -ik) [plasma]. Pertaining 
to plasma. P. Layer, the layer of plasma 
next to the wall of a capillary. 

Plasmatosis {plaz-mat-o' -sis) [plasma]. The 
liquefaction of cell-substance as seen in the 
cells of the secreting milk-gland and in the 
cells of secreting glands of the cervix 
uteri. 

I>la.smexhidrosis{plaz-meks-hi-dro'-sis)[plasma; 
iq, out of; hidrosis]. The exudation of plasma 
from the blood-vessels. 

Plasmin {plaz'-min) [plasma]. A name given 
to the precipitate obtained from blood by 
treating it with a saturated solution of sodium 
sulfate, allowing the corpuscles to subside, 
then precipitating the plasma with sodium 
chlorid, and washing the precipitate with a 
saturated solution of sodium chlorid. 

Plasmo- (plaz-mo-) [plasma]. A prefix mean- 
ing relating to the plasma. 

Plasmocyte {plaz' -mo-sit) [plasmo-; kutoc, a 
cell]. Any cell, other than blood-corpuscles, 
free in the blood-plasma. 

Plasmodium {plaz-mo' -de-um) [plasmo-; eldoc, 
form]. The mass of protoplasm formed by 
the fusion of two or more amebiform bodies. 
P. malariae, a protozoan parasite found in 
the blood of persons suffering from malaria. 
Many different forms have been observed, 
which by some are held to be stages in the life- 
history of the same organism, by others to be 
different species. The development and 
multiplication of the organism take place 
within the red corpuscles. In intermittent 
fever the small intracorpuscular body enlarges 
and gradually fills the entire cell, becoming 
pigmented at the same time. The pigment- 
granules are formed from the hemoglobin of 
the blood-corpuscle. When the plasmodiums 
have acquired a certain size, the pigment- 
granules begin to aggregate at the center of 
the body. At this time, in the quartan form, 
the organism becomes radially striate or 
roset -shaped. The further step consists in the 
breaking up of the organisms into a number 
of small spheric bodies — the young plasmodi- 
ums. The blood-corpuscle is destroyed, and 
the small free elements enter other red cells. 
Peculiar crescentic bodies, intraglobular and 
extraglobular, have also been described. 
They may occur in acute forms, but are most 
constant in malarial cachexia. The signifi- 



PLASMOGEN 



767 



PLATE 



cance of certain flagellate bodies has not been 
fully determined. 

Plasmogen (plaz r -mo-jen) [plasmo-; yevvav, to 
produce]. Formative protoplasm; germ- 
plasm; bioplasm. 

Plasmolysis (plaz-moV -is-is) [plasmo-; Xuecv, 
to loose], i. The separation of cell-proto- 
plasm from the inclosing cell-wall. 2. The 
contraction of living protoplasm under the 
influence of reagents. 3. The escape of the 
soluble substances of the blood-corpuscle. 

Plasmoma (plaz-mo' '-mah) [plasmo-; ofxa, 
tumor]. A tumor which shows a tendency 
toward the formation of fibers. 

Plasmon (plaz r -mon) [plasma]. The unaltered 
proteid of milk. P.-butter, a mixture of 
plasmon (6.58%) with butter (51.5 %), 
water (41.2 %), and salt (0.72 %). It resembles 
clotted cream in appearance and taste and 
serves as a substitute for cod-liver oil. 

Plasmophagous (plaz-mo f -ag-us) [plasmo-; 
<f>ajelv, to eat]. Living upon protoplasm; 
applied to organisms causing decomposition of 
organic matter. 

Plasmorrhexis (plaz-mor-eks f -is) [plasmo-; 
pfjqir, a bursting]. The rupture of a cell and 
the escape or loss of the plasma. 

Plasmoschisis (plaz-mo s' -kis-is) [plasmo-; o%i- 
occ, cleavage]. The splitting of a cell, as the 
formation of disc-shaped bodies by red blood-* 
corpuscles. 

Plasmosome (plaz'-mo-som) [plasmo-; oajfia, 
body]. One of the granular structural ele- 
ments of cells. 

Plasmotr o-pic~(plaz-mo-lrop' -ik) [plasmo-; rpo~7j, 
a change]. Producing protoplasmic degenera- 
tion; applied to hemolytic action which leaves 
the red corpuscles intact in the circulation, 
but through the influence of poisons on the 
liver, spleen, and bone-marrow causes ex- 
cessive destruction of them in these organs. 

Plasom (plaz'-om). A proprietary preparation 
from milk. 

Plasson (plas'-son) [rtXaaaecv, to form or mold]. 
Primitive or undifferentiated protoplasm; the 
protoplasm of the cell in the nonnucleated 
or cytode stage. 

Plaster (plas'-ter) [ME., piastre]. 1. An ad- 
hesive, semisolid substance spread upon cloth 
or other flexible material for application to the 
surface of the body. 2. Calcined gypsum 
or calcium sulfate. P., Adhesive (emplas- 
trum adhesivum, U. S. P.), a plaster pre- 
pared by melting rubber and adding petro- 
latum and lead plaster. P., Belladonna. 
Sett Belladonna Plaster. P., Capsicum. See 
Capsicum Plaster. P., Court-, a plaster 
prepared by spreading a mixture of isinglass 
upon silk. P., Diachylon, P., Lead. See 
Plumbi, Emplastrum, under Plumbum. P., 
Mercurial. See Mercury Plaster. P.- 
mull, a plaster made by incorporating 
with mull or thin muslin a mixture of 
guttapercha and some medicament dis- 
solved in benzin. It is used in skin dis- 
eases. P., Mustard-, one made by spread- 
ing upon muslin powdered mustard, or a 



mixture of mustard and flour reduced to the 
consistence of paste by the addition of water. 
P., Opium. See Opium Plaster. P.-of- 
paris, a mixture of calcium sulfate (gypsum) 
and water, having the property of becom- 
ing hard during drying. It is used for sur- 
rounding parts, such as joints, fractured limbs, 
etc., with a stiff casing, to prevent mobility. 
P., Soap. See Soap Plaster. P., Spice-, 
a plaster composed of yellow wax, suet, 
turpentine, oil of nutmeg, olibanum, benzoin, 
oil of peppermint, and oil of cloves, and used 
to relieve abdominal pain in children. P., 
Warming, a plaster of pitch and cantharides. 

Plastic (plas'-tik) [itXaaaecv, to mold]. 1. For- 
mative; building up tissues; repairing 
defects, as plastic surgery, plastic operation. 
2. Capable of being molded. P. Lymph, 
the inflammatory exudate that covers wounds 
or inflamed serous surfaces, and becomes 
organized by the development in it of blood- 
vessels and connective tissues. 

Plasticity (plas-tis' -it-e) [plastic]. 1. Plastic 
force. 2. The quality of being plastic. 

Plastid (plas'-tid) [nXaaoecv, to mold]. An 
elementary organism; a cell or cytode. 

Plastidule (plas' -tid-ul) [dim. of plastid, an 
elementary organism]. A protoplasmic mole- 
cule ; one of the physical units of which living 
matter is composed. 

Plastin {plas' -till) [izXaooecv, to mold]. A phos- 
phorized proteid, constituting the chief pro- 
teid of protoplasm. 

Plastogamy (plas-tog'-am-e) [plasma; yajioc, 
marriage]. Permanent conjugation of cells 
which is limited to the cytoplasm. 

Plate (plat) [-XazOf, broad]. A flattened part, 
especially a flattened process of bone, as the 
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, the 
orbital plate of the frontal bone, the tympanic 
plate of the temporal bone. P., Approxi- 
mation-, one of the plates of decalcified bone 
or other material that are used in enterectomy 
to bring the resected ends of intestine to- 
gether. P.s, Blood-. See Blood-platelets. 
P., Bone-. See P., Approximation-. P. -cul- 
ture, a method of obtaining pure cultures of 
bacteria by pouring the inoculated culture- 
medium upon sterile glass plates and allowing 
it to solidify. P., Dorsal, one of the two 
longitudinal ridges on the dorsal surface of the 
embryo which subsequently join to form the 
neural canal. P., End-. See End-plate. P. 
Equatorial, the compressed mass of chromo- 
somes aggregated at the equator of the nuclear 
spindle during karyokinesis. P.s, Facial, 
the frontonasal and external group of nasal 
and maxillary plates of the embryo. P., 
Franklin, a glass plate partly covered on both 
sides with tin-foil, used as a condenser in 
frictional electricity. P., Frontal, in the 
fetus, a cartilaginous plate interposed be- 
tween the lateral parts of the ethmoid 
cartilage and the lesser wings and anterior 
portion of the sphenoid bone. P., Fron- 
tonasal, the middle of the facial plates, which 
subsequently forms the external nose. P., 



PLATICULTURE 



768 



PLETHORA 



Lateral Mesoblastic, the thick portion of the 
mesoblast situated one on each side of the 
notochord. Each plate splits into two por- 
tions, the outer divisions coalescing to form 
the body-wall, or somatopleure, the inner, to 
form the splanchnopleure, or visceral cover- 
ing. P.s, Maxillary, P.s, Maxillary, Inferior, 
the first pair of subcranial plates from which 
the mandible is developed. P., Nuclear. 
See Nuclear Plate. P.s, Pterygoid, two plates 
into which the pterygoid process of the 
sphenoid bone divides. P.s, Subcranial. 
See Arches, Postoral. 

Platiculture (pla-ti-kuV -chur) . The cultivation 
of bacteria on plates. 

Plating (pla'-ting). See Platiculture. 

Platinic {plat-in' -ik) [platinum]. Containing 
platinum as a quadrivalent element. 

Platinode {plat' -in-od) [platinum; bdoc, way]. 
The collecting plate of an electric battery, 
so called because formerly often made of 
platinum. 

Platinous (plat'-in-us) [platinum]. Containing 
platinum as a bivalent element. 

Platinum {plat' -in-um) [Sp., platina, dim. of 
plata, silver]. A silver-white metal occur- 
ring native or alloyed with other metals; 
atomic weight 195; sp. gr. 21.5; quantival- 
ence 11 and iv; symbol Pt. It is fusible 
only at very high temperatures, and is in- 
soluble in all acids except nitrohydrochloric. 
On account of these properties it is exten- 
sively used for chemic apparatus — crucibles, 
foils, wire, etc.; it is also employed as a re- 
agent. Platinum occurs, aside from its or- 
dinary metallic form, as a spongy mass 
(spongy platinum) and as a fine metallic 
powder (platinum-black), which is capable 
of condensing a great deal of oxygen, and 
hence acts as a powerful oxidizing agent. 
Platinum forms two sets of compounds — a 
platinous series, in which it acts as a diad, 
and a platinic series, in which it acts as a 
tetrad. P. Chlorid, PtCl 4 , is used as a re- 
agent to detect potassium and ammonium; 
also in syphilis, in doses of |-| gr. (0.008- 
0.03 Gm.). 

Platode, Platoid (plat'-od, plat-oid') [nXaxbg, 
broad; eldoc, form]. In biology, broad or 
flat, as a worm. 

Piatt's Chlorids. A disinfectant liquid said 
to be a solution of the chlorids of magne- 
sium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and alum. 

Platy- (plat-e-) [nXaxuc , broad]. A prefix signi- 
fying broad. 

Platycephalic, Platycephalous (plat-is-e}-aV '- 
ik, plat-is-ef -al-us) [platy-; ks^oXt], head]. 
Having a broad skull with a vertical index of 
less than 70. 

Platycnemia (plat-ik-ne'-me-ah) [platy-; kvt)/j.tj, 
leg]. The state of being platycnemic. 

Platycnemic (plat-ik-ne'-mik) [see Platycnemia]. 
Having a tibia which is exaggerated in 
breadth; broad-legged. 

Platycyte (plat'-is-lt) [platy-; kutoc, a cell]. 
A cell intermediate in size between a giant- 
cell and a leukocyte, found in tubercle nodules. 



Platyhieric (plat-e-hi-er'-ik) [platy-;- hpbc, 
sacrum]. Having, a broad sacrum; having 
a sacral index of more than 100. 

Pla.tymorphia (plat-e-mor'-fe-ah) [platy-; fiop^i), 
form]. A flatness in the formation of the 
eye and shortening of the anteroposterior 
diameter, resulting in hyperopia. 

Platymyoid (plat - e - mi' - oid) . Applied to 
muscle-cells in which the contractile layer 
presents an even surface. 

Platypellic (plat-e-pel'-ik) [platy-; nkXXa, basin]. 
Having a broad pelvis. 

Platypodia (plat-e-po' -de-ah) [platy-; node, foot]. 
Flat-footedness. 

Platyrrhine (plat'-ir-in) [platy-; pec, nose]. 
Having a broad and fiat nose; having a 
nasal index above 53. 

Platysma (plat-iz'-mah) [nXavjc, broad]. Any- 
thing of considerable superficial dimensions; 
also, a plaster. P. myoides. See under 
Muscle. 

Platystencephalia, Platystencephaly (plat-is- 
ten-sef-a' -le-ah, plat-is-ten-se}' -al-e) [nXazuoTa- 
TOf, widest; iynicfiaXoc, brain]. The condi- 
tion of a skull very wide at the occiput and 
with prominent jaws. 

Playfair's Treatment. See Mitchell's Treat- 
ment. 

Pledget (plej'-et) [origin obscure, perhaps dim. 
of plug]. A small flattened compress. 

Pleochroic (ple-o-kro' -ik). See Pleochromatic. 

Pleochroism (ple-ok' -ro-izm) [nXkwv, more; 
Xpba, color]. The property possessed by some 
bodies, especially crystals, of presenting dif- 
ferent colors when viewed in the direction 
of different axes. 

Pleochromatic (ple-o-kro-mat'-ik) [see Pleo- 
chroism]. Pertaining to or exhibiting pleo- 
chroism. 

Pleomorphic (ple-o-mor'-fik) [see Pleomorph- 
ism]. Having more than one form. 

Pleomorphism (ple-o-mor'-fizm) [nXecov, more; 
ptopcf)7), form]. The state of being pleomor- 
phic, i. e., of existing in widely different forms. 

Plesiomorphous (ple-ze-o-mor' -jus) [tzXtjococ, 
near; ]J-opcf)j], form]. Crystallizing in similar 
forms but differing in chemic composition. 

Plessesthesia (ples-es-the'-ze-ah) [izXfjooecv, to 
strike; a'codfjocc, perception by the senses]. 
Palpatory percussion performed by placing 
the left middle finger firmly against the body 
surface and percussing with the index-finger 
of the right hand, allowing it to remain in 
contact with the left finger for a few seconds. 

Plessigraph (pies' -e-gra}) [tzXtjooecv, to strike; 
Ypafatv, to write]. A form of pleximeter 
which permits close distinctions to be made 
in the quality of the sounds elicited, and by 
means of a crayon attached to the stem, or- 
gans or dull areas may be mapped on the 
surface of the skin. 

Plessimeter (ples-im' -et-er) . See Pleximeter. 

Plessor (pies' -or). See Plexor. 

Plethora (pleth'-or-ah) [nXfjOoc, fulness]. A 
state characterized by an excess of blood 
in the vessels, and marked by reddish color 
of the face, a full pulse, a feeling of fulness 



PLETHORIC 



769 



PLEXUS 



and tension in the head, drowsiness, and a 
. tendency to nosebleed. 

Plethoric {pleth' -or-ik) [plethora]. Pertaining 
to or characterized by plethora. 

Plethysmograph {pleth-iz' -mo-graf) [71X7jduap.de, 
increasing; ypa&tv, to write]. An instru- 
ment for ascertaining changes in the volume 
of an organ or part, dependent upon changes 
in the quantity of the blood. 

Pleura {plu'-rah) [TiXeupa, a side]. The serous 
membrane enveloping the lung {pulmonary 
pleura; visceral pleura), and which, being 
reflected back, lines the inner surface of the 
thorax {costal pleura; parietal pleura). P., 
Diaphragmatic, the reflection of the pleura 
upon the upper surface of the diaphragm. 

Pleural {plu'-ral) [pleura]. Pertaining to the 
pleura. 

Pleuralgia {plu-ral' -je-ah) [pleura; aXyoc;, pain]. 
Pain in the pleura or in the side; intercostal 
neuralgia. 

Pleurapophysis {plu-rap-of'-is-is) [pleura; apo- 
physis]. One of the lateral processes of a 
vertebra, having the morphologic valence of 
a rib. 

Pleurapostema {plu-rap-os-te' -mah) [pleura; 
a7z6oxf)[ia, abscess]. A collection of pus in the 
pleural cavity. 

Pleurectomy {plu-rek' '-to-me) [pleura; EKzoai), 
a cutting out]. Excision of a part of the 
pleura. 

Pleurisy {plu'-ris-e) [pleura]. Pleuritis; in- 
flammation of the pleura. It may be acute 
or chronic. Three chief varieties are usually 
described, depending upon the character of 
the exudate: (i) Fibrinous or plastic; (2) 
serofibrinous; (3) purulent. In -fibrinous 
pleurisy the pleura is covered with a layer 
of lymph of variable thickness, which, in 
the acute form, can be readily stripped off. 
Serofibrinous pleurisy is characterized by the 
presence of a considerable quantity of fluid 
containing flocculi of lymph, and the deposit 
of some fibrin on the pleural surface. Puru- 
lent pleurisy, or empyema, is characterized 
by the presence of a purulent exudate. Acute 
pleurisy is marked by sharp and stabbing 
pain (stitch) in the side, increased by breath- 
ing and coughing; by fever, and by a fric- 
tion-fremitus felt on palpation and a to- 
and-fro friction -sound heard on auscultation. 
In the serofibrinous variety a liquid effusion 
takes place, the signs of which are: bulging 
of the intercostal spaces and chest-wall, ab- 
sence of vocal fremitus, displacement of the 
heart, movable dulness with a curved upper 
line, and a tympanitic percussion-note (sko- 
daic resonance) beneath the clavicle and 
above the level of the effusion. Chronic 
pleurisy may be dry or serofibrinous. P., 
Encysted, pleurisy in which the effusion is 
circumscribed by adhesions. P., False, 
pleurodynia. P., Hemorrhagic, a variety 
in which the exudate contains blood. P., 
Humid, P., Moist, that accompanied by 
expectoration. P., Mediastinal, inflamma- 
tion of the pleural layers about the medi- 



astinum. P., Metapneumonic, pleurisy de- 
pendent upon a pneumonia. 

Pleuritic {plu-riV '-ik) [pleurisy]. Pertaining 
to, affected with, or of the nature of pleurisy. 

Pleuritis {plu-ri'-tis). See Pleurisy. 

Pleuro- {plu-ro-)^ [nXsupa, side]. A prefix de- 
noting connection with the pleura or with 
a side. 

Pleurocele {plu'-ro-sel) [pleuro-; KJjXrj, hernia]. 
1. Hernia of the lung. 2. A serous effusion 
into the pleural cavity. 

Pleurocentesis {plu-ro-sen-te' -sis) [pleuro-; 
KevTTjocf, a pricking]. Surgical puncture of 
the pleura. 

Pleurochole cystitis {plu-ro-ko-le-sist-i' -tis) 
[pleuro-; xoXt), bile ; cystitis]. Simultaneous 
inflammation of the pleura and the gall- 
bladder. 

Pleurodynia {plu-ro-din' -e-ah) [pleuro-; couvtj, 
pain]. A sharp pain in the intercostal 
muscles, of rheumatic origin. 

Pleurogenic, Pleurogenous {plu-ro-jen'-ik, 
plu-roj' -en-us) [pleuro-; yevvdv, to produce]. 
Originating in the pleura. 

Pleurolith {plu' -ro-lith) [pleuro-; X'cdoc, a stone]. 
A calculus occurring in the pleura. 

Pleuroperitoneal {plu-ro-per-i-ton-e' -at) [pleu- 
ro-; peritoneum]. Pertaining to the pleura 
and the peritoneum. P. Cavity, the body- 
cavity. 

Pleurophorous {plu-rof'-or-us) [pleuro-; (f)kpecv, 
to bear]. Furnished with a membrane. 

Pleuropneumonia {plu -ro -nu-mo' -ne-ah). 
Combined inflammation of the pleura and 
of the lung, especially a contagious variety 
occurring in cattle. 

Pleurorrhea {plu-ror-e'-ah) [pleuro-; po'ca, a 
flow]. An effusion of fluid into the pleura. 

Pleurosoma {plu-ro-so' -mah) [pleuro-; o<Lp.a, a 
body]. A variety of monsters of the species 
Celosoma, in which there is a lateral even- 
tration with atrophy or imperfect develop- 
ment of the upper extremity on the side of 
the eventration. 

Pleurosthotonos {plu-ros-thoi'-o-nos). See 

Pleurothotonos. 

Pleurothotonos {plu-ro-thot'-o-nos) [nXeupodev, 
from the side; tovoc, tension]. A form of 
tetanic spasm of the muscles in which the 
body is bent to one side. 

Pleurotomy {plu-rof -o-me) [pleuro-; ropi), a 
cutting]. Incision into the pleura. 

Pleurotyphoid {plu-ro-ti-}oid'). Typhoid fever 
with involvement of the pleura. 

Plexiform {pleks' -if -orm) [plexus; forma, form]. 
Resembling a network or plexus. 

Pleximeter {pleks-im' -et-er) [rAffccc, a stroke; 
pkxpov, a measure]. A disc placed on the 
body to receive the stroke in mediate percus- 
sion. 
Pleximetric {pleks- i - met' - rik) [pleximeter]. 
Pertaining to or performed with a pleximeter. 
Pleximetry {pleks-im' -et-re) . Percussion by 

means of a pleximeter. 
Plexor {pleks'-or) [tzXt)£cc, stroke]. A hammer 

used for performing percussion. 
Plexus {pleks'-us) [plectere, to knit]. A net- 



PLI 



770 



PLUMBUM 



work, especially an aggregation of vessels 
or nerves forming an intricate network. P., 
Abdominal Aortic, a sympathetic plexus lo- 
cated at the sides and front of the abdominal 
aorta. • P., Brachial, a plexus formed in the 
neck by the union of the anterior branches of 
the lower four cervical and the greater part of 

t the first dorsal nerves. Its branches are the 

* rhomboid, subclavian, suprascapular, external 
anterior thoracic, musculocutaneous, sub- 
scapular, median, musculospiral, posterior 
thoracic, internal anterior thoracic, internal 
cutaneous, lesser internal cutaneous, and 
ulnar nerves. -P., Cardiac, a plexus of nerves 
connected with the heart. P., Cardiac, Deep, 
the deep portion of the superficial cardiac 
plexus. P., Cardiac, Superficial, one in the 
upper part of the chest, between the arch of 
the aorta and base of the heart. It is derived 
from the sympathetic nerve and is reinforced 
by branches of the inferior, middle, and su- 
perior cardiac, hypoglossal, and pneumogastric 
nerves. P., Cavernous, a sympathetic plexus 
in the cavernous sinus; it furnishes branches 
to the internal carotid artery and connects 
with the motor oculi, patheticus, and trigem- 
inus nerves. P., Cervical, a plexus in the 
neck formed by the anterior branches of the 
upper four cervical nerves. Its branches are the 
superficial, to skin of the head and neck; and 
the deep, the phrenic, communicans noni, two 
muscular, and two communicating branches. 
P., Choroid. See Choroid Plexus. P., Hypo- 
gastric, a nerve plexus derived from the abdom- 
inal aortic plexus and the lumbar gan- 
glions of the sympathetic nerve, located in front 
of the last lumbar vertebra and between the 
common iliac arteries. P., Nasopalatine, one 
uniting the nasopalatine nerves in the incisor 
foramen. P., Pampiniform, the spermatic 
plexus, a plexus of veins collecting the blood 
from the testicle. P., Pterygoid, a plexus of 
veins situated between the temporal and ex- 
ternal pterygoid muscles. P., Renal, a plexus 
derived from the solar and abdominal aortic 
plexuses; it accompanies the renal artery and 
is distributed to the kidney. P., Semilunar, 
P., Solar. See Solar Plexus. P., Sympa- 
thetic, a plexus formed by the branches of the 
sympathetic nerve. P., Tympanic, the tym- 
panic portion of the tympanic nerve. 

Pli {pie) [Fr.]. i. A gyrus or convolution. 2. 
A fold. 3. Plica. 

Plica (pli'-kah) [L.]. 1. A fold. 2. See P. 
polonica. Plicae palmatae, radiating folds 
in the mucous membrane of the cervix. P. 
polonica, a matted, entangled condition of 
the hair, due to want of cleanliness in cer- 
tain diseases of the scalp. Syn., Polish plait. 
P. semilunaris, a conjunctival fold in the 
inner canthus of the eye, the rudiment of 
the nictitating membrane of birds. P. tri- 
angularis, a triangular membrane extending 
from the upper posterior portion of the an- 
terior faucial pillar backward and downward 
until lost in the tissues at the base of the 
tongue. 



Plicate (pli'-k&t) [plicare, to fold]. Folded; 
plaited. 

Plication (pli-ka'-shun). A plica or fold. 

Plicotomy (pli-kot' -o-me) [plica; rofxrj, a cut- 
ting]. Division of the posterior fold of the 
tympanic membrane. 

Plimmer's Bodies. Intracellular bodies ob- 
served by Plimmer in cancerous tissue. 

Plomb (plum) [Fr., plomber, to plug a tooth]. 
A filling for a cavity. P., Iodoform (of 
Mosetig-Moorhof), an antibaciliary agent for 
filling bone-cavities after operations for tuber- 
culosis or osteomyelitis. It consists of iodo- 
form, spermaceti, and oil of sesame, which are 
sterilized, heated, and poured into the cavity, 
when the mixture solidifies and fills it. 

Ploration (plo-ra' -shun) [plorare, to weep]. 
Lacrimation. 

Plugge's Phenol Reaction. A dilute phenol 
solution is rendered intensely red on boiling 
with a solution of mercuric nitrate containing 
a trace of nitrous acid. Metallic mercury 
is separated at the same time, and an odor 
of salicylol is evolved. 

Plumbic (plum'-bik) [plumbum']. Pertaining to 
or containing lead. 

Plumbism (plum'-bizm) [plumbum]. Lead-poi- 
soning. 

Plumbite (plum' -bit). A general term for any 
compound formed by union of lead oxid 
with a base. 

Plumbum (plum'-bum) [L.]. Lead, a bluish- 
white metal occurring in nature chiefly as 
the sulfid, PbS, known as galena; atomic 
weight 207; sp. gr. 11.38; quantivalence 
11 and iv ; symbol Pb. The .salts of lead 
are poisonous, producing, in sufficient doses, 
gastroenteritis; ingested in small quantities 
over a long period of time chronic lead-poison- 
ing is produced. See Lead-poisoning. Plumbi 
acetas (U. S. P.), lead acetate, Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 . - 
3H 2 0. It is used as an astringent in diar- 
rhea and dysentery, as a hemostatic, and as 
an astringent and sedative in gonorrhea, leu- 
korrhea, conjunctivitis, etc. Dose 1-3 gr. 
(0.065-0.2 Gm.). Syn., Sugar of lead. 
Plumbi carbonas, lead carbonate, white 
lead, _ (PbC0 3 ) 2 .Pb(OH) 2 , is used as a local 
sedative in ointments and in face-powders. 
The prolonged use of the latter has caused 
poisoning. Plumbi chloridum, lead chlo- 
rid, PbCl 2 , is used like the carbonate. 
Plumbi, Emplastrum (U. S. P.), lead 
plaster, is made of lead acetate, soap, and 
water, and is used as an external applica- 
tion to irritated surfaces, and in the arts 
for glazing pottery and as an ingredient of 
fluid glass. Combined with olive-oil it con- 
stitutes unguentum diachylon (U. S. P.). 
Plumbi iodidum (U. S. P.), lead iodid, 
Pbl 2 , is used as a local astringent and ab- 
sorbent. Plumbi nitras (U. S. P.), lead 
nitrate, Pb(N0 3 ) 2 , is used locally as a seda- 
tive to excoriated surfaces, as sore nipples, 
chapped hands; in gonorrhea and leukor- 
rhea; in onychia maligna, etc. Ledoyen's 
disinfecting fluid is a solution of lead nitrate 



PLUMMER'S PILL 



771 



PNEUMODERMA 



of the strength of one dram to the ounce. 
Plumbi oxidum (U. S. P.), lead oxid or 
litharge, PbO, is used in the making of lead 
plaster. Plumbi oxidum rubrum, red lead, 
minium, is used extensively in the arts as 
a paint and in the manufacture of glass. 
Plumbi subacetas, lead subacetate, is a 
basic salt. Plumbi subacetatis, Ceratum 
(U. S. P.), is made up of lead subacetate, 
wool-fat, paraffin, white petrolatum, and cam- 
phor. Plumbi subacetatis, Liquor (U. S. 
P., B. P.), Goulard's extract. Plumbi sub- 
acetatis, Liquor, dilutus (U. S. P., B. P.), 
lead-water, is used as a sedative and astrin- 
gent in inflammations and burns. Plumbi 
tannas, lead tannate, is used as a sedative 
astringent. 

Plummer's Pill. Compound pill of calomel 
and antimony. See under Antimony. 

Pluricordonal (plu-ri-kord' '-on-al) [plus, more; 
chorda, a string]. Having several processes. 

Plurifetation {plu-ri-fe-ta' -shun) [plus, more; 
fetus]. The conception of twins, triplets, etc. 

Pluripara {plu-rip' -ar-ah) . See Multipara. 

Pluriseptate (plur-is-ep'-tat) [plus, more; sep- 
tum, a partition]. Having more than one 
septum or partition. 

Plutomania (plu-to-ma' -ne-ah) [nXourof, wealth; 
fiavca, madness]. An insane belief that one 
is the possessor of great wealth. 

Pluviometric (plu-ve-o-met'-rik) [pluvia, rain; 
jxhpov, a measure]. Relating to the measure- 
ment of rainfalls. 

Pneodynamics (ne-o-di-nam'-iks) [nvelv, to 
breathe; duvafj.cc, power]. The dynamics of 
respiration. 

Pneograph (ne'-o-graf) [tivs'cv, to breathe; 
ypafecv, to write]. An instrument for re- 
cording the force and character of the cur- 
rent of air during respiration. 

Pneometer (ne-om'-et-er). Synonym of Spiro- 
meter. 

Pneoscope (ne'-o-skop) [nveev, to breathe; 
ononelv, to examine]. An instrument for 
measuring respiratory movements. 

Pneumarthrosis (nu-mar-thro' -sis) [xveupa, air; 
apdpov, a joint]. A collection of air or gas 
in a joint. 

Pneumathemia (nu-ma-the' -me-ah) [Ttveupa, air; 
alpa, blood]. The presence of gas in the 
blood-vessels. 

Pneumatic (nu-mat'-ik) [nveupa, air], i. Per- 
taining to air or gas. 2. Pertaining to res- 
piration. 3. Pertaining to compressed or 
rarefied air. P. Speculum. See Siegle's 
Speculum. P. Trough, a trough partly filled 
with water for facilitating the collection of 
gases. 

Pneumatics (nu-mat'-iks) [izveupa, air]. The 
branch of physics treating of the physical 
properties of air and gases. 

Pneumato- (nu-mat-o-) [izveupa, air]. A pre- 
fix denoting pertaining to air, gas, or breath. 

Pneumatocele (nu'-mat-o-sel) [pneumato-; 
KTjXr), tumor]. 1. A swelling containing air or 
gas. 2. See Pneumonocele. 3. A swelling of 
the scrotum produced by the presence of gas. 



Pneumatochemic (nu-mat-o-kem'-ik). 1. Re- 
lating to the chemistry of gases. 2. Relat- 
ing to the treatment of pulmonary disease 
by inhalation of medicated vapors. P. Appa- 
ratus of Priestley. See Pneumatic Trough. 

Pneumatogeny (nu-mat-o j'-en-e) [pneumato-; 
jEvvav, to produce]. Artificial respiration. 

Pneumatogram (nu'-mat-o-gram) [pneumato-; 
ypappa, inscription]. A tracing showing the 
frequency, duration, and depth of the res- 
piratory movements. 

Pneumatology (nu-mat-ol'-o-je) [pneumato-; 
Xoyoc, science]. 1. The science of res- 
piration. 2. The science of gases; also their 
use as therapeutic agents. 

Pneumatoscope (nu'-mat-o-skop) [pneumato-; 
OK07Z£tv, to examine]. 1. An apparatus for 
measuring the gas in expired air. 2. An 
instrument for internal auscultation of the 
thorax. 3. An instrument for determining 
the presence of foreign bodies in the mas- 
toid sinuses. 4. See Pneumograph. 

Pneumatosis (nu-mat-o' -sis) [nveupa, air]. The 
presence of gas or air in abnormal places, or 
in an excessive quantity where a little exists 
normally. 

Pneumatotherapy (nu-mat-o-ther' -ap-e) [pneu- 
mato-; depaneca, treatment]. The treat- 
ment of diseases by means of compressed 
or rarefied air. 

Pneumatothorax (nu-mat-o-tho'-raks). See 
Pneumothorax. 

Pneumaturia (nu-mat-u' -re-ah) [pneumato-; 
obpov, urine]. The evacuation of urine con- 
taining free gas. 

Pneumectomy (nu-mek' -to-me) . See Pneumo- 
nectomy. 

Pneumin (nu'-min). See Methylene Creosote. 

Pneumo- (nu-mo-). The same as Pneu- 
mono-. 

Pneumoarctia (nu-mo -ark'-te-ah) [pneumo-; 
arctare, to contract]. Contraction of the 
lungs; pneumonostenosis. 

Pneumobacillin (nu-mo-bas-iV -in) . A toxic 
extract of pneumobacilli. 

Pneumobacillus (nu-mo-bas-iV -us) . See under 
Bacteria. 

Pneumocele (nu' -mo-set) . See Pneumatocele. 

Pneumocentesis (nu-mo-sen-te' -sis) [pneumo-; 
Kevrrjocc, puncture]. Paracentesis of the lung, 
especially for the purpose of evacuating a 
cavity. 

Pneumochemic. See Pneumatochemic. 

Pneumochirurgia (nu-mo-ki-rur 1 '-je-ah) [pneu- 
mo-; xeipoupy'ca, surgery]. Surgery of the 
lungs. 

Pneumococcemia (nu-mo-kok-se' '-me-ah) [pneu- 
mococcus; alpa, blood]. The presence of 
pneumococci in the blood. 

Pneumococcia (nu-mo-kok' -se-ah) . General- 
ized infection by pneumococci. 

Pneumococcus (nu-mo-kok' -us). See under 
Bacteria. 

Pneumoconiosis (nu-mo-kon-e-o'-sis). See 
Pneumonokoniosis . 

Pneumoderma (nu-mo-der'-mah) [pneumo-; 
dkppa, skin]. Subcutaneous emphysema. 



PNEUMOGALACTOCELE 



772 



PNEUMONIA 



Pneumogalactocele (nu-mo- gal - ak' -to- sel) 
[pneumo-; galactocele]. A galactocele con- 
taining gas. 

Pneumogastric {nu-mo-gas' -trik) [pneumo-; 
yaozrjp, stomach], i. Pertaining conjointly to 
the lungs and the stomach. 2. Pertaining 
to the pneumogastric or vagus nerve. P. 
Nerve. See under Nerve. 

Pneumograph {nu'-mo-graf) [pneumo-; ypafecv, 
to write]. An instrument for recording the 
movements of the chest in respiration. 

Pneumography {nu-mog' -ra-fe) [see Pneumo- 
graph]. A description of the lungs. 

Pneumohemo thorax {nu-mo-hem-o-tho' '-raks) . 
A collection of air or gas and blood in the 
pleural cavity. 

Pneumohydrometra {nu-mo -hi-dro -me' -trah) 
[pneumo-; hydrometra]. Hydrometra asso- 
ciated with the generation of gas in the uterus. 

Pneumohydropericardium {nu-mo-hi-dro-per- 
i-kar'-de-um) [pneumo-; udajp, water; peri- 
cardium]. An accumulation of air and fluid 
in the pericardial sac. 

Pneumohydrothorax {nu-mo-hi-dro-tho' -raks) . 
A collection of air or gas and fluid in the pleu- 
ral cavity. 

Pneumokoniosis. See Pneumonokoniosis. 

Pneumo lith {nu'-mo-lith) [pneumo-; A Woe, a 
stone]. A calculus of the lung. 

Pneumomassage {nu-mo-mas-ahzh'). A form 
of double massage for the treatment of 
chronic catarrhal otitis media, consisting of 
inflation of the drum-cavity with air, by means 
of a catheter, at the same moment that the 
membrana tympani is drawn outward by 
rarefaction of the air in the external auditory 
canal, by an arrangement of rubber ball and 
tubing worked by the hand. 

Pneumometer, Pneumatometer, Pneumo- 
mometer {nu-mom' -et-er, nu-mat-om' -et-er, 
nu-mo-mom' -et-er). Synonyms of Spirometer. 

Pneumometry, Pneumatometry {nu-mom' - 
et-re, nu-mat-om' -et-re) [pneumo-; pirpov, 
a measure]. 1. The measurement of the 
force of respiration. 2. The treatment of 
pulmonary and circulatory diseases by means 
of a pneumatic apparatus. 

Pneumomycosis {nu-mo-mi-ko' -sis) . A dis- 
ease of the lungs due to fungi. 

Pneumonectasia, Pneumonectasis {nu-mon- 
ek-ta' -ze-ah, nu-mon-ek' -tas-is) [pneumono-; 
'iiaaocc, distention]. Emphysema of the 
lung. 

Pneumonectomy {nu-mon-ek' -to-me) [pneu- 
mono-; eKTOfirj, excision]. Excision of a por- 
tion of a lung. 

Pneumonia {nu-mo' -ne-ah) [7zve.0p.cov, lung]. 
Inflammation of the lung; pneumonitis. 
Used without qualification, the term implies 
lobar pneumonia {q. v.). P., Alcoholic, the 
croupous pneumonia of drunkards, often 
associated with delirium, and very fatal. P., 
Apex-, P., Apical, croupous pneumonia of 
the apex of a lung. P., Aspiration-, a bron- 
chopneumonia due to the inspiration of food- 
particles or other irritant substances into the 
lung. P., Catarrhal. Synonym of Bron- 



chopneumonia. P., Central, a croupous 
pneumonia beginning in the interior of a 
lobe of the lung. • The physical signs are 
obscure until the inflammation reaches the 
surface. P., Cerebral, a form associated with 
marked cerebral symptoms. It is most com- 
mon in children, and in the beginning resembles 
meningitis. P., Croupous. See P., Lobar. 
P., Deglutition-. Synonym of P., Aspira- 
tion-. P., Desquamative, a form charac- 
terized chiefly by an intense desquamation 
of the cells lining the air-vesicles, a prolifera- 
tion of the connective-tissue cells of the septums 
between the vesicles, and the exudation of a 
scanty albuminous fluid. The exudate gen- 
erally undergoes caseous degeneration. P., 
Disseminated, bronchopneumonia. P., 

Embolic, pneumonia due to embolism of the 
vessels of the lung. P., Fibrinous. See 
P., Lobar. P., Fibroid, P., Fibrous. 
Synonym of P., Interstitial. P., Hypo- 
static, a lobular pneumonia occurring in the 
dependent portions of the lungs of persons 
debilitated by age or disease, and depending 
on the weakened circulation and respiration 
and the dorsal decubitus. P., Indurative. 
See P., Desquamative. P., Insular. Syn- 
onym of Bronchopneumonia. P., Interstitial, 
a chronic inflammation of the lung charac- 
terized by an increase of the connective 
tissue. It may be due to the inhalation of 
excessive quantities of coal-dust or other 
irritant particles {pneumonokoniosis) ; it may 
be a termination of lobar pneumonia or bron- 
chopneumonia; it may be due to tuber- 
culosis or to extension of a chronic inflam- 
mation from the pleura. Syn., Cirrhosis of 
the lung; Fibroid pneumonia. P., Lobar, 
an acute infectious disease characterized by 
an inflammation of one or more lobes of 
the lung, the affected parts becoming con- 
solidated, owing to the exudation of cells 
and fibrin into the air-vesicles. The excit- 
ing cause is usually Diplococcus pneumonice 
of Frankel, but other microorganisms may 
produce it. The disease sets in with a chill, 
which is followed by a rapid rise of the tem- 
perature, hurried respiration, cough, and the 
expectoration of a peculiar rust-colored spu- 
tum. The fever remains high until about 
the ninth day, when it falls by crisis. The 
disease generally involves the lower lobe 
of the right lung, and is accompanied by 
a fibrinous pleurisy. In the early stage the 
lung is intensely congested {stage of conges- 
tion); soon there is an exudation into the 
vesicles causing solidification of the lobe 
{stage of consolidation). The lung in the 
beginning of this stage is dark red and re- 
sembles liver tissue {stage of red hepatiza- 
tion); later it becomes gray {stage of gray 
hepatization). In favorable cases the exudate 
is absorbed and expectorated {stage of reso- 
lution). Syn., Croupous pneumonia; Lung- 
fever. P., Lobular. Synonym of Broncho- 
pneumonia. P., Massive, lobar pneumonia 
in which not only the air-cells, but the bron- 



PNEUMONIC 



773 



POCULENT 



chi of an entire lobe, or even of a lung, are 
filled with the fibrinous exudate. P., Pleuro- 
genic, P., Pleurogenous, pneumonia sec- 
ondary to disease of the pleura. P., Puru- 
lent, one characterized by the formation of 
pus; it appears under three forms, suppura- 
tion of the minute bronchi and air-vesicles 
— purulent catarrh; true abscess of the lung; 
suppurative lymphangitis and perilymph- 
angitis. P., Septic, lobular pneumonia due 
to the inspiration of septic material or to 
septic emboli. P., Syphilitic, inflammation 
of the lung due to syphilis and manifesting 
itself as the white pneumonia of the fetus; 
as gummas of the lung; as interstitial pneu- 
monia, taking its origin at the root of the 
lung and passing along the bronchi and 
vessels; and as acute syphilitic phthisis, an- 
alogous to acute pneumonic, phthisis. P., 
Tubular. Synonym of Bronchopneumonia. 
P. vera, lobar pneumonia not complicated 
with other diseases or forms. P., Vesicular, 
bronchopneumonia. P., White, a catarrhal 
form of pneumonia occurring in a syphilitic 
fetus and resulting in death. By an 
overgrowth of epithelium in the air-vesicles 
the cells die, and fatty degeneration follows, 
giving the lungs a white appearance, with 
the imprint of the ribs on their surface. 

Pneumonic (nu-mon'-ik) [see Pneumonia]. Per- 
taining to the lungs or to pneumonia. P. 
Phthisis, tuberculosis affecting a whole lobe 
of the lung. 

Pneumonitis (nu-mon-i' '-tis) . Pneumonia. 

Pneumono- (nu-mon-o-) [~veup.cov, lung]. A 
prefix denoting pertaining to the lungs. 

Pneumonocele (nu' ' -mon-o-sel) {pneumono-; 
kt)Xt), hernia]. Hernia of the lung. 

Pneumonokoniosis (nu-mon - o - kon - e-o'-sis) 
[pneumono-; kovcc, dust]. A general term 
applied to chronic induration or fibrous in- 
flammation of the lungs due to the inhalation 
of dust. Various names are given to it 
according to the kind of dust causing the in- 
flammation: anthracosis, that due to the in- 
halation of coal-dust; siderosis, that due to 
inhalation of metallic dust; chalicosis, that 
due to the inhalation of mineral dust. 

Pneumonomycosis (nu-mon-o -mi-ko' -sis) . See 
Pneumomycosis. 

Pneumonopexy {nu' -mon-o-peks-e) [pneumono-; 
-fjuc, a fixing]. Fixation of a stump of lung 
tissue to the thoracic wall in connection with 
pneumonectomy for gangrene, hernia, or other 
pulmonary lesion. 

Pneumonorrhaphy {nu-mon-or'-af-e) [pneu- 
mono-; pacf>T), a seam]. Suture of lacerations 
of the lung. 

Pneumonostenosis (nu - mon - o - sten - o'- sis). 
Contraction of a lung. 

Pneumopaludism (nu-mo-pal' -u-dizm) [pneu- 
mo-; paludism]. A manifestation of ma- 
laria characterized by the impairment of 
the percussion resonance at one apex, bron- 
chial respiratory murmurs, bronchophony, 
without rales, friction, or expectoration; cough 
occurs in paroxysms. 



Pneumopericardium (nu-mo-per-e-kar f -de-um). 
The presence of air in the pericardial sac. 
It is due to traumatism or to communica- 
tion between the pericardium and the esoph- 
agus, stomach, or lungs, and is marked by 
tympany over the precordial region and pe- 
culiar metallic heart-sounds. 

Pneumoperitoneum (nu-mo-per-it-on-e'-um) 
[pneumo-; peritoneum]. The presence of gas 
in the peritoneal cavity. 

Pneumoptysis (nu-mo-ti' -sis). Same as Hemop- 
tysis. 

Pneumopyopericardium (nu-mo-pi-o-per-e- 
kar'-de-um) [pneumo-; tzuov, pus; pericar- 
dium]. The presence of air or gas and pus 
in the pericardial sac. 

Pneumopyothorax (nu -mo- pi-o - tho' - raks) 
[pneumo-; tJjov, pus; thorax]. The presence 
of air and pus in the pleural cavity. 

Pneumopyra (nu-mo-pi' -rah) [pneumo-; nop, 
fire]. Malignant bronchitis. 

Pneumorrhagia (nu-mor-a'-je-ah). See Hem- 
optysis. 

Pneumo therapy (nu-mo-ther' -ap-e) . i. The 
treatment of diseases of the lung. 2. See 
Pneumatotherapy. 

Pneumothermomassage (nu-mo-ther-mo-mas- 
ahzh') [pneumo-; 6 ipp-f], heat; massage]. The 
application to the body of currents of air of 
varying degrees of pressure and temperature. 

Pneumothorax (nu-mo-tho'-raks). The pres- 
ence of air or gas in the pleural cavity. It 
is produced by perforating wounds of the 
chest, by the rupture of an abscess or tuber- 
culous cavity of the lung, by the rupture of 
an emphysematous vesicle, or the evacuation 
of an empyema into the lung or through the 
chest-wall. It is marked by dyspnea, shock, 
pain, a tympanitic (sometimes a dull) per- 
cussion-note over the affected side, displace- 
ment of the heart, bell-tympany, and dimin- 
ished respiratory murmur. 

Pneumotomy (nu-mof -o-me) [pneumo-; tojitj, 
a cutting]. Incision of the lung. 

Pneumotoxin (nu-mo-toks'-in) [pneumo-; ro£- 
(kov, a poison]. A poisonous albuminoid 
body produced by the pneumococcus, and 
believed to be the cause of many of the 
symptoms of lobar pneumonia. Antipneumo- 
toxin is the name given to the antitoxin sup- 
posed to exist in the blood of persons con- 
valescent from lobar pneumonia. 

Pneumotyphus (nu-mo-ti' -jus) [pneumo-; ty- 
phus]. 1. Typhoid fever beginning with 
pneumonia dependent upon the typhoid 
bacillus. 2. Pneumonia occurring in the 
course of typhoid fever. 

Pneusimeter (nu-sim'-et-er) [xveuocc, a breath- 
ing; fikxpov, a measure]. An apparatus used 
as a spirometer to measure the vital capacity 
of the chest in respiration. 

Pock (pok) [AS., poc, a pustule]. A pustule 
of an eruptive fever, especially of smallpox. 
P. -marked, marked with the cicatrixes of 
the smallpox pustule. 

Poculent (po'-ku-lent) [poculum, a goblet]. 
Drinkable; potable. 



PODAGRA 



774 



POISON 



Podagra (pod-a' '-grain) [izooc, foot; ax pa, seiz- 
ure]. Gout, especially of the great toe or 
the joints of the foot. 

Podalgia (pod-aV -je-ah) [tzouc, foot; dXyoc, pain]. 
Pain in the foot. 

Podalic (pod-al'-ik) [7106c, foot]. Pertaining to 
the feet. P. Version, the operation of chang- 
ing the position of the fetus in the uterus so 
as to bring the feet to the outlet. 

Podelcoma (pod-el-ko'-mah). See Madura Foot. 

Podencephalus {pod-en-sef -al-us) [nouc, foot; 
ejKe4>aXoc, brain]. A variety of monster of 
the species exencephalus, in which there is 
a protrusion of the cranial contents from the 
top of the head. 

Pododynia (pod-o-din'-e-ah) [nouc, foot; dduvq, 
pain]. Pain in the foot, especially a neuralgic 
pain in the heel unattended by swelling or 
redness. 

Podophyllin (pod-o-fil'-in). See Podophyllum. 

Podophyllotoxin (pod-o-fil-o-toks'-in). See 

Podophyllum. 

Podophyllum (pod-o-fil f -um) [itouc, foot; <f>uX- 
Xov, leaf]. The dried rhizome of P. peltatum, 
the May-apple or mandrake, of the family 
Berberidacece. Its resin, commonly called po- 
dophyllin, contains podophyllotoxin (C23H24- 
9 + 2H 2 0), which upon treatment with 
ammonia yields podOphyllic acid and 
picropodophyllin. It is used in medicine 
as a laxative in chronic constipation and 
as a cathartic in hepatic congestion and 
bilious fever. Dose of podophyllotoxin 
^-| gr. (0.016-0.03 Gm.). P., Fluidextract 
of (fiuidextr -actum podophylli, U. S. P.). Dose 
2-20 min. (0.13-1.3 Cc). P., Pills of, Bella- 
donna, and Capsicum {pilules podophylli, 
belladonna et capsici, U. S. P.). Dose 1 pill. 
P., Resin of {resina podophylli, U. S. P.). 
Dose J-J gr. (0.008-0.03 Gm.). P., Tinc- 
ture of (tinctura podophylli, B. P.). Dose 
15 min.-i dr. (1-4 Cc). 

Pogoniasis (po-go-ni'-as-is) [Ttwyiov, beard]. 
Excessive growth of the beard; growth of 
beard in a woman. 

PohPs Test for Globulins. Saturate the solu- 
tion to one-half with ammonium sulfate, 
which precipitates the globulins. After sev- 
eral hours filter, and add to the filtrate a 
saturated solution of ammonium sulfate. 

Poikilocyte {poi' -kil-o-sit) [tzock'cXoc, varied; 
kOtoc, a cell]. A large red blood-corpuscle 
of irregular shape. Poikilocytes are most 
abundant in the blood in pernicious anemia, 
but also occur in other forms of anemia. 

Poikilocytosis (poi-kil-o-si-to f -sis) [poikilocyte]. 
A condition of the blood characterized by 
the presence of poikilocytes. 

Poikilonymy (poi-kil-on'-im-e). See Pecilon- 
ymy. 

Poikilothermic (poi-kil-o-ther' '-mik) [tzock'cXoc, 
varied; dkpp.t}, heat]. Varying in tempera- 
ture according to the surroundings; cold- 
blooded. 

Point [punctum, point, from pungere, to prick]. 
1. The sharp end of an object, especially 
one used to pierce anything. 2. The limit 



at which anything occurs, as the melting- 
point, freezing-point. 3. A mark made by a 
sharp object; a minute spot or area; of an 
abscess, to come to the surface. P., Cranio - 
metric. See Craniometric Point. P., Crit- 
ical, of gases, a temperature at or above which 
a gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone; 
of liquids, that temperature at which a liq- 
uid, regardless of the pressure to which it is 
subjected, assumes a gaseous form. P., 
Dew-, the temperature at which the atmos- 
pheric moisture is deposited as dew. P. of 
Election, in surgery, that point at which a 
certain operation is done by preference. P.s 
douloureux. See P., Valleix's. P., Far-, the 
remotest point of distinct vision. P.,Hystero- 
epileptogenous, P., Hysterogenous. See 
Zone,Hysterogenous. P., McBumey's. See 
McBurney's Point. P.s, Motor. See Motor 
Points. P., Near-, the nearest point at which 
the eyes can accommodate to see distinctly. 
P., Principal, one of the two points in the 
optic axis of a lens that are so related that 
lines drawn from these points to the corres- 
ponding points in the object and its image 
are parallel. P., Valleix's, any one of the 
points of tenderness at the exit or in the 
course of a nerve the seat of neuralgia. 
Syn., Points douloureux. 

Poirier's Line. The nasolambdoid line used 
in craniocerebral topography. It begins at 
the nasofrontal groove, and extends outward 
around the base of the skull, passing 0.5 cm. 
above the external auditory meatus to a point 
1 cm. above the lambdoid suture, or to a 
point 7 cm. above the inion if the suture 
cannot be felt. This line passes over Broca's 
convolution, 4 to 6 cm. of the posterior limb 
of the sylvian fissure, the lower border of the 
supramarginal gyrus, the base of the angular 
gyrus, and terminates at the occipital fissure. 

Poiseuille's Law. The rapidity of the cur- 
rent in capillary tubes is proportional to the 
square of their diameter. P.'s Layer, the 
"inert" layer of the blood-current of the 
capillaries, in which the leukocytes roll along 
slowly while the red corpuscles move more 
rapidly in the axial stream. 

Poison {poi'-zn) [Fr., from potio, a draught]. 
A substance that, when introduced into the 
body, either destroys life or impairs seriously 
the functions of one or more of its organs. 
(See the table under this head.) P., Acrid. See 
P., Irritant. P., Acronarcotic, one that is 
irritating to the part to which it is applied, 
but acts on the brain or myelon or both. P.S, 
Cellular, cytolysins. P., Irritant, one that 
causes irritation at the point of entrance or 
at the point of elimination. P., Muscle-. 
1. A substance that impairs or destroys the 
proper functions of muscles. 2. A poisonous 
albumin developed during muscular activity. 
P., Narcotic, one affecting the cerebral 
centers, producing stupor. P., Ordeal-, any 
one of the vegetable poisons, such as physo- 
stigma, used by savages in the trial of accused 
persons to determine their guilt or innocence. 



POISON 



775 



POISON 



Table of Poisons {the antidotes are in italics): 
Acid, Carbolic. See Phenol in this table. 
Acid, Chromic. See Chromium Trioxid 
in this table. Acid, Hydrochloric {Muri- 
atic), symptoms, pain throughout digestive 
tract, vomiting, feeble pulse, clammy skin, 
collapse, eschars externally, yellow stains 
on clothing, but none on skin; treatment, 
alkalis; demulcent drinks; oil; stimulants 
(intravenous injection). Acid, Hydrocyanic 
{Prussic), symptoms, sudden unconsciousness, 
slow, labored respirations, slow pulse, staring 
eyes, purple face, general convulsions, then 
relaxation and collapse, odor of peach-kernels; 
death may be almost instantaneous; treatment, 
stomach-pump if possible; dilute ammonia; 
alternate cold and warm effusions; atropin 
and cardiac stimulants; artificial respiration. 
Acid, Nitric, symptoms, yellow stains on skin; 
otherwise similar to Acid, Sulfuric; treatment, 
alkalis; soap; demulcents; stimulants. Acid, 
Oxalic, symptoms, hot, acrid taste, burning, 
vomiting, collapse, sometimes general paraly- 
sis, numbness, and stupor; treatment, lime 
or chalk. Acid, Salicylic, symptoms, mydria- 
sis, quick and deep respiration, delirium, 
dyspnea, lessened arterial pressure, deafness, 
olive-green urine. Acid, Sulfuric, symp- 
toms, black stains, pain throughout digestive 
tract, vomiting, often of tarry matter, feeble 
pulse, clammy skin, profuse and bloody 
salivation; treatment, chalk; magnesia; soap; 
demulcent drinks. Aconitum napellus 
{Monkshood), Aconite, symptoms, sudden 
collapse, slow, feeble, and irregular pulse and 
respirations, tingling in the mouth and ex- 
tremities, giddiness, great muscular weak- 
ness, sometimes pain in the abdomen, pupils 
generally dilated, but may be contracted, 
marked anesthesia of skin, mind clear, con- 
vulsions at times; treatment, tannic acid 
solution for washing out stomach; digitalis, 
atropin, and stimulants; artificial respiration; 
warmth and friction ; absolute quiet in recum- 
bent position. Alcohol, symptoms, confu- 
sion of thought, giddiness, tottering gait, 
slight cyanosis, narcdsis from which patient 
can be aroused; full pulse; deep, stertorous 
breathing; injection of eyes, dilation of pupils, 
low temperature; convulsions may occur; 
treatment, evacuate stomach; coffee; battery; 
amyl nitrite; hot and cold douches. Ammo- 
nium and its Compounds, symptoms, 
intense gastroenteritis, often with bloody 
vomiting and purging, lips and tongue swollen 
and covered with detached epithelium, violent 
dyspnea, characteristic odor; treatment, veget- 
able acids; demulcents. Antimony and its 
Compounds, symptoms, metallic taste, violent 
vomiting, becoming bloody, feeble pulse, 
pain and burning in the stomach, violent 
serous purging, becoming bloody, cramps in 
extremities, thirst, great debility, sometimes 
prostration, collapse, unconsciousness, and 
convulsions without vomiting or purging; 
treatment, tannic acid; demulcent drinks; 
opium; alcohol; external heat. Antipyrin 



{Phenazon), symptoms, headache, nausea, 
vomiting, a rash like that of measles, vertigo, 
drowsiness, deafness, confusion of ideas, 
cyanosis, collapse; treatment, recumbent 
position; warmth; strychnin; stimulants; 
oxygen ; artificial respiration. Apomorphin, 
symptoms, violent vomiting, paralysis of 
motor and sensory nerves, delirium, depres- 
sion of respiration and of heart; treatment, 
cardiac and respiratory stimulants. Arsenic 
and its Compounds, symptoms, violent burn- 
ing pain in the stomach, retching, thirst, 
purging of blood and mucus with flakes of 
epithelium, tenesmus, suppression of urine; 
sense of constriction in throat; pulse small 
and frequent; treatment, hydrated iron ses- 
quioxid; precipitated iron carbonate; emetics; 
castor-oil; demulcents. Atropa belladonna 
{Deadly Nightshade) (Atropin, Belladonna, 
Homatropin), symptoms, heat and dryness 
of the mouth and throat, pupils widely dilated, 
scarlet rash, noisy delirium, quick pulse, at 
first corded, later feeble; rapid respirations, 
early strong, late shallow and feeble; retention 
of urine; sometimes convulsions, collapse, and 
paralysis; treatment, evacuate stomach; tannic 
acid; stimulants; coffee; pilocarpin; artifi- 
cial respiration; physostigmin may be of 
benefit; evacuation of bladder. Caffein, 
symptoms, burning pain in the throat, giddi- 
ness, faintness, nausea, numbness, abdominal 
pain, great thirst, dry tongue, tremor of ex- 
tremities, diuresis, weak pulse, cold skin, col- 
lapse; treatment, emetics ; stimulants; warmth; 
morphin and atropin. Calabar-bean. See 
Physostigma venenosum in this table. Cam- 
phor, symptoms, characteristic odor, languor, 
giddiness, disturbance of vision, delirium, 
convulsions, clammy skin, smarting in the 
urinary organs, pulse quick and weak, no 
pain, no vomiting, no purging; treatment, 
evacuate stomach; stimulants; warmth; hot 
and cold douches. Cannabis indica {Indian 
Hemp), symptoms, pleasurable intoxication, 
sense of prolongation of time, anesthesia with 
loss of strength, especially in legs, pupils 
dilated, rapid pulse, heavy sleep; treatment, 
evacuate stomach; stimulants. Cantharis 
vesicatoria {Spanish Fly) (Cantharides), 
symptoms, burning in mouth and stomach, 
vomiting and purging, soon becoming bloody, 
tenesmus, salivation, aching pains in back, 
strangury, priapism, unconsciousness only 
very late; convulsions at times; treatment, 
evacuate stomach; demulcent drinks; mor- 
phin; hot bath for the strangury; anesthetics 
may be necessary for the pain. Carbolic 
Acid. See Phenol in this table. Chloral 
Hydrate, symptoms, deep sleep, loss of 
muscular power, lividity, reflexes dimin- 
ished, pulse weak, respirations slowed, pupils 
contracted during sleep, but dilated on waking, 
temperature low; treatment, evacuate stom- 
ach; heat to the extremities; massage; coffee 
by the rectum; strychnin; amyl nitrite; arti- 
ficial respiration. Chloroform, symptoms, 
excitement and intoxication followed by 



POISON 



776 



POISON 



anesthesia and unconsciousness, later pro- 
found narcosis; pulse and respirations fail 
progressively or suddenly; treatment, draw- 
tongue forward; artificial respiration; faradic 
current; hot and c6ld douches; amyl nitrite; 
ammonia injected into a vein; evacuation of 
the stomach if chloroform has been taken 
by mouth. Chromium Trioxid, symptoms, 
dark -yellow stains, abdominal pain, vomiting 
and purging, collapse; treatment, evacuate 
stomach; chalk, milk, or albumin; demul- 
cent drinks. Coal-gas, symptoms, headache, 
giddiness, loss of muscular power, uncon- 
sciousness, pupils dilated, breathing labored, 
coma, odor of the gas; treatment, fresh air; 
artificial respiration; ammonia; stimulants; 
oxygen; coffee; hot and cold douches. Co- 
cain, symptoms, faintness, giddiness, nausea, 
pulse small, rapid, intermittent, dilated pupils, 
severe prostration, respiration slow and feeble; 
treatment, stimulants; amyl nitrite; artificial 
respiration. Colchicum autumnale {Mea- 
dow-saffron), symptoms, not unlike those of 
malignant cholera, griping pain in the stom- 
ach, vomiting and continuous purging of 
seromucous material, intense thirst, muscular 
cramps, great prostration, collapse, dilated 
pupils, pain in the extremities; treatment, 
evacuate stomach; tannic or gallic acid; de- 
mulcent drinks; stimulants; morphin. Co- 
nium maculatum {Hemlock), symptoms, 
weakness of the legs, gradual loss of all 
voluntary power, nausea, ptosis, dilation of 
pupils, inability to speak or swallow; treat- 
ment, evacuate stomach; tannic or gallic acid; 
stimulants; warmth; artificial respiration; 
atropin. Croton tiglium {Croton oil), 
symptoms, intense pain in abdomen, vomiting, 
purging, watery stools, pinched face, small 
and thready pulse, moist skin, collapse; treat- 
ment, evacuate stomach; demulcent drinks; 
camphor; stimulants; morphin; poultices to 
abdomen. Cyanogen and its Compounds. 
Similar to Acid, Hydrocyanic, which see in 
this table. Datura stramonium {Thorn- 
apple; Jamestown Weed), symptoms and 
treatment similar to those of Atropin, which 
see under Atropa belladonna in this table. 
Digitalis purpurea {Foxglove), purging, 
with severe pain, violent vomiting, vertigo, 
feeble pulse, although heart's action is tumult- 
uous, eyes prominent, pupils dilated, sclera 
blue; delirium and convulsions; treatment, 
evacuate stomach; tannic and gallic acids; 
stimulants; aconite; recumbent position. 
Erythroxylon coca. See Cocain in this 

table. Fly, Spanish. See Cantharis in this 
table. Gelsemium sempervirens {Yellow 
Jasmin), symptoms appear in about twenty 
minutes; great muscular weakness, diplopia, 
ptosis, internal squint, widely dilated pupils, 
dimness of vision, labored respiration, weak 
pulse; treatment, evacuate stomach; atropin; 
stimulants; artificial respiration; hot and 
cold douches. Hellebore, Green and White. 
See Veratrum in this table. Hemlock. See 
Conium in this table. Iodin and its Com- 



pounds, symptoms, pain in throat and stom- 
ach, vomiting, purging, vomit yellow from 
iodin, or blue if starch is present in stomach; 
giddiness, faintness, convulsive movements; 
treatment, evacuate stomach; starch; amyl 
nitrite; morphin. Iodoform, symptoms, 
slight delirium, drowsiness, high temperature, 
rapid pulse; symptoms resemble meningitis. 
Jaborandi {Pilocarpin), symptoms, copious 
sweating, dizziness, salivation, vomiting, 
diarrhea, tearing pain in eyeballs, myopia, 
pupils much contracted; treatment, evacuate 
stomach; stimulants; atropin. Lead Ace- 
tate, symptoms, sweet metallic taste, vomiting 
of white matter, great thirst, pain in abdomen, 
abdominal muscles usually rigid, constipation 
or diarrhea with black stools, cramps in the 
legs, paralysis of the extremities, convulsions; 
in the chronic forms, a blue line at margin 
of the gums; treatment, evacuate stomach; 
dilute sulfuric acid; epsom or Glauber's salts; 
milk; morphin; potassium iodid to eliminate 
the poison. Lobelia infiata {Indian To- 
bacco), symptoms, severe vomiting, with in- 
tense depression and prostration, giddiness, 
tremors, convulsions, collapse; treatment, 
evacuate stomach; tannic or gallic acid; 
stimulants; strychnin; warmth; recumbent 
position. Mercury Bichlorid, symptoms, 
acrid metallic taste, burning heat in throat 
and stomach, vomiting, diarrhea with bloodv 
stools, lips and tongue white and shriveled, 
pulse small and frequent, death in coma or 
convulsions; pain may be absent; secondary 
symptoms, hectic fever, coppery taste, fetid 
breath, gums swollen, salivation; treatment, 
albumin in some form ; raw w r hite of egg or flour ; 
evacuate stomach; opium; potassium iodid. 
Morphin. See Opium in this table. Nitric 
Acid. See Acid, Nitric, in this table. Nitro- 
glycerin, symptoms, throbbing headache, 
pulsation over entire body, dicrotic pulse, 
flushed face, mental confusion, anxiety, sudden 
collapse; treatment, recumbent position; cold 
to head; ergot; atropin. Nux vomica. 
See St. Ignatius Bean, in this table. Opium 
(Morphin, Narcein, Codein, Laudanum), 
symptoms, preliminary mental excitement, 
acceleration of heart, soon weariness, sensa- 
tion of weight in the limbs, sleepiness, dimin- 
ished sensibility, pin-point pupils, pulse and 
respiration slow and strong; patient can be 
roused with difficulty, later this becomes im- 
possible, reflexes abolished, respiration slow, 
irregular, and stertorous, pulse rapid and 
feeble; treatment: i. Evacuate stomach with 
mustard or stomach-pump. 2. Arouse pa- 
tient to maintain respiration by exercise, 
flagellation with wet towels, cold and hot 
douches alternately, 3. Stimulate by atropin, 
coffee, alcohol, if pulse fails; external heat; 
inhalations of oxygen; injection of dilute 
solution of potassium permanganate. Oxalic 
Acid. See Acid, Oxalic, in this table. Paris- 
green. See Arsenic in this table. 
Phenol, symptoms, immediate burning pain 
from mouth to stomach, giddiness, loss of 



POISON 



777 



PORENCEPHALITIS 



consciousness, collapse, partial suppression 
of urine, which is smoky in color, charac- 
teristic odor, white, corrugated patches in 
mouth; treatment, stomach-pump, magnesium 
sulfate or sodium sulfate, atropin. Phos- 
phorus, symptoms, vomiting and pain, vomit 
may be luminous in the dark, characteristic 
odor; after several days deep jaundice, coffee- 
colored vomit, hepatic tenderness, albumin- 
uria, marked fall in temperature, coma, 
failure of pulse and respiration; treatment, 
sulfate of copper as an emetic, then as an 
antidote in small doses with opium; purga- 
tion. Physostigma venenosum {Calabar- 
bean), symptoms, giddiness, prostration, loss 
of power in the lower limbs, muscular twitch- 
ing, contracted pupils, mind clear; treatment, 
evacuate stomach; atropin; strychnin; stim- 
ulants; artificial respiration. Prussic Acid. 
See Acid, Hydrocyanic, in this table. San- 
tonin, symptoms, disturbance of color-vision 
— objects first assume a bluish tinge, then 
yellow; tinnitus, dizziness, pain in the abdo- 
men, failure of respiration, convulsions, 
stupor; treatment, evacuate stomach; stimu- 
lants; chloral. Savin, symptoms, pain, 
vomiting, bloody stools and tenesmus, dis- 
ordered respirations, coma, convulsions, and 
collapse; treatment, evacuate stomach; cas- 
tor-oil in large dose; morphin; poultices to 
the abdomen. Silver Salts, symptoms, pain, 
vomiting, and purging; vomit white and 
cheesy, rapidly turning black in the sunlight; 
vertigo, coma, convulsions, paralysis, and 
marked disturbance of respiration; treatment, 
salt and water; . evacuate stomach; a large 
amount of milk. St. Ignatius Bean, 
Strychnos ignatii, Strychnos nux-vomica, 
(Nux vomica, Strychnin, Brucin), symp- 
toms, tetanic convulsions in paroxysms at 
varying intervals of from five minutes to 
half an hour; opisthotonos during paroxysm; 
eyeballs prominent, pupils dilated, respiration 
impeded, pulse feeble and rapid, anxiety; 
treatment, evacuate stomach; tannic acid 
followed by an emetic; catheterize; keep 
patient quiet; bromids and chloral; amyl 
nitrite or chloroform to control convulsions; 
artificial respiration if indicated. Tobacco 
(Nicotin), symptoms, nausea, vomiting, weak- 
ness, weak pulse, cold and clammy skin, 
collapse, pupils contracted, then dilated; 
treatment, evacuate stomach; tannic acid; 
strychnin; stimulants;- warmth; recumbent 
position. Veratrum album {White Helle- 
bore), Veratrum viride {Green Hellebore), 
symptoms, pain and burning in alimentary 
tract, vomiting and diarrhea, slow, weak 
pulse, labored respiration, pupils usually 
dilated; there may be convulsions; treatment, 
evacuate stomach; ether hypodermatically; 
opium; stimulants; coffee; warmth; recum- 
bent position. 
Poke-root. See Phytolacca. 
Polar {po'-lar) [pole]. Pertaining to or situated 
near a pole. P. Bodies, P. Cells, P. Glob- 
ules, two minute cells thrown off by the 



unfecundated ovum during maturation. P. 
Method, a method of applying electricity, 
in which the pole the distinctive effect of 
which is wanted is placed over the part to 
be treated and the other pole over some 
indifferent part. P. Rays, the astral rays 
of the mitotic figure. 
Polarimeter {po-lar-im'-et-er) [polar; akxpov, a. 
measure]. An instrument for determining 
the degree to which an optically active sub- 
stance changes the place of polarization to 
the right or to the left. 
Polariscope {po-lar' -i-skop) [polar; omxecv, to 
view}. An instrument for studying the po- 
larization of fight; a polarimeter. 
Polarity {po-lar' -it-e) [polar]. The state of 
having poles or points of intensity presenting 
opposite qualities. 
Polarization {po-lar -i-za' -shun) [polarize], i. 
The act of polarizing or the state of being 
polarized. 2. A condition produced in a 
ray of light by absorption, reflection, or re- 
fraction, by means of which the vibrations 
are restricted and take place in one plane 
only {plane polarization) or in curves {cir- 
cular or elliptic polarization). The plane of 
polarization is altered or rotated when the 
light is passed through a quartz-crystal or 
solutions of certain substances {rotatory 
polarization) . 3. The deposit of gas-bubbles 
(hydrogen) on the electronegative plate of a 
galvanic battery, whereby the flow of the 
current is impeded, and, owing to the negative 
plate covered with hydrogen being more 
electropositive than the zinc plate, the differ- 
ence in potential between the two plates is 
reduced. 
Polarize {po'-lar -Iz) [polar]. To endow with 

polarity; to place in a state of polarization. 
Polarizer {po'-lar-i-zer) [polarize]. An object, 
such as a Nicol prism, by means of which 
light is polarized. 
Pole {pol) [~oAoc, a pole]. 1. Either extremity 
of the axis of a body, as of the fetus, the 
crystalline lens, etc. 2. One of two points 
at which opposite physical qualities, e. g., 
electricity or magnetism, are concentrated; 
specifically, the electrode of a galvanic bat- 
tery, which is positive {positive pole) when 
connected with the electronegative plate of 
the battery (carbon, copper, platinum), or 
negative {negative pole) when connected with 
the electropositive plate (zinc). P. -changer, 
a switch or key for changing or reversing the 
direction of a current produced by an electric 
battery. 
Poleozone {po-le'-o-zon). A bactericide said 
to be obtained from potassium chlorate by 
action of sulfuric acid. 
Poliencephalitis {pol-e-en-sef-al-i'-tis) [rzohoc, 
gray; i}-fci(£>aXof, brain; ncc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the gray matter of the brain. 
P. acuta, an acute inflammation of the 
cerebral cortex, which, when occurring in 
children, gives rise to infantile cerebral palsy. 
P., Anterior Superior, an inflammatory 
disease of the gray matter of the third ven- 



POLIO- 



778 



POLYCLONIA 



tricle, of the anterior portion of the fourth, 
and of that about the sylvian aqueduct. It 
is characterized by ophthalmoplegia, chiefly 
external, and a peculiar somnolent state. 

Polio- (pol-e-o) [itoXcbg, gray]. A prefix mean- 
ing gray. 

Poliomyelencephalitis (pol-e-o-mi-el-en-sef-al- 
i'-tis) [polio-; fweXbc, marrow; iyicifaXoc, 
brain; exec, inflammation]. Poliomyelitis and 
poliencephalitis existing together. 

Poliomyelitis (pol-e-o-mi-el-i'-tis) [polio-; 
myelitis]. Inflammation of the gray matter 
of the spinal cord. P., Acute Anterior, 
infantile paralysis, an acute inflammation 
of the anterior horns of the gray matter of 
the spinal cord. It is most common in chil- 
dren, coming on during the period of the first 
dentition, and producing a paralysis of certain 
muscle -groups or of an entire limb. The 
onset is sudden, and the paralysis is usually 
most extensive in the beginning, a certain 
amount of improvement taking place subse- 
quently. The affected muscles atrophy rap- 
idly, the reflexes in them are lost, and reaction 
of degeneration develops. From contraction 
of antagonistic muscles deformities occur 
later in life. P., Chronic Anterior. Syno- 
nym of Progressive muscular atrophy. 

Poliomyelopathy (pol -e-o-mi-el- op'-ath-e) 
[polio-; fiueXbg, marrow; nadoc, dis- 
ease]. Disease of the gray matter of the 
spinal cord and medulla oblongata. 

Polioplasm (pol' -e-o-plazm) [polio-; nXac/ia, 
plasm]. Granular protoplasm. 

Poliosis (pol-e-o' -sis) [noXcbc, gray]. A condi- 
tion characterized by absence of pigment in 
the hair. 

Politzer's Bag. A pear-shaped rubber bag 
with a conic tip, used for inflating the 
middle ear. The tip is introduced into the 
nostril, and the bag compressed while the 
other nostril is closed and the patient per- 
forms the act of swallowing. The latter opens 
the eustachian tube and allows the air to 
enter. P.'s Luminous Cone, a brightly 
illuminated area in the shape of an isosceles 
triangle which has its base near the lower 
circumference and its apex at the umbo of 
the membrana tympani. P.'s Method, in- 
flation of middle ear through the eustachian 
tube. P.'s Test, in cases of unilateral mid- 
dle-ear disease, associated with obstruction 
of the eustachian tube, the sound of a vibrat- 
ing tuning fork (C 2 ) held before the nares 
during deglutition is perceived by the normal 
ear only; if the tube is patulous, the sound 
sensation is frequently stronger in the affected 
ear. In unilateral disease of the labyrinth 
the tuning-fork is heard in the normal ear 
whether or not deglutition occur. 

Politzerization (pol-its-er-i-za' -shun) [after 
Adam Politzer, an Austrian otologist]. The 
inflation of the middle ear by means of a 
rubber bag. 

Pollakiuria (pol-ak-i-u'-re-ah) [noXXancc, often; 
oupov, urine] Abnormally frequent micturi- 
tion. 



Pollex (pol'-eks) [L.]. i. The thumb. 2. The 
great toe. 

Pollicar (pol'-ik-ar) [pollex]. Relating to the 
thumb. 

Pollution (pol-u'-shun) [polluere, to defile]. 
1. The act of defiling or rendering impure, 
as pollution of drinking-water. 2. The pro- 
duction of the sexual orgasm by means other 
than sexual intercourse. 

Polonium (pol-o'-ne-um) [Poland, home of the 
discoverers]. A radioactive element isolated 
by M. and Mme. Curie from pitch-blende. 

Poly- (pol-e-) [noXug, many]. A prefix denoting 
many or much. 

Polyacid (pol-e-as'-id) [poly-; acid]. Applied 
to a base or basic radicle capable of saturating 
several molecules of the acid radicle. 

Polyadenia (pol-e-ad-e'-ni-ah) [poly-; ddyv, a 
gland]. Hodgkin's disease. 

Polyadenitis (pol-e-ad-en-i'-tis). Inflammation 
of many glands at once. P., Malignant, 
bubonic plague. 

Poly anemia (pol-e-an-e'-me-ah). Excessive 
anemia. 

Polyarthritis (pol-e-ar-thri'-tis). Inflammation 
of many joints. P. rheumatica acuta. See 
Rheumatism, Acute Articular. 

Polyarticular (pol-e-ar-tik'-u-lar) [poly-; artic- 
ulus, joint]. Affecting many joints; the term 
multiarticular is preferable. 

Polyatomic (pol-e-at-om'-ik). 1. Containing 
several atoms. 2. Having several hydrogen 
atoms replaceable by bases. 

Polyaxon (pol-e-aks'-on). 1. In biology, having 
several axes of growth. 2. A neuron having 
more than two axons. 

Polybasic (pol-e-ba'-sik) [poly-; base.] 1. 
Of acids, having several hydrogen atoms 
replaceable by bases. 2. Formed from a 
polybasic acid by the replacement of more 
than one hydrogen atom by a base. 

Polycholia (pol-e-ko'-le-ah) [poly-; 20A7}, bile]. 
Excessive secretion of bile. 

Polychromatic (pol -e - kro - mat' - ik) [poly-; 
Xpcofia, color]. Many-colored. 

Polychromatoph.il (pol-e-kro-mat'-o-fil) [poly-; 
XpoJ/J-a, color; faXe'cv, to love]. 1. An erythro- 
cyte which has lost its affinity for acid stain 
and which with mixtures of acid and basic 
dyes is stained atypically by either or both 
elements. 2. See Polycromatophilic. 

Polychromatophilia (pol-e-kro-mat-o-fil'-e-ah) . 
The presence in the blood of polychromato- 
phils. 

P olychromatophilic (pol-e-kro-mat-o-fil'-ik) . 
Exhibiting no special affinity for acid or basic 
dyes. 

Polychromemia (pol-e-kro-me'-me-ah) [poly-; 
Xp(b[ia, color; alfia, blood]. The increase in 
coloring-matter in the blood as a sequel of 
polycythemia. 

Polychylic (pol-e-ki'-lik) [poly-; x u ^°C> chyle]. 
Relating to an excess of chyle. 

Polyclinic (pol-e-klin'-ik). A hospital in which 
many diseases are treated. 

Polyclonia (pol-e-klo'-ne-ah) [poly-; kXovoc, 
commotion! An affection said to be distinct 



POLYCORIA 



779 



POLYNUCLEAR 



from tic and chorea but marked by clonic 
spasms. 

Polycoria {pol-e-ko' -re-ah) [poly-; Koprj, pupil]. 
The existence of more than one pupil in the 
iris. 

Polycrotic {pol-e-krot'-ik) [poly-; Kpbroc, pulse]. 
Of the pulse, presenting several waves for 
each cardiac systole. 

Polycyesis {pol-e-si-e'-sis) [poly-; kotjocc, preg- 
nancy], i. The occurrence of frequent preg- 
nancy. 2. Multiple pregnancy. 

Polycystic {pol-e-sis* -tik) [poly-; Kuaxcg, a sac]. 
Containing many cysts. 

Polycythemia {pol-e-si-the* -me-ali) [poly-; kutoc, 
cell; a} pa, blood]. A state of the blood 
characterized by an excess of red corpuscles. 
Polycythemia cyanotica, a form associated 
with chronic cyanosis, enlargement of the 
spleen, and constipation without any sign of 
disease of the heart, lungs, or kidneys and 
with no emphysema. 

Polydactylism {pol-e-dak* -til-izm) [poly-; dax- 
xuXoc, a finger]. The existence of supernum- 
erary fingers or toes. 

Polydipsia {pol-e-dip' '-se-ah) [poly-; d'c^a, thirst]. 
Excessive thirst. 

Polyemia, Polyaemia {pol-e-e* -me-ali) [poly-; 
alpa, blood]. Abnormal increase of the total 
mass of the blood; plethora. Polyaemia 
hyperalbuminosa, an excess of albumin in 
the blood-plasma. Polyaemia polycythae- 
mica, an increase of the red corpuscles. 
Polyaemia serosa, a condition in which the 
amount of blood-serum is increased. 

Polyesthesia {pol - e - es - the' - ze - ah) [poly-; 
a'codfjoif, sensation]. An abnormity of sen- 
sation in which a single touch is felt in two 
or more places at the same time. 

Polyformin {pol-e-}orm'-in). An antiseptic 

compound obtained by dissolving resorcinol 
in aqueous formaldehyd and adding an 
excess of ammonia; it is an insoluble, odor- 
less powder used in the same manner as 
iodoform. P., Soluble, C 6 H 4 (OH 2 ) 2 — (CH 2 ) 6 - 
N 4 , diresorcinol hexamethylentetramin, a 
combination of two molecules of resorcinol 
with one molecule of hexamethylentetramin 
(urotropin); white crystals, very soluble in 
water and alcohol, insoluble in ether, benzol, 
and oils. It is used internally as an anti- 
ferment; externally in skin diseases. 

Polygalactia (pol-e-gal-ak'-te-ah) [poly-; y&Xa, 
milk]. Excessive secretion of milk. 

Polygalin (pol-ig'-al-in). See Senega. 

Polyganglionic {pol-e-gang-gle-on* -ik) [poly-; 
ganglion], i. Having several ganglions. 2. 
Affecting several lymphatic glands at once. 

Polygnathus {pol-ig' '-na-thus) [poly-; yvaQog. 
jaw]. A form of monster in which the parasite 
is attached to the jaws of the host. 

Polygonal {pol-ig* -o-naT) [poly-; yajvta, an 
angle]. Having many angles. 

Polygyria {pol-e-jir* -e-ah) [poly-; yupoc, gyre]. 
The existence of an excessive number of con- 
volutions in the brain. 

Polyhedral {pol-e-he* -drat) [poly-; edpa, a seat; 
a base]. Having many surfaces. 



Polyhidria {pol-e-hi' -dre-ah) . See Polyidrosis. 

Polyhydramnios {pol-e-hi-dram* -ne-os). An 
excessive production of liquor amnii. 

Polyidrosis {pol-e-id-ro 1 '-sis) [poly-; "copiootc, 
sweating]. Excessive sweating. 

Polyleptic {pol-e-lep* -tik) [poly-; kap.fla.veiv, to 
seize]. Characterized by numerous remissions 
and exacerbations. 

Polymastia {pol-e-mas* -te-ah) [poly-; paoxbg, a 
breast]. The presence of more than two 
breasts or nipples.' The supernumerary 
organs may be below the breast proper, in 
the axilla, or elsewhere on the body. 

Polymelia {pol-e-me* -le-ah) [poly-; pkXoc, a 
limb]. A malformation consisting in the 
presence of more than the normal number 
of limbs. 

Polymelus {pol-im* -el-us) [see Polymelia]. A 
monster having more than the normal number 
of limbs. 

Polymenia {pol-e-me* -ne-ah) [poly-; pfjvef, 
months]. Menorrhagia. 

Polymeric {pol-e-mer* -ik) [see Polymerism]. 1. 
Exhibiting polymerism. 2. Applied to mus- 
cles which are derived from two or more 
myotomes. 

Polymerid {pol-im* -er-id) [see Polymerism]. In 
chemistry, a compound having the property 
of polymerism. 

Polymerism {pol-im* -er-izm) [poly-; pepoc, a 
part]. 1. The existence of more than a nor- 
mal number of parts. 2. A variety of isomer- 
ism. See Isomeric and Polymerization. 

Polymerization {pol - e - mer - i - za* - shun) 
[see Polymerism). The apparent fusion or 
union of two or more molecules of a com- 
pound, forming a more complex molecule, 
with a higher molecular weight and some- 
what different physical and chemic proper- 
ties. 

Polymorphic, Polymorphous {pol-e-mor'-fik, 
pol-e-mor' -fus) [see Polymorphism]. Having 
or occurring in several forms; of a crystal 
crystallizing in several forms. 

Polymorphism {pol -e- mor* - fizm) [poly-; 
p.op<j>7), form]. The state of being poly- 
morphous. 

Polymorphonuclear {pol-e-mor-fo-nu* -kle-ar) . 
Applied to multinuclear leukocytes which have 
nuclei exceedingly irregular in form, being 
twisted or knotted or presenting the appear- 
ance of being divided into distinct portions, 
though in reality a thin lamina of nuclear 
substance unites them. 

Polymyoclonus {pol-e-mi-o-klo* -nus). See 
Paramyoclonus. 

Polymyositis {pol-e-mi-o-si* -tis) . A disease of 
the muscles, usually fatal, characterized by 
inflammation, pains, deformity, and pros- 
tration. 

Polynesic {pol-e-ne'-sik) [poly-; vfjooc, island]. 
Occurring in several foci, e. g., polynesic 
sclerosis. 

Polyneuritis {pol-e-nu-ri* -tis) . See Neuritis, 
Multiple. 

Polynuclear {pol-e-nu* -kle-ar). See Multinu- 
clear. 



POLYNUCLEARNEUTROPHILIC 



780 



POLYTRICHIA 



Po lynuc learneutr ophilic (pol-e-nu-kle-ar-nu- 
tro-fil' -ik) . Relating to polynuclear leukocytes 
which are readily stainable with neutral dyes. 

Polynucleosis (pol-e-nu-kle-o' -sis) . The con- 
dition of having many multinuclear cells in 
the blood or in a pathologic exudate. 

Polyopia, Polyopsia (pol-e-o' -pe-ah, pol-e-op'- 
se-ah) [poly-; b(J)tg, sight]. A condition in 
which more than one image of an object is 
formed upon the retina. 

Poly orchis (pol-e-or' -kis) [poly-; bpx^C, a tes- 
ticle]. One who has more than two testicles. 

Polyotia (pol-e-o' '-she-ah) [poly-; ouc, ear]. 
A condition in which there is more than one 
auricle on a side. 

Polyp, Polypus (pol'-ip, pol'-e-pus) [poly-; izooc, 
foot]. A tumor having a pedicle, found espe- 
cially on mucous membranes, as in the nose, 
bladder, rectum, uterus, etc. P., Blood-. 
Synonym of P., Placental. Polypus car- 
nosus. Synonym of Sarcoma. P., Fibrin- 
ous, a polypoid mass on the uterine wall, 
resulting from the deposition of fibrin from 
retained blood. The mass may be attached 
to portions of an ovum or to thrombi at 
the placental site. P., Fibrous, a polyp 
composed chiefly of fibrous tissue. P., 
Mucous, a soft polyp resulting either from a 
localized inflammatory hyperplasia of a mu- 
cous membrane or from the formation of a 
true myxoma. P., Placental, a fibrinous 
polyp resulting from the deposit of fibrin upon 
a portion of retained placenta. P., Soft. 
Synonym of P., Mucous. P., Vascular, a 
pedunculated angioma. 

Polypapilloma tropicum (pol-e-pap-il-o'-mah). 
Frambesia. 

Polyparesis (pol-e-par' -es-is) [poly-; napeocc, 
weakness]. General paresis. 

Polyphagia (pol-e-fa'-je-ah) [poly-; <fiayeev, to 
eat]. Bulimia. 

Polypharmacy (pol-e-]ar f -mas-e) [poly-; <f>app.a- 
kov, a drug]. The prescription of many drugs 
at one time; the excessive use of drugs. 

Polyphrasia (pol-e-fra'-ze-ah) [poly-; <f)paocc, 
speech]. A morbid state characterized by 
excessive speaking; morbid loquacity; ver- 
bigeration. 

Polyplasmia {pol-e-plaz'-me-ah) [poly-; 7iXaop.a, 
plasm]. Extreme fluidity of the blood. 

Polyplastic (pol-e-plas'-tik) [poly-; tzXolooecv, 
to mold], i. Of cells, having many substances 
in their composition. 2. Undergoing many 
modifications during development. 

Polypnea (pol-ip-ne' -ah) [poly-; izvo'ca, breath- 
ing]. Great rapidity of respiration; panting 
respiration. 

Polypodium (pol-e-po' '-de-um) [poly-; noug, 
foot]. A genus of ferns several species of 
which are asserted to have medical properties. 
The rhizome of P. aureum, of the West 
Indies, is used as a styptic; P. calaguala, the 
true calaguala, of Mexico and Peru, has a 
high reputation as a solvent and diaphoretic; 
the juice of the rhizome of P. querci folium, 
of the East Indies, is used in inflammation of 
the eyes and in gonorrhea; the rhizome is 



used in malaria and as a tonic; P. vulgar e, 
of Europe and America, has been used as an 
expectorant in chronic catarrh and asthma. 

Polypoid (poV -e-poid) [polyp; etdof, like]. 
Resembling a polyp. 

Polyporus (pol-ip' -o-rus) [poly-; nopog, pore]. 
A genus of fungi. P. amanita, a poisonous 
agaric, used for killing flies, has marked ex- 
citant and narcotic properties. It has been 
used topically in cancerous tumors and ulcers 
and internally in epilepsy, skin diseases, par- 
alysis, and tuberculosis. It contains the alka- 
loids muscarin and amanitin. Syn., Amanita 
muscaria; Bug agaric; Fly agaric. P. offici- 
nalis, grows on the larch and is known as purg- 
ing agaric. It is used in night-sweats of 
tuberculosis. Dose of fluidextract 1-15 min. 
(0.06-1.0 Cc). 

Polyposis (pol-ip-o f -sis) [poly-; izbotc, draught]. 
1. Excessive thirst; polydipsia. 2. [polyp.] 
The condition of being affected with 
polyps. P. ventriculi, a plicate, warty con- 
dition of the gastric mucosa associated with 
hypertrophy and catarrh. Syn., Etat mame- 
lonne. 

Polypus (pol'-e-pus). See Polyp. 

Polyrrhea (pol-e-re'-ah) [poly-; po'ca, a flow]. 
An excessive secretion of fluid. 

Polysaccharid (pol-is-ak'-ar-id). See Carbo- 
hydrate. 

Polysarcia (pol-e-sar' -se-ah) [poly-; oap£, flesh]. 
Excessive corpulency; obesity. 

Polysarcous (pol-e-sar' -kus) [polysarcia]. Cor- 
pulent; exhibiting polysarcia. 

Polyscelia (pol-e-ske' -le-ah) [poly-; onkXog, leg]. 
Excess in the number of legs. 

Polyscelus (pol-is f -kel-us) [see Polyscelia]. A 
monster having supernumerary legs. 

Polyscope (pol'-is-kop) [poly-; OKone'tv, to ob- 
serve]. An instrument provided with an 
electric light which is introduced into a cavity 
in order to illuminate its internal surfaces. 

Polyserositis (pol-e-se-ro-si'-tis). Progressive 
malignant inflammation of the serous mem- 
branes. See Concato's Disease. 

Polysinuitis, Polysinusitis (pol-e-sin-u-i'-tis, 
-si'-tis). Simultaneous inflammation of sev- 
eral sinuses. 

Polysolvol (pol-e-soV -vot) . A thick, clear 
liquid which has the property of dissolving 
large quantities of phenol, menthol, salicylic 
acid, etc. It is obtained by treating castor- 
oil successively with strong sulfuric acid and 
sodium chlorid and neutralizing the sulfori- 
cinic acid obtained with sodium hydroxid. Syn., 
Ammonium sulforicinate; Solvin sodium. 

Polysomia (pol-e-so' -me-ah) [poly-; owp.a, body] 
A monster having more than a single bod} 
or trunk. 

Polyspermism (pol-e-sper'-mizm) [poly-; oizepfxa 
seed]. An excessive quantity of seminal fluid 

Polystichia (pol-e-stiW -e-ah) [poly-; ox'cxoc 
row]. A condition in which the eyelashe:; 
are arranged in two or more rows. 

Polytrichia, Polytrichosis (pol-e-trik' -e-ah 
pol-e-trik-o'-sis) [poly-; Optf, hair]. Excessiv 
development of hair. 



POLYTRICHUM 



781 



PORENCEPHALIA 



Polytrichum {pol-it' -rik-um) [xoXuzpcxoc, hav- 
ing much hair]. A genus of mosses; hair- 
moss. P. juniperinum is a species indigenous 
to the United States and Europe, and is a 
powerful diuretic. Dose of the fluidextract 
20-60 min. (1.2-3.7 Cc). 
Polyuria (pol-e-u' '-re-ah) [poly-; oupov, urine]. 
The passage of an excessive quantity of 
urine. The causes of temporary polyuria 
are excessive ingestion of fluids, cold, suppres- 
sion of perspiration, the use of diuretics; it 
occurs in the crisis of fevers, in hysteria, and 
in nervous excitement. A permanent poly- 
uria is met in diabetes mellitus, diabetes 
insipidus, chronic interstitial nephritis, and 
in amyloid disease of the kidneys. P. spas- 
tica, intermittent polyuria with hysteric 
symptoms accompanying convulsions. 
Pomade {po-mad') [pomum, apple]. A perfumed 

ointment for applying to the scalp. 
Pomatum {po-ma'-tum) [L.]. A pomade. 
Pomegranate {pum-gran'-at). See Granatum. 
Pompholyx, Pompholix (pom' -}o-liks) [nofi- 
<f)6\u£, a bubble]. A rare disease characterized 
by bullous eruptions on the palms of the hands 
and between the fingers. It occurs in de- 
pressed states of the nervous system, and is 
more common in women than in men. Syn., 
Chiro pompholyx; Dysidrosis. 
Pomphus {pom'-fus). See Wheal. 
Pomum (po'-mum) [L.]. Apple. P. adami, 
Adam's apple, the prominence in the front 
of the neck caused by the projection of the 
thyroid cartilage. 
Pond's Extract. A fluidextract of Hama- 

melis virginiana. 
Ponfick's Shadows. Achromacytes; colorless 
red corpuscles found in the blood in cases of 
hemoglobinemia. > 

Ponogene (pon'-o-jen) [novo?, work; ytvvav, to 
produce]. Waste-matter of the nervous sys- 
tem. 
Ponograph {pon'-o-gra}) [novog, pain; ypafacv, 
to write]. An apparatus for determining and 
registering sensitiveness to pain. 
Pons [L., "abridge"]. 1. A process or bridge 
of tissue connecting two parts of an organ. 2. 
The pons varolii. P. basilaris, the basilar 
process of the occipital bone. P. cerebelli. 
Same as P. varolii. P. tarini, the posterior 
perforated space. P. varolii, a convex 
white eminence situated at the base of the 
brain, and serving to connect the various 
divisions with one another. It is placed in 
front of the medulla oblongata, behind the 
cerebrum, and beneath the cerebellum, and 
rests upon the sphenobasilar groove. In 
structure the pons consists chiefly of nerve- 
fibers, but contains also areas of gray matter — 
the pontine nuclei. On section two portions, 
a superior and an inferior, are distinguishable. 
The latter contains transverse commissural 
fibers and is traversed by the pyramidal 
tracts. The superior or dorsal portion of the 
pons consists largely of gray matter which is 
continued up from below, especially the for- 
matio reticularis and the dorsal tracts of gray 



substance. In places the gray matter is 
grouped to form the nuclei of the fifth, sixth, 
seventh, and eighth nerves. In the lower 
part of the pons there is a small, folded gray 
mass — the superior olivary nucleus. It is 
inclosed by transverse fibers known as the 
trapezium. The pons is connected with the 
medulla, with the cerebellum (by the middle 
peduncles), and with the cerebrum (by the 
crura cerebri). 

Ponticinerea {pon-ti-sin-e' -re-ah) . A collec- 
tion of gray matter in the pons. 

Pontile, Pontine {pon'-til, pon'-ten) [pons]. 
Pertaining to the pons varolii. P. Hemi- 
plegia, a hemiplegia due to a lesion of the 
pons. When the lesion is situated low down 
in the pons, below the decussation of the fibers 
of the facial nerve, and above that of the 
pyramidal tracts, the hemiplegia is alternate; 
i. e., the arm and leg on one side, and the face 
on the other, are paralyzed. 

Poplar (pop'-lar). See Populus. 

Popliteal {pop-lit-e' -al) [poples, the ham of the 
knee; the hock]. Pertaining to or situated 
in the ham, as popliteal artery, popliteal nerve, 
popliteal space. P. Aneurysm, aneurysm 
of the popliteal artery. P. Artery. See 
under Artery. 

Popliteus {pop-lit-e'-us) [see Popliteal]. The 
ham or hinder part of the knee-joint. P. 
Muscle. See under Muscle. 

Poppy {pop'-e) [AS., popig]. Papaver som- 
niferum, a plant of the order Papaver acece; 
the capsules yield opium. P. -capsules (papa- 
veris capsulte, B. P.), possess effects similar 
to those of opium, but far milder in degree. 
•The decoction (decoctum papaveris, B. P.) 
is used chiefly as an anodyne application. 
Dose of the extract {extr actum papaveris, B. P.) 
5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.); of the syrup 
{syrupus papaveris, B. P.) ^-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). 
Red poppy is used in making the syrupus 
rhceados of the B. P. Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). 

Populin (pop'-u-lin). See Populus. 

Populus {pop'-u-lus) [L.]. Poplar, a genus of 
trees of the order Salicinece, several species of 
which yield salicin (salicinum, U. S. P.), 
C 13 H l8 7 , and populin or benzoyl-salicin, 
C^H^Og. Poplar-buds have been used in 
rheumatism and Bright's disease. The leaves 
and buds are also employed for anodyne 
ointments. The wood and bark of the root 
of P. monilifera, cottonwood, of the United 
States, are said to be powerful antiperiodics. 

Porcellaneous, Porcellanous (por-sel-a'-ne-us, 
por-sel'-an-us). Relating to or having the 
appearance of porcelain; applied to a con- 
dition of the skin in fever. 

Porcupine-disease. See Ichthyosis. 

Pore (por) [izbpoc, a. pore or cavity]. A minute 
circular opening on a surface, as a pore of 
the skin, the opening of the duct of a sudorip- 
arous gland. See also Porus. 

Porencephalia, Porencephalus (por-en-sef-a' '- 
le-ah, por-en-sef '-al-us) [pore; kjKk^>akog, 
brain]. A condition characterized by the 
presence of depressions on the surface of 



PORENCEPHALITIS 



782 



POSITION 



the brain, due to a congenital arrest of de- 
velopment or to an acquired defect. 

Porencephalitis {por-en-sef-al-i'-tis) [poren- 
cephalia]. Encephalitis with a tendency to 
the formation of cavities. 

Porencephalous (por-en-sef '-al-us) [porenceph- 
alia]. Affected with porencephalia. 

Pornography (por-nog'-ra-fe) [xopvr], a prosti- 
tute; rpafecv, to write], i. A treatise on 
prostitution. 2. Obscene writing. 

Porno therapy (por-no-ther' '-ap-e) [nbpvq, a 
prostitute; depamia, therapy]. The medical 
supervision of prostitutes as related to public 
hygiene. 

Porocele (po'-ro-sel) [ncbpoc, callus; ktjXt), her- 
nia]. A scrotal hernia in which the coverings 
are indurated and thickened. 

Poroma (po-ro'-mah) [xcbpcopia]. A callosity. 

Poroplastic (po-ro-plas' '-tik) [pore; nXaooecv, 
to mold]. Porous and plastic. P. Felt, a 
porous felt which is readily molded ; it is used 
in the preparation of splints and jackets. 

Porosis (po-ro'-sis) [rcwpoc, callus]. The for- 
mation of callus. 

Porosity (po-ros'-it-e) [porous]. The condition 
of being porous. 

Porotomy (po-rof -o-me) [pore; to/jltj, a cut- 
ting]. Incision of the meatus of the urethra. 

Porous (po'-rus) [pore]. Having pores. 

Porphyreus (por-fi' -re-us) [nopcfrupa, purple]. In 
biology showing spots of purple upon a ground 
of another hue. 

Porphyrin (por'-fir-in) [see Porphyreus]. A 
white, amorphous substance, C21H25N3O2, 
from Alstonia constricta, Australian fever- 
bark. It is antipyretic. 

Porphyrization (por -fir -i-za' -shun) [porphyry, 
a kind of rock]. Pulverization, so called be- 
cause generally performed on a tablet of 
porphyry. 

Porphyruria (por-fir-u f -re-ah) [nopcfrupa, purple; 
obpo\>, urine]. The discharge of urine colored 
with purpurin. 

Porret's Phenomenon. When a continuous 
current is passed through a living muscular 
fiber, the sarcous substance shows an undu- 
lating movement from the positive toward the 
negative pole. 

Porriginous (por-ij'-in-us). Relating to por- 
rigo ; scurfy. 

Porrigo (por-i'-go) [L.]. An old term applied 
to several diseases of the scalp. P. decal- 
vans, alopecia areata. P. favosa, favus. 
P. larvalis, impetigo of the scalp conjoined 
with eczema. 

Porro's Operation, Porro-cesarean Section. 
See Operation, Porro's. 

Porta (por'-tah) [L., "gate"]. The hilus of 
an organ through which the vessels enter. 
P. hepatis, P. jecoris, the transverse fissure 
of the liver through which the portal vein 
enters the organ. 

Portal {por'-tal) [porta]. Pertaining to the 
porta or hilum of an organ, especially to 
the porta hepatis or to the vein entering at the 
porta hepatis {portal vein). P. Circulation, 
the passage of blood from the stomach, spleen, 



and intestine through the portal vein and the 
liver. P. Fissure. See Fissure, Transverse. 
P. Vein, the large vein entering the liver at 
the transverse fissure, and bringing to it the 

' blood from the digestive tract and the spleen. 

Porte -caustique (port-kos-tek). A holder for 
a stick of caustic. 

Porter (por'-ter). See under Malt Liquors. 

Porter's Symptom. Tracheal tugging. See 
Oliver 's Symptom. 

Portio (por'-she-o) [L.]. A part. P. dura, 
the hard part of the seventh pair of nerves of 
Willis — the facial nerve. P. inter duram et 
mollem, a small funiculus between the 
portio dura and the portio mollis of the 
seventh cranial nerve. P. intermedia wris- 
bergii. Synonym of P. inter duram et mol- 
lem. P. mollis, the soft part of the seventh 
cranial nerve — the auditory nerve. 

Port- wine Mark, P. Stain." See Nevus (2). 

Porus (po'-rus) [L.]. A pore. P. acusticus 
externus, the opening of the external audi- 
tory canal. P. acusticus internus, the 
opening of the internal auditory canal into 
the cranial cavity. P. opticus, the opening 
in the center of the lamina cribrosa trans- 
mitting the central artery of the retina. 

Posadas, Protozoic Disease of. See Der- 
matitis, Blastomycetic. 

Position (po-zish'-un) [ponere, to place]. Place; 
location; attitude; posture. P., Dorsal, 
one in which the patient lies on the back. 
P., Edebohls'. See P., Simon's. P., Eng- 
lish. See P., Left Lateral Recumbent. P. of 
the Fetus, the relation of the presenting part 
of the ietus to the cardinal points of Capuron. 
For the vertex, the face, and the breech there 
are each four positions: a right anterior, a 
right posterior, a left anterior, and a left pos- 
terior. For each of the shoulders there is an 
anterior and a posterior position. In order to 
shorten and memorize these positions, the 
initials of the chief words are made use of, as 
follows: For vertex presentations the word 
occiput is abbreviated O., and preceded by the 
letter R. or L., for right or left, and followed 
by A. or P., according as the presenting part 
is anterior or posterior. We thus have the 
initials L.O.A., left occipitoanterior, to indi- 
cate that the presenting occiput is upon the 
anterior left side. In the same way are de- 
rived the terms L.O.P., R.O.A., R.O.P. For 
facial presentations we have in the same way 
L.F.A. (left frontoanterior), L.F.P., R.F.A., 
R.F.P. For breech or sacral presentations, 
L.S.A., L.S.P., R.S.A., R.S.P., and for shoul- 
der (dorsal) presentations, L.D.A., L.D.P., 
R.D.A., R.D.P. P., Fowler's, that obtained 
by elevating the foot of the bed 24 to 30 inches. 
P., High Pelvic. See P., Trendelenburg's. 
P., Knee-chest, P., Genupectoral, one in 
which the patient rests upon the knees and 
chest, the arms being crossed above the head. 
P., Knee-elbow, P., Genucubital, one in 
which the patient lies upon the knees and 
elbows, the head resting upon the hands. 
P., Left Lateral Recumbent, P., English, 



783 




The Semiprone or Sims' Posture (Anterior 
View). 




The Horizontal Posture. 




The Trendelenburg Posture. 




The Genupectoral Posture. 





The Semiprone or Sims' Posture (Posterior 
View). 




The Dorsosacral Posture (Lateral View). 




The Knee-elbow Fosture. 



Edebohls' Posture. 



POSITIVE 



784 



POSTHUMOUS 



P., Obstetric, one in which the patient lies 
on the left side with the right thigh and knee 
drawn up. P., Lithotomy, P., Dorsosacral, 

one in which the patient lies on the back 
with the legs flexed on the thighs and the 
thighs flexed on the abdomen and abducted. 
P., Simon's, one in which the patient lies 
on the back with the legs flexed on the 
thighs and the thighs on the abdomen, the 
hips being elevated and the thighs strongly 
abducted. P., Sims', P., Semiprone, one in 
which the patient lies on the left side with the 
right knee and thigh drawn up and the left arm 
placed along the back; the chest is inclined 
forward so that the patient rests upon it. 
P., Trendelenburg's, one in which the pa- 
tient lies on the back on a plane inclined 
about 45 , the feet and legs hanging over the 
end of the table. P., Walcher's, a dorsal 
posture with the hips at the edge of the table 
and lower extremities hanging. 

Positive (poz'-it-iv) [positivus, from ponere, 
to place]. Real; existing; actual. In mathe- 
matics and physiology, denoting one of two 
quantities or conditions assumed as primary 
or fundamental; opposed to one assumed as 
negative; denoting a quantity greater than 
zero; to be added; additive. P. Electricity, 
the kind of electricity developed by rubbing 
glass with silk. P. Electrode, P. Pole, the 
electrode or pole connected with the negative 
plate of a battery. P. Element, P. Plate, 
that plate of a battery which is acted upon 
by the fluid, e. g., the zinc plate in the zinc- 
carbon battery. 

Posner's Reaction for Peptones and Albu- 
mins. Alkalinize the urine, pour it into a 
test-tube, and overlay it very carefully with 
a very dilute, almost colorless solution of 
copper sulfate. In the presence of peptone 
a violet zone will form even in the cold; the 
same reaction is yielded by albumin upon 
warming. 

Posology {pos-ol'-oj-e) [izbaoc, how much; 
hdyof, science]. That branch of medical 
science dealing with the dosage of medicines. 

Post- {post-) [L.]. A prefix denoting after; 
behind. 

Postaccessual (post-ak-ses' -u-al) [post-; accessio, 
a paroxysm]. Occurring after a paroxysm. 

Postanal (post-a' -nal) [post-; anus]. Situated 
behind the anus. 

Postaxial (post-aks' -e-al) [post-; axis]. Situated 
behind the axis: in the arm, behind the ulnar 
aspect; in the leg, behind the fibular aspect. 

Postcentral (post-sen' '-tr al) [post-; center], i. 
Situated behind a center. 2. Situated behind 
the fissure of Rolando, or central fissure of 
the brain, as the postcentral convolution. 

Postcibal (pdst-si'-bal) [post-; cibum, food]. 
Occurring after meals. 

Postclavicular (post-kla-vik' -u-lar) [post-; clav- 
icle]. Situated behind the clavicle. 

Postconvulsive (post-kon-vul' -siv) [post-; con- 
vulsion]. Coming on after a convulsion. 

Postcornu (post-kor'-nu). See Comu occipi- 
tale. 



Postdiastolic (post-di-as-toV-ik) [post-; diastole]. 
Occurring after the diastole. 

Postdicrotic (post-di-krot' -ik) [post-; dicrotic]. 
Occurring after the dicrotic wave of the pulse, 
as the postdicrotic wave in the sphygmographic 
tracing. 

Postdiphtheric (post-dif-ther'-ik) [post-; diph- 
theric]. Occurring after an attack of diph- 
theria, as postdiphtheric paralysis. 

Postembryonic (post-em-bri-on'-ik) [post-; em- 
bryo]. Occurring after the embryonic stage. 

Postepileptic (post-ep-i-lef -tik) [post-; epilepsy]. 
Occurring after an epileptic attack. 

Posterior (pos-te'-re-or) [poster us, after; be- 
hind]. Placed behind or to the back of a 
part. 

Postero- (pos-te-ro-) [posterior]. A prefix mean- 
ing posterior. 

Posteroexternal (pos-ter-o-eks-ter'-nal) [pos- 
tero-; external]. Occupying the outer side of 
a back part, as the posteroexternal column 
of the spinal cord. 

Posterointernal (pos-ter-o-in-ter' -nal) [postero-; 
internal]. Occupying the inner side of a back 
part, as the posterointernal column of the 
spinal cord. 

Posterolateral (pos-te-ro-laf -er-al) [postero-; 
lateral]. Situated behind and at the side of 
a part. 

Posteromedian (pos-te-ro-me'-de-an). Located 
in the middle of a posterior aspect. 

Posteroparietal (pos - te - ro - par - i' - et - al) 
[postero-; parietal]. Situated at or opposite 
the posterior part of the parietal bone. 

Posterosuperior (pos - te -ro - su - pe' -re - or) 
[postero-; superior]. Situated behind and 
above a part. 

Posterotemporal (pos - te - ro - tern' - por - al) 
[postero-; temporal]. Situated at or opposite 
the posterior part of the temporal bone. 

Postfebrile (post-Jeb'-ril) [post-; febris, a. fever]. 
Occurring after a fever. 

Postgeminum (post-jem'-in-um) [post-; gemi- 
nus, twin]. The posterior pair of bodies of 
the corpora quadrigemina. 

Postgeniculatum, Postgeniculum (post-jen- 
ik-u-la' -turn, -jen-ik' -u-lum) [post-; genicu- 
lum]. The internal geniculate body. 

Postglenoid (post-gle'-noid) [post-; glenoid]. 
Situated behind the glenoid fossa, as the 
postglenoid tubercle, also called simply post- 
glenoid. 

Posthemiplegic (post-hem-i-ple' -jik) [post-; 
hemiplegia]. Occurring after or following an 
attack of hemiplegia. P. Chorea, choreiform 
movements in paralyzed limbs. 

Posthetomy (pos-ihet' -o-me) [noadt], prepuce; 
to/j.7), a cutting]. Circumcision. 

Posthitis (pos-thi' -tis) [nbodf], prepuce; exec, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the prepuce. 

Postholith (pos' -iho-lith) [nbodrj, prepuce; Mdoc, 
a stone]. A preputial calculus. 

Posthumous (pos' -tu-mus) [post-; humus, the 
ground]. Occurring after death. P. Child, 
one born after the death of the father, or 
taken by cesarean operation from the body 
of its mother after her death. 



POSTHYOID 



785 



POTASSIUM 



unvoc, 
acting 
off, as 



Posthyoid (post-hi'-oid). Posterior to the 

hyoicTbone. 

Posthypnotic (post-hip-not'-ik) [post-, 
sleep]. Succeeding the hypnotic state 
after the hypnotic state has passed 
posthypnotic suggestion. 

Posticus (pos-ti'-kus) [L.]. Posterior. 

Postischial (post-is' -ke-al). Dorsad of the 
ischium. 

Postmortem (post -mor' -tern) [post-; mors, 
death], i. Occurring after death. 2. An ex- 
amination of the body after death; an autopsy. 

Postnasal (post-naz'-al) [post-; nasus, nose]. 
Situated behind the nose. P. Catarrh, ca- 
tarrhal inflammation of the nasopharynx. 

Postocular (pdst-ok'-u-lar) [post-; oculus, the 
eye]. Behind or beneath the eye. 

Postotic (post-o'-tik) [post-; ouc, ear]. Behind 
the auditory vesicle. 

Postparalytic (post-par-ah-lit '-ik) [post-; paral- 
ysis]. Following an attack of paralysis. 

Postpartum (post-par' -turn) [post-; partus, 
birth]. Following childbirth, as postpartum 
hemorrhage. 

Postpharyngeal (post-far-in'-je-al) [post-; phar- 
ynx]. Situated behind the pharynx. 

Postpneumonic (pdst-nu-mon'-ik). Following 
pneumonia. 

Postpone (post-pon') [post-; ponere, to place]. 
Of a paroxysm, to occur after the regular time. 

Postponent (post-po'-nent) [see Postpone]. De- 
layed in recurrence. 

Postpyramidal (post-pi-ram'-id-al) [post-; pyra- 
mid]. Situated behind the pyramidal tract. 
P. Nucleus, the nucleus funiculi gracilis. 

Postscarlatinal (post-skar-lat-e'-nal). Occur- 
ring after scarlatina. 

Posttarsal (post-tar' -sal) . Located behind the 
tarsus. 

Posttyphoid (post-ti'-foid). Following typhoid. 

Postulate (pos'-tu-ldt) [postulare, to demand]. 
A self-evident proposition. 

Postural (pos'-tur-al) [ponere, to place]. Per- 
taining to posture or position; performed by 
means of a special posture, as postural treat- 
ment. 

Posture (pos'-tiir). See Position. 

Postuterine (post-u'-ter-in) [post-; uterus]. Situ- 
ated behind the uterus. 

Potable (po'-ta-bl) [potare, to drink]. Drink- 
able ; fit to drink. 

Potain's Syndrome. Dyspepsia and dilation 
of the right ventricle, with accentuation of 
the pulmonary sound, observed during the 
digestive process in cases of gastrectasis. 

Potamophobia (pot-am-of-o'-be-ah) [noxaiibc, 
river; (f>6{3oc, fear]. The morbid fear of sheets 
of water. 

Potash (pot' -ash) [Irish, pota, a pot; ash]. 1. 
Potassium hydroxid; caustic potash. 2. 
Potassium carbonate. 

Potassa (po-tas'-ah). Potash. See Potassium 
Hydroxid. 

Potassiocupric (po-tas-e-o-ku'-prik). Contain- 
ing potassium and copper. 

Potassium (po-tas' -e-um) [potassa, potash]. A 
silver-white, soft, very ductile metal, belonging 
51 



to the alkali group, and having a sp. gr. of 
0.865; quantivalence I; atomic weight 39; 
symbol K (from the Latin kalium). It forms 
compounds with nearly all nonmetals. P. 
Acetate (potassii acetas, U. S. P., B. P.), 
KC2H3O2, used in rheumatism, as a diuretic 
in dropsy, and in cutaneous diseases. Dose 
20 gr.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 Gm.). P. Arsenate, 
K 2 HAs0 4 , extremely poisonous crystals, solu- 
ble in water; used as an antiperiodic and 
alterative. Dose ^otV 8 r - (0.003-0.006 Gm.). 
P. Arsenite, Solution of (liquor potassii ar- 
senitis, U. S. P.), Fowler's solution. Dose 3 min. 
(0.2 Cc). P. Bicarbonate (potassii bicarbonas, 
U. S. P., B. P.), KHC0 3 , used as an antacid. It 
is also highly recommended in influenza and to 
abort colds. Dose 20 gr.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 Gm.). 
P. Binoxalate, salt of sorrel, a constituent 
of wood-sorrel. P. Bisulfate, KHS0 4 , has 
been used as a laxative and refrigerant. Dose 
1-2 dr. (4-8 Gm.). P. Bitartrate (potassii 
bitartras, U. S. P., B. P.), cream of tartar, 
KHC 4 H 4 O e , used as a cathartic, as a diuretic 
in dropsy, and for making refrigerant drinks 
in febrile affections. It is an ingredient of 
pulvis jalapce compositus (U. S. P.). Dose r dr. 
-\ oz. (4-16 Cc.).P.Bromid. SeeBromidic?n, 
Potassii, under Bromin. P. Camphorate, 
K 2 C 10 H 14 O 4 , white, antiseptic crystals, soluble 
in water, used in night -sweats of tuberculosis, 
gonorrhea, etc. Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). 
P. Carbolate, C 6 H 5 OK, white, antiseptic 
crystals, soluble in water; used in diarrhea 
and dysentery. Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 
Gm.). P. Carbonate (potassii carbonas, 
U. S. P., B. P.), used as an antacid in dys- 
pepsia and as an antilithic. P. Chlorate 
(potassii Moras, U. S. P., B. P.), KC10 3 . 
used locally and internally in various forms 
of stomatitis, in mercurial ptyalism, and in 
pharyngitis. Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 Gm.). 
In overdoses it is an irritant poison. From 
it are prepared trochisci potassii chloratis 
(U. S. P.). P. Citrate (potassii citras, U. S. 
P., B. P.), KgCeHgOy+FLO, used as a dia- 
phoretic in fevers, in bronchitis, and in rheu- 
matism, the uric-acid diathesis, etc. Dose 
20-30 gr. (1.3-2.0 Gm.). P. Citrate, Effer- 
vescent (potassii citras effervescens, U. S. P.), 
is used like the preceding. Dose 1-2 dr. 
(4-8 Cc). P. Citrate, Solution of (liquor 
potassii citratis, U. S. P.), an aqueous liquid 
containing 8 % of anhydrous potassium citrate 
with small amounts of citric and carbonic 
acids. Neutral mixture is prepared by sub- 
stituting lemon-juice for the citric acid. Dose 
|-i oz. (16-30 Cc). P. Cobaltinitrate, 
has been employed in asthma, nephritis, and 
valvular heart disease. Dose J-J gr. (0.016- 
0.032 Gm.). P. Cyanid (potassii cyanidum, 
U. S. P., B. P.), KCN, is similar in properties 
to hydrocyanic acid. It is also used locally 
in neuralgia. Dose f- gr. (0.008 Gm.). P. 
Dichromate, P. Bichromate (potassii 
dichromas, U. S. P., B. P.), K 2 Cr 2 7 , used 
as a caustic, and for the preparation of battery- 
fluids and of preserving-fluids for tissues; it 



POTASSIUM 



786 



POTT'S ANEURYSM 



was formerly employed as an alterative. 
P. Diiodoresorcin-monosulfate. See Pic- 
rol. P. Dithiocarbonate, K 2 COS 2 , an 
orange-red, crystalline powder, used externally 
in skin diseases: eczema, 5 to 10% ointment; 
psoriasis, 20% ointment. P. Ferricyanid, 
K e Fe 2 (CN) 12 , is used in the arts and as a 
reagent. P. Ferrocyanid (potassii ferro- 
cyanidum, U. S. P., B. P.), K 4 Fe(CN) 6 + 
3H 2 0, yellow prussiate of potash, has been 
used in the night-sweats of tuberculosis. Dose 
10-15 gr. (0.65-1.0 Gm.). It is extensively 
employed in the arts, as a reagent, and in 
pharmacy to prepare diluted hydrocyanic acid. 
P. Fluoresceinate, KaC^HjoOg, the potas- 
sium salt of fluorescein; a yellowish-red pow- 
der, soluble in water. It is used to detect cor- 
neal ulcerations. P.-guaiacol Sulfonate, a 
fine white powder, soluble in water, containing 
60% of guaiacol. Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32-0.97 
Gm.). P. Hydroxid (potassii hydroxidum, 
U. S. P., B. P.), KOH, caustic potash. This 
is a white solid, usually occurring in the form 
of pencils, and having powerful escharotic 
properties. P. Hypochlorite, KOC1, a 
substance which in solution forms Javelle 
water. P. Hypophosphite (potassii hypo- 
phosphis, U. S. P.), KH 2 P0 2 . Dose 
10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). See Hypophos- 
phite. P. Iodate, is used in stomatitis and 
pharyngitis as a substitute for potassium 
chlorate. Dose 4-8 gr. (0.26-0.52 Gm.). 
P. Iodid (potassii iodidum, U. S. P., B. P.), 
KI, is used as an alterative in syphilis; in 
chronic poisoning by lead or mercury; as 
an absorbent of inflammatory exudates; in 
chronic rheumatism, etc. Dose 2-10 gr. 
(0.13-0.65 Gm.); in syphilis several drams 
may be administered daily. From it are pre- 
pared unguentum iodi and unguentum potassii 
iodidi (U. S. P.). P. Nitrate (potassii nitras, 
U. S. P., B. P.), KNO3, saltpeter, is used 
as a refrigerant diuretic and diaphoretic; in 
asthma the inhalation of fumes produced by 
burning niter-paper (paper dipped in a solu- 
tion of the nitrate and dried) is useful. Dose 
10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 Gm.). From it is pre- 
pared argenti nitras mitigatus (U. S. P.). 
P. Nitrite, KN0 2 , white, amorphous sticks, 
soluble in water; used in asthma, epilepsy, 
etc. Dose \-2 gr. (0.016-0. 13 Gm.) several 
times daily. P. Nitroprussiate, K 2 F 2 . NO .- 
(CN) 5 + 2H 2 0, garnet -red crystals, soluble 
in water or alcohol, used as a test for albu- 
min in urine. P. Perchlorate, KC10 4 , white 
crystals, slightly soluble in water; antipyretic, 
antiperiodic, sedative, and diuretic. Dose 
5-15 gr. (0.32-1.0 Gm.). Syn., Hy perchlorate 
of potassium. P. Permanganate (potassii 
permanganas, U. S. P., B. P.), KMn0 4 , is 
a salt of permanganic acid, which is derived 
from the manganese heptoxid, Mn 2 7 . It is 
used as an antiseptic and deodorant, in 
amenorrhea, and as an antidote to opium- 
poisoning and poisoning by snake-bites. 
Dose as an emmenagog 1-2 gr. (0.065-0.13 
Gm.). It is also employed as a reagent. 



Condy's fluid is an aqueous solution of potas- 
sium permanganate 2 parts in 100. P. 'Phos- 
phate, K 2 HP0 4 , has been used as an altera- 
tive in scrofula and pulmonary tuberculosis. 
Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). P. Salicy- 
late, KC 7 H 5 Q 3 , a white powder, soluble in 
water or alcohol; antipyretic, analgesic, anti- 
rheumatic. Dose 6-15 gr. (0.4-1.0 Gm.). 
P. Silicate, K 2 Si0 3 (approximately), soluble 
glass, is used as is plaster-of-paris for making 
fixed dressings for fractures. P. and Sodium 
Tartrate (potassii et sodii tartras, U. S. P., 
B. P.), KNaC 4 H 4 O e + 4H 2 0, rochelle salt, is 
used as a saline cathartic; it is an ingredient 
of seidlitz powder. Dose 3-1 oz. {16-32 Cc). 
P. Sozoiodolate, KHC 6 H 2 I 2 OS0 3 , a white 
crystalline powder containing 58.8% of iodin, 
20% of phenol, and 7% of sulfur; soluble in 
hot water, melts at 120 C. It is bactericidal 
and is used externally in 3 % ointment. P. 
Sulfate (potassii sulphas, U. S. P., B. P.), 
K 2 S0 4 , is used as a laxative and purgative. 
Dose ^-4 dr. (2-16 Gm.). P. Sulfite, K 2 S0 3 - 
+ 2H 2 0, is antiseptic and laxative and used 
in acid fermentation of the stomach. Dose 
15-60 gr. (1-4 Gm.). P. Sulfobenzoate, 
KC 7 H 5 S0 5 + 5H 2 0, soluble in water or alco- 
hol; used as a wash, 4 to 5 % solution, in 
skin diseases. P. Sulfocarbolate, KC 6 H 5 - 
S0 4 + Ff 2 0, white crystals, soluble in water 
or alcohol. It is antiparasitic, germicidal, 
and antiseptic. P. Sulfocarbonate, K 2 CS 3 , 
yellow crystals, soluble in water, used in baths 
in skin diseases. P. Sulfocyanate, KCNS, 
colorless needles, soluble in water or alcohol; 
it is a constituent of saliva; sedative, anti- 
spasmodic, and anodyne. Dose f-3 gr. 
(0.05-0.2 Gm.); maximum dose 4§ gr. (0.3 
Gm.) single; 24 gr. (1.5 Gm.) daily. P. 
Sulfophenate. See P. Sulfocarbolate. P. 
Tartrate (potassii tartras, B. P.), K 2 C 4 H 4 O e . - 
Ff 2 0, is used as a mild purgative in febrile 
affections. Dose 1 dr.-i oz. (4-32 Cc). P. 
Valerate, KC 5 H 9 2 , used as a stimulant in 
low fevers, hysteria, etc. Dose 2-5 gr. (0.13- 
0.32 Gm.) several times daily. 

Potato Culture. A culture of microorganisms 
on potato. P. Treatment (of diabetes), a 
daily diet of 1-2^ pounds of potatoes and the 
exclusion of bread. 

Potency (po f -ten-se) [see Potential]. Power; 
efficacy. 

Potential (po-ten' -shaT) [potens, able]. 1. Cap- 
able of acting or doing work, as potential 
energy. 2. In electricity, a state of tension 
or of potential energy capable of doing work. 
If two bodies of different potential are brought 
together, a current is established between 
them that is capable of doing work. 

Potio (po'-she-6) [L.]. A potion. 

Potion (po-'shun) [potio]. A drink or draught. 

Potocytosis (po-to-si-to' -sis) [potio; kutoc, 
cell]. The ability of cells to drink solutions. 

Potomania (po-to-ma' -ne-aK) [potio; iiav'ia, 
madness]. Delirium tremens. 

Pott's Aneurysm [Percival Pott, an English 
surgeon]. Aneurysmal varix. P.'s Curva* 



POUCH 



787 



PRECIPITATE 



ture, P.'s Gibbus, the deformity of Pott's 
disease. P.'s Disease, caries of the vertebras, 
generally of tuberculous origin. The symp- 
toms are stiffness of the spinal column, pain 
on motion, tenderness on pressure, undue 
prominence of one or more of the spines; in 
certain cases spasmodic pain in the abdomen; 
formation of abscess; occasionally, in late 
stages, paralysis. P.'s Fracture. See Frac- 
ture, Pott's. P.'s Gangrene, senile gangrene. 
P.'s Paraplegia, paraplegia caused by spinal 
caries. P.'s Puffy Tumor, circumscribed 
superficial swelling of the scalp connected 
with osteomyelitis of the skull. 

Pouch [Fr., poche, a pocket]. A sac or pocket. 
P., Broca's. See Broca's Pouch. P., Pres- 
sure, a bulge in the wall of the esophagus due 
to weakness. P. of Douglas, P., Recto- 
uterine. See Culdesac, Douglas'. P., Lar- 
yngeal, a blind pouch of mucosa opening into 
the ventral part of the ventricle of the larynx. 

Poultice (pol'-tis) [puis, porridge]. A soft, 
semiliquid mass made of some cohesive sub- 
stance mixed with water, and used for appli- 
cation to the skin, for the purpose of supply- 
ing heat and moisture or acting as a local 
stimulant. Syn., Cataplasma. 

Pound [AS., pund]. A unit of measure of 
weight. The troy pound contains 12 oz., 
or 5760 grains; the avoirdupois pound con- 
tains 16 oz., or 7000 grains. Symbol lb. 
See Weights and Measures. P., Foot-, 

the force necessary to raise one pound through 
the height of one foot. 

Poupart's Ligament. See Ligament, Poupart's. 

Powder [Fr., poudre, from pulvis, powder]. 
1. A collection of fine particles. 2. In phar- 
macy, a collection of fine particles of one or 
more substances capable of passing through 
a sieve having meshes of a certain fineness; 
also a single dose of such a substance. P., 
Aromatic. See Pulvis aromaticus. P., 
Dover's (pulvis ipecacuanhce et opii, U. S. P.). 
See Opium, Powder of I pecac and. P., Dupuy- 
tren's, a caustic powder consisting of arsenic 
trioxid, 1 part; calomel, 200 parts. P., Greg- 
ory's, compound powder of rhubarb, consist- 
ing of rhubarb, 2 oz. ; light magnesia, 6 oz. ; gin- 
ger, 1 oz. P., James'. See Antimony, Powder 
of. P., Lucas-Champ ionniere's Antiseptic, 
consists of equal parts of magnesium carbonate, 
iodoform, powdered benzoin, and powdered 
gray cinchona. P., Portland, a gout remedy 
consisting of equal parts of the tops and leaves 
of Teucrium chamcedrys, and Erythrcea cen- 
taurium, the leaves of Ajuga chamcepitys, and 
the roots of Gentiana lutea. and Aristolochia 
rotunda. Dose 1 dr. (3.8 Gm.) daily before 
breakfast for 6 months; 2 scruples (1.2 Gm.) 
for 3 months; \ dr. (1.9 Gm.) for 6 months, 
and finally \ dr. (1.9 Gm.) every other day 
for a year. P., Seidlitz-. See Pulvis effer- 
vescens compositus. P., Tully's, a powder 
composed of camphor, prepared chalk, licor- 
ice, and morphin sulfate, 1 part. It is used 
as a substitute for Dover's powder. 

Pox [pocks, pi. of pock, a vesicle or pustule]. 1. 



A term applied to any disease possessing a vesi- 
cular or pustular eruption. 2. Vulgarly, syph- 
ilis. P., Chicken-. See Varicella. P., Cow-. 
See Cowpox. P., Small-. See Variola. 

Practice (prak'-tis) [practicare, to practice]. 
The practice of medicine; the application of 
the principles of medicine to the diagnosis 
and treatment of disease. 

Practician (prak-tish' -an) . See Practitioner. 

Practise (prak'-tis) [see Practice]. To perform 
the duties of a physician. 

Practitioner (prak-tish' -on-er) [see Practice]. 
One who practises medicine. 

Prse- (pre-) [L.]. See Pre-. 

Praeputium (pre-pu'-she-um). See Prepuce. 

Praevia (pre'-ve-ah) [fern, of pravius, from pros, 
before; via, a way]. Coming before; standing 
before. P., Placenta. See Placenta prcevia. 

Prairie -itch. A name applied to various forms 
of skin diseases associated with pruritus, 
occurring in men engaged in work on prairies, 
among lumbermen, and others, and either 
due to scabies or pruritus hiemalis. 

Prasoid (pra'-soid). 1. A solution of globularin 
and globularetin ; used in acute gout and 
rheumatism. Dose 15-20 drops 3 times 
daily. 2. [izpaoov, the leek; slooc, likeness.] 
The color of a leek; leek -green. 

Pravaz's Syringe. A hypodermatic syringe 
with a long trocar and cannula. 

Praxinoscope (praks-in' -o-skop) [Ttpa&e, a 
doing; OKonelv, to examine]. A modification 
of the zoetrope adapted to the purposes of 
laryngologic instruction. 

Pre- [prce-]. A prefix signifying before. 

Prealbuminuric (pre-al-bu-min-u'-rik). Oc- 
curring before the appearance of-albuminuria. 

Preataxic (pre-at-aks'-ik) [pre-; ataxia]. Oc- 
curring before ataxia. 

Preaxial (pre-aks'-e-al) [pre-; axis]. Situated 
in front of the axis; in a limb, situated on 
the internal or anterior aspect — in the arm, 
on the radial, in the leg, on the tibial, side. 

Prebacillary (pre-bas' -il-a-re) [pre-; bacillus]. 
Occurring before the invasion of the system 
by bacilli. 

Precancerous (pre-kan' -ser-us) [pre-; cancer]. 
Occurring before the development of a car- 
cinoma. 

Precardiac (pre-kar' -de-ak) [pre-; icapdca, heart]. 
Anterior to the heart. 

Precentral (pre-sen'-tral) [pre-; centrum, cen- 
ter]. Situated in front of the central fissure 
of the brain. P. Convolution, a convolution 
in front of the central fissure of the brain; 
the ascending frontal convolution. 

-Precipitant (pre - sip' - it - ant). See under 
Precipitation. 

Precipitate (pre-sip' -it-at) [precipitare, from 
prce, before; caput, head]. 1. The solid sub- 
stance thrown down from a solution of a sub- 
stance on the addition of a reagent which de- 
prives it of its solubility. 2. To throw down 
in an insoluble form. 3. Headlong; hasty. 
P. Labor. See Labor. Precipitate. P., Red, 
hydrargyrum oxidum rubrum. See Mercury 
Oxid, Red. P., White, N 2 (Hg 2 ) 3 Cl 2 , hydrar- 



PRECIPITATION 



788 



PREHEMIPLEGIC 



gyrum ammoniatum. See Mercury, Ammo- 
niated. 

Precipitation (pre-sip-it-a' -shun) [precipitate]. 
The process of throwing down solids from 
the liquids which hold them in solution. Pre- 
cipitates are crystalline, amorphous, curdy, 
flocculent, granular, or gelatinous, according 
to the form assumed. The agent causing 
precipitation is the precipitant, the solid 
thrown down, the precipitate. 

Precipitin (pre-sip'-it-in). Any of the specific 
precipitating bodies, which, according to the 
Ehrlich lateral-chain theory, are uniceptors, 
composed of a haptophore group and a coagu- 
lative complex. 

Preclavicular (pre-kla-vik' -u-lar) . Ventrad of 
the clavicle. 

Preconvulsant (pre-kon-vul'-sant). Relating to 
the stage of a disease preceding convulsions. 

Precordia (pre-kor' -de-ah) [pre-; cor, the heart]. 
i. A name applied by the ancients to the 
diaphragm, the thoracic viscera, or the epigas- 
tric region. 2. The area of the chest over- 
lying the heart. 

Precordial (pre-kor' -de-al) [precordia]. Per- 
taining to the precordia. 

Precordium (pre-kor' -de-um). Synonym of 
Precordia. 

Precornu (pre-kor' -nu) [pre-; cornu, a. horn]. 
Anterior horn of lateral ventricle of the brain. 

Precuneus (pre-ku'-ne-us) [pre-; cuneus, a 
wedge]. The quadrate lobule of the parietal 
lobe situated in front of the cuneus of the 
occipital lobe. 

Prediastolic (pre-di-as-toV -ik) [pre-; diastole]. 
Occurring before the diastole. 

Predicrotic (pre-di-krot'-ik). Preceding the 
dicrotic wave or elevation of the sphygmo- 
graphic tracing. 

Predigest (pre-di-jest'). To digest by artificial 
means before introducing into the body. 

Predisposing (pre-dis-po' -zing) [see Predisposi- 
tion]. Rendering susceptible or liable to attack. 

Predisposition (pre-dis-po-zish'-un) [pre-; dis- 
ponere, to dispose]. The state of having a 
susceptibility t6 disease. 

Preepiglottic (pre-ep-i-glot'-ik). Ventrad of 
the epiglottis. 

Preemptive (pre-e-rup'-tiv). Preceding eruption. 

Prefrontal (pre-fron'-tal) [pre-; frons, forehead]. 
1. Situated in the anterior part of the frontal 
lobe of the brain. 2. The middle part of 
the ethmoid. 

Pregeminum (pre-jem'-in-um) [pre-; geminus, 
twin]. The anterior pair of the corpora quad- 
rigemina, considered as forming a single organ. 

Pregeniculatum, Pregeniculum (pre-jen-ik- 
u-la'-tum, pre-jen-ik' -u-lum) [pre-; geniculatum, 
geniculate]. The external geniculate body. 

Preglobulin (pre-glob' -u-lin) [pre-; globulin]. 
An albuminous body found in cell-protoplasm, 
insoluble in water, soluble in a 10% sodium 
chlorid solution and in dilute alkaline solution. 

Pregnancy (preg'-nan-se) [prcegnans, from 
prcB, before; gignere, to beget]. The state of 
being pregnant, or with child; the state of 
the woman from conception to the expulsion 



of the ovum. The normal duration of preg- 
nancy is 280 days, or 10 lunar months, or 9 
calendar months. P., Abdominal, one in 
which the fetus lies in the abdominal cavity. 
P., Extrauterine, ectopic gestation; the de- 
velopment of the ovum outside of the cavity 
of the uterus. P., False, any condition in 
the abdomen that simulates pregnancy. P., 




Interstitial Pregnancy.— {Byford after Poppel.) 

a. Uterine cavity. b, b. Round ligament, c. Gestation 

sac. d, d, d. Chorion. 

Interstitial, pregnancy occurring in the part 
of the tube that traverses the uterine wall. 
P., Intramural, interstitial pregnancy. P., 
Mesenteric, tuboligamentary pregnancy. P., 
Molar, pregnancy in which the ovum is con- 
verted into a mole. P., Multiple, that form 
in which the uterus contains two or more 
developing ova. P., Mural, a variety of 
extrauterine pregnancy in which the ovum 
develops in the wall of the uterus. P., 
Ovarian, pregnancy occurring in the ovary. 
P., Parietal, interstitial pregnancy. P., Sar- 
cofetal, that in which both a fetus and a 
mole are present. P., Sarcohysteric, false 
pregnancy due to a mole. P., Signs of, 
those clinical manifestations by which the 
existence of pregnancy may be demonstrated. 
There are three socalled absolute signs: bal- 
lottement, fetal movements, and the fetal 
heart -sounds. P., Tubal, pregnancy which 
takes place within the fallopian tube. 
P., Tuboligamentary, that in which there 
is secondary invasion of the broad lig- 
ament and subperitoneal tissues. P., Utero- 
abdominal, that in which there is one fetus 
in the uterus and another in the abdominal 
cavity. P., Uteroovarian, that in which there 
is one fetus in the uterus and another in the 
ovary. P., Uterotubal, that in which one fetus 
is in the uterus and another in the oviduct. 

Pregnant (preg'-nant) [see Pregnancy]. With 
child ; gravid. 

Prehemiplegic (pre-hem-i-ple'-jik) [pre-; hemir 



PREGNANCY 



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PRESBYCUSIS 









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plegia]. Occurring before an attack 
of hemiplegia, as prehemiplegic chorea. 

Prehensile (pre-hen'-sil) [see Frehen- 
sion]. Adapted for grasping. 

Prehension (pre-hen' 'shun) [prehendere, 
to lay hold of]. The act of grasping 
or seizing. 

Prelimbic {pre-lim'-bik) [pre-; limbus, 
a border; a band]. Lying in front of 
a border or band. 

Prelum (pre'-lum) [L.]. A press. P. 
abdominale, the squeezing of the 
abdominal viscera between the dia- 
phragm and the rigid abdominal wall, 
as in the processes of defecation, 
micturition, and parturition. 

Premalignant (pre-mal-ig' -nant) . Oc- 
curring before the development of 
malignancy. 

Premature {pre' -ma-tur) [pre-; matu- 
rare, to ripen]. Occurring before the 
proper time, as premature labor. 

Premaxilla (pre-maks-W -ah) . The inter- 
maxillary bone. 

Premenstrual {pre -men' -stru-aJ). Pre- 
ceding menstruation. 

Premolar {pre-mo'-lar) [pre-; molar], i. 
Situated in front of the molar teeth. 
2. One of the two anterior permanent 
molars. 

Premonitory {pre-mon' -it-o-re) [pre-; 
monere, to warn]. Forewarning; fore- 
boding, as premonitory symptoms, those 
which forebode the onset of an attack 
of a disease. 

Prenatal {pre-na'-tal) [pre-; natus, born]. 
Existing or occurring before birth. 

Preoblongata {pre-ob-lon-gah'-tah). The 
cephalic portion of the oblongata; 
situated mainly between the pons and 
the fourth ventricle. 

Preoccupation {pre-ok-u-pa' -shun) . The 
condition of being so engrossed in one's 
own thoughts as not to answer or hear 
when accosted. 

Preovarian {pre-o-va'-re-an). Situated 
in front of the ovary. 

Preparation {prep -ar- a' -shun) [prce- 
parare, to make ready], i. The act of 
making ready. 2. Anything made ready, 
especially, in anatomy, any part of 
the body prepared or preserved for 
illustrative or other uses. 

Prepatellar {pre-pat-eV -ar) [pre-; patella]. 
Situated in front of the patella, as 
prepatellar bursa. 

Preperitoneal. See Preperitoneal. 

Prepuberal {pre-pu'-ber-al). Prior to 
puberty. 

Prepuce {pre' -pus) [prceputium, prepuce]. 
The foreskin of the penis, a fold of 
skin lined by mucous membrane and 
covering the glans penis. 

Preputial {pre - pu' - she - al) [prepuce]. 
Pertaining to the prepuce. 

Presbycusis, Presbykousis {prez-be- 
koo'-sis) [Tzpiafiuc, old; anouEtv, to hear]. 



PRESBYOPE 



790 



PRIMITIVE 



The lessening of the acuteness of hearing that 
occurs in old age. 

Presbyope (prez'-be-op) [see Presbyopia]. One 
who is presbyopic. 

Presbyopia (prez-be-o' -pe-ah) [npkofiuc, old; 
uxp, eye]. The condition of vision in the 
aged, due to diminished power of accom- 
modation from impaired elasticity of the crys- 
talline lens, whereby the. near-point of distinct 
vision is removed farther from the eye. 

Presbyopic (prez-be-op'-ik). Affected with pres- 
byopia. 

Presbytic {prez-bit' -ik) . Suffering from pres- 
byopia. 

Presbytism {prez' -bit-izm) . Presbyopia. 

Prescription {pre-skrip' -shun) [pre-; scribere, 
to write]. A formula written by the physician 
to the apothecary, designating the substances 
to be administered. A prescription consists 
of the heading, usually the symbol 1^ (stand- 
ing for the Latin word recipe, imperative of 
recipere, to take), the names and quantities 
of the ingredients, the directions to the apothe- 
cary, the directions to the patient, the date 
and the signature. 

Presenile {pre-se' -nil) [pre-; senilis, age]. 
Prematurely old. 

Presenility (pre-sen-iV -it-e) . Premature old 
age. See Progeria. 

Present {pre-zent') [prcesentare, to place be- 
fore]. Of a part of the fetus, to appear first 
at the os uteri. 

Presentation {pre-zen-ta' -shun) [see Present]. 
In obstetrics, that part of the fetal body which 
presents itself to the examining finger at the 
os uteri. 

Presphenoid (pre-sfe'-noid). The anterior part 
of the body of the sphenoid bone. 

Pressor (pres'-or) [premere, to press], i. Stim- 
ulating. 2. A substance found in the infun- 
dibular part of the hypophysis; it produces a 
rise in blood-pressure. Cf. Depressor. P. 
Nerve. See under Nerve. 

Pressure (presh r -ur) [premere, to press]. Force, 
weight, or tension. P., Bipolar, pressure 
on the two ends of a bone. It is used in dif- 
ferentiating fractures from contusions, pro- 
ducing pain in the case of the former. 
P. -sense, the sense by which knowledge is 
obtained of the amount of weight or pressure 
which is exerted upon a part of the body. 

Presternum (pre-sler'-num). The manubrium 
or superior segment of the sternum. 

Preston's Salt. Ammonium carbonate. 

Presylvian Fissure. See Fissure, Pre sylvian. 

Presystolic (pre-sis-toV-ik) [pre-; systole]. Pre- 
ceding the systole of the heart, as the presys- 
tolic murmur, presystolic thrill. 

Pretibial (pre-tib'-e-al) [pre-; tibia]. Situated 
in front of the tibia. 

Pretuberculous (pre-tu-ber' '-ku-lus) [pre-; tu- 
berculosis]. Preceding the development of 
tuberculosis. - 

Preventive {pre-ven 1 '-tiv) [prcevenire, to antici- 
pate; to prevent]. Warding off. P. Medicine, 
the department of medicine dealing with the 
means and methods of preventing disease. 



Prevertebral (pre-ver' '-te-bral) [pre-; vertebra]. 
Situated in front of the vertebras. 

Prevertiginous (pre-ver-tij' -in-us) [pre-; ver- 
tigo], Dizzy, with a tendency to fall prone. 

Pre vost 's Symptom . Conjugate deviation of the 
eyes and head, which look away from the pal- 
sied extremities and toward the affected hem- 
isphere; it is noted in cerebral hemorrhage. 

Preyer's Test for Carbon Monoxid in the 
Blood. Warm three or four drops of the sus- 
pected blood for five minutes at 30 C. with 10 
Cc. of water and 5 Cc. of potassium cyanid solu- 
tion (1 : 2). The- spectrum of normal blood, 
when so treated, loses the absorption line 
of oxyhemoglobin and in its place shows a 
broad absorption band, while the spectrum 
of carbon monoxid blood remains unchanged. 

Priapism (pri'-ap-izm) [7zp1antoy.bc, lewdness]. 
Persistent erection of the penis, usually 
unaccompanied by sexual desire. It is caused 
by injuries to the spii al cord or to the penis, 
and by vesical calculus. 

Prickle-cell. A cell possessing delicate rod- 
shaped processes by which it is connected 
with neighboring cells. 

Prickle-layer. The lowest stratum of the 
epidermis. It is formed of prickle-cells. 

Prickly Heat. See Miliaria. 

Priestley's Mass. A green or greenish-brown 
deposit sometimes seen, especially in young 
individuals, on the upper and lower incisor 
and canine teeth; it is due to a growth of 
chromogenic fungi in Nasmyth's membrane. 

Primae viae {pri'-me vi'-e) [L., ' 'the primary 
passages"]. The alimentary canal. 

Primary (pri' '-ma-re) [primus, first]. First 
in time or in importance. P. Amputation, 
one that is done before the development of in- 
flammation, usually within the first 24 hours. 
P. Bubo, a simple adenitis of an inguinal 
lymphatic gland, resulting from mechanic 
irritation. Syn., Bubon d'emblee. P. De- 
mentia, a form of insanity occurring in young 
adults, and characterized by an extreme de- 
gree of apathy, the patient lying motionless, 
absolutely listless, without wants, and seem- 
ingly without perception of his surroundings. 
P. Lesion, the original lesion which forms the 
starting-point for secondary lesions. P. Sore, 
the initial sclerosis or chancre of syphilis. 

Primigravida {pri-me-grav' -id-ah) [primus, 
first; gravidus, pregnant]. A woman preg- 
nant for the first time. 

Primipara {pri-mip' -ar-ah) [primus, first; pa- 
rere, to bear]. A woman bearing or giving 
birth to her first child. 

Primiparous {pri-mip' -ar -us) [primipara]. 
Pregnant or in labor for the first time. 

Primisternal, Primisternalis {pri-me-ster'-nal, 
pri-me-ster-na'-lis). Relating to the manu- 
brium of the sternum. 

Primitive {prim' -it-iv) [primus, first]. First- 
formed; original. P. Groove, the enlarge- 
ment and deepening of the primitive streak. 
P. Streak, P. Trace, a streak appearing 
at the end of the germinal disc, and indicat- 
ing the first trace of the embryo. 



PRIMORDIAL 



791 



PROCESS 



Primordial (pri-mor'-de-al) [primus, first; or- 
diri, to rise]. Existing in the beginning; 
first-formed; primitive; original; of the 
simplest character. P. Kidney, the wolffian 
body. P. Ovums, cells lying among the 
germ -epithelium of the surface of the embry- 
onic ovary. 

Primula (prim' -u-lah) [primus, first]. Prim- 
rose, a genus of the Primulacece. Many spe- 
cies contain saponin and other bitter prin- 
ciples and salicylates. P. obconica is a 
well-known irritant poison, the symptoms re- 
sembling those of saponin poisoning, and is 
Used in the treatment of skin diseases. 

Princeps {prin'-seps) [L., "a leader"]. First; 
original. P. cervicis, a branch of the occi- 
pital artery supplying the trapezius muscle. 
P. pollicis, a branch of the radial artery 
going to the palmar surface of the thumb. 

Principle (prin'-si-pl) [principium, from prin- 
ceps']. A constituent of a compound having 
a definite composition and representing its 
essential or characteristic properties. P., 
Proximate. See Proximate Principle. P., 
Ultimate, any one of the elements which a 
compound body contains. 

Prinos (pri'-nos) [L.]. Black alder, a shrub 
of the order Aquifoliacece. The bark and the 
berries of P. verticillatus have been employed 
as tonics and astringents in diarrhea, and 
locally as an application to ulcers. Dose 
^-i dr. (2-4 Cc); of a decoction 1-2 oz. 
(32-64 Cc). 

Prism (prizm) [Tzp'cofia, from izpc^ecv, to saw]. A 
solid whose bases or ends are similar plane 
figures and whose sides are parallelograms. 
In optics, a transparent solid with triangular 
ends and two converging sides. It breaks 
up white light into its component colors, and 
bends the rays of light toward the side op- 
posite the angle (the base of the prism), and 
is used to measure or correct imbalance of 
the ocular muscles. P. -diopter, P.-dioptry, 
a unit of prismatic refractive power: the 
refractive power of a prism that deflects a 
ray of light one centimeter on a tangent plane 
situated at a distance of one meter. P., 
Enamel-, one of the prismatic columns of 
from four to six sides composing the enamel 
of teeth, closely packed together and gener- 
ally vertical to the surface of the underlying 
dentin. P., Nicol's. See NicoVs Prism. 

Prismatic (priz-maf -ik) [prism]. Prism- 
shaped; produced by the action of a prism, 
as prismatic colors. 

Prismoptometer (priz-mop-tom 1 '-et-er) [prism; 
oty, eye; jxhpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for estimating refractive defects of the eye 
by means of two prisms placed base to base. 

Prismosphere {priz'-mo-sfer). A combination 
of a prism and a globular lens. 

Pro- [L.]. A prefix meaning for, before, in 
front of. 

Probang {pro' -bang) [probare, to test]. A 
rod of whalebone or other flexible material 
used for making local applications to the 
esophagus or larynx or for removing foreign 



bodies. P., Ball-, a probang having an 
ivory bulb attached to one end. P., Bristle-, 
P., Horsehair-, one having on the end a 
sheath of bristles or horsehair that can be 
made to spread like an umbrella as the in- 
strument is drawn out. P., Sponge-, one 
provided with a small sponge at one end. 

Probe (prob) [probare, to test]. A slender, 
flexible rod for exploring a channel. P., 
AnePs, a delicate probe for exploring or 
dilating the lacrimal punctums and lacrimal 
canals. P., Blunt, one with a blunt extrem- 
ity. P., Bowman's, one of a series of grad- 
uated probes used for dilating the nasal duct. 
P., Drum-, one provided with a drum or re- 
verberator to enable the ear to detect contact 
with foreign bodies. P., Electric, one having 
two insulated wires, so that contact with a bul- 
let or metal completes the circuit, and thus in- 
dicates the presence of such a foreign body. 
P., Eyed, a probe having a slit at one end 
through which a tape or ligature can be 
passed. P., Lacrimal, one used for dilating 
the lacrimal passages. P., Meerschaum, 
a probe, the end of which is tipped with 
meerschaum, which becomes streaked with 
the lead by contact with a bullet. P., 
Nelaton's, one that is capped with unglazed 
porcelain upon which a leaden ball makes 
a metallic streak. P., Vertebrated, one 
made of small links so jointed together that 
it is very flexible. 

Process (pros'-es) [processus, from procedere, 
to go]. 1. A course of action; a group of 
phenomena, as the inflammatory process. 
2. A prominence or outgrowth, as the spinous 
process of a vertebra, the axis-cylinder process 
of a nerve. P., Alveolar. See Alveolar Process. 
P., Anconeal, the olecranon. P., Auditory, 
the curved plate of bone surrounding the ex- 
ternal auditory meatus for the greater part of 
its circumference, and serving for the attach- 
ment of the cartilage of the external ear. P., 
Axis-cylinder, that process of a nerve-cell 
which becomes the axis-cylinder of a nerve. 
P., Basilar. See Basilar Process. P., Caudate. 
1. The caudate lobe of the liver. 2. The 
lower end of one of the divisions of the 
antihelix of the external ear. P., Ciliary. 
See Ciliary Process. Processes, Clinoid, 
projections on the body and lesser wings 
of the sphenoid bone. There are three: 
1. The anterior, formed by the inner ex- 
tremity of the lesser wings. 2. The mid- 
dle, a small eminence on each side bound- 
ing the sella turcica anteriorly. 3. The pos- 
terior, a tubercle on each side of the posterior 
part of the sella turcica. P., Conoid. See 
Conoid Tubercle. P., Coracoid. See Cora- 
coid Process. P., Coronoid. 1. A thin, 
flattened process projecting from the ante- 
rior portion of the upper border of the ramus 
of the lower jaw, and serving for the at- 
tachment of the temporal muscle. 2. A 
triangular projection from the upper end 
of the ulna, forming the lower part of the 
greater sigmoid cavity. P., Cricoid, a slight 



PROCESS 



792 



PROCESS 



projection on the lower border of the thyroid 
cartilage. P., Cubital, the lower and articu- 
lar end of the humerus. P., Cuneiform. 
i. The unciform process of the ethmoid. 2. 
The basilar process of the occipital bone. 
P., Belters', the axis-cylinder process of a 
nerve-cell. P., Dendritic. See P., Protoplas- 
mic (1). P., Dentate, the odontoid process. 
P., Ensiform, the cartilaginous tip at the 
lower end of the sternum. P., Ethmoid, 
one of the projections from the superior 
border of the inferior turbinate bone. P., 
External Angular, the projection on the 
outer extremity of the supraorbital arch of the 
frontal bone. P., Falciform. 1. A process 
of the fascia lata of the thigh, forming the 
outer and upper margin of the saphenous 
opening. Syn., Falciform process of Burns. 

2. The falx cerebri. P., Foliaceous, a pro- 
cess of the ethmoid bone projecting into 
the frontal cells. P., Folian. See Folian 
Process. P., Hamular. 1. A hook-like 
process of bone on the lower extremity of 
the internal pterygoid plate, around which 
the tendon of the tensor palati turns. 2. Of 
the lacrimal bone, the hook-like termination 
of the lacrimal crest. P., Inferior Vermi- 
form, the central projection on the lower sur- 
face of the cerebellum, between the two 
hemispheres. P., Internal Angular, the 
inner extremity of the supraorbital arch of 
the frontal bone. P., Jugal. 1. The zy- 
goma. 2. The external angular process. 

3. The malar process of the superior max- 
illa. P., Jugular. See Jugular Process. 
P., Lacrimal, a short process of the inferior 
turbinate bone that articulates with the lac- 
rimal bone. P., Lenticular, the extremity 
of the long process of the incus, covered with 
cartilage and articulating with the stapes. 
P., Long (of the Incus), a slender process 
that descends vertically from the body of 
the incus and articulates, by the lenticular 
process, with the head of the stapes. P., 
Long (of the Malleus), a long, delicate 
process that passes from the neck of the 
malleus outward to the glaserian fissure, to 
which it is connected by cartilaginous and 
ligamentous fibers. P., Malar, a triangular 
eminence of the superior maxilla by which it 
articulates with the malar bone. P., Mam- 
millary, one of the tubercles on the posterior 
part of the superior articular processes of the 
lumbar vertebras. P., Mastoid. See Mas- 
toid Process. P., Maxillary, a thin plate of 
bone descending from the ethmoid process of 
the inferior turbinate bone, and hooking over 
the lower edge of the orifice of the antrum. 
P., Nasal (of the Superior Maxilla), a thick, 
triangular process of bone that projects 
upward, inward, and backward by the side 
of the nose, forming a part of its lateral wall. 
P., Odontoid, the tooth-like process of the 
axis which ascends and articulates with the 
atlas. P., Olecranon, the olecranon. P., 
Olivary, a small oval eminence situated 
behind the optic groove of the sphenoid bone. 



P., Orbicular (of the Incus). See P., Len-. 
ticular. P., Orbital (of the Palate Bone), a 

process directed upward and outward from 
the upper portion of the palate bone. P., Or- 
bital (of the Superior Maxilla), a process 
projecting from the orbital margin of the supe- 
rior maxilla. P., Palatal, a thick process pro- 
jecting horizontally inward from the inner 
surface of the superior maxillary bone, and 
forming part of the floor of the nostril and 
the roof of the mouth. P., Pineal, the epi- 
physis. P., Postglenoid, a small tubercle 
separating the glenoid fossa from the auditory 
process. P., Protoplasmic. 1. Any one 
of the processes of nerve-cells that are not 
continued as axis -cylinders. 2. A pseudopod 
of an ameboid cell. P., Pterygoid (of the 
Palate Bone), a pyramidal process pro- 
jecting from the posterior border of the palate 
bone and articulating with the sphenoid bone. 
P., Pterygoid (of the Sphenoid Bone), one 
descending perpendicularly from the point 
of junction of the body with the greater wing 
of the sphenoid bone, and consisting of an 
external and an internal plate. P. of Rau. 
Synonym of P., Long (of the Malleus). P., 
Short (of the Incus), a conic process pro- 
jecting almost horizontally backward from 
the body of the incus and attached by lig- 
amentous fibers to the margin of the opening 
leading into the mastoid cells. P., Short 
(of the Malleus), a slight projection from the 
root of the manubrium of the malleus, lying 
in contact with the tympanic membrane. P., 
Sphenoid, a thin plate of bone directed 
upward and inward from the vertical plate 
of the palate bone. P., Sphenomaxillary, 
an inconstant downward prolongation of the 
greater wing of the sphenoid. P., Spinous 
(of the Ilium), a prominent eminence on the 
anterior or posterior border of the ilium. The 
upper process on the anterior border is the 
anterior superior spinous process; below it is 
the anterior inferior spinous process. On the 
posterior border there are also two processes 
— a posterior superior and a posterior inferior. 
P., Spinous (of the Sphenoid Bone), a 
rough prominence descending from the pos- 
terior part of the greater wing of the sphenoid 
bone. It receives the attachment of the 
internal lateral ligament of the jaw and the 
tensor palati muscle. P., Spinous (of the 
Tibia), an eminence of bone on the upper 
surface of the tibia, between the two articular 
surfaces, and nearer to the posterior than the 
anterior border. P., Spinous (of a Verte- 
bra), the prominent backward projection 
from the middle of the posterior portion of 
the arch of a vertebra. P., Styloid (of the 
Fibula), a pointed eminence projecting up- 
ward from the posterior portion of the head 
of the fibula. P., Styloid (of the Radius), a 
projection from the external border of the 
lower extremity of the radius. P., Styloid 
(of the Temporal Bone), a sharp spine 
about an inch in length, descending down- 
ward, forward, and inward from the inferior 



PROCESSUS 



793 



PROCTOSCOPE 



surface of the petrous portion of the temporal 
bone. P., Styloid (of the Ulna), a projec- 
tion from the inner and posterior portion of 
the lower extremity of the ulna. P., Sulcate, 
an inconstant process of the palate bone 
connecting the orbital process with the 
sphenoid process. P., Superior Maxillary, 
an eminence on the face of the embryo which 
gives rise to the superior maxilla and the 
malar bone. P., Superior Vermiform, 
the upper part of the median lobe of the cere- 
bellum, connecting the two lateral hemi- 
spheres. P., Temporal, the posterior angle 
of the malar bone by which it articulates with 
the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. 
P., Transverse, a process projecting out- 
ward from the side of a vertebra, at the 
junction of the pedicle and the lamina. P., 
Trochlear, Hyrtl's name for a groove in a 
bone for the reception of a tendon. P., 
Unbranched. Synonym of P., Axis-cylinder. 
P., Unciform (of the Ethmoid Bone), a 
hook-like projection from the inferior portion 
of each lateral mass of the ethmoid bone. It 
articulates with the ethmoid process of the 
inferior turbinated bone. P. Unciform 
(of the Hippocampal Gyrus), a hook-like 
projection from the anterior end of the hippo- 
campal convolution. P., Unciform (of the 
Unciform Bone), a hook-like projection from 
the palmar surface of the unciform bone. 
P., Vaginal (of Peritoneum), the process 
of peritoneum which the testicle in its descent 
carries in advance, and which in the scrotum 
forms the tunica vaginalis testis. P., Va- 
ginal (of the Sphenoid Bone), a projection 
from the inferior surface of the body of the 
sphenoid bone, running horizontally inward 
from near the base of the pterygoid process. 
P., Vaginal (of the Temporal Bone), a 
sheath-like plate of bone which extends from 
the carotid canal to the mastoid process. It 
separates behind into two laminas that in- 
close the styloid process. P., Xiphoid, the 
ensiform cartilage. P., Zygomatic (of the 
Malar Bone), a long, serrated process which 
articulates with the zygomatic process of the 
temporal bone. P., Zygomatic (of the 
Temporal Bone), a long projection from the 
lower part of the squamous portion of the tem- 
poral bone, articulating with the malar bone. 
Processus (pro-ses'-us) [L.]. A process. P. 
ad cerebrum, the superior cerebellar ped- 
uncle. P. ad medullam, the inferior ped- 
uncle of the cerebellum. P. ad pontem, the 
middle peduncle of the cerebellum. P. ad 
testes, the superior cerebellar peduncles. P. 
clavatus, a thickening on the posterior 
pyramid of the medulla near the apex of 
the fourth ventricle. P. cochleariformis, 
a thin plate of bone separating the canal 
for the eustachian tube from that for the 
tensor tympani muscle. P. e cerebello ad 
cerebrum, the superior cerebellar peduncle. 
P. e cerebello ad medullarn, the inferior 
cerebellar peduncle. P. e cerebello ad 
pontem, the middle cerebellar peduncle. 



P. e cerebello ad testes, the superior pe- 
duncles of the cerebellum. P. gracilis, 
a long delicate process passing from below 
the neck of the malleus to the glaserian 
fissure. P. hamatus. Synonym of Process, 
Unciform. 

Prochoresis (pro-ko-re' '-sis) [-poyojp-qocg, a go- 
ing on or advancing]. The motor activity of 
the stomach. 

Procidentia (pro-se-den' -she-ah) [pro-; cadere, 
to fall]. Prolapse. 

Procreation (pro-kre-a'-shun) [procreare, to 
bring forth]. The act of begetting offspring. 

Proctagra (prok-ta'-grah) [procto-; aypa, a 
seizure]. Sudden pain in the anal region. 

Proctalgia (prok-tal'-je-ah) [procto-; akyog, 
pain]. Neuralgic pain in the anus or rectum. 

Proctatresia (prok-tat-re'-ze-ah) [procto-; 
atresia]. An imperforate condition of the 
anus 'or rectum. 

Proctectomy (prok-tek' -to-me) [procto-; eVro/^Tj, 
excision]. Excision of the anus or rectum. 

Procteurynter (prok-tu-rin' -ter) [procto-; vjpu- 
vecv, to widen]. An instrument for dilating 
the anus. 

Proctitis (prok-ti'-tis) [procto-; c-eg, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the anus or rectum. 

Procto- (prok-to-) [-ptoKzoc, anus]. A prefix 
signifying relating to the anus or rectum. 

Proctocele (prok' -to-sel) [procto-; kt/Xt], hernia]. 
Prolapse of the rectum. 

Proctococcypexy, Proctococcypexia (prok- 
to - kok' -se- peks - e, prok-to-kok-se-peks' -e-ah) 
[procto-; coccyx; -fficc, a fixing in]. Suturing 
of the rectum to the coccyx. 

Proctocolonoscopy (prok-to-ko-lon-os'-ko-pe) 
[procto-; colon; oko~£~o>, to examine]. Inspec- 
tion of the interior of the rectum and colon. 

Proctocystotomy (prok-to-sis-tot'-o-me). Lith- 
otomy in which the incision is made through 
the walls of the rectum. 

Proctodeum, Proctodeum (prok-to-de'-um) 
[procto-; odatoc, by the way]. An invagina- 
tion of the ectoderm in the embryo that grows 
inward toward the cloaca until the ectoderm 
and endoderm come into contact; the mem- 
brane formed between the two finally breaks 
through, the gut then opening externally. 

Proctodynia (prok-to-din'-e-ah) [procto-; 6duv7), 
pain]. Pain about the anus or in the rectum. 

Proctology (prok-tol' -o-je) [procto-; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science of the anatomy, func- 
tions, and diseases of the rectum. 

Proctoparalysis (prok-to-par-al'-is-is). Paral- 
ysis of the sphincter muscle of the anus. 

Proctopexy, Proctopexia (prok'-to-peks-e, -e-ah) 
[procto-; Ttfjstc, a fixing in]. The fixation of 
the rectum to another part by sutures. 

Proctoplasty (prok'-to-plas-te) [procto-; -Xaooecv, 
to form]. Plastic surgery of the anus. 

Proctoptosis (prok-to-to'-sis) [procto-; niibatg, 
a. falling]. Prolapse of the rectum. 

Proctorrhaphy (prok-tor'-a-Je) [procto-; pa<f)r], 
suture]. Suture of the rectum or anus. 

Proctoscope (prok'-to-skop) [procto-; okoxecv, to 
examine]. An instrument for inspection of 
the rectum. 



PROCTOSCOPY 



794 



PROLAPSE 



Proctoscopy {prok-tos'-ko-pe). Ocular inspec- 
tion of the rectum with the aid of special 
instruments. 

Proctosigmoidectomy {prok-to-sig-moid-ek' -to- 
me). Excision of the anus and sigmoid 
flexure. 

Proctostomy {prok-tos' -to-me) [procto-; oxbp.a, 
a mouth]. The establishment of an opening 
into the rectum. 

Proctotomy (prok-tot'-o-me) [procto-; ropn), a 
cutting]. Incision into the rectum, especially 
for stricture. P., External, the operation 
of dividing the rectum and the anus and the 
tissue lying between the anus and the tip of 
the coccyx. P., Internal, division of the 
parts as in external proctotomy, but without 
cutting the sphincters. P., Linear, an 
incision of the dorsal rectal wall and of all the 
tissues lying between the anus and a sub- 
' cutaneous opening made in front of the 
coccyx. 

Procursive {pro-kur'-siv) [pro-; currere, to run]. 
Running forward, as procursive epilepsy, a 
form in which the patient runs during the 
epileptic attack. 

Procurvation {pro-kur-va' -shun) [procurvare, 
to bend forward]. A forward inclination of 
the body. 

Prodromal {pro-dro' -mat) [prodrome]. Pre- 
cursory; of the nature of a prodrome. 

Prodrome {pro'-drom) [npodpopLoc a running 
forward]. A forerunner of a disease; a 
symptom indicating the approach of a dis- 
ease. 

Product (prod'-ukt) [productive]. Effect; re- 
sult. P., Addition, a compound resulting 
from the direct union of two bodies. 

Productive (pro-duk 1 '-tiv) [pro-; ducere, to 
lead]. Forming, especially forming new 
tissue, as a productive inflammation. 

Proeminent {pro-em' -in-ent) [pro-; emenens, 
prominent]. Projecting. P. Vertebra, the 
seventh cervical vertebra, so called because its 
spinous process projects beyond the others. 

Proencephalus {pro-en-sef -al-us) [pro-; kyuk- 
<§>aloc, brain]. A monster characterized by a 
protrusion of the brain through a fissure in 
the frontal region. 

Professional {pro-fesh' '-un-al) [profiteri, to 
profess], i. Pertaining to a profession, es- 
pecially to the medical profession; in keeping 
with medical ethics. 2. Produced by the 
practice of a profession, as professional 
neurosis (writers' cramp, telegraphers' cramp, 
etc.). 

Profeta's Law. Healthy born children of 
syphilitic parents possess a certain immunity 
to syphilitic infection. 

Profundus {pro-fun' -dus) [L., "deep"]. Deep- 
seated; applied to certain muscles and 
nerves, and in the feminine, profunda, to 
certain arteries and veins. See under Artery. 

Progenitor {pro-jen' -it-or) [progeny]. Ancestor 
or forefather. 

Progeny {proj'-en-e) [pro-; gignere, to beget]. 
Offspring; descendants. 

Progeria {pro-je' -re-ah) [npoyepoc, premature 






old age]. A rare form of senilism, of rapid 
Onset, with retention of intelligence and with- 
out any perceptible cause, marked by loss 
of the hair, shriveling of the nails, and 
emaciation. Cf. Geromorphism. 

Proglossis {pro-glos' -is) [pro-; ylojooa, the 
tongue]. The tip of the tongue. 

Proglottis {pro-glot' -is) [pro-; ylwaoa, tongue; 
pi., proglottides]. A mature segment of a 
tape-worm. 

Prognathous {prog'-na-thus) [pro-; yvaOoc, 
jaw]. Having a projecting lower jaw. 

Prognosis {prog-no' -sis) [pro-; jvojolc, knowl- 
edge]. A judgment in advance concerning 
the duration, course, and termination of a 
disease. 

Prognostic {prog-nos'-tik) [prognosis]. Per- 
taining to prognosis. 

Prognosticate {prog-nos' -tik-at) [prognosis]. 
To give a prognosis. 

Progression {pro-gresh' '-un) [progredi, to ad- 
vance]. The act of advancing or moving 
forward. P., Backward, a backward walk- 
ing, a rare symptom of certain nervous lesions. 
P., Cross-legged, walking with the legs 
almost crossing, a condition sometimes ob- 
served in bilateral hip-disease and in cerebral 
spastic palsy. 

Progressive {pro-gres'-iv) [see Progression]. 
Gradually extending. P. Muscular Atro- 
phy, chronic anterior poliomyelitis in which 
the large ganglion-cells of the anterior horns 
are gradually destroyed, which leads to 
atrophy of the muscles. P. Ossifying 
Myositis, a chronic inflammation of muscles, 
associated with a tendency to bony deposits 
in them. 

Proiotia, Proiotes {pro-i-o'-she-ah, pro-i-o' -tez) 
[Tzpoitbxt]c ', earliness]. Sexual precocity. 

Projectile {pro-jek' -tit) [pro-; jacere, to throw]. 
Throwing forward. P. Vomiting, a form 
sometimes observed in diseases of the brain, 
in which the material is suddenly projected 
out of the mouth to some distance, generally 
without nausea. 

Projection {pro-jek' -shun) [see Projectile]. 1. 
The act of throwing forward. 2. A part 
extending beyond the level of the surrounding 
surface. 3. The referring of impressions 
made on the organs of sense to the position of 
the object producing them. P. -systems, 
the name given to the pathways connecting 
the cerebral cortex with the periphery. The 
first projection system corresponds to the 
fibers passing through the corona radiata; 
the second, to the tracts proceeding down- 
ward to the gray matter from the third 
ventricle to the end of the spinal cord; the 
third, to the peripheral nerves. 

Prolabium {pro-la' -be-um) [pro-; labium, lip]. 
The red exposed part of the lip; also, the 
central prominence of the lip. 

Prolapse {pro-laps') [prolabi, to slip down]. 
The falling forward or downward of a part. 
P. of the Cord, premature expulsion of the 
umbilical cord during parturition. P., Frank, 
uterine displacement in which the vagina is 



PROLEPTIC 



795 



PROPTOSIS 



inverted and forms a bag hanging from the 
vulva, at the bottom of which lies the uterus, 
generally retroverted, but otherwise unal- 
tered. P. of Funis. See P. of the Cord. 
P. of the Iris, protrusion of the iris through 
a corneal wound. 

Proleptic {pro-lep'-tik) [pro-; Xap.fta.veiv, to 
seize], i. Prognostic. 2. Returning before 
the expected time. 

Proliferate {pro-lif -er-dt) [proles, offspring; 
ferre, to bear]. To multiply; to generate. 

Proliferation {pro-lif -er-a' -shun) [proliferate}. 
The act of proliferating or multiplying, as 
proliferation of cells. P., Atrophic, the 
multiplication of cells in atrophic tissues. 

Proliferative, Proliferous {pro-lif '-er-a-tiv, 
pro-lif -er -us) [proliferate]. Multiplying; char- 
acterized by the formation of new tissues or 
by cell-proliferation. P. Cyst, a cyst in which 
the lining epithelium proliferates and pro- 
duces projections from the inner surface of 
the cyst. 

Prolific {pro-lif -ik) [proliferate]. Fruitful. 

Proligerous {pro-lif -er-us) [proles, offspring; 
gerere, to bear]. Germinating; producing 
offspring. P. Disc. See Discus proligerus. 

Prominence {prom' -in-ens) [pro-; miner e, to 
jut]. 1. A projection on the surface of a part, 
especially on a bone. 2. The state of being 
prominent. P., Genital, an accumulation of 
cells on the ventral aspect of the embryonic 
cloaca, from which the generative organs are 
developed. 

Promnesia {pro-ne' -se-ah) [pro-; fivrjotc, re- 
membrance]. The paradoxic sensation of 
remembering scenes or events which are oc- 
curring for the first time. 

Promontory {prom' -on-to-re) [pro-; mons, a 
mountain]. A projecting prominence. P. 
of the Sacrum, P., Sacrovertebral, the 
prominence formed by the angle between the 
upper extremity of the sacrum and the last 
lumbar vertebra. 

Pronaeus {pro-ne' -us) [izpbvacog, the first room 
of a temple]. The vagina; also, the vestibule 
of the vagina. 

Pronate {pro'-nat) [see Pronation]. To place 
in a prone position. 

Pronation {pro-na' -shun) [pronare, to bend 
forward]. 1. The condition of being prone; 
the act of placing in the prone position. 2. 
Of the hand, the turning of the palm down- 
ward. 

Pronatoflexor {pro-na-to-fleks'-or) . Relating to 
the pronator and flexor muscles. 

Pronator {pro-na' -tor) [see Pronation]. That 
which pronates, a term applied to several 
muscles. See under Muscle. 

Prone {pron) [pronus, prone]. Lying with 
the face downward; of the arm, having the 
palm directed downward; the opposite of 
supine. 

Pronephron, Pronephros {pro-ne f -ron, pro- 
nef-ros) [pro-; vs<f>pbc, a kidney]. The 
anterior of the three segments of the wolffian 
body, opening by means of the miillerian duct 
into the cloaca. It is the first part of the 



urogenital system to be differentiated in the 
vertebrate embryo. 

Pronucleus {pro-nu' -kle-us) [pro-; nucleus]. 
One of the two nuclear bodies of a newly 
fecundated ovum, the male pronucleus and 
the female pronucleus, the fusion of which re- 
sults in the formation of the germinal nucleus. 

Proof-spirit. See Spirit. 

Prootic {pro-o'-tik) [pro-; oug, ear]. In front 
of the ear. 

Proovarium. See Parovarium. 

Propago {pro-pa' -go) [L., "a slip or shoot"; 
pi., propagines]. An offset; applied to the 
smaller branches of vessels or nerves. 

Propane {pro'-pdn) [propionic], C 3 H 8 . A hy- 
drocarbon, the third member of the marsh-gas 
series, occurring in petroleum. 

Prop-cells. Columnar or fusiform cells placed 
in the intervals of the rods and hair-cells of 
the organ of Corti. They are also known as 
supporting cells and cells of Deiters. 

Propenyl {pro' -pen-il) . See Glyceryl. 

Propepsin {pro-pep' -sin) . The zymogen of 
pepsin, found in the cells of the gastric glands. 

Propeptone {pro-pep' -ton). See under Peptone. 

Propeptonuria {pro-pep-ton-u' -re-ah) [propep- 
tone; obpov, urine]. The appearance of 
propeptone in the urine. It is said to occur 
in fevers, diphtheria, osteomalacia, and during 
the administration of styrax or phosphorus. 

Preperitoneal {pro-per-it-on-e'-al) [pro-; peri- 
toneum]. Situated in front of the peritoneum. 
P. Hernia, a hernia the sac of which extends in 
various directions within the abdominal walls. 

Prophase {pro'-faz) [pro-; (f)acvecv, to show]. 
The first stage of karyokinesis or indirect 
cell-division. 

Prophylactic {pro-fil-ak'-tik) [see Prophylaxis]. 
1. Pertaining to prophylaxis. 2. A remedy 
or agent that prevents the development of 
disease. 

Prophylactol {pro-fil-ak'-lol). A proprietary 
liquid said to consist of 20 % of protargol and 
glycerol with the addition of mercury bichlorid 
in the proportion of one part to 2000. It is 
used by injection in diseases of the urinary 
tract. 

Prophylaxis {pro-fil-aks'-is) [xpofyolaoouv, to 
keep guard before]. Prevention of disease; 
measures preventing the development or 
spread of disease. 

Propionate {pro'-pi-on-dt). A salt of propionic 
acid. 

Propione {pro'-pe-on) [npaiToc, first; ntwv, fat], 
C 5 H 10 O. Diethyl ketone, a liquid obtained 
by the distillation of calcium propionate. 
Dose, as hypnotic, 8-45 gr. (0.5-3.0 Gm.); 
as sedative, 8 gr. (0.5 Gm.). 

Propionic Acid {pro-pe-on'-ik). See Acid, 
Propionic. 

Proprietary Medicine. A medicine that is 
trade-marked, patented, or secret. 

Proprius {pro' -pri-us) [L.]. Individual; spe- 
cial, as flexor proprius pollicis, the special 
flexor of the thumb. 

Proptosis {pro-to'-sis) [pro-; tztujoic, a falling]. 
A falling downward; prolapse. 



PROPULSION 



796 



PROTALBUMOSE 



Propulsion {pro-put -shun) [pro-, pellere, to 
push], i. The act of pushing or driving 
forward. 2. A falling forward in walking, 
a condition seen in paralysis agitans. See 
Festination. 

Propyl {pro' -pit) [propionic], C 3 H 7 . The radicle 
of propane. 

Propylamin {pro-pit -am-in) [propyl; amin]. 
1. A liquid basic compound having the for- 
mula C 3 H 9 N, and existing in two forms, a 
normal propylamin, boiling at 47 C, and 
isopropylamin, boiling at 31. 5 C. Normal 
propylamin has been obtained from cultures 
of bacteria of feces; isopropylamin has been 
found among the distillation-products of beet- 
root molasses. See under Ptomain. 2. A 
misnomer for an aqueous solution of tri- 
methylamin, a colorless, caustic, antiseptic 
liquid. 

Propylene {pro'-pil-en) [propyl], C 3 H 6 . A 
gaseous hydrocarbon belonging to the series 
of the olefins. 

Pro re nata {pro ra na'-lah) [L.]. A phrase 
signifying "according to the circumstances 
of the case." 

Prorennin {pro-rerf-in) [pro-; rennin]. The 
mother-substance, zymogen or preliminary 
material of rennin or chymosin. 

Proscolex {pro-sko'-leks) [pro-; okojXtj^, a 
worm; pi., proscolices]. The embryo of a 
cestode worm immediately after leaving the 

egg- 
Prosector {pro-sek'-tor) [pro-; sector, cutter]. 
An officer of a medical college who prepares 
subjects for anatomic dissection or to illustrate 
didactic lectures. 

Prosencephalon {pros-en-sef -al-on) [pro-; 
iyKecfraXoc, brain]. The forebrain; that part 
of the anterior cerebral vesicle from which 
are developed the hemispheres, the corpus 
callosum, the anterior commissure, the 
fornix, the septum lucidum, the anterior per- 
forated space, the olfactory lobes, and the cor- 
pus striatum. 

Prosopalgia {pros-op-at -je-ah) [izpboojxov, the 
face; dXyog, pain]. Neuralgic pain in the dis- 
tribution of the trigeminal nerve. Syn., 
Facial neuralgia; Tic douloureux. 

Prosopic {pros-op' -ill) [jzpbo(i)7zov, the face]. 
Relating to the face; facial. 

Prosopothoracopagus {pros-op-o-tho-rak-op' '-■ 
ag-us) \jzpboii)Tiov, the face; thorax; nayoc, that 
which is joined]. A double fetal monster in 
which the twins are united by the upper ab- 
domen, chest, and face. 

Prosphysectomy {pros-fiz-ek'-to-me) [npbofaoic, 
a growing to; an appendage; inzopirj, excision]. 
Appendicectomy. 

Prostaden {pros' -tad-en) [prostate; ddyv, a 
gland]. An extract of prostate gland used 
in prostatic hypertrophy. Dose 30 gr. (2 Gm.) 
daily. 

Prostatalgia {pros-ta-tat -je-ah) [prostate; aXyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the prostate gland. 

Prostate, P. Gland {pros'-tdt) [pro-; coravac, to 
stand]. The organ surrounding the neck of 
the bladder and beginning of the urethra 



{prostatic urethra). It consists of two lateral 
lobes and a middle lobe, and is composed 
of muscular and glandular tissue; a dis- - 
tinct capsule surrounds it. The prostate 
often becomes enlarged in advanced life, and 
may then interfere with the emptying of the 
bladder. 

Prostatectomy {pros-ta-tek' -to-me) [prostate; 
iKxop.7}, excision]. Excision of the prostate. 

Prostatic {pros-tat' -ik) [prostate]. Relating to 
the prostate. P. Calculus, a stone lodged 
in the prostate gland. P. Plexus. 1. A 
collection of veins surrounding the neck and 
base of the bladder and the prostate gland. 
2. A plexus of nerves derived from the pelvic 
plexus, and distributed to the prostate gland, 
seminal vesicles, and erectile tissue of the 
penis. P. Urethra, that portion of the 
urethra surrounded by the prostate gland. 

Prostatism {pros' -lat-izm). A morbid nervous 
condition due to prostatic disease. 

Prostatitis {pros-ta-ti'-tis) [prostate; cxcq, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the prostate gland. 

Prostatocystotomy {pros-tat-o-sist-ot -o-me) 
[prostate; cystotomy]. Surgical incision of the 
prostate and bladder. 

Prostatomegaly {pros-tat-o-meg'-al-e) [pros- 
tate; fieyaXr), great]. Prostatic hypertrophy. 

Prostatomyomectomy {pros-tat-o-mi-o-mek'- 
to-me) [prostate; myomectomy]. Removal of a 
prostatic myoma. 

Prostatorrhea {pros-ta-tor-e'-ah) [prostate; po'ca, 
flow]. A thin urethral discharge coming 
from the prostate gland in cases of prostatitis 
or masturbation. 

Prostatotomy {pros-ta-tot'-o-me) [prostate; tojitj, 
a cutting]. Incision into the prostate gland. 

Prostatovesiculitis {pros-tat-o-ves-ik-u-W -tis) 
Inflammation of the seminal vesicles com- 
bined with prostatitis. 

Prosthesis (pros' -thes-is) \7zp0c, to; dkacc, . 
placing]. Replacement of a missing part '-., 
an artificial substitute. P., Gersuny's Par- 
affin, the replacement of the cartilaginous 
portion of the nasal septum by paraffin. 

Prosthetic {pros-thet'-ik) [prosthesis]. Per- 
taining to prosthesis. 

Prosthetics {pros-thet'-iks) [prosthesis]. The 
branch of surgery that deals with prosthesis. 

Prostho lytic {pros-tho-lit'-ik) [Ttpbadev, before; 
Xuecv, to loose]. Progressive change. 

Prostrate {pros' -tr at) [pro-; sternere, to spread 
out]. Lying at full length. 

Prostration {pros-tra' -shun) [prostrate]. 

1. The condition of being prostrate. 2. 
Extreme exhaustion of nervous or muscular 
force. P., Nervous, general exhaustion from 
excessive expenditure of nervous energy. 

Protagon {pro' -tag-on) [tzpeoToe, first; ayecv, to 
lead], C 160 H 308 N 5 PO 35 . A crystalline glucosid 
found in nervous tissue, and yielding when 
boiled with baryta the decomposition-prod- 
ucts of lecithin. 

Protal {pro' -tat) [npibroc;, first]. First; primary; 
initial; hereditary. 

Protalbumose {pro-tat -bu-mos). Same as Pro- 
toalbumose. See under Albumose. 



1 



PROTAMIN 



797 



PROTONEPHRON 



rrotamin (pro' -ta-min) [npaJzoc, first; amin], 
C 16 H 32 N 9 02- An organic base found with 

I nuclein in the spawn of salmon. 

jProtargol (pro-tar' '-got). A silver albumose 
occurring as a yellow powder, containing 8 % 
of silver; freely soluble in water. It is 
recommended in gonorrhea in 0.25 to 1 % 
solutions. 

Protean (pro'-te-an) [proteus]. Taking on 
many - shapes, as a protean disease, protean 
eruption. 

Protease (pro'-te-dz). A diastase produced by 
Aspergillus niger. It resembles in its prop- 
erties papain and the proteolytic enzym of 
malt. It acts upon gelatin, nucleoalbumins, 
globulin, and albuminates, but not upon 
albumin, whereby it is . distinguished from 
pepsin. 
iProtectin (pro-tek'-tin). Tissue-paper with a 
coating of adhesive rubber mixture on one 
side. 

Protective (pro-tek'-tiv) [protect]. Covering, 
so as to shield against harm; guarding 
against harm, as a protective dressing. P. 
Proteid. See Proteid, Defensive. 
i Proteic (pro-te'-ik). Relating to protein. P. 
Substances, proteids. 

Proteid (pro'-te-id) [npaJroc, first]. Any one of 
the important and essential nitrogenous con- 
stituents of animal (animal proteid) and 
vegetable (vegetable proteid) tissues. They 
are colloid, noncrystallizable, and levoro- 
tatory, are precipitated from solutions by 
alcohol and various metallic salts, and coagu- 
lated by heat and mineral acids. Proteids 
are divided by Landois into: (a) native 
albumins: serum-albumin, egg-albumen, met- 
| . \ albumin, and paralbumin; (b) derived 
albumins, or albuminates: acidalbumin, syn- 
tonin, alkali -albumin, and casein; (c) globu- 
lins: crystallin, vitellin, paraglobulin, or 
v^erum-globulin, fibrinogen, myosin, globin; 
(d) fibrins; (e) coagulated proteids; (/) al- 
bumoses and peptones; (g) lardacein. P., 
Bacterial, one formed by the action of a 
microorganism. P., Bacterial Cellular, any 
proteid found in the bodies of bacteria. P.s, 
Coagulated. See Coagulated Proteids. P.s, 
Compound, a class of bodies more complex 
than simple proteids, which yield as nearest 
splitting products, simple, proteids on one 
side and nonproteid bodies, such as coloring- 
matters, carbohydrates, xanthin bases, etc., 
on the other. They are divided into three 
groups — the hemoglobins, glycoproteids, and 
nucleoproteids. P., Defensive, one of the 
proteids existing in the blood and rendering 
the system immune to infectious diseases. 

Protein (pro'-te-in) [proteid]. A substance 
formerly regarded as a proteid deprived of 
its sulfur, and looked upon as an alkali- 
albumin. P., Pyocyaneous, a preparation 
made from cultures of Bacillus pyocyaneus 
by means of potash solutions. It is recom- 
mended in the treatment of suppurating 

> ulcers. 

Proteolysis (pro-te-oV -is-is) [nptiroc, first; Xuocc, 



solution]. The change produced in proteids 
by ferments that convert them into diffusible 
bodies. 

Proteolytic (pro-te-o-lit'-ik) [proteolysis]. Per- 
taining to, characterized by, or effecting pro- 
teolysis. 

Proteose (pro'-te-os) [xpaJzof, first]. Any one 
of a group of bodies formed in gastric diges- 
tion, intermediate between the food proteids 
and the peptones, called antipeptone, hemi- 
peptone, etc. 

Proteosuria (pro-te-o-su' -re-ah) [proteose; oupov, 
urine]. The presence of proteoses in the 
urine. 

Proteuria (pro-te-u' -re-ah). The presence of 
proteids in the urine. 

Proteus (pro'-te-us) [L.]. A genus of bacteria. 
See under Bacteria. 

Pro thesis (proth'-es-is). See Prosthesis. 

Prothetic (pro-thet'-ik). See Prosthetic. 

Prothrombin (pro-throm'-bin). A nucleopro- 
teid enzym of the blood-plasma which brings 
about coagulation by changing fibrinogen 
into fibrin by combining with soluble lime 
salt, and thus forming fibrin-ferment or 
thrombin. 

Protiodid (pro-ti'-o-did) [npoj-oc, first; iodid]. 
A salt containing the least amount of iodin of 
the iodids of the same base. See Proto-. 

Proto- (pro-to-) [npcLroc, first]. 1. A prefix 
signifying first. 2. In chemistry, a prefix 
signifying the lowest of a series of compounds 
of the same elements, as protoiodid, proto- 
chlorid, protoxid. 

Protoalbumose (pro-to-aV -bu-mos) . See Albu- 
mose. 

Protoblast (pro' -to-blast) [proto-; filaoxbc, germ]. 
A cell without a cell-wall. 

Protocatechuic Acid (pro-to-kat-e-chu'-ik) 
[proto-; catechu], CfH 6 4 . Dioxybenzoic acid, 
an acid sometimes occurring in the urine. 

Protochlorid (pro-to-klo'-rid). See Proto- (2). 

Protogaster (pro-to-gas' -ter) [proto-; yaozrjp, 
stomach]. The primitive intestinal cavity of 
a gastrula. 

Protogen (pro'-to-jen) [proto-; yzvvav, to pro- 
duce]. 1. Any albuminoid compound which 
does not coagulate when heated in aqueous 
solution. 2. A dietetic obtained by action 
of formaldehyd on egg -albumen. 

Protoglobulose (pro-to-glob' -u-los). One of 
the primary products of the digestion of 
globulin. 

Protoiodid (pro-to-i'-o-did). See Protiodid. 

Proto leukocyte (pro-to-lu' -ko-sif) . One of the 
minute lymphoid cells found in the red bone- 
marrow and also in the spleen. 

Protometer (pro-torn 1 '-et-er) [proto-; p.kzpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring 
the forward projection of the eyeball. 

Protomyosinose (pro-to-mi-o' -sin-os) [proto-; 
myosin]. A product of the. primary digestion 
of myosin. 

Protonephron (pro-to-nef'-ron) [proto-; vecfrpbc, 
kidney]. The pronephron, metanephron, and 
mesonephron taken together; the primitive 
kidney. 



PROTONEURON 



798 



PRURIGO 



Protoneuron (pro-to-nu' -ron) [proto-; veupov, 
nerve]. One of a peculiar type of bipolar 
neurons or ganglion-cells of the cerebro- 
spinal system, characterized by the entrance 
of the axis-cylinder of an afferent nerve-fibril 
through one of its prolongations, terminating 
in its endoplasm. It constitutes a primary 
independent centripetal end-organ. 

Protonuclein (pro-to-nu' -kle-in), C 29 H 49 N 10 P 5 - 
32 . A preparation from the lymphoid tissues 
of animals with the addition of milk-sugar and 
gum-benzoin. It is used as an invigorator. 
Dose 3-10 gr. (0.2-0.65 Gm.) several times 
daily. Applied also in substance to cancerous 
wounds. 

Protopathic (pro-to-path' -ik) [proto-; nadoc, 
disease]. Primary; relating to the first lesion ; 
idiopathic; opposed to deuteropathic. 

Protopin (pro' -to-pin) [proto-; bntov, opium], 
C2oil 19 N0 5 . An alkaloid from opium; it is 
hypnotic and analgesic. Dose 40-150 gr. 
(2.5-10.0 Gm.). 

Protoplasm (pro' -to-plazm) [proto-; plasma]. 
1. The viscid material constituting the essen- 
tial substance of living cells, upon which all 
the vital functions of nutrition, secretion, 
growth, reproduction, irritability, and mo- 
tility depend. When highly magnified, the 
protoplasm of most cells appears as a net- 
work (spongio plasm), containing a more fluid 
substance (hyaloplasm) in its meshes. 2. 
Those portions of the cell-body adjacent to 
the nucleus; or, the primary active portion 
of the cell as distinguished from the para- 
plasm or secondary and passive portion. 

Protoplasmic (pro-to-plaz'-mik) [protoplasm]. 
1. Pertaining to protoplasm. 2. Composed 
of protoplasm. P. Process. See Process, 
Protoplasmic. 

Protoplastin (pro-to-plast'-in) [protoplasm]. 
The basal substance of protoplasm. 

Protoprotein (pro-to-pro' -te-in). That material 
which, converted into organized nucleopro- 
teids, forms living matter. 

Protospasm (pro' -to-spazm) [proto-; anao/noc, 
spasm]. A spasm beginning in one part and 
extending to others. 

Protosulfate (pro-to-sul'-Jat). See Proto- (2). 

Protothrombin. See Prothrombin. 

Prototoxins (pro-to-toks'-ins) [proto-; toxins]. 
Dissociation-products of toxins differing from 
deuterotoxins and tritotoxins in having a 
stronger affinity than either for the antitoxins. 

Prototoxoid (pro-to-toks'-oid) [proto-; toxoid]. 
A transformation-product of prototoxin in 
which toxicity is lost, but the combining power 
retained. 

Prototrophic (pro-to-tro'-fik) [proto-; rpo<f>r), 
nourishment]. Applied to organisms which 
do not require organic matter or have not 
the faculty of decomposing proteid stuff. 

Prototype (pro' -to-tlp) [proto-; xbrtoc, a type]. 
An original type; a type after which others 
are copied. 

Protoxid (pro-toks'-id). See Proto- (2). 

Protoxoid (pro-toks'-oid). Same as Prototoxoid. 

Protozoa (pro-to-zo'-ah). Plural of Protozoon. 



Protozoon (pro-to-zo' -on) [proto-; £<pov, animal, 
pi., protozoa]. One of the lowest class of the 
animal kingdom, comprising organisms which 
consist of simple cells or colonies of cells, and 
which possess no nervous system and no cir- 
culatory organs. 

Pro tropin (pro-tro'-pin). See Protopin. 

Protrypsin (pro-trip' -sin). See Trypsinogen. 

Protyl (pro'-til) [npcbroc, first]. The supposed 
primitive universal element. 

Protylin (pro'-til-in). A synthetic product 
containing 2.7% of phosphorus; used in 
neurasthenia. Dose 2-4 coffeespoonfuls. 

Proud Flesh. Exuberant granulation tissue. 

Provisional (pro-vizh' -on-al) [providere, to pro- 
vide]. For temporary use, as provisional callus. 

Proximad (proks'-im-ad) [see Proximal]. To- 
ward the proximal end. 

Proximal (proks'-im-al) [proximus, nearest]. 
Nearest to the body or the median line of the 
body, or some other point considered as the 
center of a system. 

Proximate (proks'-im-at) [see Proximal]. 
Nearest; immediate, as proximate cause. P. 
Principle, a substance existing under its own 
form in the animal solids or fluids, and that 
can be extracted by means not altering or 
destroying its chemic properties. 

Prox. luc. Abbreviation of proxima luce, the 
day before. 

Prozonal (pro-zo'-nal) [pro-; zona, a zone]. Ap- 
plied to nerve-trunks lying in front of a sclero- 
zone. 

Pruinate (pru'-in-at) [pruina, hoar-frost]. Ap- 
pearing as if covered with hoar-frost. 

Prune-juice Expectoration. A peculiar bloody 
sputum, of a dark purple color, resembling 
prune-juice. It occurs in low forms of croup- 
ous pneumonia, in gangrene and carcinoma 
of the lung. 

Prunum (pru' -num.) [L.]. Prune. The prunum 
of the U. S. P. is the partly dried fruit ol 
Prunus domestica, of the order Rosacece. 
Prunes are laxative. 

Prunus (pru'-nus) [L.]. A genus of trees of the 
order Rosacea. P. domestica is the source of 
the prune. The ripe seed of P. amygdalus is 
the amygdala dulcis of the U. S. P. P. sero- 
tina yields wild-cherry bark. P. virginiana 
(U. S. P.), wild-cherry, contains a volatile oil, 
hydrocyanic acid, tannic acid, a resin, and 
other substances. It is used as a tonic and 
sedative in gastric debility and general irrita- 
tion of the system, and is a common ingredient 
of cough -mixtures. Dose of the fluidextract of 
wild-cherry (fluidextr actum pruni virginiana, 
U. S.P.) 1 dr. (4 Cc); of the infusion (infusum 
pruni virginiana, U. S. P.) 2-3 oz. (64—96 Cc.) ; 
of the syrup (syrupus pruni virginiana, U. S. 
P.) \ oz. (16 Cc). 

Pruriginous (pru-rij' -in-us) [prurigo]. Pertain- 
ing to or resembling prurigo. 

Prurigo (pru-ri'-go) [prurire, to itch]. 1. A 
chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, char- 
acterized by small pale papules and severe itch- 
ing. The papules are deeply seated, and are 
most prominent on the extensor surfaces of 



PRURITIC 



799 



PSEUDOBACTERIUM 



the limbs. The disease begins in early life 
and is usually incurable. 2 . Pruritus. 

Pruritic (pru-rit'-ik) [pruritus]. Pertaining to 
pruritus; itching. 

Pruritus (pru-ri'-tus) [prurire, to itch]. Itching, 
a peculiar uncomfortable sensation due to 
irritation of the peripheral sensory nerve, and 
leading to scratching. It may be a symptom 
of other diseases of the skin or an independ- 
ent neurosis. The latter receives its name 
from the part affected, as pruritus ani, pruritus 
vaginae. P., Bath, a burning sensation vary- 
ing from a slight pricking to an intense itching 
experienced by some persons after a bath. P. 
hiemalis, a form affecting certain persons only 
in winter, especially in dry climates. P. senilis, 
the pruritus of the aged, at times due to degen- 
erative changes in the skin. P. senilis of the 
Tongue, a form of glossitis occurring in the 
aged, characterized by itching and burning of 
the tongue. P. vulvae, hyperesthesia of the 
nerves of the vulva accompanied by intense 
itching. 

Prussak's Fibers. The bands which, coming 
from the roof of the external auditory canal, 
pass on to the membrana tympani and form 
the lateral boundaries of Shrapnell's mem- 
brane; they are made up of elastic and connec- 
tive-tissue fibers and contain blood-vessels and 
nerves. P.'s Pouch, P.'s Space, the small 
space formed in the attic of the middle ear by 
the external ligament of the malleus above, 
the short process of the malleus below, the neck 
of the malleus internally, and Shrapnell's 
membrane externally. 

Prussian Blue. Iron used in the arts as a 
dye; it was formerly employed in medicine 
as a febrifuge, tonic, and alterative. Dose 
3-5 S r - (0.2-0.32 Gm.). 

Prussiate (prus'-i-at). A salt of prussic or 
hydrocyanic acid. , 

Prussic Acid. See Acid, Hydrocyanic. 

Prussin {prus' -in). See Cyanogen. 

Psalis (sa'-lis) [$aMc, arch]. The cerebral 
fornix. 

Psalterium (sal-te'-re-um). See Many plies. 

Psamma (sam'-ah) [(pap/ioc, sand]. Sand oc- 
curring as a urinary deposit. 

Psammocarcinoma (sam-o-kar-sin-o'-mah). 
See Carcinoma psammosum. 

Psammoma (sam-o' '-mah) [(Jtafiptoc, sand; '6}ia, 
tumor]. A firm tumor found in the membranes 
of the brain, the choroid plexus, and in other 
parts, and characterized by the presence of 
peculiar mineral concretions. The tumor is 
generally a fibrosarcoma. 

Psammous (sam'-us) [^d/f/iof, sand]. Sandy; 
sabulous. 

Psellism, Psellismus {seV-izm, sel-iz'-mus) 
[(pkkefafioc, a stammering]. 1. Stuttering or 
stammering. 2. Defective speech due to hare- 
lip or to cleft palate. Psellismus mercuri- 
alis, the unintelligible, hurried, jerking speech 
accompanying mercurial tremor. 

Pseud-, Pseudo- (sud-, su-do-) [^sudrjc, false]. 
A prefix meaning false. 

Pseudaconitin {su-dak-on' -it-in) [pseud-; acon- 



ite], C 36 H 49 N0 12 . An extremely poisonous 
alkaloid from Aconitum ferox. 

Pseudacousia, Pseudacousma, Pseudacusis 
(su-dak-ooz'-e-ah, -mah, -u'-sis) [pseud-; 
anouocc, a hearing]. A disturbance of hearing 
in which the person's own voice sounds strange 
or peculiar. 

Pseudarthrosis {su-dar -thro' -sis) [pseud-; ar- 
throsis]. A false joint. 

Pseudencephalus (su-den-sef'-al-us) [pseud-; 
ij-Ki<paXoc, brain]. A species of monster 
characterized by a partial development of the 
frontal, parietal, and occipital bones, while 
the brain is represented by a bunch of mem- 
branes, blood-vessels, connective and possibly 
nervous tissue at the base of the skull. 

Pseudephedrin {su-def -ed-rin) . See Pseudoeph- 
edrin. 

Pseudesthesia {su-des-the' -ze-ah) [pseud-; 
a"cad-qocc, feeling]. An imaginary sensation 
for which there is no corresponding object; a 
sensation referred to parts of the body that have 
been removed by accident or surgical operation. 

Pseudoactinomycosis, Pseudactinomycosis 
(su-do-ak-tin-o-mi-ko'-sis, su - dak - tin -o- mi- 
ko'-sis). A form of pulmonary tuberculosis 
in which the sputum contains granular bodies 
resembling the grains of actinomycosis. They 
consist of a crystalline substance similar to 
leucin. 

Pseudoagraphia (su-do-ah-gra'-fe-ah). The 
form of agraphia in which meaningless or 
disconnected words can be written. 

Pseudoakromegaly (su-do-ak-ro-meg'-al-e) . 
See Osteoarthropathy, Hypertrophic Pulmon- 
ary. 

Pseudoalveolar (su-do-al-ve'-o-lar). Simulat- 
ing alveolar tissue. 

Pseudoangina (su-do-an-ji'-nah). False an- 
gina; hysteric angina; an attack of cardiac 
pain somewhat resembling angina pectoris 
but less grave in character, longer in duration, 
and usually not associated with organic heart 
disease. It occurs in neurotic women, and is 
generally brought on by emotional excitement. 

Pseudoanorexia (su-do-an-or-eks'-e-ah). Re- 
jection of food because of gastric distress. 

Pseudoappendicitis (su-do-ap-en-dis-i'-tis). 1. 
A condition simulating appendicitis, but with 
no lesion of the appendix. 2. A condition 
simulating appendicitis occurring in hysteric 
subjects or associated with secondary syphilis. 

Pseudoarthrosis {su-do-ar- thro' -sis). See 
Pseudarthrosis. 

Pseudoataxia (su-do-ah-taks'-e-ah). See Pseu- 
dotabes. 

Pseudobacillus (su-do-bas-W -us) . 1. One of 
the very fine fat crystals sometimes found in 
sputum, and which stain similarly to tubercle 
bacilli, from which they are distinguishable by 
their varying size and their solubility in ether 
and chloroform. 2. In the plural, pseudo- 
bacilli (of Hayem), very minute, rod-shaped 
products of corpuscular fragmentation ob- 
served in poikilocytosis. 

Pseudobacterium (su-do-bak-te'-re-um). Any 
object resembling a bacterium. 



PSEUDOBULBAR 



800 



PSEUDOHYPERTROPHY 



Pseudobulbar (su-do-bul'-bar). Not really bul- 
bar. P. Paralysis, symmetric disease of both 
cerebral hemispheres involving the centers or 
paths of the nerves of speech, and thus re- 
sembling disease of the medulla oblongata. 

Pseudocele (su'-do-sel) [pseudo-; ko'cXoc, a hol- 
low]. The fifth ventricle of the brain. 

Pseudoceliotomy (su-do-se-le-ot'-o-me). The 
pretended performance of abdominal section. 

Pseudochalazion (su-do-kal-a'-ze-on).. A ma- 
lignant lesion of the conjunctiva resembling 
chalazion. 

Pseudochancre (su-do-shang'-ker). An indu- 
rated sore simulating chancre. 

Pseudochlorosis (su-do-klo-ro'-sis). Leache's 
term for a form of chlorosis in which there 
was no diminution of the number of erythro- 
cytes. 

Pseudocirrhosis (su-do-sir-o'-sis). A condition 
marked by ascites, dyspnea, and cyanosis, 
believed to be due to combined cirrhosis and 
peritonea] disease. 

Pseudoclump (su'-do-klump). A clump of bac- 
teria in broth typhoid cultures, which simulates 
closely the clumps formed by specific typhoid 
agglutinins. 

Pseudocrisis (su-do-kri'-sis). A false crisis; a 
sudden fall of temperature resembling the crisis 
of a disease, but subsequently followed by a 
rise of temperature and a continuation of "the 
disease. It is common in pneumonia. 

Pseudocroup (su'-do-kroop) . False croup ; laryn- 
gismus stridulus. 

Pseudocyesis {su-do-si-e' -sis) [pseudo-; /coyote, 
pregnancy]. False pregnancy; the belief, 
on the part of a woman, in the existence of 
pregnancy when none exists. 

Pseudocylindroid (su-do-siV -in-droid) [pseudo-; 
cylindroid]. A band of mucus or any sub- 
stance in the urine simulating a renal cast. 

Pseudocyst (su'-do-sist) [pseudo-; kootcc, a 
bladder]. In biology, a globular body pro- 
duced by the breaking up of protoplasm in a 
filament, in certain of the lower plants; an 
asexual reproductive body. 

Pseudodiascope (su-do-di' -ah-skop) [pseudo-; 
biaomnelv, to look through]. An instrument 
demonstrating the persistence of visual im- 
pressions made upon the retina. 

Pseudodiphtheria (su-do-di} -the' -re-ah) [pseudo-; 
diphtheria]. An inflammation characterized 
by the presence of a false membrane not 
due to the Klebs -Loffler bacillus. P. Bacil- 
lus, a nonpathogenic bacillus resembling in 
form and growth the true diphtheria bacillus. 
It is now considered an attenuated form of 
the true bacillus. 

Pseudodiphtheric (su-do-di} -ther'-ik). Simu- 
lating diphtheria; relating to pseudodiph- 
theria. 

Pseudodyspepsia (su-do-dis-pef -se-ah) [pseudo-; 
dyspepsia]. Nervous dyspepsia or gastric 
neurasthenia. 

Pseudoendometritis (su-do-en-do-met-ri'-tis) 
[pseudo-; endometritis]. A condition resembling 
endometritis marked by changes in the blood : 
vessels, hyperplasia of the glands, and atrophy. 



Pseudoephedrin (su-do-e}'-ed-rin), C ]3 H 19 NO. 
An alkaloid found in Ephedra vulgaris and 
isomeric with ephedrin. 

Pseudoepilepsy (su-do-ep '-i-lep-se) [pseudo-; 
epilepsy]. Disorders simulating epilepsy, 
wholly or partially of rachitic origin. 

Pseudoepithelioma (su-do-ep-i-the-le-o'-mah) 
[pseudo-; epithelioma]. An affection of the 
skin simulating epithelioma. 

Pseudoerysipelas (su-do-er-e-sip'-el-as) [pseudo-; 
erysipelas]. Inflammation of the subcutane- 
ous cellular tissue resembling erysipelas. 

Pseudofluctuation (su -do- fluk -tu-a' - shun) 
[pseudo-; fluctuation]. A tremor simulating 
fluctuation, sometimes observed on tapping 
lipomas. 

Pseudofracture (su'-do-frak-chur) [pseudo-; 
fracture]. A spontaneous fracture. 

Pseudogelatin (su-do-jel'-at-in) [pseudo-; 
gelatin]. Any gelatinous substance obtained 
from vegetable tissues. 

Pseudogeusesthesia (su-do-gu-zes-the'-ze- ah) 
[pseudo-; feuocc, taste; acodyocg, sensation]. 
A condition in which color sensations accom- 
pany the sense of taste. 

Pseudoglioma (su-do-gli-o'-mah) [pseudo-; 
glioma]. A name given to inflammatory 
changes of the vitreous humor, due to irido- 
choroiditis, and resembling glioma of the retina. 

Pseudogonococcus (su-do-gon-o-kok'-us) [pseu- 
do-; gonococcus]. A diplococcus resembling 
the gonococcus found in the normal urethra. 

Pseudogonorrhea (su-do-gon-or-e'-ah) [pseudo-; 
gonorrhea]. A simple nonspecific urethritis. 

Pseudohematocele (su - do - hem - at' - o - seT) 
[pseudo-; hematocele]. Hematocele occurring 
outside of the peritoneal cavity. 

Pseudohemoglobin (su -do - hem -o- glo' - bin) 
[pseudo-; hemoglobin]. A loose combination 
of hemoglobin and oxygen believed to be an 
intermediate step between hemoglobin and 
oxyhemoglobin, on the reduction of the latter. 

Pseudohermaphrodism (su -do- her - ma}' - ro - 
dizm) [pseudo-; hermaphrodism]. A condi- 
tion simulating hermaphrodism. 

Pseudohernia (su-do-her'-ne-ah) [pseudo-; 
hernia]. An empty hernia sac resembling 
strangulated hernia when inflamed. 

Pseudohydrarthrosis (su-do-hi-drar-thro'-sis) 
[pseudo-; hydrarthrosis]. Apparent dropsy of 
the knee-joint from effusion into the liga- 
ment between the patella and the tuberosity 
of the tibia, and especially into the fat tissue 
of the synovial bursa. 

Pseudohydrophobia (su-do-hi-dro-}o' -be-ah) 
[pseudo-; hydrophobia]. A condition resem- 
bling hydrophobia, at times produced by 
dread of the disease. Syn., Lyssophobia. 

Pseudohypertrophic (su -do- hi - per - tro' - fik) 
Pertaining to or characterized by pseudohy- 
pertrophy. P. Muscular Paralysis. See 
Paralysis, Pseudohypertrophic Muscular. 

Pseudohypertrophy (su - do - hi - per'- tro - }e) 
[pseudo-; hypertrophy]. False hypertrophy; 
increase in the size of an organ on account of 
overgrowth of an important tissue. It is ac- 
companied by diminution in function. 



PSEUD OILEUS 



801 



PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS 



Pseudoileus (su-do-iV -e-us) [pseudo-; ileus]. 
Reflex ileus due to constriction of the mesen- 
tery, or of a diverticulum, or from traction of a 
pedicled ovarian tumor, contusion of the tes- 
ticle or abdomen, or from movable kidney. 

Pseudoinfiuenza (su-do-in-flu-en' -zah) [pseudo-; 
influenzal. A disease simulating influenza 
but not due to Bacillus influenza. 

Pseudoleukemia (su-do-lu-ke' '-me-ah) [pseudo-; 
leukemia]. See Hodgkin's Disease. P., In- 
fantile, von Jaksch's disease, a form of ane- 
mia occurring in young children, usually de- 
pendent on a rachitic diathesis, and not asso- 
ciated with much leukocytosis. 

Pseudoleukocythemia (su -do-lu-ko- si-tlie'- 
me-ah). Synonym of Pseudoleukemia. 

Pseudolien (su-do-le' -en) . See Spleen, Acces- 
sory. 

Pseudolipoma (su-do-lip-o'-mah) [pseudo-; 
lipoma]. A localized edema resembling an 
accumulation of fat, occurring above the 
clavicle and about the knee, especially in 
cases of rheumatism. 

Pseudolupus (su-do-lu'-pus) [pseudo-; lupus]. 
A disease simulating lupus vulgaris, produced 
by a species of oidium. P. vulgaris. See 
Dermatitis, Blastomycetic. 

Pseudomalaria (su-do -mal-a'-re-ah) [pseudo-; 
malaria]. A toxemic disease simulating ma- 
laria. 

Pseudomamma (su-do-mam'-ah) [pseudo-; 
mamma]. A mamma-like structure some- 
times occurring in dermoid cysts. 

Pseudomania (su-do-ma' -ne-ah) [pseudo-; ixavca, 
madness], i. A form of insanity in which 
the patient accuses himself of crimes of which 
he is innocent. 2. A mania characterized 
by lying. 

Pseudomembrane (su-do-mem' -bran) [pseudo-; 
membrane]. A false membrane, such as is 
seen in diphtheria. 

Pseudomembranous (su-do - mem' - bran - us). 
Characterized by, or pertaining to, false mem- 
branes. P. Inflammation, any inflamma- 
tion characterized by the formation of a false 
membrane. 

Pseudomeninx (su - do - men' - inks) [pseudo-; 
firjucfz, membrane]. A false membrane. 

Pseudomnesia (su - do - ne' -ze- ah) [pseudo-; 
pvfiocc, remembrance]. Perversion of the 
memory in which things that never occurred 
seem to be remembered. 

Pseudomonas (su-do-mo' -nas) [pseudo-; fiovac, 
monad]. A genus of bacteria. 

Pseudomucin (su-do-mu' -sin) [pseudo-; miicin]. 
A substance allied to mucin, found in prolif- 
erative ovarian cysts. 

Pseudomyxoma (su-do-miks-o' -mah) [pseudo-; 
myxoma]. A tumor containing colloid matter 
derived from a ruptured mucous cyst. 

Pseudoneuroma (su-do-nu-ro'-mah) [pseudo-; 
neuroma]. A false neuroma. See Neuroma. 

Pseudonuclein (su-do-nu'-kle-in). See Para- 
nuclei. 

Pseudoparalysis (su-do-par-al'-is-is) [pseudo-; 
paralysis]. Paralysis of motion, apparently 
but not reallv due to a lesion of the nervous 
52 



system. P. agitans. See Dystaxia agitans. 
P. myasthenica, bulbar paralysis without 
apparent anatomic lesion. P. of Rickets, 
the inability to walk in severe cases of rickets, 
due to distortion of the bones. P., Syph- 
ilitic, an inflammatory condition of the epi- 
physes of the bones in syphilis causing a 
marked impairment of motion. 

Pseudoparasite (su-do-par' -ah-slt) [pseudo-; 
parasite]. Any object resembling a parasite. 

Pseudopellagra (su-do-pel-a'-grah) [pseudo-; 
pellagra]. An affection regarded by some au- 
thorities as distinct from pellagra, but pre- 
senting similar skin symptoms. 

Pseudophlegmon (su-do-fleg'-mon) [pseudo-; 
phlegmon], A simulated furuncle due to 
trophic nerve lesion. 

Pseudoplegia (su-do-ple' -je-ah) [pseudo-; -Xrjij, 
stroke]. Simulated or hysteric paralysis. 

Pseudopod, Pseudopodium (su'-do-pod, su-do- 
po'-de-um) [pseudo-; ~obc, foot]. A protru- 
sion of a portion of the substance of an 
ameboid cell. 

Pseudoptosis (su-do-to'-sis) [pseudo-; ptosis]. A 
condition resembling ptosis caused by a fold 
of skin and fat depending below the edge of 
the eyelid. 

Pseudoreaction (su-do-re-ak' -shun) [pseudo-; 
reaction]. Agglutination not due to typhoid 
bacilli. Cf. Pseudoclump. 

Pseudoscarlatina (su- do - skar - la - te f - nah) 
[pseudo-; scarlatina]. A febrile disease asso- 
ciated with a rash like that of scarlatina, 
occurring as a result of gonorrhea or after pu- 
erperal infection. 

Pseudosclerosis (su-do-skle-ro'-sis) [pseudo-; 
sclerosis]. An affection similar in symptoms 
to multiple sclerosis of the nervous system, 
but without the anatomic lesions. 

Pseudosmia (su-doz' -me-ah) [pseudo-; dour), 
smell]. Perversion of the sense of smell; an 
olfactory hallucination. 

Pseudosphincter (su-do-sflnk'-ter) [psetido-; 
sphincter]. An imperfect sphincter. 

Pseudospleen, Pseudosplen (su'-do-splcn, 
-splen). See Spleen, Accessory. 

Pseudosteogenesis (su - dos -te-o- jen' -e- sis) 
[pseudo-; boxkov, bone; yewav, to produce]. 
Abnormal bone-formation. 

Pseudosteum (su-do s'-te-um). An abnormal 
bony growth. 

Pseudostoma (su-do s'-to-mah) [pseudo-; ordfia, 
a mouth]. An apparent aperture between 
endothelial cells that have been stained with 
silver nitrate. 

Pseudotabes (su'-do-ta-bcz) [pseudo-; tabes]. 1. 
A disease simulating tabes dorsalis or tabes 
mesenterica. 2. The ataxic form of alcoholic 
multiple neuritis. 

Pseudotetanus (su-do-tef -an-us) [pseudo-; tet- 
anus]. Escherich's symptom-complex. A 
rare type of tetanus in which the masseters and 
dorsal muscles are principally involved. 

Pseudotrichosis (su-do-trik-o'-sis) [pseudo-; 
trichosis]. The growth of hair in an abnormal 
location. 

Pseudotuberculosis (su-do-tu-ber-ku-lo'-sis) 



PSEUDOTUMOR 



802 



PSYCHE 



[pseudo-; tuberculosis]. A disease resembling 
tuberculosis, but not caused by the tubercle 
bacillus. 

Pseudotumor (su-do-tu'-mor) [pseudo-; tumor]. 
A phantom tumor; one that changes its loca- 
tion is called an ambulant tumor. 

Pseudotyphoid (su-do-ti'-Joid) [pseudo-; ty- 
phoid]. Spurious typhoid, a disease simu- 
lating typhoid fever, but in which the true 
lesions of this disease as well as the typhoid 
bacilli are absent. 

Pseudovacuoles (su-do-vak'-u-olz) [pseudo-; 
vacuole]. Transparent bodies containing pig- 
ment found by Laveran in blood of malarial 
patients. 

Pseudovermicule {su-do-ver'-mik-ul) [pseudo-; 
vermes, worm]. The motile stage in the devel- 
opment of certain plasmodiums, as that pro- 
duced from the fertilized macrogamete in the 
case of the malarial parasite and allied organ 
isms. 

Pseudoxanthin {su'-do-zan-thin) [pseudo-; 
xanthin]. i. C 4 H 5 N 5 0, a leukomain isolated 
from fresh beef. 2. A body isomeric with 
xanthin, obtained by action of sulfuric acid 
upon uric acid. 

Pseudoxanthoma (su - do - zan - tho' - mah) 
[pseudo-; xanthoma]. A rare chronic disease 
of the skin characterized by an eruption 
of yellowish plaques, slightly elevated, 
with an especial predilection for certain parts 
of the skin, e. g., lower abdomen, axilla, sides 
of neck, etc., in which it differs from true xan- 
thoma, which affects by preference the flex- 
ures of fingers, the extensor surfaces of elbows 
and knees, etc. It differs histologically 
from true xanthoma in being a degeneration 
of the elastic tissue of the skin. Syn., Pseudo- 
xanthoma elastica. 

Pseudulcus {sud-ul'-kus). A false ulcer. P. 
ventriculi, a sensory neurosis of the stomach 
closely resembling gastric ulcer. 

Pseudydrops {sild-i' -drops) [pseudo-; udpuxp, 
dropsy]. False dropsy. 

Psilosis (si-lo'-sis) [4>doc, bare]. 1. The re- 
moval of the hair from a part; depilation. 
2. See Aphtha tropica. 

Psilothin, Psilothinum (si-lo' '-thin, si-lo-thi'- 
num). A depilatory cerate containing elemi, 
40%; benzoin, 10%; rosin, 8%; yellow wax, 
10%; and diachylon plaster, 30%; applied 
warm, and when cool, removed with the hair 
adhering. 

Psilothric (si-lo'-thrik) [(p'dcodpov, a depilatory]. 
Depilatory. 

Psilotic (si-lo'-tik). Relating to psilosis. 

Psittacosis (sit-ak-o'-sis) [(pcrraKoc, a parrot]. 
A disease of birds, transmissible to man, in 
whom it runs the course of a violent typhoid 
fever without abdominal symptoms but with 
pulmonary disorders resembling severe in- 
fectious pneumonia. It is due to Bacillus 
psittacosis. 

Psoadotomia (so-ad-o-to'-me-ah) [psoas; ropy, 
a cutting]. Incision of the psoas muscle. 

Psoas (so'-as) [ipba, loin]. One of two muscles — 
psoas magnus and psoas parvus — of the loins 



and pelvis. See under Muscle. P. Abscess, 
an abscess, usually dependent upon tuberculous 
disease of a vertebra, making its way along 
the sheath of the psoas muscle and pointing 
at the front of the thigh, below Poupart's 
ligament, to the outer side of the spine of the 
pubis. 

Psodymus (sod'-im-us) [psoas; dcdupoc, double]. 
A monster with two heads and chests and con- 
joined abdominal and pelvic cavities. 

Psoitis {so4'-tis) [psoas; cue, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the psoas muscles or of the 
region of the loins. 

Psora {so' -rah) [(pebpa, the itch]. Scabies. 

Psorenteritis {so-ren-ter-i'-tis) [psora; enteritis]. 
The intestinal condition in Asiatic cholera. 

Psoriasic {so-ri-as' -ik) . See Psoriatic. 

Psoriasis (so-ri' -as-is) [psora]. A chronic in- 
flammatory disease of the skin characterized 
by the development of reddish patches covered 
with whitish scales. The disease affects 
especially the extensor surfaces of the body. 
P. annularis. Synonym of P. circinata. 
P., Buccal, P. buccalis. Synonym of 
Leukoplakia buccalis. P. circinata, psoria- 
sis in which the central part of the lesions has 
disappeared, leaving ring-shaped patches. 
P. diffusa, a form in which there is coales- 
cence of large contiguous lesions. P. guttata. 
See P. punctata. P. gyrata, psoriasis with a 
serpentine arrangement of the patches. P. 
lotricum, a form attacking the hands and arms, 
particularly of washwomen. Syn., Wash- 
woman's itch. P. osteacea, psoriasis as- 
sociated with affections of joints. P. pistor- 
um, baker's itch. P. punctata, a form in 
which the lesions consist of minute red papules 
which rapidly become surmounted by pearly 
scales. P. universalis, a form in which the 
lesions are over all the body. 

Psoriatic (so-ri-at' -ik) [psoriasis]. Pertaining 
to or affected with psoriasis. 

Psorophthalmia {so-rof-thaV '-me-ah) [psora; 
6<pda\pbg, eye]. Marginal blepharitis. 

Psorosperm {so'-ro-sperm) [psora; onippa, 
seed]. A unicellular organism belonging to 
the protozoa; a coccidium. 

Psorospermial, Psorospermic (so-ro-sperm' '-. 
e-al, so-ro-sperm' -ik) [psorosperm]. Pertain- 
ing to, or affected with, psorosperms. 

Psorosperm ias is (so-ro-sperm-i' -as-is) [psoro- 
sperm]. A state characterized by the presence 
of psorosperms. 

Psorospermosis (so-ro-sperm-o'-sis) [psoro- 
sperm]. A diseased condition associated with 
the presence of psorosperms. P., Prolifera- 
tive Follicular. Synonym of Keratosis 
follicularis and Darier's Disease. 

Psychalgia (si-kal' -je-ah) [<puxv, mind; aXyoc, 
pain]. Painful cerebration in melancholia. 

Psychalia (si-ka'-le-ah) [faxy, mind]. A mor- 
bid condition attended by hallucinations. 

Psychasthenia (si-kas-the' -ne-ah) [faxy, mind; 
asthenia]. Mental fatigue. 

Psyche (si'-ke) [<J>i>XV, mind]. The brain and 
myelon considered as one organ; the cerebro- 
spinal axis. 



PSYCHEISM 



803 



PTERYGOID 



Psycheism {si'-ke-izm). Hypnotism. 

Psychiatric (si-ke-at' -rik) [psychiatry]. Per- 
taining to psychiatry. 

Psychiatry (si-ki'^at-re) [psyche; carpeca, heal- 
ing art]. The science and treatment of the 
diseases of the mind. 

Psychic, Psychical (si'-kik, si'-kik-al) [psyche]. 
Pertaining to the mind. P. Blindness. See 
Blindness, Psychic. P. Deafness. See Deaf- 
ness, Psychic. P. Infection, mental infection; 
the development of a mental condition or dis- 
ease through an influence acting upon the 
mind. 

Psycho- (si-ko-) [i/>0XV> mind]. A prefix denoting 
connection with the mind. 

Psychoalgalia (si-ko-al-ga' -le-ah). See Psy- 
chalgia. 

Psychoauditory, Psychauditory (si-ko-aw'- 
dit-o-re, si-kaw' -dit-o-re) [psycho-; auditory]. 
Pertaining to the psychic perception of sound. 
P. Area, the cortical area concerned in the 
conscious perception of sound. 

Psychocortical (si-ko-kor' -tik-al) [psycho-; cor- 
tex]. Pertaining to that part of the cerebral 
cortex concerned in the conscious perception 
of sensations. 

Psychology (si-koV -o-je) [psycho-; Xoyog, science]. 
The science having for its object the investi- 
gation of the mind or consciousness. 

Psychometry (si-kom' -et-re) [psycho-; phpov, a 
measure]. The measurement of the dura- 
tion of psychic processes. 

Psychomotor {si-ko-mo' -tor) [psycho-; movere, 
to move]. Pertaining to voluntary move- 
ment, as the psychomotor area, disposed chiefly 
along each side of the central fissure. 

Psychoneurosis (si-ko-nu-ro' -sis) [psycho-; neu- 
rosis]. Mental disease not dependent on any 
organic lesion. 

Psychopathia (si-ko-pa' '-the-ah) [psycho-; nadoc, 
disease]. Psychopathy. P. sexualis, psy- 
copathia characterized by perversion of the 
sexual functions. 

Psychopathology (si-ko-path-oV -o-je) [psycho-; 
pathology], i. The pathology of mental 
diseases. 2. The legal aspect of insanity. 

Psychopathy (si-ko p'-ath-e) [psycho-; izadoc;, dis- 
ease]. Any disease of the mind. 

Psychophysical (si-ko-fiz'-ik-al) [psycho physics]. 
Pertaining to psychophysics. P. Law. See 
Law, Fechner's. 

Psychophysics (si-ko -fiz'-iks) [psycho-; physi- 
cal]. The study of mental processes by 
physical methods; the study of the relation of 
stimuli to the sensations which they produce, 
especially the determination of the differences 
of stimulus required to produce recognizable 
differences of sensation ; experimental psychol- 
ogy- 

Psychophysiology (si-ko-fiz-e-oV -o-je) . Phy- 
siologic psychology; mental physiology. 

Psychoplegic (si-ko -pie' -jik) [psycho-; 7^777-77, a 
blow]. A drug which acts by an elective 
affinity for the gray matter of the brain, lessen- 
ing its excitability and suppressing its recep- 
tivity. 

Psychosensory (si-ko-sen'-so-re) [psycho-; sen- 



sory]. Pertaining to or concerned in the con- 
scious perception of sensory impulses. 

Psychosexual (si-ko-seks' -u-al) . Relating to 
combined mental and sexual diseases. 

Psychosis (si-ko'-sis) [psyche]. A disease of 
the mind, especially one without demon- 
strable organic lesions. 

Psychotherapy (si-ko-ther'-ap-e) [psycho-; depa- 
izeca, treatment]. The treatment of disease by 
mental influence or by suggestion. 

Psychovisual (si-ko -vizh' -u-al). Relating to 
subjective vision or to vision unaccompanied 
by stimulation of the retina. 

Psychralgia, Psychroalgia (si-kral'-je-ah, si- 
kro-al' -je-ah) [^oxpoc, cold; aljoc, pain]. 
A morbid condition characterized by a pain- 
ful subjective sense of cold. 

Psychro- (si-kro-) [a^uxpoc, cold]. A prefix 
meaning cold. 

Psychroesthesia (si-kro-es-the'-ze-ah) [psychro-; 
a'codrjocc, sensation]. Subjective sensation of 
cold. 

Psychrometer (si-krom' -el-er) [psychro-; pkx- 
pov, a measure]. An instrument for deter- 
mining the atmospheric moisture by estimat- 
ing the amount of cold required to precipitate 
it. 

Psychrophilic (si-kro-fil' -ik) [psychro-; <J>cX- 
tiv, to love]. Applied to microorganisms which 
develop best at room-temperature — i5°-2o°C. 

Psychrophobia (si-kro- fo'-be-ah) [psychro-; 
(J>6j3oc, fear]. 1. Morbid dread of cold. 2. 
Morbid sensibility to cold. 

Psychrophore (si'-kro-for) [psychro-; cfikpecv, 
to bear]. An instrument for applying cold to 
deeply seated parts, as a double-current 
catheter for applying cold to the posterior part 
of the urethra. 

Psychrotherapy (si-kro-ther'-ap-e) [psychro-; 
OepaTtz'ca, treatment]. The treatment of dis- 
ease by the use of cold. 

Psydracia (si-dra' -se-ali) [^6dpa$, a blister; a 
pimple]. An old term for eczema. 

Ptarmic (tar'-mik) [jzTapp.bc, a sneezing]. 1. Per- 
taining to the act of sneezing; sternutatory. 
2. A substance that produces sneezing. 

Ptelein (te'-le-in). An alcoholic extract from 
the root-bark of Ptelea trifoliata, used as a 
tonic and in dyspepsia. Dose 1-3 gr. (0.065- 
0.2 Gm.). 

Ptenium, Ptenum (te'-ne-um, te'-num) [tcttjvoc, 
winged]. A name given to osmium because of 
its volatility. 

Pteric (ter'-ik). Pertaining to the pterion. 

Pterion (te'-re-on). See under Craniometric 
Point. 

Pterygium (ter-ij'-e-um) [dim. of nvepu^, wing]. 
A triangular patch of mucous membrane 
growing on the conjunctiva, usually on the 
nasal side of the eye. The apex of the patch 
points toward the pupil, the fan-shaped base 
toward the canthus. 

Pterygoid (ter'-ig-oid) [7zripu$, wing; eldoc , like]. 
1. Wing-shaped, as the pterygoid plate of the 
sphenoid bone. 2. Pertaining to the ptery- 
goid canal, pterygoid plate, pterygoid plexus, 
etc. P. Fossa, the notch separating the ex- 



PTER YG OM AXILLARY 



804 



PTOSIS 



ternal and internal plates of the pterygoid 
process of the sphenoid. 

Pterygomaxillary iter -ig-o- maks' -il-a-re) 
[pterygoid; maxillary]. Pertaining to the 
pterygoid process and the maxilla. P. 
Fissure, an elongated fissure formed by the 
divergence of the superior maxillary bone 
from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid 
bone. P. Ligament. See Ligament, Pter- 
ygomaxillary. 

Pterygopalatine {ter-ig-o-paV -at-in) [pterygoid; 
palatine]. Situated between the pterygoid 
plate of the sphenoid bone and the palate 
bone, as the pterygopalatine canal. 

Ptilosis {ti-lo'-sis) [tcx'cXov, feather]. Loss of 
the hair, especially loss of the eyelashes. 

Ptisan (tiz'-an) [nzcaavr), peeled barley], i. 
Barley-water. 2. A decoction of barley used 
as a medicinal drink. Syn., Tisane. 

Ptomain {to'-ma-in) [7trd)jj.a, corpse]. A basic 
compound resembling the alkaloids, formed 
by the action of bacteria on animal and 
vegetable tissues; a putrefactive or animal 
alkaloid. Table of Ptomains: Amido- 
valerianic acid (C 5 H n N0 2 ), found in 
putrefying fibrin and meat; nontoxic. 
Amylamin (C 5 H 13 N), found in cod-liver 
oil, horn, putrid yeast; toxic. Asellin 
(C 25 H 32 N 4 ), found in cod-liver oil; toxic. 
Betain (C 5 H 13 N0 3 ), found in mussels, 
human urine; nontoxic. Butylamin (C 4 H n - 
N), found in cod-liver oil; toxic (?). Cada- 
verin (C 5 H 14 N 2 ), found in putrefying animal 
tissues and in cultures of comma bacillus; 
slightly toxic. Caproylamin. SeeHexylamin 
in this table. Cholin (C 5 H 15 N0 2 ), found in de- 
composing animal tissues and in proteus 
and comma bacillus cultures; toxic. Colli- 
din (?) (C 8 H n N), found in putrid mixture of 
pancreas and gelatin. Diethylamin (C 4 H n - 
N), found in putrefying fish (pike); nontoxic. 
Dihydrolutidin (C 7 H n N), found in cod- 
liver oil; toxic. Dimethylamin (C 2 H 7 N), 
found in putrid gelatin, yeast, and fish; non- 
toxic. Eczemin, a white, crystalline sub- 
stance, soluble in water, feebly alkaline in 
reaction, extracted from the urine in eczema; 
toxic. Ethylamin (C 2 H 7 N), found in putre- 
fying yeast and in wheat-flour; nontoxic. 
Ethylidenediamin(?) (C 2 H 8 N 2 ), found in 
putrefying haddock; toxic. Gadinin (C 7 H 17 - 
N0 2 ), found in decomposing haddock; toxic. 
Hexylamin (C 6 H 15 N), found in putrid yeast; 
toxic. Hydrocollidin (?) (C 8 H 13 N), found in 
putrefying mackerel, horse-flesh, and ox-flesh; 
toxic. Hydrocoridin (C 10 H 17 N), found in 
agar-culture of Bacterium album. Methyl- 
amin (CH 5 N), found in putrefying fish; non- 
toxic. Methylguanidin (C 2 H 13 N 3 ), found in 
putrefying horse-flesh; toxic. Morrhuic 
acid (C 9 H !3 N0 3 ), found in cod-liver oil. 
Morrhuin (C 19 N 27 N 3 ), found in cod-liver oil; 
diuretic and diaphoretic. Muscarin (C 5 H 15 - 
N0 3 ), found in decomposing haddock; toxic. 
Mydalein, found in putrefying human 
organs; toxic. Mydatoxin ' (C 6 H 13 N0 2 ), 
found in putrefying human organs; toxic. 



My din (C 8 H n NO), found in putrid human 
tissues and in blood-serum cultures of bacillus 
of typhoid fever; nontoxic. My tilo toxin 
(C 6 H 15 N0 2 ), found in poisonous mussel 
(Mytilusedulis); toxic. Neuridin (C 5 H 14 N 2 ), 
found. in putrefying flesh; nontoxic. Neurin 
(C 6 H 13 NO), found in putrefying flesh; toxic. 
Parvolin (?) (C 9 H 13 N), found in putrefying 
mackerel and horse-flesh. Peptotoxin, found 
in decomposing proteid substances; toxic. 
Phlogosin, found in cultures of Staphylococ- 
cus pyogenes aureus; powerful local irritant. 
Propylamin (C 3 H 9 N), found in gelatin cul- 
tures of bacteria of human feces. Pto- 
matropin, found in decomposing meat, in the 
organs of persons dead of typhoid fever, 
etc. It resembles atropin in its physiologic 
and chemic properties. Putrescin (C 4 H 12 N 2 ), 
found in putrefying flesh, gelatin, etc.; 
slightly toxic. Pyocyanin (C 14 H 14 N0 2 ), 
found in cultures of Bacillus pyocyaneus; 
nontoxic. Pyridin-base (?) (C 10 H 15 N), 
found in putrefying sea-polyps. Pyridin- 
base (C 8 H n N), found in putrefying sea- 
polyps. Saprin (C 5 H 14 N 2 ), found in putre- 
fying human liver and spleen; nontoxic. 
Spasmotoxin, found in cultures of tetanus 
bacillus; toxic. Susotoxin (C 10 H 26 N 2 )(?), 
found in cultures of hog-cholera bacillus; 
tocic. Tetanin (C l3 H 30 N 2 O 4 ), found in cul- 
tures of tetanus bacillus; toxic. Tetano- 
toxin (C 5 H n N) ( ?), found in cultures of 
tetanus bacillus; toxic. Triethylamin (C 6 - 
H J5 N), found in putrefying fish (haddock); 
nontoxic. Trimethylamin (C 3 H 9 N), found 
in herring-brine; nontoxic. Trimethylene- 
diamin (C 3 Hi N 2 ) (?), found in beef -broth 
cultures of comma bacillus; toxic. Ty- 
pho toxin (C 7 H 17 N0 2 ), found in beef -broth 
cultures of bacillus of typhoid fever; toxic. 
Tyrotoxicon, found in poisonous cheese, ice- 
cream, milk, etc.; toxic. Unnamed (C 5 H 12 - 
N 2 4 ), found in flesh, bones, etc.; toxic. 
Unnamed (C 6 H 13 N0 2 ), found in cultures of 
tetanus bacillus; nontoxic. Unnamed (C 7 - 
H 10 N 2 ), found in sugar undergoing alcoholic 
fermentation; nontoxic. Unnamed (C 7 H 17 - 
N0 2 ), found in putrefying horse-flesh; toxic. 
Unnamed (C 7 H l8 N 2 6 ), found in flesh, bones, 
etc.; toxic. Unnamed (C 10 H 15 N), found in 
putrid fibrin; toxic. Unnamed (C^H^N^, 
found in fermenting cane-sugar. Unnamed 
(C 14 H 20 N 2 O), found in putrefying fibrin. 
Unnamed (C 17 H 38 N 4 ), found in putrefying 
mackerel, horse-flesh, and ox-flesh. Un- 
named (C 32 H 31 N). Unnamed (C 9 H 9 N0 4 ), 
found in urine in influenza; toxic, causing 
fever and killing animals in eight hours. 

Ptomainemia (to-ma-in-e' '-me-ah) [ptomain; 
alp.a, blood]. The presence of ptomains in 
the blood. 

Ptomatropin {to-mat' -ro-pin). See under Pto- 
mains, Table of. 

Ptomatropism (to-mat' -ro-pizm). See Zootro- 
photoxism tropeinicus. 

Ptosis (to'-sis) [jzLTiTtiv, to fall]. Drooping of 
the upper eyelid, due to paralysis or atrophy 



PTYALIN 



805 



PULMONIC 



of the levator palpebrae superioris. The 
term is also applied to abnormal depression of 
other organs; prolapse. P., Abdominal, enter- 
optosis; Glenard's disease. P. irid is, prolapse 
of the iris. P. sympathetica, ptosis in con- 
nection with paresis of the cervical sympa- 
thetic nerve and associated with miosis and 
vasomotor paralysis of the side of the face 
affected. 

Ptyalin (ti'-al-in) [izzuaXov, saliva]. A diastatic 
ferment found in saliva, having the property 
of converting starch into dextrin and sugar. 
The starch first becomes converted into ach- 
roodextrin and erythrodextrin ; these by hy- 
dration into maltose, and the latter, by further 
hydration, into dextrose. 

Ptyalinogen (ti-al-in' -o-jen) [ptyalin; ytvvav, to 
produce]. The hypothetic antecedent of 
ptyalin. 

Ptyalism, P., Mercurial (//' '-al-izm) [nxuaXov, 
saliva]. Salivation. 

Ptyalize (ti'-al-lz) [-zoaXov, saliva]. To pro- 
duce ptyalism. 

Ptyalogog (ti-al'-o-gog) {jcxbakov, saliva; dyco- 
ybc, leading]. A sialagog. 

Pubertas (pu-ber'-tas) [L.]. Puberty. P. 
plena, complete puberty. P. prascox, pu- 
berty at a very early age. 

Puberty (pu'-ber-te) [pubertas, from puber, 
adult], t. The period at which the genera- 
tive organs become capable of exercising 
the function of reproduction, signalized in 
the boy by a change of voice and discharge 
of semen, in the girl by the appearance of 
the menses. 

Pubes (pu'-bez) [L.]. i. The pubic hair. 

2. The hairy region covering the os pubis. 

3. The os pubis or pubic bone; that por- 
tion of the innominate bone forming the front 
of the pelvis. 

Pubescence (pu-bes'-ens) [pubescentia]. 1. 
Hairness; the presence of fine soft hairs. 2. 
Puberty, or the coming on of puberty. 

Pubic (pu'-bik) [pubes]. Pertaining to the 
pubes. P. Bone, the os pubis. 

Pubiotomy, Pubeotomy (pu-be-ot'-o-me) 
[pubes; roix-q, a cutting]. The operation of 
dividing the pubic bone to facilitate delivery 
in cases of pelvic malformation. See also 
Symphysiotomy. 

Pubis (pu'-bis). The pubic bone. 

Pubofemoral (pu-bo-fem'-or-al) [pubes; fe- 
mur]. Pertaining to the pubes and the femur. 

Pubovesical (pu-bo-ves'-ik-al) [pubes; vesica, 
bladder]. Pertaining to the pubes and blad- 
der. 

Pudenda (pu-den'-dah). See Pudendum. 

Pudendal (pu-den'-dal) [pudenda]. Pertaining 
to the pudenda. 

Pudendum (pu-den' -dum) [pudere, to be 
ashamed]. The external genital organ, espe- 
cially of the woman, generally used in the 
plural, pudenda. 

Pudic (pu'-dik) [pudenda]. Pertaining to the 
pudenda, as the pudic artery. 

Puericulture (pu-er-e-kul'-tur) [puer, a child; 
cultura, culture]. That branch of hygiene 



which deals with the rearing of children and 
the care of women during pregnancy that they 
may bring forth healthy offspring. 

Puerile (pu'-er-il) [puer, a child]. Boyish; 
childish; pertaining to childhood. P. Res- 
piration, exaggerated breath-sounds with 
expiration prolonged and high-pitched, such 
as is heard in healthy children. 

Puerpera (pu-er'-pe-rah) [puer, child; parere, 
to bear]. A woman who is in labor or has 
recently been delivered. 

Puerperal (pu-er' -pe-raT) [puerpera]. Pertain- 
ing to, caused by, or following childbirth, as 
puerperal convulsions, puerperal eclampsia. 
P. Fever, an acute, febrile disease of women 
in childbed, due to septic infection. P. 
Insanity, insanity occurring during the puer- 
perium, usually within five or ten days after 
delivery. It may take the form of mania 
(puerperal mania), melancholia (puerperal 
melancholia), or dementia (puerperal demen- 
tia). 

Puerperalism (pu-er' -per -al-izm). A compre- 
hensive term for all the pathologic conditions 
incident to the puerperal state. P., In- 
fantile, any pathologic condition incident 
to the newborn. P., Infectious, puerperal 
disease due to infection. 

Puerperant (pu-er' -per -ant). See Puerpera. 

Puerperium (pu-er-pe'-rc-um) [puerpera]. 1. 
The state of a woman in labor or of one who 
has just been delivered. 2. The period from 
delivery to the time when the uterus has 
regained its normal size which is about six 
weeks. 

Puffball. See Lycoperdon. 

Pugil, Pugillus (pu'-jil, pu-jiV-us) [L.]. A 
handful. 

Pulex (pu'-leks^ [I,.]. The flea; an insect 
parasitic on the skin of man and animals. 
P. irritans, a species common in Europe 
and parasitic on the skin of man; its bite 
causes severe itching and localized swelling. 
P. penetrans, the chigoe, or jigger-flea, a 
species the female of which burrows under 
the skin of the feet to deposit its ova, pro- 
ducing a severe irritation that may proceed 
to serious inflammations. 

Pulicaris (pu-lik-a' -ris) [pulex]. Marked 
with little spots like flea-bites. P. morbus, a 
name for typhus, applied because of the pe- 
techias which occur in that disease. 

Pullulation (pul-u-la'-shun) [pullulare, to put 
forth; to bud; to sprout]. The act of 
sprouting or budding, a mode of reproduction 
seen, e. g., in the yeast-plant. 

Pulmometer (pul-mom'-et-er). See Spirome- 
ter. 

Pulmometry (pul-mom' -et-re) . See Spirome- 
try. 

Pulmonary (pul'-mon-a-re) [pulmo, a lung]. 
Pertaining to or affecting the lungs, as pul- 
monary arteries, pulmonary emphysema. 

Pulmonectomy (pul-mon-ek'-to-me). See 
Pneu m one c to my . 

Pulmonic (pul-mon'-ik) [pulmonary]. 1. Per- 
taining to the lungs; pulmonary. 2. Per- 



PULMONIN 



806 



PULSE 



taining to the pulmonary artery, as pulmonic 
valves. 3. Produced at the pulmonic valve, 
as pulmonic murmur. P. Fever, croupous 
pneumonia. 

Pulmonin {puV -mon-in) . An organothera- 
peutic preparation made from calves' lungs, 
and used in pulmonary affections. 

Pulmonitis {pul-mon-i' -lis) . Synonym of Pneu- 
monia. 

Pulp [pulp]. 1. The soft, fleshy part of fruit. 
2. The soft part in the interior of an organ, 
as the pulp of the spleen, the pulp of a tooth. 

Pulpef action {pul-pe-}ak' -shun) [pulp; jacere, 
to make]. Conversion into a pulpy substance. 

Pulpitis {pul-pi'-tis) [pulp; cue, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the dental pulp. 

Pulpy {pul'-pe) [pulp]. Resembling pulp; 
characterized by the formation of a substance 
resembling pulp. 

Pulsatile {puV -sat-il) [pulsare, to strike]. Pul- 
sating; throbbing. 

Pulsatilla {pul-sat-iV -ah) [L.]. The herb of 
Anemone Pulsatilla and of Anemone pra- 
tensis, of the order Ranunculacece, containing 
a crystalline principle, anemonin, C^H^C^. 
Pulsatilla is employed in amenorrhea, dysmen- 
orrhea, and in inflammation of mucous mem- 
branes. Anemonin is used in bronchitis and 
asthma. Dose ^ gr.. (0.022 Cm.). Dose of 
Pulsatilla in powder 2-3 gr. (0.13-0.2 Gm.). 

Pulsating {pul'-sa-ting) [see Pulsation]. Ex- 
hibiting pulsation. P. Aorta, the pulsation 
of the abdominal aorta seen in nervous and 
anemic persons. P. Empyema, an ac- 
cumulation of pus in the pleural cavity that 
transmits the pulsations of the heart. 

Pulsation (pul-sa'-shun) [pulsatio, from pul- 
sare, to strike]. A beating or throbbing. P., 
Suprasternal, pulsation at the suprasternal 
notch. It may be due to aneurysm, a dilated 
aortic arch, or the presence of an anomalous 
artery. 

Pulse, Pulsus {puis, puls'-us) [pulsus, the 
pulse]. 1. The intermittent change in the shape 
of an artery due to an increase in the tension of 
its walls following the contraction of the heart. 
The pulse is usually counted at the wrist 
{radial pulse), but may be taken over any 
artery that is palpable, as the temporal, 
brachial, femoral, dorsalis pedis, etc. 2. 
[nbXrog, a thick pap made of meal.] Leg- 
uminous plants or their seeds, as beans, peas, 
etc. P., Alternating, Pulsus alternans, a 
variety in which a large pulsation alternates 
with a small one. P., Anacrotic, one the 
sphygmographic tracing of which is character- 
ized by notches in the ascending limb. P., 
Angry. Synonym of P., Wiry. P., Ardent, 
one with a quick, full wave which seems to 
strike the finger at a single point. P., Bigem- 
inal, Pulsus bigeminus, one in which the 
beats occur in pairs, so that the longer pause fol- 
lows every two beats. P. -breath, a peculiar 
audible pulsation of the breath corresponding 
to the heart -beats; observed" in cases of dry 
cavities of the lungs, with thick walls not 
separated from the heart by permeable lung 



tissue. P., Capillary, an intermittent filling 
and emptying of the capillaries of the skin. 
It is common in aortic regurgitation, and is 
seen under the finger-nail or on the forehead. 
Pulsus celer, a quick, short pulse. Pulsus 
celer et altus, a quick, full pulse, seen es- 
pecially in aortic regurgitation. P., Con- 
tracted, a small pulse with high tension. P., 
Cordy, a-tense pulse. P., Corrigan's. See 
Corrigan's Pulse. P. -curve, the tracing of 
the pulse, called a sphygmogram, made by 
the sphygmograph. P., Depressed, a pulse 
both deep and weak. P., Dicrotic, one in 
which the dicrotic wave or recoil wave is ex- 
aggerated. It is observed when the arterial 
tension is low, and gives to the finger the im- 
pression of two beats. P., Entoptic, the 
subjective illumination of a dark visual field 
with each heart -beat, a condition sometimes 
noted after violent exercise, and due to the 
mechanic irritation of the rods by the pulsat- 
ing retinal arteries. P., Febrile, that char- 
acteristic of fever: full, soft, and frequent, 
and exhibiting a well-marked dicrotism. P., 
Formic ant, a small, feeble pulse likened to 
the movements of ants. P., Frequent, 
Pulsus frequens, one recurring at short 
intervals and differing from a quick pulse, 
in which the pulse-wave has a quick rise. 
P., Full, one in which the artery is filled with 
a large volume of blood and conveys a feeling 
of being distended. P., Funic, the arterial 
tide in the umbilical cord. P., Hard, one 
characterized by high tension. P., High- 
tension, one due to increase of the peripheral 
resistance, together with a corresponding 
increase in the force of the ventricular systole. 
It is gradual in its impulse, long in duration, 
slow in subsiding, with difficulty compressible, 
and the artery between the beats feels like a 
firm round cord. P., Hyperdicrotic, P., 
Hyperdicrotous, a pulse of which the aortic 
notch falls below the base line, indicating very 
low tension, a symptom of great exhaustion. 
P., Infrequent, one the rhythm of which is 
slower than normal; i. e., in which the heart- 
beats are fewer in a given time than normal. 
P., Intermittent, one in which one or more 
beats are dropped. P., Intricate, an irregu- 
lar, small, infrequent pulse. P., Irregular, 
one in which the beats occur at irregular 
intervals, or in which the force, or both 
rhythm and force, varies. P., Jarring. See 
P., Vibrating. P., Jerky, a pulse in which 
the artery is suddenly and markedly dis- 
tended, as in aortic regurgitation. P., 
Jugular, pulsation of the jugular veins in the 
neck. It is due to tricuspid regurgitation. 
P., Katacrotic, one with an elevation in the 
line of descent in the sphygmographic tracing. 
P., Locomotive. Synonym of Corrigan's 
Pulse. P., Low-tension, one sudden in its 
onset, short, and quickly declining. It is easily 
obliterated by pressure. P., Paradoxic, 
Pulsus paradoxus, one that is weaker during 
inspiration, a condition sometimes observed 
in adherent pericardium . Pulsus quadrigem- 



PULSIMETER 



807 



PUNGENT 



inus, P. trigeminus, a pulse in which a 
pause occurs after every fourth or third beat 
respectively. P., Quick, one that strikes 
the finger rapidly, but also leaves it rapidly. 
P., Retrosternal, a venous pulse believed 
to be due to the pulsation of the left innominate 
vein, perceived on depressing the integument 
of the suprasternal notch. P., Running, 
a very weak, frequent pulse with low tension 
in the arteries, one pulse-wave running into 
the next with no apparent interval; it is 
observed after hemorrhage. P., Senile, one 
characteristic of old age. The secondary 
waves on the descending line of the sphygmo- 
gram are prominent and the first descending 

*wave relatively large. P., Shabby, an ill- 
defined pulse due to weak heart and relaxed 
arteries. P., Shuttle, one in which the wave 
passes under the finger as if floating some- 
thing solid with a fluid. P., Slow, one in- 
dicating a lengthened systolic contraction of 
the heart and prolonged diastole — often used 
to signify a pulse of slow rate. P., Soft, 
a pulse that is readily compressed. P., 
Supradicrotic, a dicrotic putse in which the 
dicrotic wave resembles the cardiac beat. 
P., Thready, one that is scarcely perceptible, 
feeling like a thread under the finger. P., 
Venous, a pulse observed in a vein. P., 
Vibrating, Pulsus vibrans, a tense pulse 
with a wave arising quickly, giving the im- 
pression under the finger of the vibrations of 
a piece of tense catgut. P., Water-hammer. 
See Corrigan's Pulse. P., Wiry, a small, 
rapid, tense pulse, feeling like a cord under 
the finger. It is observed in acute peritonitis. 

Pulsimeter {pul-sim' -et-er) [pulse; jikxpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for determining 
the rate or force of the pulse. 

Pulsus {pid'-sus). See Pulse. 

Pultaceous {pul-ta'-shus) [pulp]. Having the 
consistence of pulp; mushy; soft. 

Pulver {pul'-ver). See Pulvis. 

Pulverization {pul-ver-i-za' -shun) [pulvis, 
powder]. The act of reducing a substance 
to powder. 

Pulverulence {pul-ver* '-u-lenz) . The condition 
of being reduced to powder. 

Pulverulent {pul-ver' -u-lent) . Resembling or 
of the nature of a powder. 

Pulvillus {pul-viV -us) [L., "a little cushion"]. 
An olive-shaped pad of lint used in plugging 
deep wounds. 

Pulvinar {puV -vin-ar) [L., "couch"]. The 
posterior portion of the optic thalamus. 

Pulvis [L.; pi., pulveres]. A powder. P. ace- 
tanilidi compositus (U. S. P.), a mixture of 
acetanilid, caffein, and sodium bicarbonate. 
P. aromaticus (U. S. P.), a mixture of cin- 
namon, ginger, nutmeg, and cardamom seeds; 
used as a carminative. Dose 10-30 gr. 
(0.65-2.0 Gm.). P. cretae compositus (U. 
S. P.), consists of prepared chalk, powdered 
acacia, and sugar, and is used as a mild 
astringent. Dose 10 gr.-i. dr. (o 65-4.0 Gm.). 
P. effervescens compositus (U. S. P.), 
Seidlitz powder, a preparation consisting 



of two powders: the white paper contains 
35 gr. of tartaric acid, the blue paper, 40 gr. 
of sodium bicarbonate and 2 dr. of rochelle 
salt. P. glycyrrhizae compositus (U. S. P.), 
consists of senna, licorice, oil of fennel, washed 
sulfur, sugar; it is used as a laxative. Dose 
\-2 dr. (2-8 Gm.). P. ipecacuanhae et 
opii (U. S. P.). See Opium, Powder of Ipecac 
and. P. jalapae compositus (U. S. P.), con- 
sists of jalap, 35 parts; potassium bitartrate, 
65 parts; it is used as a hydragog cathartic. 
Dose |-i dr. (2-4 Gm.). P. morphinae 
compositus (U. S. P.), consists of morphin 
sulfate, camphor, glycyrrhiza, precipitated 
calcium carbonate, and alcohol. Dose 7! gr. 
(0.5 Gm.). P. rhei compositus (U. S. P.), 
consists of rhubarb, magnesia, and ginger; 
it is used as a mild laxative. Dose £-1 dr. 
(2-4 Gm.). 

Pumilin {pu'-mil-in). The oil from the young 
branches of Pinus pumilio. 

Pump. An apparatus either drawing up a 
liquid into its hollow chamber, or, after 
sucking up the liquid, forcibly ejecting it from 
one end. P., Air-, one used to exhaust 
the air from a chamber or to force more air 
into a chamber already filled with air. 
P., Breast-, a pump for removing milk from 
the breast. P., Stomach-, one for removing the 
contents of the stomach in cases of poisoning. 

Pumpkin-seed. The seed of Cucurbita pepo 
of the order Cucurbitacece. The seed pepo 
(U. S. P.) is used against tape-worm. Dose 
4 oz. (130 Cc). 

Puncta {punk'-tah) [pi. of punctum, a point]. 
See Punctum. P. dolorosa, tender or pain- 
ful points at the exit or in the course of 
nerves the seat of neuralgia; alsd called Val- 
leix's points. P. lacrimalia, the orifices of 
the lacrimal canaliculi in the eyelids near 
the inner canthus. P. vasculosa, minute 
red spots studding the cut surface of the 
white central mass of the brain. They are 
produced by the blood escaping from divided 
blood-vessels. 

Punctate, Punctated {punk' -tat, punk' -ta-ted) 
[punctum, point]. Dotted; full of minute 
punctures. 

Puncticulum {punk-tik' -u-lum) [dim. of punc- 
tum, a point; pi., puncticula]. A small point; 
petechia. 

Punctum {punk'-tum) [L.]. A point. P. 
caecum. See Blind Spot. P. proximum. 
See Near-point. P. remotum. See Far-point. 

Puncture {punk'-chur) [pungere, to prick]. 
1. A hole made by a pointed instrument. P., 
Exploratory, the puncture of a cyst or cavity 
for removal of a portion of its contents for 
examination. P., Lumbar, puncture of the 
spinal canal for the withdrawal of cerebro- 
spinal fluid in hydrocephalus, first suggested 
by Quincke. 

Punctured {punk'-turd) [puncture]. Produced 
by a prick, as a punctured wound. 

Pungent {pun'-jent) [pungere, to prick]. Acrid; 
penetrating; producing a pricking or painful 
sensation. 



PUNICEOUS 



808 



PURPURIN 



Puniceous {pu-nish' -us) [puniceus, red]. 
Bright-carmin color. 

Punktograph {punk' -to-graf) [punctum, point; 
ypacpecv, to record]. A radiographic instru- 
ment for the surgical localization of foreign 
bodies, as bullets embedded in the tissues. 

Pupil {pu'-pil) [pupilla, a little girl; the 
name is believed to be derived from the 
small images seen in the pupil]. The aper- 
ture in the iris of the eye for the passage of 
light. P., Argyll Robertson. See Argyll Rob- 
ertson Pupil. P . , Artificial , an aperture made 
by iridectomy when the normal pupil is 
occluded. P., Multiple, the presence of 
bands dividing the pupil into several portions 
due to persistence of portions of the fetal 
pupillary membrane. 

Pupillary {pu' -pil-a-re) [pupil]. Pertaining 
to the pupil. P. Membrane. See Mem- 
brane, Pupillary. P. Membrane, Persist- 
ent. See under Membrane, Pupillary. P. 
Reflex. See under Reflex. 

Pupillometer (pu-pil-om 1 '-et-er) [pupil]. An 
instrument for measuring the pupil of the 
eye. 

Pupilloscopy {pu-pil-os' -ko-pe) [pupil; okotieIv, 
to inspect], i. Examination of the pupil. 
2. Retinoscopy. 

Pural {pu'-ral). Powdered wood charcoal 
-saturated with a mixture of menthol, phenol, 
and benzoic acid, and compressed into cylin- 
ders, which are ignited for disinfecting pur- 
* poses. 

Purgation {pur-ga' -shun) [purge]. The act 
of purging. 

Purgative {pur' -ga-tiv) [purge], i. Producing 
purgation. 2. A drug producing copious 
evacuations of the bowel. 

Purge {pur]) [pur gar e, to purge]. 1. To cause 
free evacuation of the bowel. 2. A drug that 
causes free evacuation of the bowel. 

Purgen {pur'-jen). See Phenol phthalein. 

Purging Nut. Curcas, the seed of Jatropha 
purgans or J. curcas, having cathartic proper- 
ties. Syn., Barbados nut. 

Puriform {pu'-ri-form) [pus; forma, form]. 
Resembling pus. 

Purin {pu'-rin). A carbon-nitrogen nucleus 
occurring in many products of tissue changes. 
P. -bases, P. -bodies, those derived from 
purin by simple substitution of the various 
hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl, amid, or alkyl 
groups; e. g., adenin, hypoxanthin, guanin, 
xanthin, and the methylxanthins, theobromin, 
caffein, etc., together with uric acid. P.S, 
Endogenous, those originating from nuclein 
cleavage during metabolic processes. P.S, 
Exogenous, those derived from the purin- 
bodies of food-stuffs. 

Purinometer {pu-rin-om 1 '-et-er) [purin; pkxpov, 
a measure]. An apparatus consisting of a 
graduated separator with a uniform bore for 
the clinical estimation of urinary purins. 

Purkinje {poor' '-kin-ye) [I. E. Purkinje, a 
Bohemian physiologist, 1787-1869]. P.'s 
Cells, large ganglion-cells of the cerebellar 
cortex, disposed as a single row at the 



junction of the nuclear and the molecular 
layer, and presenting pyriform or flask-shaped 
bodies, 60-70 p. in their longest diameter. 
P.'s Corpuscles, the lacunas of bone. P.'s 
Fibers, anastomosing muscular fibers found 
in the subendocardial tissue of some animals. 
They are made up of polyhedral nucleated 
cells, the margins of which consist of fine, 
transversely striated fibers. P.'s Figures, 
the dark lines which are seen on a yellow back- 
ground when a candle is held a short distance 
from the eye in a darkened room. They are 
produced by the retinal vessels. P.'s Granu- 
lar Layer. See Czermak , s Interglobular 
Spaces. P.'s Images, three pairs of images _ 
of one object seen in an observed pupil: the 
first, erect, reflected from the anterior surface 
of the cornea; the second, erect, reflected 
from the anterior surface of the lens; the third, 
inverted, reflected from the posterior capsule 
of the lens. P.'s Network, the network of 
beaded fibers {Purkinje's fibers) visible to 
the naked eye in the subendocardial tissue of 
the ventricles. P.'s Vesicle, the germinal 
vesicle. 

Purkinje-Sanson's Images. See Purkinje's 
Images. 

Puro {pu'-ro). A meat -juice, made by ex- 
pression of the meat. It contains 21% of 
unchanged albumin. 

Puroform {pu f -ro-form) . An antiseptic and 
disinfectant said to be a combination of 
zinc and formaldehyd, thymol, menthol, and 
eucalyptol. 

Puronal {pu'-ron-al). A proprietary antiseptic 
compound said to contain acetanilid, 97.22%, 
and bismuth subiodid, 2.35%. 

Purple, Visual. See Rhodopsin. 

Purpura {pur' -pur -ah) [L.]. A disease char- 
acterized by hemorrhages into the skin, taking 
the form of petechias, macules, or large 
patches. It may occur as an independent 
affection, or be symptomatic of other diseases. 
P. fulminans, a grave form of purpura 
developing in young children as a sequel to 
acute infectious diseases. It is of short dura- 
tion, is marked by extensive extravasations, 
grave constitutional symptoms, and usually 
ends fatally. P. haemorrhagica, a systemic 
disease with marked constitutional symp- 
toms, followed by an eruption of hemorrhagic 
petechias upon the legs, and extending in suc- 
. cessive crops over the whole body-surface, 
coalescing to form extensive irregular ecchy- 
motic patches or even raised bloody tumors. 
Hemorrhages may take place from the mucous 
surfaces or into the serous cavities. Syn., 
Land-scurvy; Morbus maculosus werlhofii; 
Werlhofs disease. P. urticans. See Ur- 
ticaria hcemorrhagica. 

Purpuric {pur-pu'-rik) [purpura]. Pertaining 
to or resembling purpura. 

Purpurin {pur' -pu-rin) [purpura], C u H 8 6 . 
1. A dye present with alizarin in madder- 
root, but also prepared artificially. ^ 2. Uroery- 
thrin, a red coloring-matter sometimes present 
in urinary deposits. 



PURPURINURIA 



809 



PYELONEPHROSIS 



Purpurinuria (pur-pu-rin-u'-re-ah). See Por- 
phyruria. 

Purring Thrill. A fine trembling vibration 
like the purring of a cat, perceived by palpa- 
tion over the precordiura. It may be due to 
aneurysm or to valvular heart lesion, espe- 
cially mitral stenosis. 

Purulence {pur' -u-lens) [pus]. The state of 
being purulent. 

Purulent (pur' -u-lent) [pus]. Having the char- 
acter of or containing pus; characterized by 
the formation of pus. P. Catarrh, an in- 
flammation of a mucous membrane accom- 
panied by the production of pus. P. Edema, 
a general infiltration of pus together with much 
fluid. 

Puruloid (piir'-u-loid) [pus; eloof, like]. Re- 
sembling pus; puriform. 

Pus [L.]. A liquid substance consisting of 
cells and an albuminous fluid (liquor puris), 
formed in certain kinds of inflammation. See 
Donne's Test. P., Blue, pus colored blue by 
Bacillus pyocyaneus. P. -corpuscles, the 
corpuscles found in pus. P., Curdy, pus 
containing cheesy-looking flakes. P., Ichor- 
ous, pus that is thin and acrid. P., Laud- 
able, a whitish, inodorous pus, formerly 
thought to be essential to the healing of 
wounds. P., Orange, pus colored by the 
presence of hematoidin crystals. P., Sani- 
ous, pus mixed with blood. P. -tube. See 
Pyosalpinx. 

Pustula maligna (pus-tu'-lah ma-lig'-nah). 
Anthrax. 

Pustulant (pus' -tu-lant) [pustule]. i. Causing 
the formation of pustules. 2. An irritant 
substance giving rise to the formation of 
pustules. 

Pustular (pus'-tu-lar) [pustule]. Characterized 
by the presence of pustules. 

Pustulation (pus-tu-la' -shun) [pustule]. The 
formation of pustules. 

Pustule (pus'-tul) [pustula, a pustule]. A 
small circumscribed elevation of the skin con- 
taining pus. P., Malignant, anthrax. 

Pustulocrustaceous (pus-tu-lo-krus-ta'-shus) 
[pustule; crusta, crust]. Characterized by 
the formation of pustules and crusts. 

Pustuloderma (pus-tu-lo-der' -mah) [pustule; 
dip/ia, the skin]. Any skin disease character- 
ized by the formation of pustules. 

Putamen (pu-ta' -men) [L., "a husk"]. 1. The 
stone of a drupe or shell of a nut. 2. The 
outer darker part of the lenticular nucleus 
of the brain. 

Putnam-Dana's Symptom-complex. Com- 
bined sclerosis of the lateral and posterior 
columns of the spinal cord. 

Putrefaction (pu-tre-Jak'-shun) [putrid; facere, 
to make]. The decomposition of nitrogenous 
organic matter under the influence of micro- 
organisms, accompanied by the development 
of disagreeable odors, due to the evolution 
of ammonia, hydrogen sulfid, and other gases, 
and the production of aromatic bodies. In 
addition, many other compounds are formed, 
among which ptomains are the most impor- 



tant. The end-products are water, nitrogen, 
methane, and carbon dioxid. 

Putrefactive (pu-tre-fak'-tiv) [see Putrefac- 
tion]. Pertaining to or causing putre- 
faction. 

Putrescence (pu-tres' -ens) [putrescere, to be- 
come rotten]. The state or process of putre- 
faction. 

Putrescent (pu-tres' -ent) [see Putrescence]. 
Undergoing putrefaction. 

Putrescentia (pu-tres-en' -she-ah) . See Putres- 
cence. P. Uteri, the severest form of puer- 
peral endometritis, with sanious ulceration of 
the wall of the uterus extending to the peri- 
toneum. 

Putrescin (pu - tres' - in) [see Putrescence], 
C 4 H 12 N 2 . A poisonous ptomain, a clear, 
rather thin liquid, of a disagreeable odor, 
boiling at i56°-i57° C. See also under Pto- 
mains, Table of. 

Putrid (pu'-trid) [putridus, rotten]. Rotten; 
characterized by putrefaction. P. Fever. 
Synonym of Typhus. 

Putrilage (pu'-tril-dj) [putrid]. Putrescent 
material. 

Putrilaginous (pu-tril-af -in-us) [putrid]. Gan- 
grenous. 

Pyarthrosis (pi - ar - thro' - sis) [nuov, pus; 
apdpov, a joint]. Suppuration of a joint. 

Pycnomorphous, Pyknomorphous (pik-no- 
morf'-us) [twkvoc, thick; /Jtop^ifj, form]. Ap- 
plied to nerve-cells in which the stained parts 
of the cell-body are compactly arranged. 

Pycnosis (pik-no'-sis) [twkvoc-, thick]. Thick- 
ening; inspissation. 

Pyelitis (pi-el-i'-tis) [tzUXoc, a trough; tree, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of. the pelvis 
of the kidney. It may be due to the irrita- 
tion of calculi, to tuberculosis, or to acute 
specific fevers, but most commonly is sec- 
ondary to diseases of the bladder. It is 
marked by pain and tenderness in the lumbar 
region, by a remittent fever, and by the pres- 
ence in the urine of albumin, mucus, epithe- 
lial cells from the pelvis of the kidney, pus- 
corpuscles in large amount, and frequently 
blood. The urine is generally acid. P., 
Calculous, that due to calculi. 

Pyelo- (pi-e-lo-) [r.iieXoc, a trough]. A prefix 
denoting relation to the kidney. 

Pyelocystitis ( pi-el-o- sis - ti' - tis ) [pyelo-; 
cystitis]. Pyelitis with cystitis. 

Pyelocystostomosis (pi-e-lo-sist-o-sto-mo'-sis) 
[pyelo-; kugtcc, a bladder; or6p.a, a mouth]. 
The establishment of direct communication 
between the kidney and the bladder. 

Pyelolithotomy (pi-el-o -lith-ot'-o -me) [pyelo-; 
lithotomy]. Removal of a renal calculus 
through an incision into the pelvis of the 
kidney. 

Pyelometer (pi-el-om'-et-er). Synonym of 

Pelvimeter. 

Pyelonephritis (pi-el-o-nef-ri'-tis) [pyelo-; ne- 
phritis]. Inflammation of the kidney and 
its pelvis. 

Pyelonephrosis (pi-el-o-nef-ro'-sis). Synonym 
of Pyelonephritis, 



PYELOTOMY 



810 



PYOKTANIN 



Pyelotomy (pi-el-of -o-me) [pyelo-; ropirj, a 
cutting]. Incision of the renal pelvis. 

Pyemia (pi-e' -me-ah) [tzuov, pus; aifxa, blood]. 
A disease due to the presence of pyogenic 
microorganisms in the blood and the forma- 
tion, wherever these organisms lodge, of 
embolic or metastatic abscesses. The symp- 
toms are intermittent or remittent fever, asso- 
ciated with sweats and chills, rapid emacia- 
tion, slight jaundice, abscesses in different 
parts of the body, and often a purpuric 
eruption. The disease is generally fatal. 
P., Arterial, a name given to pyemia pro- 
duced by disorganization of a cardiac throm- 
bus and the dissemination of emboli through 
<he arterial circulation. 

Pyemic (pi-em'-ik or pi-e f -mik) [pyemia]. Per- 
taining to or affected with pyemia. 

Pyesis (pi-e' -sis). Synonym of Stippuration. 

Pygal (pi'-gal) [ftuj-f], buttock]. Pertaining to 
the buttocks. 

Pygalopubic (pi-gal-o-pu'-bik) [xuyT), buttock; 
pubes]. Relating to the buttocks and the 
pubes. 

Pygodidymus (pi-go-did' -im-us) \_7iuyq, but- 
tock; deduce, twin]. A double monster 
united by the buttocks. 

Pygomelus (pi-gom'-el-us) [xuyr], buttock; 
p.kXoc, a member]. A monster with a parasite 
attached to the hypogastric region or to the 
buttock. 

Pygopagus (pi-gop'-ag-us) [nufrj, buttock; 
izajoc, joined]. A monster with conjoined 
buttocks or backs. 

Pyin (pi'-in) [/zuov, pus]. An albuminous 
substance of complex constitution occurring 
in pus. It may be separated by adding 
sodium chlorid and filtering. 

Pyknomorphous (pik-no-morj'-us). See Pyc- 
nomorphous. 

Pyknosis (pik-no'-sis). See Pycnosis. 

Pyla (pi'-lah) \tzuXt), a gate]. The orifice by 
which the mesal portion of the mesocele 
communicates with the lateral. 

Pyle (pi'-le) [tzuXtj, a gate]. The portal vein. 

Pylema (pi-le'-mah) [pyh; alfia, blood]. The 
blood of the portal vein. 

Pylephlebitis (pi-le-fleb-i'-tis) [pyle; phleb- 
itis]. Inflammation of the portal vein. 
The condition is usually secondary to disease 
of the intestine, is generally suppurative 
in character, and gives rise to the symptoms 
of pyemia. 

Pylethrombophlebitis (pi-le-throm-bo-fleb-i'- 
tis) [pyle; thrombosis; phlebitis]. Inflam- 
mation and thrombosis of the portal 
vein. 

Pylethrombosis (pi-le-throm-bo'-sis) [pyle; 
thrombosis]. Thrombosis of the portal vein. 

Pylic (pi'-lik) [pyle]. Pertaining to the portal 
vein. 

Pyloralgia (pi-lor-al'-je-ah) [pylorus; aXyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the region of the pylorus. 

Pylorectomy (pi - lor - ek' -to - me) [pylorus; 
irczojur], excision]. Excision of the pylorus. 

Pyloric (pi-lor'-ik) [pylorus]. Pertaining to 
the pylorus. P. Glands, glands situated in 



the region of the pylorus and secreting the 
gastric juice. P. Orifice. See Pylorus (i). 
P. Valve. See Pylorus (2). 

Pyloro- (pi-lo-ro-) [pylorus]. A prefix meaning 
relating to the pylorus. 

Pylorocolic (pi-lor-o-kol'-ik). Pertaining to or 
connecting the pyloric end of the stomach 
with the transverse colon. 

Pylorodiosis (pi-lor-o-di-o'-sis) [pyloro-; d'cojocc, 
a pushing through]. Loreta's operation: digi- 
tal divulsion of the pyloric orifice following 
gastrotomy. 

Pyloroplasty (pi-lor' -o-plas-te) [pyloro-; nXao- 
oecv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the 
pylorus. 

Pylorospasm (pi-lor 1 '-o-spazm). Spasm of the 
pylorus. 

Pylorus (pi-lo'-rus) [nuXcopoc, a gate-keeper]. 
1. The circular opening of the stomach into 
the duodenum. 2. The fold of mucous mem- 
brane and muscular tissue surrounding the 
aperture between the stomach and the duo- 
denum. P., Antrum of, the portion of the 
stomach between -the pyloric orifice and the 
sphincter antri pylorici or transverse band. 

Pyo- (pi-o-) [tzuov, pus]. A prefix denoting per- 
taining to pus. 

Pyocolpocele (pi-o-kol'-po-sel). A suppurating 
tumor of the vagina. 

Pyocolpos (pi-o-kol'-pos) [pyo-; koXtcoc, vagina]. 
An accumulation of pus within the vagina. 

Pyoctanin (pi-ok' '-tan-in). See Pyoktanin. 

Pyocyanase (pi-o -si' -an-az) [pyo-; nbavoc, 
blue]. The specific bacteriolytic enzym of 
Bacillus pyocyaneus. It digests the bacilli of 
typhoid, diphtheria, and cholera, and also 
fibrin. It is a yellowish -green, alkaline, amor- 
phous substance, soluble in water, to which 
it imparts a greenish tint. 

Pyocyanin (pi-o-si' -an-in) [see Pyocyanase], 
C u H l4 N0 2 . A colored substance derived 
from blue pus and from cultures of Bacillus 
pyocyaneus. 

Pyocyte (pi'-o-sii) [pyo-; nuzoc, a cell]. A 
pus-corpuscle. 

Pyodermia (pi-o-der' -me-ah) [pyo-; dkpfia, skin]. 
Any cutaneous lesion due to staphylococci. 

Pyogenesis (pi-o-jen 1 '-es-is) [pyo-; yevvav, to 
produce]. The formation of pus. 

Pyogenic (pi-o-jen' -ik) [see Pyogenesis]. Produc- 
ing pus. P. Membrane. See Membrane, 
Pyogenic. P. Microorganisms, the micro- 
organisms producing pus. The ordinary 
pyogenic micro-organisms are staphylococci 
and streptococci. Under certain circum- 
stances pus may be produced by the pneumo- 
coccus of Frankel, Bacillus coli communis, the 
bacillus of typhoid, the gonococcus, and others. 

Pyohsemia (pi-o-he' -me-ah) . See Pyemia. 

Pyohemothorax (pi-o-hem-o-tho'-raks) . The 
presence of pus and blood in the pleural 
cavity. 

Pyoid (pi'-oid) [pyo-; dooc, like]. Resembling 
pus. 

Pyoktanin (pi-oV -tan-in) [pyo-; are eve tv, to 
kill]. A name given to methyl-violet and 



PYOMETRA 



811 



PYRETIN 



methyl ene-blue on account of their germicidal 
properties. Pyoktanin has been used in 
diphtheria, cystitis, gonorrhea, ulcers, and 
inflammations of the conjunctiva, and as an 
injection in carcinoma. P., Blue, C 2 4H 28 - 
N 3 C1, antiseptic, disinfectant, and analgesic. 
Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gm.). Dusting- 
powder, 1 : 1000-1 : 100; aqueous solution, 
1-4 : 10,000. P. -mercury, a compound of 
pyoktanin and mercury. Applied in 1 : 200 
solution or with equal parts of starch. P., 
Yellow, C l7 H 24 N 3 C10, antiseptic and dis- 
infectant, but weaker than blue pyoktanin. 
Dose 1-8 gr. (0.065-0.52 Gm.); aqueous solu- 
tion, 1-4 : 10,000; dusting-powder, 1 to 2%; 
ointment, 2 to 10%. 

Pyometra {pi-o-me'-trah) \_pyo-; fiyrpa, womb]. 
A collection of pus in the uterus. 

Pyonephrosis {pi-o-nef-ro'-sis) [pyo-; vefipoc, 
kidney]. An accumulation of pus in the 
pelvis of the kidney. 

Pyoovarium {pi-o-o-va' -re-urn) [pyo-; ovarium, 
ovary]. Ovarian abscess. 

Pyopericarditis {pi-o-per-e-kar-di'-tis). Sup- 
purative pericarditis. 

Pyopericardium {pi-o-per-e-kar'-de-um). The 
presence of pus in the pericardium. 

Pyophthalmia {pi-of-thal'-me-ah) [pyo-; 6(f)- 
daX/ioc, eye]. Purulent ophthalmia. 

Pyophylactic {pi-o-fil-ak'-tik) [pyo-; fivXaoaecv, 
to guard]. Protecting against pus. P. Mem- 
brane, the pyogenic membrane. 

Pyophysometra {pi-o-fi-so-me'-trah) [pyo-; <j>uoa, 
wind; firjtpa, womb]. The presence of pus 
and gas in the uterus. 

Pyopneumoperi carditis {pi-o-nu-mo-per-e-kar- 
di'-tis) [pyo-; nvsupa, air; pericarditis]. Peri- 
carditis complicated by the presence of pus 
and gas in the pericardium. 

Pyopneumothorax {pi-o-nu-mo-tho'-raks). An 
accumulation of air or gas and pus in the 
pleural cavity. P., Subphrenic, a collection 
of air and pus beneath the diaphragm. See 
Pfuhl's Sign. 

Pyopoietic {pi-o-poi-et'-ik) [pyo-; notelv to 
make]. Secreting pus; suppurative. 

Pyorrhea (pi-or-e'-ah) [pyo-; poca, a flow]. A 
purulent discharge. 

Pyosalpingooophoritis {pi-o-sal-ping-go-o-of- 
or-i'-tis) [pyo-; oaXTzcfs, a tube; oophoritis]. 
Combined suppurative inflammation of the 
ovary and oviduct. 

Pyosalpinx {pi-o-saV -pinks) [pyo-; aaXrcty^, 
tube]. An accumulation of pus in the oviduct. 

Pyosis {pi-o'-sis) [izuov, pus]. 1. Suppuration. 
2. Suppuration of the eye. 

Pyostatic {pi-o-stat'-ik) [pyo-; oratCKoc, caus- 
ing to stand]. 1. Preventing the formation 
of pus. 2. An agent arresting the secretion 
of pus. 

Pyothorax {pi-o-tho'-raks). An accumulation 
of pus in the pleural cavity; empyema. P., 
Subphrenic, an abscess beneath the dia- 
phragm. 

Pyoureter {pi-o-u-re'-ter). An accumulation 
of pus in a ureter. 

Pyoxanthin, Pyoxanthose {pi-o-zan' -thin, pi- 



o-zan' -thos) [izuov, pus; £avdbc, yellow]. A 
yellow substance sometimes found in pus, 
and resulting from the oxidation of pyo- 
cyanin. 

Pyraloxin {pi-ral-oks'-in). See Pyrogallol, 
Oxidized. 

Pyramid {pe' '-ram-id) [izupap'cc]. A solid having 
a polygonal base and triangular planes for 
its sides, which meet at a point called the 
apex or vertex. P., Anterior, one of the 
two pyramidal bundles of white matter on 
each side of the anterior median fissure of 
the medulla. P. of the Cerebellum, a conic 
projection forming the central portion of the 
inferior vermiform process. P.s of Ferrein. 
See Ferrein' s Pyramids. P., Malpighian, one 
of the conic masses composing the medullary 
substance of the kidney. P. , Posterior, one of 
the two narrow bundles of white matter placed 
on each side of the posterior median fissure 
of the medulla oblongata. They are con- 
tinuous with the posterior median columns 
of the spinal cord. P., Renal. See P., 
Malpighian, and Ferrein' s Pyramids. P., Tem- 
poral, the petrosa. P., Thyroid. See Lalou- 
ette's Pyramid. P. 01 the Tympanum, a 
hollow conic process on the inner wall of 
the tympanum; the stapedius muscle passes 
through an aperture at its apex. 

Pyramidal (pe-ram' '-id-al) [pyramid]. Shaped 
like a pyramid. P. Tract. See Tract, Pyra- 
midal. 

Pyramidalis {pe-ram-id-a' -lis) . Pyramidal, as 
pyramidalis muscle. See under Muscle. 

Pyramidon {pe-ram' -id-on). Dimethylamido- 
phenyldimethylpyrazolon, a yellowish-white 
powder, recommended as an antipyretic. 
Dose 5-8 gr. (0.32-0.51 Gm.) every 2 hours. 

Pyramis {pi' -ram-is). See Pyramid. 

Pyrantin {pi-ran' -tin). See Phenosuccin. P., 
Soluble, sodium salt of paraethoxylphenyl- 
succinamic acid. A useful antipyretic. Dose 
I 5~45 gr- ( x 73 Gm.) daily. 

Pyranum {pi-ra'-num). The sodium salt of 

a combination of benzoic acid, thymol, and 

salicylic acid; used as an antirheumatic and 

analgesic. Dose 7-30 gr. (0.45-2.0 Gm.) 

• 2 or 3 times daily. 

Pyrazin {pi-raz'-in). Antipyrin. P. Hexa- 
hydrid, piperazin. 

Pyrazol (pi'-raz-dl) [nop, fire; azotum, nitro- 
gen], C 3 H 4 N 2 , a derivative of pyrrol. It is 
used as a diuretic. Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). 

Pyrethrum {pi-re' -thrum). Pellitory; the root 
of Anacyclus pyrethrum, a plant of the order 
Composites. Pyrethrum is used as a sialagog 
and masticatory in headache, toothache, and 
neuralgic affections of the face. It is em- 
ployed either in powder or in the form of 
the tincture. P., Tincture of (tinctura pyre- 
thri, U. S. P.), is never given internally. 

Pyretic {pi-ret'-ik) [zopexbc, fever]. Pertaining 
to or affected with fever. 

Pyretin {pi'-re-tin) [see Pyretic]. An anti- 
pyretic said to consist of acetanilid, caffein, 
sodium bicarbonate, and calcium carbonate. 
Dose 3-8 gr. (0.19-0.52 Gm.). 



PYRETO- 



812 



PYURIA 



Pyreto- (pi-ret-o-) [nupezoc, fever]. A prefix 
meaning fever. 

Pyretogenic, Pyretogenous (pi-ret-o j-en'-ik, 
pi-ret-o]' -en-us) [pyreto-; yevvav, to produce]. 
Causing or producing fever. 

Pyretogenin (pi-ret-o j'-en-in) [see Pyretogenic]. 
A substance formed by microorganisms, and 
said to have the property of producing fever 
when inoculated into animals. 

Pyretologist (pi-ret-oV '-o-jist) [pyretology]. A 
specialist in fevers. 

Pyretology (pi-ret-oV-o-je) [pyreto-; Xoyoc, a 
science]. The science of the nature of fevers. 

Pyretotyposis (pi-ret-o-ti-po' -sis) [pyreto-; zu- 
7to)Oic, a forming]. Intermittent fever. 

Pyrexia (pi-reks' -e-ah) [nupe^cc, fever]. Eleva- 
tion of temperature above the normal; fever. 

Pyrexial (pi-reks' -e-al). Pertaining to pyrexia. 

Pyridin (pi'-rid-in) [nup, fire], C 6 H 5 N. A 
liquid base obtained as a distillation-product 
from tobacco, coal-tar, and other organic 
matter, and forming the first of a long and 
important series of homologous bases. Pyri- 
din has been used in asthma by inhalation. 
P. Tricarboxylic Acid, C s H 2 (C0 2 H) 3 N, is 
antiseptic, antipyretic, antiperiodic, and anti- 
spasmodic. It has been used in malaria, 
asthma, and typhoid fever. Dose 2-10 gr. 
(0.13-0.65 Gm.). 

Pyriform (pi'-rif-orm) [pyrus, pear; forma, 
a form]. Pear-shaped. 

Pyriformis (pe-rif-orm' -is) . Pyriform, as py- 
riformis muscle. See under Muscle. 

Pyro- (pi-ro-) [nup, fire]. A prefix signifying 
fire or heat. 

Pyroarsenic Acid (pi-ro-ar-sen'-ik) [pyro-; 
arsenic], H 4 As 2 7 . A tetrabasic acid pro- 
duced when arsenic is heated to 180 C. 

Pyroboric Acid (pi-ro-bo'-rik) [pyro-; boron], 
H 2 B 4 O g . A dibasic acid produced by heating 
boric acid. 

Pyrocatechin (pi-ro-kaf '-e-chin) [pyro-; catechu], 
C 6 H 6 2 = C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 . Catechol; a crystal- 
line substance formed by the dry distillation of 
catechu and sometimes occurring in the urine. 
It has been used as an antipyretic. Dose 
1-2 gr. (0.065-0.13 Gm.). 
Pyrodin (pi-ro'-din) [nup, fire], C 6 H 5 . C 2 H 3 0.- 
N 2 H 2 . Hydracetin; acetylphenylhydrazin; a 
crystalline, poisonous substance, used as a 
substitute for chrysarobin in psoriasis and in 
other cutaneous affections; also as an antipy- 
retic. Dose J-3 gr. (0.03-0.2 Gm.). 
Pyroform (pi' -ro- form). Bismuth oxyiodo- 
pyrogallol; used in skin diseases and said to 
be less toxic than pyrogallol. 
Pyrogallic Acid (pi-ro-gal'-ik). See Pyrogallol. 
Pyrogallol (pi-ro-gal'-ol) [pyro-; galla, galls], 
C 6 H 3 (On 3 ). Pyrogallic acid; a phenol deriv- 
ative produced by the action of heat on gallic 
acid. It is used locally in diseases of the skin. 
P. -bismuth, a dark-green powder containing 
equal parts of bismuth and pyrogallol; used 
as an intestinal disinfectant and wound 
antiseptic' P., Oxidized, a stable brown 
or black powder, slightly soluble in water, 



insoluble in alcohol or ether, used as a sub- 
stitute for pyrogallol as less irritating and only 
slightly toxic. Dose f-15 gr. (0.05-1.0 Gm.) 
daily. Ointment in skin diseases 75 gr. 
(5 Gm.) to 375 gr. (25 Gm.) each of vaselin 
and lanolin. 
Pyrogenic (pi-ro-jen'-ik) [pyro-; yevvav, to 

produce]. Producing fever. 
Pyroligneous (pi-ro-lig' -ne-us) [pyro-; lignum, 
wood]. Pertaining to the destructive distil- 
lation of wood. P. Acid, wood-vinegar. 
See Acid, Pyroligneous. 
Pyromania (pi-ro-ma' -ne-ah) [pyro-; jiav'ca, 
madness]. A monomania for incendiarism. 
Pyrometer (pi-rom' -et-er) [pyro-; p.kzpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
intensity of heat of too high a degree to be 
estimated by the ordinary thermometer. 
Pyronyxis (pi-ro-niks'-is) [pyro-; vu^cc, a prick- 
ing]. Ighipuncture. 
Pyrophosphoric Acid (pi-ro-fos-for'-ik). See 

Acid, Pyrophosphoric. 
Pyrosal (pi'-ro-sal). Antipyrin salicylacetate, 
C 9 H 8 5 C u H 12 N 2 ; antipyretic and anti- 
neuralgic. Dose 8 gr. (0.5 Gm.) 2 to 6 times 
daily. 
Pyrosis (pi-ro' -sis) [nup, fire]. An affection of 
the stomach characterized by a burning 
sensation, accompanied by eructations of an 
acrid, irritating fluid; heartburn. 
Pyrosoma bigeminum (pi-ro-so'-mah bi-jem'- 
in-um) [pyrus, pear; oaJfia, a body]. The 
parasite which is the cause of Texas fever 
in cattle. 
Pyro tic (pi-rot'-ik) [pyrosis]. 1. Inflammable. 

2. Caustic. 
Pyrotoxin (pi-ro-toks'-in) [pyro-; zo^ckov, a 
poison]. A toxic agent generated in the 
course of the febrile process. 
Pyrotoxina bacterica (pi-ro-toks'-in-ah bak-ter'- 
ik-ah) [see Pyrotoxin]. A pyogenic sub- 
stance believed to be produced by many 
forms of bacteria. 
Pyroxylin (pi-roks'-il-in) [pyro-; £6\ov, wood]. 
Gun-cotton; cotton-fiber treated with a 
mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids, by which 
the cellulose is changed into various nitro- 
compounds. Soluble gun-cotton (pyroxyli- 
num, U. S. P.) is used in the preparation of 
collodion. The explosive gun-cotton is the 
hexanitrate of cellulose. 
Pyrozone (pi' -ro -zone). A proprietary pre- 
paration of hydrogen dioxid, an external an- 
tiseptic. It is also used externally in a 5 % and 
a 25% ethereal solution. 
Pyrrol (pir'-ol) [pyro-; oleum, oil], C 4 H 4 (NH). 
A liquid base obtained in the distillation of 
Dippel's oil and other organic substances. 
P. Tetraiodid. See Iodol. 
Pythogenic (pi-tho-jen'-ik) [nudecv, to rot; 
yevvdv, to produce]. Producing or arising 
from decomposition. P. Fever. Synonym 
of Typhoid fever. 
Pyuria (pi-u'-re-ah) [nuov, pus; ohpov, urine]. 
The passage of urine containing pus. 



8^ 



Q. S. 



813 



QUASSIA 



q. s. Abbreviation of quantum sufficit — as 
much as suffices. 

Quack (kwak). A pretender of medical skill; 
a vender of nostrums; a medical charlatan. 

Quackery (kwak'-er-e). The practice of medi- 
cine by a quack. 

Quadrangular (kwod-rang 1 '-gu-lar) [quadrant]. 
Having four angles, as the quadrangular lobe, 
the square lobe of the cerebellum. 

Quadrant (kwod'-rant) [see quadratus]. i. 
The fourth part of a circle, subtending an 
angle of 90 degrees. 2. One of the four 
regions into which the abdomen may be di- 
vided for purposes of physical diagnosis. 

Quadrate (kwod'-rat) [quadrant]. Square; 
four-sided. Q. Lobule. See Precuneus. 

Quadratus {kwod-ra'-tus) [L.]. Squared; hav- 
ing four sides. Q. Muscle. See under 
Muscle. 

Quadri- (kwod-re-) [L.]. A prefix denoting 
four or four times.- 

Quadribasic (kwod-re-ba f -sik) [quadri-; basis, 
base]. In chemistry, applied to an acid 
having four replaceable hydrogen-atoms. 

Quadriceps (kwod'-re-seps) [quadri-; caput, head]. 
Four-headed, as a quadriceps muscle. See 
under Muscle. 

Quadrigeminal (kwod-re- jem' '-in-aV) [see Quad- 
rigeminum]. Fourfold; consisting of four 
parts, as the quadrigeminal bodies. See 
Corpora quadri gemina. 

Quadrigeminum (kwod-re-jem' -in-um) [quad- 
rigeminus, fourfold]. One of the corpora 
quadrigemina. 

Quadrilateral (kwod-re-lat'-er-aV). Having 
four sides. 

Quadrille (kwod-riV) [Fr.]. An embryologic 
term designating the complex movement 
undergone by the dividing centrosomes pre- 
vious to the formation of the cleavage cen- 
trosomes. 

Quadriurate (kwod-re-u'-rdt) [quadri-; urate]. A 
term applied to the hyperacid urate of human 
urine and the urine of birds and reptiles. 
The quadriurates have the general formula of 
MH(C 5 H 2 N 4 3 )H 2 C 5 H 2 N 4 3 . 

Quadrivalent (kwod-riv' -al-ent) [quadri-; va- 
lere, to be worth]. In chemistry, having a 
combining power equivalent to that of four 
hydrogen-atoms. 

Quadruplet (kwod-ru'-plet) [quadruplare, to 
make fourfold]. Any one of four children 
born at one birth. 

Quain's Fatty Heart. Fatty degeneration of 
the cardiac muscular fibers. 

Quaker-button. A popular name for nux 
vomica. 

Qualitative (kwoV -it-a-tiv) [qualitas, quality]. 
Pertaining to quality. Q. Analysis. See 
Analysis, Qualitative. 

Quantitative (kwon'-tit-a-tiv) [quantus, how 



much]. Pertaining to quantity. Q. An- 
alysis. See Analysis, Quantitative. 

Quantivalence (kwon-tiv' -al-ens) [quantus, how 
much; valere, to be worth]. The combining 
power of an element or radicle expressed in 
terms of the number of atoms of hydrogen with 
which it will unite. Univalent or monad 
atoms, as chlorin, are saturated with one 
atom; bivalent or diad atoms require two; 
trivalent or triad, as boron, take three; quadri- 
valent or tetrad, quinquivalent or pentad, 
sexvalent or hexad, require two, three, four, 
five, and six atoms of hydrogen respectively. 

Quantum (kwon'-tum) [L.]. As much as. Q., 
Normal, a constant quantity or standard. 

Quarantine (kwor'-an-ten) [It., quarania, forty]. 
1. The time (formerly forty days) during which 
vessels or travelers from ports infected with 
contagious or epidemic diseases are required 
by law to remain outside the port of their 
destination, as a safeguard against the spread- 
ing of such diseases. 2. The place of 
detention. 3. The act of detaining vessels or 
travelers from suspected ports or places for 
purposes of inspection or disinfection. Q., 
Land-, the isolation of a person or district 
on land for purposes similar to those of de- 
tention of persons arriving at a place by sea. 

Quart (kwort) [quartus, fourth]. The fourth 
part of a gallon. 

Quartan (kwor'-tan) [quartus]. 1. Recurring 
on the fourth day. 2. A form of intermittent 
fever the paroxysms of which occur every 
fourth day. Q., Double, quartan fever char- 
acterized by milder and severer paroxysms, 
each occurring every fourth day. Q. Fever. 
See Quartan (2). 

Quarter-evil (kwor'-ter-e-viT). A synonym of 
Black-leg. 

Quartipara (kwor-tip'-ar-ah) [quartus; parere, 
to bring forth]. A woman in her fourth 
pregnancy. See Multipara. 

Quartiparous (kwor-tip'-ar-us) [quartipara]. 
Pregnant four times. 

Quartisternum (kwor-te-ster'-num) [quartus, 
fourth; sternum]. A part of the sternum 
having a special center of ossification cor- 
responding with the fourth intercostal space. 

Quassation (kwas-a'-shun) [quassatio, a shaking 
or shattering]. The reduction of barks, roots, 
and other drugs to morsels, in preparation for 
further pharmaceutic treatment. Syn., Cas- 
sation. 

Quassia (kwosh'-e-aK) [after Quassi, a negro 
slave who first used it]. The wood of several 
trees of the order Simarubacea'. The quassia 
of the U. S. P. and B. P. is the wood of 
Picrasma excelsa, known as Jamaica quassia, 
or of Quassia amara, known as Surinam 
quassia. It is a simple bitter, and is used 
in dyspepsia and constipation; in the form 



QUASSIN 



814 



QUININ 



of an enema it is employed against seatworms. 
Q., Extract Of {extractum quassia, U. S. P., 
B. P.). Dose 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.2 Gm.). Q., 
Fluidextract of {fluidextr -actum quassia, U. 
S. P.). Dose £-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). Q., Infu- 
sion of {infusum quassia, B. P.). Dose 2 oz. 
(60 Cc). Q. f Tincture of {tinctura quassia, 
U. S. P.). Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc.). 

Quassin {kwos'-in), C2oH 2 e0 6 (?). The active 
principle of quassia; very bitter, white crys- 
tals, soluble in alcohol and chloroform; used 
as a tonic. Dose 3V - ! gr. (0.002-0.02 Gm.). 

Quaternary {kwa-ter' -na-re) [quaterni, four 
each]. 1. Consisting of four elements. 2. 
Fourth in order. 

Quatuor {kwat'-u-or) [L.]. Four. Q. Pills, 
pills made up of iron sulfate, quinin, aloes, 
and nux vomica. 

Quebrabunda {ka-brah-bun'-dah) [Port.]. 
Straddling disease, a tropical disease similar 
to beriberi which attacks horses and pigs. 

Quebrachamin {ka-brah' -kam-in) . See under 
Quebracho. 

Quebrachin {ke-brah'-kin). An alkaloid of 
quebracho (q. v.). It is used internally and 
hypodermatically in dyspnea. Dose 3-1 \ gr. 
(0.04-0.1 Gm.). 

Quebracho (ke-brah'-ko) [from Pg. quebra-hacho, 
ax-breaker]. The name of several hard- 
wooded trees of South America. The white 
quebracho {quebracho bianco) is A spidosperma 
quebracho, of the order Apocynacea. It con- 
tains the following alkaloids: aspidospermin, 
C 2 2H 30 N 2 O 2 ; aspidospermatin, C 2 2H 28 N 2 2 ; 
aspidosamin, C^H^N^O^; quebrachin, C 21 - 
H 26 N 2 3 , and quebrachamin, C 21 H 26 N 2 3 . It 
is used in emphysema, bronchitis, and in 
asthma. See A spidospermin. 

Queen's-deligh^Queen's-root. See Stillingia. 

Quercin {kwer'-sin) [quercus], C c H 6 (OH) 6 . A 
bitter, crystallizable carbohydrate extracted 
from acorns and oak-bark. 

Quercitannic Acid (kwer-si-tan' '-ik) [quercus; 
tannin], C 17 H 16 9 . 
found in oak-bark. 

Quercite {kwer'-sit) [quercus], C 6 H 7 (OH) 5 . A 
sweet principle found in acorns. 

Quercitol {kwer'-sit-ol). See Quercite. 

Quercitrin {kwer' -sit-rin) [quercus; citrus, 
lemon], C 33 H 30 O 17 . A glucosid found in the 
bark of Quercus tinctoria and in many other 
plants. 

Quercus {kwer'-kus) [L., "the oak"]. The 
quercus of the U. S. P. is the dried bark of 
quercus alba. Q., Fluidextract of (fluid- 
extractum quercus, U. S. P.). Dose 15 min. 
(1 Cc). See Oak. 

Quick (kwik) [AS., cwic, alive]. A sensitive, 
vital, tender part, as the flesh under a nail. 

Quickening {kwik'-en-ing) [see Quick]. The 
first feeling on the part of the pregnant woman 
of fetal movements, occurring between the 
fourth and fifth months of pregnancy. 

Quicklime [quick; lime]. Calcium oxid. See 
under Lime. 

Quicksilver [quick; silver]. The popular name 
for mercury. 



Quillaia, Quillaja {kwil-a' -yah) [Chilian, quil- 
lean, to wash]. A genus of trees of the order 
Rosacea. The quillaja of the U. S. P. is 
the dried bark of Quillaja saponaria. It 
contains saponin and produces a froth when 
agitated in water. It is used in pulmonary 
affections and as a sternutatory, and in the 
arts as a substitute for soap. Syn., Soap- 
bark. Q., Fluidextract of {fluidextr actum 
quillaja, U. S. P.). Dose 3 min. (0.2 Cc). 
Q., Tincture of {tinctura quillaja, U. S. P.). 
Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). 

Quill-suture. See Suture, Quill-. 

Quina {kwin'-ah). Same as Cinchona. -Q. 
calisaya, yellow cinchona bark. Q. colorada, 
red cinchona bark. 

Quinacetin Sulfate {kwin-as' -et-in) , (C 37 H 31 - 
N0 2 ) 2 H 2 S0 4 H 2 0. An antipyretic and ano- 
dyne. Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32-0.97 Gm.). 

Quinaldin {kwin-aV -din) , C 10 H 9 N. Methyl- 
quinolin. 

Quinaphenin {kwin-af -en-in) . A white, taste- 
less powder, obtained by action of quinin on 
the hydrochlorate of eloxyphenylcarbamic 
acid. Used in whooping-cough. Dose for 
young children 1-2 J gr. (0.065-0.16 Gm.) 
daily; older children 3-5 gr. (0.2-0.3 Gm.). 

Quinaphthol {kwin-aj'-thol). See Chinaphthol. 

Quina quina {kwin-ah-kwin'-ah). Cinchona. 

Quinaseptol {kwin-ah-sep'-tol). See Diaphtol. 
Q., Argentic, an odorless, harmless antiseptic 
and hemostatic which promotes granulation. 

Quinate {kwin' -at). A salt of quinic acid. 

Quince-seed {kwins-sed) . See Cydonium. 

Quincke's Disease. Angioneurotic edema; 
acute circumscribed edema. Q.'s Pulse, 
rhythmic reddening and blanching of the 
finger-nails depending upon oscillations of 
blood-pressure which are propagated into the 
capillaries; it is found in aortic insufficiency. 
Q.'s Spinal Puncture. See Puncture, Lumbar. 

Quinia {kwin' -e-ah) . See Quinin. 

Quinic {kwin'-ik) [Peruvian, kina, bark]. Per- 
taining to quinin. Q. Acid, C 7 H 12 2 , an 
acid occurring in cinchona bark, in the ivy, 
oak, elm, ash, coffee-plant, etc. 

Quinidin {kwin' -id-in) [quinin], C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 . 
An alkaloid of cinchona bark isomeric with 
quinin, which it resembles in action, differing 
only in being less powerful. Q. Sulfate, is 
used as an antiperiodic in doses of 20-60 gr. 
(1.3-4.0 Gm.). Q. Tannate, is used in diar- 
rhea, nephritis, and malaria. Dose 2-12 gr. 
(0.1-0.8 Gm.) twice daily. 

Quinin {kin-en') [Peruvian, kina, bark], C^- 
H 24 N 2 2 + 3H 2 0. Quinin {quinina, U. S. P.) 
is a bitter amorphous or crystalline alkaloid ob- 
tained from the bark of various species .of 
cinchona. It is soluble in 900 parts of water, 
readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloro- 
form, and gives a beautiful emerald-green 
color when it or its salts are treated with a 
solution of chlorin and then with ammonia. 
Quinin acts as a stimulant to the nervous 
system, causing in large doses cerebral con- 
gestion and lessening of the reflexes; it is 
a slight respiratory stimulant and a depressant 



QUININ 



815 



QUINOLIN 



to the circulation; it lessens the ameboid 
movement of the white corpuscles, and during 
fever is strongly antipyretic; it also possesses 
antiseptic properties. In large doses it causes 
ringing in the ears, a feeling of fulness in 
the head, dizziness, slight deafness, and at 
times disturbances of vision; occasionally also 
a rise of temperature (quinin- fever) . It is 
used as an antiperiodic in malaria, in which 
disease it has a specific action; it is also 
employed as an antipyretic in other febrile 
affections, as a tonic in convalescence, as a 
stimulant to the uterus during parturition, 
in whooping-cough, coryza, and hay-fever. 
Q. Acetate, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 . C 2 H 4 2 . Dose 1-15 
gr. (0.065-1.0 Gm.). Q. Albuminate. Dose 
1-15 gr. (0.065-1.0 Gm.). Q. Bisulfate 
(quinince bisidphas, U. S. P.). Dose same 
as that of the sulfate. Q. Bromate, C^H^- 
N 2 2 . HBr0 3 , antiseptic and antipyretic. 
Dose 1-30 gr. (0.065-2.0 Gm.). Q. Cam- 
phorate, (C^H^N-A^ • C 10 H 16 O 4 , antiseptic 
and antipyretic. Dose 1-30 gr. (0.065-2.0 
Gm.). Q. Carbolate, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 . QH 6 0, 
antiseptic and antipyretic. Dose 1-30 gr. 
(0.065-2.0 Gm.). Q. Chlorate, C^H^N-A . - 
HCIO3 + ifH 2 C», explosive white crystals, 
soluble in water and alcohol; used in fevers 
with svmptoms of angina. Q. Chlorophos- 
phate, CjoE^NjA . HC1 . 2 P0 4 H 3 + 3H2O; 
used in obstinate cases of malaria. Q. Cin- 
namate, C^H^NjO;; . C 9 H 8 2 ; antipyretic 
and antiseptic. Dose 1-30 gr. (0.065-2.0 
Gm.). Q. Citrate, (C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 ) 2 . C„H 8 7 + 
7H 2 0. Dose 2-20 gr. (0.13-1.3 Gm.). Q. 
Ethylsulfate, C 22 H 20 N 2 O u , obtained from a 
hot alcoholic solution of sodium sulfovinate 
and quinin sulfate; recommended for sub- 
cutaneous use. Dose 3-8 gr. (0.19-0.52 Gm.). 
Q. Ferrocyanid, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 . H 4 Fe(CN)6+ 
3H 2 0, used in night-sweats of tuberculosis. 
Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). Q. Formate, 
C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 . CH 2 2 , used as is the sulfate. 
Q. Glycerophosphate, (C2oH 24 N 2 2 ) 2 . C 3 H 7 - 
3 . P0 3 ; used in malaria, neuralgia, etc. 
Dose 2 gr. (0.1 Gm.). Q. Hydrobromid 
(quinince hydrobromidum, U. S. P.), C 2o H 24 N 2 - 
2 . HBr + H 2 0. Used in the same doses 
as the sulfate. Q. Hydrochlorid (quinince 
hydraphloridum, U. S. P.), given as is the sul- 
fate. Q. Hydrochlorosulfate, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 . - 
HC1 . H 2 S0 4 + 3H 2 0; for hypodermatic use 
as causing less pain than any other salt of 
quinin. Q. Hydroiodate, C^H^N^ . HI, 
used as a nervous sedative and in neuralgia 
internally or subcutaneously. Dose 1-1J gr. 
(0.06-0.1 Gm.). Q. Lygosinate, a combina- 
tion of quinin and lygosin, a fine, orange- 
yellow powder. It is bactericide and anti- 
septic and is used as a dusting-powder. Q. 
Muriate. See Q. Hydrochlorid. Q. Oleate 
(oleatum quinince, U. S. P.), a mixture of 
exsiccated quinin, 1 part, and oleic acid, 3 
parts; used in the administration of quinin 
by inunction. Q. Peptonate, a brown pow- 
der containing 80% of peptone and 20% of 
quinin; nutrient and tonic. Dose 5-60 gr. 



(0.32-4.0 Gm.). Q. Phenate, Q. Phenolate. 
See Q. Carbolate. Q. Phosphate, (C 20 H 24 - 
N 2 2 ) 2 H 3 P0 4 + 8H 2 0, antiperiodic. Dose 
1-30 gr. (0.065-2.0 Gm.). Q. Phthalate, 
(C2oH 24 N 2 2 )2C 8 H 6 4 ; used as is the sulfate. 
Dose 1-30 gr. (0.065-2.0 Gm.). Q. Quinate, 
C2oH 24 N 2 2 . C 7 H 12 O e + 2H 2 0; used subcu- 
taneously. Dose, as the sulfate. Q. Quino- 
vate, CaoH^NgOa . C^H^O^ (?), antiperiodic. 
Dose 1-30 gr. (0.065-2.0 Gm.). Q. Sac- 
charate, Q., Saccharinate, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 . - 
C 6 H 10 O 8 , antipyretic and antiseptic. Dose 
1-30 gr. (0.065-2.0 Gm.). Q. Salicylate 
(quinince salicylas, U. S. P.), 2C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 . - 
C 7 H fi 3 + H 2 0; antiperiodic, and used to 
relieve the pains of rheumatism and gout. 
Dose as an antirheumatic 2-10 gr. (0.12- 
0.6 Gm.). Q. Stearate, C 20 H 22 N 2 O 2 . - 
C 18 H 36 2 ; used as is the sulfate, but by in- 
unction. Q. Sulfate (quinince sulphas, 
U. S. P., B. P.), is the salt most commonly 
employed. Dose in malaria 5-24 gr. (0.32- 
1.6 Gm.) before the paroxysms; as a pro- 
phylactic 2-4 gr. (0.13-0.26 Gm.); as a tonic 
1-2 gr. (0.065-0.13 Gm.); in whooping-cough 
i§gr. (0.1 Gm.) for each year of the child's age, 
or locally in solution of 1-2 gr. (0.065-0.13 
Gm.) to the ounce (32 Cc.) by the atomizer. 
Q. Sulfochlorhydrate, used by injection in 
carcinoma. Dose 0.50-0.60 eg. every other 
day. Q. Sulfocresotate, an intestinal antisep- 
tic. Q. Sulfoethylate. See Q. Ethylsulfate. 
Q. Sulfomuriate. See Q. Hydrochlorosulfate. 
Q. Sulfotartrate, a compound of quinin 
sulfate and tartaric acid; antipyretic, anti- 
septic. Dose 1-30 gr. (0.065-2.0 Gm.). Q. 
Sulfovinate. See Q. Ethylsulfate. Q. Tan- 
nate, used in whooping-cough. Q. Thymate, 
used as is the sulfate. Dose 1-30 gr. (0.065- 
2.0 Gm.). Q. and Urea Hydrochlorate, 
employed chiefly for hypodermatic use. Q.- 
urethane, a nonirritant compound made by 
heating 3 parts of quinin hydrochlorid with 
15 parts of urethane and 3 parts of water; 
used for intravenous injection. Q. Valerian- 
ate, used in doses of 1-2 gr. (0.065-0.13 Gm.) 
in nervous debility and hemicrania. 

Quininism, Quinism (kin-en' '-izm, kin'-izm). 
Cinchonism. 

Quinochloral (kin-o-klo'-ral). See Chinoral. 

Quinoform (kin' -o- form). See Chinoform. 

Quinoidin (kin-oi'-din). See Chinoidin. Q., 
Animal-, a basic substance obtained from 
animal tissues and having the property of 
fluorescence like quinin. 

Quinol (kin'-ol). See Hydroquinone. 

Quinolin (kin'-o-lin) [quinin], C 9 H 7 N. A liquid 
alkaloid obtained in the destructive distilla- 
tion of quinin, or cinchonin, with potassium 
hydroxid; it occurs also in coal-tar. It is 
antipyretic and antiseptic. Dose 4-10 min. 
(0.2-0.6 Cc). Q. -bismuth Sulfocyanate, 
(CHN . HSCN) 3 Bi(SCN) 3 , a granular, 
orange-red powder, insoluble in water, 
alcohol, or ether; melts at 7 6° C. It is used 
in the treatment of gonorrhea, skin diseases, 
and ulcers in 0.5 to 1 % solution. Q. 



QUINON 



816 



RABID 



Monohypochlorite. See Chinol. Q. Salicy- 
late, C 9 H 7 N . C 7 H 6 3 , antiseptic and anti- 
rheumatic. Dose 8-15 gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.). 
Application, 0.7% aqueous solution. Q. 
Sulfate, C 9 H 7 N . H 2 S0 4 ; antiseptic and used 
as is quinolin. Q. Tartrate, (C 9 H 7 N) 3 
(C 4 H 6 6 ) 4 , antipyretic and antiseptic. Dose 
5-15 gr. (0.32-1.0 Gm.). Injection in gonor- 
rhea, o. 7 % aqueous solution. 

Quinon {kin' -on) [quinin], C 6 H 4 2 . A yellow, 
crystalline substance obtained by heating 
quinic acid with manganese dioxid and sul- 
furic acid. It is the lowest member of a series 
of bodies known as quinones. 

Quinopyrin {kin-o-pi' -rin) . A concentrated 
aqueous solution of quinin hydrochlorid 
and antipyrin, used subcutaneously in malaria. 

Quinosol (kin'-o-sol). 1. C 9 H 6 N . OS0 3 K + 
H 2 0. Oxyquinolin potassium sulfate, a yel- 
low powder, soluble in water; antipyretic, 
antiseptic, styptic, and deodorant. Syn., 
Chinosol. 2. The proprietary name for a 
neutral combination of tricresyl sulfonate and 
quinolin, with tricresol. It is not caustic, and 
is soluble in water to the extent of 1 in 25. A 
disinfectant for surgical instruments, and bac- 
tericide. Application, 0.1 to 2% solutions. 

Quinotannic Acid (kin-o-tan' -ik) [quinin; 
tannin]. A form of tannic acid found in 
cinchona bark. 

Quino tropin (kin-ot'-ro-pin). Urotropin qui- 
nate. 

Quino vin (kin'-o-vin) [Peruvian, kina, bark], 
CsgH^On. Kinovin, a bitter glucosid found 
in cinchona bark. 

Quinquaud's Disease. A disease of the hair- 
follicles attended with cicatrization of the 
skin. Syn., Acne decalvans; Folliculitis 
decalvans. Q.'s Panaris, phlegmonous in- 
flammation of the fingers and toes of neuro- 
pathic origin, differing from Morvan's dis- 
ease in that it is painful and never accom- 
panies paretic phenomena, and ordinarily 
does not entail necrosis of the phalanges. 

Quinquivalent (kwin-kwiv' -al-ent) [quinque, 



five; valere, to be worth]. Having a valence 
of five; capable of combining with five atoms 
of hydrogen or their equivalent. 

Quinsy (kwin'-ze) [<jw, with ; ayizcv, to choke]. 
Acute inflammation of the tonsils, usually 
tending to suppuration. 

Quintan {kwin'-tan) [quintus, fifth]. An in- 
termittent fever, the paroxysms of which 
recur every four days, i. e., on the fifth, ninth, 
thirteenth, etc. 

Quintessence {kwin-tes' -ens) [quintus, fifth; 
essentia, essence]. The active principle of any 
substance, concentrated to the utmost degree. 

Quintipara (kwin-tip'-ar-ah) [quintus, fifth; 
parere, to bring forth]. A woman who has 
been in labor five times. 

Quintisternum (kwin-ti-ster'-num) [quintus, 
fifth; sternum]. A part of the sternum having 
a special center of ossification corresponding 
with the fifth intercostal space. 

Quintuplet (kwin-tu' '-plet) [quintuplex, five- 
fold]. One of five children born at one time. 

Quionin {ke'-o-nin). "Tasteless quinin." A 
mixture of cinchona alkaloids, principally 
cinchonidin. 

Quiz (kwiz) [quceso, I ask]. A recitation, con- 
ducted by questions and answers, in which 
the student familiarizes himself with his 
studies. 

Quizzer {kwiz'-er) [quiz]. One who conducts 
a quiz. 

Quotidian {kwo-tid' -e-an) [quot, as many as; 
dies, day]. 1. Recurring every day. 2. An 
intermittent fever, the paroxysms of which 
recur daily. Q., Double, a fever having two 
paroxysms a day, usually differing in character. 

Quotient (kwo'-shent) [quoties, how often]. 
The result of the process of division. Q., 
Blood, the result obtained by dividing the 
quantity of hemoglobin in the blood by the 
number of erythrocytes, expressed in each 
case as a percentage of the normal amount. 
Q., Proteid, the result of dividing the amount 
of globulin in the blood-plasma by the amount 
of albumin in it. 



R 



R. The abbreviation of recipe, take; of right, 
of Reaumur, and of resistance (electric). 

Raabe's Test For Albumin. Place in a test- 
tube 1 Cc. of the liquid to be tested; on the 
addition of a small piece of trichloracetic 
acid a white zone or ring will be formed in 
the presence of albumin. The ring produced 
by uric acid is diffused and not sharply de- 
fined. 

Rabbeting (raV-et-ing) [OF., rabouter, to 



push back]. The interlocking of the broken 
serrated edges of a fractured bone. 

Rabelaisin (rab-el-a'-is-in). A glucosid from 
the bark of Lunasia amara, of the Philippine 
Islands; the bark is used in inflammation of 
the eye and as an arrow-poison by the Negri- 
tos. 

Rabic irab'-ik) [rabies]. Pertaining to rabies, as 
rabic virus. 

Rabid (rab'-id) [rabies]. Affected with rabies 



RABIES 



817 



RADIATION 



or hydrophobia; pertaining to rabies, as 
rabid virus. 

Rabies {rab'-e-ez) [L.]. Lyssa or hydro- 
phobia. The latter term is generally applied 
to the human disease consequent upon the 
bite of a rabid dog or other animal. Rabies 
is an acute infectious disease of animals 
dependent upon a specific agent, Bacillus 
lyssce, and communicable to man by inocula- 
tion. All animals are liable to the disease, 
but it occurs most frequently in the wolf, the 
cat, and the dog, and is chiefly propagated 
by the latter, which is specially susceptible. 
The toxin has a special affinity for the nervous 
system, and is found in the secretions, par- 
ticularly in the saliva. See Hydrophobia. 

Rabuteau's Test for Hydrochloric Acid in 
the Contents of the Stomach. Make a 
solution containing 50 Cc. of starch mucilage, 
1 Gm. of potassium iodate, and 0.5 Gm. of 
potassium iodid; add to it the filtered con- 
tents of the stomach. The solution will be- 
come blue in the presence of free HC1. 

Racemose (ras'-e-mos) [racemus, a bunch of 
grapes]. Resembling a bunch of grapes, as 
a racemose gland. R. Aneurysm, aneurysm 
by anastomosis. 

Rachi- (ra-ke-) [rachis]. A prefix meaning re- 
lating to the spine. 

Rachiagra (ra-ke-a'-grah) [rachi-; ay-pa, a 
seizure]. Gouty or rheumatic pain in the 
muscles of the spine. 

Rachialgia (ra-ke-al' -je-ah) [rachi-; alyoc, 
pain]. Neuralgic pain in the spinal 
column. 

Rachicocainization (ra-ke-ko-ka-in-i-za' '-shun) 
[rachi-; cocainization]. The induction of an- 
esthesia by the injection of a solution of co- 
cain hydrochlorid into the subarachnoid space 
by means of a lumbar puncture. 

Rachidial (ra-kid' -e-al) [rachis]. Pertaining 
to the spine. 

Rachidian {ra-kid' -e-an) [see Rachidial]. 
Spinal; vertebral. 

Rachilysis (ra-kW -is-is) [rachi-; Xuocc, a 
loosening]. A method of correcting lateral 
curvature of the spine by appropriate traction 
and pressure. 

Rachiocampsis (ra-ke-o-kamp' '-sis) [rachi-; 
Kafi<l>cc, a curving]. Curvature of the spine. 

Racniochysis (ra-ke-ok' -is-is). See Hydro- 
rachis. 

Rachiodynia (ra-ke-o-din' '-e-ah) [rachi-; ddovq, 
pain]. Spasmodic pain in the spinal column. 

Rachioplegia {ra-ke-o-ple' -je-ah) [rachi-; ttAtjpj, 
stroke]. Spinal paralysis; paraplegia. 

Rachiotomy (ra-ke-of -o-me) [rachi-; ri/ivecv, 
to cut]. 1. The operation of cutting into or 
through the vertebral column. 2. The opera- 
tion of cutting through the spine of the fetus 
to facilitate delivery. 

Rachipagus (ra-kip'-ag-us) [rachi-; nayoc, 
that which is fixed]. A twin monster joined 
at the spines. 

Rachis (ra'-kis) [pax<c, the spine]. The 
vertebral column. 

Rachischisis {ra-kis' -Hs-is) . See Spina bifida, 
53 



Rachitic (ra-kit'-ik) [rachitis]. Affected with, 
resembling, or produced by rachitis; rickety. 
R. Rosary, the row of nodules appearing 
on the ribs, at their junction with the carti- 
lages, in rachitis. 

Rachitis (ra-ki'-tis) [rachi-; cnc, inflamma- 
tion]. Rickets, a constitutional disease of 
infancy, characterized by impaired nutrition 
and changes in the bones, the symptoms being 
a diffuse soreness of the body, slight fever, 
and profuse sweating about the head and 
neck, and changes in the osseous system, 
consisting in a thickening of the epiphyseal 
cartilages and periosteum and a softening of 
the bones. Through the action of the 
muscles on the soft bones various deformities 
are produced, while the periosteal hyperplasia 
leads to nodular hyperostoses, especially 
about the head, giving the latter a square 
appearance (caput quadratum). Dentition 
and closure of the fontanels are delayed. 
Nervous symptoms are often present, as 
feverishness, laryngismus stridulus, and con- 
vulsions. The liver and spleen are usually 
enlarged. The etiology is obscure — it has 
been ascribed to deficiency in the earthy 
salts, to defect in the osteoblasts, and to 
microorganismal infection. R. adultorum, 
osteomalacia; mollities ossium. 

Rachitism (ra'-kit-izm). Rachitis. 

Rachitol (ra' -kit-ol) . An extract of suprarenal 
glands ; used in the treatment of rachitis. 

Rachitome {ra'-kit-dm) [rachi-; zipvecv, to 
cut]. An instrument for opening the spinal 
canal. 

Rachitropacocainization (ra-ke-tro-pa-ko-ka- 
in-i-za' -shun) . Subarachnoid cocainization 
by means of tropacocain. 

Radal {ra'-dal). A 20% solution of protargol; 
used as a prophylactic in gonorrhea. 

Radesyge (rah-da-se'-ge) [Norwegian]. A dis- 
ease also known as Scandinavian syphilis, 
or Norwegian leprosy, and characterized by 
ulceration and other cutaneous lesions. It 
is probable that under this name are included 
syphilitic and leprous lesions. 

Radiad (ra' -de-ad) [radius, a spoke; ad, to- 
ward]. Toward the radial side. 

Radial (ra'-de-al) [radius]. 1. Radiating; di- 
verging from a common center. 2. Pertain- 
ing to or in relation with the radius or bone 
of the forearm, as the radial artery. 

Radiant {ra' -de-ant) [radius]. 1. Radiate. 2. 
Emitting rays. R. Energy, a form of energy 
emitted by all bodies in proportion to their 
temperature, and propagated by undulations 
in the luminiferous ether. When the body 
reaches 6oo° C, it begins to radiate light as 
well as heat. That portion of radiant energy 
which does not produce the sensation of light 
is generally spoken of as radiant heat, in dis- 
tinction from radiant light. 

Radiate (ra'-de-at) [see Radiation]. Diverging 
from a central point. 

Radiation (ra-de-a' -shun) [radiare, to radi- 
ate]. 1. The act of radiating or diverging 
from a central point, as radiation of light; 



RADICAL 



8 IS 



RAISINS 



divergence from a center; having the appear- 
ance of rays. 2. In cerebral anatomy, 
certain groups of fibers that diverge after 
leaving their place of origin. R., Optic, a 
large strand of fibers continuous with those 
of the corona radiata, derived mainly from 
the pulvinar, the external and internal genicu- 
late bodies, and the optic tract, and radiating 
into the occipital lobes. R., Striothalamic, 
a system of fibers connecting the corpus 
striatum with the optic thalamus and the 
subthalamic region. R., Tegmental, the 
radiating fibers of the hind portion of the 
internal capsule. R., Thalamic, certain 
tracts of fibers from the optic thalami that 
radiate into the hemispheres. 

Radical {rad'-ik-al) [radix, a root]. 1. Be- 
longing to the root; going to the root, or 
attacking the cause of a disease, as a radical 
operation. 2. See Radicle (2). 

Radicle {rad'-ik-l) [dim. of radix]. 1. A 
little root, as the radicle of a nerve, one of the 
ultimate fibrils of which a nerve is composed; 
radicle of a vein, one of the minute vessels 
uniting to form a vein. 2. An atom or group 
of atoms constituting the essential part of 
the molecule of a compound; a group of 
atoms that remain intact in the ordinary 
decomposition of the molecule; especially 
a group of atoms that acts in combination as 
a simple element, but is incapable of existence 
in the free state, as NH 4 , ammonium, C 6 H 5 , 
phenyl. R.S, Acid, a group of nonmetallic 
atoms, especially one containing carbon, 
which may in many reactions remain unaltered 
and pass from one compound to another. 
R., Alcohol, one that forms an alcohol when 
combined with the elements of water. R., 
Alkali, one that produces an alkali when sub- 
stituted for an atom of hydrogen in water. 

Radiculalgia {rad-ik-u-laV -je-ah) [radicula, a 
little root; aXyoc, pain]. Neuralgia affecting 
the nerve-roots. 

Radicular {rad-ik'-u-lar). Pertaining to a 
root or to a radicle; specifically, pertaining 
to the roots of the spinal nerves. 

Radio- (ra-de-o-) [radiare, to emit rays]. 1. A 
prefix meaning pertaining to radiant energy 
or to radium. 2. A prefix meaning relating 
to the radius. 

Radioactive {ra-de-o-ak' -tiv) [radio-; active]. 
Exhibiting radiant energy. 

Radioactivity {ra-de-o-ak-tiv'-it-e). The pro- 
perty of exhibiting radiant energy. 

Radiobicipital {ra-de-o-bi-sip'-it-al) [radio-; 
biceps]. Pertaining to the radius and the 
biceps. 

Radiocarpal {ra-de-o-kar' -pal) [radio-; carpus]. 
Pertaining to the radius and the carpus. 

Radiochronometer {ra-de-o-kro-nom' -et-er) [ra- 
dio-; chronometer]. An instrument for test- 
ing the character of roentgen-tubes. 

Radiode (ra'-de-od) [radio-; odoc, a way]. 
An electric attachment for the application of 
radium. 

Radiodermatitis {ra-de-o-der-mat-i'-tis). See 
A ctinodermatitis. 



Radiodiagnosis ira-de-o-di-ag-no' -sis) [radio-; 
diagnosis]. The diagnosis of a lesion, by 
means of radiography or radioscopy. 

Radiodigital (ra-de-o-dij'-it-al) [radio-; digi- 
tal]. Pertaining to the radius and the fingers. 

Radiograph (ra' ' -de-o-graf) [radio-; fpafetv, to 
write]. The picture obtained by action of 
radiant energy upon a sensitive plate. 

Radiography \ra-de-og'-ra-)e). See Skiagraphy. 

Radiohumeral {ra-de-o-hu' -mer-aV) [radio-; hu- 
merus]. Pertaining to the radius and the 
humerus. 

Radiology {ra-de-ol'-o-je) [radio-; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science of radiant energy. 

Radiolus (ra-de'-o-lus) [dim. of radius, a ray]. 
A probe or sound. 

Radiometer (ra-de-om 1 '-et-er) [radio-; jikxpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for testing the 
penetration in radiography; a skiameter. 

Radiomuscular (ra-de-o-mus'-ku-lar) [radio-; 
muscle]. Relating to the radius and the mus- 
cles of the forearm. 

Radiopalmar {ra-de-o-paV -mar) [radio-; palm]. 
Pertaining to the radius and the palm. 

Radiopraxis (ra-de-o-praks' -is) [radio-; Tipd^cc, 
action; practice]. The art of applying radi- 
ant energy either in therapeutics or for other 
purposes. 

Radioscopy (ra-de-os'-ko-pe) [radio-; o/ionslv, 
to view]. The process of securing an image 
of an object upon a fluorescent screen by 
means of radiant energy. 

Radiotherapeutic (ra-de-o-ther-ap-u'-tik) [ra- 
diotherapy]. Having reference to the ther- 
apeutic use of radiant energy. 

Radiotherapy (ra-de-o-ther'-a-pe). The treat- 
ment of disease by means of radiant energy. 

Radioulnar {ra-de-o-uV -nar) [radio-; ulna]. 
Pertaining to the radius and ulna. 

Radium (ra'-de-um) [radiare, to emit rays]. 
An elementary body from pitch-blende, 
characterized by the phenomenon radioacti- 
vity. It is obtained by the fractional re- 
precipitation or recrystallization of the barium 
chlorid prepared from pitch-blende. 

Radius {ra'-de-us) [L., "a spoke of a wheel"]. 
1. A ray. 2. The outer of the two bones of 
the forearm. 

Radix (ra'-diks) [L.]. A root. 

Radzyge {rad-zi'-ge). See Radesyge. 

Rag-picker's Disease. An acute febrile dis- 
ease occurring in workmen engaged in sorting 
rags in paper-factories. It is supposed to be 
due to the inhalation of anthrax bacilli or 
spores, and is characterized by an exudation 
into the pulmonary tissue, bronchial glands, 
and pleural cavity. Syn., Hadernkrankheit. 

Railway Sickness. See Car-sickness. R.- 
spine, a term given by Erichsen to a varied 
group of spinal symptoms consequent on 
slight injuries or concussions received in rail- 
way accidents. The condition is classed 
with the traumatic neuroses and is a form 
of neurasthenia. It is frequently a cause for 
litigation. See Erichsen's Disease. 

Rainey's Capsules. See Miescher's Tubes, 

Raisins {ra'-zins). Dried grapes. 



RALE 



819 RAMINI'S TEST FOR FORMALDEHYD 



Rale (rahl) [Fr., rdler, to rattle]. An adventi- 
tious sound heard over the chest during respi- 
ration and indicating some local disturbance. 
Rales are either dry or moist (produced by 
the bubbling of air through liquid), sonorous 
or sibilant. They are also classified according 
to their place of production into laryngeal, 
tracheal, bronchial, vesicular, cavernous, pleu- 
ral, pericardial. R., Amphoric, a large, 
musical, tinkling rale, heard in inspiration and 
expiration, in tuberculous and abscess cavi- 
ties; produced by movement of air in a tense- 
walled cavity containing air and communicat- 
ing with a bronchus. R., Bubbling, Large, 
a moist rale, larger than the medium bubbling, 
heard in inspiration and expiration in bron- 
chitis and pulmonary engorgement; pro- 
duced by passage of air through frothy mucus 
in the trachea and larger bronchi. R., 
Bubbling, Medium, a moist rale larger than 
the small bubbling, heard in inspiration and 
expiration in capillary bronchitis, especially 
in children; produced by the passage of air 
through mucus in the larger tubes. R., 
Bubbling, Small, a small, moist rale, sound- 
ing like the bursting of small bubbles, heard 
in inspiration and expiration in capillary 
bronchitis, especially in children; produced 
by the passage of air through mucus in the 
bronchioles. R., Cavernous, a hollow, 
metallic rale, heard in inspiration and ex- 
piration in the third stage of pulmonary 
tuberculosis; produced by the passage of air 
through a small cavity with flaccid walls that 
collapse with expiration. R., Clicking, a 
small, sticky rale heard in inspiration in the 
early stage of pulmonary tuberculosis; caused 
by passage of air through softening material 
in the smaller bronchi. R., Consonating, 
a bright, clear, ringing rale, heard in inspira- 
tion and expiration in tuberculous pneumonia; 
produced when the bronchial tubes are sur- 
rounded by consolidated tissue. R., Crack- 
ling, Dry, a sharp, short, clicking rale, heard 
in' inspiration in the second or softening stage 
of pulmonary tuberculosis and in pulmonary 
gangrene; produced by the breaking down 
of lung tissue. R., Crackling, Large, a 
dry rale larger than the medium crackling, 
heard in inspiration and expiration, in pul- 
monary tuberculosis and pneumonia, after 
the formation of small cavities; produced by 
fluid in very small cavities. R., Crackling, 
Medium, a dry rale, larger than the small 
crackling, heard chiefly in inspiration, in 
softening of tuberculous deposit or pneumonic 
exudation; caused by fluid in the finer bron- 
chi. R., Crackling, Small, a small, dry 
rale, sounding like the breaking of small 
shells, heard chiefly in inspiration, in soften- 
ing of tuberculous deposit or pneumonic 
exudation; produced by fluid in the finer 
bronchi. R., Crepitant, a small rale, sound- 
ing like the rubbing of hair between the 
fingers, heard at the end of inspiration in 
pneumonia, early stage, edema of the lungs, 
hypostatic pneumonia; localized in pul- 



monary tuberculosis. Produced by the pas- 
sage of air into vesicles, collapsed or contain- 
ing fibrinous exudation; usually at the base 
of the lungs. R., Dry, a large and sonor- 
ous, or small and hissing or whistling rale 
heard in inspiration and expiration in bron- 
chitis and asthma, localized in beginning 
pulmonary tuberculosis ; produced by narrow- 
ing of the bronchial tubes from thickening 
of the mucous lining, from spasmodic con- 
traction of the muscular coat, viscid mucus 
within, or pressure from without. R., Ex- 
trathoracic, one produced in the trachea 
or larynx. R., Friction, a grazing, rubbing, 
grating, creaking, or crackling rale heard in 
inspiration and expiration, most distinct at 
the end of inspiration, in pleurisy and peri- 
carditis; produced by the rubbing together 
of serous surfaces, roughened by inflammation 
or deprived of their natural secretion. R., 
Gurgling, a moist rale, larger than the large 
bubbling, sounding like the bursting of large 
bubbles, heard in inspiration and expiration 
in pulmonary tuberculosis after the formation 
of large cavities. R., Guttural, one pro- 
duced in the throat. R., Moist, one pro- 
duced by the passage of air through bronchi 
containing fluid. R., Mucous (of Laennec), 
a modification of the subcrepitant rale, heard 
in inspiration and expiration in pulmonary 
emphysema; produced by viscid bubbles 
bursting in the bronchial tubes. R. redux, 
a crackling, unequal rale, heard in inspiration 
and expiration in the resolution stage of pneu- 
monia; produced by the passage of air 
through fluid in a bronchial tube. Syn., Rale 
de retour. R., Sibilant, a high-pitched 
and even hissing or piping rale, heard in 
inspiration and expiration in bronchitis, 
asthma, and localized in beginning pul- 
monary tuberculosis; produced by narrowing 
of the smaller bronchi from viscid mucus 
adhering to the walls, from thickening of the 
lining membrane, or spasmodic contraction. 
R., Sonorous, a low-pitched, snoring rale, 
heard in inspiration and expiration, most 
frequently in bronchitis and spasmodic 
asthma; produced by lessened caliber of the 
larger bronchi, from spasm, tumefaction of 
mucous lining, or external pressure. R., 
Subcrepitant, a small, moist rale heard in 
inspiration and expiration in capillary bron- 
chitis; produced by the passage of air through 
mucus in the capillary bronchial tubes. R., 
Subcrepitant, Hirtz's, a moist, metallic rale, 
pathognomonic of tuberculous softening. 

Ramal [ra'-mat) [ramus, a branch]. Pertaining 
to a ramus. Ramalis vena, the portal vein 
and its branches. 

Ramification (ram-if-ik-a' '-shun) [ramus; fa- 
cere, to make], i. The act or state of branch- 
ing. 2. A branch. 

Ramify (ram'-e-fi) [see Ramification]. To 
form branches; to branch. 

Ramini's Test for Formaldehyd. Add i 
Cc. of a i % solution of phenylhydrazin 
hydrochlorate and 3 or 4 drops of freshly 



RAMOLISSEMENT 



820 



RASURA 



prepared sodium nitroprussiate solution to 
15 Cc. liquid, then make alkaline with con- 
centrated NaOH, and warm. In the presence 
of formaldehyd, milk thus tested turns blue 
to ash-gray, changing after fifteen minutes to 
red. 

Ramolissement (rah-mo-les-mon (g)) [Ft.]. 
Morbid softening of any tissue or part. 

Ramon y Cajal's Cells. Fusiform or trian- 
gular ganglion-cells lying near the surface of 
the cerebral cortex and giving off branched 
processes parallel to it. 

Ramose (ra'-moz) [ramus]. Having many 
branches; branching. 

Ramus (ra'-mus) [L.; pi., rami]. 1. A branch, 
especially of a vein, artery, or nerve. 2. A slen- 
der process of bone projecting like a branch or 
twig from a large bone, as the ramus of the 
lower jaw; ascending ramus of the ischium; 
ascending or horizontal ramus of the pubes. 
R. communicans, a branch of a spinal nerve 
connecting it with the sympathetic ganglions. 

Rancid (ran'-sid) [rancidus, soUr]. Having a 
rank or musty smell or taste; a term applied 
to fats and oils that have undergone decom- 
position with the development of volatile 
principles. 

Rancidity {ran-sid' -it-e) [rancid]. The state 
of being rancid. 

Range [ran]) [Fr., ranger, to dispose]. Scope; 
extent. R. of Accommodation. See Ac- 
commodation, Range of Relative. 

Ranine (ra'-nen) [rana, a frog]. 1. Pertain- 
ing to a frog. 2. Pertaining to a ranula or 
to the region in which a ranula occurs, as 
ranine artery. 

Ranula (ran'-u-lah) [rana, a frog]. A cystic 
tumor beneath the tongue, due to the occlu- 
sion of the duct of the sublingual or submax- 
illary gland, or of a mucous gland of the floor 
of the mouth. Syn., Frog-tongue. 

Ranunculus {ra-nung' -ku-lus) [L.]. A genus 
of acrid herbs. Many of the species are poi- 
sonous and have been used as counterirri- 
tants and vesicants. R. acris is very irritant 
and causes erythema aestivum. 

Ranvier's Accessory Plexus (ron(g)-ve-dz). 
The superficial stroma plexus of the cornea. 
R.'s Crosses, black, crucial figures seen at 
Ranvier's nodes on staining with silver 
nitrate. The transverse branch of the cross 
is represented by the line of constriction, and 
the longitudinal branch by the axis-cylinder. 
R.'s Nodes, annular constrictions of the 
neurilemma, with discontinuity of the medul- 
lary sheath of the nerve-fiber. R.'s Tactile 
Discs, nerve-endings consisting of small, cup- 
shaped bodies, the concave side of which is 
directed toward the free surface of the epi- 
dermis. 

Rape (rap) [rapere, to seize]. Sexual inter- 
course without consent. 

Raphania (raf-a'-ne-ah) [pa<f>av'cc, radish]. A 
nervous affection attended with spasmodic 
disorder of the joints and the limbs. It has 
been attributed to a poisonous principle in 
the seeds of the wild radish, which become 



mixed with grain.* The affection is allied to 
ergotism and pellagra. 

Raphe (raf'-a) [pa<j>7j, a seam]. A seam or 
ridge, especially one indicating the line of 
junction of two symmetric halves. 

Raptus (rap'-tus) [rapere, to seize]. Any 
sudden attack or seizure; rape. 

Rarefaction (rar-e-fak'-shun) [rarus, thin; 
rare; facere, to make]. The act of rarefying 
or of decreasing the density of a substance, 
especially the air. R. of Bone, the process 
of rendering bone more porous. 

Rarefy (rar'-e-fi) [see Rarefaction]. To make 
less dense or more porous. 

Rarefying Osteitis. See Osteoporosis. 

Rasceta (ras'-e-tah) [L.]. The transverse 
lines or creases on the inner side of the 
wrist. 

Rasch's Sign. Fluctuation obtained by apply- 
ing two fingers of the right hand to the cervix, 
as in ballottement, and steadying the uterus 
through the abdomen with the left hand. It 
depends upon the presence of the liquor 
amnii, and is an early sign of pregnancy. 

Rash [OF., rasche, from radere, to scrape]. 
A superficial eruption of the skin or mucous 
membrane. R., Amygdalotomy, one that 
generally appears on the second or third day 
after the operation, on the neck, chest, or 
abdomen. R., Caterpillar-, a localized erup- 
tion attributed to the irritant action of the 
hairs of certain caterpillars. R., Drug-, 
one produced by drugs. R., Medicinal. 
See R., Drug-. R., Mulberry-, an eruption 
resembling an exanthem of measles, some- 
times occurring in typhus. R., Nettle-. See 
Nettlerash. R., Rose-. See Roseola. R., 
Scarlet. See Scarlatina. R., Tonsillotomy. 
See R., Amygdalotomy. R., Tooth-, any rash 
attributed to dentition. 

Rasion (ra'-zhun) [radere, to scrape]. The 
scraping of drugs with a file. 

Rasmussen's Aneurysm. Dilation of an 
artery in a tuberculous cavity; its rupture 
is a frequent cause of hemorrhage. R.'s 
Test for Urobilin, shake together thor- 
oughly equal parts of urine and ether to which 
has been added 6 or 7 drops of tincture of 
iodin. Allow it to stand until the solution 
separates into an upper layer of ether and 
iodin and a lower one of urine. In the pres- 
ence of bile the lower layer turns green if bili- 
verdin also exists. 

Raspail's Reaction for Albumins. These 
are colored red by sugar and concentrated 
sulfuric acid. 

Raspatory (ras'-pa-to-re) [raspatorium, from 
radere, to scrape]. A rasp or file for trimming 
the rough surfaces of bones or for removing 
the periosteum. 

Raspberry (raz'-ber-e). The fruit of Rubus 
idceus, a plant of the order Rosacea. A 
syrup is used as a vehicle and as a drink in 
fevers. 

Rasura (ra-zu'-rah) [L.]. 1. The process of 
rasping, shaving, or scraping. 2. Scrapings; 
filings, 



RATANY 



821 



RAYNAUD'S DISEASE 



Ratany, Ratanhia {rat'-an-e, rat-an'-he-ah). 
See Krameria. 

Rathke's Duct {rat'-kaz). See Duct, Rathke's. 
R.'s Folds, two projecting folds of the fetal 
mesoderm which are placed between the orifice 
of the intestine and the allantois and unite 
in the median line to form Douglas' septum. 
R.'s Glands. See Jacobson's Organ. R.'s 
Pouch, in the embryo, the diverticulum of 
the pharyngeal membrane which is connected 
with the midbrain, and ultimately forms the 
anterior lobe of the hypophysis. 

Rational {ra'-shon-al) {ratio, reason]. Based 
upon reason; reasonable. In therapeutics, 
opposed to empiric. R. Formula. See For- 
mula, Constitutional. R. Symptoms, the 
symptoms elicited by questioning the patient, 
as opposed to those ascertained by physical 
examination. 

Ratsbane {ratz'-ban). i. Arsenic trioxid. 2. 
A name given to any rat-poison containing 
arsenic. 

Rattle {rat' 4) [AS., hrceteldn, to rattle]. A 
rale. R., Death-, a gurgling sound observed 
in dying persons, due to the passage of the air 
through mucus in the trachea. 

Rau's Process. See Folian Process. 

Rauber's Layer. A superficial stratum of flat 
cells occurring in the center of the embryonal 
spot at an early stage in the development of 
the blastodermic membranes. 

Rauschbrand. The German name for black- 
leg- 

Ray (ra) [radius, a ray]. 1. A beam of light 
or heat; one of the component elements of 
light or heat. 2. One of a number of lines 
diverging from a common center. R.S, 
Actinic. See R.s, Chemic. R.s, Alpha-, 
rays discovered by Rutherford, emanating 
from uranium, thorium, and radium, and 
differing from kathode rays in having much 
less penetrating power and in not being 
deviated ordinarily either by .a magnet or 
an electrically charged body. R.s, Becque- 
rel, invisible radiations of electrified particles 
or ions projected from radioactive bodies, 
such as uranium, radium, polonium, or their 
salts, without evident cause, and persisting 
over long periods. R.s, Beta-, Rutherford's 
name for the kathode rays emitted by radio- 
active substances. They differ from the 
alpha-rays in greater penetrating power, 
weaker electric power, and in carrying a 
negative charge. R.s, Chemic, solar rays 
that produce chemic change. See Photother- 
apy. R.s, Diakathodic, bluish rays ob- 
tained by directing the ordinary kathode rays 
upon a piece of wire gauze or upon a spiral 
of wire which is itself negatively electrified. 
They are not directly affected by a • mag- 
net. R. -fungus. See Actinomyces. R.s, 
Gamma-, a type of Becquerel rays more 
highly penetrating than the alpha-rays and 
beta-rays, but insignificant in energy com- 
pared with them. R.s, Goldstein, kathode 
rays which have been altered by being passed 
through a perforated metallic plate. R.s, 



Hard, roentgen rays coming from a tube the 
exhaustion of which is sufficient to cause a 
considerable difference in the potential be- 
tween the kathode and the anode and in 
the velocity of the kathode rays. They have 
high penetrating powers. Cf. R.s, Soft. 
R.s, Kathode, the stream of negatively elec- 
trified particles emanating from the kathode 
of a Crookes tube and passing in straight lines 
regardless of the anode. They are capable 
of deflection with a magnet and produce 
fluorescence and heat wherever they impinge. 
R., Medullary, of the Kidney, any one of 
the bundles of tubules that are the continua- 
tion into the cortex of the malpighian pyra- 
mids. R.S, N-, a form of ether-waves dis- 
covered by Blondlot (1903) and named after 
the initial letter of Nancy, in the university 
of which his researches were conducted. 
They increase the brightness of an electric 
spark or the luminosity of phosphorescent 
bodies; they are emitted by the roentgen-ray 
tube, by an Auer-Welsbach incandescent 
gas-mantle, by the ordinary gas-flame, but 
not by a Bunsen burner; the sun emits these 
in abundance, as does the Nernst lamp. 
Compression, torsion, and strain of many 
solids will cause the emission of the rays; 
living bodies, plants, and animals emit them. 
R.s, Photographic. See R.s, Ultraviolet. 
R.s, Positive. See R.s, Goldstein. R.s, 
Roentgen-, the ether-rays or waves dis- 
covered by Roentgen, of Wiirzburg, and 
named by him #-rays. A vacuum-tube of 
glass (called a Geissler tube, a Hittorf or a 
Crookes tube) is used with two wires sealed 
through the glass. These wires are con- 
nected with the two poles of a battery, and 
Roentgen found that the rays from the 
kathode {kathode rays) had peculiar penetra- 
tive powers through matter opaque to other 
ether-rays, and that by means of these rays 
photographs {"shadowgrams") may be taken 
of bones, metallic substances, etc., situated 
in the tissues; they readily traverse living 
tissues and influence the nutrition of the 
deeper ones; they have no appreciable effect 
on the vitality of bacteria. Herz, and es- 
pecially Lenard, prior to Roentgen, had dis- 
covered this penetrating power of the kathode 
rays, but failed to make the application 
suggested by Roentgen. R.s, Soft, rays 
coming from a tube the pressure in which 
is fairly low; they are readily absorbed. Cf. 
R.s, Hard. R.s, Ultraviolet, waves of the 
luminiferous ether which do not affect the 
retina. They can be reflected, refracted, and 
polarized; they will not traverse many bodies 
that are pervious to the rays of the visible 
spectrum; they produce photographic and 
photochemic effects, and, destroy rapidly the 
vitality of bacteria. Syn., Actinic rays; 
Photographic rays. -R.s, Uranium. See 
R.s, Becquerel. R.s, X-. See R.s, Roentgen. 

Ray's Mania. Moral insanity, regarded by 
Ray as a distinct form of mental disorder. 

Raynaud's Disease {ra-no). 1. A trophoneu- 



RE- 



822 



REAUMUR'S THERMOMETER 



rosis characterized by three grades of inten- 
sity: (a) Local syncope, observed most fre- 
quently in the extremities, and producing the 
condition known as dead fingers or dead toes. 
(6) Local asphyxia, which usually follows 
local syncope, but may develop independently. 
The fingers, toes, and ears are the parts 
usually affected. In the most extreme 
degree the parts are swollen, stiff, and livid, 
and the capillary circulation is almost stag- 
nant, (c) Local or symmetric gangrene. 
Small areas of necrosis appear on the pads of 
the fingers and of the toes, also at the edges 
of the ears and tip of the nose. Occasionally 
symmetric patches are seen on the limbs 
or trunk, and in severe cases terminate in ex- 
tensive gangrene. Some cases are attended 
by hemoglobinuria. The pathology of the 
disease is obscure. 2. Paralysis of the 
muscles of the throat following parotitis. 
R.'s Gangrene. See R.'s Disease (1). 

Re-. A Latin prefix signifying back or again. 

Reaction (re-ak' '-shun) [re, again; agere, 
to act]. 1. Counteraction; opposite action; 
interaction. 2. The response of an organ 
or part to a stimulus. 3. In chemistry — (a) 
interaction of two or more substances when 
brought in contact; (b) the response to a 
certain test, as acid reaction, alkaline reaction, 
responding to the test for acid and alkali 
respectively. R., Addition, the direct union 
of two or more molecules to form a new mole- 
cule. R., Amphigenous, R., Amphoteric, 
a double reaction occurring occasionally in the 
urine, owing to the presence of substances by 
which the liquid responds to both the acid 
and alkaline tests. R., Bareggi's. See Ba- 
reggi's Reaction. R., Bechterew's. See 
Bechterew's Reaction. R., Chameleon, 
the peculiar change of color observed 
in cultures of Pseudomonas pyocyanea, from 
green to brown and back again. R., Chemic. 
See Reaction (3). R., Clump, the agglutina- 
tion of bacteria or of leukocytes as the result 
of the action of certain enzyms, lysins, or 
toxins. R., Consensual*, reaction which is 
independent of the will. R. of Degeneration, 
the reaction obtained when an electric stimulus 
is applied to a muscle deprived of its trophic 
nerve influence. It is characterized by the 
following conditions: diminution or abolition 
of the excitability of the muscles for the faradic 
current, with a temporary increase in excita- 
bility for the galvanic current. In the nerves 
there is a diminution or abolition of both far- 
adic and galvanic excitability. The reactions 
of the muscle to the galvanic current (the true 
reaction of degeneration) may be formulated 
as follows: 

AnCIC <KaClC ).. . 

AnOC > KaOC j" Muscle normal. 

AnCIC = KaCIC 1 Muscle in first stage of 

AnOC = KaOC j degeneration. 

AaCIC > KaCIC 1 Muscle in more advanced 

AnOC < KaOC j stage of degeneration. 
AnCIC = anodal closing contraction; AnOC =? anodal 
opening contraction ; KaCIC = kathodal closing con- 
traction ; KaOC = kathodal opening contraction. 



See P 'flue ger's Law of Contraction. R., Elec- 
tric, a response in a muscle or a part produced 
by electric stimulation. R. of Exhaustion, a 
variety of reaction to electric excitation seen 
in states of exhaustion, in which a certain 
reaction produced by a given current-strength 
cannot be reproduced without an increase of 
current-strength. R., Franklinic, of De- 
generation, a rare form of reaction of de- 
generation produced by static electricity and 
similar to that obtained by the faradic current. 
R., Hemianopic Pupillary, of Wernicke, 
a reaction obtained in some cases of hemiano- 
pia in which a pencil of light thrown on the 
blind side of the retina gives rise to no move- 
ment in the iris, but thrown upon the normal 
side, produces contraction of the iris! It 
indicates that the lesion producing the hemia- 
nopia is situated at or anterior to the genicu- 
late bodies. R., Mixed, a reaction normal 
in the nerve and altered in the muscle. It is 
called by Erb the middle form of degenera- 
tive reaction. R., Myasthenic, that in 
which the normal tetanic contraction of a 
muscle under faradic stimulation becomes 
less intense and of shorter duration with 
every consecutive stimulus and finally ceases, 
the muscle being exhausted. Syn., Faradic 
exhaustibility. R., Myotonic, a reaction 
seen in Thomsen's disease, in which there 
is quantitative increase in the faradic excita- 
bility. See Erb's Waves. R., Neurotonic, 
in electrotherapy, a tonic persistence of con- 
traction, after the current has been broken, 
upon galvanic and faradic stimulation of 
the nerve alone, in contradistinction to the 
myotonic persistency that follows faradic 
stimulation of the muscle. R., Neutral, a 
reaction indicating the absence of both acid 
and alkaline properties. R.-period, R.- 
time, the interval between the application 
of a stimulus and the beginning of the cor- 
responding motor act. R., Piotrowski's. 
See Piolrowski' s Reaction. R., Thread, a pe- 
culiar reaction, consisting in the formation of 
long interlacing threads, produced in certain 
bacteria, Bacillus coli communis, Bacillus 
proteus, etc., when brought in contact with 
blood-serum, especially that of the individual 
from whom the bacteria were obtained. R., 
Widal. See Widal's Reaction. 

Reader's Cramp. A spasm of the ocular 
muscles following prolonged reading. 

Reagent {re-a'-jent) [re, again; agere, to act]. 
A substance used to produce a chemic reac- 
tion. 

Real Focus. See Focus (2). R. Image. See 
Image, Real. 

Realgar (re-al' - gar ) [ Ar. , rah] al - ghar, 
powder of the mine]. Arsenous disulfid, 

/\S202« 

Reamputation (re-am-pu-ta' '-shun) [re-; ampu- 
tation]. An amputation upon a member on 
which the operation has been performed be- 
fore. 

Reaumur's Thermometer. See Thermom- 
eter, Reaumur. 



RECEIVER 



823 



RECTOVESICAL 



Receiver (re-se' '-ver) [recipire, to receive], 
i. The vessel receiving the products of dis- 
tillation. 2. In an air-pump, the jar in which 
the vacuum is produced. 

Receptaculum {re-sep-tak' -u-lum) [L., "a re- 
ceptacle"]. A receptacle. R. chyli, the sac- 
like beginning of the thoracic duct opposite 
the last dorsal vertebra. R. seminis. See 
Cistern, Seminal. 

Receptor (re-sep'-tor) [recipere, to receive]. A 
name given by Ehrlich to the atomic lateral 
chain or haptophorous group, which, existing 
in each cell in addition to its nucleus, com- 
bines with the intermediary body. R. of 
the First Order, one that unites with a 
toxin. R. of the Second Order, one that 
has two haptophore groups, one of which 
unites with a nutritional substance (immune 
body) and the other with a fermentive sub- 
stance (complement). 

Recession {re-sesh' -un) [recedere, to recede]. 
The gradual withdrawal of a part from its 
normal position, as the recession of the gums 
from the necks of the teeth. 

Recessus (re-ses'-us) [L.]. A depression or 
recess. R. hemiellipticus. See Fovea hemi- 
elliptica. R. hemisphaericus. See Fovea 
hemisphcerica. R. pharyngeus, a pouch- 
like process of the mucosa of the pharynx 
situated below the opening of the eustachian 
tube. 

Recidivation (re-sid-iv-a' 'shun) [recidivus, a 
falling back]. The relapsing of a disease. 

Recipe (res'-ip-e). i. The imperative of re- 
cipere, used as the heading of a physician's 
prescription, and signifying take. Symbol 
1$. 2. Also the formula itself. 

Reciprocal Proportions, Law of. See Dal- 
ton's Law. 

Recklinghausen's Canals. See Canals of 
Recklinghausen. R.'s Disease, i. Neuro- 
fibromatosis. 2. Hemachromatosis; an affec- 
tion characterized by bronzing of the skin, 
hypertrophic cirrhosis of the liver, enlarge- 
ment of the spleen, and, in later stages, dia- 
betes from pancreatic sclerosis. 

Reclination (rek-lin-a' '-shun) [reclinare, to 
recline], i. An old operation for cataract, 
called also "couching," in which the lens 
was pushed back into the vitreous chamber. 
2. The act of lying down. 

Reclus' Disease. Cystic disease of the 
mammary gland; chronic cystic or interstitial 
mastitis. 

Recomposition {re-kom-po-zish'-un) [recom- 
ponere, to reunite]. Reunion of parts or 
constituents after temporary dissolution. 

Reconstituent {re-kon-stif -u-ent) [re-; con- 
stituere, to constitute]. A medicine which 
promotes continuous repair of tissue-waste or 
makes compensation for its loss. 

Recrement (rek f -re-ment) [recrementum, from 
re, again; crescere, to grow]. A secretion 
that is reabsorbed after fulfilling its function. 

Recrementitious {rek-re-men-tish' -us) [recre- 
ment]. Pertaining to or of the nature of a 
recrement. 



Recrudescence (re-kru-des'-ens) [re-; cru- 
descere, to become raw]. An increase in the 
symptoms of a disease after a remission or 
a short intermission. 

Rectal {rek'-tal). Pertaining to the rectum 
or performed through the rectum. R. Ali- 
mentation. See Alimentation, Rectal. R. 
Crises, attacks of rectal pain and tenesmus 
occurring in locomotor ataxia. 

Rectalgia {rek-tal' -je-ah) [rectum; alyog, pain]. 
Pain in the rectum; proctalgia. 

Rectification {rek-tij-ik-a 1 '-shun) [rectus, 
straight; facere, to make], i. A straighten- 
ing, as rectification of a crooked limb. 2. 
The redistillation of weak spirit in order to 
strengthen it. 

Rectified Spirit. Alcohol containing 94.9 % 
of ethyl-alcohol. 

Rectify (rek f -lif-i) [see Rectification]. To make 
right or straight; to refine. 

Rectitis (rek-ti'-tis). See Proctitis. 

Recto- {rek-to-) [rectum], A prefix meaning re- 
lating to the rectum. 

Rectoabdominal {rek-to-ab-dom'-in-at). Re- 
lating to the rectum and the abdomen. 

Rectocele {rek'-to-sel) [recto-; ktjAt), hernia]. 
Prolapse of the rectum into the vagina. 

Rectococcygeal {rek-to-kok-sif -e-al) [recto-; 
coccygeal]. Pertaining to the rectum and the 
coccyx. 

Rectococcypexia (rek-to-koks-e-peks'-e-ah) [rec- 
to-; KOKKut;, coccyx; Trq&f, a fastening]. 
Suturing of the rectum to the coccyx. 

Rectocolitis {rek-to-kol-i'-tis). Inflammation 
of the mucosa of the rectum and colon com- 
bined. 

Rectocolonic {rek-to-ko-lon'-ik) [recto-; colon]. 
Pertaining to the rectum and the colon. 

Rectocystotomy {rek-to-sist-of -o-me) [recto-; 
cystotomy]. Incision of the bladder through 
the rectum. 

Rectogenital (rek-lo-jen'-it-al). Pertaining to 
the rectum and the genital organs. 

Recto labial (rek-to-la'-be-al). Relating to the 
rectum and the labia pudendi. 

Rectopexia (rek-to-peks'-e-ah) [recto-; ny^cc, 
a fastening]. Surgical fixation of a prolapsed 
rectum. 

Rectoscope {rek' -to-skop) [recto-; okotcuv, to 
inspect]. A rectal speculum. 

Rectostenosis {rek-to -sten-o' '-sis) [recto-, steno- 
sis]. Stenosis of the rectum. 

Rectostomy {rek-tos'-to-me). See Proctostomy. 

Rectotome {rek' -to -torn) [recto-; ropr), a cut- 
ting]. A cutting instrument used in rectot- 
omy. 

Rectotomy {rek-tot 1 -o-me) . See Proctotomy. 

Rectourethral (rek-to-u-re' '-thral) [recto-; 
urethra]. Pertaining to the rectum and the 
urethra. 

Rectouterine {rek-to-u'-ter-in) [recto-; uterus]. 
Pertaining to the rectum and the uterus. 

Rectovaginal (rek-to-vaf '-in-al) [recto-; 

vagina]. Pertaining to the rectum and the 
vagina. R. Fistula, an opening between the 
vagina and the rectum. 

Rectovesical {rek-to-ves' -ik-al) [recto-; vesica, 



RECTUM 



824 



REFLEX 



the bladder]. Pertaining to the rectum and 
the bladder. 

Rectum {rek' - turn) [rectus, straight]. The 
lower part of the large intestine, extending 
from the sigmoid flexure to the anus. It be- 
gins opposite the left sacroiliac synchondrosis, 
passes obliquely downward to the middle of 
the sacrum, and thence descends in the median 
line to terminate at the anus. 

Rectus {rek'-tus) [L.]. Straight; applied to 
anything having a straight course. R. Mus- 
cle. See under Muscle. 

Recumbent (re-kum'-bent) [recumbere, to re- 
cline]. Leaning back ; reclining. 

Recuperate {re-ku'-per-dt) [recuperare, to re- 
gain]. To regain strength or health. 

Recurrens {re-kur' -enz) [see Recurrent]. Re- 
lapsing fever. 

Recurrent {re-kur' -ent) [re, back; currere, to 
run], i. Returning. 2. In anatomy, turn- 
ing back in its course, as recurrent laryngeal 
nerve. R. Fever, relapsing fever. 

Red [AS., redd]. The least refrangible of the 
spectral colors ; of a color resembling that of 
the blood. R. Bark. See Cinchona. R.- 
blindness. See under Blindness, Color-. R. 
Gum, a red, papular eruption of infants. 
Syn., Strophulus. R. Lead, red lead oxid, 
formerly used in plasters. R. Nucleus. See 
Nucleus, Tegmental. R. Pepper. See Cap- 
sicum. R. Precipitate. See Mercury Oxid, 
Red. R. Softening, a form of acute softening 
of the brain or spinal cord, characterized by 
a red, punctiform appearance due to the pres- 
ence of blood. 

Redintegration (red-in-te-gra 1 '-shun) [redinte- 
grare, to renew]. The complete restitution 
of a part that has been injured or destroyed. 

Redressment (re-dres 1 '-ment) [Ft., redresse- 
ment]. Correction of a deformity or replace- 
ment of a dislocated part. Redressement 
force, the forcible correction of a deformity 
or restoration of a displaced part. 

Reduce {re-dus') [re, back; ducere, to lead]. 
1. To restore a part to its normal relations, 
as to reduce a hernia or fracture. 2. In 
chemistry, to bring back to the metallic form; 
to deprive of oxygen. 

Reduced {re-dusd') [reduce]. 1. Restored to 
the proper place. 2. In chemistry, brought 
back into the metallic form, as reduced iron. 
3. Diminished in size. R. Eye. See Eye, 
Reduced, of Donders. 

Reducible {re-du'-si-bl) [reduce]. Capable of 
being reduced. 

Reducin {re-du'-sin). A leukomain, C 12 H 24 - 
N 6 9 , found in urine. 

Reduction {re-duk' -shun) [reduce]. The act 
of reducing. R. en bloc, R. en masse, 
the reduction of a strangulated hernia still 
surrounded by its sac, thus failing to relieve 
the strangulation. 

Reduplicated {re-du' ' -plik-a-ted) [see Redupli- 
cation]. Doubled, as reduplicated heart - 
sounds. See Reduplication. 

Reduplication {re-du-plik-a' -shun) [re, again; 
duplicare, to double]. A doubling. R. of 



the Heart-sounds, a doubling of either the 
first or the second sound of the heart. 

Redux {re' - duks) [L.]. Returning. R., 
Crepitus, the small mucous rales heard in 
the early stage of the resolution of lobar 
pneumonia. 

Reed {red). See Abomasum. 

Reel, Cerebellar. The peculiar staggering 
gait in diseases of the cerebellum, particularly 
in tumor. 

Rees' Test for Albumin. Small amounts of 
albumin are precipitated by an alcoholic 
solution of tannic acid. 

Reevolution {re-ev-ol-u' -shun) . Hughlings 

Jackson's term for a symptom following an 
epileptic attack, which consists of three 
stages: (1) Suspension of power to under- 
stand speech (word-deafness); (2) perception 
of words and echolalia without comprehen- 
sion; (3) return to conscious perception of 
speech with continued lack of comprehension. 

Refine {re-fin') [re, again; finire, to finish]. 
To purify; to separate a substance from 
foreign matter. 

Reflection {re-flek'-shun) [reflex]. A bending 
or turning back; specifically, the turning 
back of a ray of light from a surface upon 
which it impinges without penetrating. 

Reflector {re-flek'-tor). A polished surface by 
which light is reflected. 

Reflex {re'-fleks) [re, back; flectere, to bend]. 
1. Anything reflected or thrown back. 2. A 
reflex act. R., Abdominal, contraction of 
the muscles about the umbilicus, on sharp, 
sudden stroking of the abdominal wall from 
the margin of the ribs downward; it shows 
integrity of the spinal cord from the eighth 
to the twelfth dorsal nerve. R. Act, an act 
following immediately upon a stimulus with- 
out the intervention of the will. R., Ankle, 
clonic contractions of the tendo achillis, de- 
pendent upon alternate contraction and re- 
laxation of the anterior, tibial, and calf-mus- 
cles; obtained by sudden complete flexion of 
the foot, by pressing the hand against the sole. 
Syn., Ankle-clonus. R. Arc, the mechanism 
necessary for a reflex action; it consists of 
an afferent or sensory nerve; a nerve-center 
to change this sensory impulse into a motor 
one; and an efferent or motor nerve to carry 
a motor impulse to the muscle or group of 
muscles. R., Biceps, contraction of the 
biceps muscle on tapping the tendon of the 
biceps; a normal reflex, but increased by the 
causes which increase the knee-jerk. R., 
Bone, a reflex muscular contraction evoked 
by blows over a bone. R., Bulbocavernous. 
See R. } Virile. R., Chin. See R., Jaw. 
R., Ciliospinal, pupillary dilation on irri- 
tation of the skin of the neck. R., 
Corneal. Same as R., Eyelid-closure. R., 
Cremasteric, retraction of the testicle on 
the corresponding side, obtained on stimula- 
tion of the skin on the front and inner aspect 
of the thigh; it shows integrity of the cord 
between the first and second pairs of lumbar 
nerves. R., Crossed, one in which stimulation 



REFLEX 



825 



REFLEX 



of one side of the body produces a reflex on 
the opposite side. R., Deep, reflexes devel- 
oped by percussion of tendons or bones. R., 
Dorsal. Same as R., Erector spina. R., 
Epigastric, dimpling in the epigastrium, 
due to contraction of the highest fibers of 
the rectus abdominis muscle, on stimulation 
of the skin in the fifth or sixth intercostal 
space near the axilla; it shows integrity of 
the cord from the fourth to the seventh dorsal 
nerves. R., Erector spinae, local contrac- 
tion of erector spinae muscle on stimulation 
of the skin along the border; it shows in- 
tegrity of the dorsal region of the cord. R., 
Eyelid-closure, closure of the lid on irrita- 
tion of the conjunctiva. R., Faucial, vomit- 
ing on irritation of the fauces. R., Femoral, 
plantar flexion of the first three toes and of 
the foot, and extension of the knee-joint upon 
irritation of the skin on the upper anterior 
aspect of the thigh; it occurs in disease of 
the spinal cord, e. g., in some cases of trans- 
verse myelitis. R., Front-tap. See R., 
Tendo achillis. R., Gluteal, contraction of 
the glutei upon firm, sudden stroking of the 
skin over the buttock; it shows integrity 
of the cord at the fourth and fifth lumbar 
nerves. R., Guttural, a reflex observed in 
cases of diseased genitalia in women, in which 
the patient is desirous of spitting but cannot. 
R., Haab's Pupil-. See Haab's Pupil-reflex. 
R., Interscapular. SeeR.,Scaptilar. R., Iris- 
contraction. See R., Pupillary. R., Jaw, 
clonic movements of the inferior maxilla, ob- 
tained on a downward stroke with a hammer 
on the lower jaw hanging passively or gently 
supported by the hand ; it is rarely present in 
health; increased in sclerosis of the lateral 
columns of cord. Syn., Jaw-clonus; Jaw-jerk. 
R., Knee, contraction of the quadriceps 
muscle, the foot being jerked forward on 
striking the patellar tendon after rendering 
it tense by flexing the knee at a right angle; 
it is normal in health; absent in locomotor 
ataxia, destructive lesions of the lower part 
of the cord, multiple neuritis, affections of 
the anterior gray cornua, infantile paralysis, 
meningitis, diphtheric paralysis, atrophic 
palsy, pseudohypertrophic muscular paralysis, 
diabetes, etc.; increased in diseases of the 
pyramidal tracts, in spinal irritability, tumors 
of the brain, cerebrospinal sclerosis, lateral 
sclerosis, after epileptic seizures or unilateral 
convulsions. Syn., Knee-jerk. R., Laryn- 
geal, coughing, produced by irritation 
of the fauces, larynx, etc. R., Lumbar. 
Same as R., Erector spina. R. Multi- 
plicator, 'an apparatus for the registra- 
tion of tendon-reflexes. R., Nasal, sneezing, 
on irritation of the schneiderian membrane. 
R., Obliquus, contraction of the fibers of the 
obliquus externus in females (corresponds to 
cremasteric in males, although it can also 
be caused in males) on irritation of skin 
below Poupart's ligament. R., Ophthalmic. 
See R., Supraorbital. R., Palatal, swallowing 



produced by irritation of the palate. R., 
Palmar, contraction of the digital flexors 
upon tickling the palm; it shows that the 
cervical region of the cord is normal. R., 
Patellar. Same as R., Knee. R., Pa- 
tellar, Paradoxic, contraction of the ad- 
ductor but not of the quadriceps muscle on 
percussing the patellar tendon, with the 
patient in the dorsal decubitus. If the 
patient is in the sitting posture, the normal 
reflex is elicited; it shows spinal concussion. 
R.s, Pathic, movements resulting from 
stimulation of a sensory nerve. R., Penis. 
See R., Virile. R., Periosteal, sharp con- 
tractions of the muscles upon tapping the 
bones of the forearm or leg; it indicates dis- 
ease of the lateral columns of the spinal cord. 
R., Peroneal, reflex movements caused by 
a stroke on the peroneus muscles when tense 
or when the foot is turned inward. R., 
Pharyngeal, swallowing produced by irrita- 
tion of the pharynx. R., Plantar, contrac- 
tion of the toes upon stroking the sole of 
the foot. R., Platysma, dilation of the 
pupil upon pinching the platysma myoides 
muscle. R., Pupillary, contraction of the 
iris on exposure of the retina to light; it is 
absent in basal meningitis, etc. R., Pupil- 
lary, Paradoxic, dilation of the pupil on 
stimulation of the retina by light. R., Scap- 
ular, contraction of the scapular muscles on 
irritation of the interscapular region; it shows 
integrity of the cord between the upper two 
or three dorsal and lower two or three cervical 
nerves. R., Skin. See R., Platysma. R., 
Sole. Same as R., Plantar. R., Spinal, 
those reflex actions emanating from centers 
in the spinal cord. R., Superficial, such 
as are developed from irritation of the 
skin. R., Supraorbital, a slight contrac- 
tion of the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle 
on striking the supraorbital nerve or one 
of its branches a slight blow. R., Tendo 
achillis, reflex contraction of the gastrocne- 
mius muscle, produced by striking the mus- 
cles on the anterior part of leg while in exten- 
sion, the foot being extended by the hand 
upon the sole; it is considered a delicate test 
of heightened spinal irritability. Syn., Front- 
tap contraction. R., Toe, involuntary flexion 
of the foot, then flexion of the leg, and, lastly, 
flexion of the thigh on the pelvis upon strong 
flexion of the great toe; it is seen in cases in 
which the knee-jerk and other tendon-reflexes 
are strongly developed. R., Triceps, extension 
of the forearm on tapping the tendon of the 
triceps muscle. R., Virile, retraction of the 
bulbocavernous portion upon sharp percussion 
of the back of the penis, the sheath having been 
made tense; it occurs in health. R., Visceral, 
one of a group of reflexes, as, blinking, from 
touching the cornea; penile, erection on slight 
contact or produced by passing a catheter; 
rectal, constriction of the bowel following 
introduction of a foreign body, as a sup- 
pository; sneezing, that produced by a draft 



REFLEXOGRAPH 



826 



REGION 



3 



of cold air or a brilliant light; vesical, con- 
traction of the bladder following irritation of 
the urethral orifice, e. g., incontinence of 
urine in children, by reason of a long prepuce; 
vomiting, from tickling the fauces. R., 
Wrist, a series of jerking movements of the 
hand produced by pressing the hand back- 
ward to extreme extension; observed in 
the late rigidity of hemiplegia. Syn., Wrist- 
clonus. 

Reflexograph (re-fleks'-o-graf) [reflex; fpacf^cv, 
to write]. An instrument for measuring, 
timing, and charting automatically knee-jerks 
and other tendon-reflexes. 

Refiexophil (re-fleks'-o-fil) [reflex; <f>cXe~cv, to 
love]. Attended by reflex activity. 

Reflux (re'-fluks) [re, back; fluere, to flow]. 
A return flow. 

Refract (re-frakV) [re, back; fr anger e, to break], 
i. To bend back. 2. To change direction by 
refraction. 3. To estimate the degree of 
ametropia, heterophoria, and heterotropia 
present in an eye. 

Refracta dosi (re-frak' -tah do'-si) [L.]. In 
broken doses. 

Refraction (re-frak' -shun) [refract]. 1. The 
act of refracting or bending back. 2. The 
deviation of a ray of light from a straight 
line in passing obliquely from one transparent 
medium to another of different density. 3. 
The state of refractive power, especially of 
the eye; the ametropia, emmetropia, or muscle- 
imbalance present. 4. The act or process of 
correcting errors of ocular refraction. R., 
Angle of, the angle formed by a refracted 
ray of light with the perpendicular at the 
point of refraction. R., Double, the power 
possessed by certain substances, as Iceland 
spar, of dividing a ray of light and thus 
producing a double image of an object. 
R., Dynamic, the static refraction of the 
eye, plus that secured by the action of the 
accommodative apparatus. R., Index of, 
the refractive power of any substance as 
compared with air. It is the quotient of the 
angle of incidence divided by the angle of 
refraction of a ray passing through the sub- 
stance. R., Static, that of the eye when 
accommodation is at rest. 

Refractive (re-frak' -tiv) [refract]. Refracting; 
capable of refracting or bending back; per- 
taining to refraction. R. Index. See Index, 
Refractive. 

Refractivity (re-frak-tiv'-it-e) [refract]. Power 
of refraction; ability to refract. 

Refractometer (re-frak-tom'-et-er) [refract; 
[ikrpov, a measure]. 1. An instrument for 
measuring the refraction of the eye. 2. 
An instrument for the determination of the 
refractive indexes of liquids. 

Refractory (re-frak' -tor-e) [refractarius, stub- 
born]. 1. Resisting treatment. 2. Resisting 
the action of heat; slow to melt. 

Refracture (re-frak' -tur) [re, back; frangere, 
to break]. The breaking again of fractured 
bones that have joined by faulty or improper 
union. 



Refrangibility (re-fran-jib-il'-it-e) [sec Refract]. 
Capability of undergoing refraction. 

Refresh (re- fresh') [re, again; friscus, new]. 
In surgery, to give to an old lesion the char- 
. acter of a fresh wound. 

Refrigerant (re-frif '-er-ant) [see Refrigeration]. 
1. Cooling; lessening fever. 2. A medicine 
or agent having cooling properties or lowering 
body-temperature . 

Refrigeration (re-frij-er-a'-shun) [re, again; 
frigus, cold]. The act of lowering the tem- 
perature of a body by conducting away its 
heat to a surrounding cooler substance. 

Refusion (re-fu'-zhun) [refusio, an over- 
flowing]. The act of withdrawing blood from 
the vessels, exposing it to the oxygen of the 
air, and passing it back again. 

Regeneration (re-jen-er-a' -shun) [re, again; 
generare, to beget]. The repair of lost or 
diseased structures. 

Regimen (rej'-im-en) [regere, to rule]. The 
regulated use of food and the sanitary ar- 
rangement of surroundings to suit existing 
conditions of health or disease. 

Region (re'-jun) [regio, a region]. One of 
the divisions of the body possessing either 
natural or arbitrary boundaries. R.s of the 
Abdomen. See under Abdomen. R., Epigas- 
tric. See under Abdomen. R., Hypochon- 
driac. See under Abdomen. R., Hypogastric. 
See under Abdomen. R., Iliac, the region ex- 
ternal to the hypogastric region. R., Infra- 
axillary, the space between the anterior and 
posterior axillary lines. R., Infraclavicular, 
the space just below the clavicle. R., Infra- 
mammary, the space between a line drawn 
along the upper border of the xiphoid carti- 
tilage and the margin of the false ribs. R., 
Infrascapular, the region on each side of the 
vertebral column below a horizontal line 
drawn through the inferior angle of each 
scapula. R., Infraspinous, that included 
between the spine of the scapula and a line 
passing through the angle of the scapula. 
R., Inguinal, the region of the groin. R., 
Interscapular, the space between the 
scapulas. R., Ischiorectal, the region be- 
tween the ischium and the rectum. R., Lum- 
bar. See under Abdomen. R., Mammary, 
the space on the anterior surface of the chest 
between the third and the sixth ribs. R., 
Parotid. See R., Retrom axillary. R., Pre- 
cordial, the surface of the chest covering the 
heart. R., Prevertebral, the ventral surface 
of the vertebral column. R., Pulmo vascu- 
lar, the part of the, thorax in which the lung 
overlaps the origins of the large vessels. R., 
Retromaxillary, the area dorsad of the 
superior maxilla. R., Sacrococcygeal, that 
part of the dorsal wall of the pelvis correspond- 
ing to the ventral surface of the sacrum 
and coccyx. R., Sternal, the region overlying 
the sternum. R., Sternal, Inferior, the 
part of the sternal region lying below the 
margins of the third costal cartilages. R., 
Sternal, Superior, that portion of the ster- 
nal region lying above the lower margins of 



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827 



REGIONAL 



828 



REISSNER'S CANAL 



the third costal cartilages. R., Subclavic- 
ular. See JR., Infraclavicular. R., Sub- 
mammary. -Same as R., Inframammary. 
R., Subscapular. See R., Infrascapular. 
R., Supraclavicular, the space above the 
clavicle. R., Suprainguinal, that bounded 
by the rectus abdominis muscle, Poupart's 
ligament, and a line through the iliac crest. 
R., Supraspinous, the region corresponding 
to the supraspinous fossa of the scapula. 
R., Thoracic, that of the entire surface of the 
thorax. R., Thyrohyoid, the region around 
the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone. 
R., Umbilical. See under Abdomen. 

Regional (re'-jun-al) [region]. Pertaining to 
a region. R. Anatomy, the branch of 
anatomy that treats of the relations of the 
structures in a region of the body to each 
other and to the body-surface. (See illustra- 
tions on p. 827.) 

Regressive {re-gres' -iv) [re, back; gradi, to 
go]. Going back; returning; subsiding. 

Regular (reg'-u-lar) [regere, to rule]. Ac- 
cording to rule or custom. R. Physician, 
one belonging to the regular school. R. 
School of Medicine, the great mass of the 
profession, whose practice is based on the 
results of experience and experimental re- 
search without adherence to any exclusive 
theory of therapeutics. 

Regurgitation ire-gur-fit-a'-shun) [re, again; 
gurgitare, to engulf]. 1. A back-flow of 
blood through a heart -valve that is defective. 
2. The return of food from the stomach to the 
mouth soon after eating, without the ordinary 
efforts at vomiting. R., Aortic, that of the 
blood-serum through the aorta from in- 
competence of the valves. R., Functional, a 
form of mitral regurgitation due to contraction 
of the chordae tendinese and papillary muscles. 
R., Mitral. See Mitral Regurgitation. 

Reichardt's Test for Arsenic in the Urine. 
Concentrate 200 Cc. of urine with about 2 
Gm. of caustic soda; dissolve the residue in a 
little water acidulated with hydrochloric acid, 
and then test in a Marsh's apparatus. 

ReichePs Cloacal Duct. See Duct, Reich- 
el's Cloacal. 

Reichert's Canal. See Canal, Hensen's. R.'s 
Cartilages, the hyoid bars which constitute 
the skeletal elements of the hyoid branchial 
arch of the embryo and ultimately become 
the styloid processes, the stylohyal ligaments, 
and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone. R.'s 
Membrane. See Bowman's Membrane. 

Reichl's Test for Proteids. To the proteid 
solution add 2 or 3 drops of an alcoholic so- 
lution of benzaldehyd, and then considerable 
sulfuric acid, previously diluted with an equal 
bulk of water. Finally, add a few drops of 
a ferric sulfate solution, and a deep blue 
coloration will be produced in the cold after 
some time, or at once on warming. Solid 
proteids are stained blue by this reaction. 

Reichl-Mikosch's Reagent for Albumins. 
Benzaldehyd and sulfuric acid containing 
ferric sulfate. 



Reichmann's Disease. A chronic disease 
of the stomach characterized by permanent 
gastric hypersecretion, associated with marked 
dilation of the stomach, with thickening of its 
walls, and hypertrophy of the glands. It is 
accompanied by violent attacks, of pain with 
vomiting, and may be followed by the forma- 
tion of a round ulcer on the wall of the stom- 
ach. R.'s Sign, the presence in the stomach, 
before eating in the morning, of an acid 
liquid mixed with alimentary residues; it is 
indicative of gastrosuccorrhea and pyloric 
stenosis.. 

Reid's Lines. Three imaginary lines serving 
for measurements in craniocerebral topog- 
raphy; one of them, the base line, is drawn 
from the lower margin of the orbit through 
the center of the external auditory meatus 
to just below the external occipital protuber- 
ance. The two others are perpendicular to it, 
one corresponding to the small depression in 
front of the external auditory meatus, the 
other to the posterior border of the mastoid 
process. The fissure of Rolando extends 
from the upper limit of the posterior vertical 
line to the point of intersection of the anterior 
line and the fissure of Sylvius. 

Reil's Ansa. A tract of fibers passing from 
the optic thalamus downward and outward 
toward the white substance of the hemisphere. 
Syn., Ansa peduncularis; Goose's foot. R.'s 
Covered Band, the lateral longitudinal 
strias; the longitudinal fibers which cross the 
transverse strias beneath the fornicate convolu- 
tion. R.'s Island. See Island of Reil. R.'s 
Line, a ridge descending posteriorly from the 
summit of the pyramid of the cerebellum. 
R.'s Sulcus, the sulcus in the bottom of the 
sylvian fissure, separating the insula from the 
remainder of the hemisphere. 

Reimplantation (re-im-plan-ta' '-shun) [re, 
again; plantar e, to plant]. In dental surgery, 
the replacing of a drawn tooth into its socket. 

Reinfection (re-in-fek' -shun) [re, again; in- 
fection]. Infection a second time with the 
same kind of virus. 

Reinoculation (re-in-ok-u-la' '-shun) [re, again; 
inoculare, to inoculate]. Inoculation a second 
time with the same kind of virus. 

Reinsch's Test. A test for arsenic. The 
suspected fluid is strongly acidulated with 
hydrochloric acid and boiled, some slips of 
bright copper being added; a grayish coating 
on the copper may be shown to be arsenic by 
heating in a glass tube held obliquely, when, 
if it is arsenic, a crystalline coating will be 
sublimated on the glass above the copper. 

Rein version ire-in-ver' -shun) [re, again; in- 
vert]. The act of reducing an inverted uterus 
by the application of pressure to the fundus. 

Reisseisen's Muscles. The muscular fibers 
of the bronchi. 

Reissner's Canal. See Canal, Membranous, of 
the Cochlea. R. 's Membrane, the membrana 
vestibularis; a delicate membrane which sep- 
arates the membranous cochlea (scala media) 
from the scala vestibuli. 



N 



REJUVENESCENCE 



829 



REPERCUSSIVE 



Rejuvenescence (re-ju-ven-es'-ens) [re, again; 
juvenescere, to grow young]. A renewal of 
youth; a renewal of strength and vigor. 
Relapse {re-laps') [re, again; labi, to fall]. 
A return of an attack of a disease shortly 
after the beginning of convalescence. 

Relapsing Fever. An acute infectious dis- 
ease due to Spirochceta obermeieri. After 
a period of incubation of from 5 to 7 days, 
the disease sets in with chilL fever, and 
pains in the back and limbs. The spleen 
enlarges, sweats and delirium occur, and the 
symptoms continue for 5 or 6 days, then 
suddenly cease by crisis. After a variable in- 
terval, usually in about a week, a second par- 
oxysm occurs, which may be followed by a 
third and fourth. The disease prevails where 
conditions of overcrowding and defective 
food-supply obtain; hence the name some- 
times given it, famine-fever. 

Relaxant {re-laks' -ant) [see Relaxation]. 1. 
Loosening; causing relaxation. . 2. An agent 
that diminishes tension. 

Relaxation {re-laks-a' -shun) [re, again; laxare, 
to loosen]. A diminution of tension in a part; 
a diminution in functional activity, as relax- 
ation of the skin. 

Relief (re-lef) [OF., relef, a raising]. 1. The 
partial removal of anything distressing; 
alleviation. R. Incision, one to relieve 
tension; as in an abscess. 

Remak's Band (rem'-ak). The axis-cylinder 
of a nerve-fiber. R.'s Fibers. See Fibers 
of Remak. R.'s Fibrils, the fibrils composing 
a nonmedullated nerve-fiber. R.'s Ganglion. 
See Ganglion, Remak 's. R.'s Layer, the inner 
longitudinal fibrous layer of the tunica 
intima of large arteries. R.'s Sign, the pro- 
duction, by the pricking of a needle, of a 
double sensation, the second being painful; 
it is noted in tabes dorsalis. R.'s Type of 
Palsy, paralysis affecting the muscles of 
the arm — the deltoid, biceps, brachialis anti- 
cus, and supinator longus. 

Remedial {re-me' -de-al) [remedy]. Having the 
nature of a remedy; relieving; curative. 

Remedy {rem'-ed-e) [re, again; mederi, to 
heal]. Anything used in the treatment of 
disease. 

Remijia {re-mij'-e-ah) [Remijo, a Spanish 
surgeon]. A genus of rubiaceous shrubs 
and trees closely related to cinchona. 

Remission {re-mish' -un) [re, back; mittere, 
to send]. 1. Abatement or subsidence of the 
symptoms of a disease. 2. The period of 
diminution of the symptoms of a disease. 

Remittent {re-miV -ent) [remission]. Charac- 
terized by remissions. R. Fever, a malarial 
fever characterized by periods of remission 
without complete apyrexia. 

Remulus {rem'-u-lus) [L., "a small oar"]. 
The narrow dorsal portion of a rib. 

Ren [L.]. Kidney. 

Renaden {ren' -ad-en). A proprietary prepara- 
tion from kidnevs; used in chronic nephritis. 
Dose 1 \-2 dr. (6-8 Gm.). 

Renal {re'-nal) [ren]. Pertaining to the kidney. 



R. Calculus, a concretion in the kidney. 
R. Inadequacy, the condition in which the 
amount of urinary solids, and often the quan- 
tity of urine itself, is considerably diminished. 
It is probably due to an exhausted condition 
of the epithelial cells of the kidney. R. Plexus. 
See Plexus, Renal. 

Renculin {ren'-ku-lin) [ren]. An albuminoid 
said to exist in the suprarenal capsules. 

Rendu's Type of Tremor. A hysteric tremor 
provoked or increased by volitional move- 
ments. 

Renicapsule (ren-e-kap'-sill) [ren; capsula, 
a capsule]. A suprarenal capsule. 

Reniform {ren'-e-form) [ren; forma, form]. 
Kidney-shaped. 

Renin {ren' -in) [ren]. A renal substance used 
in organotherapy. 

Renipuncture (ren-e-punk'-chur) [ren; pun- 
gere, to prick]. Puncture of the capsule of 
the kidney. 

Renitent (ren f -it-ent) [reniti, to resist]. Re- 
sistant to pressure. 

Rennet {ren'-et) [AS., rinnan, to run]. _ The 
prepared inner membrane of the fourth 
stomach of the calf, or an infusion of this 
membrane. It contains a milk-curdling fer- 
ment that decomposes casein. 

Rennin {ren'-in) [see Rennet]. The milk- 
curdling ferment of the gastric juice. 

Renninogen, Rennogen {ren-in'-o-jen, ren'- 
o-jen) [rennet]. The zymogen whence rennin 
is formed; it exists in the cells of the mucous 
membrane of the stomach. 

Renocutaneous {ren-o-ku-ta' -ne-us) [ren; cu- 
taneous]. Relating to the kidneys and the 
skin. 

Renogastric {ren-o-gas'-trik) [ren; yaa-i t p, 
stomach]. Relating to the kidney and the 
stomach. 

Renuent {ren'-u-ent) [renuens, nodding back 
the head]. In anatomy, throwing back the 
head; applied to certain muscles. 

Reoch's Test for Albumin. See Mac-Wil- 
liam. R.'s Test for Hydrochloric Acid in 
the Contents of the Stomach, on the ad- 
dition of a mixture of citrate of iron and 
quinin and potassium sulfocyanid to the 
gastric juice or contents of the stomach, con- 
taining free hydrochloric acid, a red colora- 
tion will be produced. 

Reorganization {re-or-gan-iz-a' -shun) [re, 
again; organization]. Healing by the de- 
velopment of tissue elements similar to those 
lost through some morbid process. 

Repellent {re-pel' -ent) [re, back; pellere, to 
push]. 1. Driving back. 2. Causing reso- 
lution of morbid processes. 

Repercolation {re-per-ko-la'-shun) [re, again; 
percolare, to percolate]. Repeated percola- 
tion; the passage of a percolate for a second 
time, or oftener, through the percolator. 

Repercussion {re-per-ku.sh'-un) [re, again; 
percussion]. 1. Ballottement. 2. A driving 
in or dispersion of a tumor or eruption. 

Repercussive {re-per-kus'-iv) [see Repercus- 
sion]. 1. Repellent. 2. A repellent drug. 



REPLETION 



830 



RESONATOR 



Repletion (re-pW -shun) [re, again; plere, to 

fill]. The condition of being full. 
Reposing (re-po' '-zing) [see Reposition]. Re- 
turning an abnormally placed part to its 
proper position. 
Reposition (re-po-zi'sh' -un) [re, back; ponere, 
to place]. The act of returning into place, 
as reposition of the uterus. 
Repositor (re-poz'-it-or) [see Reposition]. An 
instrument for replacing parts that have 
become displaced, especially for replacing 
a prolapsed umbilical cord; an instrument 
used in the replacement of a displaced uterus. 
Reproduction (re-pro-duk'-shun) [re, again; 
produce]. The act of producing again; 
the procreation of one's kind; the producing 
of something like that lost. 
Reproductive (re-pro-duk'-tiv) [reproduction]. 
Pertaining to reproduction, as the reproduc- 
tive organs. 
Repulsion (re-puV -shun) [re, back; pellere, 
to drive; to push], i. The act of repelling 
or driving back or apart. 2. The influence 
tending to drive two bodies apart; the oppo- 
site of attraction. 
Resaldol (rez-al'-dol). An acetyl derivative of 
saliformin and resorcinol; an intestinal astrin- 
gent and antiseptic. Dose 8 dr.-2^ oz. (30-75 
Gm.) daily. 
Resection (re-sek'-shun) [re, again; secare, to 
cut]. The operation of cutting out. R. of 
a Joint, the cutting away of the ends of the 
bones forming a joint, or a portion of bone, 
nerve, or other structure. 
Reserve Air. See Respiration. 
Reservoir of Pecquet (pek-a'). See Receptac- 

ulum chyli. 
Residual Air {re-zid'-u-al). See under Respi- 
ration. 
Residue, Residuum (rez'-id-u, rez-id' -u-um) 
[residere, to remain]. That remaining after 
a part has been removed; balance or re- 
mainder. 
Resilience (re-zil'-e-ens) [resilient]. The qual- 
ity of being elastic or resilient. 
Resilient (re-ziV -e-ent) [re, back; satire, to 
leap]. Rebounding; elastic. R. Stricture, 
one that contracts again immediately after 
being dilated. 
Resin (rez'-in) [resina]. 1. One of a class of 
vegetable substances exuding from various 
plants, and characterized by being soluble in 
alcohol, in ether, and in the volatile oils, and 
insoluble in water; they are readily fusible 
and inflammable. They are obtained in 
pharmacy by treating the substances contain- 
ing them with alcohol, and then precipitating 
the alcoholic solution with water. 2. See 
Rosin. R. of Jalap (resina jalapce, U. S. P., 
B. P.). Dose 2-5 gr. (0.13-0.32 Gm.). R. 
of Podophyllum (resina podophylli, U. S. P.). 
Dose £-| gr. (0.008-0.032 Gm.). R. of 
Scammony (resina scammonii, U. S. P., B. 
P.). Dose 4-8 gr. (0.26-0.52 Gm.). 
Resina (rez'-in-ah). Colophony. The residue 
left after distilling off the volatile oil of tur- 
pentine. See Rosin, 






Resinate (rez' -in-dt) . A compound of a resin 

with a base. 
Resineon (rez-in'-e-on). A volatile oil distilled 
from resin with potash and freed from phenol. 
It is used as a wound antiseptic and in the 
treatment of skin diseases. 
Resinol (rez'-in-ol). See Retinol. 
Resinous (rez'-in-us) [resin]. Having the nature 

of a resin. 
Resistance (re-zis' -tans) [resistare, to with- 
stand]. 1. Opposition to force or external 
impression. 2. In electricity, the opposition 
offered by a conductor to the passage of the 
current. R.-Coil, a coil of wire for increas- 
ing the resistance in a circuit. R., Essential, 
R., Internal, the resistance to conduction 
within the battery itself. R., Extraordinary, 
R., External, the resistance to conduction 
outside of the battery. R., IssaefFs Period 
of, a temporary power of resistance to inocu- 
lation by virulent cultures of bacteria, con- 
ferred by the injection of various substances, 
such as salt solution, urine, serum, etc. 
Resistivity (re-zis-tiv'-it-e) [resistance]. The 
amount or character of electric resistance 
exhibited by a body. 
Resol (rez'-oV). A disinfectant mixture of sap- 
onified wood-tar and methyl-alcohol. 
Resolution (rez-o-lu' -shun) [resolvere, to resolve]. 
The return of a part to the normal state after 
a pathologic process. 
Resolve (re-zolv') [resolvere, to resolve]. 1. 
To return to the normal state after some 
pathologic process. 2. To separate anything 
into its component parts. 
Resolvent (re-zol'-vent) [resolve]. 1. Causing 
solution or dissipation of tissue. 2. An agent 
causing resolution. 
Resolving Power. The capability of a lens 
of making clear the finest details of an object. 
Resonance (rez'-o-nans) [re, again; sonare, 
to sound]. 1. The sound obtained on striking 
a hollow object, especially the note obtained 
on percussing the chest or abdomen. 2. The 
sound of the voice as transmitted to the ear 
applied to the chest. R., Cracked-pot, a 
sound elicited by percussing over a pulmon- 
ary cavity communicating with a bronchus. 
R., Hydatid, a peculiar sound heard in com- 
bined auscultation and percussion of hydatid 
cysts. It is not heard in other cystic condi- 
tions. R., Skodaic, the increased percussion 
resonance over the upper part of a lung when 
the lower part is compressed by a pleural 
effusion. R., Tympanitic, a hollow sound 
elicited on percussion over the intestine and 
over large pulmonary cavities with thin yielding 
walls. R., Vesicular, the normal pulmonary 
resonance. R., Vesiculotympanitic, an 
admixture of vesicular and tympanitic reso- 
nance. R., Vocal, the sound heard on aus- 
cultation of the chest during ordinary speech. 
R., Whispering, the sound heard on aus- 
cultation of the chest during the act of whis- 
pering. 
Resonator (rez'-o-na-tor) [see Resonance] 
instrument used to intensify sounds. 



An 



RESOPYRIN 



831 



RESTRINGENT 



Resopyrin (rez-o-pi'-rin). A compound of 
resorcinol and antipyrin. It is used in any 
condition in which antipyrin and resorcinol 
are indicated. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). 

Resorbent {re-sorb' -ent) [resorbere, to draw to 
itself]. 1. Favoring resorption. 2. A drug 
which aids in the process of resorption. 

Resorbin (re-sorb' -in). A penetrating oint- 
ment-base consisting of an emulsion of sweet 
almond oil, wax, and a dilute aqueous solution 
of gelatin or soap. 

Resorcin (re-zor'-sin). See Resorcinol. 

Resorcinol (re-zor' -sin-ol) [resin; orcin]. 1. C 6 - 
H 6 2 . A crystalline substance isomeric with 
pyrocatechin and hydroquinone, and usually 
prepared by fusing sodium benzene disul- 
fonate with sodium hydroxid. It is an 
antipyretic and antiseptic, but is chiefly 
used in ointments for chronic skin diseases. 
Dose 2-5 gr. (0.13-0.32 Gm.). 2. Equal 
parts of resorcinol and iodoform fused together; 
it is used as a surgical dusting-powder, 20 to 
50 % with starch, or 7 to 1 5 % ointment. 

Resorption (re-sorp'-shun) [re, again; sorbere, 
to absorb]. The absorption of morbid de- 
posits, as of the products of inflammation. 
R. -infection, a mode of infection marked 
by the development of bacteria at a distance 
from the point of introduction. 

"Respir able- (res-pi' -rah-bl or res'-pe-rah-bl) [see 
Respiration]. Capable of being inspired and 
expired; capable of furnishing the gaseous 
interchange in the lung necessary for life. 

Respiration (res - pi -ra' - shun) [re, again; 
spirare, to breathe]. 1. The inter- 
change between the gases of living 
organisms and the gases of the medium 
in which they live, through any channel, 
as cutaneous respiration. 2. The act of 
breathing with the lungs; the taking into 
and the expelling from the lungs of air. 
It consists of two acts — inspiration, or the 
taking in of the atmospheric air, and ex- 
piration, the expelling of the modified air. 
Expired air contains less oxygen and more 
carbon dioxid than inspired air. The volume 
of air taken into the lungs and given out 
during an ordinary respiration (tidal air) is 
500 Cc; the volume that can be inspired in 
addition by a forcible inspiration (comple- 
mental air) is 1500 Cc; that which remains 
in the chest after a normal expiration (reserve 
or supplemental air) is 1500 Cc; the amount 
remaining in the chest after the most com- 
plete expiration (residual air) is from 1200- 
1600 Cc The volume of air that can be 
forcibly expelled after the most forcible 
inspiration is termed vital or respiratory 
capacity and is equal to the tidal air, com- 
plemental air, and reserve air, or about 3500 
Cc. See Breath and Breathing. R., Ab- 
dominal, a type of respiration caused by 
the contraction of the diaphragm and the 
elasticity of the abdominal walls and viscera. 
It is more common in men than in women. 
R., Accelerated, that exceeding 25 a minute. 
R., Artificial, the artificial production of 



the normal respiratory movements. See 

Artificial Respiration. R., Costal, a type 
of respiration in which the chest movement 
predominates over the diaphragmatic move- 
ment, seen especially in women. R., Meta- 
morphosing, a form of respiration in which 
inspiration is at first harsh, but toward the 
end becomes blowing and accompanied by 
adventitious sounds. It is produced by the 
entrance of air into a cavity through a narrow 
opening. 

Respirator (res' -pi-ra-tor) [respiration]. An 
appliance by which the inspired air, in passing 
through it, is warmed, purified, or medicated. 

Respiratory (res-pi' -ra-to-re or res' -pe-ra-to-re) 
[respiration]. Pertaining to respiration. R. 
Bundle, the ascending root of the glosso- 
pharyngeal nerve, probably arising in the 
posterior horns of the cord. R. Center. 
See Center, Respiratory. R. Excursion, 
the entire movement of the chest during 
the complete act of respiration. R. 
Murmur, the sound produced by the air 
entering and escaping from the lungs during 
respiration. R. Nerve, one of two nerves 
supplying important muscles of respiration: 
the external is the posterior thoracic nerve; 
the internal, the phrenic nerve. R. Quotient, 
the ratio of the amount of oxygen taken in by 
the lungs to the carbon dioxid given off in the 
same period of time. R. Tract, all the air- 
passages and air-cells concerned in respiration. 

Respirometer (res-pi-rom' -et-er) [respiration; 
fifrpov, a measure]. A device to determine 
the character of the respiration. 

Rest [ME., resten, to rest]. 1. Cessation of 
labor or action; to sleep; to lie dormant. 
2. A mass of embryonic cells which, having 
been misplaced during organic evolution, 
remain quiescent and fail to reach their nor- 
mal evolution. They at times act as foci 
for the development of newgrowths or other 
pathologic phenomena. R.s, Adrenal, R.s, 
Suprarenal, masses of aberrant adrenal 
tissue occasionally observed beneath the 
capsule of the kidney. R.-cure. See 
Mitchell's Treatment. 

Restibrachium (res-te-bra'-ke-um) [restis; 
brachium]. The inferior peduncles of the 
cerebellum. 

Restiform (res' -te- form) [restis; forma, form]. 
Corded or cord-like. R. Body, a part of 
the medulla oblongata, which as the inferior 
cerebellar peduncle connects the medulla 
with the cerebellum. It contains fibers from 
the lateral column of the spinal cord (the 
lateral cerebellar tract), from the posterior 
column, and from the inferior olivary nucleus. 

Restis (res'-tis) [L., "a rope"]. The restiform 
body. 

Restitution (res-tit-u' -shun) [re, again; statuere, 
to set up]. The act of restoring. 

Restorative (re-sto'-ra-tiv) [restore]. A remedy 
that is efficacious in restoring health and 
strength. 

Re stringent (re-strin'-jent) [re stringer e, to re- 
strain]. An astringent or styptic 



RESUDATION 



832 



RETRACTILE 



Resudation (re-su-da'-shun) [re, again; sudor, 
sweat]. The return of sweating as a symp- 
tom. 

Resupinate ire-su' -pin-at) [re, again; supinare, 
to bend backward]. Turned in a direction 
opposite to normal; as an ovary with its apex 
downward. 

Resuscitation (re-sus-it-a'-shun) [re, again; 
suscitare, to raise up]. The bringing back 
to life of one apparently dead. 

Resuscitator (re-sus'-it-a-tor) [see Resuscita- 
tion]. One who or that which resuscitates. 
R., Intragastric, an apparatus devised by 
Fenton B. Tiirck for the purpose of reducing 
surgical shock and collapse. It consists 
simply of a double stomach-tube, at one end 
of which is attached a soft-rubber bag. By 
this means heat is applied in a uniform and 
diffuse manner, up to 135 F. 

Retamin (ret-am'-in) [retama, the Spanish 
name for genista], C 15 H 26 N 2 0. An alkaloid 
from the bark of Genista sphcerocarpa. 

Retch [AS., hrcBcan, to clear the throat]. To 
strain at vomiting. 

Rete (re'-te) [L.]. A net or net-like structure. 
R. malpighii. See R. mucosum. R. mira- 
bile, a cluster of fine vessels produced by 
the splitting of an artery into numerous 
branches. If the branches do not reunite, it 
is called unipolar rete mirabile; if they re- 
unite, bipolar rete mirabile. R. mirabile 
duplex, a rete mirabile consisting both of 
veins and of arteries. R. mucosum, the 
deeper layers of the epidermis. R. testis, 
R. vasculosum of the testis, the network 
of seminal tubules in the corpus highmori- 
anum. 

Retention ire-ten' -shun) [re, back; tenere, to 
hold]. The act of retaining or holding back. 
R. Cyst. See Cyst, Retention. R.-hypoth- 
esis (of Chauveau). See Immunity, Theory 
of, Chauveau's Retention. R. mensium, a 
condition in which menstruation occurs but 
its products are retained in consequence of 
atresia of the genital canal. R. of Urine, 
the holding of the urine in the bladder on 
account of some hindrance to urination. 

Retial (re'-te-al) [rete]. Relating to, or of the 
nature of, a rete. 

Reticula iret-ik' -u-lah) [pi. of reticulum, a net- 
work]. The preferred name for formatio 
reticularis. 

Reticular iret-ik' -u-lar) [reticulum]. Resem- 
bling a net; formed by a network. R. For- 
mation. See Formatio reticularis. R. 
Lamina, the membrane covering the organ 
of Corti. R. Layer of the Skin, the deep 
layer of the skin, consisting of interlacing 
bands of white and yellow fibrous tissue. 

Reticulated iret-ik' -u-la-ted). See Reticular. 

Reticulum iret-ik' -u-lum) [reticulum, dim. of 
rete, net]. A network. 

Retiform {ret'-if-orm). Net-shaped; reticular. 
R. Tissue, adenoid tissue. 

Retina iret'-in-ah) [rete]. The delicate mem- 
brane of the eye representing the terminal 
expansion of the optic nerve, and extending 



from the point of entrance of the nerve for- 
ward to its termination in the ora serrata. It 
consists of the following layers, named from 
behind forward: (a) the pigment-layer; (b) 
the neuroepithelial layer, comprising the 
layer of rods and cones (Jacob's membrane; 
bacillary layer), the outer limiting membrane, 
and the outer nuclear layer; (c) the cerebral 
layer, comprising the outer reticular layei 
(outer granular layer), the inner nuclear layer, 
the inner reticular layer (inner granular layer), 
the ganglion-cell layer, the nerve-fiber layer. 
These layers are cemented together by a sup- 
porting framework of connective tissue, the 
fibers of Miiller, or radiating fibers. 

Retinaculum iret-in-ak' -u-lum) [L., "a band"]. 
A band or membrane holding back an organ 
or part. R. ligamenti arcuati, the short 
external lateral ligament of the knee-joint. 
R. morgagni, R. of the Ileocecal Valve, 
the ridge formed by the coming together of 
the valve-segments at each end of the opening 
between the cecum and the ileum. R. pero- 
neorum inferius, a fibrous band running 
over the peroneal tendons as they pass through 
the grooves on the outer side of the calcaneum. 
R. peroneorum superius, the external 
annular ligament of the ankle-joint. R. 
tendineum, the annular ligament of the 
wrist or ankle. 

Retinal iret'-in-aV) [retina]. Pertaining to or 
affecting the retina. R. Apoplexy, hemor- 
rhage into the retina. 

Retinitis (ret-in-i'-tis) [retina; cxcg, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the retina. R., 
Albuminuric, retinitis due to nephritis. R. 
apoplectica, retinal apoplexy. R., Central 
Recurrent, a rare form of syphilitic retinitis 
characterized by a central dark scotoma which 
disappears in a few days to return in a few 
weeks, the attacks becoming more frequent. 
R., Diabetic, retinitis occurring in diabetes. 
R., Hemorrhagic, retinitis associated with 
hemorrhages. R., Leukemic, a form occur- 
ring in leukemia and characterized by pallor 
of the retinal vessels and optic disc and hemor- 
rhages. 

Retinochoroiditis (ret-in-o-ko-roi-di'-tis) [re- 
tina; choroiditis]. Inflammation of the retina 
and choroid. 

Retinol (ret'-in-ol) [resin], C 32 H 16 . A liquid 
hydrocarbon obtained in the destructive dis- 
tillation of resin. It is used as a solvent and 
has also been employed in gonorrhea. 

Retinoscopy iret-in-os' -ko-pe) [retina; onontiv, to 
view]. A method of determining the refrac- 
tion of the eye by observation of the move- 
ments of the retinal images and shadows 
through the ophthalmoscopic mirror. Syn., 
Skiascopy. 

Retort ire-tort') [re, back; torguere, to twist]. 
A vessel employed in distillation, consisting 
of an expanded globular portion and a long 
neck, and containing the liquid to be dis- 
tilled. 

Retractile (re-trak'-til) [retract]. Capable of 
being drawn back, 



RETRACTILITY 



833 



RETRO VACCINATION 



Retractility (re-trak-tiV -it-e) [retract]. The 
power of retracting or drawing back. 

Retraction (re-trak'-shun) [retract]. The act 
of retracting or drawing back; a retraction of 
the muscles after amputation. 

Retractor (re-trak'-tor) [retract]. An instru- 
ment for drawing back the lips of a wound so 
as to give a better view of the deeper parts. 

Retrad (re'-trad) [retro, backward]. In or 
toward the rear. 

Retrahens aurem (re-tra'-henz aw' -rem). 
Drawing back the ear. See under Muscle. 

Retrahent (re'-tra-hent) [retrahens, drawing 
back]. Drawing backward; retracting. 

Retrenchment (re-trench' -ment) [Fr., retrenche- 
ment]. A plastic operation the object of which 
is to obtain cicatricial contraction by the re- 
moval of superfluous tissue. 

Retro- (re-tro-). A prefix meaning back, back- 
ward, or behind. 

Retroanteroamnesia (re-tro-an-ter-o-am-ne'-ze- 
ah). See Amnesia, Retro anterograde. 

Retroanterograde (re-tro-anf -er-o-grdd) [retro-; 
anterius, before; gradi, to go]. Reversing 
the order of succession. R. Amnesia. See 
Amnesia, Retroanterograde. 

Retroauricular (re-tro-a-w-rik' -u-lar) . Dorsad 
of the auricle of the ear or of the heart. 

Retrobuccal (re-tro-buk '-al) [retro-; bucca, the 
cheek]. Pertaining to the back part of the 
mouth or of the cheek. 

Retrobulbar (re-tro-buV -bar) [retro-; bulbar]. 
Situated or occurring behind the eyeball. R. 
Neuritis, inflammation in the orbital part of 
the optic nerve. 

Retrocecal (re-tro-se'-kal). Pertaining to the 
back of the cecum. 

Retrocedent (re-tro-se'-dent) [retro-; cedere, to 
go]. Going back; disappearing from the 
surface. R. Gout, a form of gout in which 
the joint-inflammation suddenly disappears 
and is replaced by affections of the internal 
organs. 

Retroceps (re'-tro-seps) [Fr.]. A variety of 
obstetric forceps used to grasp the fetal head 
from behind. 

Retrocervical (re-tro-ser' '-vik-al) [retro-; cervix, 
neck]. Situated behind the cervix uteri. 

Retrocession (re-tro-sesh'-un) [retrocede]. The 
act of going back. 

Retroclusion (re-tro-klu' '-zhun) [retro-; clau- 
dere, to shut]. A form of acupressure in which 
the pin is passed first above the artery into the 
tissues on the other side, then below the artery 
into the tissues upon the side first entered. 

Retrocolic (re-tro-kol'-ik). Behind the colon. 

Retrocollic (re-tro-kol'-ik) [see Retrocollis]. 
Pertaining to the muscles at the back of the 
neck. R. Spasm, spasm of the muscles at 
the back of the neck, causing retraction of 
the head. 

Retrocollis (re-tro-kol'-is) [retro-; collis, the 
nape of the neck]. Torticollis. 

Retrodeviation (re-tro-de-ve-a' -shun) [retro-; 
deviation]. Any backward displacement; a 
retroflexion or retroversion. 

Retrodisplacement (re-tro-dis-plds'-ment) [re- 
54 



tro-; displacement]. Backward displacement 
of a part or organ. 

Retroesophageal (re-tro-e-sof-aj'-e-al) [retro-; 
esophagus]. Located behind the esophagus. 

Retroflexion (re-tro-flek' '-shun) [retro-; flexion]. 
The state of being bent backward. R. of the 
Uterus, a condition in which the uterus is 
bent backward upon itself, producing a sharp 
angle in its axis. 

Retrograde (ret'-ro-grad or re'-tro-grad) [retro-; 
gradi, to go]. Going backward; undoing. 
R. Embolism, embolism in which the em- 
bolus has gone against the normal direction of 
the blood-stream. 

Retro graphy [re-tro g'-ra-fe) [retro-; -rpafecv, to 
write]. Backward writing; mirror-writing. 

Retroinsular (re-tro-in' -su-lar) [retro-; insula, 
island]. Situated behind the island of Reil, 
as the retroinsular convolutions. 

Retro jector (re' -tro-jek-tor) [retro-; jacere, to 
throw]. An instrument for washing out the 
uterus. 

Retrolinglial (re-tro-ling' -gvcaV) [retro-; lingua, 
the tongue]. Relating to that part of the 
throat back of the tongue. 

Retronasal (re-tro-na'-zal) [retro-; nasus, nose]. 
Situated behind the nose or nasal cavities. 

Retroocular (re-tro-ok' -u-lar). See Retrobul- 
bar. 

Retroperitoneal (re-tro-per-it-on-e'-al) [see Re- 
tro peritoneum]. Situated behind the peri- 
toneum. 

Retroperitoneum (re-tro-per-it-on-e'-um) [re- 
tro-; peritoneum]. The space lying behind 
the peritoneum and in front of the spinal 
column and lumbar muscles. 

Retroperitonitis (re-tro-per-it-on-i' -tis) [retro-; 
peritonitis]. Inflammation of the retroperi- 
toneal structures. 

Retropharyngeal (re-tro- far-in'-je-al) [retro-; 
pharynx]. Situated behind the pharynx, as 
retropharyngeal abscess. 

Retroplacental (re-tro-pla-sent'-al). Dorsad of 
the placenta. 

Retroposed (re'-tro-pozd) [retro-; ponere, to 
place]. Displaced backward. 

Retropulsion (re-tro-puV -shun) [retro-; pellere, 
to drive], i. A driving or turning back, as of 
the fetal head. 2. A running backward; a 
form of walking sometimes seen in paralysis 
agitans. 

Retrostalsis (re-tro-staV -sis) [retro-; o-blotc, 
compression]. Reversed peristalsis; peristal- 
tic action that tends to drive the intestinal 
contents cephalad instead of caudad. 

Retrosternal (re-tro-ster'-nal) [retro-; sternum]. 
Situated behind the sternum. 

Retrotarsal (re-tro-tar'-sal) [retro-; tarsus]. 
Situated behind the tarsus, as the retro- 
tarsal fold of the conjunctiva. R. Fold. 
See Fornix conjunctivae. 

Retrouterine (re-tro-u'-ter-in) [reiro-; uterus]. 
Behind the uterus. R. Hematocele, a blood- 
tumor behind the uterus in the pouch of 
Douglas. 

Retrovaccination (re - tro - vak - sin - a'- shun ) 
[retro-; vaccination]. Vaccination with virus 



RETRO VERSIOFLEXION 



834 



RHEIN 



from a cow that had been inoculated with the 
virus of smallpox from a human subject. 

Retro versioflexion {re-tro-ver-sc-o-flek'-shun). 
Combined retroversion and retroflexion. 

Retroversion {re-tro-ver' -shun) [retro-; ver- 
sion]. A turning back. R. of Uterus, a 
condition in which the uterus is tilted back- 
ward without curvature of its axis. 

Retroverted {re'-tro-ver-ted). Tilted or turned 
backward, as a retroverted uterus. 

Retzius' Brown Strias. Brownish concentric 
lines in the enamel of the teeth, running 



effecting revulsion by the alternate application 
of heat and cold. 2. A plate or cylinder set 
with needles, used in producing counterirri- 
tation. 
Reynold's Test for Acetone. To the liquid 
to be tested add freshly precipitated mercuric 
oxid; shake and filter. If acetone is present, 
the filtrate will contain mercury, owing to the 
acetone dissolving freshly precipitated mer- 
curic oxid. The mercury may be detected 
by overlaying the filtrate with ammonium 
sulfid, which turns black. 



nearly parallel to the surface. R.'s Capsule, Rhabditis (rab-di'-tis) [pafidoc, a rod]. A genus 
the fascial formation investing the intrapelvic of nematode worms a few species of which are 
and bulbous portions of the urethra and Cow- parasitic in man. 

per's glands. R.'s Fibers, the rigid filaments Rha.bdium (rab'-de-um) [dim. of paftdof, a rod], 
of Deiters' cells in the organ of Corti. R.'s A fiber of striped or voluntary muscle. 
Ligament, the outer portion of the an- Rhabdoid (rab'-doid) [pafidoc, a rod; eldoc, 
terior annular ligament of the ankle which like]. Rod-like. 

forms a loop around the peroneus tertius Rhabdomyoma {rab-do-mi-o' -mah) [paftdoc, a 
and the extensor longus digitorum. R.'s rod; myoma]. A form of myoma char- 
Space a triangular space the basis of acterized by the presence of striated muscular 
which lies between the spines of the pubes, fibers. 

the apex being from 5 to 7 centimeters above. Rhabdonema (rab-do-ne'-mah) [paftdoc, a rod; 

vfjp.a, a thread]. A genus of parasitic round- 
worms. 

Rhachi-. See Rachi-. 

Rhacoma {ra-ko'-mah) [po.Kcscv, to rend]. Ex- 



In this space, which is filled with connective 
tissue, the bladder is not covered by the peri- 
toneum. Syn., Cavum retzii. R.'s Veins, 
the veins forming anastomoses between the 
mesenteric veins and the inferior vena cava. 
Reusner's Sign of Early Pregnancy. An 
increase in the volume of the pulsation of the 
uterine arteries may be perceived through the 
vagina in the posterior culdesac as early as 
the fourth week. 



coriation, rent, or chapping. Also, a pendu- 
lous condition of the scrotum. 

Rhacous (ra'-kus) [paKoc, a rag]. Wrinkled; 
lacerated. 

Rhagades irag'-ad-ez) [pa-fag, fissure]. Linear 
cracks or fissures, especially in the skin. 



A laxative 



Reuss' Formula. The formula by means of Rhagoid (rag'-oid) [pa$, a grape; eldoc, like- 

which the amount of albumin contained in 

pathologic exudates and transudates can be 

approximately calculated when the specific 

gravity, that depends upon the amount of 

albumin present, is known: E = f (S — 1000) 

— 2.8; E = percentage of albumin contained 

in Jhe fluid; S = specific gravity of the fluid. 

R.'s Test for Atropin, heat the substance 

to be tested with sulfuric acid and an oxidiz- 
ing agent; in the presence of atropin a fra- 
grance as of roses and orange-flowers is given 

off. 
Revellent {re-veV-ent). See Revulsive. 
Revilliod's Sign. Inability of the patient to 

close the eye of the affected side only; it is 

observed in paralysis of the superior facial 

nerve. Syn., Signe de V orbiculaire. 
Revivification [re-viv-i}-ik-a f -shun) [revivifi- 

catio]. 1. Restoration to consciousness. 2. 

The refreshening of surfaces by paring before 

placing them in apposition. 
Revulsant (re-vul'-sant) [see Revulsion]. 1. 

Causing revulsion. 2. See Revulsive. 
Revulsion {re-vuV -shun) [re, back; vellere, 

to pluck]. A plucking or driving backward; 

specifically, the diverting of disease from one 

part to another by the sudden withdrawal of 

the blood from the part. 
Revulsive (re-vul'-siv) [see Revulsion]. 1. 

Causing revulsion. 2. An agent that causes 

revulsion. 
Revulsor {re-vuV-sor). 1. An apparatus for 



nessj. Resembling a grape. 

Rhamnin (ram'-nin) [rhamnus]. 
fluidextract of cascara sagrada. 

Rhamnose (ram'-noz) [rhamnus], C 6 H 12 O s . One 
of the glucoses. It results upon decomposing 
various glucosids with dilute sulfuric acid. 

Rhamnus (ram'-nus) [pap.vog, buckthorn]. A 
genus of trees and shrubs; buckthorns. R. 
purshiana (U. S. P.), cascara sagrada. The 
dried bark of R. purshiana, the California 
buckthorn. It is used as a laxative in habit- 
ual constipation. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). 
Dose of the extract {extractum rhamni pur- 
shiana, U. S. P.) 4 gr. (0.25 Gm.); of the 
■fluidextract {jluidextr actum rhamni purshiana, 
U. S. P.) 15 min. (1 Cc); of the aromatic 
fluidextract (fluidextr actum rhamni purshiana 
aromaticum, U. S. P.) 15 min. (1 Cc). See 
also Cascara sagrada. 

Rhaphania {ra}-a'-ne-ah). See Raphania. 

Rhaphe (ra'-}e). See Raphe. 

Rhatany (rat'-an-e). See Krameria. 

Rhegma {reg'-mah) [pfjf/Jta, a rent]. A rupture 
of the walls of a vessel or of the containing 
membrane of a tissue, as, for example, the 
coats of the eye, the walls of the peritoneum. 
Also, the bursting of an abscess. 

Rhein (re' -in) [rheum]. 1. The precipitate 
from a tincture of Rheum palmatum; it is 
cathartic, tonic, cholagog, and antiseptic. 
Dose 1-4 gr. (0.065-0.25 Gm.). 2. Same 
as Chrysarobin. 



RHEO- 



835 



RHINENCEPHALON 



Rheo- {re-o-) [pkoc, current]. A prefix denoting 
pertaining to a current. 

Rheochord {re'-o-kord). See Rheostat. 

Rheometer {re-om'-et-er) [rheo-; pkxpov, a 
measure], i. A galvanometer. 2. An ap- 
paratus for measuring the velocity of the 
blood-current. 

Rheophore {re'-o-for) [rheo-; <f>ipsoj, to bear]. 
An electrode. 

Rheoscope {re'-o-skop) [rheo-; okotzs'iv, to see]. 
An instrument for demonstrating the exist- 
ence of an electric current; a galvanoscope. 

Rheostat {re'-o-stat) [rheo-; loxavo.c, to stand]. 
An instrument introduced into an electric 
current and offering a known resistance, for 
the purpose of regulating the strength of the 
current. 

Rheotachygraphy {re-o-tak-ig'-raf-e) [rheo-; 
raxbf, swift; ypafaiv, to write]. The regis- 
tration of the curve of variation in electromo- 
tive action of muscles. 

Rheotome {re'-o-tom) [rheo-; rifiv^ev, to cut]. 
An instrument for breaking and making a 
galvanic circuit; an interrupter. R., Differ- 
ential, one for indicating the negative varia- 
tion in muscle-currents. 

Rheotrope {re'-o-trop) [rheo-; xpkrzscv, to turn]. 
An apparatus for reversing the direction of an 
electric current. 

Rhestocythemia {res-to-si-the' -me-ah) [pacoxoc, 
destroyed; kuxoc, cell; alp.a, blood]. The 
presence of broken-down erythrocytes in the 
blood. 

Rheum {re'-um). 1. See Rhubarb. 2. [peup.a, 
from peev, to flow.] Any w T atery or catarrhal 
discharge. R., Salt-, eczema. 

Rheumagon {ru'-ma-gon) [rheum; ajecv, to 
carry off]. A proprietary preparation of 
sodium iodid and sodium phosphate for use 
in gout and syphilis. 

Rheumarthritis, Rheumarthrosis {ru-mar- 
thri'-tis, ru-mar -thro' -sis) [rheum; apOpov, a 
joint; exec, inflammation]. Acute articular 
rheumatism. 

Rheumatalgia {ru - mat - aV - je - ah) [rheum; 
aXyoc, pain]. Rheumatic pain. 

Rheumatic {ru-mat'-ik) [rheum]. Pertaining 
to, of the nature of, or affected with rheuma- 
tism. R. Diathesis, the condition of body 
tending to the development of rheumatism. 
R. Fever, acute articular rheumatism. R. 
Gout. Synonym of Rheumatoid arthritis. 

Rheumatin {ru' -mat-in). See Saloquinin Sal- 
icylate. 

Rheumatism {ru' -mat-izm) [rheum]. A con- 
stitutional disease characterized by pain in 
the joints and muscles, tending to recur, and 
associated with exposure to cold and wet. 
R., Acute Articular, a form characterized 
by fever, by swelling of various joints, begin- 
ning usually in one and rapidly spreading to 
others, by acid sweats, and by a marked 
tendency to involve the endocardium, less 
frequently the pericardium, pleura, and peri- 
toneum. The iris and conjunctiva may also 
become affected. R., Chronic, a chronic 
form in which the symptoms are milder and 



in which the disease attacks either the muscles 
{muscular rheumatism) or the joints {chronic 
articular rheumatism). R. , Gonorrheal, joint- 
inflammation occurring in association with 
gonorrheal urethritis. It generally involves 
but one joint; if several are affected, it is 
usually the smaller joints. The course is 
chronic. R., Inflammatory, acute articular 
rheumatism. R., Synovial, a rheumatic dis- 
order of the synovial membranes with serous 
accumulation. 

Rheumatismal {ru-ma-tiz' -mat) [rheumatism]. 
Pertaining to rheumatism. 

Rheumato-, Rheumo- {ru-mat-o-, ru-mo-) 
[rheumatism]. Prefixes meaning relating to 
rheumatism. 

Rheumatoid {ru'-ma-toid) [rheumato-; eldoc, 
like]. Resembling rheumatism. R. Ar- 
thritis. See Arthritis, Rheumatoid. 

Rheumatokelis {ru-mat-o-ke' -lis) [rheumato-; 
kt)Mc, a spot]. Purpura occurring in con- 
junction with rheumatism. 

Rheumatophthisis {ru-mat-o ff'-this-is) [rheu- 
mato-; phthisis]. Atrophy the result of 
rheumatism. 

Rheumatopyra {ru-mat-o-pi'-rah) [rheumato-; 
-up, fire]. Rheumatic fever. 

Rheumatosis {ru-mat-o' -sis) [rheum]. The con- 
dition due to the action of poisons in the blood 
affecting the articular and endocardial parts. 

Rheumatospasm {ru-maf -o-spazm) [rheuma- 
to-; o~aop.de, a spasm]. Spasms due to 
rheumatism. 

Rheumic {ru'-mik) [rheum]. Pertaining to 
rheum. R. Diathesis, one that gives rise to 
cutaneous eruptions. 

Rheumodontalgia {ru-mo-don-tal'-je-ah) [rheu- 
mo-; odontalgia]. Toothache of rheumatic 
origin. 

Rheumophthalmia {ru-moff-thal' -me-ah) [rheu- 
mo-; ophthalmia]. Ophthalmia due to rheu- 
matism. 

Rheumotylus {ru-mo-tiV -us) [rheumo-; xbloc, a 
knob]. A callus the result of rheumatism. 

Rhexis {reks'-is) [pf^ec, rupture]. Rupture of 
a vessel or of an organ. 

Rhicnosis {rik-no'-sis) [pcuvoc, shriveled]. A 
wrinkling of the skin, the result of muscular 
atrophy. 

Rhigolene {rig'-o-len) [p'eyoc, cold]. A very 
volatile liquid obtained from petroleum by 
distillation, and used as a local anesthetic. 
Its rapid evaporation freezes and benumbs 
the part upon which it is sprayed. 

Rhin-, Rhino- {rin-, ri-no-) [pec, nose]. A pre- 
fix signifying pertaining to the nose. 

Rhinalgia {ri-nal'-je-ah) [rhin-; aXyoc, pain]. 
Pain in the nose. 

Rhinalgin {ri-nal'-jin). A nasal suppository, 
recommended in coryza, said to contain cacao- 
butter, 1 Gm.; alumnol, 0.01 Gm.; menthol, 
0.025 Gm.; and oil of valerian, 0.025 Gm. 

Rhinedema {ri-ne-de'-mah) [rhin-; edema]. 
Edema affecting the nose. 

Rhinelcos {ri-nel'-kos) [rhin-; Ukoc, an ulcer]. 
A nasal ulcer. 

Rhinencephalon {ri-nen-sef -al-on) [rhin-; iy- 



RHINENCHYSIS 



836 



akcjiaXoc, brain]. The olfactory lobe of the 
brain. 

Rhinenchysis {ri-nen'-ki-sis) [rhin-; ijxe'tv, to 
pour in]. The injection of liquid into the 
nasal cavities. 

Rhinesthesia {ri-nes-the' -ze-ah) [rhin-; a'codrjocg, 
sensation]. The sense of smell. 

Rhineurynter {ri-nu-rin' -ter) [rhin-; eupuvecv, 
to dilate]. A distensible bag or sac which is 
inflated after insertion into the nostril. 

Rhinhematoma {rin-hem-at-o'-mah) [rhin-; 
hematoma]. An effusion of blood into the 
nasal cartilage. 

Rhinion {rin'-e-on) [peg, nose]. The lower 
point of the suture between the nasal bones. 
See under Craniometric Point. 

Rhinitis {ri-ni'-tis) [rhin-; cue, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane. 
R., Acute, coryza; cold in the head. R., 
Chronic, a form usually due to repeated 
attacks of acute rhinitis, and producing in 
the early stages hypertrophy of the mucous 
membrane {hypertrophic rhinitis) and in the 
later stages atrophy {atrophic rhinitis), and 
the presence of dark, offensively smelling 
crusts. R., Fibrinous, a rare form of rhin- 
itis characterized by the development of a false 
membrane in the nose. R., Pseudomem- 
branous. See R., Fibrinous. R., Syphil- 
itic, a chronic form due to syphilis, and 
usually attended by ulceration and caries of 
the bone and an offensive discharge (ozena). 
R., Tuberculous, that due to the tubercle 
bacillus; it is usually associated with ulcera- 
tion and caries of the bones. 

Rhinobyon {ri-no' -be-on) [rhino-; ftuecv, to stop]. 
A nasal plug or tampon. 

Rhinocanthectomy {ri - no - kan - thek'- to - me) . 
See Rhinommectomy. 

Rhinocephalus {ri-no-sef'-al-us) [rhino-; K£(f>aXrj, 
head]. A monster in which the nose resembles 
a tube and the eyes are fused below the nose. 

Rhinocheiloplasty {ri-no-ki' '4o-plas-te) [rhino-; 
cheilo plasty]. Plastic surgery of the nose and 

lip- 
Rhinocleisis {ri-no-kW -sis) [rhino-, icXelocc, 

fastening]. Nasal obstruction. 
Rhinocnesmus {ri - nok - nez' - mus) [rhino-; 

Kvt}0 ii.be ', an itching]. Itching of the nose. 
Rhinodacryolith {ri - no - dak' - re - o - lith) 

[rhino-; dacryolith]. A lacrimal stone in the 

nasal duct. 
Rhinoderma {ri-no-der'-mah). See Keratosis 

pilaris. 
Rhinodynia {ri-no-din' -e-ah) [rhino-; ddovq, 

pain]. Any pain in the nose. 
Rhinolalia {ri-no-la' -le-ah) [rhino-; XaXca, 

speech]. Imperfect articulation due to undue 

closure {rhinolalia clausa) or undue patu- 

lousness {rhinolalia aperta) of the posterior 

nares. 
Rhinolaryngitis {ri-no-lar-in-ji'-tis). Simul- 
taneous inflammation of the mucosa of the 

nose and larynx. 
Rhinolaryngology {ri -no- lar - in - gol' -o- je) . 

The science of the anatomy, physiology and 

pathology of the nose and larynx. 



RHINOPLASTY 

Xcdoc, a stone]. 



Rhinolith {ri 1 ' -no-lit h) [rhino-; 

A nasal calculus. 
Rhinologic (ri-no-lof -ik) [rhinology]. Per- 
taining to rhinology. 
Rhinologist {ri-nol' -o-jist) [rhinology]. A 

specialist in the treatment of diseases of the 

nose. 
Rhinology {ri-nol' -O-je) [rhino-; X6yoc, science]. 

The science of the anatomy, functions, and 

diseases of the nose. 
Rhinometer {ri-nom'-et-er) [rhino-; /xhpov, a 

measure]. An instrument for measuring the 

nose. 




Rhinometer. 

Rhinomiosis {ri-no-mi-o' -sis) [rhino-; fisctoocc, 
a lessening]. Operative shortening of the 
nose. 

Rhinommectome {ri-nom - ek' - to- me) See 
Rhinommectomy . 

Rhinommectomy {ri-nom-ek' -to-me) [rhino-; 
ofJLfxa, the eye; ii<rop.7], a cutting out]. Ex- 
cision of the inner canthus of the eye. 

Rhinonecrosis {ri-no-ne-kro'-sis). Necrosis of 
the nasal bones. 

Rhinopharyngitis {ri - no - jar - in - ji'- tis) . See 
Nasopharyngitis. 

Rhinopharyngolith (ri - no - far - ing' - go - lith) 
[rhino-; pharynx; XWoc, a stone]. A naso- 
pharyngeal calculus. 

Rhinophonia {ri-no-fo'-ne-ah) [rhino-; (fxvvr), 
sound]. A nasal tone in speaking. 

Rhinophyma {ri-no-fi' '-mah) [rhino-; cf)up.a, 
tumor]. A form of acne rosacea of the nose 
characterized by a marked hypertrophy of the 
blood-vessels and the connective tissue, pro- 
ducing a lobulated appearance of the nose. 

Rhinoplasty (ri'-no-plas-te) [rhino-; itXdoas.iv, 
to mold]. A plastic operation upon the nose. 



RHINOPOLYP 



837 



RHUBARB 



R., Indian. See Operation, Indian. R., 
Tagliacotian. See Operation, Italian. 

Rhinopolyp, Rhinopolypus (ri-no-pol'-ip, -us) 
[rhino-; polyp]. Polyp of the nose. 

Rhinoptia (ri-nop' -she-ah) [rhino-; otczoc, 
seen]. Internal strabismus. 

Rhinorrhagia (ri-nor-a' -je-ah) [rhino-; prjfvovac, 
to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the nose. 

Rhinorrhea (ri-nor-e' -ah) [rhino-; po'ca, a 
flow]. A mucous discharge from the nose. 

Rhinosalpingitis (ri-no-sal-pin-ji'-tis). Sim- 
ultaneous inflammation of the nasal mucosa 
and the eustachian tube. 

Rhinosclerin (ri-no-skle' -rin) [rhino scleroma]. 
A preparation from cultures of Bacillus rhino- 
scleromatis; used in the treatment of rhino- 
scleroma. 

Rhinoscleroma (ri-no-sHe-ro'-mah) [rhino-; 
onX-qpoc, hard; bfia, tumor]. A newgrowth 
of "almost stony hardness, affecting the an- 
terior nares and adjacent parts. The dis- 
ease commences in the mucous membrane 
of the anterior nares and adjoining skin, the 
lesions consisting of flat, isolated, or coales- 
cent nodules. It is thought to be due to 
Bacillus rhinoscleromatis. 

Rhinoscope (ri'-no-skdp) [rhino-; onoTielv, to 
examine]. An instrument for examination of 
the cavities of the nose. 

Rhinoscopy (ri-nos'-ko-pe) [see Rhinoscope]. 
Examination of the nasal fossas by means of 
the rhinoscope; that of the anterior nares is 
termed anterior rhinoscopy; that of the pos- 
terior nares, posterior rhinoscopy. 

Rhinostegnosis (ri-no-steg-no' -sis) [rhino-; 
OTeyvcootc, obstruction]. Nasal obstruction. 

Rhino thrix (ri'-no-thriks) [rhino-; dp'£, a 
hair; pi., rhinotriches]. A hair growing in 
the nostril. 

Rhizo- (ri-zo-) [rhizome]. A prefix meaning root. 

Rhizodontrypy (ri-zo-don' -trip-e) [rhizo-; boobc, 
tooth; TpuizT), hole]. Surgical puncture of the 
root of a tooth. 

Rhizome (ri'-zom) [pi£a, root]. A subterra- 
nean stem having roots at its nodes and a bud 
or shoot at its apex. 

Rhizoneure (ri f -zo-nur) [rhizo-; veupov, a 
nerve]. One of those cells that form nerve- 
roots. 

Rhizoneuron (ri-zo-nu' -ron) [see Rhizoneure]. 
A neuron the nerve-processes of which leave 
the spinal cord through the anterior horn; a 
motor nerve-cell. 

Rhizonychium (ri-zo-nik' -e-um) [rhizo-; 6vu£, 
the nail]. The root of the nail. 

Rhizopod (ri'-zo-pod) [rhizo-; node, foot]. A 
member of the Rhizopoda, a subclass of pro- 
tozoa or animalcules. 

Rhodallin (ro-dal f -in) . See Thiosinamin. 

Rhodanate (ro'-dan-at). A sulfocyanate. 

Rhodesian Cattle Disease. An African dis- 
ease of cattle transmitted by the brown tick, 
Rhipicephalus shipleyi. 

Rhodogenesis (ro-do-jen' '-es-is) [podoc, rose; 
yevvdv, to produce]. The regeneration of 
visual purple which has been bleached by 
light. 



Rhodophane (ro' -do-fan) [podov, rose; (fxxvrjc, 
appearing]. A red pigment found in the 
retinal cones. 

Rhodophylaxis (ro-do-fil-aks'-is) [podov, rose; 
(fruAaiic, a guarding]. The property possessed 
by the retinal epithelium of producing rhodo- 
genesis. 

Rhodopsin (ro-dop'-sin) [podov, rose; a><f>, eye]. 
Visual purple; a retinal substance the color 
of which is preserved by darkness, but 
bleached by daylight; it is contained in the 
retinal rods. 

Rhomboatloideus (rom-bo-at-loid'-e-us). See 
under Muscle. 

Rhomboid (rom'-boid) [pop. floe, a rhomb; eldoc, 
resemblance]. Having a shape similar to that 
of a rhomb, a quadrilateral figure with op- 
posite sides equal and parallel and oblique 
angles. R. Fossa, the fourth ventricle of the 
brain. R. Ligament. See Ligament, Rhomboid. 

Rhomboideus (rom-boid'-e-us). See under 
Muscle. 

Rhoncal (rong'-kal). Same as Rhonchal. 

Rhonchal (rong'-kal) [rhonchus]. Relating to or 
produced by a rhonchus, as rhonchal fremitus. 

Rhonchus (rong'-kus) [f>6xx°C, snore]. A rat- 
tling sound produced in the throat or bronchial 
tubes during respiration. See Rale. 

Rhotacism (ro'-tas-izm) [poj, the Greek p, r]. 
The use of the r sound in place of other 
speech-sounds; the too strong utterance of 
the letter r. 

Rhubarb (ru'-barb) [pfjov, rhubarb]. The 
general name for plants of the genus Rheum, 
of the order Polygonacea. The official drug 
(rheum, U. S. P.; rhei radix, B. P.) is the bark 
of Rheum officinale or Rheum palmatum; 
it contains chrysophanic acid, tannic acid 
(rheotannic acid), and several coloring prin- 
ciples, and is used as a laxative, stomachic, 
and astringent. Its chief uses are in dyspepsia 
with constipation, in the diarrhea of children, 
and in the beginning of bilious fevers. Dose 
5-30 gr. (0.32-2.0 Gm.). R., Extract of 
(extractum rhei, U. S. P., B. P.). Dose 10-15 
gr. (0.65-1.0 Gm.). R., Fluidextract of 
(fluidextr actum rhei, U. S. P.). Dose 10-30 
min. (0.65-2.0 Cc). R., Infusion of (in- 
fusum rhei, B. P.). Dose 1-2 oz. (32-64 Cc). 
R., Pills of, Compound (pilules rhei com- 
posites, U. S. P.), pills of rhubarb and aloes. 
Dose 2-4 pills. R., Powder of, Compound 
(pulvis rhei compositus, U. S. P., B. P.), 
Gregory's powder. Dose ^-1 dr. (2-4 Gm.). 
R. and Soda, Mixture of (mistura rhei 
et sodce, U. S. P.). Dose f-i dr. (2-4 Gm.). 
R., Syrup of (syrupus rhei, U. S. P., B. P.). 
Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). R., Syrup of, Aromatic 
(syrupus rhei aromaticus, U. S. P.). Dose 
1 dr. (4 Cc). Both the syrup and the aro- 
matic syrup are used chiefly for children, in the 
doses given. R., Tincture of (tinctura rhei, 
U. S. P., B. P.). Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). R., 
Tincture of, Aromatic (tinctura rhei aromat- 
ica, U. S. P.). Dose £-1 dr. (2-4 Cc). R., 
Wine of (vinum rhei, B. P.). Dose 
1-4 dr. (4-16 Cc). 



RHUS 



838 RIEGLER'S TEST FOR ALBUMIN 



Rhus (rus) [pouc, sumac]. A genus of shrubs 
or small trees of the order Anacardiacece. The 
dried fruit of R. glabra, sumac, constitutes 
the rhus glabra of the U. S. P., and is used 
as an astringent in inflammations of the mouth 
and throat, in the form of a decoction or the 
official fluidextradum rhois glabra;. R. toxi- 
codendron, the poison-ivy, is a powerful 
irritant and. produces in susceptible persons a 
violent dermatitis with vesicles and intense 
itching (ivy-poisoning). The active agent 
seems to be an acid called toxicodendric acid. 
In overdoses taken internally it acts as a 
narcotic poison. It has been employed in 
chronic rheumatism and in incontinence of 
urine. Unof. R. venenata, swamp-sumac, 
is also poisonous. 

Rhypophobia (ri-po-fo' -be-ah) [punoc, filth; 
(froftelv, to fear]. A morbid dread of filth. 

Rhyptic (rip'-tik) [ptmecv, to cleanse]. Deter- 
gent; cleansing; cathartic. 

Rhythm (rithm) [pudp.6c, rhythm]. Action or 
function recurring at regular intervals. 

Rhythmophone (rith'-mo-fon) [rhythm; (frajurj, 
sound]. A form of microphone for studying 
the heart-beat and pulse-beat. 

Rhytidosis (rit-id-o'-sis). See Rutidosis. 

Rib [AS., ribb]. One of the 24 long, flat, 
curved bones forming the wall of the thorax. 
R.s, Abdominal, the floating ribs. R.s, 
Asternal, the false ribs. R.s, Cervical, rib- 
like processes extending ventrally from the 
cervical vertebras. R., False, one of the five 
lower ribs not attached to the sternum 
directly. R., Floating, one of the last two 
ribs which have one end free. R.s, Short, 
the false ribs. R.s, Sternal, the true ribs. 
R., True, one of the seven upper ribs that 
are attached to the sternum. R.s, Vertebro- 
chondral, the highest three false ribs; they 
are united in front by their costal cartilages. 

Ribes' Ganglion. See Ganglion of Ribes. 

Ribesin {ri-be'-zin) [ribesiicm, currant]. The 
juice of the black currant, Ribes nigrum, 
used for staining microscopic sections. 

Rice (rls). A plant, Oryza sativa, of the 
Graminece; also its seed. Rice is used as a 
food, as a demulcent, and, in the form of rice- 
water, as a drink in fevers. R. -water Evac- 
uations, the name given to the bowel dis- 
charges in cholera. 

Richardson's Method of Auscultation. The 
introduction into the esophagus of an elastic 
bougie or tube connected with the ear-pieces 
of a stethoscope. 

Richter's Hernia. See Hernia, Richter's. 

Richter-Monro's Line. See Monro's Line. 

Ricin {ris'-in) [ricinus, castor-oil]. A poison- 
ous proteid found in the castor-oil bean. 

Ricinin {ris'-in-in) [ricinus]. A poisonous 
crystalline substance obtained from castor- 
oil. 

Ricinism {ris'-in-izni). Poisoning from the 
seeds of Ricinus communis; it is marked by 
hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and icterus. 

Ricinus {ris'-in-us) [L., "a tick," from the re- 
semblance of the seed to that insect]. A 



plant or tree, R. communis, or castor-oil 
plant, of' the order Euphorbiacecs. Ricini, 
Oleum (U. S. P.), castor-oil, the fixed oil 
expressed from the seeds of R. communis; it 
is used as a cathartic in constipation, colic, 
and irritative diarrheas. Dose ^ oz. (16 Cc). 

Rickets (rik'-ets). See Rachitis. 

Rickety {rik'-et-e) [rickets]. Affected with or 
distorted by rickets. 

Ricord's Chancre. The parchment-like initial 
lesion of syphilis. Syn., Chancre parchemine. 

Rictus {rik'-tus) [L., from ringi, to gape]. A 
fissure or cleft; a gaping, as of the mouth. 
R. lupinus, cleft palate. 

Rider's Bone. An osseous formation in the 
adductor muscles of the leg, from long-con- 
tinued pressure of the leg against the saddle. 

Ridge (rij) [ME., rigge, the back of a man or 
beast]. An extended elevation or crest. R., 
Genital, the germ-ridge, in front of and in- 
ternal to the wolffian body, from which the 
internal reproductive organs are developed. 
R., Intervertebral, that on the vertebral 
end of a rib dividing the articular surface into 
two portions. R., Maxillary, the dental 
crest; a ridge of vascular fibrous tissue along 
the alveolar processes of the fetus. R.s, 
Occipital, the superior and inferior curved 
lines of the occipital bone. R.s, Palatine, 
the central ridge together with the lateral 
corrugations of the mucosa of the hard palate; 
they are especially noticeable in the human 
fetus. R., Temporal, that extending from 
the external angular process of the frontal 
bone, across the frontal and parietal bones, 
and terminating in the posterior root of the 
zygomatic process. 

Ridley's Sinus. The circular sinus. 

Riedel's Process. A tongue-shaped process 
of the liver frequently felt over the enlarged 
gall-bladder in cases of cholelithiasis. 

Riegel's Syndrome. Riegel's disease; the 
association of tachycardia with troubles 
simulating asthma. 

Riegler's Test for Albumin. 1. Calcium 
naphtholsulfonate, 8; citric acid, 8; dissolve in 
distilled water, 200; 10 Cc. of urine is mixed 
with 10 to 20 drops of the reagent. Traces 
of albumin are indicated by a turbidity; 
larger quantities by a precipitate. Quantitative 
determination may be made with an albumin- 
ometer. 2. Ten Gm. betanaphthalinsulfonic 
acid are well shaken with 200 Cc. water and 
filtered. A turbidity or precipitate on adding 
20 to 30 drops of reagent to 5 to 6 Cc. of fluid 
indicates albumin. Sensitiveness, 1 : 40,000. 
Albumoses and peptones react in a similar 
manner, but the precipitate disappears on 
warming and reappears on cooling. R.'s 
Test for Albumoses and Peptones, dissolve 
5 Gm. paranitranilin in 25 Cc. water and 6 
Cc. concentrated sulfuric acid; add 100 Cc. 
water, then a solution of sodium nitrite 3 Gm. 
in 25 Cc. water, and make up to 500 Cc. with 
water. Filter and preserve in the dark. 
Mix 10 Cc. reagent with 10 Cc. fluid to be 
tested, then add 30 drops 10% solution 



RIEUX'S HERNIA 



839 RITTER-ROLLET'S PHENOMENON 



NaOH — if very small quantities of albumoses 
or peptones are present, a yellowish orange 
color develops; with notable quantities a 
blood-red, even the froth on shaking being red. 
On now adding excess of H 2 S0 4 an orange or 
brownish precipitate forms. R.'s Test for 
Aldehyds and Glucose, heat o.i Gm. phenyl- 
hydrazin hydrochlorate, 0.5 Gm. crystal 
sodium acetate, and 1 Cc. sugar solution until 
dissolved. When near boiling-point add 20 
to 30 drops 10 % NaOH without shaking — 
in a few seconds to 5 minutes liquid becomes 
violet-red, even if there is but 0.005 % sugar 
present. If no sugar present, color will be a 
slight pink. For sugar in urine, color must 
develop within one minute to afford physio- 
logic significance. Reaction also occurs with 
aldehyds, hence absence of these must be 
assured. According to Jolles, absence of 
albumin must also be assured. Reaction 
uninfluenced by uric acid or creatinin. R.'s 
Test for Bile -pigments, on adding an excess 
of paradiazonitranilin solution to an alkaline 
solution of bilirubin or biliverdin, intensely 
colored reddish-violet flocks are precipitated, 
soluble in chloroform, alcohol, or benzin, and 
affording reddish-violet or violet solution. 
R.'s Test for Nitrites, 15 Cc. of the fluid 
to be examined is mixed in a test-tube with 
0.02 to 0.03 Gm. of the naphthol reagent 
'(equal parts naphthionic acid and pure 
betanaphthol) and 2 or 3 drops concentrated 
HC1, shaken, and 1 Cc. strong NH 3 poured 
down the side of the tube, while held in a 
slanting position; presence of nitrites is in- 
dicated by appearance of a red zone, and on 
shaking the whole solution turns red. R.'s 
Test for Uric Acid, paranitranilin, 0.5 Gm.; 
water, 10 Cc; pure concentrated H 2 S0 4 , 
15 drops. Put into a glass flask of 150 Cc. 
capacity, and heat with agitation until dis- 
solved. Water 20 Cc. is now added, the 
mixture cooled quickly, 2.5 % NaN0 2 solu- 
tion 10 Cc. is added, and diluted, after 15 
minutes, with water 60 Cc. The mixture is 
shaken up repeatedly and filtered. The for- 
mation of a blue or green color on adding the 
reagent and 10% NaOH solution indicates 
presence of uric acid. 

Rieux's Hernia. Retrocecal hernia. 

Riga's Disease. Papillomatous ulceration of 
the frenum of the tongue, covered with a 
whitish, diphtheroid exudate. 

Rigg's Disease. See Fauchard's Disease. 

Rigidity (pi-id' -it-e) [rigidus, stiff]. Stiffness; 
immobility. R., Cadaveric, R., Postmor- 
tem, rigor mortis. 

Rigor (ri'-gor) [rigor, from rigere, to be cold]. 
Chill. R. mortis, the muscular rigidity that 
occurs a short time after death, due to chemic 
changes resulting in coagulation of the muscle- 
plasma and the development of an acid reac- 
1 tion. 

Rima {ri'-mah). A chink or cleft. R. glottidis, 
the cleft between the true vocal bands; the 
glottis. 

Rimula (rim'-u-lah) [dim. of rima, a chink]. 



A small cleft or fissure, especially of the spinal 
cord or the cerebellum. 

Rinderpest (rin'-der-pest) [Ger., "cattle-pest"]. 
An acute infectious disease of cattle, appear- 
ing occasionally among sheep and other rum- 
inants. 

Rindfleisch's Granule-cells. Eosinophil leu- 
kocytes with granulations. 

Ring [ME.]. A circular opening or the 
structure surrounding it. See Annulus. R.- 
bodies, peculiar ring-shaped bodies found in 
the erythrocytes in pernicious anemia, leuke- 
mia, and lead-poisoning. 

Ringworm. Tinea trichophytina, a conta- 
gious disease of the skin due to a vegetable 
parasite, the trichophyton. See Tinea. 

Rinmann's Sign of Early Pregnancy. 
Slender cords radiating from the nipple ; they 
are considered to be hypertrophic acini of the 
glands. 

Rhine's Test (rin'-na). A test to determine 
the condition of the various parts of the ear, 
performed by applying a vibrating tuning- 
fork first over the mastoid process, leaving 
it there until the patient seems no longer to 
hear the sound, and then as quickly as pos- 
sible bringing it immediately in front of the 
external meatus, avoiding all contact with the 
head or ear. If the patient is then able to 
hear the sound of the tuning-fork once more, 
it indicates that the conduction through the air 
is better than through the bone. 

Riolan's Arch. The arch of the mesentery 
which is attached to the transverse mesocolon. 
R.'s Bouquet, the muscular bundle attached 
to the styloid process and composed of the 
styloglossus, stylohyoid, and stvlopharyngeus. 
R.'s Muscle, the ciliary portion of the or- 
bicularis palpebrarum. R.'s Ossicles, small 
bones sometimes found in the suture between 
the inferior border of the occipital bone and 
the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. ■ 

Ripault's Sign. A change in the shape of 
the pupil on pressure upon the eye, transitory 
during life, but permanent after death. 

Risorius (ri-zo'-re-us) [ridere, to laugh]. Laugh- 
ing. R. Muscle. See under Muscle. 

Risus (ri'-zus) [L.]. A grin or laugh. R. 
sardonicus, the sardonic grin, a peculiar 
grinning distortion of the face produced by 
spasm of the muscles about the mouth, seen 
in tetanus. 

Ritter's Disease. Dermatitis exfoliativa of 
the newborn. R.'s Fiber, a delicate fiber 
regarded as a nerve-fiber, seen in the axis of 
a retinal rod, near the peripheral end of which 
it forms a small enlargement. R.'s Law of 
Contraction, stimulation of a nerve occurs 
both at the moment of closing and of opening 
of the electric current. R.'s Tetanus, tetanic 
contractions occurring on the opening of the 
constant current which has been made to pass 
for some time through a long section of a 
nerve. In man the phenomenon does not 
occur under physiologic conditions, but it is 
seen in tetany. 

Ritter-Rollet's Phenomenon. Flexion of the 



RITTER-VALLI'S LAW 



840 ROLANDO'S ARCIFORM FIBERS 



foot following the application of a mild gal- 
vanic current, and extension following that 
of a strong current. 

Ritter-Valli's Law. Section of a living nerve 
is followed by a gradual loss of irritability, 
preceded by a slight increase, the phenomenon 
taking place centrifugally from the divided 
end. 

Riverius' Draft. A solution of sodium citrate. 

Rivinian Canals, R. Ducts. The ducts of 
the sublingual gland. R. Foramen. See 
Bochdalek's Canal. R. Glands, the sublin- 
gual glands. R. Ligament. See ShrapnelVs 
Membrane. R. Notch, R. Segment, a notch 
of irregular outline at the upper border of the 
sulcus tympanicus; it is marked at each end 
by a small spine. 

Rivolta's Disease. Actinomycosis. 

Rixolin {riks' -ol-in) . A mixture of petroleum 
and light oil of camphor. 

Riziform (riz'-ij-orm). Resembling grains of 
rice. 

Rob. A confection made of fruit-juice, espe- 
cially of that of the mulberry. 

Robert's Pelvis. The transversely contracted 
or doubly synostotic pelvis; ankylosis of both 
sacroiliac synchondroses, the sacrum being 
absent or undeveloped. 

Roberts' Test for Albumin. Float the 
urine on the surface of a saturated common 
salt solution containing 5 % of hydrochloric 
acid, of specific gravity 1.052. A white ring 
or zone formed between the two liquids 
indicates albumin. Roberts suggests that 
a mixture of 1 part strong nitric acid and 5 
parts saturated magnesium sulfate solution 
may be employed also. R.'s Test for Glu- 
cose in Urine, find the specific gravity of the 
urine at a known temperature by means of a 
urinometer supplied with a thermometer. 
Acidify slightly with tartaric acid, and add a 
piece of yeast the size of a pea, and shake. 
Let it stand in a warm place (2o°-25° C.) for 
24 hours. Filter through a dry filter and cool 
to the same temperature at which the specific 
gravity was previously taken. Take the 
specific gravity again. Every degree of 
density lost represents 1 grain of glucose to 
the ounce of urine. 

Robertson's Pupil. See A rgyll Robertson Pupil. 

Robin (ro'-bin). A toxic albuminoid from the 
bark of the locust tree, Robinia pseudacacia; 
its action is similar to that of abrin and ricin. 

Robin's Myeloplaxes. Osteoclasts. 

Roborant (ro'-bor-ant) [robor, strength]. 1. 
Tonic, strengthening. 2. A tonic or strength- 
ening remedy. 

Roborat (ro'-bor-at) [see Roborant]. An albu- 
minous dietetic prepared from maize, con- 
taining lecithin and glycerinophosphoric acid. 

Roborin (ro'-bor-in). A grayish-green powder 
or brown mass, obtained from blood, and said 
to consist of water, 7.6%, calcium carbonate, 
10.23 %> common salt, 1.7 %, iron oxid, 0.49 %, 
other mineral substances, 1.28%, albuminoids, 
78.63%; the last are principally calcic al- 
buminates. 



Roccella (rok-sel'-ah). A genus of plants of 
the Roccellece. R. tinctoria is the litmus-plant. 

Rochelle Salt (ro-shel'). Potassium and so- 
dium tartrate. 

Rock-oil. See Petroleum. 

Rod [ME.]. One of numerous slender 
bacillary structures, as in the retina. R.- 
and-cone Layer, R. and Cones. See 
under Retina. R. -granules, cells of the 
outer nuclear layer of the retina; they are 
characterized by transverse strias and 
give off processes connected with the nerve- 
fiber layer of the retina. R.s, Retinal, 
cylindric bodies found in the rods and cones 
of the retina. 

Rodagen (rod'-ah-jen). A proprietary pre- 
paration of goats' milk for use in exophthal- 
mic goiter. 

Rodent Ulcer. See Ulcer, Rodent. 

Rodriguez' Aneurysm. Varicose aneurysm 
in which the sac is immediately contiguous to 
the artery. 

Roederer's Ecchymoses. See Bayard's Ec- 
chymoses. R.'s Obliquity, flexion of the 
chin when the child is engaged at the superior 
pelvic strait during labor. 

Roentgenism (rent' '-gen-izm) [Wilhelm Konrad 
Roentgen, a German physician]. The applica- 
tion of the roentgen-rays in therapeutics. 

Roentgen-rays. See Rays, Roentgen-. 

Roentography (rent-og' '*ra-fe). See Skiag- 
raphy. 

Roger's Disease. The presence of a con- 
genital abnormal communication between the 
ventricles of the heart. R.'s Symptom, 
subnormal temperature during the third stage 
of tuberculous meningitis, regarded by Roger 
as pathognomonic of the disease. 

Rokitansky's Disease. Acute yellow atrophy 
of the liver. R.'s Tumor, an ovarian tumor 
made up of a large number of cysts. 

Rolandic (ro-lan'-dik) [Louis Rolando, an 
Italian anatomist, 1 773-1831]. Described 
by Rolando, as the rolandic fissure. 
R. Angle, the acute angle formed by the 
fissure of Rolando with the superior border 
of the cerebral hemisphere. R. Area, the 
excitomotor area of the cerebral hemispheres, 
comprising the ascending frontal and ascend- 
ing parietal convolutions. 

Rolando's Arciform Fibers. The external 
arcuate fibers of the oblongata. R.'s Cells, 
the ganglion-cells found in Rolando's gelat- 
inous substance. R.'s Fissure. See Fissure, 
Rolando's. R. 's Funiculus, the lateral cuneate 
funiculus, a longitudinal prominence caused 
by Rolando's gelatinous substance on the 
surface of the oblongata, between the cuneate 
funiculus and the line of roots of the spinal 
accessory nerve. R.'s Gelatinous Sub- 
stance, the elongated column which forms a 
continuation of the apexes of the posterior 
horns of the spinal cord, extending from the 
lumbar portion of the cord upward into the 
pons. It consists of neuroglia and a number 
of ganglion-cells. R.'s Tubercle, a mass of 
gray matter forming the upper termination 



ROLAND OMETER 



841 



ROSENBACHS DISEASE 



of Rolando's funiculus. The fibers given off 
from its cells go to make up the sensor}- root 
of the trigeminus. 

Rolandometer (ro-land-om'-et-er). A device 
for locating on the head the place of the fissure 
of Rolando. 

Roller's Nucleus, i. A nucleus situated 
near the hilum of the olivary body of the 
oblongata; it is connected with the fibers of 
f he anterolateral fundamental tract of the 
spinal cord. 2. An aggregation of small 
ganglion-cells situated anteriorly to the 
nuc'eus of the hypoglossal nerve. 

Rollei -bandage. A bandage made into a 
cylindric roll. 

RolletY. Chancre. One partaking of the 
characteristics of both simple and true 
chancre. R.'s Nerve-corpuscles. See Cor- 
puscle, Golgi's. R.'s Secondary Substance. 
See JLngelmanris Lateral Disc. 

Roman-Delluc's Test for Urobilin in Urine. 
Shake 100 Cc. urine with 20 Cc. chloroform, 
after acidulating with 8 to 10 drops acetic acid. 
Overlay 2 Cc. of clear chloroformic solution 
with 4 Cc. of 1 : 1000 solution zinc acetate in 
95 % alcohol. At the line of separation a 
characteristic green fluorescence will appear 
if urobilin is present, more easily recognized 
against a black background. On shaking, 
fluorescence is more marked and the mixture 
acquires a pink tint. 

Romberg's Disease. Progressive facial hemi- 
atrophy. R.'s Sign. 1. Swaying of the 
body and inability to stand when the eyes are 
closed and the feet placed together; it is seen 
in tabes dorsalis, hereditary cerebellar ataxia, 
etc. It is also called the Bra ch- Romberg symp- 
tom. 2. Neuralgic pain in the course and 
distribution of the obturator nerve, pathog- 
nomonic of obturator hernia. R.'s Spasm, 
masticatory sp^->m, a spasm affecting the 
muscles supplier by the motor fibers of the 
fifth nerva R.'s Trophoneurosis. See 
Romberg's Disease. 

Tvommelaere's Law. Constant diminution 
of the nitrogen in the urine in Cases of 
carcinoma. R.'s Sign, diminution of the 
normal phosphates and sodium chlorids in 
the urine is pathognomonic of cancerous 
cachexia. 

Rongeur Forceps (rong-zhur). A strong pair 
of forceps for breaking off pieces of bone, 
especially in enlarging a trephine opening. 

Root [Icel., rot]. 1. The descending axis of 
a plant. 2. The part of an organ em- 
bedded in the tissues, as the root of a 
tooth. R. of a Nerve, one of two bundles 
of nerve-fibers, the anterior and posterior 
loots, joining to form a nerve-trunk. R.- 
sLeath, the epithelium of the hair-follicle. 
R.-zone, a name given to the column of 
Burdach of the spinal cord. 

Rcphetic (ro-fet'-ik) [potfir/ZCKoc, given to sopping 
up]. A mechanic absorbent agent, as a dust- 
ing-powder, sponge, etc. 

Rosa (ro'-zah) [L.]. A rose. See Rose. 

Rosacea (jo-za'-se-ah). See Acne rosacea. 



Rosalia (ro - sa' - le - ah) . 1. Scarlatina. 2. 
Measles. 3. Erythema. 

Rosanilin (ro-zan' -il-in) [rose; anilin], C 20 H 19 - 
N 3 0. A colorless, crystalline derivative of 
anilin. R. Acetate, R. Hydrochlorid, the 
red dye fuchsin. 

Rosary, Rachitic. See Rachitic Rosary. 

Rose (roz) [oodov, from Ar., n'ard, a rose]. A 
genus of plants of the order Rosacece. R.s, 
, Attar of. See R., Oil of. R.-cold. See Hay- 
fever. R. , Confection of (confcciio rosce, U. S. 
P.), a confection prepared from the petals of the 
red rose (rosa gallica, U. S. P.). R., Dog-, 
the common wild rose of Europe. The fruit 
(rosce canince fructus, B. P.) is used in Europe 
as a vehicle. R., Fluidextract of (fluidex- 
tractum rosce, U. S. P.), used as an astringent 
and vehicle. Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). R., 
Honey of (mel rosce, U. S. P.), a syrup made 
of fluidextract of rose and clarified honey. 
Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). R., Oil of (oleum rosce, 
U. S. P.), a volatile oil distilled from the petals 
of Rosa damascena , and employed as a per- 
fume and flavoring agent. Syn., Attar of 
roses. R., Red (rosa gallica, U. S. P.; rosce 
gallica petala, B. P.), the dried petals are 
slightly astringent and tonic, but are chiefly 
employed as a vehicle. R., Syrup of 
(syrupus rosce, U. S. P.), a syrup made of 
fluidextract of rose, diluted sulfuric acid, 
sugar, and water. R. -water (aqua rosce, 
U. S. P.). Dose 4 dr. (16 Cc). R. -water, 
Ointment of (ungiientum aquce rosce, L~. S. 
P.), cold cream. R. -water, Triple (aqua 
rosce fortior, U. S. P.), stronger rose-water. 

Rose's Biuret Reaction for Albumins. 
Alkalinize the albumin solution with soda-lve 
and add, drop by drop, with constant shaking, 
a dilute copper sulfate solution (17 or 18 Gm. 
crystallized cupric sulfate in 1 liter of water). 
The solution will become rose-red, then violet, 
and finally blue; the blue appears of a reddish 
tint when compared with a normal alkaline 
copper solution. 

Rosella (ro-sel'-ah). See Rubella. 

Rosemary (roz' -yna-re) [rosmarinus, marine 
dew; from ros, dew; marinus, marine]. The 
Rosmarinus officinalis, a plant of the order 
Labiatce. R., Oil of (oleum rosmarini, U. S. 
P.), a volatile oil used as a stimulant and in 
rubefacient liniments. Dose 3-6 min. (0.2- 
0.3 Cc). R., Spirit of (spirit us rosmarini, 
B. P.), prepared from the oil and used as a 
perfume and in liniments. 

Rosenbach's Disease. A nodular enlarge- 
ment, painful to the touch, of the dorsal as- 
pect of the proximal ends of the last pha- 
langes. The affection is regarded as identical 
with Heberden's nodes. R.'s Modification 
of Gmelin's Test for Bile-pigments, 
when the liquid has all been filtered through 
a very small filter, apply to the inside of the 
filter a drop of nitric acid containing only a 
very little nitrous acid, when a pale yellow 
spot will form, surrounded by colored rings, 
which are yellowish-red, violet, blue, and 
green. R.'s Sign. 1. Loss of the abdominal 



ROSENBACH-SEMON'S LAW 



842 



ROUND LIGAMENT 



reflex in inflammatory intestinal diseases. 2. 
Tremor of the eyelids when the patient is 
asked to close them, often associated with in- 
sufficient closure of the lids. It is seen in 
neurasthenia. R.'s Syndrome, a variety of 
paroxysmal tachycardia consisting in the asso- 
ciation of cardiac, respiratory, and gastric 
troubles. R.'s Test for Indirubin, boil the 
liquid with nitric acid, and indigo-blue will be 
formed from indirubin. 

Rosenbach-Semon's Law. See Semon's Law. 

Rosenberg's Method. By requiring the pa- 
tient to read aloud a difficult passage, the 
production of the knee-jerk is facilitated. 

Rosenheim's Sign. A friction-sound heard 
on auscultation over the left hypochondrium 
in fibrous perigastritis. 

Rosenmueller's Fossa. A depression be- 
hind the pharyngeal orifice of the eustachian 
tube, frequently the seat of morbid growths. 
R.'s Gland. 1. The palpebral portion of the 
lacrimal gland. 2. The largest of the group 
of deep subinguinal glands in the crural ring. 
R.'s Organ, the parovarium, a vestige of 
the wolffian body and duct. R.'s Valve, a 
semilunar fold of the mucous membrane seen 
occasionally in the lacrimal duct above its 
junction with the lacrimal sac. 

Rosenthal's Canal. The spiral canal of the 
modiolus. R.'s Hyperacid Vomiting. See 
Rossbactis Disease. R.'s Sign, the ap- 
plication of a strong faradic current to the 
sides of the vertebral column causes burning 
and stabbing pains in cases of spondylitis. 
R.'s Vein, the basilar vein, a branch of Ga- 
len's vein. 

Roseola (ro-ze' '-o-lah) [roseus, rosy]. 1. Rose- 
rash, a name given to any rose-colored erup- 
tion. 2. Synonym of Rubella. R. cholerica, 
an eruption sometimes appearing in cholera. 
R., Syphilitic, an eruption of rose-colored 
spots appearing early in secondary syphilis. 
R. typhosa, the eruption of typhoid or typhus 
fever. R. vaccina, a general rose-colored 
eruption sometimes occurring during vaccinia. 

Roseoles a verre bleu. Faint syphilids dis- 
covered by means of cobalt-blue glasses worn 
close to the eyes, before they are revealed to 
the naked eyer 

Roser's Position. With head dependent over 
the end of the table. 

Roser-Braun's Sign. Absence of pulsations 
of the dura in cases of cerebral abscess, 
tumors, etc. 

Roser-Nelaton's Line. See Line, Nelaton's. 

Rosin (roz'-in). The residue left after distilling 
off the volatile oil from turpentine. See also 
Resina. R. Cerate (ceratum resince, U. S. P.), 
a mixture of rosin, yellow wax, and lard. R. 
Cerate, Compound {ceratum resince composi- 
tum,XJ. S. P.), a mixture of rosin, yellow wax, 
prepared suet, turpentine, and linseed-oil. 

Rosin's Test for Indirubin. Render the 
liquid alkaline with sodium carbonate and 
extract with ether, which is colored red by 
the indirubin. 

Rosmarinus (roz-ma-ri'-nus). See Rosemary. 



Rosolic Acid (ro-zol'-ik), C 20 H 16 O 3 . A sub- 
stance used as a test for acids and alkalis: 
acids decolorize it; with alkalis it gives a red 
color. 

Rossbach's Disease. Gastroxynsis; a neu- 
rosis of the stomach attended with paroxysmal 
hypersecretion. 

Rostellum (ros-tel'-um) [dim. of rostrum]. A 
little beak, especially the hook-bearing portion 
of the head of certain worms. 

Rostrate (ros'-trat) [rostrum]. Furnished with 
a beak or beak-like process. 

Rostrum (ros'-trum) [L.]. A beak; a pro- 
jection or ridge. R. sphenoidale, the ver- 
tical ridge on the inferior aspect of the body 
of the sphenoid bone, which is received in the 
upper grooved border of the vomer. Syn., 
Beak 0} the sphenoid. 

Rot [AS., rotian, to rot]. Decay. R., Potato-. 
See Mildew. 

Rotary (ro'-ta-re) [rotation]. Producing or 
characterized by rotation. 

Rotation (ro-ta' '-shun) [rotare, to turn, from 
rota, a wheel]. The act of turning about an 
axis passing through the center of a body, as 
rotation of the eye, rotation of the arm. 

Rotator (ro-ta' -tor) [see Rotation]. Anything, 
especially a muscle, that produces rotation. 

Rotch's Sign. Dulness on percussion in the 
right fifth intercostal space in pericardial 
effusion. 

Roth's Disease, R.'s Symptom-complex. 
"Meraigia paraesthetica." See Bernhardt' s 
Paresthesia. R.'s Spots, white spots re- 
sembling those of albuminuric retinitis, seen 
in the region of the optic disc and the macula 
in cases of septic retinitis. R.'s Vas aber- 
rans, an inconstant diverticulum of the middle 
portion of the rete testis. 

Rotheln (ra'-teln). See Rubella. 

Rottlera (rot-le'-rah). See Kamila. 

Rottlerin (rot'-ler-in), C 22 H 20 O G . A bitter prin- 
ciple from kamila; used as an anthelmintic. 

Rotula (rot'-u-lah) [dim. of rota, a wheel]. 
The patella. 

Rouget's Bulb. See Bulb, Rouget's. R.'s Mo- 
torial End-plates, small cellular elements 
connected, within the sarcolemma, with the 
endings of motor nerves. R.'s Muscle. See 
Mueller's Muscle (1). 

Roughton's Band. Collapse, from atrophy 
of the tissues, of the zone corresponding to 
the junction of the alas nasi with the lateral 
cartilages. The resulting contact of this zone 
with the septum causes obstruction during 
inspiration. 

Rougnon-Heberden's Disease. Angina pec- 
toris. 

Rouleau (roo-lo) [Fr.; pi., rouleaux]. A roll, 
especially a roll of red blood-corpuscles, re- 
sembling a roll of coins. 

Round Ligament. 1. One of the ligaments 
of the uterus passing through the inguinal 
canal. 2. One of the ligaments of the liver 
lying in the longitudinal fissure. 3. One of 
the ligaments of the hip- joint — ligamentum 
teres. 



ROUNDWORM 



843 



RUPIA 






Roundworm. The ascaris. 

Roup (roop). A contagious disease of fowls; 
it is probably diphtheric. 

Rovighi's Sign, Hydatid fremitus; a thrill ob- 
served on combined palpation and percussion 
in cases of superficial hydatid cyst of the liver. 

Rubber (rub'-er). The elastica of the U. S. P. 
The prepared milk-juice of several' species 
of Hevea. Syn., Caoutchouc; India-rubber; 
Para rubber. R.-dam, a sheet of rubber 
used to confine the flow of secretions or of 
discharges from a wound. 

Rubedo (ru-be'-do) [ruber, red]. Any diffused 
redness of the skin. 

Rubefacient (ru-be-fa' 'she-ent) [ruber; facere, 
to make], i. Causing redness of the skin. 
2. An agent that causes redness of the skin. 

Rubella {ru-bel'-ah) [dim. of rubeola]. An 
acute contagious eruptive disease, of short 
duration and mild character. After a period 
of incubation varying from one to three weeks, 
the disease sets in abruptly with pains in the 
limbs, sore throat, and slight fever. The 
eruption appears at the end of the first day, 
and consists of red papules, and disappears 
usually without desquamation in about three 
days. The disease is associated with enlarge- 
ment of the superficial cervical and posterior 
auricular glands. Syn., Epidemic roseola; 
French measles; German measles; Rotheln. 

Rubeola {ru-be'-o-lah). See Measles. 

Rubeolin iru-be' -ol-in) [rubeola]. A name given 
to the specific toxin of measles. 

Rubescent (ru-bes f -ent) [rubescere, to become 
red]. Growing red. 

Rubia {ru'-be-ah). The Rubia tinctorum or 
dyers' madder, containing the coloring prin- 
ciples alizarin (C 14 H s 4 ) and purpurin (C 14 - 
H 8 5 ). It is used as a dye. 

Rubidium iru-bid' -e-um) [rubidus, red]. A 
rare alkaline metal, resembling potassium in 
physical and chemic properties; its salts are 
used in medicine. 

Rubiginous (ru-bif '-in-us) [rubiginosus, rusty]. 
Rust-colored. 

Rubigo {ru-bi'-go) [L.]. Rust. 

Rubin {ru'-bhi). Synonym of Fuchsin. 

Rubner's Test for Carbon Monoxid in the 
Blood. Agitate the blood with 4 or 5 volumes 
of solution of lead acetate for one minute. If 
the blood contains CO, it will retain its bright 
color; if it does not, it will turn chocolate- 
brown. R.'s Test for Glucose, add to the 
liquid an excess of lead acetate; filter, and 
add to the filtrate ammonium hydrate until 
no further precipitate is produced. Warm 
gently, when the precipitate formed will 
gradually become pink; this color decreases on 
standing. 

Rubor (ru'-bor) [L.]. Redness or discoloration 
due to inflammation. R., Regional, isolated 
spots which become red, with elevation 
of temperature, observed after local cyanosis. 

Rubrescin (ru-bres'-in). A combination of 
resorcinol, 50 Gm., and chloral hydrate, 25 
Gm. It is used in 1 % solution as an indicator 
for alkalimetry and acidimetry. 



Rubrin {ru'-brin). See Hematin. 

Rubrol. A solution used by injection in gonor- 
rhea, and said to consist of boric acid, thymol, 
and a coal-tar derivative in water. 

Rubrum (ru'-brum) [ruber, red]. The pre- 
ferred name for the nucleus ruber. 

Rubus {ru'-bus) [L.]. Blackberry. A genus 
of plants of the order Rosacece. The rubus of 
the U. S. P. is the dried bark of the rhizome of 
R. villosus, R. nigrobaccus, and R. cuneifolius. 
It is used as an astringent tonic in diarrhea. 
Dose 20-30 gr. (1.3-2.0 Gm.). R., Fluid- 
extract of (fluidextractum rubi, U. S. P.). 
Dose ^-i dr. (2-4 Cc). R., Syrup of (syru- 
pus rubi, U. S. P.). Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). 
The fruit of R. idceus, the raspberry, is used to 
prepare syrupus rubi idcei, which is used as a 
tonic. 

Ructus {ruk'-tus) [L.]. A belching of gas from 
the stomach. 

Rudimentary {ru-dim-en' -ta-re) [rudimentum, 
a rudiment]. Undeveloped; unfinished. 

Rue (ru) [poxi}, rue]. A plant, Ruta graveolens, 
of the order Rutacece, yielding an oil {oleum 
rutce, B. P.) which is a local irritant and has 
been employed in amenorrhea and menor- 
rhagia. Dose 2-5 min. (0.13-0.32 Cc). 

Ruffini's End-organs. See End-organs, Ruf- 
fini's. 

Ruga {ru'-gaK) [L.]. A fold or ridge. Rugae, 
Palatal, the elevations upon the mucous 
covering of the hard palate; they assist in 
speech and deglutition. 

Rugose {ru'-gos) [ruga]. Characterized by 
folds. 

Rugosity {ru-gos' -it-e) [ruga]. A condition of 
being in folds. 

Rugous {ru'-gus). See Rugose. 

Ruhmkorff's Coil. An induction coil. 

Rum [abb. from ME. rumbooze, alcoholic 
liquor]. A spirit obtained from the molasses 
of the sugar-cane by fermentation and dis- 
tillation. 

Rumen [ru'-men) [L.]. The first stomach of 
ruminants, also called the paunch, from 
which the food is returned to the mouth for 
remastication. 

Rumex iru'-meks) [L.]. Yellow dock, a genus 
of plants of the order Polygonacece. The 
root of R. crispus is astringent and tonic, and 
has been employed externally and internally 
in various diseases of the skin. Dose of the 
extract 1 dr. (4 Cc). 

Rumin {ru'-min) [rumex]. A precipitate from 
a tincture of the root of Rumex crispus. It 
is antiscorbutic, alterative, and astringent. 

Rumination (ru-min-a'-shun). See Merycism. 

Rummo's Disease. Cardioptosis. 

Rump [Icel., rumpr]. The region near the 
end of the backbone; the buttocks. 

Rumpf 's Sign. Fibrillary twitching of muscles 
in traumatic neurosis. 

Run-around. Suppurative inflammation around 
a finger-nail. 

Runeberg's Type of Pernicious Anemia. 
A form of pernicious anemia with remissions. 

Rupia (ru'-pe-ah) [puizoc, filth]. A form of 



RUPIAL 



844 



SAC 



eruption occurring especially in tertiary syph- 
ilis, and characterized by the formation of 
large, dirty-brown, stratified, conic crusts. 

Rupial (ru'-pe-al) [rupia]. Resembling or 
characterized by rupia. 

Rupophobia (ru-po-fo'-be-ah). See Rhypo- 
phobia. 

Rupture (rup'-tur) [rumpere, to break], i. A 
forcible tearing of a part, as rupture of 
the uterus, rupture of the bladder. 2. Hernia. 

Rusconi's Anus. The blastopore. 

Russell's Bodies. Fuchsin bodies. Round- 
ish colloid or hyaline bodies, of varying size, 
found in a variety of conditions, notably in 
carcinomatous growths and certain morbid 
changes of the mucosa of the nose and 
stomach. 

Rust [AS.]. 1. The oxid and hydroxid 
of iron formed on the surface of iron exposed 
to the air. 2. A disease common on cereals, 
causing rust-like masses to break out on the 
tissues of the plant. 

Rust's Disease. Tuberculous spondylitis af- 
fecting the first and second cervical verte- 
bras. R.'s Symptoms, at every change of 
position of the body a patient suffering from 



caries or carcinoma of the upper cervical ver- 
tebras supports his head with the hand. 

Rut (rut) [OF., "a roaring"]. 1. The state of 
concomitant menstruation and ovulation in 
the lower animals. 2. The condition of a 
male animal in which it is capable of insemi- 
nating. 

Ruta (ru'-tah). See Rue. 

Rutidosis {ru-tid-o' -sis) [pox'cg, a wrinkle]. A 
wrinkling; the contraction or puckering of 
the cornea that just precedes death. 

Ruysch's Glomerulus. See Malpighian Tuft. 
R.'s Membrane. See Membrana ruyschiana. 
R.'s Tube, a minute tubular cavity in the 
nasal septum, opening by a small, round 
orifice a little below and in front of the naso- 
palatine foramen. It is best seen in the fetus, 
and represents the rudimentary homolog of 
Jacobson's organ. R.'s Uterine Muscle, 
the muscular tissue of the fundus uteri; it was 
believed by Ruysch to act independent of the 
rest of the uterine muscle. 

Rye (rl) [AS., ryge]. The plant Secale cereale 
and its grain. The grain is used in the man- 
ufacture of bread. 

Rypia (ri'-pe-ah). See Rupia. 



S. 1. The symbol of sulfur. 2. An abbreviation of 
sinister, left; in prescriptions, of signa, sign. 
S. romanum, the sigmoid flexure of the colon. 

Sabadilla (sab-ad-il'-ah). Cevadilla; Schoeno- 
caulon officinale (Asagrcea officinalis), a plant 
of the order Melanthacece, containing the 
alkaloids veratrin, sabadin, and sabadinin. 
It is an emetocathartic, and was formerly 
used as a teniacide and to destoy vermin in 
the hair. Its chief value is as a source of 
veratrin. It is official in the B. P. 

Sabadin (sab'-ad-in), C 29 H 51 NO s (Merck). 
An alkaloid from the seeds of Schcenocaulon 
officinale, occurring in white, acicular crystals, 
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; melts at 
240 C. It is sternutatory. 

Sabal (sab'-al). Saw-palmetto. The sabal of the 
U. S. P. is the partly dried ripe fruit of Serenoa 
serrulata. A fluidextract has been recom- 
mended in inflammations of the genitourinary 
tract, atonic impotence, and in bronchitis 
and pulmonary tuberculosis. Dose 1-2 dr. 
(4-8 Cc.). 

Sabbatia (sab-a'-she-ah) [after Liberatus Sab- 
bati, an Italian botanist]. A genus of the 
order Gentianece. S. angularis is the 
American centaury. 

Sabbattin (sab'-at-in). A glucosid obtained from 
Sabbatia elliottii, quinin flower; it is antiperi- 
odic and antipyretic. 

Sabina (sa-bi'-nah). See Savin. 

Sabulous (sab'-u-lus) [sabulum, sand]. Gritty; 
sandy. 

Saburra (sab-ur'-ah) [L., " coarse sand"]. 



Foulness of the stomach or of the tongue or 
teeth; sordes. 

Saburral (sab-ur'-al) [saburra]. 1. Pertaining 
to or affected with saburra. 2. Resembling 
or pertaining to coarse sand. 

Sac (sak) [saccus, a bag]. The bag-like 
bulging or covering of a natural cavity, hernia, 
cyst, or tumor. S.s, Air-, the air-cells of the 
lung. S., Allantoid. Synonym of Allan- 
tois. S., Amniotic, the amnion. S.s, Audi- 
tory, the rudimentary organs of hearing of 
the embryo of certain vertebrates. S., Con- 
junctival, that formed by reflection of the 
palpebral conjunctiva. S., Dorsal, a recess 
between the epiphysis cerebri and the roof of 
the third ventricle. Syn., Suprapineal recess. 
S., Embryonic, the sac-like stage of the em- 
bryo, which it presents early in its develop- 
ment, just after the abdominal plates have 
closed. S., Endolymphatic, a sac of the 
dura included in the aqueduct of the vestibule. 
See under Duct, Endolymphatic. S. of the 
Epididymis, the visceral layer of the tunica 
vaginalis covering the epididymis. S., Fetal. 
See S., Gestation-. S., Gestation-, the sac 
inclosing the embryo in ectopic pregnancy. 
S., Hernial, the peritoneal covering of a 
hernia. S., Lacrimal, the dilated upper por- 
tion of the lacrimal duct. S., Omental, the 
sac formed between the ascending and de- 
scending portions of the great omentum. 
S., Pericardial, the pericardium. S., Peri- 
toneal, the cavity formed by the peritoneal 
serous membrane. S., Pleural, the cav- 



SACCATE 



845 



SACCULUS 



ity formed by the pleura. S. of the Pul- 
monary Veins, the left auricle of the 
heart. S., Serous, the closed cavity formed 
by any serous membrane. S., Tubotym- 
panic, the diverticulum of the primitive gut 
forming the tympanic cavity and the eusta- 
chian tube. S., Umbilical, the umbilical 
vesicle. S. of the Venae cavae, the right 
auricle of the heart. S., Vitelline, the sac 
inclosing the vitellus or yolk in the embryo. 

Saccate, Saccated (sak' -at, sak'-a-ted) [saccus, 
a sac]. Sac-shaped; contained in a sac; 
encysted. 

Saccharated (sak'-ar-a-ted) [saccharin]. Con- 
taining sugar. S. Ferrous Carbonate (ferri 
carbonas saccharatus, U. S. P.). Dose 4 gr. 
(0.25 Gm.)._ 

Saccharification (sak-ar-if-ik-a' -shun) [sac- 
charin; facere, to make]. The act of convert- 
ing into sugar. 

Saccharimeter (sak-ar-im' -et-er) [saccharin; 
[ihpov, a measure]. An apparatus for de- 
termining the amount of sugar in solutions, 
either in the form of a hydrometer, which 
indicates the strength in sugar by the specific 
gravity of the solution; or of a polarimeter, 
which indicates the strength in sugar by the 
number of degrees of rotation of the plane of 
polarization. S. Test, a solution of dextrose 
rotates the plane of polarized light to the right. 

Saccharin (sak'-ar-in) [oanyapov, sugar], C 7 H 5 - 
SO3N. A crystalline substance nearly 280 
times sweeter than cane-sugar, and used as a 
substitute for the latter in diabetes. It is 
also employed as an antiseptic. Syn., 
Benzoyl sulfonicimid; Glucusimid; Glusid; 
Orthosulfaminbenzoic anhydrid; Saccharinol; 
Saccharinose; Sycose; Zuckerin. S. -sodium, 
a soluble powder containing 90% of sac- 
charin; used as an intestinal antiseptic. Dose 
15 gr. (1 Gm.) once or twice daily. 

Saccharine (sak'-ar-in) [saccharum]. Contain- 
ing sugar; sugary; as sweet as sugar. 

Saccharomyces (sak-ar-o-mi'-sez) [saccharum; 
jj.uk7)c, a fungus]. A genus of unicellular 
vegetable organisms, of which the yeast-plant 
is a common example. S. albicans, same as 
Oidium albicans, the fungus of thrush. S. 
cerevisiae, the ferment of beer-yeast. S. far- 
ciminosus, causes epizootic lymphangitis. 
S. granulomatosus, Sanfelice (1898) ob- 
tained from granulomatous nodule of a pig. 
Inoculated in swine, it produced similar 
lesions, but was not pathogenic to other ani- 
mals. S. lithogenes, Sanfelice (1895), from 
a carcinomatous metastasis in an ox, the 
primary tumor occurring in the liver. It 
killed white mice in 8 days after subcutane- 
ous inoculation. S. neoformans, Sanfelice 
(1895), isolated from fermenting grape-juice. 
It produced nodules in all organs of guinea- 
pigs except brain, heart, and suprarenals; 
death occurred in 20 to 30 days after inocula- 
tion. He emphasized the similarity of the 
organisms to the socalled coccidia of cancers. 
S. niger, isolated from the tissue of a guinea- 
pig which died of marasmus. It produced 



enlargement of lymph-glands and suppuration 
at the point of inoculation in guinea-pigs, 
rabbits, chickens, and dogs. S. ruber, 
Demme (1891), a red, budding fungus found 
in milk, which produced gastroenteritis in 
children. Shown by Casagrandi (1897) to be 
pathogenic for guinea-pigs, dogs, and mice 
when inoculated subcutaneously or into the 
abdomen. S. septicus, de Galtano, found 
in urinary sediment. An exceptionally viru- 
lent species producing fatal fibrinous periton- 
itis and septicemia in guinea-pigs in 12 
hours. S. theobromag, the yeast causing the 
fermentation in the curing of cacao. S. 
tumefaciens albus, Foulerton, isolated from 
patients in cases of pharyngitis. 

Saccharomycosis (sak-ar-o-mi-ko'-sis). A path- 
ologic condition due to yeasts or Sac- 
charomyces. S. hominis, a name given by 
Busse (1894) to pyemia produced by a patho- 
genic yeast. Syn., Saccharomycosis sub- 
cutaneus tumefaciens, Curtis; Saccharomycose 
humaine, Curtis (1896). 

Saccharoscope (sak'-ar-o-skop) [saccharum; 
okotizIv, to view]. An instrument for determ- 
ining and registering the amount of sugar in 
the urine. 

Saccharose (sak'-ar-os) [saccharum]. 1. C 12 H 22 - 
O u . A crystalline carbohydrate, cane-sugar, 
occurring in the juice of many plants, chiefly 
in sugar-cane, in some varieties of maple, 
and in beet-root; it melts at 160 C; at 190 - 
200 C. it changes into a brown, noncrystal- 
lizable mass called caramel, used in coloring 
liquids. It is not directly fermentable, and 
does not reduce alkaline copper solutions. 2. 
Any one of a group of carbohydrates isomeric 
with cane-sugar. 

Saccharosuria (sak-ar-o-su'-re-ah) [saccharose; 
ohpov, urine]. The presence of saccharose in 
the urine. 

Saccharum (sak'-ar-um) [oanyapov, sugar], 
C 1 2H 22 11 , sugar. The sugar of the phar- 
macopeia {saccharum, U. S. P.; saccharum 
purificatwn, B. P.) is the refined sugar ob- 
tained from S. ofjicinarum and from various 
species of Sorghum. See Saccharose (1). 
S. lactis (U. S. P.), milk-sugar. 

Sacchorrhea (sak-or-e'-ah) [saccharum; pe'cv, 
to flow]. Glycosuria. 

Sacciform (sak' -si f -or m) [sac; forma, form]. 
Resembling a sac. 

Saccular (sak'-u-lar) [sac]. Sac-shaped, as a 
saccular aneurysm. 

Sacculated (sak' -u-la-ted) [sac]. Divided into 
small sacs. 

Sacculation (sak-u-la'-shun) [sac]. 1. The 
state of being sacculated. 2. The formation 
of small sacs. 

Saccule (sak'-ul) [sacculus, dim. of sac, a sac]. 
1. A small sac. 2. The smaller of two vestib- 
ular sacs of the membranous labyrinth of 
the ear. See Sacculus labyrinthi. 

Sacculocochlear (sak-u-lo-kok'-le-ar). Relating 
to the saccule of the . vestibule and the cochlea. 

Sacculus (sak'-u-lus). A saccule. S. caeca- 
lis, S. laryngis, the laryngeal pouch between 



SACCUS 



846 



SAGAPENUM 



the superior vocal bands and the inner surface 
of the thyroid cartilage. Sacculi chalico- 
phori, the lacunas of bone. S. chylifer, S. 
rorifer, the receptaculum chyli. S. cordis, the 
pericardium. S. ellipticus, S. hemiellipti- 
cus. See Utricle. S., Horner's, the anal 
pocket; a saccular fold of the rectal mucosa. 
S. labyrinthi, S. proprius, S. rotundus, 
S. sphaericus, the saccule of the vestibule. 

Saccus {sak'-us) [L.]. A sac. S. endolymph- 
aticus, a small sac contained in the aque- 
duct of the vestibule and serving to establish 
a communication between the endolymph and 
the subdural space. 

Sachse's Solution. See under S.'s Test. S.'s 
Test, a quantitative test for the determination 
of sugar in urine, consisting in the reduction 
of the test solution, a solution of red iodid of 
mercury 18 Gm., potassium iodid 25 Gm., 
potassium hydroxid 80 Gm., water to make 
a liter. The end of the reaction is ascertained 
by means of a solution of stannous chlorid, 
supersaturated with sodium hydroxid. 

Sacrache {sak'-rak) [sacrum; ache]. Sacral 
pain in the gravid woman. 

Sacral {sa'-kral) [sacrum]. Pertaining to the 
sacrum. 

Sacra media {sa'-krah me'-de-ah) [arteria 
understood]. The artery running down the 
middle of the anterior surface of the sacrum 
and representing the termination of the aorta. 

Sacrectomy {sa-krek 1 '-to-me) [sacrum; i/tro/nr), 
excision]. Excision of part of the sacrum. 
See Operation, Kraske's. 

Sacro- {sa-kro-) [sacrum]. A prefix denoting 
relating to the sacrum. 

Sacroanterior {sa-kro-an-te'-re-or). Applied to 
a fetus having the sacrum directed forward. 

Sacrococcygeal {sa-kro-kok-sif -e-al) [sacro-; 
coccyx]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the 
coccyx. 

Sacrocoxitis (sa-kro-koks-i'-tis). See Sacro- 
iliac Disease. 

Sacrodynia {sa-kro-din'-e-ah) [sacro-; dduvq, 
pain]. Pain referred to the region of the 
sacrum in cases of hysteria or neurasthenia. 

Sacroiliac {sa-kro -il'-e-ak) [sacro-; ilium]. 
Pertaining to the sacrum and the ilium. S. 
Disease, an inflammation, usually tubercu- 
lous, of the sacroiliac joint, characterized by 
pain, tenderness, and swelling and elongation 
of the limb. 

Sacrolumbalis {sa-kro-lum-ba'-lis). See under 
Muscle. 

Sacrolumbar {sa-kro-lum' '-bar) [sacro-; lum- 
bus, loin]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the 
loins. S. Angle, the angle formed by the 
articulation of the sacrum and the last lumbar 
vertebra. 

Sacroposterior {sa - kro - pos - te' -re- or) [sacro-; 
posterior]. Of the fetus, having the sacrum 
directed backward. 

Sacrosciatic {sa-kro-si-af -ik) [sacro-; sciatic]. 
Pertaining to the sacrum and the ischium, as 
the sacrosciatic notch, sacrosciatic ligaments. 

Sacrospinalis {sa-kro-spi-na' -lis) [sacro-; spine]. 
The erector spinae muscle. 



Sacrotomy {sa-krof -o-me) [sacro-; re/ivecv, to cut]. 
Excision of the lower portion of the sacrum. 

Sacrouterine {sa-kro-u'-ter-in). Pertaining to 
the sacrum and the uterus. 

Sacro vertebral {sa-kro -ver' -te-bral) [sacro-; 
vertebra]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the 
vertebras. 

Sacrum {sa'-krum) [sacer, sacred; os, bone, 
understood]. A curved triangular bone com- 
posed of five united vertebras, situated be- 
tween the last lumbar vertebra above, the 
coccyx below, and the ossa innominata on 
each side, and forming the posterior boundary 
of the pelvis. 

Sactosalpinx {sak -to- sal' - pinks) [oanToc, 
crammed; oahztj^, tube]. The obstruction 
of a fallopian tube and consequent distention 
from retained secretion. S. haemorrhagica. 
See Hematosalpinx. 

Saddle {sad' -I) [ME., sadel]. A ccntrivance 
secured on the back of a horse or other 
animal to serve as a seat for a rider. 
S.-arch, that form of dental vault the section 
of which represents the shape of a saddle. 
S.-back, lordosis. S.-bags, a pair of 
leathern cases, formerly, and still locally, 
carried by physicians upon the saddle, and 
containing their medicines and instruments. 
S.-head. See Clinocephalus. S. -joint, an 
articulation in which each surface is concave 
in one direction and convex in the other. S.- 
nose, a nose of which the bridge is sunken in. 
S., Turkish. See Sella turcica. 

Saemisch's Ulcer {sa'-mish). A serpiginous 
infecting ulcer of the cornea. 

Saenger's Macula {seng'-er) . A bright red spot 
marking the orifice of the duct of Bartholin's 
gland in cases of gonorrheal vulvitis. Syn., 
Macula gonorrhoeica. S.'s Pupil Reaction, 
for the differential diagnosis of cerebral syph- 
ilis and tabes; in amaurosis and optic atrophy 
of cerebral syphilis the pupil reflex to light 
may be preserved and even increased after a 
protracted stay in the dark, which is never 
the case in tabes dorsalis. 

Saeptum {sep'-tum). See Septum. 

Saffron {saf'-ron) [Ar., zafaran, saffron]. The 
Crocus sativus, a plant of the order Iridece. 
Its stigmas {crocus, B. P.) contain a glucosid, 
coloring-matter (crocin), and a bitter principle. 
Saffron is used as a coloring and flavoring 
agent, and in the form of a tea to bring out 
the eruption of the exanthematous diseases. 

Safranin {saf'-ra-nin) [saffron], C 18 H l8 N 4 . A 
coal-tar dye used in microscopy, especially in 
studying karyokinesis. It is a powerful car- 
diac and respiratory poison. 

Safrene {saf'-ren) [saffron], C 10 H 16 . A hydro- 
carbon obtained from sassafras. 

Safrol {saf'-rol) [saffron; oleum, oil]. Safrolum 
(U. S. P.), C 10 H lo p 2 . The stearoptene of sas- 
safras oil, used in headache, neuralgia, and 
rheumatism. Dose 10-20 min. (0.65-1.3 Cc). 

Sagapenum {sag -a-pe' - num) . A fetid gum- 
resin believed to be the concrete juice of Ferula 
persica. Its properties resemble those of 
asafetida and galbanum. 



i 



I 



SAGE 



847 



SALICYLATE 



Sage {saj) [salvia]. Salvia officinalis, a plant 
of the order Labiates. Its leaves {salvia, 
U. S. P.) contain several terpenes, an oil, 
salviol, C 10 H l6 O, and camphor. Sage is 
tonic, astringent, and aromatic, and is used 
in dyspepsia. It was formerly employed in 
colliquative sweats. Dose 20-30 gr. (1.3-2.0 
Gm.). 

Sagittal {saj'-it-al) [sagitta, an arrow]. 1. 
Arrow-like, as the sagittal suture of the skull. 
2. Pertaining to the anteroposterior median 
plane of the body. S. Nucleus, the nucleus of 
the oculomotor nerve. 

Sago {sa'-go) [Malay, sdgu]. The starch ob- 
tained from the sago-palm, used as a food and 
demulcent. S. -spleen, a spleen presenting 
on section the appearance of sago-grains, as 
a result of amyloid degeneration of the 
malpighian bodies. 

Sagotia racemosa {sa-go'-she-ah). A South 
American species of the order Euphorbiacea, 
used as a tonic and aphrodisiac. 

Sagradin {sag' -rah-din) . The proprietary 
name for a 20 % solution of extract of cascara 
sagrada with spirit of peppermint. 

Saigon Cinnamon. A variety of cinnamon 
{cinnamomum saigonicum, U. S. P.) ob- 
tained from Saigon, the capital of French 
Cochin-China. See Cinnamon. 

St. Anthony's Fire. Erysipelas; anthrax. 

St. Gothard's Disease. Ankylostomiasis. 

St. Hubert's Disease. Hydrophobia. 

St. Ignatius' Bean. See Ignatia. 

St. Roch's Disease. Bubo. 

St. Sement's Disease. Syphilis. 

St. Vitus' Dance. Chorea. So named because 
in the epidemic of chorea in Strasburg in 1488 
those who were afflicted were sent on a pil- 
grimage to the chapel of St. Vitus at Zabern, 
a town in Alsace-Lorraine. St. Vitus' Dance 
of the Voice, stammering. 

Sal [L.]. 1. Salt. 2. Any substance resemb- 
ling salt. S. acetosella, potassium binoxa- 
late. S. aeratus, sodium bicarbonate. S. 
alembroth. See Alembroth. S. ammo- 
niac, ammonium chlorid. S. communis. 
See Salt, Common. S. de duobus, potassium 
sulfate. S. enxium, potassium bisulfate. S. 
glauberi. See Salt, Glauber's. S. kissin- 
gense, a salt obtained from the mineral 
springs of Kissingen, in Bavaria. S. pru- 
nella? , S. prunelle. 1. A fused mixture of 
potassium nitrate, 128 parts, and sulfur, 1 
part. 2. Fused potassium nitrate. S. ru- 
pium, rock-salt. S. seignette, potassium and 
sodium tartrate. S. sodae. See Salt of Soda. 
S. volatilis, ammonium carbonate. 

Sala's Cells. Stellate connective-tissue cells 
found in the network of fibers forming the 
sensory nerve-endings in the pericardium. 

Salaam Convulsion {sa-lahm') [At., salam, 
saluting]. A clonic spasm of the muscles 
of the trunk, producing a bowing movement; 
it is usually due to hysteria. 

Salactol {sal-ak'-tol). A combination of the 
sodium salts of salicylic and lactic acids dis- 
solved in a 1 % solution of hydrogen dioxid; 



it is recommended in diphtheria. The solu- 
tion is applied as a spray or with a brush, 
and given internally in doses of a tablespoon- 
ful (15 Cc). 

Salamandarin {sal-a-man 1 '-dar-in) . See Leu- 
komains, Table of. 

Salamid {sal' -am-id) . An amidogen derivative 
of salicylic acid, which it closely resembles 
in therapeutic properties, but acts more 
promptly and in smaller doses. 

Salborol {sal-bo' -rol). A compound of phenyl 
salicylate and boric acid, used in rheumatism. 

Saldanin {sal'-dan-in). A local anesthetic said 
to be prepared from Datura arborea. 

Salep {sal'-ep) [Ar., sahleb]. The dried 
tubers of various species of the genus Orchis 
and the genus Eulophia. It is used as a food, 
like sago and tapioca. 

Salhypnone {sal-hip' -non), C 6 H 4 0(COC 6 H 5 )- 
COOCH3. A benzoylmethylsalicylic ester; 
long colorless needles, insoluble in water, 
sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether; melts 
at ii3°-ii4°. It is used as an antiseptic. 

Salicamar {sal-ik'-am-ar), CH 2 OH . CHOH . - 
CH 2 . C 6 H 4 CO . CH 2 . CHOH . CH 2 OH. A 
glycerol ether of glycerolsalicylic acid; recom- 
mended as a stomachic and antirheumatic. 

Salicin {sal'-is-in) [salix, willow], Ci 3 H 18 7 . 
A crystalline glucosid found in the bark and 
leaves of the willow. Salicin {salicinum, 
U. S. P., B. P.) is used as a substitute for 
salicylic acid in doses of 5-30 gr. (0.3-2.0 
Gm.); maximum daily dosage iqo gr. (9.7 
Gm.). 

Salicol {sal'-ik-ol). A. proprietary solution said 
to consist of methyl-alcohol, salicylic acid, 
and oil of wintergreen in water; used as an 
antiseptic and cosmetic. 

Salicyl {sal'-is-il) [salicylic acid], C 7 H 6 2 . The 
hypothetic radicle of salicylic acid. S. Acetate, 
C 2 H 3 . O . C 7 H 5 2 0, acetosalicylic anhydrid. 
S. Acetol, salactol. S.-anilid, salifebrin. 
S.-creasote, a paste prescribed by Unna in 
skin diseases, consisting of a mixture of sal- 
icylic acid, creasote, wax, and cerate. S.-p- 
phenetidin. See Malakin. S.-quinin Sal- 
icylate. See Saloquinin Salicylate. S.- 
resorcinol, C 13 H 10 O 4 , obtained from salicylic 
acid and resorcinol with heat. It occurs in 
plates slightly soluble in water; melts at 133 
C. It is antiseptic, antipyretic, and analgesic, 
and used in typhoid, diarrhea, etc. Dose 
5-15 gr. (0.32-1.0 Gm.); maximum dose 15 
gr. (1 Gm.) single; 60 gr. (4 Gm.) daily. S. 
Urate, a salt of salicyluric acid. 

Salicylage {sal'-is-il-dj) [salicylic acid]. The 
addition of salicylic acid to foods for their 
preservation. 

Salicylamid {sal-is-W -am-id) [salicylic acid], 
C 5 H 4 (OH)CONH 2 . A tasteless compound 
produced by treating methyl salicylate with 
an alcoholic solution of ammonia, and used as 
a substitute for salicylic acid. 

Salicylate {sal-is' -il-at) [salicylic acid]. A salt 
of salicylic acid. The salicylates of lithium, 
methyl, and sodium, which are official, and 
those of ammonium and strontium, which are 



SALICYLATED 



848 SALKOWSKI'S MODIFICATION 



unofficial, are used in rheumatism, in doses 
of 10-15 gr. (0.65-1.0 Gm.). Bismuth salicy- 
late is employed as an intestinal antiseptic; 
naphthol salicylate is betol; phenyl salicylate 
is salol. 

Salicylated (sal-is' -il-a-ted). Impregnated with 
salicylic acid. 

Salicylic Acid (sal-i-sil'-ik). See Acid, Salicy- 
lic. S.-acid Glycerolester, recommended 
as a valuable antirheumatic remedy. S. 
Alcohol. See Saligenin. S. Aldehyd, sali- 
cylous acid; used as an internal antiseptic. 
Dose 2-8 gr. (0.1-0.5 Gm.) daily. S.-amid. 
See Salicylamid. S. Amylester. See Amyl 
Salicylate. S. Anhydrid. See S. Aldehyd. 
S. Cream, an antiseptic mixture of pow- 
dered salicylic acid, 2 dr. ; phenol, 1 dr. ; gly- 
cerol, 10 dr. S. Naphthylic Ester. See Betol. 
S. Phenylester. See Salol. S. Silk, a 
dressing made of silk waste impregnated with 
10% salicylic acid and a little glycerol. S. 
Suet, one part of salicylic acid in 49 parts of 
mutton-suet; used as, a dressing for sores. 
S. Thymolester, thymol acetate. S. Wool, 
cotton impregnated with 4 to 10% of salicylic 
acid and an equal amount of glycerol. 

Salicylid (sal-is' -il-id). An anhydrid of salicy- 
lic acid. S.-phenetidin. See Malakin. 

Salicylize (sal'-is-il-iz). To treat with salicylic 
acid. 

Salicylol (sal'-is-il-ol). See Salicylic Aldehyd. 

Salicyluric Acid (sal-is-il-u'-rik) [salicylic; 
uric]. A compound of glycol and salicylic acid 
found in the urine after the administration of 
salicylic acid. 

Salifebrin (sal-e-feb'-rin). Salicylanilid; C 13 - 
H n N0 2 , a white, permanent powder, insoluble 
in water, freely soluble in alcohol; recom- 
mended as an antipyretic and antineuralgic. 
It colors blue litmus-paper red. 

Saliferous (sal-if'-er-us) [sal, salt; ferre, to 
bear]. Producing salt. 

Salifiable (sal-if-i'-a-bl) [sal; fieri, to become]. 
Forming a salt by union with an acid. 

Saliformin (sal-i}-orm'-in), (CH 2 ) 6 N 4 . C 6 H 4 - 
(OH)COOH. A white, crystalline powder, 
of sour taste, soluble in water and alcohol. 
It is an antiseptic and uric-acid solvent. 
Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). Syn., Formin 
salicylate; Hexa methylentetraminsalicylate; 
Urotropin salicylate. 

Saligallol (sal-e-gal'-ol). Pyrogallol disalicy- 
late, a resinous solid, soluble in acetone or 
chloroform. Used as a vehicle for dermic 
applications and as a varnish. 

Saligenin (sal-ij'-en-in) [salicin; yzvvav, to 
produce], C 7 H 8 2 . Orthooxybenzylalcohol, 
a substance obtained from salicin by boiling 
with dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. 

Salimeter (sal-im'-et-er) [saline; jikxpov, a 
measure]. A hydrometer for ascertaining 
the strength of saline solutions. 

Saline (sa'-len or sa'-lin) .[sal, salt]. 1. Salty; 
containing salt or substance resembling salt. 
2. A salt of an alkali or alkaline earth. S. 
Solution, a 0.6 % solution of sodium chlorid; 
normal salt solution. 



Salipyrin (sa-lip'-ir-in or sal-i-pi'-rin) [salicy- 
late; _ nup^ fire], C n H 12 N 2 . C 7 H 6 O s . An- 
tipyrin salicylate, consisting of 57.7 parts of 
salicylic acid and 42.3 parts of antipyrin; 
it is soluble in water, and is used in rheuma- 
tism, neuralgia, and as an antipyretic. Dose 
15-3? gr- (1-2 Gm.). 

Saliretin (sal-e-ret'-in) [saligenin; pyzcvT}, resin], 
C l4 H 14 3 . An amorphous resinous body, pro- 
duced by treating saligenin with acids. 

Salisbury Treatment. The treatment of 
obesity by meat diet and hot water. 

Salitannol (sal-e-tan'-ol), C 14 H 16 7 . A con- 
densation-product of salicylic and gallic acids 
by action of phosphorous oxychlorid; a white, 
amorphous powder, soluble in solutions of 
caustic alkalis, slightly soluble in alcohol. 
Recommended as a surgical antiseptic. 

Salithymol (sal-e-thi'-mol). Thymol salicylate. 

Saliva (sa-li'-vah) [L.]. The mixed secretion 
of the parotid, submaxillary, sublingual, and 
mucous glands of the mouth. It is opalescent, 
tasteless, alkaline, and has a specific gravity of 
from 1004 to 1009, and contains serum- 
albumin, globulin, mucin, urea, an amylolytic 
ferment called ptyalin, and a proteolytic and 
a lipolytic ferment; also salts, among which 
is potassium sulfocyanid, derived especially 
from the parotid gland. Among formed ele- 
ments are epithelial cells, salivary corpuscles, 
and bacteria. The functions of saliva are to 
moisten the food and lubricate the bolus, to 
dissolve certain substances, to facilitate tast- 
ing, to aid in deglutition and articulation, and 
to digest starches, which it converts into 
maltose, dextrin, and glucose. 

Salivary (sal' -iv-a-re) [saliva]. Pertaining to 
or producing saliva; formed from saliva. S. 
Calculus, a calcareous concretion found in 
the salivary ducts. 

Salivate (sal'-iv-dt) [salivare, to spit out]. To 
cause an excessive discharge of saliva. 

Salivation (sal-iv-a' -shun) [salivate]. An ex- 
cessive secretion of saliva; a condition pro- 
duced by mercury, pilocarpin, and by nervous 
disturbances. S., Psychic. See A pty 'alia (2). 

Salivator (sal' -iv-a-tor) [salivate]. An agent 
causing salivation. 

Salivatory (sal-iv-a' -to-re). Salivant; stimu- 
lating the secretion of saliva. 

Salkowski's Modification of Hoppe-Seyler's 
Test for CO in the Blood. Add to the blood 
to be tested 20 volumes of water and an equal 
quantity of a sodium hydroxid solution of 
specific gravity 1.34. In the presence of car- 
bon monoxid the mixture will soon become 
milky, changing to bright red. On standing, 
red flakes collect on the surface. Normal 
blood treated in this way gives a dirty brown 
coloration. S.'s Reaction for Choles- 
. terin, dissolve the substance in chloroform 
and add an equal volume of concentrated 
sulfuric acid. The cholesterin solution be- 
comes bluish-red, changing gradually to vio- 
let red, while the sulfuric acid appears red 
with a green fluorescence. S.'s Test for 
Indol, to the indol solution add a few drops 



(DE) SALLE'S LINE 



849 



SALT 



of nitric acid, and then, drop by drop, a 2 % 
solution of potassium nitrite. The presence 
of indol is evinced by a red color, and finally 
by a red precipitate of nitrosoindol nitrate. 

(de) Salle's Line. A line beginning at the 
upper margin of the ala nasi, encircling the 
angle of the mouth, and ending at the edge 
of the orbicularis oris. For significance see 
Jadelot's Lines. 

Salmiac (sal'-me-ak). Ammonium chlorid. 

Salmin (sal'-min), C^H^N^O,; + 4H 2 0. A 
protamin from salmon, identical or isomeric 
with clupein. 

Salmon's Back-cut. An incision along the 
track of an anal fistula. 

Salol (sal'-ol) [salix, willow]. See Phenyl Sali- 
cylate. S., Camphorated, a mixture of 75 % 
of phenyl salicylate with 25 % of camphor; an 
oily liquid, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro- 
form, or oils, a local anesthetic, antiseptic, and 
analgesic. Dose 3-10 gr. (0.2-0.65 Gm.). 
Syn., Camphor salol. S. Tribromid, C 6 H 4 . - 
OH . COO . C 6 H 2 Br 3 , a white, odorless, taste- 
less powder, freely soluble in chloroform and 
glacial acetic acid, insoluble in ether or alco- 
hol. It is a combined hypnotic and hemo- 
static. Dose 32 gr. (2 Gm.). Syn., Cordol. 

Salolism (sa'-lol-izm). Poisoning by phenyl 
salicylate, a mixture of salicylism and carbol- 
ism in which the symptoms of the latter 
predominate. 

Salophen (sal'-o-fen) [salix, willow], C 6 H 4 . - 
OH . C0 2 . C 6 H 4 . NH (C 2 H 3 0) = C 15 H 13 N0 4 . 
Acetylparamidophenyl salicylate, a crystal- 
line substance containing 50% of salicylic 
acid, and used as a substitute for the latter, 
and as an intestinal antiseptic. Dose 15 gr. 
(1 Gm.). 

Saloquinin (sal-o-kin'-en), C 6 H 4 . OH . CO . - 
O . C 20 H 23 N 2 O. The quinin ester of salicylic 
acid; a crystalline, absolutely tasteless sub- 
stance, insoluble in water, readily soluble 
in alcohol or ether; melts at 130 C. It is 
used as is quinin. Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 
Gm.) several times daily. S. Salicylate, 
C 6 H 4 . OH . COO . QqH^O . C 6 H 4 . OH . - 
COOH, crystallizes in white needles, soluble 
with difficulty in water; melts at 179 C. It is 
tasteless and recommended in rheumatism. 
Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.) 3 times daily. Syn., 
Rheumatin. 

Salosantal (sal-o-san'-tal). A 33% solution of 
phenyl salicylate in sandalwood oil with the 
addition of a little oil of peppermint. It is 
indicated in cystitis, prostatitis, etc. Dose 
10-20 drops 3 times daily after meals. 

Salpingectomy (sal-pin-jek' -to-me) [salpinx; 
inro[ir), excision]. Excision of the fallopian 
tube. 

Salpingion (sal-pin' '-je-on) . The point at the 
inferior surface of the apex of the petrosa. 

Salpingitic (sal - pin - jit' '- ik) [salpinx; cue, 
inflammation]. Pertaining to or affected with 
salpingitis. 

Salpingitis (sal - pin- ji' -Us) [salpinx; cue, 
inflammation]. 1. Inflammation of the fal- 
lopian tube. 2. Inflammation of the eusta- 
5S 



chian tube." S., Chronic Parenchymatous, 

pachysalpingitis, chronic interstitial inflam- 
mation and thickening of the muscular coat 
of the fallopian tube. S., Chronic Vegetat- 
ing, excessive hypertrophy of the mucosa of 
the fallopian tube. S., Gonorrheal, that due 
to infection with gonococci. S., Hemor- 
rhagic, hematosalpinx. S., Interstitial, 
that marked by excessive formation of con- 
nective tissue. S., Isthmic Nodular, fol- 
licular inflammation of the small constricted 
portion (isthmus) of the oviduct, with forma- 
tion of small nodules of muscular and con- 
nective tissue. S., Mural. See S., Chronic 
Parenchymatous. S., Nodular, a form 
marked by formation of solid nodules. Cf. 
S., Tuberculous. S., Parenchymatous. 
See S., Chronic Parenchymatous. S., Pneu- 
mococcous, that due to infection with 
pneumococci. S., Pseudofollicular, adeno- 
myoma originating in the tubal epithelium. 
S., Purulent, salpingitis with secretion of pus 
instead of mucus or serum. S., Tubercu- 
lous, that marked by the infiltration of the 
lining membrane and walls of the tube with 
tuberculous nodules. 

Salpingo- (sal-ping-go-) [oaXncy$, tube]. A pre- 
fix denoting relation to the fallopian or the 
eustachian tube. 

Salpingocatheterism (sal-ping-go-kath'-e-ter- 
izm). Catheterization of the eustachian tube. 

Salpingocele (sal-ping' -go-sel) [salpingo-; kt}Xtj, 
a hernia]. Hernia of the oviduct. 

Salpingooophorectomy (sal-ping-go-o-o-for- 
ek'-to-me) [salpingo-; oophoron; ixxo/iiy, ex- 
cision]. Excision of the fallopian tube and 
the ovary. 

Salpingooophoritis (sal-ping-go-o-of-or-i'-tis) 
[salpingo-; oophoron; cue. inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the fallopian tube and the ovary. 

Salpingooophorocele (sal-ping-go-o-of'-or-o- 
sel) [salpingo-; oophorocele). Hernial pro- 
trusion of the ovary and oviduct. 

Salpingoperitonitis (sal-ping-go-per-it-on-i'- 
tis). Inflammation of the peritoneum lining 
the oviduct. 

Salpingoscope (sal - ping' -go- shop) [salpingo-; 
OKOitzlv, to look]. A modified cystoscope pro- 
vided with an electric lamp of low voltage for 
exploration of the nasopharynx. 

Salpingostaphylinus (sal-pin g-go-staf-il-i'-nus) 
[salpingo-; oracf)uXrj, uvula]. The abductor 
muscle of the eustachian tube. S. internus. 
Synonym of Levator palati. See under 
Muscle. 

Salpingostomy (sal-ping-gos' -to-me) [salpingo-; 
oro/ia, mouth]. The operation of making an 
artificial fistula between a fallopian tube and 
the body -surf ace. 

Salpingotomy (sal-ping-got'-o-me) [salpingo-; 
ro/irj, a cutting]. The operation of cutting 
into a fallopian tube. 

Salpinx (sal'-pinks) [oaXizcfZ, tube]. A tube, 
especially the eustachian or the fallopian tube. 

Salt [sal, salt]. 1. Sodium chlorid. 2. Any 
compound of a base and an acid. S., Acid, 
a salt formed from a dibasic or polybasic acid 



SALT 



850 



SANATORIUM 



in which only a part of the replaceable hy- 
drogen atoms has been replaced by the base. 
S., Alkaline. See S., Basic. S., Aperient, 
of Frederick, sodium sulfate. S. of Barilla, 
sodium carbonate. S., Basic, a salt contain- 
ing an excess of the basic element, and formed 
by the union of a normal salt with a basic oxid 
or hydroxid. S., Bay-, sodium chlorid; 
also the sea-salt obtained by the evaporation 
of sea-water by solar heat. S. of Bones, 
ammonium carbonate. S., Carlsbad, a salt 
prepared from one of the springs at Carlsbad 
or made in imitation of it. Each spring con- 
tains in varying degrees carbonates of mag- 
nesia, iron, manganese, calcium, strontium, 
lithium, and sodium, sulfates of sodium and 
potassium, sodium chlorid, sodium fluorid, 
'sodium borate, and calcium phosphate. S. 
of Colcothar, sulfate of iron. S., Common, 
sodium chlorid. S., Crab Orchard, a mild 
saline purgative produced from the evaporated 
water of springs at Crab Orchard, Kentucky. 
It contains magnesium, sodium, and potas- 
sium sulfates and a little iron and lithium. S., 
Diuretic, potassium acetate. S., Double, 
one in which the hydrogen atoms of an acid 
are replaced by two metals. S., Epsom-, 
magnesium sulfate. S.-frog, a frog from 
whose vascular system all blood has been 
artificially removed and replaced by normal 
salt solution. Syn., Cohnheim's frog. S., 
Glauber's, sodium sulfate. S., Halogen, 
S., Haloid, any salt of the halogen elements, 
bromin, chlorin, fluorin, and iodin. S.s of 
Lemon, potassium binoxalate. S., Mon- 
sel's, subsulfate of iron, used chiefly in solu- 
tion as a styptic. S., Neutral, one formed 
by the replacement of all the hydrogen atoms 
of an acid by a base or a radicle. S., Nor- 
mal. Synonym of S., Neutral. S.s, Pres- 
ton's, English smelling-salts. S., Purging, 
Tasteless, sodium phosphate. S.-rheum, 
chronic eczema. S., Rochelle, sodium and 
potassium tartrate. S., Rock-, native so- 
dium chlorid, occurring in crystalline masses. 
S., Sea-, the sodium chlorid obtained by the 
evaporation of sea-water. S., Secondary. 
Same as S., Neutral. S. -sickness. See 
Sickness, Salt-. S., Smelling-, any pungent, 
irritant salt which when inhaled usually acts 
reflexly as a respiratory or circulatory stimu- 
lant. Ammonium carbonate is generally 
used. S. of Soda, sodium carbonate. S. 
Solution, a solution of sodium chlorid in dis- 
tilled water. One containing from 0.6 to 
0.75 % of sodium chlorid is known as a normal 
or physiologic salt solution, and is used in 
physiologic experiments on living tissues. In 
medicine it has been employed to restore to 
the system the fluids lost by severe hemorrhage 
or profuse diarrheal discharges. The solution 
is introduced into the subcutaneous tissues or 
into a vein; sometimes also into the rectum. 
S. of Sorrel, potassium binoxalate derived 
from species of Oxalis and Rumex. S.S, 
Spirit of, hydrochloric acid. S. -starvation. 
See Hypochlorization. S. of Tartar, pure 



potassium carbonate. S. of Urine, am- 
monium carbonate. S. of Vitriol, zinc 
sulfate. S. of Wisdom, sal alembroth. S. 
of Wormwood, potash prepared from worm- 
wood. 

Saltans rosa. Urticaria. 

Saltatory, Saltatoric (sal'-tat-o-re, sal-tat-or' -ik) 
[saltare, to dance]. Dancing or leaping. 
S. Spasm, a clonic spasm that causes the 
patient to leap or jump when he attempts to 
stand. 

Salted. A term applied to animals that have 
recovered from South African horse-sickness. 

Salter's Incremental Lines. Dentinal lines 
more or less parallel to the surface of the 
tooth and produced by imperfectly calcified 
dentin. 

Saltpeter (sawlt-pe'-tre) [salt;^ petra, a rock]. 
Potassium nitrate. S., Chili, sodium nitrate. 

Salts. A saline cathartic, especially magnesium 
sulfate, sodium sulfate, or rochelle salt. 

Salubrin {sal-u r -brin) [salubritas, healthfulness]. 
A compound said to contain 2 % of anhydrous 
acetic acid, 25 % of acetic ether, 50 % of alco- 
hol, and the remainder distilled water. It is 
antiseptic, astringent, and hemostatic, and is 
used diluted with water as a gargle and on 
compresses. 

Salubrious {sa-lu'-bre-us) [salus, health]. 
Healthful. 

Salubrol {sal-u'-brol). Tetrabromomethylene- 
diantipyrin. An inodorous, antiseptic powder 
used in the same way as iodoform. 

Salufer {sal' -u-fer) . Sodium silicofmorid. 

Salumin (sal f -u-min) . See Aluminium Sali- 
cylate. 

Salve (sahv) [AS., sealf\. Ointment. S., 
Deshler's, compound rosin cerate. 

Salvia {sal'-ve-ah) [L.]. The official name for 
the dried leaves of Salvia officinalis. See 
Sage. 

Salzer's Operation. Excision of the whole 
of the third division of the fifth nerve. 

Sambucin (sam-bu'-sin) [Sambucus, the elder]. 
An alcoholic fluidextract of the bark of Sam- 
bucus nigra. It is a diuretic. 

Sambucus {sam-bu'-kus) [L.]. Elder; a shrub 
or tree of the order CapHfoliacecB. The 
flowers of S. canadensis and the berries are 
sudorific; the latter have been used as an 
alterative in rheumatism and syphilis. The 
inner bark has been employed in epilepsy, 
dropsy, and various chronic diseases. Aqua 
sambuci (B. P.) is used as a vehicle. 

Sanative \san'-a-tiv) [sanare, to heal]. Pro- 
moting health; healing. 

Sanatogen {san-at'-o-jen). A dietetic contain- 
ing 90 % of casein and 5 % of sodium phos- 
phoglycerid. Dose 1 teaspoonful (5 Cc.) 
added to soup, cocoa, etc. 

Sanatolyn {san-at'-ol-in). A disinfectant said 
to consist of phenol and sulfuric acid with a 
percentage of ferrous sulfate. 

Sanatorium (san-at-o' -re-um) {sanare, to heal]. 
An establishment for the treatment of the 
sick; especially a private hospital. See 
Sanitarium. 



SANATORY 



851 



SANO 



Sanatory (san'-at-o-re). See Sanative. 

Sand [AS.]. An aggregation of fine grains 
of silicic oxid. S., Auditory, otoliths. 
S.-bath. i. A vessel containing dry sand in 
which a substance requiring a slowly rising 
or uniform temperature may be heated. 
S. -blind. See Metamorphopsia. S. -bodies. 
See Corpora aranacea. S., Intestinal, gritty 
material passed with the stools. S., Pineal. 
See Acervulus. S. -tumor. See Psammoma. 

Sandalwood, i . Red saunders (Santalum rub- 
rum, U. S. P.; Pterocarpi ligni, B. P.), the 
wood of Pterocarpus santalinus, of the order 
Leguminosce. It is used as a coloring agent. 
2. The wood of Santalum album, of the order 
SantalacecB, containing a volatile oil. S. 
Oil (oleum santali, U. S. P., B. P.), used in 
bronchitis and gonorrhea. Dose 15-20 min. 
(1.0-1.3 Cc). 

Sandarac (san'-dar-ak). A white, transparent 
resin produced by Callitris quadrivalvis, a 
tree of North Africa. It is now little used 
except as a varnish and incense. S. Varnish, 
in dentistry a solution of sandarac in alcohol 
used as a separating medium in making 
plaster casts. 

Sandaracin (san-dar' -as-in) . Giese's name for 
sandarac which has been exposed to the action 
of alcohol. It is a mixture of two of the three 
resins of which sandarac is said to be com- 
posed. 

Sander's Sign. Undulatory character of the 
cardiac impulse, most marked in the epigastric 
region, in adherent pericardium. S.'s Type 
of Paranoia, paranoia appearing in youth. 
Syn., Paranoia originaria. 

Sane (sari) [sanus, whole]. Of sound mind. 

Sanguification (sang- gwif-ik-a' 'shun) [sanguis, 
blood; facere, to make]. 1. The formation of 
blood. 2. Conversion into blood, as the 
sanguification of substances absorbed from 
the intestinal tract. 

Sanguimotion (sang-gwi-mo' -shun) [sanguis; 
motion]. The circulation of the blood. 

Sanguimotory (sang-gwi-mo'-tor-e). Relating 
to the circulation of the blood. 

Sanguinaria (sang-gwin-a' -re-ah) [sanguis]. 
Bloodroot, a genus of plants of the order 
PapaveracecB. The rhizome of 5. canadensis 
(sanguinaria, U. S. P.) is emetic and nar- 
cotic; in large doses it is an irritant and con- 
vulsant. It is used chiefly as an expector- 
ant in bronchitis. Dose, as an expectorant, 
1-5 gr. (0.065-0.32 Gm.); as an emetic, 5- 
10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). S., Fluidextract 
of (fluidextractum sanguinariae, U. S. P.). 
Dose 1-10 min. (0.065-0.65 Cc). S., Tinc- 
ture of (tinctura sanguinarice , U. S. P.). 
Dose 30-60 min. (2-4 Cc). 

Sanguinarin (sang-gwin-a'-riri), C 20 H 15 NO 4 , 
the most important alkaloid derived from the 
rhizome of Sanguinaria canadensis. Dose 
T2— £~f gr. (0.005-0.0 1 1-0.05 Gm.) in solu- 
tion. Small doses expectorant, large doses 
emetic. S. Nitrate, C 17 H 15 N0 4 . HN0 3 , a red, 
crystalline powder, soluble in water and alco- 
hol, Dosage and uses the same as the alkaloid. 



S. Sulfate, (C 17 H 15 N0 4 ) 2 . H 2 S0 4 , red crystal- 
line powder, soluble in water and alcohol. 
Dosage and uses the same as the alkaloid. 

Sanguine (sang' -gwin) [sanguis]. 1. Resem- 
bling blood; bloody. 2. Hopeful; active, as 
sanguine temperament. 

Sanguineous (sang-gwin' -e-us) [sanguis]. 1. 
Pertaining to the blood; containing blood. 
2. Sanguine. S. Cyst, a cyst containing 
blood-stained fluid. 

Sanguino (sang'-gwin-o). A proprietary prepa- 
ration said to contain all iron salts, albu- 
mins, fats, and carbohydrates formed in the 
animal organism. 

Sanguinoform (sang-gwin' '-o-form). A thera- 
peutic preparation of blood said to be obtained 
from the embryonic blood-forming organs of 
animals. 

Sanguinolent (sang-gwin' -o-leni) [sanguis]. 
Tinged with blood. 

Sanguis (sang'-gwis) [L.]. Blood. 

Sanguisuga (sang-gwi-su' -gah) . See Leec . 

Sanies (sa'-ne-ez) [L.]. A thin, fetid, greenish, 
seropurulent fluid discharged from an ulcer, 
wound, or fistula. 

Sanious (sa'-ne-us) [sanies]. Pertaining to or 
resembling sanies, as sanious pus. 

Sanitarium (san-it-a'-re-um) [sanitas, health]. 
A place where the conditions are such as 
especially to promote health; a resort for con- 
valescents. S., Ocean, a ship so constructed 
as to be specially adapted to the requirements 
of invalids or convalescents and to making 
long cruises. 

Sanitary (san'-it-a-re) [sanitas]. Pertaining 
to health. S. Cordon, a line of guards to 
control ingress or egress to an infected locality. 
S. Science, the science that includes a con- 
sideration of all that can be done for the pre- 
vention of disease and the promotion of the 
public health. 

Sanitation (san-it-a' -shun) [sanitary]. The act 
of securing a healthful condition; the applica- 
tion of sanitary measures. 

Sanity (san'-it-e) [sanitas, from sanus, sound]. 
Soundness of mind. 

Sanmethyl (san-meth'-il). A proprietary prepa- 
ration said to consist of methylene-blue, 
copaiba, phenyl salicylate, oils of sandalwood 
and cinnamon, and the oleoresins of cubebs 
and matico. It is used in gonorrhea. Dose 
in capsules 10 min. (0.66 Cc). 

Sanmetra (san-mef -rah) [sanus, sound; p-yrpa, 
womb]. A combination of zinc sulfate, 1 
gr. ; antipyrin, 2 gr.; ichthyol, 5 gr. ; fluid- 
extract of hydrastis, 5 gr. ; creasote, 1-2 gr.; 
extract of hyoscyamus, 1-2 gr. ; menthol and 
thymol, each, 1-25 gr. ; oil of eucalyptus, 1 gr. 
It is indicated in vaginal, uterine, and pelvic 
diseases, and is used in suppositories. 

Sanmetto (san-mef -0). A proprietary prepa- 
ration recommended in genitourinary dis- 
eases and said to consist of sandalwood and 
saw-palmetto. Dose 1 teaspoon ful (5 Cc.) 
4 times daily. 

Sano (san'-o). A dietetic said to consist of dex- 
trinated barley flour with a high percentage 



SANODERMA 



852 



SAPODERMIN 



of proteids; according to analysis, it consists 
of water, 13.7%; proteids, 12.5%; fat, 1.6%; 
mineral matter, 1.85%; soluble carbohy- 
drates, 4.1%; cellulose, 1.4%;. and starch, 
64.9 %. 

Sano derma (san-o-der'-mah). A sterilized 
muslin bandage saturated with bismuth 
subnitrate. 

Sanoform (san'-o-jorm), C 6 H 2 I 2 OHCOOCH 3 . 
The methyl ether of diiodosalicylic acid. It 
is a white, tasteless, odorless, permanent 
powder, containing 62.7% iodin; melts at 
no° C; soluble in alcohol, ether, or vaselin. 
It is used as a surgical dressing in powder or 
10 % ointment. 

Sanose (san'-oz). A proprietary dietetic said 
to contain 80% of casein and 20% of albu- 
mose; a white, odorless, tasteless powder 
forming an emulsion when stirred with water 
or milk. Dose 5 dr.-i^ oz. (20-50 Gm.) in 
a pint of milk. 

Sanosin (san'-o-sin). A mixture of sulfur, 
charcoal, and eucalyptus leaves. The fumes 
of this when ignited are used by inhalation 
in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Sansom's Sign. 1. Considerable extension 
of dulness in the second and third intercostal 
spaces in pericardial effusion. 2. A rhythmic 
murmur transmitted through the air in the 
mouth when the lips of the patient are applied 
to the chestpiece of the stethoscope; it is heard 
in cases of aortic aneurysm. 

Sanson's Images. See Purkinje's Images. 

Santal {san'-tal). Santalum, white sandal- 
wood. See Sandalwood (2). 

Santalal (san'-tal-at), C 15 H 24 0. A constituent 
of santal oil found by Chapoteaut; boils at 
3°o° C. 

Santalol (san'-tal-ol), C 15 H 26 0. A constituent 
of oil of santal found by Chapoteaut; it boils 
at 310 C. 

Santa Lucia Bark. The bark of Exostemma 
floribundum, a rubiaceous tree of the Antilles. 

Santol (san'-tol), C 8 H 6 3 . A crystalline sub- 
stance found by H. Weidel (1870) in white 
sandalwood. 

Santolina (san-to-W -na) {santalum, because of 
the similarity of odor]. A genus of composite 
plants. The herb and fruit of S. chamcecy- 
parissus of Europe are anthelmintic, anti- 
spasmodic, and stomachic. As anthelmintic, 
dose for adults — of decoction, 5 oz. for 4 suc- 
cessive mornings, then followed by cathartic. 

Santonica (san-ton'-ik-ah) \oavzovcnbv, worm- 
wood]. Levant wormseed, the unexpanded 
flower-heads of Artemisia pauciflora (U. S. P.) 
or A. maritima, var., Stechmanniana (B. P.), 
of the order Composite, the essential con- 
stituent of which is santonin, C 15 H 18 3 (san- 
toninum, U. S. P., B. P.). Santonin is a 
neutral crystalline principle, producing, in 
overdoses, xanthopsia, giddiness, stupor, at 
times convulsions, and death from failure of 
respiration. The urine is colored yellow. 
Santonica and santonin are used as vermicides 
against the lumbricoid worm. Dose of 
santonica 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.); of 



santonin 1-2 gr. (0.065-0.13 Gm.). Sodium 
santoninate was formerly used as a substitute 
for santonin, but has produced poisoning. 

Santonin (san'-to-nin). See Under Santonica. 
S., Troches of (trochisci santonini, U. S. P., 
B. P.), those of the U. S. P. contain each 
about J gr. (0.033 Gm.) of santonin; those 
of the B. P. contain 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.) of the 
drug. 

Santoninoxim (san-ton-in-oks'-im), C 15 H 18 2 - 
(NOH). A derivative of santonin by action 
of an alcoholic solution of hydroxylamin 
hydrochlorate with soda; a white, crystalline 
powder, less toxic than santonin, and used as 
a vermicide. Dose for adults 5 gr. (0.32 Gm.) 
divided into two doses and taken at intervals 
of one to two hours, followed by a cathartic. 
Repeat for 2 or 3 days. 

Santonism (san f -ton-izm) . Poisoning from 
overdosage of santonin. 

Santorini's Canal. See Bernard's Canal. 
S.'s Cartilages, cornicula laryngis; the car- 
tilaginous nodules on the tips of the aryte- 
noid cartilages. S.'s Circular Muscle, in- 
voluntary muscular fibers encircling the ure- 
thra beneath the constrictor urethras. S.'s 
Concha, a small, supernumerary, spongy 
bone sometimes found above the superior 
turbinated bone of the ethmoid. S.'s Fis- 
sures, two fissures separating the cartilagin- 
ous portions of the external auditory canal 
into three incomplete rings. Syn., Incisures 
santorini. S.'s Muscle. See under Muscle. 
S.'s Plexus. 1. The vesicoprostatic plexus of 
veins in the male ; the venous plexus surround- 
ing the front and sides of the urethra in the 
female. 2. An anastomotic network formed 
at the foramen ovale by the filaments of the 
two roots of the inferior maxillary nerve. S.'s 
Veins, the emissary veins forming a com- 
munication between the cerebral sinuses and 
the veins of the scalp; especially, the small 
veins passing through the parietal foramen 
and connecting the parietal with the superior 
longitudinal sinus. 

Sapan-wood (sap-an'-wud). The wood of 
CcBsalpinia sappan, used as a dye as a sub- 
stitute for hematoxylon. 

Saphenous (sa-k'-nus) [aa^vric, manifest]. 
Apparent; superficial; manifest; applied to 
two veins of the lower limb, the internal or 
long saphenous vein and external or short 
saphenous vein, situated just beneath the sur- 
face; also applied to the nerves accompany- 
ing these veins. S. Opening, an opening in 
the fascia lata at the upper part of the thigh 
through which the long saphenous vein and 
nerve pass. 

Sapid (sap f -id) [sapere, to taste]. Capable of 
being tasted. 

Sapidity (sap-id' -it-e) [sapid]. The property 
or quality of a substance which gives it taste. 

Sapo (sa'-po) [L.]. Soap. See Soap. 

Sapodermin (sap-o-der'-min). An antiseptic 
soap containing albuminate of mercury; used 
in the treatment of parasitic and fungoid dis- 
eases, 



SAPOGENIN 



853 



SARCINA 



Sapogenin (sap-oj' -en-in) , Q^H^O^ (Hesse). 
A derivative of saponin by action of dilute 
acids with heat. It occurs in needles grouped 
in stars, soluble in alcohol or ether. Syn., 
Saporetin. 

Sapolan (sap'-ol-an). A compound said to 
consist of a naphtha product, 2.5 parts; soap, 
3 to 4%; lanolin, 1.5 parts; it is used in skin 
diseases. 

Saponaceous (sap-o-na' -se-us) [sapo, soap]. 
Having the nature of soap. 

Saponal (sap'-o-nal). A cleansing compound 
said to consist of soap, 20%; sodium carbon- 
ate, 60%; sodium chlorid, 2.2%; and water, 
11%. 

Saponaria (sap-o-na' -re-ah) [sapo, soap]. A 
genus of plants of the order Caryophyllece. 
S. officinalis, or soapwort, bouncing-bet, is 
a species growing wild abundantly in the 
United States and Europe in the vicinity of 
houses. The root, rhizome, and stolons are 
used in gout, syphilis, and as an expectorant. 
It contains saponin, sapotoxin, sapogenin, etc. 

Saponarius (sap-o-na' -re-us). Of a soapy 
character. 

Saponetin (sap-on-et'-in). A microcrystalline 
body, C 40 H b6 O 15 , obtained by heating saponin 
with dilute acids. 

Saponification (sa-pon-i}-ik-a'-shun) [sapo; fa- 
cere, to make]. The act of converting into 
soap ; the process of treating a neutral fat with 
an alkali, which combines with the fatty acid, 
forming a soap. 

Saponiform (sap-on' -e- form). Soap-like in ap- 
pearance and consistence. 

Saponify (sa-pon'-e-fi) [see Saponification]. 
To convert into soap; to convert a neutral 
fat by the action of an alkali into free glycerol 
and a salt of the alkali, the latter forming a 
soap. 

Saponin (sap'-o-nin) [sapo], C 32 H 54 18 . A 
glucosid contained in the roots of soapwort 
and other plants, and in aqueous solution 
forming a strong lather. S., Coal-tar. See 
Liquor carbonis detergens. 

Saponule, Saponulus (sap' -on-ill, sap-on' -u- 
lus). Imperfect soaps formed by combination 
of essential oils with bases. 

Saporosity (sap-or-os'-it-e) [sapid] Sapidity. 

Sapotin (sap'-o-tin). A glucosid, C 29 H 52 O 20 , 
extracted from the seed of the sapodilla-plum, 
the fruit of Achras sapota, occurring in minute 
crystals which melt at 240 C. It is readily 
soluble in water, less so in alcohol, and in- 
soluble in ether, benzin, or chloroform. 

Sapotiretin (sap-o-tir-ef -in) , C 17 H 32 Oi . A prod- 
uct obtained from sapotin by boiling it with 
dilute sulfuric acid; insoluble in water, readily 
soluble in alcohol. 

Sapotoxin (sap-o-toks'-in) [sapo; to^ckov, 
poison], C 17 H 30 O 10 . A poisonous glucosid ob- 
tained from saponin. 

Sappanin (sap'-an-in). A substance obtained 
by the fusion of an extract of the wood of 
Ccesalpinia sappan with caustic soda. 

Sappey's Accessory Portal Veins. A system 
of venules uniting to form small trunks, which 



redivide in the liver and empty into the sublob- 
ular veins. It consists of the minute nutrient 
veins of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and 
bile-ducts; of venules lying in the gastro- 
hepatic omentum, the suspensory ligament 
of the liver, and about the fundus of the gall- 
bladder; and of the group of small veins in 
the umbilical, region. Through the branches 
lying in the suspensory ligament of the liver 
and through the parumbilical group the portal 
vein communicates with the venae cavae. S.'s 
Fibers, smooth muscular fibers found in the 
check ligaments of the eyeball close to their 
orbital attachment. 

Sapphism (saf'-izm) [from Zancfroj, Sappho, a 
Greek poetess]. Tribadism. 

Sapremia, Sapraemia (sap-rem'-e-ah) [oanpoc, 
putrid; alfia, blood]. The intoxication pro- 
duced by absorption of the results of putrefac- 
tion of a contained material within a more or 
less shut containing cavity whose walls are 
capable of absorption of noxious products as 
they form; so long as the putrefaction is lim- 
ited to the contained mass it is sapremia; 
when the process spreads from the containing 
tissue it becomes septicemia. 

Saprin (sap'-rin) [oanpof, putrid]. A non- 
poisonous ptomain formed in the putrefaction 
of animal tissues. 

Sapro- (sap-ro-) [oanpoc, putrid]. A prefix 
signifying decay, putridity, etc. 

Saprogenic, Saprogenous (sap-ro-jen'-ik, sap- 
raj' -en-us) [sapro-; yevvav, to beget]. 1. 
Causing putrefaction. 2. Produced by putre- 
faction. 

Saprolegnia (sap-ro-leg'-ne-ah) [sapro-; Ikyvov, 
an edge]. Fly-fungus. A genus of oomy- 
cetous fungi of the order Saprolegniacece. 
Four species are known : 5. monoica, S. dioeca, 
S. asterophora, and S. ferax. They are all 
saprophytes on dead plants and animals, 
especially flies, in water, with the exception of 
the last-named species, which is both sapro- 
phyte and facultative parasite. It is the cause 
of fish or salmon disease. 

Saprophagous (sap-ro f'-a-gus) [sapro-; (f>aye"cv, 
to eat]. Subsisting on decaying matter. 

Saprophyte (sap'-ro-flt) [sapro-; (p"uxdv, a plant]. 
A vegetable organism living on dead organic 
matter. 

Saprophytic (sap-ro- fit' -ik) [saprophyte]. 
Growing in dead organic matter, as sapro- 
phytic bacteria. 

Saprostomous (sap-ros'-to-mus) [sapro-; ardfia, 
mouth]. Having offensive breath. 

Sar, Sara [E. Ind., "rotten"]. Vernacular for 
trypanosomiasis (surra) (q. v.). 

Sarbo's Sign. Analgesia of the peroneal nerve, 
occasionally observed in tabes dorsalis. 

Sarc (sark) [oap£, flesh]. The belly, body, or 
fleshy portions of a muscle. 

Sarcin, Sarkin (sar' -sin, sar' -kin). See Hy- 
poxanthin. 

Sarcina (sar-si'-nah) [L., "a bundle"; ph, sar- 
cince]. A genus of schizomycetes consisting 
of cocci dividing in three directions, thus pro- 
ducing cubic masses. See Bacteria. 



SARCINIC 



854 



SARCOUS 



Sarcinic {sar-si' -nik) [sarcina]. Pertaining to 
or caused by sarcinae. 

Sarcinuria (sar-sin-u'-re-ah) [sarcin; oupov, 
urine]. The discharge of sarcin with the 
urine. 

Sarco- (sar-ko-) [oap£, flesh]. A prefix denoting 
composed of or pertaining to flesh. 

Sarcoblast (sar'-ko -blast) [sarco-; ftXaozbc, a 
germ], i. In biology, a protoplasmic germ- 
inal mass. 2. Marchesini's term for Sarco- 
plast. 

Sarcocarcinoma {sar-ko-kar-sin-o'-mah). A 
tumor composed of malignant growth of both 
carcinomatous and sarcomatous types. 

Sarcocele (sar'-ko-sel) [sarco-; ktjXt), a tumor]. 
Any fleshy swelling of the testicle. S. mal- 
leosa, that due to Bacillus mallei. S., Syph- 
ilitic, syphilitic orchitis. 

Sarcocephalus {sar-ko-sef'-al-us) [sarco-; «£<£- 
clXtj, head]. A genus of the Rubiacece. S. escu- 
lentus, a shrub of western Africa, the Guinea 
or Sierra Leone peach, yields an astringent 
antipyretic bark, doundaki or doundake (q. v.) ; 
it is the quinquina africane or kina du Rio 
Nunez of the French. The wood, called 
nijmo, is tonic and astringent. It contains 
the alkaloid doundakin. 

Sarcocystis (sar-ko-sis'-tis) [sarco-; kuotcc, a 
cyst]. A group of the sporozoa. S. mies- 
cheri, a parasite found in pork and beef. 

Sarcocyte (sar'-ko-sit). See Ectoplasm. 

Sarcode (sar'-kod) [oap£, flesh]. Protoplasm. 

Sarcoenchondroma (sar-ko-en-kon-dro'-mah). 
A combined sarcoma and enchondroma. 

Sarcoepiplomphalus {sar-ko-ep-e-plom'-fal-us) 
[sarco-; ininXoov, caul; 6p.<j)aX6c, navel]. An 
umbilical hernia forming a fleshy mass, from 
great thickening of the omentum. 

Sarcolactic Acid (sar-ko-lak'-tik). See Acid, 
Sarcolactic. 

Sarcolemma {sar-ko-lem'-ah) [sarco-; Xkp.p.a, 
husk]. The delicate membrane enveloping 
a muscle-fiber. 

Sarcoma {sar-ko'-mah) [sarco-; bjia, tumor]. 
A tumor made up of embryonal connective 
tissue. It is characterized by a great pre- 
ponderance of cells and very little homogene- 
ous or fibrillar intercellular substance. S. 
of Abernethy. See S., Adipose. S., Adi- 
pose, one containing fatty elements. S., 
Alveolar, one in which groups of sarcoma- 
cells are contained in alveolar spaces. S., 
Angiolithic. Synonym of Psammoma. S., 
Angioplastic, a tumor of the testicle first 
described by Malazzez and Monod as com- 
posed of a protoplasmic network with irregu- 
lar spaces and trabeculas, the latter made 
up of anastomosing giant-cells. The name 
Epithelioma syncytiomatodes testiculi is pro- 
posed for it. S. carcinomatodes, a scirrhous 
cancer. S. deciduocellulare. See Decidu- 
oma malignum. S., Encephaloid, a soft, 
rapidly growing sarcoma, usually of the round- 
celled variety. S. epulis. See Epulis, Ma- 
lignant. S., Giant-celled, one containing 
giant-cells as a prominent feature. S. , Gland- 
ular, Hodgkin's disease. S., Granulation. 



See S., Round-celled: S. lipomatodes, 
S., Lipomatous, one characterized by in- 
filtration of fat. S. lymphadenoides. See 
Lymphosarcoma. S., Mastoid, a sarcoma of 
the mammary gland. S., Melanotic, a sar- 
coma, usually spindle-celled, in which the 
cells contain melanin. S. molle. See Lym- 
phosarcoma. S. molluscum, multiple con- 
nective-tissue tumors of the skin containing 
few spindle-cells. S., Mucous. See Myxo- 
sarcoma. S., Miiller's, " sarcoma phyllodes"; 
adenofibroma of the breast. S., Myeloid. 
See S., Giant-celled. S. myxomatodes, a 
myxosarcoma (q. v.). S. phyllodes. See 
S., Miiller's. S., Round -celled, one made 
up of round-cells. There are two varieties, 
the small round-celled and the large round- 
celled. S. scroti, a sarcocele. S., Spindle- 
celled, one made up of spindle-cells. Syn., 
Recurrent fibroid. 

Sarcomatosis {sar-ko-mat-o'-sis) [sarcoma]. 
The formation of multiple sarcomatous 
growths in various parts of the body. 

Sarcomatous {sar-W -mat-us) [sarcoma]. Of 
the nature of or resembling sarcoma. 

Sarcomere (sar f -ko-mer) [sarco-; [lepbg, a part]. 
One of the segments into which a muscle- 
fibril appears to be divided by transverse 
septums. 

Sarcoplasm (sar'-ko-plazm) [sarco-; itXaoatcv, 
to mold]. The hyaline or finely granular 
interfibrillar material of muscle tissue. 

Sarcoplasmic {sar-ko-plaz'-mik). Containing 
sarcoplasm. 

Sarcoplast (sar'-ko-plast) [sarco-; nXaoo'-tv, to 
mold]. A cell lying between muscular 
fibrils and capable of developing into a 
muscular fiber. 

Sarcoplastic (sar-ko-plas' '-tik) [sarcoplast]. 
Forming flesh. 

Sarcoptes {sar-kop'-tez) [sarco-; Konxttv, to 
cut]. A genus of mites. S. hominis, the 
itch-mite. 

Sarcosepsis (sar-ko-sep'-sis) [sarco-; sepsis]. 
The presence of bacteria directly in the tissues. 

Sarcosin {sar'-ko-sin) [sarcin], C 3 H 7 N0 2 . Me- 
thylglycocoll, a crystalline substance pro- 
duced when creatin and caffein are heated 
with baryta. 

Sarcosporidia {sar-ko-spor-id'-e-ah) [sarco-; 
sporidia]. A variety of psorosperms found in 
the muscles of cattle, sheep, swine, and other 
mammals. 

Sarcosporidiasis {sar-ko-spo-rid-i'-a-sis) [Sar- 
cosporidia, a genus of psorosperms]. A 
disease produced by sporozoa of the order 
SarcosporidecB. 

Sarcostosis isar-kos-to'-sis). See Osteosarcoma. 

Sarcostyle {sar'-ko-stil) [sarco-; oxuXoc, a 
pillar]. One of the fine longitudinal fibrils 
of which a striated muscle-fiber is composed 
and into which it can be split up. 

Sarcotripsy (sar'-ko-trip-se). See Ecrasement. 

Sarcous {sar'-kus) [oapk, flesh]. Pertaining to 
muscle. S. Element, one of the dark prisms 
of the ultimate fibrils of striped muscle- 
fibers. 



SARDONIC GRIN 



855 



SAVIOTTI'S CANALS 



Sardonic Grin (sar-don' -ik) . See Risus sar- 
donicus. 

Sarsaparilla (sar-sap-ar-il'-ah) [Sp.]. The S mi- 
lax officinalis and other species of Smilax, of 
the order Liliacece. The dried root (sarsa- 
parilla, U. S. P.; sarsce radix, B. P.) contains 
a crystalline glucosid, parillin, C4oH 70 ls . 
Sarsaparilla has been employed as an altera- 
tive in syphilis, rheumatism, and scrofulous 
affections. S., Decoction of (decoctum sar- 
scb, B. P.). Dose 4-6 oz. (128-192 Cc). 
S., Decoction of, Compound (decoctum 
sarsce compositum, B. P.). Dose 4—6 oz. 
(128-192 Cc). S., Fluidextract of (fluid- 
extract um sarsaparilla, U. S. P.). Dose 
30-60 min. (2-4 Cc). S., Fluidextract, 
Compound (fluidextr actum sarsaparillce com- 
positum, U. S. P.). Dose 30-60 min. (2-4 
Cc). S., Liquid Extract of (extractum 
sarsce liquidum, B. P.). Dose 2-4 dr. 
(8-16 Cc). S., Syrup of. Compound 
(syrupus sarsaparillce compositus, U. S. P.). 
Dose 1-4 dr. (4-16 Cc). 

Sarsasaponin (sar-sah-sap'-on-in), 1 2(0221^36- 
O 10 ) + 2H 2 0. A glucosid found by Robert 
(1892) in sarsaparilla. It is the most poison- 
ous of its constituents. 

Sartian Disease (sar'-shun). An endemic 
affection of the tropics, characterized by red 
indurated spots that finally ulcerate. 

Sartorius (sar-to' -re-us) [sartor, tailor]. The 
tailor's muscle, so called from being concerned 
in crossing the one leg over the other. See 
under Muscle. 

Sassafras (sas'-a-fras) [Sp., from saxifraga, 
from saxum, rock; frangere, to break]. The 
S. variijolium, a tree of the order Laurinece. 
The root-bark (sassafras, U. S. P.; sassafras 
radix, B. P.) is employed as an aromatic 
stimulant. The pith (sassafras medulla, U. 
S. P.) yields a mucilage (mucilago sassafras 
medullce, U. S. P.) that is used as an applica- 
tion to inflamed eyes, and as a demulcent 
drink in inflammation of the mucous mem- 
branes and kidneys. S. Nuts, pichurim 
beans; the seeds of Nectandra pichury -major 
and N. pichury -minor. 

Sassafrid (sas'-ah-frid). A peculiar principle 
of Sassafras officinale, isolated by Reinach. 

Sassafrol (sas f -af-rol) . See Safrol. 

Sassolin [It.]. Boric acid extracted from the 
deposits in lagoons of Tuscany. 

Satamuli. The native name in India for 
Asparagus racemosus. It is used as a diuretic 
and as a sedative in nervous pain. 

Satellitism (sat'-el-lt-izm). Mutualism; sym- 
biosis. 

Sathe, Sathon (sa'-the, sa'-thon) [oadrf]. The 
penis. 

Sattler's Vascular Layer. The layer of blood- 
vessels of the choroid lying internally to 
Haller's tunica vasculosa. 

Saturated (sat' -u-ra-ted) [saturare, to fill]. 

1. Of a liquid, containing in solution 
all of a substance that it can dissolve. 

2. Of a chemic compound, having all the 
affinities of its component atoms satisfied, 



a term especially applied to tne hydro- 
carbons. 

Saturation (sat-u-ra' -shun) [saturare, to fill]. 
1. A state in which a liquid holds in solution 
all of a substance that it can dissolve; the 
state of being or becoming saturated. 2. 
Of a chemic compound, a state in which the 
affinities of all its atoms are satisfied. 

Satureia (sa-tur-e'-ya). A plant of the order 
Labiatce. S. hortensis resembles thyme and 
is used as a culinary herb. 

Saturnine (sat' -ur-nln) [Saturnus, a Roman 
deity; the alchemists' name for lead]. Per- 
taining to or produced by lead. S. Breath, 
the peculiar sweet breath characteristic of 
lead-poisoning. S. Encephalopathy. See 
Lead Encephalopathy . 

Saturnism (sat' -ur-nizm) . Lead-poisoning; 
plumbism. 

Satyria (sat-i'-re-ah). A genitourinary tonic 
said to consist of saw palmetto (Serenoa serru- 
lata), false bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), 
muira-puama (Liriosoma ovata), couch-grass 
(Agropyron repens), and phosphorus, ad- 
ministered in an aromatic vehicle. Dose 1 
teaspoonful (5 Cc.) 4 times daily after meals. 

Satyriasis (sat-ir-i'-as-is) [oaxopoc, a satyr]. 
Excessive venereal desire in the man. Erotic 
insanity. See Priapism. 

Saunders (sawn'-derz). See Sandalwood. 

Sauriderma (saw-re-der'-mah) [aaopa, lizard; 
oipp.a, skin]. Ichthyosis. 

Sauriosis (saw-re-o'-sis) [oaupa, lizard]. Ich- 
thyosis. 

Sausage-poisoning. A state of gastroenteri- 
tis produced by the ingestion of decomposed 
sausage. Syn., Allantiasis; Botulism. \ 

Sausarism (saw' -sar-izm) [aaoaapcap.6c]. 1. 
Paralysis of the tongue. 2. Dryness of the 
tongue. 

Sauvineau's Ophthalmoplegia. Paralysis of 
the internal rectus muscle of one side and 
spasm of the external rectus of the opposite 
side. This affection is the reverse of Pari- 
naud's ophthalmoplegia. 

Savill's Disease. An epidemic skin disease 
characterized by the appearance of a papular 
rash, followed by a branny desquamation and 
by marked constitutional symptoms. A fatal 
result may follow. Syn., Dermatitis exfo- 
liativa epidemica; Epidemic eczema. 

Savin (sav'-in). A shrub, Juniperus sabina, 
of the order Coniferce. The tops (sabina, U. S. 
P.; sabince cacumina, B. P.) contain a volatile 
oil (oleum sabince, U. S. P.) and possess marked 
irritant properties. Savin is employed in 
amenorrhea, chronic rheumatism, gout, and 
as a local application to warts, ulcers, and 
parasitic affections of the skin. S., Fluid- 
extract of (fluidextr actum sabince', U. S. P.). 
Dose 3-8 min. (0.2-0.5 Cc). S., Oil of 
{oleum sabince, U. S. P.). Dose 2-5 min. 
(0.13-0.32 Cc). S., Ointment of (unguen- 
tum sabince,, B. P.). S., Tincture of (tinctura 
sabince, B. P.). Dose 20 min.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 
Cc). 

Saviotti's Canals. See Canals, SaviottVs. 



SAW 



856 



SCAPHOID 



Saw [AS., saga]. An instrument having 
a thin blade with sharp teeth on one edge, 
and used for dividing bones and other hard 
substances. S., Butcher's, one in which 
the blade can be fixed at any angle. S., 
Chain-, one in which the teeth are set in links 
movable upon each other, the saw being 
moved by pulling alternately upon one and 
the other handle. S., Crown-. See Tre- 
phine. S., Hey's, a serrated disc affixed to a 
handle, and used for enlarging an opening in 
a bone. 

Saxoline {saks' -ol-en) . A proprietary soft petro- 
latum. 

Sayre's Apparatus, S.'s Jacket. A jacket of 
plaster-of-paris molded to support the spine 
in diseases of the vertebral column. 

Scab [scabere, to scratch], i. The crust 
formed by the desiccation of the secretion of 
an ulcer. 2. Scabies. 

Scabbard {skab'-ard) [ME., scauberd, a sheath]. 
A veterinary term for the prepuce of the horse. 

Scabies {ska'-be-ez) [scabere, to scratch]. Itch; 
a disease of the skin caused by an animal 
parasite, Sarcoptes scabiei, or itch-mite. The 
insect forms burrows or cuniculi beneath the 
skin, and causes irritation, with vesicles, 
papules, or pustules, which are frequently 
modified by scratching. S. agria, lichen. 
S., Boeck's, scabies crustosa; Norwegian itch. 
S. capitis, a disease of the hairy scalp marked 
by exudation and formation of crusts. Syn., 
Achores capitis. S. capitis favosa, favus. 
S. crustosa, an extreme form of general 
scabies of the body resulting in fish-scale- 
like desquamation. Syn., Norway itch. Cf. 
Radesyge. S. fera. See Ecthyma. S. fer- 
ina, mange. S. humida, S. miliaris, ecze- 
ma. S. lymphatica, that accompanied by 
vesicular eruption. Syn., Watery itch. S. 
papuliformis, S. papulosa, a form marked 
by papular efflorescence. Syn., Rank itch. 
S. pecorina, a form affecting sheep. Syn., 
Sheep-itch. S. purulenta, S. pustulosa, 
that in which there is formation of large pus- 
tules resembling those of smallpox, occurring 
on the wrists of children. Syn., Rocky itch. 

Scabrities {ska-bri' -te-ez) [scaber, rough]. Rough- 
ness; scabbiness. 

Scala {ska'-lah) [L.]. A staircase or ladder. 
S. anterior cochleae, S. externa cochleae. 
See S. vestibuli. S. clausa, S. inferior 
cochleae, S. interna cochleae. See S. tympani. 
S. media, the space between the membrane 
of Reissner and the basilar membrane, con- 
taining the essential peripheral organs of 
hearing. S. rhythmica. See Nucleus, 
Hypoglossal. S. tympani, the canal lying 
below the osseous lamina and the basilar 
membrane of the internal ear. S. vestibuli, 
the canal bounded by the osseous lamina and 
the membrane of Reissner. See under Ear. 

Scald (skawld) [excaldere, to wash in hot water]. 

1. The burn caused by hot liquids or vapors. 

2. [Icel., skalli, a bare head.] A disease of 
the skin accompanied by the formation of 
scabs. 



Scale {skal) [AS., scealu, a husk; a scale]. 1. 
The dry, semiopaque lamina of horny epi- 
dermis, shed from the skin in health and' in 
various diseases. 2. [scala, a ladder.] Any- 
thing bearing marks placed at regular inter- 
nals and used as a standard in measuring, as 
barometric scale. 

Scalene {ska'-len) [onakrivoc, uneven]. Hav- 
ing unequal sides. S. Muscle. See Scalenus 
under Muscle. 

Scaling {ska' -ling) [scale]. 1. Desquamating; 
producing scales. 2. A pharmaceutic method 
consisting of drying concentrated solutions of 
drugs on glass plates. S. the Teeth, an old 
name for the operation, in dentistry, which 
consists in the removal of salivary calculus, 
commonly called tartar, from the teeth. 

Scallard {skal' -lard). Porrigo. 

Scalp [ME., scalp, the top of the head]. The 
hairy integument covering the cranium. 

Scalpel {skal' -pel) [scalp ere, to cut]. A small 
knife having a convex edge. 

Scalprum {skal'-prum) [scalpere, to scrape]. 
A toothed raspatory used in trephining and 
in removing carious bone. 

Scaly {ska'-le) [scale]. 1. Resembling scales; 
characterized by scales, as scaly desquamation. 
2. Covered with or having scales. S.-skin, 
a contagious disease common in the Louisiade, 
Marshall, and Gilbert groups of South Sea 
Islands. It is an eruption of small, dry, horny 
scales, giving the sufferers a repulsive ap- 
pearance. It is probably mycetogenic in 
origin. 

Scamma {skam'-ah) [aKafifxa, a trench]. Same 
as Fossa. 

Scammonium {skam-o' -ne-um) . See Scam- 
mony. 

Scammony {skam'-o-ne) [oKa^i/najvia, scam- 
mony]. The dried juice of the root of Con- 
volvulus scammonium. It is a drastic cathar- 
tic, and is generally given in combination with 
other drugs. S., Resin of {resina scam- 
monii, U. S. P.). Dose as an active purge 
for adults 5-15 gr. (0.3-1.0 Gm.). 

Scanning, S. Speech [scandere, to climb]. 
A peculiar slow and measured form of 
speech, occurring in various nervous affec- 
tions, especially in multiple sclerosis. 

Scapha {ska'-Jah) [okcl^tj, trough]. 1. A trough. 
2. The scaphoid fossa. 

Scaphocephaly, Scaphocephalous {skaf-o- 
sef-al'-ik, skaf-o-sef'-al-us) [see Scaphocephaly]. 
Having a boat-shaped head, from early 
ossification of the sagittal suture, which pro- 
jects like the keel of a boat. 

Scaphocephaly {skaf-o-sef'-al-e) [oi<a(f)f), boat; 
K£(j)akrj, head]. The condition of having a 
skull characterized by a projecting, keel-like 
sagittal suture, due to its premature ossifica- 
tion. 

Scaphohydrocephaly {skaf-o-hi-dro-sef -al-e) 
[oKacfrr], boat; hydrocephalus]. Scaphocephaly 
due to hydrocephalus. 

Scaphoid {skaf'-oid) [om^t), boat; eldoc, like]. 
Boat-shaped. S. Abdomen, the sunken 
abdomen seen in meningitis and in great 



SCAPHOIDOASTRAGALAN 



857 



SCATOPHAGOUS 



emacipation. S. Bone, a name given to a boat- 
shaped bone of the tarsus and of the carpus. 
S. Fossa. See Fossa, Scaphoid. 

Scaphoidoastragalan (skaf-oid-o-as-trag'-al- 
an). Relating to the scaphoid bone and the 
astragalus. 

Scaphoidocuboid (skaf-oid-o-ku'-boid). Re- 
lating to the scaphoid and cuboid bones. 

Scapula (skap'-u-lah) [L.]. The shoulder- 
blade, the large, flat, triangular bone forming 
the back of the shoulder. Scapulae alatae, of 
Galen and Aristotle, a wing-like appearance 
of the shoulder-blade in thin persons of weak 
musculature, especially in paralysis of the 
serratus magnus. 

Scapular (skap'-u-lar) [scapula]. Pertaining to 
the shoulder-blade. S. Line, a vertical line 
drawn on the back through the inferior angle 
of the scapula. S. Point, a tender point 
developed in neuralgia of the brachial plexus 
and situated at the inferior angle of the 
scapula. S. Reflex. See under Reflex. S. Re- 
gion, the region of the back corresponding 
to the position of the scapula, the spine of 
which divides it into a supraspinous and an 
infraspinous region. 

Scapulary (skap'-u-la-re). A bifurcated band- 
age, the two ends of which pass over the 
shoulders, while the single end passes down 
the back, all three being fastened to a body- 
bandage. 

Scapulectomy (skap-u-lek'-to-me) [scapula; s/c- 
ro[iT), excision]. Surgical removal of the 
scapula. 

Scapuloclavicular (skap-u-lo-kla-vik'-u-lar) 
[scapula; clavicle]. Pertaining to the scapula 
and the clavicle. 
, Scapulohumeral (skap-u-lo-hu'-mer-al) [scap- 
ula; humerus]. Pertaining to the scapula and 
the humerus. 

Scar (skar). See Cicatrix. 

Scarfskin, Scurfskin (skarf'-skin, sherf'-skin) 
[AS., scearfe, a fragment; skin]. The epider- 
mis or cuticle. 

Scarification (skar-if-ik-a'-shun) [scarify]. 
The operation of making numerous small, 
superficial incisions. 

Scarificator (skar'-if-ik-a-tor) [scarify]. An 
instrument used in scarification, consisting of 
a number of small lancets operated by a 
spring. 

Scarify (skar'-if-i) [scariflcare, to scarify]. 
To make a number of small, superficial inci- 
sions. 
; Scarlatina (skar'-lat-e-nah) [scarlatinus, scarlet]. 
Scarlet fever. An acute, contagious, febrile 
disease, having a period of incubation varying 
from several hours to a week, setting in with 
vomiting or a chill, which is followed by high 
fever, rapid pulse, sore throat, and the appear- 
ance, at the end of the first or the second day of 
the disease, of a punctiform, scarlet-red erup- 
tion. The tongue, at first heavily coated and red 
at the tip and edges, soon shows prominence 
of the papillas, which are red and swollen 
(strawberry tongue). The eruption, at the 
appearance of which all the symptoms become 



intensified, gradually fades after five or six 
days, and is followed by a scaly desquamation. 
A peculiarity of scarlatina is the tendency it 
has to involve the kidneys. S. anginosa, 
scarlatina with marked inflammation of the 
throat. S. maligna, S., Malignant, a form 
characterized by an abrupt onset, high fever, 
convulsions, coma, and death, usually before 
the appearance of the eruption. S. , Puerperal, 
Littre's name for a rash resembling 
scarlatina sometimes followed by vesication 
and pustulation of the affected parts, but 
without fever; observed in puerperants. 
Syn., Erythema diffusum (Braun); Porphyra 
(Retzius). 

Scarlatinal, Scarlatinoid, Scarlatinous (skar- 
lat-i'-nal, skar-lat'-in-oid, skar-lat'-in-us) [scar- 
latina], i. Pertaining to or caused by scar- 
latina. 2. A disease simulating scarlatina. 
S. Nephritis, the acute catarrhal nephritis 
arising in the course of or during the conva- 
lescence from scarlatina. 

Scarlatinosis (skar-lat-in-o' -sis) . The toxic 
state due to the specific toxin of scarlatina. 

Scarlet Fever. See Scarlatina. 

Scarpa's Fascia [Scarpa, an Italian anatomist]. 
The deep layer of the superficial abdominal 
fascia. S.'s Foramens, the nasopalatine fora- 
mens. See Foramens of Scarpa. S.'s Ganglion. 
See under Ganglion. S.'s Habenula. See 
Holler's Habenula. S.'s Hiatus, i. See 
Breschet's Helicotrema. 2. See Foramen of 
Winslow. S.'s Liquor, the endolymph of 
the labyrinth. S.'s Membrane, the mem- 
brane which closes the fenestra rotunda of 
the tympanic cavity. S.'s Nerve, the naso- 
palatine nerve. S.'s Staphyloma, posterior, 
staphyloma; staphyloma of the posterior 
segment of the sclera. S.'s Triangle, a 
triangular space having for its base Poupart's 
ligament, and for its apex the point of inter- 
section of the sartorius and adductor longus 
muscles. 

Scat (skat). A hermaphrodite. 

Scatemia, Scataemia (skat-e'-me-ah) [oKazbg, 
dung; al(ia, blood]. Autointoxication from 
retained fecal matter. 

Scatiatria (skat-i-af -re-ah) [cnardf, dung; cax- 
pe'ca, a healing]. Medical treatment directed 
to the condition of the feces. 

Scatocolica (skat-o-kol'-ik-ah) [oKarbc, dung; 
ko)Xckoc, having the colic]. Stercoraceous 
colic. 

Scatocyanin (skat-o-si'-an-in) [oKarbc, dung; 
Koavoc', dark-blue]. A derivative of chloro- 
phyll, resembling but not identical with 
phyllocyanin, discovered by E. Schunck (1901). 
It crystallizes in rhombic plates, pale brown 
by transmitted light, purplish-blue with 
brilliant metallic luster by reflected light, 
decomposed by heat, insoluble in ether, 
alcohol, or benzol; soluble in chloroform. 

Scatodiarrhea (skat-o-di-ar-e'-ah). Stercorace- 
ous diarrhea. 

Scatophagous (skat-of'-ag-us) [a/caror, dung; 
<f>aye~cv, to* eat]. Coprophagous; excrement- 
eating. 



SCATOSIN 



858 



SCHISTO- 



Scatosin (skat'-o-sin) [onaxbc, dung], C 10 H 16 N 2 - 
2 - A base isolated by F. Baum, 1893, from 
the products of pancreatic autodigestion ; it 
is probably related to skatol. 

Scatt (skat). See Anthrax. 

Scatula (skat' -u-lah) [L.]. An oblong, flat box 
for powders or pills. 

Scatulation (skat-u-la' -shun) [ML., scatula, a 
box]. The state or condition of incasement. 

Scavenger (skav'-en-jer) [AS., scedwian, to 
show]. One who cleans; a remover of waste 
and filth. S. -cells, wandering cells that take 
up debris; they are common in the nervous 
system. 

Scelotyrbe (sel-o-ter'-he) [okUoc; leg; rup/3r), 
vacillation]. Weakness or indecision in step- 
ping, often due to a palsied condition. S. 
agitans, S. festinans (Sauvages), paralysis 
agitans. S. fibrilis. See Subsultus tendi- 
num. S. pituitosa. See Enteritis, Pseu- 
domembranous. S. spastica, chronic spasms 
affecting the lower limbs and causing lame- 
ness. S. tarantismus, chorea. 

Schacher's Ganglion. The ophthalmic gan- 
glion. 

Schachowa's Spiral Tube. The section of a 
uriniferous tubule that lies between a con- 
voluted and a looped tubule. 

Schaefer's Dumb-bells. The dumb-bell 
shaped elements regarded by Schaefer as 
constituting the primitive fibrils of striped 
muscular tissue. S.'s Reflex, pinching of 
the achilles tendon at its middle or upper 
third causes slight flexion of the foot and toes 
in cases of organic hemiplegia. The signifi- 
cance of this reflex is the same as that of 
Babinski's toe phenomenon. 

Schede's Method. A method of treating 
caries of bone. The diseased tissue is scraped 
away and the cavity allowed to fill with a 
blood-clot. The latter is kept moist and 
aseptic by a covering of gauze and protective. 

Scheiner's Experiment. An experiment il- 
lustrating refraction and accommodation of 
the eye. The person looks through two pin- 
holes made in a card and placed at a less dis- 
tance than the diameter of the pupil. If the 
eye is emmetropic, or if accurately focused, 
the two sets of rays, passing through the pin- 
holes, unite and form a single image. In a 
myopic or a hyperopic eye the object appears 
double. 

Schema (ske'-mah) [aj^/m, form]. 1. A simple 
design to illustrate a complex mechanism. 
2. An outline of a subject. 

Schematic (ske-maf -ik) [schema]. Pertaining 
to or of the nature of a schema. S. Eye, 
one showing the proportions of a normal or 
typical eye. 

Schemograph (ske'-mo-graf) [schema; ypafecv, 
to write]. An apparatus for tracing the out- 
line of the field of vision; the measurement of 
the field is made with the perimeter. 

Schenck Method. The determination of sex 
of infants by regulation of the mother's diet 
before and during pregnancy; that it is pos- 
sible to govern the process of gestation so as to 



determine the sex of human offspring: " When 
no sugar is secreted, not even the smallest 
quantity, then the ovum will be developed 
which is qualified to become a male child." 

Scherer's Test for Inosit. Evaporate the sub- 
stance to dryness on a platinum foil with 
nitric acid, add ammonia and one drop of 
calcium chlorid solution, and carefully re- 
evaporate to dryness. In the presence of 
inosit a rose-red residue is obtained. S.'s 
Test for Leucin, carefully evaporate the 
leucin to dryness on platinum foil with nitric 
acid. Add a few drops of sodium hydroxid 
and warm, and the colorless residue changes 
to a color varying from pale yellow to brown, 
according to the purity of the leucin; and 
further evaporation agglomerates it into an 
oily drop, which rolls about on the foil. S.'s 
Test for Tyrosin, carefully evaporate the 
substance to dryness on platinum foil with 
nitric acid. A yellow residue is formed (nitro- 
tyrosin), which becomes a deep reddish-yellow 
color on the application of caustic soda. 

Scherlievo (skar-le-a'-vo) [Ital.]. A form of 
ulcerative syphilis prevalent in the Austrian 
seaports during the last century. 

Scheurlen's Bacillus (shoir'-lenz). A bacillus 
at one time thought to be the cause of carci- 
noma. 

Schiefferdecker's Intermediate Disc. See 
under Disc. 

Schiff's Reaction for Choiesterin. Evap- 
orate the substance over a small flame in a 
porcelain dish with a few drops of a mixture 
consisting of 1 part of a medium solution of 
ferric chlorid and 2 or 3 parts of concentrated 
hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In the pres- 
ence of choiesterin a reddish-violet residue is 
first obtained and then a bluish- violet. S.'s 
Test for Carbohydrates in Urine, dip 
strips of paper in a mixture of equal parts 
of glacial acetic acid and xylidin, with a very 
little alcohol, and dry. Warm the urine 
with sulfuric acid, and expose the paper to 
the fumes. In the presence of carbohy- 
drates the paper will be stained red. S.'s 
Test for Urea, add to the urea a drop of 
a concentrated watery solution of furfurol, 
and next a drop of hydrochloric acid of spe- 
cific gravity 1.10. A play of color is pro- 
duced, changing from yellow, green, and 
blue to purple. The same reaction is given 
by allantoin, but it is less intense. S.'s Test 
for Uric Acid, allow the substance to dis- 
solve in sodium carbonate, and on the addi- 
tion of a solution of silver nitrate a reduction 
of black silver oxid is obtained. If a piece 
of filter-paper previously treated with silver 
nitrate solution is treated with a drop of the 
solution of the substance in sodium carbonate, 
a reduction of black silver oxid will also be 
formed on the paper. 

Schindylesis (skin-dil-e'-sis) [oxtvouXrjOcc, a 
cleavage]. A form of articulation in which a 
plate of one bone is received into a fissure of 
another bone. 

Schisto-, Schiz-, Schizto- (skis-to-, skiz-, skiz- 



SCH1STOCEPHALUS 



859 



SCHOTT'S METHOD 



to-) [o'/coroc, cleft]. Prefixes meaning split or 

fissured. 
Schistocephalus (skis-to-sef -al-us) [schisto-; 

ice(j>a).r], head]. i. Having a fissured skull. 

2. A monster with a fissured skull. 
Schistocyte (skis' -to-sit) [schisto-; kutoc, a 

cell], i. A blood-corpuscle in process of 

segmentation. 2. Ehrlich's name for a poi- 

kilocyte. 
Schistocytosis (skis-to-si-to' -sis) [schistocyte]. 

1. An aggregation of schistocytes in the blood. 

2. The splitting process of blood-corpuscles. 
Schistoglossia (skis -to- glos' -e- ah) [schisto-; 

yXcoaaa, tongue]. Cleft tongue. 

Schistometer (skis-tom' '-et-er) [schisto-; p.hpov, a 
measure]. A device for measuring the dis- 
tance between the vocal cords. 

Schistoprosopia (skis-to-pro-so' '-pe-ah) [schisto-; 
TipcbooTtov, face]. Congenital fissure of the 
face. 

Schistoprosopus (skis-to-pros-o'-pus) [see Schis- 
toprosopia]. 1. Having a cleft or fissured 
face. 2. A monster having a fissure of the face. 

Schistorachis (skis-tor' -a-kis) [schisto-; paxcc, 
spine]. Spina bifida. 

Schistosoma japonicum (skis-to-so'-mah jap- 
on' -ik-um). An Asiatic blood-fluke the cause 
of a disease endemic in certain parts of China 
and Japan; there are enlargement of the 
liver and spleen, increased appetite, diarrhea, 
and frequently mucous, bloody stools. Syn., 
Schistosoma cattoi. 

Schistosomus (skis-to-so'-mus) [schisto-; oujjia, 
a body]. A variety of monster in which there 
is a lateral or median eventration extending 
the whole length of the abdomen, the lower 
extremities being absent or rudimentary. 

Schistothorax (skis-to-tho'-raks) [schisto-; tho- 
rax]. Fissure of the thorax. 

Schizaxon (skiz-aks'-on) [schiz-; axis]. An 
axon which divides in its course into equal or 
nearly equal branches. 

Schizogenesis (skiz-o-jen'-es-is) [schizo-; ykve- 
occ, production]. Reproduction by fission. 

Schizogonic (skiz-o-gon'-ik). Relating to schiz- 
ogony. 

Schizogony (skiz-og'-o-ne) [schizo-; fovea, gen- 
eration]. 1. Same as Schizogenesis. 2. A 
form of multiple division in which the con- 
tents of the oocyst eventually split up into 
swarm spores. Cf. Sporogony. 

Schizomycetes (skiz-o-mi-se' -tez) [schizo-; (iukt)C, 
a fungus]. The cleft fungi or bacteria, so 
called because multiplying by fission. 

Schizont (skiz'-ont) [oxK tcv i to divide]. Schau- 
dinn's term for the mother-cell in coccidia 
which, by multiple division, gives rise to 
the crescentic swarm spores called merozoites. 
Syn., Oudeterospore (E. R. Lankester, 1900); 
Sporocyte (Ron, 1899). Cf. Sporont. 

Schlange's Sign. In cases of intestinal ob- 
struction the intestine is dilated above the 
seat of obstruction and peristaltic movements 
are absent below that point. 

Schleich Infiltration Anesthesia. A local 
anesthesia produced by the hypodermatic 
injection of cocain, combined with a weak 



salt solution ; by the addition of a little morphin 
the anesthetic action is prolonged. S. Method 
of Producing General Anesthesia, the ad- 
ministration of small doses of chloroform, 
petroleum ether, and sulfuric ether. S.'s Solu- 
tion, 1 § gr. of cocain "hydrochlorid, J gr. of 
morphin hydrochlorid, 3 gr. common salt, 
dissolved in 3 oz. and 3 dr. of sterilized water. 

Schlemm's Canal. See Canal, Schlemm's. S.'s 
Ligament, one of two ligaments connected 
with the shoulder-joints; the glenoideobrachial 
ligament. 

Schlesinger's Type of Syringomyelia. The 
dorsolumbar type. 

Schmidt's Blood-coagulation Theory. Para- 
globulin under the influence of fibrin-fer- 
ment enters into combination with fibrinogen, 
the result being fibrin. S.'s Incisions. See 
Lantermann's Incisions. S.'s (Ad.) Method 
for Demonstrating Disturbances in the 
Functions of the Intestine, it is formed upon 
the amount of the fermentation of the feces. 
The patient is given daily 1560 Gm. milk, 4 
eggs, 3 pieces (100 Gm.) of zwieback, a plate 
of oatmeal-soup (40 Gm.), with 10 Gm. of 
sugar, a plate of flour soup made with 25 Gm. 
of wheat flour and 10 Gm. of sugar, and a cup 
of bouillon; 120 Gm. of potatoes are also 
given. A small amount (0.3 Gm.) of carmin 
is given to color and designate the first stool 
to be examined. A small portion of the stool 
is dried to constant weight and weighed. It 
is then mixed with water and placed in a fer- 
mentation-tube and kept at 37 C. Fer- 
mentation with the evolution of gases sets in 
and is divided into an early and a late fer- 
mentation. Early fermentation occurs dur- 
ing the first 24 or 48 hours. Later fermen- 
tation begins slowly on the second or third 
day. In the early fermentation it is the starch 
that is acted upon, while in the late it is the 
albuminous cellulose materials. Early fer- 
mentation can be considered as present only 
when in the first 24 hours an evident amount 
of gas is formed. Normally after the diet de- 
scribed there should be no such fermentation. 
Its occurrence indicates faulty starch digestion 
and an abnormal condition of the bowels, 
especially of the small intestine. 

Schmiedei's Ganglion. The inferior carotid 
ganglion. 

Scnneiderian Membrane (shni-de'-re-an) [C. 
V. Schneider, a German anatomist]. The 
nasal mucous membrane. 

Schoen's Theory of Accommodation. See 
under Accommodation. 

Schoenbein's Reaction for Copper. On the 
addition of potassium cyanid and tincture 
of guaiac to a solution of a copper salt a blue 
coloration is produced. 

Schoenlein's Disease. Peliosis rheumatica. 
S.'s Triad, purpuric exanthem, rheumatic 
phenomena, and gastrointestinal disorders in 
peliosis rheumatica. 

Schott's Method. 1. A method of treating 
heart disease by resisted exercise and special 
forms Of baths. 2. A system of gymnastic 



SCHREGER'S LINES 



860 



SCLERA 



movements, accompanied by baths contain- 
ing Nauheim salts, for the treatment of heart 
disease, anemia, and chronic rheumatism. 

Schreger's Lines. Curved lines in the enamel 
of the teeth, parallel to the surface; they are 
due to the optic effect produced by the simul- 
taneous curvature of the dentinal fibers. 

Schreiber's Maneuver. Friction of the skin of 
the thigh and leg to reinforce the patellar and 
achilles tendon-reflexes. 

Schreiner's Base (shri'-ner). See Spermin. 

Schroeder's Contraction Ring. See Bandl's 
Ring. S.'s Test for Urea, add to the urea 
crystal a solution of bromin in chloroform. 
The urea will decompose, with the formation 
of gas. 

Schuele's Sign. Vertical folds between the 
eyebrows, forming the Greek letter omega 
(omega melancholicum), frequently seen in 
subjects of melancholia. 

Schueller's Ducts. The ducts of Skene's glands. 

Schultze's Cells. The olfactory cells. S.'s 
Comma-shaped Tract, a small tract of de- 
scending fibers in the posteroexternal column 
of the spinal cord near the gray commissure. 
S.'s Fold, a fold formed by the amnion near 
the insertion of the umbilical cord when the 
cephalic end of the fetus encroaches upon the 
latter. S.'s Granules, finely granular masses 
in the blood formed by the breaking-up of the 
blood-plaques. S.'s Position of the Pla- 
centa, the position assumed by the placenta 
when its central portion bulges downward 
and is expelled in advance of the periphery. 
S.'s Reagent for Cellulose, iodin dissolved 
to saturation in a zinc chlorid solution of spe- 
cific gravity 1.8, and the addition of 6 parts 
of potassium iodid. This reagent turns 
cellulose blue. S.'s Test for Cholesterin, 
evaporate to dryness with nitric acid, using a 
porcelain dish on the water-bath. In the 
presence of cholesterin a yellow residue is 
obtained, which changes to yellowish-red on 
the addition of ammonia. S.'s Test for Pro- 
teids, to a solution of the proteid add a few 
drops of a dilute cane-sugar solution and then 
concentrated sulfuric acid. On warming 
and keeping the temperature at 6o° C. a 
bluish-red color is produced. 

Schultze-Chvostek's Sign. See Chvostek's 
Symptom. 

Schwabach's Test. The duration of the per- 
ception of a vibrating tuning-fork placed upon 
the cranium is prolonged beyond the normal 
in cases of middle-ear disease, but shortened 
when the deafness is due to a central cause. 

Schwalbe's Convolution. The first occipi- 
tal convolution. S.'s Fissure, one between 
the lower portion of the temporosphenoid and 
the occipital lobes. S.'s Sheath, the deli- 
cate sheath which covers elastic fibers. S.'s 
Space, the subvaginal space of the optic nerve. 

Schwann, Primitive Bundle of. A muscular 
fiber. S., Sheath of, the neurilemma of a 
nerve-fiber. S., White Substance of, the 
myelin of a medullated nerve-fiber. 

Schwarz's Reaction for Sulfonal. Upon 



heating sulfonal with charcoal the odor of 
mercaptan is evolved. 

Schweinerothlauf (shwi-na-rot'-lowf) [Ger.]. 
Hog-erysipelas, an infectious disease of hogs 
characterized by fever and an eruption of 
reddish or brownish spots, and due to a 
special bacillus. See Bacillus ersipelatos suis 
under Bacteria. Syn., Rouget du pore. 

Schweinfurth Green (shwin-foori). Synonym 
of Paris-green. 

Schweitzer's Reagent for Cellulose. Copper 
sulfate, 10 parts; water, 100 parts. Add 
potassium hydroxid 5 parts, in water 50 parts. 
Wash the precipitate and dissolve in 20% 
ammonia solution. This reagent dissolves 
cellulose. 

Sciatic (si-at'-ik) [tox'tov, ischium]. 1. Per- 
taining to the ischium, as the sciatic notch. 
2. Pertaining to the sciatic nerve, as sciatic 
neuralgia. 

Sciatica (si-af-ik-ah) [ischiaticus, from is- 
chium], A disease characterized by neuralgic 
pain along the course of the sciatic nerve. It 
usually follows exposure to cold and wet, and 
is dependent upon inflammation of the nerve. 
In addition to pain there are numbness and 
tingling, tenderness along the course of the 
nerve, and eventually wasting of the muscles, 
See Felt Treatment of Sciatica. 

Scilla (sil'-ah). See Squill. 

Scillipicrin (sil-ip-ik' -rin) [scilla; TztKpbc, bit- 
ter]. A yellowish-white, amorphous, hygro- 
scopic powder obtained from squill. It is 
used as a diuretic in doses of 8-45 gr. (0.5-3.0 
Gm.) daily. 

Scillism (sil'-izm) [scilla]. Poisoning from ex- 
tracts or tinctures of squill due to the con- 
tained glucosid, scilli toxin. It is marked by 
vomiting, retarded pulse, and stupor. 

Scillitic (sil-it'-ik). Pertaining to or containing 
squill. 

Scillitoxin (sil-it-oks '-in) [scilla; to^ckov, poi- 
son]. An amorphous, light-brown, bitter, 
active principle of squill. It is soluble in 
alcohol, insoluble in ether and water, and a 
cardiac poison somewhat resembling digitalis. 
It is used as a diuretic in doses of 4u~ru g r - 
(0.001-0.002 Gm.) several times daily; maxi- 
mum daily dose f gr. (0.05 Gm.). 

Scirrhoid (skir'-oid) [scirrhus; etdoc, like]. 
Resembling a scirrhus. 

Scirrhoma (skir-o'-mah). See Scirrhus. 

Scirrhosarca (skir-o-sar'-kah) [scirrhus; oa.p£, 
flesh]. Hardening of the flesh, especially of 
new-born infants; sclerema neonatorum. 

Scirrhous {skir'-us) [scirrhus]. Hard. 

Scirrhus (skir r -us) [oncppoc, hard]. A hard 
carcinoma. 

Scissile (sis'-T) [scindere, to divide]. Capable of 
being divided. 

Scissors (siz'-orz) [scindere, to cut]. An in- 
strument consisting of two blades held to- 
gether by a rivet, and crossing each other so 
that in closing they cut the object placed 
between them. 

Scissura (siz-u'-rah) [scindere, to cut]. A fissure. 

Sclera (skle'-rah) [oKAypoc, hard]. The sclerotic 



SCLERACNE 



861 



SCLEROSIS 



coat of the eye; the firm, fibrous, outer mem- 
brane of the eyeball, continuous with the 
sheath of the optic nerve behind and with the 
cornea in front. 

Scleracne (skle-rak'-ne) [onX-qpoc, hard; acne]. 
Acne indurata. 

Scleral (skle'-ral) [sclera]. Pertaining to the 
sclera. 

Sclerangia (skle-ran'-je-ah) [sclera; dyyuov, a 
vessel], i. A sense of hardness yielded by a 
vessel. 2. See An gio sclero sis. 

Scleratitis (skle-rat-i'-tis). Same as Scleritis. 

Sclerectasia (skle-rek-ta'-ze-ah) [sclera; 'iKzaocc, 
extension]. Localized bulging of the sclera. 

Sclerectomy (skle-rek'-to-me) [sclera; Ikxo[xt}, 
excision]. Excision of a portion of the sclera. 

Scleredema (skle-re-de'-mah). See Sclerema 
cedematosum. 

Sclerema (skle-re'-mah) [sclera]. A hardening. 
S. adiposum, a grave form of sclerema neona- 
torum marked by extreme hardness of the 
skin, atrophy, and adherence to the sub- 
cutaneous tissues. S. adultorum. See 
Morphea. S. cutis, scleroderma. S. neona- 
torum, a disease of the newborn char- 
acterized by a hardening of the subcu- 
taneous tissue, especially of the legs and feet, 
and probably dependent on a coagulation of 
the fat. S. cedematosum, a generally fatal 
form of sclerema neonatorum marked b> 
edema of the skin with induration, impair- 
ment of muscular action, and subnormal 
temperature. Syn., Compact edema of in- 
fants. S., Partial, Schwimmer's name for 
scleroderma occurring in limited areas. Syn., 
Sclereme en plaques. S. universale, Schwim- 
mer's name for scleroderma affecting at once 
the whole surface of the body, or from single 
areas of sclerosis of the skin gradually diffus- 
ing itself over the entire body. Syn., Car- 
cinus eburneus (Alibert) ; Cutis tensa chronica 
(Fuchs); Elephantiasis sclerosa (Rasmussen); 
Sclerosis corii (Wilson). 

Scleremia, Scleremus (skle-re'-me-ah, -mus). 
Same as Sclerema. 

Scleriasis (skle-ri' -as-is) [sclera]. Scleroderma. 

Scleritis (skle-ri' -tis) [sclera; cue, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the sclerotic coat of 
the eye. It may exist alone* (simple scleritis 
or episcleritis) or may be combined with 
inflammation of the cornea, iris, or choroid. 

Sclero- (skle-ro-) [onX-qpoc, hard], i. A prefix 
meaning hard. 2. A prefix denoting con- 
nection with the sclera. 

Sclerochoroiditis (skle-ro-ko-roid-i'-tis) [sclero-; 
choroiditis]. Inflammation of the choroid 
and the sclerotic coat of the eye. 

Scleroconjunctivitis (skle-ro-kon-junk-ti-vi'- 
tis). Simultaneous conjunctivitis and scleritis. 

Sclerocornea (skle-ro-kor'-ne-ah). The sclera 
and cornea regarded as one. 

Sclerocorneal (skle-ro-kor' -ne-al) [sclero-; cor- 
nea]. Pertaining conjointly to the sclerotic 
coat and the cornea of the eye. 

Sclerocyclotomy (skle-ro-si-klot'-o-me) [sclero-; 
kukXoc, a circle; roprj, a cutting]. Hancock's 
operation of division of the ciliary muscle, 



Sclerodactylia, Sclerodactyly (skle-ro-dak-tiV- 
e-ah, skle-ro-dak' -til-e) [sclero-; danxuXoc', 
finger]. A disease of the fingers (or toes) 
allied to scleroderma. It is usually sym- 
metric, occurs chiefly in women, and leads 
to marked deformity. 

Scleroderma (skle-ro-der' '-mah) . [sclero-; dipp.a, 
skin]. A disease characterized by a progres- 
sive induration of the skin, occurring either 
in circumscribed patches (see Morphea) or 
diffusely. The skin becomes hard, pig- 
mented, and firmly attached to the under- 
lying tissues; destructive changes may also 
occur, and joints may become immobile from 
adhesions of the skin. The cause of sclero- 
derma is not known. S. neonatorum, 
See Sclerema neonatorum. S. cedematosa. 
See Sclerema cedematosum. 

Sclerogenous (skle-ro j'-en-us) [sclero-; yevvau, to 
beget]. Producing a hard substance. 

Sclerogeny (skle-ro j' -en-e) [see Sclerogenous]. 
The formation of sclerous tissue. 

Sclerokeratoiritis (skle -ro-ker-at-o- i-ri'- tis) . 
Combined inflammation of the sclera, cornea, 
and iris. 

Scleroma (skle-ro' -mah) [sclero-; bfia, tumor]. 
Abnormal hardness or induration of a part. 
S. adultorum. Synonym of Scleroderma. 

Scleromatocystis (skle-rom' ' -at-o-sist-is) [sclero-; 
Kuo-cc, a bladder]. Induration of a cyst, but es- 
pecially of the gall-bladder or urinary bladder. 

Sclerometer (skle-rom' -et-er) [sclero-; pkxpov, a 
measure]. An apparatus for determining the 
hardness of substances. 

Scleromucin (skle-ro-mu'-sin) [sclero-; mucus]. 
A gummy substance obtained from ergot, and 
considered one of its active principles. 

Scleronyxis (skle-ron-ik'-sis) [sclero-; vo$cc, a 
pricking]. Puncture of the sclera. 

Sclerosarcoma (skle-ro-sar-ko'-mah) [sclero-; 
sarcoma]. A hard, fleshy tumor of the gums. 

Sclerosed (skle'-rozd) [sclerosis]. Affected with 
sclerosis; hardened. 

Sclerose en plaques (skla-ros' on(g) plahk). 
Synonym of Sclerosis, Multiple. 

Sclerosis (skle-ro' -sis) [on),r)p6c, hard]. Harden- 
ing, especially a hardening of a part from an 
overgrowth of fibrous tissue; applied par- 
ticularly to hardening of the nervous system 
from atrophy or degeneration of the nerve- 
elements and hyperplasia of the interstitial 
tissue; also to a chronic inflammation of the 
arteries characterized by thickening of their 
coats. S., Diffuse, one extending through 
a large part of the brain and cord. S. t Dis- 
seminated, a form in which numerous scler- 
otic patches are scattered through the brain 
and cord. S., Insular. See S., Multiple. 
S., Lateral. See Lateral Sclerosis. S. of 
Middle Ear, v. Troltsch's name for otitis 
media hypertrophica. S., Multiple, chronic 
induration occurring in patches in different 
parts of the nervous system. The principal 
symptoms are muscular weakness and tremor 
upon essaying voluntary action. S., Mul- 
tiple Cerebral, multiple sclerosis affecting 
only the brain. S., Multiple Cerebro- 



SCLEROSKELETON 



862 



SCOPOLAMIN 



See 



See 



spinal, multiple sclerosis affecting both 
the brain and the spinal cord. S., Neu- 
ral, sclerosis attended by chronic neuritis. 
S. tela? cellularis et adiposae, scleroderma. 
S. testis, sarcocele. S., Tuberous, a form 
marked by hypertrophy and increased density 
of the involved areas. S., Ulcerating 
[Baumler], the primary lesion of syphilis; 
Hunterian or indurated chancre. S., Vas- 
cular, sclerosis of the walls of blood-vessels; 
arteriosclerosis. 

Scleroskeleton (skle-ro-skel' -et-on) [sclero-; skele- 
ton]. In biology, ossifications other than the 
bones of the main endoskeleton. 

Sclerostenosis (skle-ro-sten-o'-sis) [sclero-; 
stenosis]. i. Sclerosis with stenosis. 2. 
Scleroderma. 

Sclerothrix (skle'-ro-thriks) [sclero-; dpi£, hair]. 
1. Abnormal hardness of the hair. 2. Of Metch- 
nikoff, a genus of Mycobacteriacece included 
in Mycobacterium, Lehmann and Neumann. 

Sclerotic (skle-rot' -ik) [sclera]. Hard; indu- 
rated. S. Coat. See Sclera. 

Sclerotica (skle-rot'-ik-ah). See Sclera. 

Scleroticochoroiditis (skle-rot-ik-o-ko-roid-i'- 
tis). See Sclerochoroiditis. 

Scleroticonyxis (skle-rot-ik-on-ik' '-sis) . 
Scleronyxis. 

Sclerotidectomy (skle-rot-id-ek'-to-me). 
Scleronyxis. 

Sclerotitis {skle-ro-ti'-tis). See Scleritis. 

Sclerotium (skle-ro' '-she-urn) [sclera]. A thick 
mass of hyphas constituting a resting-stage in 
the development of some fungi, as the ergot. 

Sclerotome {skle'-ro-tom) [sclero-; xepvecv, to 
cut], 1. A knife used in sclerotomy. 2. A 
hard tissue separating successive myotomes 
in certain of the lower vertebrates. 3. The 
skeletal tissue of an embryonic metamere. 

Sclerotomy (skle-rot'-o-me) [see Sclerotome]. 
The operation of incising the sclera. S., 
Anterior, the making of an incision 
through the sclera anterior to the ciliary body, 
and entering the anterior chamber, as is done 
in glaucoma. S., Posterior, sclerotomy by 
an incision through the sclera behind the cili- 
ary body, and entering the vitreous chamber. 

Sclerozone {skle'-ro-zon)[sclero-;zone]. That por- 
tion of the surface of a bone giving attachment 
to the muscle derived from a given myotome. 

Sclopetarius {sklo-pet-a' -re-us) [L.]. Relating 
to a gun. Sclopetaria vulnera, gunshot 
wounds. Syn., Sclopetica vulnera. 

Scobinate (sko'-bin-at) [scobus, a file]. Having 
a rough surface. 

Scolecitis {sko-le-si'-tis) [scolex; ace, inflam- 
mation]. Appendicitis. 

Scolecoiditis (sko-le-koid-i'-tis) [scolex; eldoc, 
likeness; tree, inflammation]. Appendicitis. 

Scolectomy {sko-lek' -to-me) . Appendicectomy. 

Scolex (sko'-leks) [oko'j).i)$, a worm]. The 
head of a tape-worm, giving rise to the chain 
of proglottides. 

Scolicoiditis (sko-le-koid-i f -tis). Gerster's name 
for appendicitis. 

Scoliocoiditis (sko-le-o-koid-i f -tis). Nothna- 
gel's term for appendicitis. 




Extreme Scoliosis. — (Moullin.) 



Scolio lordosis {sko-le-o-lor-do' -sis) . Combined 

scoliosis and lordosis. 
Scoliorachitic {sko-le-o-ra-kif -ik) [scoliosis; ra- 
chitis]. Pertain- 
in g to or pro- 
duced by scolio- 
sis and rickets. 
Scolio siometry 
(sko - le-o-si -om'- 
et - re) [scoliosis; 
fikrpov, a meas- 
ure]. The esti- 
mation of the de- 
gree of deformity 
in scoliosis. 
Scoliosis (sko-le- 
0' - sis) [okoXcoc, 
curved]. A mor- 
bid lateral cur- 
vature of the 
spine. 
Scoliotic (sko-le- 
ot f -ik) [scoliosis]. 
Pertaining to or 
marked by scoli- 
osis. 
Scoliotome (sko f - 
le-o-tom) [scoliosis; xovog, a stretching]. An 
apparatus for elongating the spine and les- 
sening the rotation in lateral curvature. 
Scombrin {skom'-brin) [Scomber, a genus of 
fishes]. A protamin obtained from mature 
spermatozoa of mackerel. 
Scombron {skom' -bron) . Bang's name for a 
histon obtained from immature spermatozoa 
of mackerel. 
Scoop [AS., skopa]. An instrument resem- 
bling a spoon, for the extraction of bodies 
from cavities, as an ear-scoop, lithotomy-scoop. 
§COTi3LT\n.(sko'-par-in). See under Scoparius. 
Scoparius (sko-pa' '-re-us) [scopa, a broom]. 
The Cytisus scoparius, a shrub of the order 
Leguminosce. The dried tops constitute the 
scoparius of the U. S. P. (scoparii cacumina, 
B. P.); they contain the alkaloid spartein, 
C 15 H 26 N 2 , and a neutral principle, scoparin, 
C^H^Ojo. Scoparius is diuretic and ca- 
thartic, these actions probably depending 
upon scoparin. Dose of the fluidextract 20- 
40 min. (1.3-2.6 Cc). Unof. For proper- 
ties of spartein see Spartein. 
Scopola (sko-pol'-ah). The dried rhizome of 
Scopola carniolica. Dose 1-3 gr. (0.05-0.15 
Gm.). The rhizomes of 6 1 . japonica and S. 
carniolica contain the alkaloid scopolamin or 
scopolein, used as a mydriatic. 
Scopolamin, Scopolein (sko-pol-am'-in, sko- 
pol'-e-in). The active principle of Scopola car- 
niolica, C 17 H 22 N0 4 , an alkaloid apparently 
identical with hyoscin, used with morphin in 
producing anesthesia by Schneiderlin's and 
Korff's method (see under Anesthetic, Local). 
S. Hydrobromid {scopolamines hydrobromi- 
dum, U. S. P.), Ci 7 H 21 N0 4 HBr, hygroscopic 
crystals, used as a mydriatic and sedative. 
Externally in ophthalmology, tV - ! % solution; 
subcutaneously for the insane, ^—ei gr, 



SCOPOPHOBIA 



863 



SCUTELLARIA 



Scopophobia (sko-po-fo 1 '-be-ah) [oKone'cv, to ex- 
amine; (f>6ftoc, fe ar l- A morbid dread of being 
seen. 

Scorbutic (skor-bu'-tik) [scorbutus]. Pertaining 
to, affected with, or caused by scorbutus or 
scurvy. 

Scorbutus (skor-bu'-tus). See Scurvy. 

Scotodinia (sko-to-din'-e-ah) [okotoc, darkness; 
d'cvoc, a whirl]. Vertigo associated with the 
appearance of black spots before the eyes. 

Scotograph (sko'-to-graf) [okotoc, darkness; 
ypafecv, to write]. i. An instrument for 
aiding the blind to write. 2. A name given 
to the picture produced by means of the so- 
called roentgen-rays. See Rays, Roentgen-. 

Scotoma (sko-to' -mah) [oKOTOtfia, darkness]. An 
area in the visual field rays of light from 
which are not at all (absolute scotoma) or im- 
perfectly (relative scotoma) perceived. S., 
Central, one limited to the region of the visual 
field corresponding to the macula lutea. S., 
Color-, color-blindness limited to a part of 
the visual field, and which may exist without 
interruption of the field for white light. S., 
Flittering. See 6". scintillans. S., Negative, a 
defect due to the destruction of the retinal 
center, and which is not noticeable to the 
patient. S., Positive, a scotoma perceptible 
to the patient as a dark spot before his eyes. 
S., Relative, a scotoma within which per- 
ception of light is only partially impaired. 
S., Ring-, S., Annular, a zone of scotoma 
surrounding the center of the visual field. 
S. scintillans, S., Scintillating, a scotoma 
with serrated margins extending peripherally 
and producing a large defect in the visual field. 
Syn., Fortification-spectrum. 

Scotometer, Scotommeter, Scotomometer 
(sko-tom'-et-ur, sko-to -mom' -ei-ur) [okotoc dark- 
ness; .fihpov, a measure]. 1. An instrument 
for detecting, locating, and measuring sco- 
tomas. 2. An instrument used in the de- 
tection of central scotomas. 

Scotosis (sko-to' -sis). See Scotoma. 

Scototherapy (sko-to-ther'-ap-e) [okotoc, dark- 
ness; dspo-nata, therapy]. The treatment of 
malaria and other diseases by keeping the 
patient in a dark room and in the intervals 
between the attacks of the disease clothing 
him in garments impenetrable by light. 

Scrattage (skrat-ahjh) [Fr.]. Ophthalmoxysis, 
the oldest method of mechanic treatment of 
trachoma, the scratching out of the granules; 
revived in 1890. Syn., Brassage. 

Screatus (skre-a'-tus) [L.]. 1. A hawking. 
2. A neurosis characterized by paroxysms of 
hawking. 

Scrivener's Palsy. See Writer's Cramp. 

Scrobiculus (skro-bik' -u-lus) [L.]. A small 
pit. S. cordis, the depression at the epi- 
gastrium; the pit of the stomach. 

Scrofula (skrof -u-lah) [scrofa, a sow]. A 
term formerly applied to a peculiar condition 
characterized by enlargement of the lym- 
phatic glands and necrosis of the bones; it is 
at present considered a form of tuberculosis. 

Scrofulid (skrof'-u-lid). See Scrofuloderma 



Scrof uloderm (skrof -u-lo- derm) [scrofula; 
depfxa, the skin]. A disease of the skin due to 
scrofula, and generally characterized by super- 
ficial irregular ulcers with undermined edges. 
The cause is the tubercle bacillus. 

Scrofulosis (skrof -u-lo' -sis) [scrofula]. The 
state characterized by the presence of scrof- 
ula; a scrofulous diathesis. 

Scrofulotuberculosis (skrof-u-lo-tu-ber-ku-lo'- 
sis). Attenuated tuberculosis. 

Scrofulous (skrof -u-lus) [scrofula]. Having 
the nature of, affected with, or produced- by 
scrofula. 

Scroll (skrol) [ME., scrolle]. A roll of paper, 
or anything folded so as to resemble 
a roll. S.-bone, a turbinate bone. S.s, 
Olfactory, the turbinate bones. 

Scrophularin (skrof -u-la'-rin). A principle 
obtained by Walz from Scrophularia nodosa. 

Scrotal (skro'-tal) [scrotum]. Pertaining to or 
contained in the scrotum, as scrotal hernia. 

Scrotopexy (skro'-to-peks-e) [scrotum; x^cc, a 
fixing in]. Longuet's term for the preserva- 
tion of the scrotum which results from the 
extraserous transplantation of the testicle in 
cases of varicocele. Cf . Orchidopexy; Vagino- 
pexy. 

Scrotum (skro'-tum) [L.]. The pouch con- 
taining the testicles, consisting of skin, dartos, 
spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia, infundib- 
uliform fascia, and parietal tunica vaginalis. 

Scrumpox (skrum'-poks). A name used in 
England among school-children for impetigo 
contagiosa. 

Scruple (skru'-pl) [scrupulus, dim. of scrupus, 
a sharp stone]. In apothecaries' weight, 20 
grains; represented by the sign 9. 

Sculcopin (skul'-ko-pin). The proprietary 
name for a preparation of hydrastis and skull- 
cap, used as a local astringent. 

Scultetus' Bandage. A bandage used in 
compound fractures, so arranged that the 
short pieces of which it is composed may be 
removed without motion of the limb. 

Scurf (skerf) [AS.]. A bran -like desquamation 
of the epidermis, especially from the scalp; 
dandruff. 

Scurvy (sker'-ve) [scurf]. A disease observed 
among persons who have been deprived of 
proper food for a length of time; it is char- 
acterized by spongy gums, extravasations of 
blood beneath the skin, hemorrhages from the 
mucous membranes, fetor of the breath, and 
painful contractions of the muscles. It is 
most common among sailors living on salt 
meats. S. -grass, Cochlearia officinalis, a 
plant of the order Cruciferce, the properties 
of which reside in a volatile oil resembling oil 
of mustard. It is used in scurvy and in 
chronic rheumatism. S., Land-. See Pur- 
pura hcemorrhagica. 

Scutellaria (sku-tel-a' -re-ah) [scutellum, a little 
shield]. A genus of the Labiatce. The dried 
plant of S. lateriflora, skullcap, is the 
Scutellaria of the U. S. P., and is employed in 
neuralgia, chorea, delirium tremens, and other 
nervous affections. S., Fluidextract of 



SCUTELLARIN 



864 



SECRETIN 



{jluidextr actum Scutellaria, U. S. P.). Dose 
1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). 

Scutellaria (sku-tel-ar'-in). 1. An impure pre- 
cipitate from an alcoholic tincture of Scutellaria. 
Dose 3-4 gr. (0.2-0.26 Gm.). 2. C 10 H 8 O 3 . A 
nontoxic principle derived from the root of 
Scutellaria lateriflora, forming flat yellow 
needles, soluble in alcohol, ether, or alkalis, 
melting at 199 C. It is used as a tonic and 
sedative in nervous diseases. Dose f— 4 gr. 
(0.05-0.26 Gm.). 

Scutulate {sku'-tu-ldt ) [scutulum]. Shaped like 
a lozenge. 

Scutulum (shu'-tu-lum) [dim. of scutum, a 
shield]. Any one of the thin plates of the 
eruption of favus. 

Scutum (sku'-tum) [L., "a shield"]. A 
shield-like plate of bone. S. tympanicum, 
the semilunar plate of bone separating the 
attic of the tympanum from the outer mastoid 
cells. 

Scybala (sib'-al-ah). Plural of scybalum (q. v.). 

Scybalous {sib'-al-us) [scybalum]. Of the nature 
of a scybalum. 

Scybalum {sib'-al-um) [onufiolov, fecal matter]. 
A mass of abnormally hard fecal matter. 

Scymnol (sim'-nol) [Scymnus, a genus of 
sharks], C 27 H 46 5 or C 32 H 54 6 . An organic 
base obtained by Hammarsten from the bile 
of sharks. 

Scyphoid (si'-Joid or ski'-foid) [oKC<j)og, a drink- 
ing-cup]. Cup-shaped. 

Scythian Lamb. See under Cibotium. 

Scytoblasta (si-to-blas'-tah). See Scytoblastema. 

Scytoblastema {si -to- bias -te' -mah) [okuzoc, 
skin; ^Xaaxf]p.a, germ]. The primitive or 
embryonic stage of the development of the 
skin. 

Scytodephic, Scytodepsic (si-to-de f -fik, si-to- 
dep'-sik) [oKuzof, a hide; dk<j>siv, to soften]. 
Relating to tannin; tannic. 

Seamstress's Cramp. A painful cramp af- 
fecting the fingers of seamstresses; an occu- 
pation-neurosis analogous to writer's cramp. 

Searcher (serch'-er). A sound used for the 
detection of stone in the bladder. 

Sea-sickness. A condition occurring in per- 
sons aboard ship, produced by the rolling 
of the ship, and characterized by vertigo, 
nausea, retching, and prostration. A similar 
state may be induced by riding in cars, 
elevators, etc. 

Sea-tangle. See Laminaria. 

Seat -worm. See Oxyuris. 

Sebaceofollicular (se-ba-se-o-fol-ik'-u-lar). Re- 
lating to a sebaceous follicle. 

Sebaceous {se-ba'-shus) [sebum, fat]. Pertain- 
ing to sebum; secreting sebum. S. Cyst, 
a cystic tumor formed by occlusion of the 
duct of a sebaceous gland, with retention of 
the secretion, dilation, and thickening of the 
wall of the gland. It contains a grayish-white 
cheesy material. S. Glands, S. Follicles, 
compound saccular glands associated with the 
hair-follicles, and secreting a semifluid sub- 
stance, the sebum, composed of oil-droplets 
and broken-down epithelial cells, 



Sebadilla {seb-ad-il'-ah). See Sabadilla. 

Sebileau's Sublingual Hollow. A pyramidal 
area with its base upward, extending along 
beneath the tongue, and formed by the oral 
mucosa and the sublingual glands, the apex 
below at the point where the mylohyoid muscle 
covers the geniohyoid. 

Sebiparous {seb-ip' -ar-us) [sebum; parere, to 
produce]. Secreting sebum. 

Sebolith {seb f -o-lith) [sebum; X'cdog, a stone]. 
A concretion in a sebaceous gland. 

Seborrhea, Seborrhoea {seb-or-e'-ah) [sebum; 
poca, a flow]. A functional disease of the seba- 
ceous glands, characterized by an excessive 
secretion of sebum, which collects upon the skin 
in the form of an oily coating or of crusts or 
scales. Seborrhoea congestiva, lupus erythe- 
matosus. Seborrhoea capillitii, S. capitis, 
seborrhea of the scalp. Seborrhoea corporis, 
seborrhea of the trunk. Seborrhoea faciei, 
seborrhea of the face. Seborrhoea flaves- 
cens. See 5. nasi. Seborrhoea ichthyosis, 
a variety characterized by the formation of 
large, plate-like crusts. Seborrhoea nasi, 
seborrhea of the sebaceous glands of the nose. 
Seborrhoea nigra, S. nigricans, seborrhea 
with the formation of dark-colored crusts, the 
coloration being usually from dirt. Sebor- 
rhoea oleosa, a form characterized by an 
excessive oiliness of the skin, especially about 
the forehead and nose. Seborrhoea sicca, 
the commonest form of seborrhea, char- 
acterized by greasy, brownish-gray scales. 

Seborrheic, Seborrheic {seb-or-e'-ik, seb-or-o'- 
ik). 1. Affected with seborrhea. 2. One 
suffering with seborrhea. 

Sebum {se'-bum) [L.]. The secretion of the 
sebaceous glands. See Sebaceous Glands. 

Secale {se-ka'-le) [L.]. Rye. S. cornutum. 
See Ergot. 

Secalose {sek'-al-os). A carbohydrate from 
green rye, soluble in water. 

Second Intention. See under Healing. S. 
Nerve, the optic nerve. 

Secondary {sek 1 '-un-da-re) [secundarius, from 
secundus, second]. 1. Second in the order 
of time or development, as the secondary 
lesions of syphilis. 2. Second in relation; 
subordinate; produced by a cause considered 
primary. S. Amputation, an amputation 
done after the subsidence of inflammatory 
symptoms. S. Cataract. See Cataract, Re- 
current Capsular. S. Coil, the coil of wire 
in which the induced current is generated. S. 
Degeneration (of nerve-fibers), a degeneration 
following injury 'or disease of the trophic cen- 
ters. S. Hemorrhage. See Hemorrhage, 
Secondary. 

Secrete {se-kret') [secernere, to separate]. To 
separate; specifically, to separate from the 
blood, or form out of materials furnished by the 
blood a certain substance termed secretion. 

Secretin {se-kre'-tiri) [see Secrete]. . A body 
produced in the epithelial cells of the duo- 
denum by the contact of acid. It is absorbed 
from the cells by the blood and excites the 
pancreas to secretion, 



i 



SECRETION 



865 



SEIDEL'S REACTION 



Secretion (se-kre'-shun) [secrete], i. The act 
of secreting or forming from materials fur- 
nished by the blood a certain substance which 
is either eliminated from the body or used 
in carrying on special functions. 2. The 
substance secreted. S., External, a secre- 
tion thrown out upon the external or internal 
surface of the body. S., Internal, a secretion 
that is not thrown out upon a surface, but is 
absorbed into the blood. 

Secretogog (se-kre'-to-gog) [secretion; aytoybc, 
leading]. 1. Stimulating the secretory func- 
tion. 2. An agent which stimulates secretion. 

Secretory {se f -kre-to-re) [secretion]. Pertaining 
to secretion; performing secretion. S. Capil- 
laries, minute canaliculi into which gland- 
cells discharge their secretion; they are simple 
or branched, sometimes anastomose, forming 
a network enveloping the gland-cell, and open 
individually or united in a single trunk into 
the lumen of the gland. They occur in the 
fundus glands of the stomach, where the capil- 
lary networks envelop the parietal cells, in the 
liver, and in other glands. 

Sectile {sek'-HV) [secare, to cut]. Capable of 
being cut. 

Sectio (sek'-she-o) [L.]. See Section. S. ab- 
dominis. See Celiotomy. S. agrippina, ce- 
sarean section. S. alta, suprapubic cystot- 
omy. S. cadaveris, an autopsy. S. caesa- 
rea, cesarean section. S. franconiana, 
suprapubic cystotomy. S. lateralis, lateral 
lithotomy. S. mariana, S. mediana, median 
lithotomy. S. nympharum, nymphotomy. 

Section (sek'-shun) [secare, to cut]. 1. The 
act of cutting or dividing. 2. A cut; a cut 
surface. S., Abdominal. See Celiotomy. 
S., Cesarean. See Cesarean Section. S.- 
cutter, a microtome. S., Frontal, a section 
dividing the body into dorsal and ventral 
parts. S., Occipital, a transverse section 
through the middle of the occipital lobe. S., 
Parietal, a transverse vertical section through 
the ascending parietal convolution. S., Peri- 
neal, external urethrotomy without a guide. 
S.s, Pitres', a series of sections through the 
brain for postmortem examination. S., 
Sagittal, a section parallel with the sagittal 
suture, and hence with the median plane of 
the body, and serving to divide the body into 
equal parts. 

Secundagravida (se-kun-dah-grav'-id-ah) [se- 
cicndus, second; gravidus, pregnant]. A 
woman pregnant the second time. 

Secundines (sek' '-uh-denz) [secundus, second]. 
The placenta, part of the umbilicus, and the 
membranes discharged from the uterus after 
the birth of the child. 

Secundipara {se-kun-dip'-ar-ah) [secundus, 
second; parere, to bring forth]. A woman 
who has borne two children. 

Secundiparity (se-kun-dip-ar'-it-e). The state 
of being a secundipara. 

Secundiparous {se-kun-dip'-ar-us). Having 
borne two children. 

Sedatin (sed'-at-in). 1. Antipyrin. 2. See Va- 
leryl-phenetidin. 
56 



Sedation (se-da' '-shun) [sedare, to soothe]. 1. 
A state of lessened functional activity. 2. 
The production of a state of lessened func- 
tional activity. 

Sedative (sed'-at-iv) [see Sedation]. 1. Quiet- 
ing or lessening functional activity. 2. An 
agent lessening functional activitv. 

Sediment (sed'-im-ent) [sedimentum, from se- 
dere, to sit]. The material settling to the 
bottom of a liquid. 

Sedimentation {sed-im-en-ta' -shun) [sediment]. 
The process of producing the deposition of 
a sediment, especially the rapid deposition 
by means of a centrifugal machine. 

Sedimentator (sed-i-ment' '-at-or) . A centrif- 
ugal apparatus for producing a rapid deposit 
of the sediment of urine. 

Seebeck-Holmgren's Test. See Holmgren's 
Test. 

Seehear (se'-her). Of W. Rollins, a stethoscope 
fitted with a sound chamber and fluorescent 
screen by means of which the heart and lungs 
are rendered both visible and audible. 

Seeligmueller's Sign. Mydriasis on the af- 
fected side in cases of neuralgia. 

Seessel's Pocket. A slight depression in the 
epithelial lining of the pharyngeal membrane 
of the embryo, behind Rathke's hypophyseal 
pouch. 

Seglas' Type of Paranoia. Psychomotor type 
of paranoia. 

Segment {seg'-ment) [segmentum, from secare, 
to cut.] A small piece cut from the periphery 
of anything; a part bounded by a natural or 
imaginary line. S., Vertebral. 1. See So- 
matome. 2. The cusps of the heart-valves. 

Segmental {seg-men'-tal) [segment]. 1. Per- 
taining to a segment; made up of segments. 
2. Undergoing or resulting from segmentation. 
S. Duct, the duct of the pronephron. S. 
Organs, a tubular structure found in the 
embryos of amniotic animals, and comprising 
the pronephron, the mesonephron, and the 
metanephron. 

Segmentation (seg-men-ta'-shun) [segment]. 
The process of dividing into two equal parts, 
as the segmentation of the ovum. S.- 
cavity, the central space in the ovum pro- 
duced by segmentation. S. -cells. See S.- 
sphere. S. -nucleus. See Nucleus, Seg- 
mentation-. S. -sphere, one of the cells of an 
ovum formed by segmentation. 

Segregator (seg'-re-ga-tor) [segregare, to sepa- 
rate]. An instrument by means of which 
urine from each kidney may be secured with- 
out danger of admixture. 

Seguin's Signal Symptom. The initial con- 
vulsion of an attack of jacksonian epilepsy, 
which indicates the seat of the cortical 
lesion. 

Seidel's Reaction for Inosit. Evaporate to 
dryness a little of the substance in a platinum 
crucible with nitric acid of specific gravity 
1.1-1.2, and treat the residue with ammonia 
and a few drops of a solution of strontium 
acetate. If inosit is present, a green color 
and a violet precipitate are obtained. 



SEIDLITZ POWDER 



866 



SEMINEX 



Seidlitz Powder (sid'-litz). Pulvis effervescens 
compositus. 

Seisesthesia (si-zes-the' -ze-ah) [oslacc, a con- 
cussion; a'caQyotc, sensation]. Perception of 
concussion. 

Seismotherapy (slz-mo-ther' -ap-e)- [oecajibg, a 
shaking; depaneca, therapy]. The therapeu- 
tic use of mechanic vibration; vibrothera- 
peutics. Syn., Shaking cure. 

Sejunction (se- junk' -shun) [sejungere, to dis- 
unite]. In psychology the interruption of the 
continuity of association-complexes, tending 
to break up personality. 

Selection (se-lek'-shun) [seligere, to choose]. 
The act of choosing. S., Natural, the selec- 
tive action of external conditions, whereby 
characters favorable to the species of animal 
or plant are preserved. S., Sexual, the selec- 
tion produced by preferences of the one sex 
for a member of the other sex in some way 
specially endowed. 

Selector {se-lek' -tor) [selection]. A device for 
selecting or separating. S., Cell-, an ap- 

. pliance for regulating the current strength in 
galvanic electricity. A good selector must 
admit of an increase or a decrease of elec- 
tromotive force through the introduction of 
one cell at a time; it must permit of such in- 
crease or decrease without producing any 
interruption in the flow of the current. All 
selectors are constructed upon one of three 
principles: the crank, the rider, or the plug 
system. 

Seleniate (sel-en'-e-dt). A salt of selenic acid. 

Selenic (se-len'-ik) [selenium]. A compound 
containing selenium combined directly with 
three atoms of oxygen. S. Acid, H 2 Se0 4 , a 
dibasic acid resembling sulfuric acid in its 
properties. 

Seleniferous (sel-en-if'-er-us) [selenium; ferre, 
to bear]. Containing selenium. 

Selenin B (sel-en'-in) [selenium]. The active 
toxic element in cultures of Diplococcus 
semilunaris. 

Selenite (se'-len-lt) [selenium], i. A salt of 
selenous acid. 2. A translucent form of 
calcium sulfate. 

Selenitic (se-len-it'-ik). Containing selenite. 

Selenium (se-le'-ne-um) [oeXrjvrj, the moon], 
Se = 78.6; usually bivalent, sometimes quad- 
rivalent or hexavalent. A rare element re- 
sembling sulfur in its properties. 

Selenogamia (sel-en-o-gam 1 '-e-ah) [ozX-qvq, the 
moon; yap.dc, marriage]. Somnambulism. 

Selenopyrin (sel-en-o-pi'-rin). A reaction prod- 
uct of potassium selinid with a socalled anti- 
pyrin chlorid. 

Self -abuse, Self. -pollution. See Masturbation. 

Self-limited. Limited by reason of inherent 
qualities; applied to diseases that run a defi- 
nite limited course independent of treatment. 

Sella (sel'-ah) [L.]. A saddle. S. turcica, 
the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone lodg- 
ing the pituitary body. 

Selters, Seltzer Water (sel'-ters, selts'-er). An 
effervescent mineral water obtained at Selters 
in Prussia. 



Semeiography (sem-i-og'-ra-fe) [oypelov, sign; 
ypacptcv, to write]. Symptomatology. 

Semeiology (sem-i-oV -o-je) [oypelov, sign; A67-00, 
discourse]. Symptomatology. 

Semeiotic (sem-i-ot'-ik) [arjpe'iov, sign]. Per- 
taining to symptoms. 

Semeiotics (sem-i-ot'-iks) [see Semeiotic]. 
Symptomatology. 

Semelincident (sem-el-in 1 '-sid-ent) [semel, once; 
incidere, to happen]. Happening only once 
in the same person, as a semelincident disease. 

Semen (se'-men). 1. A seed. 2. The fecun- 
dating fluid of the male, chiefly secreted by 
the testicles, composed of liquor seminis, sem- 
inal granules, oil-globules, and spermatozoa. 

Semi- (sem-i-) [L.]. A prefix denoting half. 

Semicanal {sem-i-kan-al') [semi-; canal]. A 
canal open on one side; a sulcus or groove. 

Semicanalis (sem-i-kan-a' -lis). See Semicanal. 
S. humeri, the bicipital groove. S. nervi 
vidiani, the groove on the temporal bone for 
the passage of the vidian nerve. S. tensor 
tympani, a depression situated close to the 
hiatus of Fallopius in the anterior wall of the 
tympanum. The tendon of the tensor tym- 
pani is transmitted through an aperture at its 
apex. S. tubae eustachii. See Sulcus tubes 
eustachii. S. tympanicus, the tympanic 
canal. 

Semicircular {sem-i- sir' -ku-lar) [semi-; circu- 
lus, a circle]. Having the form of a half- 
circle. S. Canals. See under Ear. 

Semicordate (sem-i-kor'-dat) [semi-; cor, the 
heart]. Shaped like the half of a heart that 
has been divided longitudinally. 

Semicretinism (sem-i-kre'-tin-izm). The con- 
dition of being a semicretin. 

Semidecussation (sem-i-de-kus-a'-shun). Par- 
tial decussation. 

Semiglutin (sem-i- glu' -tin), C 55 H 85 N 17 22 . A 
derivative of gelatin resembling a peptone. 

Semilunar (sem-i-lu'-nar) [semi-; luna, moon]. 
Resembling a half-moon in shape, as the 
semilunar bone of the carpus, the semilu- 
nar cartilage of the knee, the semilunar 
ganglion of the abdominal sympathetic nerve 
or of the trifacial nerve (gasserian ganglion), 
the semilunar valves of the heart. S. Space 
of Traube, the tympanitic area at the lower 
part of the left chest corresponding to the 
stomach. 

Semimembranous (sem -i- mem' - bra - nus) . 
Partly membranous, as the semimembranous 
muscle (semimembranosus) . See under Muscle. 

Seminal (sem'-in-al) [semen]. Pertaining to 
the semen. S. Cyst, a cyst of the spermatic 
cord or testicle containing semen. S. Ves- 
icle. See Vesicle, Seminal. 

Seminalism (sem' -in-al-izm) [seminalis, rela- 
ting to seed; primary]. A vitalistic theory 
proposed by Bouchet, of Paris, which teaches 
that the vital forces of man and beasts are 
totally distinct and that beasts have an in- 
telligence of instinct and man oxie_of abstrac- 
tion. 

Seminex (sem'-in-eks) [semi-; nex, death]. Half 
dead. 



SEMINIFEROUS 



867 



SENSATION 



Seminiferous (sem-in-if -er-us) [semen; ferre, 
to carry]. Producing semen, as the seminif- 
erous tubules of the testicle. 

Seminormal • (sem-i-nor'-mal) [semi-; norma, 
rule]. Half-normal. S. Solution, one con- 
taining in solution half the quantity of the 
substance contained in the normal solution. 

Semis (se'-mis) [L.]. Half; abbreviated in 
prescriptions to ss, which is placed after the 
sign indicating the measure. 

Semisomnis (sem-i-som'-nis) [semi; somnus, 
sleep]. Coma. 

Semisomnous (sem-i-som' -nus). Relating to a 
comatose condition. 

Semisoporus (sem-i-so' -por-us) [semi-; sopor, 
sleep]. Coma. 

Semispinalis (sem-i-spi-na' -lis) . See under 
Muscle. 

Semisulcus (sem-i-suV -~kus) . A half sulcus 
which, uniting with another sulcus, forms a 
complete sulcus. 

Semitendinous (sem-i-ten'-din-us). Partly ten- 
dinous, as a semitendinous muscle (semiten- 
dinosus). See under Muscle. 

Semivalent (sem-iv' -al-ent) [semi-; valere, to be 
able]. Of one-half the normal valency. 

Semon's Law. In progressive organic lesions 
of the motor laryngeal nerves, the cricoaryte- 
noidei postici — the abductors of the vocal 
cords — are the first, and sometimes the only, 
muscles affected. S.'s Symptom, impaired 
mobility of the vocal cords in carcinoma of 
the larynx. 

Semon-Rosenbach's Law. See Semon's Law. 

Sempiternal (sem-pi-ter'-nal) [sempiternus, ever- 
lasting]. Applied to an indivisible specific 
totality bringing back the past to the present, 
in opposition throughout all time to the re- 
mainder of transitory nature (Montgomery). 

Senalbin (sen-al'-bin), C^pL^^O^. A glu- 
cosid found in white mustard, Brassica alba. 

Senecin (sen'-es-in). An alkaloid found in 
1895 in Senecio vulgaris. 

Senecio (se-ne'-se-o) [senex, an old man]. 
Groundsel, a genus of composite-flowered 
plants, said to contain 960 species, many of 
them medicinal. 5. aureus is the com- 
mon liferoot. S. canicida, verba del Puebla, 
a Mexican species, is diuretic and is 
recommended in treatment of epilepsy. 
5. cineraria is a species of South America; 
the fresh juice of the leaves, stems, and 
flowers is recommended in treatment of 
capsular and lenticular cataracts and other 
diseases of the eye. 5. gracilis is a slender 
species, generally regarded as a variety of 
5. aureus. S. jacobcea, ragwort or ragweed, 
is tonic and astringent. 

Senega (sen'-e-ga) [L.]. The Polygala senega, 
a plant of the Polygalece. Its root is official 
(senega, U. S. P.; senegce. radix, B. P.); it con- 
tains a bitter principle, senegin or polygalic 
acid (or polygalin), which is probably identi- 
cal with saponin. It is used as a stimulant, 
expectorant, and diuretic; in large doses it is 
emetocathartic. It is chiefly employed in 
bronchitis and laryngitis, as a diuretic in 



dropsy, and in amenorrhea. Dose 10-20 gr. 
(0.65-1.3 Gm.); of the infusion 1 oz. (30 Cc). 
S., Fluidextract of (fluidextractum senegce, 
U. S. P.). Dose 10-20 min. (0.65-1.3 Cc). 
S., Syrup of. (syrupus senegce, U. S. P.)^ 
Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). S., Tincture of 
(tinctura senegce, B. P.). Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). 

Senegin (sen' '-e-jin) , C 32 H 52 17 (Hesse), a yel- 
lowish powder, soluble in water; used as an 
expectorant and diuretic. Dose \-2 gr. 
(0.032-0.13 Gm.). 

Seng. A proprietary digestant said to be de- 
rived from ginseng, Aralia quinquefolia. 

Senile (se'-nil) [senilis; from senex, old]. Per- 
taining to or caused by old age. 

Senilism (sen'-il-izm) [senile] A condition of 
prematurity. See Progeria. Cf. Ateleiosis; 
Infantilism. 

Senility (sen-iV -it-e) [senile]. The state of being 
senile; the weakness characteristic of old 
age. m 

Seniocin (sen-i' -o-sin) . An alkaloid obtained 
from Senecio vulgaris and S. jacobcea. 

Senki. A disease resembling lepra and as- 
sociated with colic, described by Kompfer 
in 1 713 as peculiar to Japan. 

Senn's Bone-plates [after Nicholas Senn, an 
American surgeon]. Plates of decalcified bone 
used in intestinal anastomosis. S.'s Test, 
the introduction of hydrogen gas into the 
bowel through the rectum, for the detection 
and localization of an abnormal opening. 

Senna (sen' -ah) [Ar., sena]. The leaflets of 
various species of Cassia, a genus of the order 
Leguminosce. Senna of the U. S. P. is de- 
rived fom Cassia acuti folia; that of the B. P. 
is of two varieties — Alexandrian senna, from 
Cassia acuti folia, and East India or Tin- 
nevelly senna, from Cassia angustifolia. De- 
resinate senna is that from which the resin has 
been removed by maceration in alcohol to 
prevent griping. Senna contains cathartic 
acid, a glucosid representing the purgative 
properties of senna, the bitter principles 
sennapicrin and sennacrol, and a coloring- 
matter, chrysophan. Senna is used as a 
purgative, generally in combination with an 
aromatic to prevent griping. Dose \-2 dr. 
(2-8 Cc). S., Compound Infusion of 
(infusum sennce compositum, U. S. P.), black 
draught, contains senna, manna, and mag- 
nesium sulfate. Dose 4 oz. (128 Cc). S., Con- 
fection of (confectio sennce, U. S. P., B. P.). 
Dose 2 dr. (8 Gm.). S., Fluidextract of 
(fluidextractum sennce, U. S. P.). Dose 1-4 
dr. (4-16 Cc). S., Syrup of (syrupus sennce, 
U. S. P., B. P.). Dose 1-4 dr. (4-16 Cc). 
S., Tincture of (tinctura sennce, B. P.). 
Dose 1-4 dr. (4-16 Cc). 

Sennacrol (sen' -ak-rol) . See under Senna. 

Sennapicrin (sen-ap-ik'-rin). See under Senna. 

Sennit (sen' -it), C 21 H 44 N 19 . A nonfermen table 
sugar found in senna, occurring in soluble 
warty crystals. Syn., Cathartomannite. 

Sensation (sen-sa'-shun) [sensatio, from sen- 
tire, to feel]. A feeling or impression pro- 
duced by the stimulation of an afferent nerve. 



SENSE 



868 



SEPTENTRIONALIN 



S., Correlative, stimulation of the cerebrum 
by a sensation carried by a single sensory 
nerve. S., Cutaneous, a sensation pro- 
duced through the medium of the skin. S., 
Eccentric, the conception .of locality. S., 
External, a sensation transmitted from a 
peripheral sense-organ. S., General. See 
Subjective Sensation. S., Girdle, girdle- 
pain. S., Internal. See Subjective Sensa- 
tion. S., Objective, an external sensation 
due to some objective agency. S.s, Psycho- 
visual, sensations of sight without the stimu- 
lation of the retina; visions. S., Radiating. 
See S., Secondary (i). 8., Secondary, i. 
Miiller's name for the excitement of one 
sensation by another or the extension of mor- 
bid sensations in disease to unaffected parts. 
2. A sensation of one type attending a sensa- 
tion of another type. Cf. Audition coloree. 
S., Special, any sensation produced by the 
special senses. S., Subjective. See Sub- 
jective Sensation. S., Tactile, one produced 
through the sense of touch. S., Trans- 
ference of, clairvoyance. 

Sense (sens) [sensus, from sentire, to feel], i. 
Any one of the faculties by which stimuli 
from the external world or from within the 
body are received and transformed into sen- 
sations. The faculties receiving impulses 
from the external world are the senses of 
sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, which 
are the special senses, and the muscular and 
temperature-sense. Those receiving impulses 
from the internal organs (visceral senses) are 
the hunger-sense, thirst-sense, and others. 2. 
A sensation. 

Sensibility (sen-sib-iV -it-e) [see Sense], i. 
The ability to receive and feel impressions. 
2. The ability of a nerve or end-organ to 
receive and transmit impulses. S., Recur- 
rent, Longet's and Magendie's term for the 
sensibility observed in the anterior roots of 
the spinal nerves, which appeared to be de- 
pendent on the posterior root, and not in- 
herent, like the sensibility of the posterior 
root itself. The existence of recurrent sen- 
sibility was denied by Longet. 

Sensibilizer (sen' -sib-il-i-zer) [see Sense]. A 
substance which, acting as a chemic screen, 
conduces to synthesis or other chemic pro- 
cesses. 

Sensible (sen'-si-bl) [sense, to feel]. Percep- 
tible by the senses, as sensible perspira- 
tion; capable of receiving an impression 
through the senses. 

Sensitive (sen' -sit-iv) [sensitivus]. i. Capa- 
ble of feeling; capable of transmitting sen- 
sation. 2. Reacting to a stimulus. S. Soul 
(of Stahl), the immortal principle. 

Sensitized (sen'-sit-lzd). Rendered sensitive. 

Sensitizer. Bordet's name (1899) for the in- 
termediary body of Ehrlich. Syn., Substance 
sensibilisatrice. 

Sensomobile (sen-so-mo' -bil) [sensus, feeling; 
mobilis, movable]. Moving in response to 
stimulation. 

Sensomobility (sen-so-mo-bil'-it-e). The ca- 



pacity for movement in response to a sensory 
stimulus. 

Sensorial (sen-so' -re-al) [sensorium]. Pertain- 
ing to the sensorium. 

Sensoriglandular (sen -so- re - gland' - u - lar) . 
Causing glandular action by stimulation of 
the sensory nerves. 

Sensorimetabolism (sen-ro-re-met-ab'-ol-izm) . 
Metabolism resulting from stimulation of the 
sensory nerves. 

Sensorimotor (sen-so-re-mo' -tor) [sensus, feel- 
ing; motor]. Both sensory and motor; con- 
cerned with the perception of sensory im- 
pulses and with motor impulses. S. Centers, 
centers that are concerned both with the per- 
ception of sensation and with motor impulses. 

Sensorimuscular (sen-so-re-mus'-ku-lar) . Pro- 
ducing muscular action in response to stimu- 
lation of the sensory nerves. 

Sensorium (sen-so' -re-um) [L.]. A center for 
sensations, especially the part of the brain 
concerned in receiving and combining the 
impressions conveyed to the individual sen- 
sory centers. 

Sensory (sen'-so-re) [sensus, feeling]. Pertaining 
to or conveying sensation. S. Aphasia. See 
under Aphasia. S. Aura, an aura affecting 
the special senses. S. Crossway, the posterior 
third of the posterior limb of the internal 
capsule, where the afferent fibers conveying 
sensory impulses cross to the opposite side. 
S. Epilepsy, various disturbances of sensation 
occurring in paroxysms that replace the epi- 
leptic convulsion. S. Nerve, one that con- 
veys sensations from the periphery to the 
centers. 

Sentient (sen' -she-ent) [sentire, to feel]. Capa- 
ble of feeling. 

Sentina (sen-ti'-nah) [L., "the hold of a ship"]. 
The epiphysis cerebri. 

Sentinal-pile. The thickened wall of the anal 
pocket at the lower end of an anal fissure. 

Separator (sep'-ar-a-tor) [separare, to separate]. 
t. Anything that separates, especially an 
instrument for separating the teeth. 2. An 
instrument for detaching the pericranium or 
periosteum. 

Sepedogenesis (se-ped-o-jen'-e-sis) [sepedon; 
yevvav, to produce]. Putrescence. 

Sepedon (se'-ped-on) [orjxecv, to be rotten]. 
Putridity. 

Sepsin (sep'-sin) [sepsis]. A poisonous pto- 
main obtained from decomposed yeast and 
blood. 

Sepsis (sep'-sis) [of)<btc, putrefaction]. A state 
of poisoning produced by the absorption of 
putrefactive substances. S., Gas, a septic 
condition due to the gas bacillus, Bacillus 
aero genes capsulatus. S., Puerperal, sepsis 
occurring after childbirth, from absorption 
of putrefactive products from the parturient 
canal. 

Septan (sep'-tan) [septem, seven]. Recurring 
every seventh day, as septan fever. 

Septemia, Septhemia (sep-te'-me-ah, sep- 
the'-me-ah). See Septicemia. 

Septentrionalin (sep-ten-tre-o-naV -in). An al- 



SEPTIC 



SEPTUM 



kaloid obtained from Aconitum lycoctonum. 
It is a sensory paralyzant, resembling curara; 
it has been suggested as a local and general 
anesthetic, and is used as an antidote to 
strychnin and in treatment of tetanus and 
hydrophobia. 

Septic (sep'-tik) [sepsis]. Pertaining to or 
produced by putrefaction. S. Intoxica- 
tion, a form of poisoning resulting from 
the absorption of products of putre- 

- faction. S. Tank, in sewage treatment 
a large closed chamber through which the 
sewage is allowed to pass slowly. Cf. Con- 
tact-bed. 

Septicemia (sep-te-se'-me-ah) [sepsis; at pa, 
blood]. Blood-poisoning; a form of poison- 
ing resulting from the presence in the blood 
of the products of pyogenic or putrefactive 
microorganisms. S., Bacillar, of Chickens, 
a disease of chickens described by Fuhrmann 
as due to a specific bacillus belonging to the 
colon group. S., Goose, a rapidly fatal 
disease of geese due to a specific microbe. 
The infection takes place by way of the 
mucosa of the head. S., Mouse, a form of 
septicemia occurring in mice and produced by 
Bacillus murisepticus. It is usually fatal in 
from 40 to 60 hours, the animal early becom- 
ing apathetic. S., Rabbit, a form of septice- 
mia occurring in rabbits and due to Bacillus 
septiccemice hemorrhagica or bacillus of 
chicken cholera. S., Sputum, a form of 
septicemia produced by inoculation with 
microorganisms found in sputum, especially 
the pneumococcus. 

Septicemic (sep-te-sem'-ik or sep-te-se'-mik) 
[septicemia]. Pertaining to or affected with 
septicemia. 

Septicin (sep'-tis-in) [septic]. A ptomain ob- 
tained from decaying flesh. 

Septicogenic (sep-tik-o-jen'-ik) [septic; yewdv, 
to produce]. Applied to a group of micro- 
organisms established by Cohn producing 
ordinary putrefaction as distinguished from 
that which produces disease. Cf. Patho- 
genic. 

Septicophlebitis (sep-tik-o-fleb-i'-tis). Phlebi- 
tis due to toxemia. 

Septicopyemia {sep-tik-o-pi-e'-me-ah) [septice- 
mia; pyemia]. Combined septicemia and 
pyemia. S., Primary, that in which the 
general infection is produced by the same 
bacteria as those causing the primary lesion. 
S., Secondary, that in which the general 
infection is due to other bacteria than those 
causing the primary lesion. 

Septimetritis (sep-ti-met-ri'-tis). Metritis due 
to septic poisoning. 

Septimipara, Septipara {sep-tim-ip'-ar-ah, sep- 
tip f -ar-ah) [septimus, seventh; parere, to 
bear]. A woman who has been in labor for 
the seventh time. 

Septivalent (sep-tiv'-al-ent) [septem, seven; 
valere, to be worth]. Having an atomicity 
of seven. 

Septoforma {sep-to-form'-ah). A condensa- 
tion-product of formaldehyd dissolved in 



an alcoholic solution of linseed-oil potassium 
soap. It is used as an antiseptic and anti- 
parasitic in veterinary practice. 
Septomarginal (sep-to-mar'-jin-al). Relating 
to the margin of a septum. 
Septometer (sep - torn'- et- er) 
[septum; [xhpov, a measure]. 
1. An instrument for deter- 
mining the thickness of the 
nasal septum. 2. [sepsis.] 
An apparatus for deter- 
mining organic impurities 
in the air. 
Septopyemia, Septopyaemia 
(sep-to- pi-e'-me -ah). See 
Septicopyemia. 
Septulum {sep'-tu-lum). 
Diminutive of septum 
(q. v.). Septula fibrosa, 
fibrous trabeculas extend- 
ing from the deep fascia of 
the penis into the corpus 
cavernosus. Septula inter- 
alveolaria, the septa divid- 
ing the alveoli of the lungs. 
Septula medullaria, pro- 
cesses radiating from the 
periphery of the gray sub- 
stance of the spinal cord 
into the white substance. 
Septula renum. See Co- 
lumbia bertini. 
Septum {sep' -turn) [sepire, 
to hem in]. A partition; a 
division-wall. S ae p t u m 
atriorum, S. atrium, S. 
auricularum, the septum 
between the right and left auricles of the 
heart. S., Bigelow's, the calcar femorale, 
an early vertical spur of compact tissue 
in the neck of the femur, a little in front 
of the lesser trochanter. Saeptum crurale, 
the layer of areolar tissue closing the 




Septometer. 



femoral ring. S., Douglas' 



the fetus 



the septum formed by the union of Rathke's 
folds transforming the rectum into a com- 
plete canal. Saeptum lucidum, a thin, trans- 
lucent septum forming the internal bound- 
ary of the lateral ventricles of the brain and 
inclosing between its two laminas the fifth 
ventricle. S., Nasal, the septum between the 
two nasal cavities. S., Pectiniform, that be- 
tween the corpora cavernosa of the penis. 
Saeptum pellucidum. See S. lucidum. S. 
of the Pons, the median raphe of the pons 
formed by the decussation of nerve-fibers. 
S., Rectovaginal, the tissue forming the 
partition between the rectum and the 
vagina. Saeptum scalae, lamina spiralis. 
Saeptum thoracis. See Mediastinum. Saep- 
tum trans versum. 1. The diaphragm. 2. 
The tentorium cerebelli. S., Triangular 
Medullary. See S. lucidum. S., Ventricular. 
1. Same as 5. lucidum. 2. Same as S. ven- 
triculorum. Saeptum ventriculorum, the 
septum between the two ventricles of the 
heart. 



SEPTUPLET 



870 



SEROUS 



Septuplet {sep'-tu-plet) [septem, seven]. One of 
seven offspring born from a single gesta- 
tion. 

Sequardin {sa-kwar'-din). A sterilized testicu- 
lar extract (Brown-Sequard). 

Sequel, Sequela (se'-kwel, se-kwe'-lah) [sequi, to 
follow]. A diseased or abnormal condition 
following an attack of a disease, and directly or 
indirectly dependent upon it. 

Sequestration {se-kwes-tra' 'shun) [sequestrum], 
i. The formation of a sequestrum. 2. The 
isolation of persons suffering from disease 
for purposes of treatment or of protecting 
others. 

Sequestrectomy {se-kwes-trek'-to-me). See Se- 
questrotomy. 

Sequestrotomy {se-kwes-trot'-o-me) [sequestrum; 
rofiTj, a cutting]. The operation of removing 
a sequestrum. 

Sequestrum {se-kwes'-trum) [sequestrare, to sep- 
arate]. A dead piece of bone that has be- 
come separated from the living bone. 

Seralbumin {se' ' -ral-bu-miri) [serum; albumin]. 
Serum-albumin, the albumin found in the 
blood. 

Sereh Disease. A disease of sugar-cane of 
West Indies and South America due to 
Hypocrea sacchari. 

Serenoa {ser-e-no 1 '-ah) [Sereno Watson, Ameri- 
can botanist]. A genus of palms of one 
species, 5. serrulata, the saw-palmetto of 
North and South America. The fruit is 
diuretic and sedative and used in diseases of 
the genitourinary tract. Dose of extract 8-20 
gr. (0.52-1.3 Gm.); of the fluidextract 57-114 
min. (3.7-7.4 Cc). 

Serial {se'-re-al) [series, a succession]. Fol- 
lowing in regular order; occurring in rows. 
S. Sections, microscopic sections made in 
consecutive order and arranged in the same 
manner. 

Seribele {sa-re-bal). A teniafuge said to con- 
sist of the seeds and root bark of Connarus 
guianensis. Dose 2 oz. (60 Gm.) in decoc- 
tion. 

Sericeps (ser'-is-eps) [or\piK.bc, silken; forceps], 
A device made of loops of ribbon, used in 
place of the forceps in making traction upon 
the fetal head. 

Sero- {se-ro-) [serum]. A prefix meaning re- 
lating to serum or serous. 

Sero chrome {se'-ro-krom) [sero-; %pu)fia, 
color]. Gilbert's name for the pigments 
(lipochrome, lutein) which serve to give color 
to normal serum. 

Sero colitis {se-ro-ko-W -tis) . Inflammation of 
the serous covering of the colon. 

Sero cyst {se'-ro-sist). A tumor containing 
cysts filled with serum. 

Serocystic {se-ro- sis' '-tik) [sero-; kuoxcc, a 
bladder]. Composed of cysts filled with a 
serous fluid. 

Serodermitis {se-ro-der-mi' -tis) [sero-; dermitis]. 
An inflammatory skin affection attended with 
serous effusion. 

Serodiagnosis {se-ro-di-ag-no'-sis). Diagnosis 
based upon the reaction of blood-serum of 



typhoid-fever patients upon cultures of 
Bacillus typhi abdominalis, which are im- 
mobilized, agglutinated, and split up. Cf. 
Widal's Reaction. 

Seroenteritis {se-ro-en-ter-i' -tis) . Inflammation 
of the serous covering of the small intestine. 

Serofibrinous {se-ro- fi'-brin-us) [sero-; fibrin]. 
1. Composed of serum and fibrin, e. g., a 
serofibrinous exudate. 2. Characterized by 
the production of a serofibrinous exudate, 
as a serofibrinous inflammation. 

Seroformalin {se-ro-form'-al-in). A prepara- 
tion of dried coagulated blood-serum and 
formalin; used as an antiseptic dusting- 
powder. 

Seroglobulin {se-ro- glob' -u-lin) . See Paraglob- 
ulin. 

Serohepatitis {se-ro-hep-at-i' -tis) [sero-; hepat- 
itis]. Inflammation of the hepatic perito- 
neum. 

Seroid {se'-roid) [sero-; eldoc, likeness]. Re- 
sembling a serous membrane. 

Serolemma {se-ro-lem'-ah) [sero-; lkp.p.a, a 
husk; a peel]. The embryonic external 
layer of the amnion. 

Serolin {se'-ro-lin) [sero-; oleum, oil]. A 
neutral fatty constituent of blood, occurring in 
small amount; its nature is undetermined. 

Serolipase {se-ro-lip'-dz). Lipase as found in 
blood-serum. 

Seromembranous {se-ro-mem'-bran-us). Serous 
and membranous. 

Seromucous {se-ro-mu'-lzus). Having the na- 
ture of or containing both serum and mucus. 

Seropurulent {se-ro-pu' -ru-lent) [sero-; puru- 
lent]. Composed of serum and pus, as a 
seropurulent exudate. 

Seropus {se'-ro-pus) [sero-; pus]. A fluid con- 
sisting of serum and pus. 

Serosa {se-ro'-sah) [serous; membrana, under- 
stood]. A serous membrane. 

Seroserous {se-ro-se'-rus) [serous]. Pertaining 
jointly to two serous surfaces. 

Serosine {se'-ro-sen). A proprietary anti- 
pyretic and antiseptic. 

Serositis {se-ro-si'-tis). Inflammation of a 
serous membrane. 

Serosynovitis {se-ro-si-no-vi'-tis) [sero-; synovi- 
tis]. A synovitis accompanied by an increase 
of the synovial fluid. 

Serotaxis {se-ro-taks'-is) [sero-; za^cc, ar- 
rangement]. In diagnosis the determination 
of the blood to the skin by application of a 
solution of caustic potash. 

Serotherapy {se-ro-ther' -ap-e) [sero-; therapy]. 
1. The treatment of disease by means of the 
blood-serum of animals or individuals that 
are immune to or convalescent from an in- 
fectious disease. 2. Whey cure. 

Serotina {ser-o-ti f -nah). See Decidua serotina. 

Serous {se'-rus) [serum]. 1. Pertaining to, 
characterized by, or resembling serum. 2. 
Producing serum, as a serous gland; contain- 
ing serum, as a serous cyst. S. Cavity, a 
large lymph-space. S. Effusion, an effusion 
of serum. S. Exudate, an exudate consist- 
ing largely of serum. S. Inflammation, 



SERPEDO 



871 



SERUM 



an inflammation characterized by the forma- 
tion of a serous exudate. S. Membrane. 
See Membrane. 

Serpedo (ser-pe'-do) [serpere, to creep]. Same 
as Psoriasis. 

Serpens (ser'-penz) [L.]. Creeping. 

Serpentaria (ser-pen-ta' -re-ah) [L.]. Virginia 
snakeroot, the root of several species of 
Aristolochia, of the order Aristolochiacece. 
The rhizome and rootlets of Aristolochia ser- 
pentaria and Aristolochia reticulata constitute 
the serpentaria: of the U. S. P. {serpentarice 
rhizoma, B. P.). Serpentaria contains a 
volatile oil, a bitter principle, and a nitrogen- 
ous principle called aristolochin. It is a 
stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, and diuretic, 
and is used in the eruptive fevers to bring 
out the eruption, in intermittent fever, and in 
dyspepsia. S., Fluidextract of (fluidex- 
tr actum serpentaria, U. S. P.). Dose 20-30 
min. (1.3-2.0 Cc). S., Infusion of (infusum 
serpentarice, B. P.). Dose 1 oz. (32 Cc). 
S., Tincture of (tinctura serpentarice, U. S. P., 
B. P.). Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). 

Serpentine (ser' '-pen-tin) [serpens, serpent]. 
Sinuous; snake-like. 

Serpes (ser'-pez) [serpere, to creep]. Herpes. 

Serpiginous (ser-pi'f-in-us) [serpiginosus, from 
serpere, to creep]. Creeping. S. Ulcer, one 
that extends in one direction while healing in 
another. 

Serpigo (ser-pi'-go) [L.]. Ringworm. 

Serrate, Serrated (ser' -at, ser'-a-ted) [serra, 
a saw]. Provided with sharp projections like 
the teeth of a saw. 

Serration (ser -a' -shun) [see Serrate]. The 
state or condition of being serrate. 

Serratus (ser-a'-tus) [L.]. Serrated; applied 
to muscles arising or inserted by a series of 
processes resembling the teeth of a saw. See 
under Muscle. 

Serre-fine (sdr-fen) [Fr.]. A small spring- 
forceps for seizing and compressing bleeding 
vessels. 

Serre-nceud [Fr.]. An instrument used for 
drawing tight a ligature thrown around a 
part, as around the pedicle of a tumor. 

Serres' Glands. Pearl-like masses frequently 
seen in the infant near the gum and resulting 
from the fragmentation of the dental epithe- 
lium. They may give rise to cysts or other 
abnormal growths. 

Serrulate (ser'-u-lat) [serrula, dim. of serra, 
sl saw]. Minutely notched or serrated. 

Sertoli's Cells, S.'s Columns. The support- 
ing cells of the seminiferous tubules, arranged 
radially on the membrana propria, and form- 
ing long columns between the spermato- 
blasts. 

Serum (se'-rum) [L.]. 1. The clear, yellowish 
fluid separating from the blood after the 
coagulation of the fibrin. 2. Any clear fluid 
resembling the serum of the blood. S., 
Adamkiewicz's. See Cancroin. S. -albu- 
min, the albumin found in the blood-serum 
and other animal fluids. S., Anticancer- 
ous, a serum provided by the inoculation of 



an ass previously infected with the filtered 
juice of a neoplastic tumor. S., Antidiph- 
theric (serum antidiphthericum, U. S. P.), 
one prepared by (1) the production of diph- 
theric toxin by means of bouillon cultures; 
(2) the immunization of horses, and (3) the 
collection and separation of the blood-serum 
from the immunized animals. If 1 Cc of 
this serum suffices to protect perfectly a 
guineapig against a fatal dose of the toxin, and 
without even the occurrence of a localized 
reaction at the site of the injection, the serum 
is said to contain one immunizing unit in the 
cubic centimeter; if 0.1 Cc. suffices, it has 
10 units; if 0.0 1 Cc, it has 100 units per 
cubic centimeter. In Germany the least al- 
lowed by law is 100 units. S., Antiepithe- 
liomatous, one obtained from animals by 
inoculation with cultures of pathogenic yeasts 
isolated from cancerous tumors. Syn., Serum- 
of Hoffmann and of Villiers and Wlaeff. S., 
Antimorphin, a resistance substance confer- 
ring immunity to the action of morphin poi- 
son, obtained by L. Hirschlaff from animals 
treated with increasing doses of morphin. S., 
Antiscarlatinal. See S., v. Leyden's, and 
S., Mosefs. S., Antistaphylococcic, S., 
Antistaphylococcous, a serum produced in 
the goat by Proscher that will immunize 
rabbits against from 5 to 7 times the lethal 
dose of culture of staphylococcus when used 
in doses of 1-5 Cc S., Antistreptococcic, 
S., Antistreptococcous. 1. A specific se- 
rum obtained by Piorkowski against the strep- 
tococcus, which causes the disease called 
Pferdedruse, a contagious, catarrhal affec- 
tion of the nasal and pharyngeal mem- 
branes of horses. The serum has protective 
and curative properties. It agglutinates the 
specific streptococcus in dilutions of 1 : 100, 
the streptococcus of angina but slightly or not 
at all, and other pathogenic species in dilutions 
of less than 1 : 25. Piorkowski concludes 
that there are specific races of streptococci, 
and that success in the use of an antistrepto- 
coccous serum will be obtained only when an 
antiserum for the specific organism found in 
the particular group of cases is used. 2. See 
S., Mosefs. S., Antitoxic, that which acts 
upon the bacterial toxins and is not bacterici- 
dal. S., Antityphoid, a sterilized culture 
of typhoid bacilli used by vaccination as a 
prophylaxis against typhoid. Cf. Jet's anti- 
typhoid extract. S., Antivenomous. See 
Antivenin. S., Bactericidal, that which de- 
stroys bacteria but has no effect upon toxins. 
S., Bardel's, sodium chlorid, 1 Gm.; phenol, 
0.5 Gm. ; sodium phosphate, 3 Gm.; sodium 
sulfate, 2 Gm.; water, to 100 Cc S., 
Behring's, S. of Behring-Roux. See S., 
Antidiphtheric. S., Bichlorureted, of Che- 
ron, mercury bichlorid, 0.5 eg. ; sodium chlorid, 
2 Gm.; distilled water, 200 Cc; crystallized 
phenol added when the serum is quite cold, 
2 Gm. Dose 300 gr. (20 Gm.) injected into 
the • gluteal region every eight days for syph- 
ilis. S., Calmette's. See Antivenin. S., 



SERUM 



872 



SESAMOID 



Cancer, i. Cancer-juice. 2. SeeCancroin. 
S., Cantani's, sodium chlorid, 4 Gm.; 
sodium carbonate, 3 Gm.; water, 1000 Cc. 
S.-casein, Panum's name for paraglobulin. 
S., Cerebrospinal, cerebrospinal fluid. S., 
Cheron's, phenol, 1 Gm.; sodium chlorid, 
2 Gm.; sodium phosphate, 4 Gm.; sodium 
sulfate, 8 Gm. ; boiled distilled water, 100 
Cc. S., Clumping, a serum capable of 
producing agglutination of bacteria. S., 
Crocq's, sodium phosphate, 2 Gm. ; distilled 
water, 100 Cc. S. -diagnosis. See Sero- 
diagnosis. S., Globulicidal, a hemolytic 
serum. S. -globulin. See Paraglobulin. S., 
Haffkine's, a sterilized culture of cholera 
bacilli for conferring immunity against 
cholera. See Haffkine's Method under Im- 
munization. S., Haffkine's Prophylactic, 
a serum obtained by heating a virulent cul- 
ture of plague bacilli to 70 C. It is 
used as a prophylactic against cholera. 
S., Hayem's. 1. Sodium chlorid, 5 Gm.; 
sodium sulfate, 10 Gm.; sterilized water, 1 
liter. 2. Sodium chlorid, 7.5 Gm.; sterilized 
water, 1000 Cc. Syn., Physiologic serum. 
S. of Hoffmann. See S., Antiepitheliomat- 
ous. S., Huchard's, sodium phosphate, 10 
Gm. ; sodium chlorid, 5 Gm. ; sodium sulfate, 
2.5 Gm. ; distilled water, to 100 Cc. S., 
Huchard's Concentrated, sodium chlorid, 
5 Gm.; sodium phosphate, 10 Gm. ; sodium 
sulfate, 2.5 Gm.; phenol, 1.5 Gm.; water, 
100 Cc. S., Jequiritol, an antitoxin prepared 
on the principle of Behring's method, which 
has the power of rapidly and surely paralyzing 
the effects of jequiritol in the human system 
when applied locally in the conjunctival sac 
and when injected subcutaneously. S., 
Kronecker and Lichtenstein's, sodium 
chlorid, from 6 to 7.5 Gm.; sodium carbonate, 
0.1 Gm.; water, 1000 Cc. S. lactis, whey. 
S., Latta's, sodium chlorid, from 3 to 5 Gm.; 
sodium carbonate, 1.7 Gm.; water, 3400 Cc. 
S., Leclerc's (very strong), sodium chlorid, 
4 Gm.; sodium phosphate, sodium sulfate, 
of each, 0.5 Gm.; boiled distilled water, 100 
Cc. S., Leukotoxic, one which destroys 
the leukocytes. S., v. Leyden's, blood-serum 
taken from convalescent scarlatina patients. 
Cf. S. y Moser's. S., Luton's, crystallized 
sodium phosphate, 5 Gm.; sodium sulfate, 
10 Gm.; boiled distilled water, 100 Cc. S., 
Maragliano's, an antituberculous serum ob- 
tained from an ass or horse treated with re- 
peated injections of tuberculous toxin. S., 
Marmorek's, a polyvalent serum obtained by 
the inoculation of animals with streptococci 
of various origin. S., Mathieu's, sodium 
sulfate, 6 Gm.; sodium phosphate, 4 Gm.; 
sodium chlorid, 1 Gm.; glycerol, 20 Gm.; 
distilled water, to 100 Cc. S., Moser's 

(Paul), an antistreptococcous serum obtained 
by simultaneous inoculation of horses with 
several varieties of streptococci taken from the 
blood of scarlatina patients. S., Neuro- 
toxic, one which acts directly upon the nerve- 
tissues. S., Normal, that of which 0.1 Cc. 



neutralizes 10 times the minimal lethal dose 
of a specific bacterial poison. S., Paquin's, 
an antitoxic serum of tuberculosis produced 
by successive inoculation of horses. It is 
injected in daily doses of from 10 to 150 
drops. S., Parascandolo's, an immunizing 
serum produced by inoculation of animals 
with mixed cultures of streptococci and 
staphylococci. S., Physiologic. See S., 
Hayem's (2). S.s, Polyvalent, serums de- 
rived from animals infected by a number of 
different streptococci. S., Protective, any 
immunizing serum. Cf. S., Haffkine's. S., 
Renzi's, iodin, 1 Gm.; potassium iodid, 3 
Gm.; sodium chlorid, 6 Gm.; water, 1000 
Cc. S., Richet and Hericourt's. See 
S., Anticancer ous. S., Roussel's, sodium 
phosphate, 50 Gm.; water, 1000 Cc. S., 
Roux's. See S., Antidiphtheric. S., Sapel- 
lier's, sodium chlorid, 60 Gm.; potassium 
chlorid, 5 Gm.; sodium carbonate, 31 Gm.; 
sodium phosphate, 4.5 Gm.; potassium sul- 
fate, 3.5 Gm.; boiled water, 100 Cc. S., 
Schiess's, sodium chlorid, 75 Gm.; sodium 
bicarbonate, 50 Gm.; water, 1000 Cc. S., 
Schwartz's, sodium chlorid, 6 Gm.; solution 
of caustic soda, 2 drops; water, 1000 Gm. 
S., Sclavo's, cultures of pneumococci in egg- 
albumen. S., Seraphthin, a proprietary 
prophylactic against foot-and-mouth disease. 
S. sublimatum, one part of corrosive sub- 
limate to from" 50 to 100 parts of serum. It 
is used subcutaneously as an antiseptic and 
for impregnating bandages. S., Sydmann's, 
sodium chlorid, 6 Gm. ; sodium bicarbonate, 
1 Gm.; water, 1000 Cc. S. of Tizzoni and 
Cattani, obtained by evaporating in a vacuum 
the serum of an immunized horse. Each 
gram of the powdered residue corresponds 
to 10 Cc. of the serum. S., Trunecek's, 
for the treatment of symptoms caused by 
arteriosclerosis: sodium chlorid, 4.92 Gm.; 
sodium sulfate, 0.44 Gm. ; sodium carbonate, 
0.21 Gm.; potassium sulfate, 0.4 Gm.; 
sodium phosphate, 0.15 Gm. This is given 
in hypodermatic injections of 1 Cc. every 
3 or 4 days, increasing to 5 to 7 Cc, or in 
rectal injections of 35 Cc. S.-unit. See 
Unit. S., Vandervelde's. 1. Sodium glyce- 
rophosphate, sodium chlorid, of each, 3 Gm.; 
water, 1000 Cc. 2. Sodium chlorid, potas- 
sium chlorid, of each, 3 Gm.; sodium car- 
bonate, 2.5 Gm.; sodium phosphate, 3 Gm.; 
potassium sulfate, 2 Gm.; water, to 100 Cc. 
S. of Villiers and Wlaeff. See S., Anti- 
epitheliomatous. S. of Wlaeff. See S., 
•Antiepitheliomatous. S., Yersin's, serum 
of a horse immunized by intravenous injec- 
tion of a virulent culture of the plague 
bacillus. 

Serumal (se'-ru-mal). Relating to serum. 
S. Calculus, a calculus formed about the 
teeth by exudation from diseased gums. 

Sesame \ses'-am-e). See Sesamum. S. Oil. 
See Sesamum, Oil of. 

Sesamoid (ses' '-am-oid) [sesame; eldoc, like]. 
Resembling a sesame-seed. S. Bone, a 



SESAMUM 



873 



SHINGLES 



small bone developed in a tendon subjected 
to much pressure. 

Sesamum (scs'-am-um) [arjaaptov, sesame]. A 
genus of plants of the order Pedalinece. S. indi- 
cum and >S. orientate yield a bland, sweetish oil. 
S., Oil of {oleum sesami), sesame oil, employed 
like olive-oil. Syn., Benne oil; Teel oil. 

Sesqui- (ses-kwe-) [L.]. A prefix denoting one 
and one-half. 

Sesquih. Abbreviation of sesquihora, an hour 
and a half. 

Sesquioxid {ses-kwe-oks' -id) [sesqui-; osuf , acid]. 
A compound of oxygen and another element, 
containing three parts of oxygen to two of the 
other element. 

Sesquisalt (ses'-kwe-saii'lt) [sesqui-; salt]. A 
salt containing one and one-half times as 
much of the acid as of the radicle or base. 

Sessile (ses'-il) [sessilis, from sedere, to sit]. 
Attached by a broad base; not pedunculated, 
as a sessile tumor. 

Sesunc. Abbreviation of sesuncia, an ounce 
and a half. 

Set [ME., setten]. i. To reduce the displace- 
ment in a fracture and apply suitable band- 
ages. 2. To harden; to solidify — as a cement 
or amalgam. 

Seta.ria.' (se-ta'-re-ah) [seta, a bristle]. A genus 
of grasses including millet, S. italica. 

Setarin (se-ta'-rin). A toxic glucosid isolated 
by E. F. Ladd, 1899, from millet, Setaria 
italica. 

Seton (se'-ton) [seta, a bristle]. 1. A thread 
or skein of threads drawn through a fold of 
the skin, so as to produce a fistulous tract; 
it is used as a counterirritant. 2. The tract 
thus produced. 

Setose (se'-toz). Beset with bristle-like appen- 



Setschenow's Inhibitory Center (setch'-en- 

of). A cerebral center for the inhibition 

of reflex movements, situated in the corpora 

quadrigemina and the medulla oblongata. 
Seven -day Fever. Relapsing fever. 
Seviparous (se-vip'-ar-us) [sevum; parere, to 

produce]. Sebiferous; fat-producing. 
Sevum (se'-vum) [L.]. Suet. S. praeparatum, 

the prepared suet of the U. S. P. 
Sewer-gas. The mixture of gases emanating 

from sewers. * 

Sewing Spasm. See Seamstress's Cramp. 
Sextan (seks'-tan) [sex, six]. Occurring every 

sixth dav, as a sextan fever. 
Sextipara (seks-tip'-ar-ah) [sextus, sixth; parere, 

to produce]. A woman in labor for the sixth 

time. 
Sextuplet {seks-tu f -plet) [sex, six]. One of six 

offspring of a single gestation. 
Sexual {seks'-u-al) [sexus, sex]. Pertaining to 

or characteristic of sex, as the sexual organs. 

S. Involution, the menopause. 
Sexvalent (seks 1 '-val-ent) [sex, six; valere, to 

be worth]. Having an atomicity of six as 

compared with that of hydrogen. 
Shadowgram. See Rays, Roentgen-, 
Shadow -test. See Skiascopy. 
Shakes (shaks). See Ague. 



Shaking Palsy. See Paralysis agitans. 

Share-bone. The os pubis. 

Sharpey's Intercrossing Fibers. The col- 
lagenous fibers forming the lamellas which 
constitute the walls of the haversian canals 
in bone; same as osteogenic fibers. S.'s 
Perforating Fibers, calcined white or elas- 
tic fibers which connect the lamellas in the 
walls of the haversian canals. 

Shaven -rbeard Appearance. A peculiar ap- 
pearance of the agminated glands of the 
intestine in typhoid fever, resembling that of 
a recently shaven beard. 

Sheath (sheth) [ME., schethe]. A covering. 
S., Crural, the femoral sheath. See Femoral 
Sheath. S., Dural, a strong fibrous mem- 
brane forming the external investment of 
the optic nerve. See Dura. S. of Henle. 

1. An attenuated extension of the perineum 
investing the fibers composing funiculi of a 
nerve-trunk; it consists of a delicate fibrous 
envelop lined with endothelial plates, which 
in some cases alone represent the entire sheath. 

2. The cellular layer forming the outer por- 
tion of the inner root-sheath of the hair. S., 
Medullary, the myelin-sheath surrounding 
the axis-cylinder. S., Neural. See S., 
Medullary. S. of the Optic Nerve. See 
S., Dural. S., Pial, the investment of the 
optic nerve derived from the pia. S., Primi- 
tive, S. of Schwann. See Neurilemma. S. 
of Rectus, that formed by the aponeuroses 
of the external and internal oblique muscles 
and the transversalis. S., Schwalbe's, the 
delicate sheath which covers elastic fibers. 

Sheep -pox. A contagious pustular disease of 
sheep similar to cow-pox. 

Sheldon's Method of Hemostasis in Dis- 
articulation of the Kip-joint. Consists in 
a preliminary disarticulation of the head 
of the femur, followed by the introduc- 
tion of the artery forceps into the wound be- 
hind the femur and clamping of the femoral 
vessels. 

Shepherd's Fracture. A fracture of the outer 
portion of the astragalus. 

Sherrington's Law. The peripheral branches 
of the spinal nerve-roots — anterior and pos- 
terior — form anastomoses in such a manner 
as to supply any given region of the integu- 
ment with the branches of three roots — a 
middle one and the ones next above and 
below. 

Shield (sheld) [ME., sheeld]. 1. A protec- 
tive structure or apparatus. 2. In biology, 
a protective plate, scute, lorica, or carapace. 
S., Antithermic, a protective covering of 
the cautery to prevent destruction of the 
tissues about the field of operation. S. Eone, 
the scapula. S., Nipple-, a protective cover- 
ing for sore nipples. S. -shaped, shaped 
like a buckler or shield. S., Sims', an in- 
strument used in the application of wire su- 
tures. 

Shin [AS., scina]. The sharp anterior margin 
of the tibia. S.-bone, the tibia. 

Shingles (shing'-gles). Herpes zoster. 



SHIP-FEVER 



874 



SIALORRHEA 



Ship -fever. Typhus fever. 

Shiver {shiv'-er) [ME., chiveren, to shiver]. A 
slight tremor or shaking of the body due to 
cold, etc. 

Shock [Fr., shoe]. i. A sudden grave de 
pression of the system produced by opera- 
tions, accidents, or strong emotion. It is due 
to a profound influence on the nervous system. 
If not fatal, it is followed by a stage of reac- 
tion. 2. The agent causing a general or local 
depression, as an electric shock. 

Shoddy Fever. A diseased condition caused 
by the inhalation of the dust in shoddy facto- 
ries; it is characterized by feverishness, head- 
ache, nausea, dryness of the mouth, dyspnea, 
cough, and expectoration. 

Shoemaker's Spasm. An occupation-neuro- 
sis, analogous to writer's cramp, occurring in 
shoemakers. 

Short Circuit. One in which an electric cur- 
rent encounters an abnormally small resist- 
ance. S. -circuiting, a modification of Nek- 
ton's operation for intestinal obstruction 
consisting either in lateral approximation 
and union or lateral implantation. S. -sight, 
S.-sightedness, myopia. S.-windedness, 
dyspnea. 

Shoulder (shol'-der) [AS., sculder]. The region 
where the arm joins the trunk, formed by 
the meeting of the clavicle and the scapula 
and the overlying soft parts. S. -blade, 
the scapula. S. -girdle. See Girdle, Shoulder-. 



dislocated shoulder. S. -wrench, a sprain 
or dislocation of the shoulder. 




Diagrammatic Section of Shoulder through Bicipi- 
tal Groove. — (W. A.) 

i. Deltoid. 2. Acromion. 3. Subacromial bursa. 4. 
Glenoid ligament. 5. Capsule of shoulder- joint. 6. 
Glenoid cavity. 7. Long tendon of biceps. 8. Glen- 
oid ligament. 9. Synovial membrane lining capsule 
and ensheathing biceps tendon. 10. Inner fold of 
capsule and synovial membrane, n. Extraarticular 
portion of biceps tendon. 12. Humerus. 

S., Noisy, of R. H. Sayre, a grating of the 
muscles over the scapula on moving the shoul- 
der up and down, believed to be due to a 
snapping tendon between or a bursa beneath 
the scapula. S., Slipped, S., Splayed, a 




Ligaments of the Scapula and Shoulder-joint. — 
(Wilson.) 

1. Superior acromioclavicular ligament. 2. Coracoclavic- 
ular ligament (trapezoid). 3. Coracoclavicular liga- 
ment (conoid). 4. Coracoacromial ligament. 5. 
Transverse ligament. 6. Capsular ligament. 7. 
Coracohumeral ligament. 8. The long tendon of the 
biceps issuing from the capsular ligament and enter- 
ing the bicipital groove. 9. Extracapsular portion of 
shoulder-socket, formed by under surface of acro- 
mion and coracoacromial ligament. 

Show (sho) [AS., sceawian, to look]. 1. A 
bloody discharge from the birth-canal prior 
to labor. 2. The first appearance of a men- 
strual flow. 

Shrapnell's Membrane. See Membrane, 
ShrapnelVs. 

Shucks. A strong tea of corn-shucks, used as 
a remedy for chronic malaria in the southern 
United States. 

Shuttle-bone. The scaphoid bone. 

Si. A symbol for silicon. 

Sialagog (si-al'-a-gog). See Sialogog. 

Sialemesis {si-al-em-e' -sis) [o'caXov, _ spittle; 
emesis]. The hysteric vomiting of saliva. 

Sialic, Sialine (si-al'-ik, si'-al-en) [sialon]. 
Having the nature of saliva. 

Sialoductitis, Sialoductitis (si-al-o-duk-til- 
i'-tis, si-al-o-duk-ti'-tis). Inflammation of 

Stenson's duct. 

Sialogenous (si-al-oj'-en-us) [sialon; yzvvav, 
to produce]. Generating saliva. 

Sialogog {si-al'-o-gog) [sialon; ayinybs, lead- 
ing]. 1. Producing a flow of saliva. 2. A 
drug producing a flow of saliva. 

Sialon {si'-al-on). Saliva. 

Sialorrhea (si-aUor-e'-ah) [sialon; pola, a flow]. 
Salivation. S., Pancreatic, a flow of pan- 
creatic juice. 



SIALOSEMEIOLO GY 



875 



SlEMERLING'S NUCLEUS 



Sialosemeiology (si-al-o-se-mi-ol'-o-je) [sialon; 
semeiology]. Diagnosis based upon examina- 
tion of the saliva. 

Sibbens (sib'-enz) [Gael., subhan, raspberries]. 
A disease formerly endemic in the Scotch 
highlands, and by some identified with syph- 
ilis, by others with yaws. 

Sibilant {sib' -il-ant) [sibilare, to hiss]. Hissing 
or whistling, as a sibilant rale. 

Sibilus {sib'-il-us) [sibilare, to hiss]. A sibilant 
rale. 

Sibson's Aortic Vestibule. The chamber 
formed by the left ventricle just below the 
aortic orifice for the reception of the semilunar 
valves during diastole. S.'s Groove, a fur- 
row formed in some individuals by a promi- 
nence of the lower border of the pectoralis 
major. S.'s Notch, the inward curve of the 
upper left border of precordial dulness in 
acute pericardial effusion. 

Siccant, Siccative {sik'-ant, sik'-at-iv) [siccare, 
to dry]. i. Drying; tending to make dry. 
2. A drying agent or medicine. 

Sicco (sik'-o). Dried hematogen (q. v.); a 
black-brown, tasteless powder, soluble in 
water, indicated in anemia, chlorosis, etc. 
Dose 75-105 gr. (5-7 Gm.) daily; children 
4 gr. (0.25 Gm.). 

Sick [AS., seoc]. Ill; not well. S. Headache, 
migraine. 

Sickingia {sik-in' -je-ah) [Count v. Sickingen, 
of Vienna]. A genus of rubiaceous plants. 
S. rubra, casca de arariba, is a species found 
in Brazil and Japan; furnishes arariba bark, 
used in intermittent fever. It contains the 
alkaloid aribin and a red coloring-matter. 
5. viridiflora, casca de arariba branca, of 
Brazil, furnishes a bark used in malaria. 

Sickness {sik'-nes) [sick]. 1. The state of 
being unwell. 2. Nausea. S., African 
Horse-. See Edemamycosis. S., African 
Sleeping-. See African Lethargy. S., 
Ceylon, beriberi. S., Country, nostalgia. 
S., Creeping, chronic ergotism. S., Fall- 
ing, epilepsy, S., Green, chlorosis. S., 
Jumping, a form of choromania. See 
Jumpers. S., Leaguer, typhus. S., Milk, 
a form of poisoning due to the ingestion 
of diseased milk or meat. S., Monthly, 
the menstrual epoch. S., Mountain-, 
a sensation of nausea, with impeded respira- 
tion and irregular heart's action, due to the 
rarefied air of high altitudes. S., Painted. See 
Pinta Disease. S., Railway. See Car-sick- 
ness. S., Salt, a condition of starvation due to 
animals being confined on poor pastures 
consisting of dry wire grass and other inferior 
vegetation. S., Sea-. See Sea-sickness. S., 
Spotted. See Pinta Disease. S., Sweat- 
ing. See Sweating-sickness. S., Theater, 
Paul's name for malaise with dyspnea and 
oppression followed by weak pulse and syn- 
cope, usually observed in women who have 
dined hurriedly and reached a crowded theater 
in a heated condition; frequently a result of 
eye-strain. See Vertigo, Stomachal. 

Sicopirin, Sicopyrin {sik-o-pi'-riri), C 16 H 12 O s . 



A glucosidal body found by Peckolt in the 
root-bark of Bowditchia virgiloides. 

Sida {si'-dah) [owrj, a malvaceous plant]. A 
genus of plants of the order Malvacece. S. 
paniculata, a species of Peru, is an active 
vermifuge. Its action is believed to be due 
to the very minute but resisting bristles which 
cover its leaves. S. rhombifolia, Queensland 
hemp, containing a great amount of mucilage, 
is used in Australia for snake-bite, pulmonary 
complaints, and in making poultices. 

Side (sid) [ME.]. A lateral half of the body 
or of any bilateral organ. S.-bone. 1. The 
hip-bone. 2. The diseased or disordered con- 
dition in horses which causes the lateral 
cartilages above the heels to ossify. 3. An 
abnormal ossification of the lateral elastic 
cartilage in a horse's foot. S. -chain. See 
Receptor. S. -chain Theory. See under 
Lateral and under Immunity. 

Siderant, Siderante {sid'-er-ant, sid-er-an' '-te) 
[siderari, to be blasted or planet struck]. 
Characterized by sudden and abrupt onset 
as though the result of malign astral influences. 

Siderism {sid'-er-izm) [siderites, the lodestone]. 
The curative influences long supposed to be 
exerted over the body by the lodestone; the 
priests of Samothrace drove a thriving trade 
in magnetized iron rings worn as amulets and 
cure-alls; they were worn by the worshipers 
of the Cabiri, afterward by the Roman priests 
of Jupiter, and in recent times socalled "rheu- 
matism rings" and magnetic belts and insoles 
give evidence of the persistence of a belief 
in siderism. 

Siderophone {sid-er'-o-Jon) [oidypoc, iron ; cf)ajvr] } 
a sound]. An electric appliance devised by 
Martin Jannson (1902) as an improvement 
upon Asmus' sideroscope for detecting the 
presence of small splinters of iron. 

Sideroscope {sid-er'-o-skop) [a'cd-qpoc, iron; 
OKonelv, to examine]. An instrument for the 
detection of particles of iron or steel in the 
eyes. 

Siderosis {sid-er-o'-sis) [c'cd-qpoc, iron]. 1. A 
pigmentation by a deposit of particles of iron; 
specifically, a chronic interstitial pneumonia 
caused by the inhalation of particles of iron. 
2. A recognized type of lung disease (pneu- 
mokoniosis) due to the inhalation of metallic 
dust. Cf. Anthracosis; Chalicosis; Silicosis. 

Sidonal {si' -don-al) . See Piperazin Quinate. 
S., New, quinic acid anhydrid, a white, taste- 
less powder, soluble in water, used as a uric- 
acid solvent. Dose 75-120 gr. (5-8 Gm.) 
daily, given in 4 or more doses. 

Siegle's Otoscope, S.'s Speculum. An in- 
strument consisting of a glass-covered box 
with a conic projection and a rubber tube 
attached laterally. When the conic projec- 
tion is inserted firmly into the external audi- 
tory canal, and the air is compressed or rare- 
fied, the movements of the drum-membrane 
may be observed. It is also used for the 
purpose of rendering the articulations of the 
ossicles mobile. 

Siemerling's Nucleus. The anteroventral 



SIEUR'S SIGN 



876 



SIGN 



nucleus of the anterior group of oculomotor 
nuclei in the gray matter below the sylvian 
aqueduct. 

Sieur's Sign. "Signe du sou." A clear, 
metallic sound sometimes heard in cases of 
pleural effusion on percussing the chest in 
front with two coins and auscultating behind. 

Sieve (siv) [AS., sife]. An apparatus with a 
reticulated bottom, used for the separation of 
fine from coarse particles. The gage of the 
sieve is usually expressed in the number of 
meshes in a square inch. 

Sigaultian Operation, Sigault's Operation 
[J. R. Sigault, a French obstetrician]. Sym- 
physiotomy. 

Sigh (si) [AS., sican, to sigh]. A prolonged 
and deep inspiration followed by a shorter 
expiration. Syn., Suspirium. 

Sight (sit) [AS., siht]. The act of seeing; 
the special sense concerned in seeing. S., 
Day-, hemeralopia. S., Far-, S., Long, 
hyperopia. S., Night-, nyctalopia. S., Old, 
presbyopia. S., Short-, myopia. 

Sigillation (sij-il-a'-shun) [sigillum, a seal]. 
The mark of a cicatrix. 

Sigmatism (sig'-mat-izm) [see Sigmoid], i. 
Defective utterance of the sound of 5. 2. The 
too frequent use of the s sound in speech. 

Sigmoid (sig'-moid) [ocyfxa, the Greek s; sldoc, 
likeness]. 1. Shaped like the letter S. 2. 
Pertaining to the sigmoid flexure of the colon, 
as the sigmoid artery, the sigmoid mesocolon. 
S. Cavities, two depressions on the head of 
the ulna; the greater is for articulation with 
the humerus; the lesser, on the outer side of 
the coronoid process, is for articulation with 
the radius. S. Flexure, an S-shaped bend 
in the colon between the descending portion 
and the rectum, usually occupying the left 
iliac fossa. 

Sigmoido- (sig-moi-do-) [sigmoid]. A prefix 
denoting relation to the sigmoid flexure. 

Sigmoidopexy (sig-moid '-o-peks-e) [sigmoido-; 
xy&C, a fixing]. An operation for prolapse 
of the rectum by fixation of the sigmoid 
flexure. 

Sigmoidoproctostomy (sig-moid-o-proh-tos'- 
to-me) [sigmoido-; proctostomy]. Anastomosis 
of the sigmoid flexure of the colon with the 
rectum. 

Sigmoidoscope (sig-moid '-o-skop) [sigmoido-; 
OK0Tts.lv, to view]. An appliance for the in- 
spection of the sigmoid flexure; it differs 
from the proctoscope in its greater length and 
diameter. 

Sigmoidoscopy (sig-moid-os f -ko-pe) [see Sig- 
moidoscope], Visual inspection of the sigmoid 
flexure with the aid of special instruments. 

Sigmoidostomy (sig-moid-os' -to-me) [sigmoido-; 
otdfia, mouth]. The formation of an artificial 
anus in the sigmoid flexure of the c,olon. 

Sign (sin) [signum, a mark]. A mark or evi- 
dence; in a restricted sense, a physical sign. 
S., Abadie's, a spasm of the levator palpebral 
superioris muscle, present in exophthalmic 
goiter. S., Achilles, the achilles tendon 
reflex. S.s of Adherent Pericardium. See 



S., Broadbent's, S., Kreyssig's, S., Kussmaul's, 
S., Sander s\ S., Williams.' S., Ahlf eld's 
irregular tetanic contractions affecting local- 
ized areas of the uterus, observed after the 
third month of pregnancy. S. of Alcohol- 
ism. See S., Quinquauds. S., Allis's, 
relaxation of the fascia between the crest of 
the ilium and the trochanter major, seen in 
fracture of the neck of the femur. Andral's 
Decubitus, the position usually assumed in 
the early stage of pleurisy by the patient, 
who seeks to alleviate the pain by lying on 
the sound side. S.s of Anesthesia. See S. f 
Lehman's. S.s of Aneurysm. See S., Boz- 
zolo's, S., Cardarelli's, S., Gerhardt's, S., 
Glasgow's, S., Hope's, S., Perez's, S., San- 
som's. S. of Angina pectoris. See S., 
Beaume's. S.s of Aortic Insufficiency. See 
S., Mailer's, S., Musset's, S., Traube's. Ar- 
gyll Robertson Pupil, a pupil that acts in 
accommodation but not to light, disclosed by 
the usual tests for accommodation and light, 
and present in locomotor ataxia. Atony, 
Intestinal. See S., Boas'. S.,Auenbrug- 
ger's, bulging of the epigastric region in 
cases of extensive pericardial effusion. S., 
Aufrecht's, short and feeble breathing heard 
just above the jugular fossa on placing the 
stethoscope over the trachea; it is noted in 
tracheal stenosis. S., Babinski's, diminu- 
tion or absence of the achilles tendon reflex 
in true sciatica as distinguished from hysteric 
sciatica. S., Baccelli's (aphonic pectoril- 
oquy), reverberation of the whispered voice, 
heard through the chest-wall; it is elicited 
by auscultating the whispered voice of the 
patient through the chest, and is present in 
pleural effusion. S., Baillarger's, pupillar. 
inequality in paralytic dementia. S., Bal- 
let's, ophthalmoplegia externa, characterized 
by the loss of all voluntary movements of the 
eyeball, with preservation of the automatic 
movements and integrity of the movements 
of the pupil. It is seen in hysteria and ex- 
ophthalmic goiter. S., Bamberger's, allo- 
cheiria; perception of a stimulus applied to 
the skin of one extremity at the corresponding 
place on the other extremity. S., Bard's, 
to differentiate between organic and con- 
genital nystagmus. In the former the oscilla- 
tions of the eyeball increase when the patient 
follows the physician's finger moved be^re 
his eye alternately from right to left and from 
left to right. In the latter the oscillations 
disappear under these conditions. S., Bar- 
eggi's. See Bareggi's Reaction. S., Bar- 
uch's, the resistance of the rectal temperature 
to a bath of 75 for 15 minutes, with friction; 
it is obtained by immersion in a bath of 75 F. 
in the presence of typhoid fever. S., 
Beaume's, retrosternal pain in angina pec- 
toris. S., Beccaria's, painful pulsating sen- 
sations in the occipital region during preg- 
nancy. S.,Bechterew's. 1. See Bechterew's 
Reaction. 2. Anesthesia of the popliteal 
space in tabes dorsalis. S., Becker's, spon- 
taneous pulsation of the retinal arteries in 



SIGN 



877 



SIGN 



exophthalmic goiter. S., Behier- Hardy's, 
aphonia, an early symptom in pulmonary 
gangrene. S M Bell's, Bell's Phenomenon, 
Bell-Bernhardt's Phenomenon, upward 
and outward rolling of the eyeball upon 
an attempt to close the eye of the af- 
fected side in peripheral facial paralysis. 
S., Berger's, an elliptic or irregular shape 
of the pupil sometimes seen in the early 
stage of tabes and paralytic dementia 
and in paralysis of the third cranial nerve. 
Bernhardt's Symptom, a subjective con- 
dition consisting of paresthetic and painful 
sensations on the outer and anterior aspect 
of the thigh, in the distribution of the external 
cutaneous nerve; it is in some cases dependent 
on displacement of the external cutaneous 
nerve. S., Bezold's, the appearance of an 
inflammatory swelling a short distance below 
the apex of the mastoid process is evidence 
of mastoid suppuration. S., Bieg's Entotic, 
when words are audible only on being spoken 
into an ear-trumpet connected with a catheter 
placed in the eustachian tube, but not through 
the ear-trumpet as ordinarily applied, there 
is a probable lesion of the malleus or incus, 
which interferes with conduction. Biermer's 
Change of Sound. See Gerhard? s Change 
of Sound in this table. S., Biernacki's, 
analgesia of the ulnar nerve at the elbow; 
it is observed in tabes dorsalis and paretic 
dementia. S., Bing's, let a vibrating tuning- 
fork be held on the vertex until it has ceased 
to be audible; then close either ear, and the 
fork will be heard again for a certain period. 
If this period of secondary perception is short- 
ened, there exists a lesion of the sound-con- 
ducting apparatus; if normal and yet deafness 
is present, the perceptive apparatus is in- 
volved. S., Bird's, a well-defined zone of 
dulness with absence of the respiratory sound 
in hydatid cyst of the lung. S., Boas', i. The 
presence of lactic acid in the gastric con- 
tents in cases of cancer of the stomach. 2. In 
cases of intestinal atony a splashing sound 
can be obtained on pressure upon the ab- 
dominal wall after the injection of a small 
quantity (200 to 300 Cc.) of water into the 
bowel. S., Bolognini's, on pressing with the 
tips of the fingers of both hands alternately 
upon the right and left of the abdomen of a 
patient who is lying on his back and whose 
abdominal muscles are relaxed by flexion of 
the thighs, a sensation of friction within the 
abdomen is perceived; it is noted in the early 
stages of measles. S., Bordier-Frenkel's. 
See S., Bell's. Borsieri's Line, in the early 
stages of scarlatina, a line drawn on the skin 
with the finger-nail leaves a white mark 
which quickly turns red and becomes smaller 
in size. Bouillaud's Metallic Tinkling, a 
peculiar clink sometimes heard to the right 
of the apex-beat in cardiac hypertrophy. 
S., Bouveret's, in intestinal obstruction; 
this is applicable only to the larger gut. 
Great distention of the cecum and a large 
elevation in the right iliac fossa. S., Boz- 



zolo's, visible pulsation of the arteries of the 
nares, said to occur in some cases of aneurysm 
of the thoracic aorta. Brach-Romberg 
Symptom. See S., Romberg's (1). S.,Braun- 
Fernwald's, an early sign of pregnancy con- 
sisting in an increased thickness of one-half of 
the body of the uterus and in the presence of a 
longitudinal median groove, these changes 
being dependent upon an unequal consistence 
of that organ. Bright-Beatty's Friction- 
sound, Bright's Friction-sound, the fric- 
tion-sound produced by inflammation of the 
pleura. S., Broadbent's, a visible retraction, 
synchronous with the cardiac systole, of the 
left side and back in the region of the eleventh 
and twelfth ribs in adherent pericardium. 
Brown-Sequard's Paralysis, hemiparaplegia 
with hemianesthesia of opposite side, existing 
in lesion of lateral half of spinal cord. S., 
Browne's (Crichton), tremor of the labial 
commissures and outer angles of the eyes in 
the early stage of paralytic dementia. S., 
Bryson's, diminished power of expansion of 
the thorax during inspiration; occasionally 
observed in exophthalmic goiter and neuras- 
thenia. S., Burton's, the blue line at junc- 
tion of teeth and gums in chronic lead-poison- 
ing. S., Callaway's, in dislocation of the 
humerus the circumference of the affected 
shoulder, measured over the acromion and 
through the axilla, is greater than that of the 
sound side. S.s of Cancer. See S., Boas' (1); 
(de) Morgan's Spots, in this table, S., 
Rommelaere' s, S., Rus?s, S., Semon's, S., 
S pie gelb erg's. S., Cardarelli's, the lat- 
eral movement of the trachea as an in- 
dication of aneurysm of the aorta. S. 
of Cardiac Hypertrophy. See S., Bouil- 
laud's. S., Castellino's. See S., Carda- 
relli's. S.,Cathelineau's. See S., Tourette's 
(Gilles de la). S. of Cerebral Hemorrhage. 
See S., Prevos?s. S., Charcot's, signe du 
sourcil. In facial paralysis the eyebrow is 
raised; in facial contracture it is lowered. 
S.,Charcot-Marie's. See S.. Marie's. S., 
Charcot-Vigouroux's. See S., Vigouroux's. 
Cheyne -Stokes' Respiration, a succession 
of respirations becoming progressively shorter 
and more shallow, then an intermission of 
varying duration, followed by progressive in- 
crease in depth and length of respirations; 
noticed in various affections in which the 
brain is implicated, such as cerebral edema 
and uremia. S. of Chlorosis. See S., Go- 
lonboff's. S., Chvostek's, sudden spasm 
of one side of the face, elicited by a slight 
tap upon the side of the face in postoperative 
tetany. S., Clark's (Alonzo), obliteration 
of the hepatic dulness due to tympanitic dis- 
tention of the abdomen; noticed on percussion 
in appendicitis and other peritoneal inflam- 
mations, and denoting the presence of the 
inflated bowel or of gas in front of the liver. 
S., Cleemann's, in fracture of the femur 
with shortening there is a wrinkle above the 
ligamentum patella? which disappears when 
the shortening is corrected by extension. 



SIGN 



878 



SIGN 



S., Cling [Ger. Klebe]. See S., Gersuny's. 
S., Comby's, a form of stomatitis involving 
the buccal mucosa, diagnostic of incipient 
measles. There is slight swelling, and the 
mucous membrane becomes reddish, the 
superficial epithelial cells become whitish as 
if brushed over by a paint-brush. It may- 
occur evenly or in patches. Cf. Koplik's 
Spots in this table. Corrigan's Line, a pur- 
ple line at the junction of the teeth with the 
gums, seen in chronic copper-poisoning. 
Corrigan's Pulse, a forcible pulse-wave, 
which quickly recedes, elicited by finger or 
sphygmograph in aortic insufficiency. S. of 
Coxalgia. See S., Erichsen's. S., Crich- 
ton Browne's. See S., Browne's. S., Dal- 
rymple's, abnormal widening of the palpe- 
bral aperture, in exophthalmic goiter. S., 
Dance's, a depression about the right flank 
or iliac fossa, regarded by Dance as indicating 
invagination of the cecum. S., Davidsohn's, 
reflection of light through the pupil in trans- 
illumination by electric light in the mouth; 
indicative of health. S., Demarquay's, im- 
mobility or lowering of the larynx during 
deglutition and phonation; it is character- 
istic of tracheal syphilis. S.s of Dementia. 
See S., Baillarger's, S., Berger's, S., Bier- 
nacki's, S., Browne's. S. of Diabetes. See 
S., Unschuld's. Diaphragmatic Phenom- 
enon. See Diaphragmatic Phenomenon. . 
Dietl's Crises, sharp paroxysmal pains oc- 
curring in case of movable kidney, probably 
dependent on acute hydronephrosis from 
twisting of ureter. S. of Dislocation. See 
S., Dugas', S., Hamilton's. ■ S., Doane's 
(Wm. C), deafness in one ear in typhoid 
fever presages death; deafness in both ears 
is a good prognosis. Drummond's Whiff, 
a whiff heard at the open mouth, in aus- 
cultation during respiration, proceeding from 
the glottis, in aortic aneurysm. S., Du- 
chenne's, sinking in of the epigastrium during 
inspiration in cases of marked hydroperi- 
cardium or impaired movement of the 
diaphragm from pressure or paralysis. Du- 
chenne's Attitude, in paralysis of the trape- 
zium the shoulder droops; the shoulder- 
blade see-saws so that its internal edge instead 
of being parallel to the vertebral column 
becomes oblique from top to bottom and from 
without in. S. Dugas', in dislocation of the 
shoulder-joint the elbow cannot be made to 
touch the side of the chest when the hand of 
the affected side is placed on the op- 
posite shoulder. S., Duncan Bird's. See 
S., Bird's. S., Dupuytren's Eggshell, the 
sensation of a delicate crepitant shell (eggshell 
crackling) imparted on slight pressure in 
certain cases of sarcoma of long bones. 
Duroziez's Murmur, a double murmur oc- 
casionally heard by auscultation in the femoral 
artery, indicative of aortic incompetence. 
S. of Echinococcous Cyst. See S., Lenn- 
hoff's. Eitelberg's Test, if a large tuning- 
fork is held at intervals before the ear during 
15 or 20 minutes, the duration of the percep- 



tion of the vibration, during these periods 
increases in case the ear is normal, but de- 
creases when a lesion of the. sound-conduct- 
ing apparatus exists. S., Ellis'. See Line, 
Ellis'. S. of Enteroptosis. See S., Stiller' s. 
S., Erb's. 1. Increase of the electric irrita- 
bility of the motor nerves in tetany. 2. Dul- 
ness on percussion over the manubrium sterni 
in akromegaly. Erben's Phenomenon, a 
temporary slowing of the pulse on bending, 
forward or attempting to sit down; it has been 
observed in neurasthenia. S., Erb-West- 
phal's. See S., Westphal's. S., Erichsen's, to 
differentiate coxalgia from sacroiliac disease; 
compression of the two iliac bones causes 
pain in the latter but not in the former affec- 
tion. S., Ewart's, in marked pericardial 
effusion the left clavicle is so raised that the 
upper border of the first rib can be felt with 
the finger as far as the sternum. Farre's 
Tubercles, superficial masses felt by palpa- 
tion on the surface of the liver in hepatic 
carcinoma. S., Filipovitch's, a saffron-like 
coloration of the prominent parts of palms 
of hands and soles of feet, seen in ty- 
phoid fever. S., First Rib. See S., Ewart's. 
Fisher's Brain-murmur, a systolic murmur 
over the anterior fontanel or in the temporal 
region of infants; heard in auscultation in 
rickets and other conditions. S., Fiske-Bry- 
son's. See S., Bryson's. S., Flindt-Kop- 
lik's. See Koplik's Spots in this table. 
Flint's Murmur, a second murmur fre- 
quently heard in auscultation at the apex; 
it has a rumbling quality, and may be 
presystolic, and is probably produced at 
the mitral orifice. It is indicative of aortic 
incompetence. Foerster's Shifting Type, 
variations in the field of vision, the peri- 
metric limits differing according as they are 
determined by moving the disc from the cen- 
ter outward or from without to the center; it 
exists in anesthesia of the retina, traumatic 
neuroses, etc. Fracture. See S., Clee- 
mann's, S., Hueter's, Morris' Test, in this table. 
S., Frederici's, perception of the heart- 
sounds over the whole abdomen in cases of 
perforative peritonitis, with escape of gas into 
the peritoneal cavity. S., Frenkel's, dimin- 
ished tone (hypotonia) of the muscles of the 
lower extremities in tabes dorsalis. Fried- 
reich's Respiratory Change of Sound, 
on percussion, the pitch of percussion-note 
becomes increased at the height of a deep 
inspiration in pulmonary tuberculosis and 
other conditions. S., Friedreich's, diastolic 
collapse of the cervical veins; noticed on pal- 
pation or inspection, in adherent pericardium. 
S., Fuerbringer's, a subphrenic abscess 
may be distinguished from a collection of pus 
above the diaphragm by the transmission, in 
case of the former, of the respiratory move- 
ments to a needle inserted into the abscess. 
S., Gangolphe's, in intestinal obstruction a 
serosanguineous effusion in the abdomen soon 
after strangulation has taken place. S. of 
Gangrene. See S., Behier -Hardy's. Gar- 



SIGN 



879 



SIGN 



diner-Brown's Test, in labyrinthine disease 
the patient ceases to hear the sound of a 
tuning-fork placed upon the vertex from half 
a second to several seconds before the exam- 
iner ceases to feel its vibrations. S., Garel's, 
absence of luminous perception on the 
affected side of the walls and sinuses about 
the mouth — antrum of Highmore; elicited by 
electric transillumination in disease of the 
antrum. Garland's S-curve. See Line, 
Ellis'. Gastrosuccorrhea. See S., Reich- 
mann's. Gelle's Test, the vibrations of a 
tuning-fork placed in contact with a rubber 
tube, the nozle of which is inserted into the 
meatus, are distinctly perceived when the air 
is compressed by pressure upon the bulb 
attached to the tube. This does not occur 
when the chain of ossicles is diseased. Ger- 
hardt's Change of Sound, a change of per- 
cussion-note according to the patient's posi- 
tion, whether upright, lying on the back, 
or on the side; due to changes in the 
form of the air-space and fluid contents of the 
thoracic cavity; it is found in pneumothorax 
and pulmonary tuberculosis. S., Gerhardt's. 
i. A systolic bruit heard between the mastoid 
process and spinal column in cases of 
aneurysm of the vertebral artery. 2. In- 
complete filling of the external jugular vein 
on the affected side, occasionally seen in 
thrombosis of the transverse sinus. 3. A 
band of dulness on percussion, superimposed 
upon the normal precordial dulness, about 
3 cm. in width and extending toward the left 
clavicle; it is observed in cases of the per- 
sistence of the ductus arteriosus. 4. The 
absence of the movement of the larynx in 
dyspnea due to aneurysm of the aorta. In 
dyspnea from other causes the excursions of 
the larynx are extensive. S., Gersuny's, 
a peculiar sensation of adhesion of the mucosa 
of the bowel to the fecal mass while pressure 
is made with the tips of the fingers in cases of 
coprostasis. Syn., Cling sign. Giraldes' 
" Bonnet a poll," widening of the cranium 
in the frontal region in chronic hydrocephalus. 
S., Glasgow's, a systolic sound in the bron- 
chial artery, heard in latent aneurysm of the 
aorta. S. of Goiter, Exophthalmic. See 
S., Ballet's, S., Becker's, S., Bryson's, S., Jof- 
froy's (1), S., Mann's (Dixon), S., Mobius', 
S., Vigouroux's, S., Weiss'. S., Golonboff's, 
of chlorosis, an acute pain located directly 
over the spleen, and pain on percussion 
over the ends of the long bones, especially 
the tibias. Goodell's Law, "when the cervix 
is as hard as one's nose, pregnancy does not 
exist; when it is as soft as one's lips, preg- 
nancy is probable." S., Gould's Bowed- 
head, in retinitis pigmentosa or other dis- 
ease destroying the peripheral portion of the 
retina, the patient often bows the head low 
to see the pavement, in order to bring the 
image upon the functional portion of the 
retina. S., Gousset's, of phrenic neuralgia, 
a painful point always present and well 
denned to the right of the fourth or fifth 



chondrosternal articulation; it must not be 
confounded with the retrosternal pain of 
chronic aortitis. S., Gowers', intermittent 
and abrupt oscillations of the iris under the 
influence of light, previous probably to the 
total loss of the reflex; it is occasionally seen 
in tabes dorsalis. S., v. Graefe's, failure 
of the upper lid to follow the eyeball in glanc- 
ing downward, elicited in exophthalmic goi- 
ter by having the patient alternately rotate 
the eyes up and down. v. Graefe's Spots, 
certain spots near the supraorbital foramen, or 
over the vertebras, which, when pressed upon, 
cause a sudden relaxation of the spasm of the 
eyelids in cases of blepharofacial spasm. 
S., Grancher's, on auscultation in pulmon- 
ary condensation the expiratory murmur 
equals in pitch that of the inspiratory, evi- 
dencing obstruction to expired air. Gran- 
cher's Triad, the three symptoms charac- 
teristic of incipient pulmonary tuberculo- 
sis: weakened vesicular murmur, increased 
vocal fremitus, and skodaic resonance. S., 
Graves', an increase of the systolic impulse 
often noted in the beginning of pericarditis. 
S., Greene's (C. L.) Percussion, in percus- 
sion of the free cardiac border during full 
inspiration and again during forced inspira- 
tion, the patient either standing or sitting, it 
will be noticed that the border is displaced 
outward by the expiratory movement in cases 
of pleuritic effusion. S., Griesinger's. 1. 
An edematous swelling behind the mastoid 
process in thrombosis of the transverse sinus. 
2. In thrombosis of the basilar artery, com- 
pression of the carotids produces symptoms 
of cerebral anemia (pallor, syncope, convul- 
sions). This is a sign of doubtful value, since 
it may also be caused by disturbances of the 
cerebral circulation resulting from cardiac 
and vascular lesions (especially arteriosclero- 
sis). S., Grisolle's, the early eruption of 
smallpox is distinguished from that of measles 
by the fact that the papules remain distinct to 
the touch even when the skin is tightly 
stretched. Gubler's Tumor, a prominence 
seen on the dorsum of the carpus by flexing 
the carpus in wrist-drop of chronic lead- 
poisoning, denoting probably some effusion 
into the synovial sacs. S., Guye's, aprosexia 
occurring in childhood with adenoid vegeta- 
tions of the nasopharynx. S., Guyon's, 
renal ballottement by palpation in floating 
kidney. S., Haab's. See Haab's Pupil 
Reflex. Hall's (Marshall) Facies, the prom- 
inent forehead and small features peculiar 
to hydrocephalus. Hamilton's Test, in 
dislocation of the shoulder-joint a ruler 
applied to the dislocated humerus may be 
made to touch the acromion and external 
condyle at the same time. S., Hardy- 
Behier's. See S., Behier-Hdrdy's. Heb- 
erden's Nodosities, hard nodules, usuallv 
on the distal joints of the fingers, dis- 
cernible by palpation in rheumatoid arthritis, 
usually in advanced life. S., Hegar's, 
a softening of the lower uterine segment, 



SIGN 



880 



SIGN 



elicited by the forefinger in the rectum 
and the thumb in the vagina, with pressure 
from above, and valuable as a sign of preg- 
nancy. S., Heim-Kreyssig's. See S., 
Kreyssig's. S., Heim-Sanders'. See S., 
Sanders'. S. of Hemiplegia. See S., Bab- 
inski's and Schaeffer's Reflex in this table. 
S., Heryng's, an infraorbital shadow ob- 
served on introducing an electric light into 
the mouth in empyema of the antrum of 
Highmore. S., Hick's (Braxton), inter- 
mittent uterine contraction noticed on pal- 
pation. Begins to be apparent at end of 
third month of pregnancy. May also be 
produced by any tumor that distends uterus. 
Hippocratic Facies, an anxious face, with 
pinched features and sunken eyes, produced 
by involuntary contraction of the facial 
muscles occurring in peritonitis and fatal 
diseases. Hippocratic Fingers, clubbing of 
the finger-tips, with incurvation of the nails, 
occurring in pulmonary tuberculosis and other 
wasting diseases. Hippocratic Succussion, 
a splashing sound obtained by shaking the 
body of the patient in pyopneumothorax 
and hydropneumothorax, and denoting the 
presence of air and fluid in the pleural cavity. 
S. , Hochsinger's, the existence of indicanuria 
in tuberculosis of childhood. S., Hoff- 
mann's, increase of the mechanic irritability 
of the sensory nerves in tetany. S., Hope's, 
double cardiac beat noted in aneurysm of the 
aorta. S., Howship-Romberg's. See S., 
Romberg's (i). S., Huchard's, the difference 
in the pulse between the standing and recum- 
bent posture is less in persons with arterial 
hypertension, and may even be the reverse of 
that of the normal condition. S., Huebl's, 
an early sign of pregnancy consisting in an 
abnormal thinness and compressibility of the 
lower segment of the uterus as compared with 
that part above the insertion of the sacro- 
uterine ligaments, the bimanual examination 
being carried out with one finger in the rectum. 
S., Hueter's, absence of transmission of 
osseous vibration in cases of fracture with 
fibrous interposition between the fragments. 
Hutchinson's Patch, a dull red discoloration 
of the cornea, due to ciliary injection in 
interstitial keratitis occurring in syphilis. 
Hutchinson's Teeth, the upper central per- 
manent incisor teeth are peg-shaped and 
notched on the cutting-edge in inherited 
syphilis. Hutchinson's Trio of Symptoms, 
notched teeth, interstitial keratitis, and otitis, 
denoting inherited syphilis. S. of Hydatid 
Cyst. See S., Rovighi's. S. of Hysteria. 
See S., Ballet's, S., Putnam's, S., Tourette's, 
S., Weiss'. S. of Intestinal Obstruction. 
See S., BouvereV s, S., Gangolphe's, S., Ger- 
suny's,S., Schlange's, S., v. Wahl's. S., Jac- 
coud's, prominence of the aorta in the su- 
prasternal notch in leukemia and pseudoleu- 
kemia. S., Jacquemier's, blue . coloration 
of the vaginal mucosa appearing about the 
twelfth week of pregnancy. S., Jacquemin's, 
violet color of the mucous membrane of 



vagina; appears about the fourth week of 
gestation, and due to venous congestion. 
Jadelot's Lines, various lines on the face of 
infants occurring in various diseased con- 
ditions. See Jadelot's Lines. S., Jaffe's, 
the flow of pus from a tube inserted into a 
subdiaphragmatic abscess is more abundant 
during inspiration than during expiration; 
if the collection is thoracic, the inverse holds 
true. Paralysis of the diaphragm prevents 
the manifestation of this sign. S., Joffroy's. 
i. Absence of facial contraction when the 
patient suddenly turns his eyes upward; seen 
in exophthalmic goiter. 2. Phenomene de 
la hanche. Rhythmic twitching of the glutei 
on pressure upon the gluteal region in cases 
of spastic paraplegia and sciatica. S., Jori- 
senne's, the pulse does not become accele- 
rated on changing from the horizontal to the 
erect position; an indication of pregnancy. 
S., Josseraud's, a peculiar loud, metallic 
sound, heard. over the pulmonic area, and 
preceding the friction-sound in acute peri- 
carditis. Justus' Test, transient reduction 
of hemoglobin following the administration 
of mercury by inunction or hypodermatic 
injection in syphilis. S., Keen's, the in- 
creased diameter through the leg at the 
malleoli, shown by measurement in Pott's 
fracture of the fibula. S., Kelley's, of pleu- 
ral effusion in children : a preference for lying 
upon the back or propped up high in bed and 
avoidance of bending toward or pressing upon 
the affected side. S., Kellock's, increased 
vibration of the ribs on sharply percussing 
them with the right hand, the left being 
placed flatly and firmly on the lower part of 
the thoracic wall, just below the nipple; it is 
elicited in pleural effusion. 6., Kennedy's, 
of pregnancy, the umbilical or funic souffle. 
S., Kernig's, contracture or flexion of the 
knee and hip-joint, at times also of the elbow, 
when the patient is made to assume the sitting 
posture; it is noticed in meningitis. S., 
Klebe [Ger.]. See S., Gersuny's. Kbnig's 
Symptom-complex. 1. Alternation, for a 
long period, of constipation and diarrhea, and 
irregular attacks of colic which are generally 
of short duration and terminate suddenly. 
During these attacks the abdomen is dis- 
tended, there exists frequently a visible 
peristalsis, and a loud gurgling is heard in the 
ileocecal region. These symptoms are char- 
acteristic of tuberculous stenosis of the cecum. 
2. Blue-blindness in granular kidney. Kop- 
lik's Spots, minute bluish-white spots sur- 
rounded by a reddish areola, observed on the 
mucous membrane of the cheeks and lips 
during the prodromal stage of measles. 8., 
Kreyssig's, retraction of the epigastrium and 
the contiguous portions of the false ribs with 
each systole, in adherent pericardium. S., 
Krisowski's, of congenital syphilis, radiating 
lines about the mouth and the union of the 
hard palate with the posterior pharyngeal wall 
by fibrous tissue. S., Kussmaul's, swelling 
of the cervical veins during inspiration in 



SIGN 



881 



SIGN 



adherent pericardium and mediastinal tumor. 
S., Kiister's, the presence of a cystic tumor 
in the median line anterior to the uterus, 
disclosed by palpation and inspection; 
usually indicates ovarian dermoids. S. of 
Labyrinthine Disease. See Gardiner- 
Brown's Test in this table. Laennec's 
Perles, rounded gelatinous masses, the muc- 
ous molds of the smaller bronchial tubes, in 
the sputum in bronchial asthma. Laennec's 
Rale, a modified subcrepitant rale, percep- 
tible on auscultation in pulmonary emphy- 
sema caused by mucus in the bronchioles. 
S., Lancisi's, very feeble heart-beats, 
amounting to a trembling of the heart, 
perceived by palpation in grave myocar- 
ditis. S., Landou's, in diagnosis of malig- 
nant disease inability to grasp the uterus 
bimanually in the presence of slight 
ascites. S., Lasegue's. i. Incapacity of 
the anesthetic hysteric individual to move 
the extremity which he is prevented from 
seeing. 2. To differentiate sciatica from hip- 
joint disease: in the case of the former, 
flexion of the thigh upon the hip is painless or 
easily accomplished when the knee is bent. 
S., Lehman's, in the administration of chlo- 
roform, to prognosticate as to a ready or 
difficult anesthesia, if the eyelids closed by the 
anesthetizer reopen at once, wholly or in part, 
the anesthesia will be difficult. The eyes 
will remain closed from the beginning in those 
who take chloroform well. S., Lennhoff's, 
in cases of echinococcus-cyst on deep inspira- 
tion a furrow forms above the tumor between 
it and the edge of the ribs. S., Leyden's, in 
cases of subphrenic pyopneumothorax mano- 
metric observation shows that the pressure in 
the abscess cavity rises during expiration. 
The reverse was held by Leyden to occur in 
true pneumothorax. S., Litten's. See Dia- 
phragmatic Phenomenon. S., Lucas', disten- 
tion of the abdomen, an early sign of rickets. 
S., Macewen's, increased resonance on com- 
bined percussion and auscultation of the skull 
in certain gross lesions of the intracranial 
contents — e. g., in cerebral abscess or over- 
distended lateral ventricles. S., Magnan's, 
in chronic cocainism, hallucination of cuta- 
neous sensibility, characterized by a sensa- 
tion of foreign bodies under the skin, which 
are described as inert and spheric, varying 
in size from a grain to a nut, or as living 
things — worms, bugs, etc. S., Mann's, 
diminished resistance of the scalp to the gal- 
vanic current in traumatic neuroses. S., 
Mann's (Dixon), a disturbance of the nor- 
mal balance of the muscles in the two orbits, 
so that one eye appears to be on a lower level 
than the other; it is seen in exophthalmic 
goiter and other affections characterized by 
tachycardia. S., Mannkopf's, an increase 
in the frequency of the pulse, obtained by 
pressure on peripheral points in the presence 
of pain; it is not present in simulated pain. 
S., Marie's, S., Marie -Kahler's, tremor of 
the extremities or the whole body in exoph- 
57 



thalmic goiter. S., Mayor's, of pregnancy, 
the fetal heart-sounds. S.s of Measles. 
See S., Bolognini's, S., Comby's, Koplik's 
Spots, in this table, S., Meunier's. S., 
Meltzer's, normally, on auscultation of 
the heart (at the side of the xiphoid 
appendix) there is heard, after swallowing, 
a first sound produced by the flowing of 
fine drops, and six or seven seconds after, 
a glou-glou. According to Meltzer, the 
second sound fails in the case of occlusion or 
pronounced contraction of the lower part of 
the esophagus. S.s of Meningitis. See S., 
Kernig's, S., Roger's, S., Simon's, S., Squire's. 
S., Meunier's, of measles, a daily loss of 
weight noticed four or five days after con- 
tagion. This may amount to 50 Gm. daily, 
commencing five or six days before the ap- 
pearance of catarrhal or febrile symptoms. 
S., Meyer's, numbness of the hands or feet 
associated with formication. It is observed 
in the eruptive stage of scarlatina. S.s of 
Middle-ear Disease. See Politzer's Test 
and Schwabach's Test in this table. S., 
Mobius', inability to retain the eyeballs 
in convergence in exophthalmic goiter. 
Morgan's (de) Spots, bright red nevoid 
spots frequently seen in the skin in cases 
of cancer. Morris' Test, a rod, grad- 
uated from the center and provided with 
sliding pointers, is placed across the abdomen, 
so that its center corresponds to the median 
line of the body, and the pointers are moved 
along it until they reach the outer surface of 
the greater trochanter. In cases of fracture 
of the neck of the femur a discrepancy will 
be found on comparing the measurements on 
the two sides of the body. S., Miiller's, 
pulsation of the tonsils and soft palate in cases 
of aortic insufficiency. S., Murat's, pul- 
monary tuberculosis; vibration of the affected 
part of the chest with a sense of discomfort 
while talking aloud. S., Musset's (named 
from the poet de Musset, who presented the 
phenomenon), rhythmic movements of the 
head synchronous with the radial pulse, 
observed in persons with an aortic affection; 
it is considered a pathognomonic sign of an 
affection of the circulatory system. Mussey's 
(de) Point, M.'s Symptom, "bouton dia- 
phragm ati que," a point intensely painful on 
pressure at the intersection of a line continu- 
ous with the left border of the sternum and of 
another forming a prolongation of the tenth 
rib. It is noted in diaphragmatic pleurisy. 
S. of Myocarditis. See S., Lancisi's. 
S. of Myopia. See S., Weiss'. S. of 
Nephrolithiasis. See S., Thornton's. S.s 
of Neuralgia. See S., Gousset's, S., Seelig- 
muller's, S., Trousseau's. S.s of Neuras- 
thenia. See S., Bryson's, Erben's Phe- 
nomenon, in this table, S., Rosenbach's 
(2), S., Stiller's, S., Weiss'. S. of Neu- 
roses, Traumatic. See S., Rumpf's. S., 
Nothnagel's, paralysis of the facial mus- 
cles, which is less marked on voluntary 
• movements than on movements connected 



SIGN 



882 



SIGN 



with emotions. This symptom has been 
noticed in cases of tumor of the optic thala- 
mus. S. of Nystagmus. See S., Bard's. 
S., Objective, S., Physical, one apparent to 
the observer. S. of Occlusion. See S., 
Meltzer's. S., Oliver's, tracheal tugging, 
elicited by grasping the larynx between the 
thumb and finger and pressing upward in 
aneurysm of the aorta. S., Oppolzer's, on 
palpation the seat of the apex-beat is found to 
change with the alteration of the patient's 
posture in cases of serofibrinous pericarditis. 
S., Osiander's, of pregnancy, vaginal pul- 
sation. S., Palmoplantar. See S., Filip- 
ovitch's. S. of Palsy, S. of Paralysis. 
See S., Bell's, S., Berger's, Duchenne's Atti- 
tude, in this table, 6"., Joffroy's (2), S., 
Revilliod's. Parkinson's Facies, in paraly- 
sis agitans the face is expressionless, 
"wooden"; movements of the lips slow; 
eyebrows elevated. The whole expression 
is immobile and mask-like. Parkinson's 
Mask. See Parkinson' s Facies in this table. 
Parrot's Nodes, osteophytes of the skull, of 
syphilitic origin, noticeable on palpation in 
inherited syphilis. S., Parrot's, dilation 
of the pupil produced by pinching the skin of 
the neck in meningitis. S., Paul's, a feeble 
apex-beat with a forcible impulse over the 
body of the heart, obtained by palpation in 
pericarditis; significant of pericardial adhe- 
sions. S., Perez's, a loud friction -murmur 
heard over the sternum when the patient raises 
his arms, especially the left, over his head 
and lets them fall again ; it is noted in cases of 
aneurysm of the arch of the aorta and medi- 
astinal tumors. S.s of Pericardial Effu- 
sion. See S., Auenbrugger's, S., Ewart's, S., 
Rotch's, S., Sansom's (1), Sibson's Notch, in 
this table. S.s of Pericarditis. See S., 
Graves' , S., Josseraud's, S., Oppolzer's, S.,War- 
thin's. S. of Perigastritis. See S., Rosen- 
heim's. S. of Peritonitis. See S., Frederici's. 
S., Pfuhl's, S., P.-Jaffe's, in subphrenic pyo- 
pneumothorax the liquid issues from the 
exploratory puncture or incision with con- 
siderable force during inspiration, while the 
contrary occurs in true pneumothorax. S.s, 
Physical, the symptoms derived from auscul- 
tation, percussion, etc. S., Pinard's, after 
the sixth month of pregnancy a sharp pain 
upon pressure over the fundus uteri is fre- 
quently a sign of breech presentation. S., 
Pitres'. 1. "Signe du cordeau." The angle 
formed by the axis of the sternum and the 
line represented by a cord dropped from the 
suprasternal notch to the symphysis pubis 
indicates the degree of deviation of the ster- 
num in cases of pleuritic effusion. 2. Hypes- 
thesia of the scrotum and testis in tabes 
dorsalis. S.s of Pleural Effusion. See 5., 
Greene's, S., Kellock's, S., Litten's, S., 
Pitres' (1), S., Przewal 'ski's, S., Sieur's. S.s 
of Pleurisy. See S., Andral's, S., de Mus- 
sey's. S., Plumb-line. See S., Pitres' (1). 
S.s of Pneumothorax. See S., Leyden's, 
S., Pfuhl's, Politzer's Test, in cases 



of unilateral middle-ear disease associated 
with obstruction of the eustachian tube, the 
sound of a vibrating tuning-fork (C 2 ) held 
before the nares during deglutition is per- 
ceived by the normal ear only; if the tube is 
patulous, the sound sensation is frequently 
stronger in the affected ear. In unilateral 
disease of the labyrinth the tuning-fork is 
heard in the normal ear whether or not deglu- 
tition occurs. S., Porter's. See S., Oliver's. 
Pott's Boss, the projecting spinous process 
noticeable on palpation in Pott's disease or 
vertebral caries. S.s of Pregnancy. See S., 
Ahlj eld's, S., Beccaria's, Goodell's Law, in this 
table, S., Huebl's, S., Jacquemier's, S., Ken- 
nedy's, S., Mayor's, S., Osiander's, S., Schaef- 
er's, S., Rasch's, S., Reusner's, S., Rinmann's. 
S.,Prevost's, conjugate deviation of the eyes 
and head, which look away from the palsied 
extremities and toward the affected hemi- 
sphere; it is noted in cerebral hemorrhage. 
S., Przewalski's (B.), of pleurisy with effu- 
sion : narrowing of the intercostal spaces and 
increased rigidity of the intercostal muscles 
on the affected side. S., Putnam's, absolute 
increase of measurements from the anterior- 
superior iliac spine to the internal malle- 
olus; it is observed in hysteric hip disease. 
Quincke's Pulse or Symptom, blanching of 
the finger-nails at each diastole of the heart, 
occurring in aortic insufficiency, and indicat- 
ing very marked regurgitation. S., Quin- 
quaud's, of chronic alcoholism: the subject for 
examination is directed to hold the tips of the 
outstretched fingers of one hand perpen- 
dicularly to the outspread palm of the exam- 
iner and to press upon it with only moderate 
firmness. In the course of two or three 
seconds, if the person is addicted to alcohol, 
crepitation of the phalanges will be percep- 
tible, as if the bones of each finger impinged 
roughly upon each other. The sound ranges 
in intensity from a slight grating to crashing. 
S., Rasch's, fluctuation obtained by applying 
two fingers of the right hand to the cervix, 
as in ballottement, and steadying the uterus 
through the abdomen with the left hand. 
It depends upon the presence of the liquoi 
amnii, and is an early sign of pregnancy. 
Raynaud's Phenomenon, a white and cold 
condition of the fingers, alternating with burn- 
ing heat and redness, occurring in Raynaud's 
disease (q. v.), and showing vasomotor dis- 
turbance. S., Reichmann's, the presence 
in the stomach, before eating in the morning, 
of an acid liquid mixed with alimentary 
residues; it is indicative of gastrosuccorrhea 
and pyloric stenosis. S., Remak's, the pro- 
duction, by the pricking of a needle, of a 
double sensation, the second being painful; 
it is noted in tabes dorsalis. S. of Retinitis. 
See S., Gould's, Roth's Spots, in this table. 
S., Reusner's, marked pulsation of the 
uterine vessels felt in the posterior cul- 
desac during early pregnancy. S., Revil- 
liod's, "signe de l'orbiculaire," inability 
of the patient to close the eye of the 



SIGN 



883 



SIGN 



affected side only; it is observed in paral- 
ysis of the superior facial nerve. S. of 
Rickets. See S., Lucas' '. S., Rinmann's, 
of early pregnancy: slender cords radiating 
from the nipple; they are considered to be 
hypertrophic acini of the glands. Rhine's 
Test, if a vibrating tuning-fork is placed on 
the vertex, and then, before it has ceased to 
vibrate, is held before a normal ear, the vibra- 
tion is still distinctly perceived. The test is 
negative when a lesion exists. S., Ripault's, 
a change in the shape of the pupil on press- 
ure upon the eye, transitory during life, but 
permanent after death. Ritter's Tetanus, 
tetanus of a muscle produced in a healthy 
subject by suddenly breaking the circuit while 
a strong constant current is passing through 
a nerve. Ritter-Rollet Phenomenon, flex- 
ion of the foot by gentle electric stimulation. 
Extension of the foot by energetic stimula- 
tion; voltaic or faradic stimulation may be 
used. S., Roger's, subnormal temperature 
during the third stage of tuberculous menin- 
gitis, regarded by Roger as pathognomonic of 
the disease. S., Romberg's, i. Swaying 
of the body and inability to stand when the 
eyes are closed and the feet placed together; 
it is seen in locomotor ataxia, exophthalmic 
goiter, tabes dorsalis, hereditary cerebellar 
ataxia, etc. 2. Neuralgic pain in the course 
and distribution of the obturator nerve, 
pathognomonic of obturator hernia. S., 
Rommelaere's, diminution of the normal 
phosphates and chlorids of sodium in the 
urine is pathognomonic of cancerous cachexia. 
S., Rosenbach's. 1. Loss of the abdominal 
reflex in inflammatory intestinal diseases. 
2. Tremor of the eyelids when the patient is 
asked to close them, often with insufficient 
closure of the lids. It is seen in neurasthenia. 
S., Rosenheim's, a friction -sound heard on 
auscultation over the left hypochondrium in 
fibrous perigastritis. Rosenthal's Hyper- 
acid Vomiting, the vomiting of very acid 
material, indicative of exaggerated secretion 
of HC1 in the gastric juice — Rossbach's dis- 
ease. S., Rosenthal's, the application of 
a strong faradic current to the sides of the 
vertebral column causes burning and stabbing 
pains in cases of spondylitis. S., Roser- 
Braun's, absence of pulsations of the dura in 
cases of cerebral abscess, tumors, etc. S., 
Rotch's, dulness on percussion in the right 
fifth intercostal space in pericardial effusion. 
Roth's Spots, white spots, resembling those 
of albuminuric retinitis, seen in the region of 
the optic disc and the macula in cases of septic 
retinitis. S., Roussel's, a sharp pain caused 
on light percussion, in the subclavicular region 
between the clavicle and the third or fourth 
rib, originating 3 to 4 cm. from the median 
line and extending to and beyond the shoulder 
and the supraspinal fossa; it is observed in 
incipient tuberculosis. S., Roux's, of sup- 
purative appendicitis: on palpation the 
empty cecum presents a special soft resistance 
comparable to that of a wet pasteboard tube. 



S., Rovighi's, hydatid fremitus: a thrill ob- 
served on combined palpation and percussion 
in cases of superficial hydatid cyst of the liver. 
S., Rumpf s, fibrillar twitching of muscles 
in traumatic neuroses. S., Rust's, at every 
change of position of the body a patient suffer- 
ing from caries or carcinoma of the upper 
cervical vertebras supports his head with the 
hand. S., Sanders', undulatory character of 
the cardiac impulse, most marked in the 
epigastric region, in adherent pericardium. 
Sanger's Macula, macula gonorrhoica, a 
bright red spot marking the orifice of the duct 
of Bartholin's gland in cases of gonorrheal 
vulvitis. Sanger's Pupil-reaction, for the 
differential diagnosis of cerebral syphilis and 
tabes: in amaurosis and optic atrophy of 
cerebral syphilis the pupil-reflex to light may 
be preserved and even increased after a pro- 
tracted stay in the dark, which is never the case 
in tabes dorsalis. S., Sansom's. 1. Con- 
siderable extension of dulness in the second 
and third intercostal spaces in pericardial 
effusion. 2. A rhythmic murmur trans- 
mitted through the air in the mouth when the 
lips of the patient are applied to the chestpiece 
of the stethoscope ; it is heard in cases of aortic 
aneurysm. S., Sarbo's, analgesia of the 
peroneal nerve, occasionally observed in tabes 
dorsalis. S.s. of Scarlatina. See Bor- 
sieri's Line, in this table, S., Meyer's. 
S., Schaefer's. 1. Of pregnancy: a char- 
acteristic discoloration in stripes, reddish 
on a livid background, which appears in 
the neighborhood of the urethra or on the 
vestibule of the vagina. The stripes run for 
the most part crosswise or oblique. The 
condition is regarded as due to a vasomotor 
reaction dependent upon the life of the child, 
as the stripes disappear as soon as the 
child within the womb is dead. 2. Of 
hemiplegia: See Schaefer's Reflex. S., 
Schlange's, in cases of intestinal obstruction 
the intestine is dilated above the seat of ob- 
struction and peristaltic movements are absent 
below that point. Schonlein's Triad, pur- 
puric exanthem, rheumatic phenomena, and 
gastrointestinal disorders in purpura rheu- 
matica. S., Schuele's, vertical folds between 
the eyebrows, forming the Greek letter omega 
(omega melancholicum), frequently seen in 
subjects of melancholia. S., Schultze-Chvo- 
stek's. See S., Chvostek's. Schwabach's 
Test, the duration of the perception of a 
vibrating tuning-fork placed upon the cra- 
nium is prolonged beyond the normal in cases 
of middle-ear disease, but shortened when the 
deafness is due to a central cause. S.s of 
Sciatica. See S., Babinski's, S., Joffroy's (2), 
S., Lasegue's. S., Seeligmiiller, mydriasis 
on the affected side in cases of neuralgia. 
Seguin's Signal Symptom, the involuntary 
contraction of one muscle or group of muscles 
preceding the epileptic attack. S., Semon's, 
impaired mobility of the vocal cord in car- 
cinoma of the larynx. Sibson's Notch, the 
inward curve of the upper left border of pre- 



SIGN 



884 



SIGN 



cordial dulness in acute pericardial effusion. 
S., Sieur's, "signe du sou," a clear, metallic 
sound sometimes heard in cases of pleural 
effusion on percussing the chest in front with 
two coins and auscultating behind. S., 
Silex's, radial furrows about the mouth, and 
coincidentally in other parts of the face; a 
pathognomonic sign of congenital syphilis. 
S., Simon's, immobility or retraction of the 
umbilicus during inspiration, sometimes seen 
in tuberculous meningitis. Skeer's Symp- 
tom, a small circle that forms in the iris near 
the pupil in both eyes simultaneously in 
tuberculous meningitis. Skoda's Conson- 
ating Rales, bronchial rales heard through 
consolidated pulmonary tissue on ausculta- 
tion in pneumonia, caused by mucus in the 
bronchial tubes surrounded by consolidated 
structure. S., Skoda's, S., Resonance, S., 
Tympany, a tympanitic note on percussing 
the chest above a large pleural effusion or 
above the line of consolidation in pneumonia, 
heard when a pleural effusion extends up 
to the fourth rib or above, and indicating 
vicarious action of the portion of lung not 
involved (apex or upper lobe). S. of 
Smallpox. See S., Grisolle's. S., Smith's 
(Eustace), of bronchitis: a murmur audible 
over the sternum when the chin is drawn up. 
S. of the Sou. See S., Sieur's. Spence's 
Test, a tumor of the mammary gland can be 
distinguished from an inflammatory enlarge- 
ment by the absence, in the latter case, of any 
tumefaction, there being only the lumpy and 
wormy sensation of the swollen acini and 
ducts. S., Spiegelberg's, a sensation like 
that of passing over wet india-rubber, im- 
parted to the finger which presses on, and 
moves along, the affected part; it is noted 
in cancer of the cervix uteri. Spondylitis. 
See S., Rosenthal's. S., Squires' (G. W.), 
a rhythmic dilation and contraction of the 
pupil in basilar meningitis. S., Stairs, dif- 
ficulty in descending stairs; one of the early 
symptoms of locomotor ataxia. S., Steele's, 
exaggerated pulsation over the whole area 
of the cardiac region; it is noted in intra- 
thoracic tumor. S., Stellwag's, an appar- 
ent widening of the palpebral aperture, seen 
on retraction of upper eyelid, and occur- 
ring in exophthalmic goiter. S.s of Sten- 
osis. See S., Aujrecht's, S., Reichmann's, 
Traube's Phenomenon, in this table. S., 
Stiller's, marked mobility or fluctuation 
of the tenth rib in neurasthenia and 
enteroptosis. Syn., Costa fluctuans decima. 
S., Stokes', t. Violent throbbing in the 
abdomen to the right of the umbilicus 
on palpation occurring in acute enteritis. 2. 
Marked feebleness of the first heart-sound, 
which calls for alcoholic stimulation if it 
occurs during fevers. S., Straus', in facial 
paralysis from a central cause the hypoder- 
matic injection of pilocarpin causes no ap- 
preciable difference in the perspiration of the 
two sides, either as to time or quantity, 
whereas there is a marked retardation of the 



secretion on the affected side in severe pe- 
ripheral paralysis. S., Strauss', the admin- 
istration of fatty food by the mouth causes 
an increase in the amount of fatty constituents 
in the effusion of chylous ascites. S., Sub- 
jective, one recognized only by the patient. 
S.s of Syphilis. See S., Demarquay's, S., 
Justus', S., Krisowski's, S., Silex's, S., Weg- 
ner's. S.s of Tabes. See S., Bechterew's, 
S., Berger's, S., Biernacki's, S., Frenkel's, S., 
Gowers', S., Pitres' (2), S., Remak's, S., 
Romberg's (1), Sanger's Pupil-reaction, in 
this table, S., Sarbo's. Tache cerebrale, 
the appearance of a red line upon drawing 
the finger-nail over the skin, occurring 
in tuberculous meningitis, acute fevers, 
and other conditions. S., Tarnier's, the 
effacement of the angle between the upper and 
lower uterine segments, found on digital 
examination, occurring in pregnancy, and 
indicating inevitable abortion. S., Tchoud- 
novsky's, in cases of pneumoperitonitis 
with intestinal perforation a peculiar murmur 
heard on abdominal auscultation, at each 
respiratory movement, and in which the 
maximum intensity is situated at the surface 
of the perforation. S.s of Tetany. See 
Bechterew's Reaction, S., Erb's (1), S., 
Hoffmann's, S., Weiss'. S., Thornton's, 
violent pain in the flanks in nephro- 
lithiasis. S., Tourette's (Gilles de la), 
inversion of the ratio existing normally 
between the earthy phosphates and alka- 
line phosphates of the urine; it is found in 
paroxysms of hysteria. Traube's Phenom- 
enon, a double sound, systolic and diastolic, 
heard over peripheral arteries, especially the 
femoral, in aortic insufficiency, occasionally 
also in mitral stenosis, lead-poisoning, etc. 
S., Tresilian's, of mumps: the opening of 
Stenson's duct on the inner surface of the 
cheek, outside the second upper molar, be- 
comes a bright red papilla. S., Troisier's, 
enlargement of the left supraclavicular 
lymph-glands, an indication . of malignant 
disease of the intraabdominal region. S., 
Trousseau's, T.'s Phenomenon, muscular 
spasm, which continues as long as pressure 
is applied on the large arteries or on the nerve- 
trunk in tetany, showing heightened neuro- 
muscular irritability. Trousseau's Points 
apophysaires, points sensitive to pressure 
over the dorsal and lumbar vertebras in in- 
tercostal and lumboabdominal neuralgias. 
Trousseau's, Spots. See Tache cerebrale in 
this table. S.s of Tuberculosis. See 
Bareggi's Reaction, S., Grancher's, S., Hoch- 
singer's, S., Murat's, S., -Roussel's. S.s of 
Tumor. See S., Nothnagel's, S., Roser- 
Braun's, Spence's Test, in this table, S., 
Steele's. S.S of Typhoid. See Bareggi's 
Reaction, S., Doane's. S., Uhthoff's, the 
nystagmus of multiple cerebrospinal scler- 
osis. Ulnar Phenomenon, a condition of 
analgesia of the trunk of the ulnar nerve on 
one side, absent in the majority of general 
paralytics and mostly present in other insane 



■• 



SIGNA 



885 



SILK 



patients. S., Unschuld's, a tendency to 
cramps in the calf of the leg; it is an early sign 
in diabetes. Valleix's Points, tender spots 
along the course of a nerve, noticeable on 
pressure in neuralgia. S., Vigouroux's, 
diminished resistance of the skin to electric 
stimulation in exophthalmic goiter. S., Vin- 
cent's. See Argyll Robertson Pupil in 
this table. S., Vohsen-Davidsohn's. 
See S., Davidsohn's. S., Voltolini-Her- 
yng's. See S., Heryng's. S., (von) 
Wahl's. i. Distention of the bowel (local 
meteorism) above the point at which 
there exists an obstruction. 2. A scrap- 
ing or blowing sound, synchronous with 
the cardiac impulse, heard over an arterial 
trunk immediately after the partial division, 
through injury, of the vessel. S., Warthin's, 
accentuation of the pulmonary sound in acute 
pericarditis. S., Weber's, paralysis of the 
oculomotor nerve of one side and hemi- 
plegia of the opposite side. S., Wegner's, 
in fetal syphilis the dividing line between the 
epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones, which 
under normal conditions is delicate and recti- 
linear, appears as a broad, irregular, yellowish 
line. S., Weiss, " facialis phenomenon," 
contraction of the facial muscles upon light 
percussion; it is noticed in tetany, neuras- 
thenia, hysteria, and exophthalmic goiter. 
S., Wernicke's. See Reaction, Hemianopic 
Pupillary. Westphal's Foot-phenomenon, 
ankle-clonus, obtained by suddenly flexing 
the foot on the leg in lateral sclerosis and 
various other conditions. Westphal's Para- 
doxic Contraction, the tonic contraction of 
the anterior tibial muscle caused by the pas- 
sive approximation of its extremities by rapid 
dorsal flexion of the foot, occurring in paralysis 
agitans (Westphal) and sclerosis of the poste- 
rolateral columns of the cord. S., Westphal's, 
abolition of the knee-jerk in locomotor ataxia, 
destructive lesions of the lower part of the 
cord, peripheral neuritis, etc. Westphal -Erb 
Symptom. Same as S., Westphal's. S., 
Williams', diminished inspiratory expansion 
on the left side in adherent pericardium. 
Williams' Tracheal Tone, a dull tym- 
panitic resonance, becoming higher pitched 
on opening the mouth, heard on percussion 
in pleural effusion, and arising from the 
vibration of air in a large bronchus sur- 
rounded by compressed lung. S., Win- 
trich's, change in the pitch on percussion 
when the mouth is opened and closed in 
tuberculosis of lung, and indicating a pulmo- 
nary cavity. 

Signa (sig'-nah) [sign]. Mark. In prescrip- 
tion-writing, a term placed before the physi- 
cian's directions to the patient concerning the 
medicine prescribed ; abbreviated to S. or Sig. 

Signaletic (sig-nal-et'-ik). Relating to signal- 
ization. 

Signalization, Signalment (sig-nal-i-za'-shun, 
sig'-nal-ment). See Bertillonage and Identi- 
fication, BerHllon System of. 

Signature {sig' -nat-ur) [sign]. 1. The part of 



the prescription that is to be placed on the 
label. 2. A distinguishing character. S., 
Doctrine of, a theory that the medicinal uses 
of plants or other objects can be determined 
from the signatures or peculiar characters. 

Siguatera (sig-wah-te'-rah) [Sp., "fish-poison- 
ing"]. 1. The name given by Spanish 
colonists to a complex of symptoms that 
resulted from eating poisonous fishes indigen- 
ous to certain hot countries. 2. Poisoning 
from the ingestion of fresh food uninfected 
by bacteria, but in which the toxin is a leuko- 
main formed by the physiologic activity of the 
tissues. 

Sikimin (sik'-im-in) [sikkim, a region of the 
Himalaya]. A poisonous principle derived 
from Illicium religiosum. 

Silberol (sil'-ber-ol). See Silver Paraphenol- 
suljonate. 

Silent Region of the Spinal Cord. The 
gray matter of the cord. 

Silica (sil'-ik-ah) [silex, flint]. Silicon dioxid, 
Si0 2 , occurring in nature in the form of 
quartz, flint, and other minerals. 

Silicate (sil'-ik-dt) [silica]. A salt of silicic 
acid. 

Silicic Acid (sil-is'-ik) [silica], H 4 Si0 4 . A 
tetrabasic acid forming the silicates. See 
Sodium Silicate. 

Silicon {sil'-ik-on) [silica]. A nonmetallic 
element occurring widely distributed in nature 
as silica, Si0 2 , and in the form of silicates. 
Atomic weight 28.2; symbol Si; valence iv. 
It resembles carbon in its chemic behavior. 
S. Carbid, a compound prepared by heating 
in an electric furnace silica and carbon in the 
presence of salt. Next to the diamond it is 
the hardest substance known. The pure salt 
forms colorless, transparent laminas of 
diamond-like luster. Its specific gravity is 
3.22 and its index of hardness 9.5. S. Te- 
tracetate, Si(0 . C 2 H 3 0) 4 , acetoorthosilicic 
anhydrid, a substance occurring in prismatic 
crystals. 

Silicosis (sil-ik-o'-sis) [silica]. A deposit of 
particles of silica in the tissues; specifically, 
a chronic fibroid condition of the lung or the 
bronchial lymphatic glands, produced by the 
inhalation of particles of silica. 

Siliqua (sil-ik' -wah) [siliqua, a husk or pod; 
pi., siliqua]. Same as Silique. S. olivae, 
S. olivae externa, the nerve-fibers encircling 
the olive. S. olivae interna, dentoliva. 

Silique (sil-ek') [siliqua, a husk or pod]. In 
biology, the slender, two-valved capsule of 
some Cruciferce. 

Silk [ME.]. The simplest and most perfect of 
the textile fibers. It differs from all other 
fibers in that it is found in nature as a con- 
tinuous fine thread. Silk is the product of the 
silkworm (Bombyx mori), and is simply the 
fiber that the worm spins around itself for 
protection when entering the pupa or chry- 
salis state. The silk-fiber consists, to the 
extent of rather more than half its weight, of 
fibroin, C 15 H 23 N 5 6 , a nitrogenous principle. 
Covering this is the silk-glue, or sericin, C 15 - 



SILKWORM-GUT 



886 



SIMON'S POSTURE 



H 25 N 5 8 . The most important physical 
properties of the silk-fiber are its luster, 
strength, and avidity for moisture. Besides 
the true silk, we have several socalled "wild 
silks," the most important of which is the 
tusser silk, the product of the larva of the 
moth, Anther aa mylitta, found in India. The 
cocoons are much larger than those of the 
true silkworm, are egg-shaped, and of a silvery 
drab color. The cocoon is very firm and 
hard, and the silk is of a drab color. It is 
used for the buff-colored Indian silks, and 
latterly largely in the manufacture of silk 
plush. Other wild silks are the eria silk of 
India, the muga silk of Assam, the atlas or 
fagara silk of China, and the yama-mai silk 
of Japan. Silk has been used as a hemo- 
static. S., Epispastic, silk containing some 
vesicant. S. Floss, Dentists', untwisted 
filaments of fine silk prepared expressly for 
the purpose of cleaning the surfaces of the 
teeth, and used by some dentists for finishing 
the surfaces of fillings in the sides of teeth. 
S. Gelatin, a glutinous mass formed by boil- 
ing certain kinds of raw silk in water. It is 
used in bacteriology as a culture-medium 
for the majority of bacilli of water and air. 
S.-grass, pineapple fiber. S., Saddler's, a 
heavy silk used by saddlers and to some ex- 
tent in surgery. S., Tait's, cable twist; it 
differs from ordinary silk in containing the 
gums or animal matter imparted by the 
worm in the spinning process. 

Silkworm-gut. The thread drawn from the 
silkworm killed when ready to spin the co- 
coon. 

Silphologic (sil-fol-oj f -ik) [aiX(f>t), an insect; 
hbyoc, science]. Larval. 

Silver. See Argentum. S. Arsenite, Ag 3 As0 3 , 
an alterative and antiseptic; used in skin 
diseases. Dose t^q^o g r - (0.0006-0.001 1 
Gm.). S. -casein, a fine white powder, 
soluble in hot water, obtained from sodium 
casein by action of silver nitrate and alcohol. 
It is used in gonorrhea in 2 to 10% solutions. 
S. Chlorid, AgCl, a white powder, soluble 
in ammonium, potassium thiosulfate, or 
potassium cyanid. It is used as an antiseptic 
and a nerve-sedative. Dose ir-f-17 gr. 
(0.02-0.05-0.1 Gm.). Syn., Horn-silver; 
Luna cornea. S. Citrate, Ag 3 C 6 H 5 7 , a fine 
dry powder soluble in 3800 parts of water, 
used as a surgical antiseptic and disinfectant. 
Application 1 to 2 % ointment or 1 : 4000 
solution. Syn., Itrol. S., Colloidal, a form 
of metallic silver consisting of heavy greenish- 
black particles of metallic luster which, when 
triturated with water, form a greenish-black 
fluid. It is used in the treatment of septic 
diseases, applied in the form of an ointment. 
Syn., Argentum colloidale; Argentum Crede; 
Collargol. S. Cyanid. See Argenti cyanidum 
under Argentum. S. Fluorid, AgFI, a 
brown, glassy, elastic solid, very soluble in 
water, discovered by Paterno in 190 1. It is 
used as an antiseptic. Syn., Tachiol. S.- 
fork Deformity, a peculiar deformity of the 



wrist and hand in Colles' fracture, resembling 
a fork. S. Gelatose, albargin. S. Ich- 
thyolate. See Ichthargan. S. Iodid. See 
Argenti iodidum under Argentum. S. Lac- 
tate, AgC 3 H 5 O s + H 2 0, a white, soluble 
powder, recommended as a surgical anti- 
septic. Injection in erysipelas 5 gr. (0.3 Gm.) 
to 3 t 3 q oz. (100 Cc). of water; as a wash, 1 
teaspoonful of solution 1 : 50 in a glass of 
water. Syn., Actol. S. Nitrate. See Argenti 
nitras under Argentum. S. Nucleate, S. Nuc- 
leid. See Nargol. S. Oxid. See Argenti. 
oxidum under Argentum. S. Paraph enol- 
sulfonate, an external antiseptic. Syn., 
Silberol. S. and Potassium Cyanid, AgK- 
(CN) 2 , very poisonous white crystals, soluble 
in 4 parts of water at 20 C. or 25 parts of 
85% alcohol. It is antiseptic and bacteri- 
cide. One part in 50,000 destroys anthrax 
bacilli. S.-protalbin. See Largin. S. 
Sulfocarbolate, S. Sulfophenate, a fine, 
crystalline powder containing about 28% 
of metallic silver; it is a noncorrosive anti- 
septic, used in eye diseases and wounds. S. 
Test for Glucose in Urine, add ammonia in 
excess to a strong solution of silver nitrate; 
add the urine and boil. In the presence of 
glucose a metallic silver mirror is deposited 
at the bottom of the tube. Aldehyd and 
tartaric acid give the same reaction. S. 
Thiohydrocarburosulfonate. See Ichthar- 
gan. S. Trinitrophenolate, a compound 
containing 30% of silver, used as an anti- 
septic on inflamed mucosas. Syn., Picratol. 
S. Vitellin. See Argyrol. 

Simaba (sim-a'-bah) [native name in Guiana]. 
A genus of simarubaceous tropical trees. 
The seeds of S. cedron are antiperiodic and 
tonic. Dose of fluidextract 1-8 min. (0.06- 
0.5 Cc). It contains, according to Tanret, 
the alkaloid cedronin and also cedrin. The 
bark also has tonic and febrifuge properties. 

Simaruba {sim-ar-u'-bah). A genus of trees 
of the order Simarubacece. The bark of the 
root of S. officinalis has been used as a simple 
bitter. 

Similia similibus curentur, Doctrine of. 
A sophism formulated by Hippocrates, later 
by Paracelsus ("simile similis cura, non 
contrarium"), and later, as one of the results 
of the reaction against the heroic measures of 
venesection and drastic medication, by Sam- 
uel Christian Friedrich Hahnemann, the 
apostle of homeopathy, whose doctrine that 
like is to be cured by like led naturally to the 
practice of isopathy (q. v.), according to which 
smallpox is to be treated by variolous pus, 
tapeworm by ingestion of proglottids, etc. 

Simon's Posture. The dorsal posture with 
the legs and thighs flexed, the hips elevated, 
and the thighs abducted. S.'s Symptom, 
immobility or retraction of the umbilicus dur- 
ing inspiration, sometimes seen in tuberculous 
meningitis. S.'s Triangles, two roughly tri- 
angular areas covering — (1) the lower portion 
of the abdomen, the inner surface of the thigh 
to a point 10 to 12 centimeters below the 



SIMONART'S BANDS 



887 



SINUS 



pubes, and the inguinal region as far outward 
as the trochanter (abdominocrural or femoral 
triangle); .and (2) the axillary and pectoral 
regions and the inner surface of the arm 
(brachial triangle). They are frequently the 
seat of petechial or petechioerythematous 
rashes during the first three days of smallpox. 

Simonart's Bands, S.'s Threads. Amniotic 
bands formed by drawn-out adhesions be- 
tween the fetus and the amnion where the 
cavity has become distended through the ac- 
cumulation of fluid. 

Simple {sim'-pl) [simplex, simple]. Not com- 
plex; consisting of but one substance, or 
containing only one active substance; not 
compound. 

Simples {sim'-plz) [simple]. A term for herbs 
having a medicinal value. 

Sims' Depressor [J. Marion Sims, an 
American gynecologist]. An instrument for 
depressing the anterior vaginal wall. S.'s 
Posture, the semiprone position for vaginal 
operations. S.'s Speculum, the duckbill 
vaginal speculum for the perineum. 

Simulation {sim-u-la' -shun) [simulare, to 
feign]. A feigning or counterfeiting. 

Sinai {si'-nal). Relating to or situated within 
a sinus. 

Sinalbin {sin-al'-bin). See under Mustard. 

Sinamin {sin'-am-in), C 3 H 5 CN. Allyl cyana- 
mid, a substance obtained from crude oil 
of mustard. 

Sinapin {sin'-ap-in) [ocvanc, mustard], C 16 - 
N 23 O s . A substance occurring as a sulfo- 
cyanate in white mustard. 

Sinapis {sin-a' -pis) . Mustard. See Mustard. 

Sinapism {sin' -ap-izm) [sinapis]. A mustard- 
plaster. 

Sinapized {sin' -ap-izd) [sinapis]. Containing 
mustard. 

Sinapol {sin'-ap-oT). A mixture recommended 
as an application for neuralgia, rheumatism, 
etc., said to consist of spirit of rosemary 
(1 : 15), 780 Gm.; castor-oil, 120 Gm.; 
menthol, 30 Gm.; essence of mustard, 30 
Gm. ; aconitin, 0.4 Gm. 

Sinapolin {sin-a p'-ol-in). Diallylurea, a sub- 
stance obtained from mustard oil by heating 
with water and lead oxid. 

Sincalin (sing'-ka-lin). A base found in mus- 
tard and identified with cholin. 

Sincipital {sin-sip' -it-al) [sinciput]. Pertain- 
ing to the sinciput. 

Sinciput {sin' -sip-ut) [semi, half; caput, head]. 
The superior and anterior part of the head. 

Sinew {sin'-u). A tendon {q. v.). 

Singult {sin'-gult) [singultus, a sobbing]. A 
sob. 

Singultient {sin-gul'-she-ent). Sobbing; sigh- 
ing. 

Singultous {sin- gulf -us). Relating to or af- 
fected with hiccup. 

Singultus {sin-gul'-tus). See Hiccup. 

Sinigrin {sin'-ig-rin). A glucosid found in 
black mustard. 

Sinistrad {sin' -is-trad) [sinister, left; ad, 
toward]. Toward the left. 



Sinistral {sin' -is-tral) [sinister]. 1. On the 
left side. 2. Showing preference for the left 
hand, eye, foot, etc., for certain acts or 
functions. 

Sinistrality {sin-is-tral'-it-e) [sinister]. The 
preference generally for the left hand, eye, 
foot, etc., in performing certain acts. 

Sinistration {sin-is-tra' -shun) . 1. A turning 
to the left. 2. Sinistrality. 

Sinistraural {sin-is-traw' -rat) [sinister; auris, 
ear]. Left-eared; the reverse is dextr aural. 

Sinistrin {sin' -is-trin) [sinister]. A substance 
resembling dextrin, found in squill. S., 
Animal. See under Helicoproteid. 

Sinistro- {sin-is-tro-) [sinister, left]. A prefix 
meaning left or toward the left side. 

Sinistrocardial {sin-is-tro-kar' -de-al) [sinistro-; 
napd'ca, heart]. Having the heart to the left 
of the median line; the reverse is dextro car dial. 

Sinistrocerebral {sin-is-tro-ser' -e-bral) . 1. Lo- 
cated in the left cerebral hemisphere. 2. 
Functionating preferentially with the left side 
of the brain; the reverse is dextrocerebral. 

Sinistrocular {sin-is-trok'-u-lar). Left-eyed; 
the reverse is dextrocular. 

Sinistrogyric {sin-is-tro-ji'-rik). See Sinis- 
trorse. 

Sinistrohepatal {sin-is-tro-hep' -at-al) [sinistro-; 
yizap, liver]. Having the liver to the left of 
the median line; the reverse is dextrohepatal. 

Sinistromanual {sin-is-tro-man' -u-al) [sinistro-; 
mantis, hand]. Left-handed; the reverse is 
dextromanual. 

Sinistropedal {sin-is-tro p'-ed-af) [sinistro-; pes, 
foot]. Left-footed ; the reverse is dextropedal. 

Sinistrophoria {sin-is-tro-) o'-re-ah). See Levo- 
phoria. 

Sinistrorse {sin'-is-trors) [sinistro-; vertere, to 
turn]. In biology, turning from right to left. 

Sinistrosplenic {sin-is-tro-splen'-ik). Having 
the spleen to the left of the median line; the 
reverse is dextro splenic. 

Sinistrotorsion {sin-is-tro-tor' -shun) [sinistro-; 
torquere, to turn]. A . twisting or turning 
toward the left; the reverse is dextr otorsion. 

Sinistrous {sin'-is-trus). Awkward; unskilled; 
the reverse is dextrous, skilled, expert. 

Sinkalin, Sinkolin {sink'-al-in, -ol-in). See 
Cholin. 

Sinus {si'-nus) [L., "a gulf or hollow"]. 1. A 
hollow or cavity; a recess or pocket. 2. A 
large channel containing blood, especially one 
containing venous blood. 3. A suppurating 
tract. Sinuses, Accessory, of the Nose, the 
maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid 
sinuses. S., Air-, a cavity within bones con- 
taining air, especially one communicating 
with the nasal passages. S., Aortic. See 
S. of Valsalva. S., Arlt's, a small depression, 
directed forward and outward, in the lower 
portion of the lacrimal sac; it is not constant. 
S., Cavernous, a large venous sinus extend- 
ing from the sphenoid fissure to the apex of 
the petrous portion of the temporal bone, 
communicating behind with the inferior and 
superior petrosal sinuses and receiving the oph- 
thalmic vein in front. S., Circular, a venous 



SINUS 



888 



SITOTOXICON 



sinus surrounding the pituitary body, and com- 
municating on each side with the cavernous 
sinus. S., Common, of the Vestibule. 
See Utricle (i). S., Goronary (of the heart), 
a large venous sinus in the transverse groove 
between the left auricle and left ventricle of 
the heart. S., Duncan's, the fifth ventricle. 
S., Ethmoid, the ethmoid cells. S., Frontal, 
one of the two irregular cavities in the frontal 
bone containing air and communicating with 
the nose by the infundibulum. S., Guerin's, 
the lacuna magna, situated in the mesial line 
of the upper wall of the urethra, near the 
external meatus. S. of the Heart, the chief 
cavity of either of the auricles. S., Inferior 
Longitudinal, a venous sinus which extends 
along the posterior half of the lower border 
of the falx cerebri and terminates in the 
straight sinus. S., Inferior Petrosal, a 
large venous sinus arising from the cavernous 
sinus running along the lower margin of the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone, and 
joining the lateral sinus to form the internal 
jugular vein. S. of Kidney, the prolongation 
inward of the hilum of the kidney. S. of 
the Larynx, the ventricle of the larynx. S., 
Lateral, a venous sinus which begins at the 
torcular herophili and runs horizontally on 
the inner surface of the occipital bone to the 
base of the petrous portion of the temporal 
bone, where it unites with the inferior pe- 
trosal sinus to form the internal jugular vein. 
S., Lieutaud's, the straight sinus. S., 
Littre's, the transverse sinus. Sinuses, 
Mastoid, the mastoid cells. S. of Mor- 
gagni, the interval between the upper border 
of the superior constrictor muscle and the 
basilar process of the occipital bone. S., 
Occipital, a small venous sinus in the at- 
tached margin of the falx cerebelli, opening 
into the torcular herophili. S., Petrosquam- 
osal. See Petrosquamosal Sinus. S. -phleb- 
itis, inflammation of one of the sinuses of the 
cranial cavity. S. pocularis. See Uterus 
masculinus. Sinuses, Precaval. See Ducts 
of Cuvier. S., Prostatic. See Uterus mascu- 
linus. S., Rhomboid, S. rhomboideus, 
the fourth ventricle of the brain. S., Sagit- 
tal, Inferior. See S., Inferior Longitudinal. 
S., Sphenoid, the air-space in the body of the 
sphenoid bone, communicating with the nasal 
cavity. S., Squamosopetrosal. See Petro- 
squamosal Sinus. S., Straight, a venous si- 
nus running from the inferior longitudinal si- 
nus along the junction of the falx cerebri 
and tentorium to the lateral sinus. S., Sup- 
erior Longitudinal, a venous sinus which 
runs along the upper edge of the falx cerebri, 
beginning in front at the crista galli and 
terminating at the torcular herophili. S., 
Superior Petrosal, a venous sinus run- 
ning in a groove in the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone, extending from the 
posterior part of the cavernous sinus to the 
lateral sinus. S., Terminal, S. terminalis, 
a vein that encircles the vascular area of 
the blastoderm, and empties either by one 



trunk, the anterior vitelline vein, into the left 
vitelline vein, or by two trunks into both 
vitelline veins. S. -thrombosis, thrombosis 
of the sinuses of the dura mater of the brain. 
It is usually septic in character, and is likely 
to lead to pyemia. The most frequent cause 
is disease of the middle ear. S., Transverse, 
a sinus uniting the inferior petrosal sinuses. 
S., Urogenital, the canal or duct into which, 
in the embryo, the wolffian ducts and the 
bladder empty, and which opens into the 
cloaca. S. of Valsalva, one of the pouch- 
like dilations of the aorta or pulmonary 
artery opposite the segments of the semilunar 
valves. 

Sinusitis {si-nus-i'-tis). Inflammation of a 
sinus. S., Serous, S., Chronic Catarrhal. 
See Mucocele. 

Sinusoidal {si-nus-oid'-aT). Pertaining to or 
derived from a sinusoid. 

Sinusoids (si'-nus-oids) [sinus; eldoc, like- 
ness]. A system of relatively large spaces or 
tubes constituting the embryonic circulatory 
system in the suprarenal gland; also in the 
liver and the pronephron and mesonephron; 
the endothelial walls are in close apposition 
to the cells of the parenchyma, without the 
intervention of connective tissue. 

Sionagra {si-on-a'-grah) [ocayojv, the jaw-bone; 
ay pa, a seizure]. Gout in the jaw-bone. 

Siphon {si'-Jon) [o'c^wv, a tube]. A tube bent 
at an angle, one arm of which is longer than 
the other, for the purpose of removing liquids 
from a cavity or vessel. 

Siphonoma (si-fon-o'-mah) [siphon; opta, 
tumor]. A tumor composed of fine tubes. 
Syn., Henle's tubular tumor. 

Sirenomelus {si-ren-om' -el-us) [ostp-qv, mer- 
maid; fi&oc', a limb]. A form of monster in 
which the lower extremities are intimately 
fused, the feet being absent. 

Sirolin (sir'-ol-in). Thiocol, 10%, in a syrup 
of orange bark. It is used in tuberculosis, 
bronchitis, and intestinal catarrh. Dose 3 
or 4 teaspoonfuls (15-20 Cc.) daily. 

Sirup (sir' -up). See Syrup. 

Sisymbrium {sis-im' -bre-um) [owjjiftpcov, from 
oaf, a pig; op.@pcoc, rainy, wet; a plant grow- 
ing in wet places where swine wallowed]. A 
genus of cruciferous plants. 5. officinale, wild 
mustard, singer's herb, is a European species, 
laxative, diuretic, and expectorant, and is 
employed in laryngeal catarrh and laryngitis. 
Dose 3 cupfuls a day of a decoction of 30 
Gm. of the leaves, sweetened with 60 Gm. of 
a syrup of the drug made in the usual way. 

Sitieirgia (sit-e-ir f -je-ah) [oacov, food; etpyecv, 
to shut out]. Sollier's term for hysteric ano- 
rexia. 

Sitogen (si'-to-jen). A vegetable food-product 
intended to replace meat-extracts. 

Sitomania {si-to-ma' -ne-ah) [olxoc, food; tiav'ca, 
madness]. 1. A periodic craving for food; 
periodic bulimia. 2. Sitophobia. 

Sitophobia (si-to-fo'-be-ah) [olroc, food; 4>6fioc, 
fear]. Morbid aversion to food. 

Sitotoxicon {si-to-toks' -ik-on) [a hoc, food; 



SITOTOXIN 



SKELETOTOPIC 



to£ckov, poison]. The active poisonous agent 
in sitotoxism; all sitotoxicons are not of bac- 
terial origin. 

Sitotoxin {si-to-toks' -in) [see Sitotoxicon]. Any 
basic poison generated in vegetable food by 
growth of bacteria or fungi. 

Sitotoxism {si-to-toks' -izm) [see Sitotoxicon]. 
Poisoning with vegetable food infected with 
molds and bacteria. 

Situs {si'-tus) [L., "site"]. A position. S. 
viscerum inversus, an anomaly in which the 
viscera of the body are changed from the nor- 
mal to the opposite side of the body. 

Sitzbath {sits' -bath) [Ger., Sitz, a seat; bath]. 
A hip-bath; a bath taken in a sitting pos- 
ture. 

Sjoeqvist's Test for the Quantita- 
tive Estimation of Free HC1 in 
the Gastric Juice. It depends 
upon the action of barium carbon- 
ate on the acid of the secretion, the 
hydrochloric acid being estimated 
as barium chlorid by means of 
titration with a solution of potas- 
sium dichromate. 

Skatol {skat'-ol) [oKaroc, gen. of 
oK<I)p, dung], C 9 H 9 N 2 . A nitrogen- 
ous compound produced by the 
decomposition of proteids in the 
intestinal canal. 

Skeer's Sign. A yellowish-brown 
ring near the pupillary margin of 
the iris, observed in the early stage 
of some cases of tuberculous men- 
ingitis. 

Skeletal {skeV -et-al) [skeleton]. Per- 
taining to or connected with the 
skeleton or supporting structure of 
a body. 

Skeletins {skeV -et-inz) [skeleton]. 
A name given to a number of 
insoluble epithelial products found 
chiefly in invertebrates. 

Skeletization (skel-et-i-za'-shun) 

[skeleton]. The process of conver- 
ting into a skeleton; gradual 
wasting of the soft parts, leaving 
only the skeleton. 

Skeleto- {skel-et-o-) [skeleton]. A 
prefix meaning relating to the skel- 
eton. 

Skeletogenous {skel - et - of -en- us) 
[skeleto-; yewav, to produce]. Pro- 
ducing a skeleton or skeletal tis- 
sues. 

Skeletography {skel - et - og' -ra- fe) 
[skeleto-; ypafyecv, to write]. A de- 
scription of the skeleton. 

Skeletology {skel-et-oV -o-je) [skeleto-; 
Xoyoc, science]. The branch of 
anatomy treating of the skeleton. 

Skeleton {skel' -et - on) [oksXstov, a 
dried body, from o/ciXXeiv, to dry 
up]. A supporting structure, es- 
pecially the bony framework {osseous 
skeleton) supporting and protecting 
the soft parts of an organism. S., 



Cartilaginous, the cartilaginous structure 
from which the bony skeleton is formed 
through ossification. 

Skeletonize {skeV -e-ton-iz) . To reduce to a 
skeleton. 

Skeletopeia, {skel -et-o -pe' -e - ah) [skeleto-; 
kocs'cv, to do]. The branch of anatomy 
dealing with the construction of skeletons 
and the preliminary preparation of the 
bones. 

Skeletopy {skel-et'-op-e). See Skeletotopy. 

Skeletotopic {skel-et-o -to p'-ik). Applied by 
Waldeyer to such topographic description as 
refers a part or organ to its relation to the 
skeleton. > 



Cervical verte- 
bras. 




Tarsus. 

Metatarsus. 

Phalanges. 



Bony Skeleton. — (Brubaker.) 



SKELETOTOPY 



890 



SKULL 



Skeletotopy (skel-et-ot'-o-pe) [skeleto-; totzoc, 
a place]. Waldeyer's term for the relation of 
an organ or part to the osseous skeleton of the 
whole organism. Cf. Holotopy; Idiotopy; 
Syntopy. 

Skene's Glands. Two complex tubular glands 
in the mucosa of the female urethra opening by 
small ducts just within the meatus urinarius. 

Skerljivo. See Scherlievo. 

Skiagram (ski'-ag-ram) \onca, shadow; -j-pafifia, 
a writing]. The finished, printed roentgen-ray 
picture. Syn., Inductogram; Shadowgram. 

Skiagraph (ski'-ag-raf). See Skiagram. 

Skiagrapher (ski-ag'-raf-er). An adept in 'ski- 
agraphy. 

Skiagraphy (ski-ag'-ra-fe) [onia, shadow; ypa- 
<f)£cv, to write]. Photography by the roent- 
gen-rays; skotography, sinography, radiog- 
raphy, electrography, electroskiography , roent- 
ography, and the new photography are names 
that have been used to designate the method. 

Skiameter (ski-am' -et-er) \pnca, shadow; [xezpov, 
a measure]. An apparatus devised by Biesal- 
ski for measuring the intensity of the roentgen- 
rays and for the recognition of fine differences 
in the density of roentgen-ray shadows. 

Skiametry (ski-am' -et-re). Shadow mensura- 
tion applied to a method of determining the 
density of roentgen-ray shadows. 

Skiaporescopy (ski-ap-or-es' -ko-pe). See Rh- 
inoscopy. 

Skiascope (ski'-as-kop) [on'ca, shadow; ononziv, 
to view]. An instrument employed in retinos- 
copy. S.-optometer, an optometer designed 
for the determination of the refraction of the 
eye by retinoscopy. 

Skiascopia, Skiascopy (ski-as-ko'-pe-ah, ski- 
as' -ko-pe). See Retinoscopy. 

Skiatherapy (ski-ah-ther'-ap-e) [oida, shadow; 
Qtpa.izt-.ta, therapy]. The therapeutic applica- 
tion of roentgen-rays. 

Skimmetin (skim 1 '-et-in) , C 9 H 6 3 . A dissocia- 
tion product of skimmin by action of dilute 
mineral acid with heat; it is perhaps identical 
with umbelliferone. 

Skimmia (skim'-e-ah) [mijama-skimmi, Jap- 
anese name]. A genus of the Rutacece. S. 
japonica is a species of Japan ; the flowers are 
used to flavor tea; the leaves contain an ether- 
eal oil; the bark contains the glucosid skim- 
min. 

Skimmin (skim' -in) , C 15 Hi 6 8 . A glucosid sim- 
ilar to scopolein and esculin isolated from the 
bark of Skimmia japonica, occurring in long, 
colorless needles, soluble in hot water, alcohol, 
or alkalis, insoluble in chloroform or ether; 
melts at 210 C. 

Skin [ME.]. The protective covering of the 
body, composed of the epidermis, scarf-skin, 
or cuticle, and the corium, or true skin. The 
epidermis consists of a deep layer, the stratum 
malpighii, and three superficial layers — the 
stratum granulosum, the stratum lucidum, and 
the stratum corneum. The corium, derma, or 
true skin consists of a papillary and reticular 
layer (stratum papillare and stratum reticulare), 
the former projecting upward in the form of 



papillas. . The true skin is made up of elastic 
tissue, white fibrous tissue, and nonstriped 
muscular tissue (the arrectores pili). The 
subcutaneous tissue consists of fibroelastic and 
adipose tissue. The appendages 0} the skin 
are the nails, hairs, and sweat- and sebaceous 
glands, which are derivatives of the epithelial 
layer of the skin. In the skin are also placed 
terminal nerve-organs subserving the sense of 
touch. S., Atrophy of the, a wasting-away 
or retrogressive change in the skin. Syn., Der- 
matatrophia. S.-bound Disease. See Sclero- 
derma. S., Congestion of the, engorgement 
of the blood-vessels of the skin. Syn. , Dermathe- 
mia. S., Edema of the, effusion of serum 
into the areolar tissue of the skin. Syn., Der- 
matochysis. S., Glossy, a peculiar shiny, 
glazed skin seen in conditions in which the 
trophic nerve-supply to the skin is cut off, as 
after injury to a nerve. S., Goose-. See 
Goose-flesh. S.^grafting, the application of 
pieces of the outer layers of healthy skin to a 
granulating surface for the purpose of hasten- 
ing its cicatrization. (1) Autoepidermic : 
When the epithelial cells are taken from the 
patient, it includes — (a) scrapings from healthy 
skin; (b) corn shavings; (c) pellicles from 
blisters; (d) the Ollier-Thiersch method, in 
which one-half the skin thickness (epidermis, 
rete, and part of the cutis proper) is required ; 
and (e) the Krause method, in which the whole 
thickness of the skin is used in grafting. (2) 
Heteroepidermic: When the epithelial cells 
are furnished by another person. (3) Zooder- 
mic: When the skin is removed from lower spe- 
cies, as the use of — (a) small pieces of sponge ; 
(b) frog skin; (c) inner membrane of hens' eggs; 
(d) inner surface of pullets' wings; (e) skin of 
pups; (/) skin of guineapigs; (g) skin of rab- 
bits. S. , Hypertrophy of the , excessive growth 
of the skin. Syn., Dermathypertrophia. S., 
Neuralgia of the. See Dermatalgia. S., 
Pigmentation of the. See Dermatodys- 
chroia. S.-shedding. See Keratolysis. 

Skoda's Sign, S.'s Resonance, S.'s Tympany. 
See Sign, Skoda's. 

Skodaic Resonance. See Sign, Skoda's. 

Skookum Chuck [Amerind, "good water"]. 
A homeopathic remedy for skin diseases con- 
sisting of a trituration of the salts of the spring 
of this name. Dose 2 gr. (0.13 Gm.) in one- 
half glass of water; teaspoonful every 2 or 3 
hours. 

Skotograph (sko'-to-graj). See Skiagraph. 

Skotography (sko-tog'-raf-e). Synonym of 
Skiagraphy. 

Skull (skul) [Icel., skal, a bowl]. The bony 
framework of the head, consisting of the cran- 
ium and the face. The cranium is made up of 
the occipital, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid 
bones, and the two parietal and two temporal 
bones. The face is composed of two nasal, 
two superior maxillary, two lacrimal, two malar, 
two palate, and two inferior turbinated bones, 
and the vomer and inferior maxillary bone. 
Modes 0} measuring the capacity of the 
skull: Broca's method: 1. The skull, made 



SKUNK-CABBAGE 



891 



SOAP 



impermeable, is filled with water, which can 
be weighed or measured. 2. The skull is 
packed with shot, which is then measured; 
but both the filling and measuring are aided by 
certain implements, and especially by a funnel 
of certain dimensions, which controls the 
flow of the shot, and every step of the procedure 
follows definite rules. Method of Busk, Flower, 
or Tiedemann: the skull is filled with small, 
rounded seeds, beads, shot, or other substance, 
and the contents are then measured. The fill- 
ing or the measuring (or both) is aided by cer- 
tain manipulations (tilting, tapping, etc.). 
Method of Schmidt or Matthews. See Broca 's 
method above. Welcker's method: the mode of 
filling the skull, so long as efficient and uniform, 
is immaterial; all that is required is that each 
worker should, with the aid of a standard skull, 
find the exact size of the funnel necessary to 
give him, in measuring, the correct result with 
his particular method and substance used for 
the filling of the skull. S.-cap. 1. The 
top of the skull. 2. See Scutellaria. 

Skunk- cabbage. Dracontium fcetidum, the 
rhizome of which is stimulant, antispas- 
modic, and narcotic, and has been used in 
asthma, rheumatism, hysteria, and dropsy. 

Slabber (slob'-ur). See Slaver. 

Slag-wool. Mineral wool. 

Slake (slak) [AS., sleccan, to quench; extinguish]. 
1. To quench or appease. 2. To disintegrate 
by the action of water. 

Slaver (slav'-er) [ME.]. Drivel; saliva, espe- 
cially such as is discharged involuntarily. 

Sleep. The periodic state of rest in which vol- 
untary consciousness and activity cease. S.- 
epilepsy. See Narcolepsy. S., Hypnotic, 
S., Magnetic, S., Mesmeric. See Hypnot- 
ism. S.-walking. See Somnambulance. 

Sleeping-sickness. See African Lethargy. 

Slender Column. See Funiculus gracilis. S. 
Lobe of Cerebellum, a small lobe in the in- 
ferior surface of the cerebellum. 

Slide (slid). A small, rectangular plate of glass 
upon which objects intended for examination 
with the microscope are placed. 

Sling. A swinging bandage for supporting an 
arm or other part. 

Slough (sluf) [ME., slouh, the skin of a snake]. 
A mass of soft tissues destroyed by gangrene. 

Sloughing (sluf'-ing) [slough]. Pertaining to 
or characterized by sloughs. 

Smallpox. See Variola. 

Smegma (smeg'-mah) [a/irjyfia, a cleansing sub- 
stance]. Sebum. S., Prepuce, S. praeputii, 
or simply smegma, the substance secreted by 
the sebaceous glands of the prepuce. 

Smell. 1. The perception of odor. 2. Odor. 

Smelling-salts. A name applied to various 
preparations of ammonium carbonate scented 
with aromatic substances. 

Smesches (sme'-chez). Puffs of arsenic trioxid 
gas which occasionally escape from the doors 
of the calcining furnaces in Cornish arsenic 
works, and which give rise to pulmonary irrita- 
tion among the workmen. 

Smilacin (smi f -las-in) [smilax]. 1. The 



precipitate from a tincture of the root of sar- 
.saparilla, Smilax officinalis, alterant, detergent, 
diaphoretic, and stimulant. Dose 2-5 gr. 
(0.13-0.32 Gm.). 2. C 40 H 70 O 8 (Fliickiger) or 
Ci 6 H 3q 6 (Poggiale) or C 15 H ?0 O5 (Peterson). 
Folchi's name for a saponin-like glucosid 
found by Palotta, in 1824, in sarsaparilla-root 
(various species of Smilax), and named by 
him pariglin. It forms a yellowish- white pow- 
der, soluble in water and alcohol; alterative, 
expectorant* and emetic, and used in syphilis 
and colds. Dose 1-3 gr. (0.065-0.2 Gm.). 
Syn., Parillin (Batha); Salseparin (Thubeuf). 

Smilax (smi'-laks). See Sarsaparilla. 

Smile (smil) [ME., smif]. A joyful expression. 
S., Levator, S., Nasal, W. R. Gowers' name 
for a peculiarity of expression in some pa- 
tients affected with myasthenia, consisting in 
absence of normal movement at the corners of 
the mouth. 

Smith's Cramp. An occupation-neurosis oc- 
curring in smiths, and characterized by pain- 
ful cramps in the arm or hand. 

Smith's Dislocation of the Foot. See under 
Dislocation. S.'s Fracture, transverse frac- 
ture about 5 cm. above the lower extremity 
of the radius. S.'s Reaction for Bile-pig- 
ments, pour tincture of iodin carefully over 
the liquid to be tested. A green ring appears 
between the two liquids. 

Smith's (Eustace) Disease. Mucous colitis. 

Sn. Symbol for tin [L., stannum]. 

Snaggle-teeth (snag f -l). Irregular and oblique 
dentition. 

Snakeroot. See Cimicifuga, Senega, and Ser- 
pentaria. 

Snare [AS., snear, a cord]. A loop of wire or 
other material used in removing projecting 
growths. 

Sneeze (snez) [AS., fneosan, to sneeze]. A sud- 
den, noisy, spasmodic expiration through the 
nose. 

Sneezing. The act of expelling air violently 
through the nose. S. , Pregnancy, spasmodic 
fits of sneezing from hyperemia of the nasal 
mucosa, following a circulatory disturbance 
due to pregnancy. 

Snell's Laws. The two laws which govern 
single refraction: (1) The sine of the incident 
angle bears a fixed ratio to the sine of the 
angle of refraction for the same two mediums, 
the ratio varying with different mediums. (2) 
The incident and the refracted ray are in the 
same plane, which is perpendicular to the sur- 
face separating the two mediums. 

Snellen's Types. See Test-types. 

Snore, Snoring [ME., snoren, to snore]. 1. To 
breathe through the nose in such manner as to 
cause a vibration of the soft palate, thereby pro- 
ducing a rough, audible sound. 2. The sound 
so produced. 

Snow-blindness. See Blindness, Snow-. 

Snuffles. Coryza, especially of infants, which is 
frequently due to inherited syphilis. 

Soap [sapo, soap]. A chemic compound made 
by the union of certain fatty acids with an alkali 
or other metal. According to the alkali used, 



SOB 



892 



SODIUM 



the soap formed is a potash-soap, soda-soap, 
ammonia-soap, lead-soap, lime-soap, etc. S.- 
bark. See Quillaia. S., Castile, soap made 
from olive-oil. S., Gray, soap to which mer- 
cury and benzoinated fat are added. Syn., 
Sapo cinereus. S., Green {sapo -mollis, U. S. 
P.), soft soap, made from linseed-oil and pot- 
ash. The sapo mollis of the B. P. is made from 
olive-oil and potash. Syn., Potash-soap. S., 
Green, Tincture of {linimentum saponis mol- 
lis, U. S. P., B. P.), liniment of soft soap, used 
as an anodyne. S.,Hard. See S., Soda-. S. 
Liniment {linimentum saponis, U. S. P., B. P.), 
liquid opodeldoc, used as a sedative liniment 
in rheumatic affections and sprains. S. 
Plaster {emplastrum saponis, U. S. P., B. P.), 
used as a local sedative. S., Potash-. See 
S., Green. S., Soda- {sapo, U. S. P.; sapo 
durus, B. P.), hard soap, made from sodium 
hydroxid and olive-oil. It enters into the com- 
position of various pills, and from it are also 
prepared soap plaster and soap liniment. S., 
Soft. See S., Green. S., Spanish, castile soap. 
Sob. A convulsive inspiration due to contrac- 
tion of the diaphragm and spasmodic closure 
of the glottis. 
Socaloin {so-kal'-o-in), C 15 H 16 7 . Aloin ob- 
tained from Socotrine aloes. 
Socia parotidis {so f -se-ah par -of -id-is). A 

small separate lobe of the parotid gland. 
Sock (sok) [ME., socke]. i. A short-legged 
stocking. 2. An insole. S. Instep Arch, 
a device to be worn inside the boot in cases of 
flat-foot. S.s, Neapolitan, socks containing 
mercurial ointment, which are to be worn con- 
tinuously for the purposes of inunction. 
Socket {sok'-et) [ME., soket]. The concavity 

into_ which a movable part is inserted. 
Socordia {so-kor' -de-ah) [socors, silly]. Hal- 
lucination. 
Soda {so'-dah) [Ital., from L., solidus, solid], i. 
Sodium oxid, Na 2 0. 2. Sodium carbonate or 
sodium bicarbonate. See Sodium. S., Bak- 
ing-, sodium bicarbonate. S., Caustic, so- 
dium hydroxid. S.-soap. See Soap, Soda-. 
S., Washing, sodium carbonate. S.-water, 
water impregnated with carbon dioxid. 
Sodic {so'-dik) [soda]. Derived from or con- 
taining soda. 
Sodium {so'-de-um) [soda]. A metallic element 
of the alkaline group of metals, melting at 
95. 6° C, and having a specific gravity of 0.97, 
an atomic weight of 22.88, and a valence of one. 
Symbol Na, from the Latin natrium. Sodium 
occurs widely distributed in nature, and forms 
an important constituent of animal tissues. It 
has a strong affinity for oxygen and other non- 
metallic elements. It is also a constituent of 
many medicinal preparations. S.-acetanilid 
Sulfonate, a white, crystalline mass, readily 
soluble in water, used as a substitute for anti- 
pyrin. S. Acetate {sodii acetas, U. S. P.), 
NaC 2 H 3 2 +3H 2 0, is diuretic. Dose 20 gr.- 
2 dr. (1.3-8.0 Gm.). S. Acid Sulfosalicylate. 
See S. Sulfosalicylate, Acid. S. Anhydro- 
methylene citrate, an antilithemic remedy 
depending for its action upon the liberation of 



formaldehyd in the blood. Syn., Citarin. 
S. Anisate, 2NaC 3 H 7 3 +H 2 0, small color- 
less scales, soluble in water; antipyretic and 
antirheumatic. Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32-1.0 Gm.). 
S. Arsenate {sodii arsenas, U. S. P.), Na 2 HAs- 
O4+ 7-H 2 0, clear, colorless, poisonous prisms, 
with mild alkaline taste, soluble in 4 parts of 
water; alterative, tonic, antiseptic. From it is 
prepared liquor sodii arsenatis (U. S. P.). Dose 
Th~ru~h S r - (0.001-0.003-0.008 Gm.). Anti- 
dotes — emetics, stomach siphon, fresh ferric 
hydrate, dialyzed iron, ferric hydrate and 
magnesia, demulcents, stimulants, warmth. 
S. Arsenate, Exsiccated {sodii arsenas exsic- 
catus, U. S. P.), Na 2 HAs0 4 . Dose 2V g r - 
(0.003 Gm.). S. Arseniate. See S. Arsenate. 
S. Arsenotartrate, a soluble arsenic salt rec- 
ommended as a substitute for potassium arsen- 
ite and arsenic trioxid. S. Aurochlorid, Au- 
Cl 3 NaCl+ 2H 2 0, a golden-yellow powder said 
to contain 30% of gold and freely soluble in 
water, sparingly so in alcohol. It is used in 
syphilis. Dose £-1 gr. (0.01-0.06 Gm.). S. 
Benzoate {sodii benzoas, U. S. P., B. P.), Na- 
C 7 H 5 2 , is used in gout, rheumatism, lithemia, 
influenza, etc. Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Gm.). S.- 
benzoyl-sulfonicimid. See Saccharin. S. 
Biborate. See S. Borate. S. Bicarbonate 
{sodii bicarbonas, U. S. P., B. P.), NaHC0 3 , is 
used as an antacid in dyspepsia, gout, rheu- 
matism, lithemia, and diabetes. Dose 10 gr.- 
1 dr. (0.65-4.0 Gm.). S. Biiodosalicylate. 
See S. Diiodo salicylate. S. Bismuth Citro- 
pyroborate, lustrous leaflets, soluble in water, 
insoluble in alcohol; used in gastralgia. S. 
Bisulfate, NaHS0 4 +H L 0; it is used as a 
means of rendering water infected by typhoid 
bacilli drinkable and harmless for troops in the 
field. S. Bisulfite {sodii bisulphis, U. S. P.), 
NaHS0 3 +H 2 0, opaque prisms or granular 
powder of disagreeable taste, soluble in 4 parts 
of water, 72 parts of alcohol, or 2 parts of boil- 
ing water. It is antipyretic and antiseptic, used 
in gastric fermentation and as a parasiticide in 
skin diseases. Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). 
Syn., Leucogen. S. Biurate, the deposit of 
this salt in or upon the tissues of the joints is 
held to be the etiologic factor in arthritic man- 
ifestations of gout. S. Borate {sodii boras, 
U. S. P., B. P.), borax, Na 2 B 4 7 .ioH 2 0, is 
used in dysmenorrhea, in uric-acid diathesis, 
in stomatitis, and as an antiseptic. In over- 
doses it is a depressant poison. See Boron. S. 
Borobenzoate, a compound of borax, 3 parts, 
and sodium benzoate, 4 parts, dissolved in 
water and evaporated. S. Borosalicylate, a 
hard mass obtained by triturating 32 parts of 
sodium salicylate and 25 parts of boric acid 
with a little water; it is a soluble antiseptic. 
Syn., Bor salicylate; Borsalyl; Borosalicyl. S. 
Borosulfate, S0 2 .OBO. Na, odorless, vitre- 
ous masses of faint, harsh, acidulous taste, 
soluble in 5 parts of water. It is an internal 
and external antiseptic. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.3- 
0.6 Gm.) 5 or 6 times daily, in water. Ap- 
plication, 1 to 2% solution. Syn., Borol. S. 
Bromid {sodii bromidum, U. S. P., B. P.),Na- 



SODIUM 



893 



SODIUM 



Br, is used like the other bromids. Dose \-2 
dr. (2-8 Gm.). S. Cacodylate, S. Methylar- 
senate. See Arrhenal and Neoarsycodil. S. 
Caffein Sulfate, S. Caffein Sulfonate, S. 
and Caffein Sulfonate, C 8 H 9 N 4 2 .S0 3 Na, 
soluble in 50 parts of water, in 7 parts of boiling 
water; used as a diuretic in obesity and dropsy. 
Syn., Symphorol-sodium; Symphorol N. S. 
Cantharidinate, a compound of cantharidin, 
0.2 Gm., and sodium hydroxid, 0.3 Gm., dis- 
solved in 20 Cc. of water with heat; the solu- 
tion is made up to 1000 Cc. It is used sub- 
cutaneously in tuberculosis of the throat. Dose 
8 gr. (0.5 Gm.). S. Carbolate. See 5. P hen- 
ate. S. Carbonate, Na 2 C0 3 .ioH 2 0, is used as 
an antacid, and locally in diseases of the skin 
and in superficial burns. Dose 10 gr.-4 dr. 
(0.65-2.0 Gm.). Dried sodium carbonate is 
used like the carbonate. Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32- 
1.0 Gm.). Unof. S. Carbonate, Monohy- 
drated (sodii carbonas monohydratus, U. S. P.), 
Na 2 C0 3 +H 2 0. Dose 4 gr. (0.25 Gm.). S. 
Cetrarate, Na 2 C 18 H H 8 , a microacicular pow- 
der, soluble in water and used as a tonic. 
Dose 2-15 gr. (0.13-1.0 Gm.). S. Chlorate 
(sodii chloras, U. S. P.), NaC10 3 , has medicinal 
properties similar to those of potassium chlo- 
rate, but is more soluble. Dose 5-15 gr. 
(0.32-1.0 Gm.). S. Chlorid (sodii chloridum, 
U. S. P., B. P.), NaCl, common salt, is a con- 
stituent of animal fluids and tissues and of 
food. In medicine it is used as a stomachic; 
in hemoptysis; as an application to sprains and 
bruises; as a tonic and stimulant in the form 
of salt-water baths; as a cathartic; and in the 
form of a 0.6-0.75 % solution to replace the 
loss of fluids from hemorrhage or profuse 
diarrhea, being used as an intravenous, subcu- 
taneous, or rectal injection. S. Chlorobor- 
ate, a combination of boric acid, borax, 
sodium chlorid, and sodium sulfate used as 
an antiseptic in typhoid, etc. S. Choleate, 
dried purified oxgall, a yellow powder, soluble 
in water, and used as a tonic and laxative in 
chronic constipation. Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32— 
0.65 Gm.). S. Cinnamate, NaC 9 H 7 2 , a 
white powder, soluble in water; used intraven- 
ously in tuberculosis. Dose x^-y gr. (0.005- 
0.009 Gm.) thrice weekly. Syn., Hetol. S. Ci- 
trate (sodii citras, U. S. P.), 2Na 3 C 6 H 5 7 + 
nH 2 0. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). S. Citrate, 
Neutral, 2Na 3 C 6 H 6 7 +nH 2 0, white crys- 
tals, soluble in water; used as a purgative in 
diseases of genitourinary origin, fever, etc. 
Dose 10-60 gr. (0.65-4.0 Gm.). S. Citro- 
benzoate, a white, bulky powder, soluble in 
water; diuretic, antiseptic, and antilithic. S. 
Citrophosphate. See Melachol. S. Citro- 
tartrate (sodii citrotartras efjervescens, B. P.), 
is refrigerant and laxative. Dose 1-2 dr. 
(4-8 Gm.). S. Copaivate, NaC^H^O,, a yel- 
low, powdery mass, soluble in water, used as 
antiseptic and diuretic. Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65- 
2.0 Gm.). S. Corallinate. See S. Rosolate. 
S. Cresylate, used as in cresol. S.-diiodo- 
paraphenol Sulfonate. See S. Sozoiodolate. 
S. Diiodosalicylate 2NaC 7 H 3 I 2 3 +5H 2 0, 



white needles or leaflets, soluble in 50 parts of 
water at 20 C. It is analgesic and antiseptic 
and used externally on parasitic and syphilitic 
sores. S. Dioxid, Na 2 2 , a white powder, 
soluble in water, used as a bleaching agent and 
disinfectant in dentistry. Syn., Sodium peroxid. 
S. Dithionate. See S. Thiosulfate. S. a-Di- 
thiosalicylate, Na 2 C 14 H 8 O b S 2 , a yellowish 
powder, soluble in water, used in foot-and- 
mouth disease. S. /?-Dithiosalicylate,Na 2 C 14 - 
H 8 6 S 2 , a grayish powder, more soluble in water 
than the alpha salt. It is used internally in 
rheumatism, gonorrhea, etc. Dose 1-10 gr. 
(0.065-0.65 Gm.). Wash in foot-and-mouth 
disease 2.5 to 5 % solution. S.-ethoxy- 
phenyl Succinamid. See S. Pheno succinate. 
S. Ethylate, NaOC 2 H 5 , is used as a caustic. S. 
Ethylsulfate, NaC 2 H 5 S0 4 +H 2 0, flat, aro- 
matic crystals, soluble in water or alcohol; used 
in constipation. Dose 60-300 gr. (4-20 Gm.). 
S. Fluorid, NaF, shining crystals, soluble in 
water, used internally in malaria, epilepsy, etc. 
Dose T2~i gr. (0.005-0.01 Gm.) in solution 
with sodium bicarbonate; externally as an 
antiseptic dressing for wounds. Syn., Fluor ol. 
S. Fluosilicate. See S. Silicofluorid. 
S. Glycerinoborate, S. Glyceroborate, 
glycerite of borax obtained by heating 40 parts 
of borax with 60 parts of glycerol and forming 
a translucent, brittle mass, soluble in water or 
alcohol; antiseptic. S. Glycerinophosphate, 
S. Glycerophosphate, Na 2 P0 4 C 3 H 5 (OH) 2 
-|-H 2 0, soluble in water; used in neurasthenia, 
Addison's disease, phosphaturia, etc. In- 
jections, 3-4 gr. (0.2-0.26 Gm.) daily in solu- 
tion of sodium chlorid. S. Glycholate, NaC 26 - 
H 42 N0 6 , a white powder, soluble in water or 
alcohol; used in chronic constipation and 
tuberculosis, and as a remedy for gall-stones. 
Dose 5 gr. (0.32 Gm.) thrice daily. S.-guaia- 
col Carbonate, a white powder, soluble in 
water, similar to but milder than sodium sal- 
icylate in action. S. Gynocardate, NaC 14 - 
H 23 2 , a yellow-white powder, soluble in water 
and alcohol; an antiseptic and alterative, used 
in leprosy. Dose 5-15 gr. (0.32-1.0 Gm.) 
twice daily in capsules containing 3 grains each. 
S. Hippurate, NaC 9 H 8 N0 3 , a white powder, 
soluble in boiling water; a solvent for uric acid. 
S. Hydrate. See 5. Hydroxid. S. Hy- 
droxid (sodii hydroxidum, U. S. P.; soda 
caustica, B. P.), NaOH, is an extremely 
corrosive substance, occurring in the form 
of white pencils; it is used as a caustic 
and as an antacid, like the bicarbonate. From 
it is prepared liquor sodii hydroxidi (U. S. P.). 
Dose 5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). S Hypochlo- 
rite, NaOCl, is a constituent of liquor soda 
chlorinates (U. S. P., B. P.), Labarraque's so- 
lution. S. Hypophosphite (sodii hypophos- 
phis, U. S. P., B. P.), NaPH 2 2 H 2 0, is used 
like the other hypophosphites in pulmonary 
tuberculosis, scrofula, rickets, etc. Dose 10- 
30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). S. Hyposulfite. See 
S. Thiosulfate. S. Ichthyol, S. Ichthyol- 
sulfonate, a dark-brown mass prepared by 
neutralizing ichthyol-sulfonic acid with an 



SODIUM 



894 



SODIUM 



aqueous solution of sodium hydroxid. S. 
Indigosulfate, indigo-carmin. S. Iodid (so- 
dii iodidum, U. S. P., B. P.), Nal, is used like 
potassium iodid. S. Kussinate, NaC 31 H 27 - 
O 10 , an intensely bitter, yellowish, amorphous 
mass, soluble in hot water and alcohol; used 
as a vermifuge. S. Lactate, NaC 3 H 5 3 , a 
thick syrup used as a hypnotic. Dose 2-4 dr. 
(8-16 Gm.) in sweetened water. S. and 
Magnesium Borocitrate, a white antiseptic 
powder used in lithiasis. Dose 5-30 gr. (0.32- 
2.0 Gm.). S. Mercurophenyl Disulfonate. 
See Hermophenol. S. Metavanadate, an 
alterative and succedaneum for arsenic. Dose 
-L-J gr. (0.001-0.008 Gm.). S.-methoxysal- 
icylate. See S.-guaiacol Carbonate. S. 
Methylarsenite. See Neoarsycodil. Cf. 
Arrhenal. S. /?-Naphtholate, S.-betanaph- 
thol, S.-naphthol, microcidin. S. Nitrate 
(sodii nitras, U. S. P., B. P.), NaN0 3 , has been 
used in dysentery. Dose ^-1 oz. (16-32 Cc). 
S. Nitrite {sodii nitris, U. S. P., B. P.), NaN- 
2 , colorless crystals, soluble in water, 
used as a diuretic and antispasmodic like 
the other nitrites, but its effects are more 
slowly produced and more permanent. 
Dose \-2 gr. (0.032-0.13 Gm.). Rec- 
ommended for lowering blood-pressure in 
doses of 2-3 gr. (0.13-0.2 Gm.) every 
2 to 4 hours. See Nitrite. S. Nitroprussid, 
Na 2 F 2 (CN) 5 N0, is used as a reagent. S. 
Nucleinate, a white powder, soluble in 
water, used in puerperal affections and 
pneumonia and in diagnosing, tuber- 
culosis. Dose 30-46 gr. (2-3 Gm.). S. 
Oleate, a compound of NaC l8 H 33 2 , with 
excess of oleic acid, a yellowish mass, 
soluble in water. Syn., Eunatrol. S. Ortho- 
dinitrocresylate. See Antinonnin. S. 
Orthophosphate. See S. Phosphate. S. 
Ossalinate, a substitute for cod-liver oil; the 
sodium compound of the acid of ox-marrow. 
S. a-Oxynaphtholate, C 10 H 6 (OH). COONa, 
a white, odorless powder, antiseptic and anti- 
thermic in action. S. Paracresotate, NaC 8 H 7 - 
3 Na, a fine, microcrystalline, bitter powder, 
soluble in 24 parts of warm water, used as an 
antipyretic and antiseptic. Dose 1-20 gr. 
(0.065-1.3 Gm.). S. Parafluorobenzoate, 
is used in tuberculous processes. Dose 8 gr. 
(0.5 Gm.) 3 times daily. S. Peroxid. See 
S. Dioxid. S. Persulfate, Na 2 S 2 5 , a bac- 
teripide and vulnerary, used in 3 to 10 % solu- 
tion. It is also used as an aperient, 30 gr. (2 
Gm.) in 10 oz. (295 Cc.) of water, 1 tablespoon- 
ful daily before the principal meals. Syn., 
Persodine. S.-phenacetinsulfonate, a soluble 
succedaneum for acetphenetidin. S.Phenate, 
NaC 6 H 5 0, white crystals, soluble in water, 
used as an antiseptic. Dose 2-10 gr. (0.13- 
0.65 Gm.). S.-phenolphthaleinate. See 
S. Phenol sulfonate. S. Phenolsulfonate 
{sodii phenolsulphonas, U. S. P.), NaC 6 H 5 4 S 
+ 2H 2 0, is used locally as an antiseptic and 
internally as an antiseptic in intestinal fer- 
mentation. • Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). 
S.-phenolsulforicinate, synthetic phenol, 



20%, and sodium sulforicinate, 80%; used 
in 20 % aqueous solution in skin diseases and 
in painting false diphtheric membranes, etc. 
S. Phenosuccinate, the sodium salt of 
phenosuccin, a white powder, soluble in 
water. It is antipyretic and antineuralgic. 
Dose 7^-16 gr. (0.5-1.0 Gm.). S. Phos- 
phate (sodii phosphas, U. S. P., B. P.), 
disodium orthophosphate, Na 2 HP0 4 +i2H 2 0, 
occurs in colorless, translucent, monoclinic 
prisms, of a saline taste. It is soluble 
in boiling water and melts at 35 C. It 
is a mild cathartic and antilithic. Dose 
5-40 gr. (0.32-2.6 Gm.). S. Phosphate, 
Effervescing (sodii phosphas effervescens, 
U. S. P., B. P.), is used like the phosphate. 
Dose 2-4 dr. (8-16 Gm.). S. Phosphate, 
Exsiccated (sodii phosphas exsiccatus, U. 
S. P.). Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). S. Polyborate. 
See S. Tetraborate. S. and Potassium Tar- 
trate, rochelle salt. See Potassium and 
Sodium Tartrate. S. Pyrophosphate (sodii 
pyrophosphas, U. S. P.), Na 4 P 2 7 +ioH 2 0, 
is used for preparing ferric pyrophosphate; 
soluble in boiling water; used in lithiasis. 
Dose 2-20 gr. (0.13-1.3 Gm.). S.-rosanilin- 
sulfonate, Na 3 C 20 H 15 NO 10 S 3 , crystals with 
green luster obtained from fuchsin by 
action of fuming sulfuric acid. Syn., 
Acid fuchsin; Fuchsin-sodium; Magenta; 
Rubin. S. Rosolate, NaC 20 H 15 O 3 , red masses 
with green luster used as a dye. Syn., Sodium 
corallinate. S. Saccharinate, the sodium 
salt of soluble saccharin; a white, crystalline 
powder containing 90 % of saccharin, soluble 
in water and having a sweetening capacity 450 
times greater than cane-sugar. It is recom- 
mended as a valuable intestinal antiseptic. 
Dose 1 gr. (0.065 Gm.) once or twice daily. 
Syn., Crystallose. S. Salicylate (sodii salicy- 
las, U. S. P., B. P.), NaC 7 H 5 3 , has the prop- 
erties and uses of salicylic acid. It occurs in 
shining white scales, soluble in 0.9 part of 
water or 6 parts of alcohol. It is antiseptic, 
antirheumatic, and antipyretic. Dose 2-30 
gr. (0.13-2.0 Gm.); maximum dose 60 gr. 
(4 Gm.) single. S. Santoninate, 2NaC 15 H l9 4 
+ 7H 2 0, bitter acicular crystals in stellate 
groups, soluble in 3 parts of water, 12 parts of 
alcohol, 0.5 of boiling water, 3.4 of boiling al- 
cohol. It is given for intestinal worms. Dose 
for adults J— 1 gr. (0.016-0.065 Gm.). S. 
Silicate, Na 2 SiO s , whitish crystals occurring 
in flat pieces, used in preparing liquor sodii 
silicatis, which is employed as a surgical dress- 
ing. Unof. Syn., Soluble glass. S. Sil- 
icofluorid, Na 2 SiF 6 , white crystals or granular 
powder soluble in 200 parts of water. It is 
used as a styptic, antiseptic, and germicide in 
aqueous solution of 2:1000. Its solution is 
known as salufer. S. Sozoiodolate, NaOC 6 - 
H 3 I 2 OHS0 3 -f- 2H 2 0, long crystals, soluble in 14 
parts of water, alcohol, or 20 parts of glycerol. 
It is alterative and antiseptic. Dose 5-30 gr. 
(0.32-2.0 Gm.) daily. In whooping-cough 3 
gr. (0.2 Gm.) blown into the nose. Externally 
in skin diseases, syphilis, etc., ointment 10%, 



SODIUM 



895 



SOLANUM 



or i % aqueous solution. S. Stearate, S. 
Stearinate, NaC l8 H 35 2 , soapy, acicular crys- 
tals or scales, soluble in water; it is used in 
treatment of parasitic skin diseases. S. Suc- 
cinate, Na 2 C 4 H 4 4 +6H 2 0, white crystals, 
freely soluble in water, recommended in catar- 
rhal icterus. Dose 45 gr. (3 Gm.) daily. S. 
Sulfanilate, C 6 H 4 NH 2 S0 2 ONa. 2 H 2 0, white 
plates, soluble in water, recommended in cor- 
yza. S. Sulfantimonate, Na 3 SbS 4 +oH 2 0, 
large yellow or colorless crystals with alkaline 
reaction, soluble in water. Syn., Schlippe's 
salt. S. Sulfate (sodii sulphas, U. S. P., B. 
P.), Na 2 S O f 1 oH 2 0, Glauber's salt, isahydra- 
gog cathartic and diuretic. Dose |-i oz. (16- 
32 Gm.). S. Sulfate, Effervescing (sodii 
sulphas effervescens, B. P.), is used for the 
same purposes as the sulfate. Dose 2-4 
dr. (8-16 Gm.). S. Sulfite (sodii sulphis, 
U. S. P., B. P.), Na 2 S0 3 +7H 2 0, is used asis 
sodium thiosulfate. S. Sulfite Benzoate, a 
white powder, soluble in water; it is used as a 
wound antiseptic in the form of a dusting- 
powder. S. Sulfocaffeate, bitter crystals, 
slightly soluble in water; a nontoxic, nonir- 
ritating, powerful diuretic. Dose 15 gr. (1 
Gm.) in capsules. Syn., Nasrol; Symphorol. 
S. Sulfocarbolate. See S. Phenolsulfonate. 
S. Sulforicinate, a compound of sulforicinic 
acid and sodium hydroxid. A brown, syrupy 
liquid, soluble in alcohol and water; used as a 
solvent for iodin, iodoform, etc. Syn., Poly- 
solve; Solvin. S. Sulforicinate, Phenolized. 
See S.-phenolsulforicinate. S. Sulfosal- 
icylate, Acid, NaC 7 H 5 3 S0 3 , white, crystal- 
line powder, soluble in water, used as an 
antiseptic and antipyretic. Dose 10-30 gr. 
(0.65-2.0 Gm.). S. Sulfovinate. See S. 
Ethylsulfate. S. Sulfurosobenzoate, a clear, 
colorless liquid, said to be a harmless antiseptic 
forwounds. S. Tartrate, Na 2 C 4 H 4 3 +2H 2 0, 
white needles or prisms, soluble in water. 
Cathartic and diuretic. Used as an antacid 
and refrigerant in fevers. Dose 4-8 dr. (15- 
30 Gm.) once a day. S. Taurocholate, Na- 
C 26 H 44 NSO, a white powder, obtained from 
bile of herbivora, soluble in water or alcohol. 
It is used in deficient biliary secretion. Dose 
2-6 gr. (0.13-0.4 Gm.). S. Tellurate, NaTe- 
4 +5H 2 0, a white powder, soluble in water. 
Used as an antipyretic, antiseptic, and anti- 
hidrotic. Dose ^-f gr. (0.016-0.05 Gm.) in 
elixirs. ■ S. Tetraborate, a compound of equal 
parts of boric acid and sodium biborate, form- 
ing an unctuous, insipid powder, neither toxic 
nor caustic. It is used in conjunctivitis and 
keratitis. Syn., Antipyohin. S. Thioantimo- 
nate. See S. Sulfantimonate. S. Thiophen- 
ate, C 4 H 3 S.SO s Na, a white powder, slightly 
soluble in water; used on prurigo in 0.5 to 
1% ointment. S. Thiophenesulfonate, 
NaQHgS^Os + HgO, a white, scaly powder, 
containing 33 % of sulfur; used as an antisep- 
tic on prurigo and skin diseases in 5 to 10% 
ointment. S. Thiosulfate (sodii thiosulphas, 
U. S. P., Na 2 S,0 3 +5H 2 0, is used to check 
fermentation, and locally in parasitic diseases 



of the skin and mouth. Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65- 
1.3 Gm.). S. Trichlorocarbolate, S. Tri- 

chloropnenol, C 6 H 2 Cl 3 .ONa, white needles or 
crystalline powder, soluble in hot water; anti- 
septic. S.-tumenol Sulfonate, a compound 
of sodium and sulfotumenolic acid. A dark- 
colored, dry powder, soluble in water. Syn., 
Tumenol. S. Tungstate, Na 2 W0 4 + 2H 2 0, 
colorless, rhombic, bitter crystals, soluble 
in 4 parts of water and 2 parts of boiling water. 
Syn., Sodium wolframite. S. Valerate, S. 
Valerianate (sodii valerianas, B. P.), is used 
as a nervous stimulant. Dose 1-5 gr. (0.065- 
0.32 Gm.). S. Xanthogenate, NaC3Hj,OS 2 , a 
compound obtained by adding a saturated al- 
coholic solution of soda to carbon disulfid. It 
is antiseptic and germicide. 

Sodomy (sod'-om-e) [Sodom, a city of ancient 
Palestine]. Sexual connection by the anus. 

Sodor (so' -dor). The proprietary name for cap- 
sules of liquid carbonic acid for preparation of 
carbonated beverages. 

Soemmering's Bone. The marginal process 
of the malar bone. S.'s Crystalline Swell- 
ing, an annular swelling formed in the lower 
part of the capsule, behind the iris, after ex- 
traction of the crystalline lens. S.'s Fora- 
men. See S.'s Yellow Spot. S.'s Ganglion, 
S.'s Gray Substance, the substantia nigra 
(locus niger) of the cerebral peduncles. S.'s 
Ligament, the suspensory ligament of the lac- 
rimal gland. S.'s Nerve, the long pudendal 
nerve. S.'s Yellow Spot, the macula lutea of 
the retina. 

Soft. Yielding readily to pressure; not hard. 
S. Palate. See Palate. S. Soap. See Soap, 
Green. S. Water, one containing but little 
mineral matter and forming free lather with 
soap. 

Softening (sof'-en-ing). The act of becoming 
soft. S., Gray, an inflammatory softening of 
the brain or cord with a gray discoloration. S., 
Green, a purulent softening of nervous matter. 

Soja-beans, Soy-beans. The edible seeds of 
Glycine soja, a leguminous plant of the East 
Indies. The meal of the soja-beans is used in 
diabetes. They contain a diastatic ferment, 
casein, cholesterin, lecithin, asparagin, leucin, 
cholin, hypoxanthin bases, phenylamidopro- 
. pionic acid, oil (18 %), sugar (12 %). 

Sokra[E. Ind., "without flesh or blood; skele- 
ton ' ']. Vernacular for trypanosomiasis (q. v.). 

Solanin (so'-lan-in) [solanum, the nightshade]. 
An alkaloid found in various species of 
solanum. 

Solanism (so'-lan-izm). Nightshade poisoning 
from ingestion of berries of Solanum dulcamara 
or S. nigrum, or rarely through eating unripe 
potatoes ; due partly to the contained glucosid 
causing vomiting, pain, and diarrhea, partly 
to tropein, marked by symptoms of belladonna 
poisoning. 

Solanum (so-la'-num) [L.]. A genus of the Sol- 
anacecB, including the tomato, potato, bitter- 
sweet, and black nightshade. S. carolinense, 
horse-nettle, is indigenous to the United States; 
a fluidextract from the fresh berries is recon> 



SOLAR GANGLIONS 



896 



SOLUTION 



mended in epilepsy, tetanus, and convulsions 
of pregnancy. Dose 10-30 min. (0.6-1.8 Cc). 
It is also used as an abortifacient. 5. crispum, 
S. gayanum, and S. tomatillo are indigenous 
to Chili and Peru, and are used under the name 
oinatrix in inflammatory fevers, in typhus, etc. 
6 1 . dulcamara, bittersweet, is indigenous to 
Europe and Asia, and contains dulcamarin 
and solanin. An extract from the young 
branches is employed as an alterant and diu- 
retic in dropsy, cutaneous diseases, and rheu- 
matism. Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 Gm.j. S. 
insidiosum and S. paniculatum, jurubeba, are 
species of Brazil, and are alterative and anti- 
blennorrheic. Dose of fluidextract in gonor- 
rhea and syphilis 15-30 min. (0.9-1.8 Cc). 
S. nigrum, nightshade, is found in Europe, 
Asia, and America, is used as a diuretic and 
emetic, and externally as a cataplasm. 5. 
tuberosum is the potato, indigenous to Chili; 
it contains solanin, solanidin, solanein, and a 
small amount of tropein. The tubers contain 
the proteid tuberin. 

Solar Ganglions (so'-lar) [solaris, from sol, the 
sun, so called because of the radiating nerves]. 
See under 5. Plexus. S. Plexus, a plexus con- 
sisting of a network of nerves and ganglions 
(solar ganglions), and situated behind the 
stomach and in front of the aorta and crura 
of the diaphragm. It receives the great 
splanchnic nerves and filaments from the 
right pneumogastric nerve, and supplies 
branches to all the abdominal viscera. 

Solarization (so-lar-i-za' -shun) [sol, the sun]. 
The application of solar or electric light for 
therapeutic purposes. 

Solayres' Obliquity. Lateral obliquity. De- 
scent of the child 's head by its occipitomental 
diameter into the oblique diameter of the 
pelvis. 

Soldani's Solution for Glucose. Fifteen Gm. 
of copper carbonate dissolved in 1400 Cc. of 
water, to which is added 416 Gm. of potassium 
bicarbonate. A reduction of copper suboxid 
is obtained by heating the foregoing solution 
with a glucose solution. 

Sole (sol) [AS.]. The plantar surface of the 
foot. S.-reflex. See Reflex, Plantar. 

Solenoid (so' -len-oid) [aojX-qv, a pipe; eldoc, like- 
ness]. A spiral of conducting wire wound into 
a cylindric shape so that it is almost equivalent 
to a number of equal and parallel circuits ar- 
ranged upon a common axis; in therapeutics 
the name is applied to a large cage used for 
holding the patients in teslaization in such 
manner that they are not in direct communica- 
tion with the current. 

Soleus (so-le'-us). A flat muscle of the calf. 
See under Muscle. 

Solferino (sol-fer-e'-no) [an Italian city, the 
scene of a battle]. A synonym of Fuchsin. 

Solicictus (so-lis-ik r -tus). Synonym of Heat- 
stroke. 

Solid (sol'-id) [solidus, solid]. 1. Firm; dense; 
not fluid or gaseous. 2. Not hollow. 3. A 
firm body; a body the molecules of which are 
in a condition of strong mutual attraction. 



Solidism (sol' -id-izm) [solid]. The theory that 
diseases depend upon alterations in the solids 
of the body. 

Solitary (sol' -it-a-re) [solitarius, solitary]. Single; 
existing separately; not collected together. 
S. Bundle, a strand of nerve -fibers in the 
medulla. S. Follicles, S. Glands, minute 
lymphatic nodules in the mucous membrane 
of the intestine. 

Sollunar (sol-lu' -nar) [sol, sun; luna, moon]. 
Influenced by or relating to the sun and the 
moon. 

Solly's Arciform Band. See Rolando's Arci- 
form Fibers. 

Solphinol (sol'-fe-nol). A mixture of borax, 
boric acid, and sulfurous alkalis; a white, 
crystalline, odorless powder, soluble in 10 parts 
of water or in 20 parts of glycerol. It is used 
as an antiseptic. 

Solpugidae (sol-pu' -je-de) [solpuga, a venomous 
spider]. A group of spider-like arachnids hav- 
ing closer relationship to the scorpions than to 
the true spiders. Their bite is poisonous. 

Solubility (sol-u-bil' -it-e) [solubilis, from solvere, 
to dissolve]. The state of being soluble. 

Soluble (sol'-u-bl) [solubilis]. Capable of being 
dissolved. 

Solutio (so-lu'-she-o). See Solution. 

Solution (so -lu' -shun) [solutio, from solvere, 
to loosen]. 1. A separation or break, as 
solution of continuity. 2. The process of 
dissolving a solid or of being dissolved. 
3. A liquid in which a substance has been 
dissolved. S., Burrow's, one consisting 
of alum, 5 parts; lead acetate, 25 parts; 
in 500 parts of water; used to wash old 
ulcers. S., Colloidal, one obtained by dip- 
ping bars of metal into pure water and pass- 
ing a heavy electric current from one bar to 
the other through the water. The metal 
under these conditions is torn off in a state of 
such fine division that it remains suspended in 
the water in the form of a solution. Syn., 
Pseudo solution. S. of Cresol, Compound 
{liquor cresolis compositus, U. S. P.), cresol, 500 
Gm.; linseed-oil, 350 Gm.; potassium hy- 
droxid, 80 Gm.; water, to make 1000 Gm. 
S., Dobell's, one containing 2 dr. of borax, 
1 of sodium bicarbonate, 45 gr. phenol, 
1 oz. glycerol, and water to make one pint. 
S., Donovan's. See Arsenic I odid, Solution 
of Mercuric and of. S., Fowler's. See Fow- 
ler's Solution. S., Gowers', for use with the 
hemoglobin ometer : sodium sulfate, 104 gr.; 
acetic acid, 1 dr.; distilled water, 4 oz. 
S. Grammolecular, one in which each liter 
contains the weight of one atom or molecule 
of the active chemical expressed in grams. 
S., Harris' (Thos.), for the preservation 
of organic urinary sediments: potassium 
acetate, 60 Gm. ; chloroform, 10 Cc. ; distilled 
water, 1000 Cc. S.,Hayem's. See Hayem's 
Solution. S.,Herard's, sodium chlorate, 0.5 
Gm.; potassium chlorid, 0.25 Gm.; sodium 
phosphate, 1.25 Gm.; sodium chlorid, 4.5 
Gm. ; distilled water, 1000 Cc. S.s, Iso- 
tonic, such as are equal in osmotic pressure, 



SOLUTOL 



897 



SOMITE 



S.,Keyes', for use with the hemoglobinom- 
eter: "Take urine slightly phosphatic, easily 
obtainable after a meal, about 1020 sp. gr., 
and make of it a saturated solution with borax. 
Clouds of earthy phosphates are thrown down. 
Filtration yields a clear alkaline fluid of sp. 
gr. about 1030. One-half of water added 
will reduce the specific gravity to 1020 and 
the fluid is ready for use." S.,Labarraque's. 
See Labarraque's Solution. Solutio lithan- 
tracis acetonica, a solution of coal-tar 10 
parts, in benzol 20 parts, and acetone 77 
parts. It is employed in skin diseases. S., 
Loffler's, menthol, 10 Gm.; toluene, suf- 
ficient to make 36 Cc; creolin, 2 Cc; ferric 
chlorid solution, 4 Cc; alcohol, sufficient to 
make 100 Cc. S., MandPs, a gargle con- 
sisting of iodin, 6 gr.; potassium iodid, 20 gr.; 
glycerol, 6 dr.; water, 2 dr. S., Monsel's. 
See Monsel's Solution. S., Normal. See 
Normal Solution. S., Normal Saline. See 
Saline Solution. S., Potain's, for use with 
the hemoglobinometer: a mixture of a solution 
of gum acacia, sp. gr. 1020, 1 volume; equal 
parts of sodium sulfate and sodium chlorid in 
solution of sp. gr. 1020, 3 volumes. S., Potas- 
sium Silicate, a colorless, slightly turbid, 
syrupy liquid with alkaline reaction, consisting 
of 10 % of potassium silicate in water, K 2 Si0 3 - 
H 2 0. Solutio retinae, detachment of the 
retina. S., Saturated. See Saturated (1). 
S., Sherrington's, for use with the hemo- 
cytometer: methylene-blue, 0.1 Gm.; sodium 
chlorid, 1.2 Gm.; neutral potassium oxalate, 
1.2 Gm. ; distilled water, 300 Cc. S., Test-, 
a standard solution. S., Thiersch's, a valu- 
able antiseptic wash for the nose, throat, or 
stomach, consisting of salicylic acid, 2 parts; 
boric acid, 12 parts; water, 1000 parts. S., 
Toisson's, for use with the hemocytometer: 
methyl-violet, 5 B, 0.025 Gm.; sodium 
chlorid, 1 Gm. ; sodium sulfate, 8 Gm. ; neutral 
glycerol, 30 Cc. ; distilled water, 160 Cc. S., 
Topfer's, a solution of dimethylamidoazo- 
benzol. S., Trunecek's. See Serum, Trune- 
cek's. S.s, Van't Hoff's Theory of, "The 
osmotic pressure of a substance in solution is 
the same as the gas pressure which would be 

f observed if the substance alone, in gaseous 
state, occupied the volume of the solution at the 
same temperature." S., Water-glass. See 
5., Potassium Silicate. (For solutions not de- 
fined here see the qualifying word.) 

Solutol {sol-u'-tol) [solution]. An alkaline solu- 
tion of cresol in sbdium cresylate, used as a 
disinfectant. 

Solvent {sol' -vent) [solvere, to dissolve]. 1. 
Capable of dissolving. 2. A liquid capable of 
dissolving. 

Solveol (sol'-ve-ol). A neutral solution of 
cresol in sodium cresylate, used as a disin- 
fectant. 

Solvine {soV-vin). One of a series of liquids ob- 
tained from certain oils by the action of con- 
centrated sulfuric acid ; it is a powerful solvent, 
and also possesses the property of dissolving 
the red corpuscles. 
58 



Somacule (so'-mak-ul) [dim. of o<Jj\ia, the body]. 
A physiologic unit corresponding to, but 
greatly more complex than, the chemic mole- 
cule. 
Somatic {so-mat'-ik) [ooo/iauKoc, from oojfia, 
body]. 1. Pertaining to the body. 2. Per- 
taining to the framework of the body and not 
to the viscera. 

Somaticovisceral {so-mat-ik-o-vis'-er-al) [aajjia, 
body; viscera]. Relating to the body and the 
viscera. 

Somatochrome {so-mat'-o-krom) [owfia, body; 
%pd)fia, color]. Applied by Nissl to a group of 
nerve-cells possessing a well-defined cell-body 
completely surrounding the nucleus on all 
sides, the protoplasm having a distinct contour. 
This group is divided into arkyochrome, 
stichochrome, arkyostichochrome, and gyro- 
chrome nerve-cells. 

Somatodymia {so-mat-o-dim' -e-ah) [oajpta, body; 
duecv, to enter]. A twin monstrosity in which 
the trunks are united. There are several 
varieties: ischiodymia, union by the hips; 
infraomphalodymia, union in the inferior um- 
bilical region; omphalodymia, union in the 
umbilical region; supraomphalodymia, union 
in the superior umbilical region ; sternodymia, 
by the sternum; sternoomphalodymia, union 
by the sternal and the umbilical regions; ver- 
tebrodymia, union by the vertebras. 

Somatology {so-mat-ol' -o-je) [od>fia, body; Adj-of, 
science]. The study of anatomy and physi- 
ology of organized bodies; biology apart 
from psychology. 

Somatome (so'-mat-om) [oaj/ia, body; roptrj, a 
cutting]. A transverse segment of an organ- 
ized body; a somite. 

Somatopleure (so-maf '-o-plur) [otifia, body; 
rcXeupa, the side]. The body-wall. 

Somatose {so'-mat-oz) [oajpta, body]. A pro- 
prietary albumose food-product. S.,Ferro-, 
S., Iron, a preparation of somatose containing 
2 % of iron. Dose 75-150 gr. (5-10 Gm.) 
daily. S., Milk, a tasteless, inodorous food 
in the form of a powder prepared from milk 
with 5 % of tannic acid; used in chronic dis- 
eases of the digestive tract. Dose for adults 
2 or 3 tablespoon fuls (30-45 Cc.) daily. 

Somatosplanchnopleuric (so-mat-o-splank-no- 
plu'-rik). Relating to the somatopleure and 
the splanchnopleure. 

Somesthetic, Somaesthetic {so-mes-thet'-ik) 
[oajfia, body; a'iodrjocc, sensation]. Pertaining 
to general sensory structures. S. Area, Munk's 
Korperfuhlsphare, the region of the cortex in 
which the axons of the general sensory con- 
duction-path terminate. S. Path, the gen- 
eral sensory conduction-path leading to the 
cortex. 

Somiology (so-mi-ol'-o-je) [owfia, body; Myof, 
science]. A term proposed by Rafinesque, 
1814, as a common name under which to con- 
sider the phenomena of organic nature, now 
covered by the term biology. Syn., Organ- 
ology; Organomy. 

Somite (so'-mit) [ocdpta, body]. 1 . A segment of 
the body of an embryo. 2. One of a series of 



SOMNAL 



898 



SOUL 



segments of the mesoblast on each side of the 
dorsal ridge of the embryo; a protovertebra; 
a protovertebral or mesoblastic somite. 

Somnal {som'-nal) [somnus, sleep]. A crystal- 
line substance, a compound of chloral hydrate 
and urethane. It is diuretic and hypnotic. 
Dose 30- gr. (2 Gm.). 

Somnambulance, Somnambulism {som-nam' - 
bu-lans, som-nam' -bu-lizm) [somnus, sleep; 
ambulare, to walk]. 1. The condition of half- 
sleep, in which the senses are but partially sus- 
pended; also sleep-walking, a condition in 
which the individual walks during sleep. 2. 
The type of hypnotic sleep in which the sub- 
ject is possessed of all his senses, often having 
the appearance of one awake, but whose will 
and consciousness are under the control of the 
hypnotizer. Somnambulism provoque, 
sleep-walking induced by mesmerism, hypno- 
tism, or " electrobiology. ' '. 

Somnambulator, Somnambulist {som-nam' - 
bu-la-tor, som-nam' -bu-list) . One who walks 
• in his sleep. 

Somnial {som'-ne-aV) [somniatio, dreaming]. 
Relating to dreams. 

Somniative, Somniatory {som'-ne-at-iv, som'- 
ne-at-o-re). Relating to dreaming; produc- 
ing dreams. 

Somniculous (som-nik'-u-lus) [somnus, sleep]. 
Drowsy; sleepy. 

Somnifacient {som-ne-fa' -shent) [somnus, sleep; 
facer e, to make]. 1. Producing sleep. 2. A 
medicine producing sleep. 

Somniloquence, Somniloquism, Somnilo- 
quy {som-nil'-o-kwens, som-nil' -o-kwizm, som- 
nil' -o-kwe) [somnus, sleep; loqui, to talk]. The 
act of talking during sleep. 

Somniloquist {som-nil' -o-kwist). One given 
to talking during sleep. 

Somnoform {som' -no-form) . An anesthetic con- 
sisting of ethyl chlorid, 60%; methyl chlorid, 
35 %; ethyl bromid, 5 %. 

Somnol {som'-nol). A synthetic product of 
chloral-urethane with a polyatomic alcohol 
radicle; used as a hypnotic and cerebral 
sedative. Dose 2-4 dr. (7.7-15.5 Cc). 

Somnolentia {som-no-len' -she-ah) [L.]. Sleep- 
drunkenness, a condition of incomplete sleep in 
which a part of the faculties are abnormally 
excited, while the others are in repose. 

Somnolescent {som-no-les'-ent) [somnus, sleep]. 
1. Drowsy. 2. Inducing drowsiness. 

Somnone {som' -non). A proprietary hypnotic 
said to contain opium, lupulin, and lactucar- 
ium. Dose 16-32 min. (1-2 Cc). 

Somnopathist {som-nop' -ath-ist) [somnus, sleep; 
nadoc, disease]. One subject to hypnotic 
trance. 

Symnopathy {som-nop' -ath-e). Hypnotic som- 
nambulism. 

Somnos {som'-nos) [somnus, sleep]. A pro- 
prietary hypnotic formed by the chemic 
reaction between chloral hydrate and glycerol 
in certain proportions. 

Sonometer {so-nom'-et-er) [sonus, a sound; 
fikrpov, a measure]. 1. An instrument for 
determining the pitch of sounds and their re- 



lation to the musical scale. 2. An instrument 
for testing hearing. 

Sonorous {so-no'-rus) [sonus, sound]. Capable 
of producing a musical sound; of rales, low- 
pitched. 

Soot -cancer, Soot -wart. Epithelioma of the 
scrotum; so called from its frequency in chim- 
ney-sweeps. 

Sophistication {so-fis-tik-a'-shun) [ooJ)coxckoc, 
deceitful]. The adulteration or imitation of 
a substance. 

Sopor {so'-por) [L.]. Sleep, especially the pro- 
found sleep symptomatic of a morbid con- 
dition. 

Soporate {so'-por -at) [sopor]. To stupefy; to 
render drowsy. 

Soporiferous {so-por-if'-er-us). See Soporific. 

Soporific {so-por-if -ik) [sopor; facere, to make]. 
1. Producing sleep. 2. A remedy producing 
sleep. 

Sorbefacient {sor-be-fa' -shent) [sorbere, to suck; 
facere, to make]. Promoting absorption. 

Sordes {sor'-dez) [sordere, to be foul]. Filth, 
dirt, especially the crusts that accumulate on 
the teeth and lips in continued fevers. S. 
gastricse, undigested gastric debris. Syn., 
Saburra gastrica. 

Sordid {sor'-did) [sordidus, dirty; filthy]. In 
biology, of a dull or dirty color. 

Sordidin {sor'-did-in), C 16 H l8 7 or C 13 H 10 O 8 . 
A substance isolated from the lichen, Zeora 
sordida. 

Sore. 1. Painful; tender. 2. An ulcer or 
wound. S., Delhi, S., Penjdeh, S., Natal. 
See Furunculus orientalis. S. Feet of Coolies, 
S.s, Water-. See Itch, Coolie. S. Mouth, 
Ceylon. See Aphtha tropica. S. Throat 
of Fothergill, ulcerative angina of severe 
scarlatina (scarlatina anginosa). S., Veld. 
See under Veld. 

Soret's Band. An absorption band in the ex- 
treme violet end of the spectrum of blood; it 
is characteristic of hemoglobin. 

Sorrocco {sor-ok'-o). Puna. An affection re- 
sembling sea-sickness, common in the high 
regions of South America. 

Soson {so'-zon). Unaltered meat-albumin, 
98.5%, in powder. It is odorless and palat- 
able. 

Sostrum {sos'-trum) [sostron, a reward for sav- 
ing life]. A physician's fee. 

Souffle {soo'-ft) [Fr.]. A blowing sound. S., 
Fetal, an inconstant murmur heard over the 
uterus during pregnancy, and supposed to be 
due to the compression of the umbilical cord. 
S., Funic, S., Funicular, a hissing sound, 
synchronous with the fetal heart-sounds, heard 
over the abdomen of a pregnant woman, and 
supposed to be produced in the umbilical cord. 
S., Placental, S., Uterine, a sound heard in 
the latter months of pregnancy, and caused 
by the entrance of blood into the dilated arter- 
ies of the uterus. S., Splenic, a sound said 
to be audible over the spleen in cases of 
malaria and leukemia. 

Soul {sol) [ME., soule]. The moral and emo- 
tional part of man's nature. S. -blindness. 



SOUND 



899 



SPACE 



See Blindness, Psychic, and Apraxia. S.- 
deafness, deprivation of all sensation of sound 
or reminiscence of it. S., Spinal, a supposi- 
titious consciousness present in the spinal cord. 
S., Stand's, according to the doctrine of George 
Ernst Stahl (i 660-1 734), the supreme, life-giv- 
ing, life-preserving principle, distinct from the 
spirit: when hindered in its operation, disease 
resulted; it governed the organism chiefly by 
way of the circulation. His doctrine was 
called animism, and was a reaction against the 
chemic and mechanic theories of the seven- 
teenth century. 

Sound [sonus]. 1. The sensation produced 
by stimulation of the auditory nerve by aerial 
vibrations. 2. [Fr., sonder, to probe.] An in- 
strument for introduction into a channel or 
cavity, for determining the presence of con- 
striction, foreign bodies, or other morbid con- 
ditions, and for the purpose of treatment. S., 
Pulmonary. See Respiratory Murmur-. 

Southern Fever. Synonym of Texas fever. 

Southernwood. See Artemisia abrotanum. 

Southey's Drainage-tubes. Small tubes em- 
ployed for draining away the fluid from limbs 
that are the seat of extensive anasarca. 

Soymida (soi'-mid-ah) [Telugu name]. A 
genus of the Meliacece. S. febrifuga is an 
East Indian tree that furnishes rotun bark, 
introduced as a medicine in 1807 and used as 
a tonic and antiperiodic. 

Sozal (so'-zal). See Aluminium Suljocarbolate. 

Sozin (so'-zin) [ocb^ecv, to save; keep]. A de- 
fensive proteid occurring naturally in the ani- 
mal body. One capable of destroying micro- 
organisms is termed a mycosozin, one antagon- 
izing bacterial poisons, a toxo sozin. 

Sozoborol (so-zo-bo'-roV). A mixture used in 
coryza said to consist of aristol, sozoiodol, 
and borates. 

Sozoiodol, Sozoiodolic Acid (so-zo-i' '-o-dol, 
so-zo-i-o-dol'-ik) [acoC,£iv, to save; iodol\, 
C 6 H 2 I 2 (S0 3 H)OH. A crystalline, odorless 
powder used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and 
parasiticide, chiefly in the form of its salts, of 
which the following have been employed: 
sodium sozoiodol, potassium sozoiodol, zinc 
sozoiodol, and mercury sozoiodol. S., Lead, 
fine acicular crystals, sparingly soluble in 
water. S., Sodium. See Sodium Sozoiodo- 
late., 

Sozolic Acid (so-zo f -lik). See Aseptol. 

Space (spas) [ME., from L., spatium, space]. A 
name given for purposes of description to sun- 
dry inclosed or semiinclosed places within or 
about the body. S., Anterior Perforated, 
a triangular space at the mesal side of the 
sylvian fissure. S., Arachnoid. See S., Sub- 
arachnoid, and S., Subdural. S., Axillary, 
the axilla. S.,Bogros',a space between the 
peritoneum above and the fascia transversalis 
below, in which the lower portion of the ex- 
ternal iliac artery can be reached without 
wounding the peritoneum. S., Bottcher- 
Cotugno's, S., Cotugno's, the saccus endo- 
lymphaticus of the internal ear. S., Breg- 
matic, the anterior fontanel. S. , Circumlen- 



tal, the interspace between the ciliary body and 
the equator of the lens. S.s, Cir cum vascular 
Lymph-, channels surrounding the blood- 
vessels and communicating with lymphatic 
vessels. S., Colles', the space beneath the 
perineal fascia containing the ischiocavernosus, 
transversus perinei, and bulbocavernosus, the 
bulbous portion of the urethra, the posterior 
scrotal (labial) vessels and nerves, and loose 
areolar tissue. S., Complemental (of pleura), 
the portion of the pleural cavity just above the 
attachments of the diaphragm which is not 
filled with lung during inspiration. S., Cor- 
neal, that between the corneal layers. S.s, 
Czermak's Interglobular, irregular branched 
spaces in the crusta petrosa and enamel of the 
teeth. S., Douglas'. See Culdesac, Douglas' . 
S., Epidural (of the spinal canal), a lymph- 
space between the spinal dura and the peri- 
osteum lining the canal. S. -feelings, Her- 
ing's term for the perceptions or inferences of 
space-relations resulting from the retinal 
image. S. of Fontana, one of the inter- 
communicating cavities in the spongy tissue 
occupying the angle between the cornea and 
the iris. S., Haversian, S., Medullary. 
See Havers' Spaces. S., Henke's Retro- 
visceral, the prevertebral space of the thorax 
which is continuous with the cervical 
space and is filled with areolar and fatty tissue. 
S.s, His' Perivascular, lymph-spaces sur- 
rounding the blood-vessels of the brain and 
spinal cord. S., Hypoprostatic, the space 
between the rectum and the prostate. S.s, 
Intercellular, cavities formed by the splitting 
or separation of the walls of adjoining cells. 
S., Intercostal, the space between two con- 
tiguous ribs. S., Intercrural. See S., Inter- 
peduncular. S.s, Interfascicular, spaces 
between the bundles in fibrous tissue. S., 
Interglobular, an apparent, irregular space 
in the interglobular substance of the dentin. 
S.s, Interlamellar, the spaces between the 
lamellas of the cornea. S., Intermesoblas- 
tic, the cavity between the visceral and parie- 
tal laminas of the mesoblastic plates of the 
embryo. S.s., Intermetatarsal, spaces 
between the metatarsal bones. S.s, Inter- 
muscular, in the popliteal region, the spaces 
between the quadriceps extensor and the 
posterior muscles of the thigh. S., Inter- 
osseous, the space between two parallel 
bones. S., Interparietal. See S., Virchow- 
Robin's. S., Interpeduncular, a diamond- 
shaped depression at the base of the brain, 
lying between the optic tracts and the crura 
cerebri. S., Interproximate, in dentis- 
try, the V-shaped space between the prox- 
imate surfaces of the teeth and the alveolar 
septum which is filled by the gum. S., In- 
tertunical. See S., Virchow-Robin' s. S., 
Intervaginal (of the optic nerve). See S., 
Subvaginal. S.s, Investing. See S., Lymph-. 
S., Ischiorectal. See Fossa, Ischiorectal. 
S., Kiernan's, an interlobular space of the 
liver. S., Kretzschmann's, a small pocket 
in the attic of the middle ear situated below 



SPACE 



900 



SPARTISM 



Prussack's space. S.s, Kuhnt's, the recesses 
of the posterior chamber; a series of radial 
spaces which communicate anteriorly with the 
posterior chamber of the eye and contain 
aqueous humor. S., Lacunar. See Lacuna. 
S.s, Lange's, the rhomboidal meshes of the 
reticular layer of the skin. S.s, Larrey's, 
spaces between the parts of the diaphragm at- 
tached to the sternum and those that are at- 
tached to the ribs. S., Lesshaft's, Lesshafti 
rhombus, a locus minoris resistentise existing 
in the region of the twelfth rib in some in- 
dividuals, which allows the pointing of an 
abscess or the protrusion of a hernia. It is 
bounded, in front, by the external oblique; 
behind, by the latissimus dorsi; above, by 
the serratus posticus inferior, and below, by 
the internal oblique. Syn., GrymfelV s trian- 
gle; Lumbocostoabdominal triangle; Spatium 
tendineum lumbale. S., Lymph-, a sinus or 
space through which lymph passes. S., 
Macewen's. See Macewen's Triangle,. 
S.s, Magendie's, imperfectly closed lymph- 
spaces formed by the separation of the arach- 
noid from the pia and corresponding to the 
cerebral sulci. S., Malacarne's. See Tari- 
nus' Space. S., Marrow-. See Canal, 
Medullary. S., Meckel's, a dural space in 
the gasserian ganglion. S., Nuel's. See 
NueVs Space. S., Pelvirectal. See Fossa, 
Ischiorectal. S., Perforated. See Perforated 
Space. S.s, Pericellular, lymph-spaces in the 
brain. S., Perichoroid, a lymph-space be- 
tween the sclera and the choroid. S., Peri- 
gastric, the cavity surrounding the stomach 
and other viscera. S., Perilenticular, the 
space surrounding the crystalline lens 
holding the zonule of Zinn. S.s, Perineu- 
ral, lymph-spaces between the lamellas of the 
perineurium. S., Perivascular. See S., 
Circumvascular Lymph-. S., Perivitelline. 
See S., Yolk-. S., Pituitary, the space be- 
tween the two cranial trabeculas wherein the 
hypophysis appears. S.s, Placental Blood-, 
the intervillous lacunas of the placenta. S.s, 
Pleuroperitoneal. See S., Intermesoblastic. 
S., Poiseuille's. See S., Lymph-. S., Pop- 
liteal, a lozenge-shaped space at the back of 
the knee and thigh. S., Posterior Perfor- 
ated, the depression just behind the albican- 
tia at the base of the brain. S., Posterior 
Triangular, the space lying above the clavi- 
cle and between the sternomastoid and 
the trapezius muscle and the occiput. S., 
Prevesical, a space lying immediately above 
the pubis and between the transversalis fascia 
and the posterior surface of the rectus abdom- 
inis. S., Prussack's (Alexander), the small 
space formed in the attic of the middle ear by 
the external ligament of the malleus above, the 
short process of the malleus below, the neck of 
the malleus internally, and Shrapnell's mem- 
brane externally. S., Quadrilateral, the 
anterior and posterior triangles of the neck 
taken together. S., Quincke's, the space be- 
tween the third and fourth lumbar vertebras. 
S., Rectovesical, the space between the blad- 



der and the rectum. S., Retzius'. See S., 
Prevesical. S., Schwalbe's, the subvaginal 
space of the optic nerve. S., Semilunar (of 
Traube). See Semilunar Space of Traube. S.- 
sense. i. The faculty by which the form of ob- 
jects is recognized. 2. A sense by which we 
judge of the relation of objects in space; it is a 
part of the sense of sight. S., Subarachnoid, 
the space between the arachnoid and the pia 
proper. It contains the cerebrospinal fluid. 
S., Subdural, the space between the dura and 
the arachnoid. Normally it contains only a 
capillary layer of fluid. S., Subvaginal, a 
lymph-space within the sheath of the optic 
nerve. S., Suprachoroid, the space between 
the velum interpositum and the fornix. S. 
of Tenon, a lymph-space between the sclera 
and the fascia of Tenon. S., Traube 's, a 
semilunar tympanic space overlying the 
stomach. See Semilunar. S.,v. Troeltsch's, 
two small pockets formed in the upper part of 
the attic of the middle ear by folds of mucous 
membrane. S., Uterorectal, S., Utero vesi- 
cal. See Culdesac, Douglas 1 . S., Virchow- 
Robin's, an adventitious lymph-space found 
between the coats of the cerebral capillaries. 
S., Visual, the visual field. S., Yolk-, the 
space formed by the retraction of the vitellus 
from the zona pellucida. S., Zang's, the space 
between the two tendons of origin of the ster- 
nomastoid in the supraclavicular fossa. 

Spanemia {span-e'-me-ah) [oizavcc;, scarcity; 
alpta, blood]. Anemia. 

Spaniocardia {span-e-o-kar' -de-ah) [onavcoc, 
seldom; napdca, heart]. Landois' name for 
bradycardia. 

Spanish Fever. Synonym of Texas fever. 
S. Fly. See Cantharides. S. Windlass. See 
Windlass. 

Spanopnea {span-op 1 '-ne-ah) \01xhvcc, scarcity; 
Tive'cv, to breathe]. Infrequency of respiratory 
action. 

Sparadrap {spar' -a-drap) [sparadrapum]. A 
plaster spread upon cotton, linen, silk, leather, 
or paper. 

Spargosis {spar-go' -sis) \oTtapyav, to be dis- 
tended]. 1. Enlargement of the breasts from 
accumulation of milk. 2. Elephantiasis. 

Spartein {spar'-te-in). An alkaloid found in 
scoparius. S. Hydro chlorate, C 15 H 26 N 2 . 
2HCI, colorless crystals, soluble in water or 
alcohol, used as is the sulfate. S. Hydroio- 
date, C 15 H 26 N 2 .HI, white needles t soluble in 
water or alcohol ; usage and dose the same as 
the sulfate. S. Sulfate, C 15 H 26 N 2 .H 2 S0 4 + 
5H 2 {sparteincB sulphas, U. S. P.), bitter, 
colorless prisms, soluble in water or alcohol, 
boiling at 13 6° C. It is a heart stimulant and 
diuretic. Dose \-\ gr. (o. 01 1-0.022 Gm.); 
maximum dose \ gr. (0.032 Gm.) single; f-2 
gr. (0.05-0.13 Gm.) daily. S. Triiodid, C 15 - 
H 26 N 2 I 3 , a black powder obtained from an 
ethereal solution of iodin and spartein; solu- 
ble in alcohol; usage and dosage the same as 
the sulfate. 

Spartism {spar'-tizm). Poisoning from spartein; 
characterized by vomiting, somnolence, 



SPASM 



901 



SPECTACLES 



paralytic - like weakness, and accelerated 
pulse. 

Spasm (spazm) [o7cao[i6c, spasm]. A sudden 
muscular contraction. S. of Accommoda- 
tion, spasm of the ciliary muscles, producing 
accommodation for objects near by. S., Car- 
popedal, a contraction causing flexion of the 
fingers and wrist or ankles and toes. S., 
Clonic, a spasm broken by relaxations of the 
muscles. S., Clonic, in the Area of the 
Nervus accessorius. Synonym of Torticollis, 
Spasmodic. S., Clonic, in the Area of the 
Portio dura. Synonym of Tic, Painless. 
S., Cynic. See Cynic Spasm. S., Degluti- 
tion, a paroxysm of rapid swallowing, noted 
by Young (1901) as a symptom of whooping- 
cough. S.s, Fatigue, Poore's term for a 
group of affections characterized by spasmodic 
contractions, either clonic or tonic, brought 
about by voluntary movement, the exciting 
cause being limited to some particular action. 
Syn., Business spasms; Coordinated business 
neuroses (Benedict); Functional spasms 
(Weir Mitchell); Handicraft spasms; Move- 
ment spasms; Occupation spasms; Pro- 
fessional spasms; Ger., Beschdftigungs Neu- 
rosen. S.s, Friedreich's. Synonym of Para- 
myoclonus multiplex. S.s, Function, S.s, 
Functional, S.s, Handicraft. See S.s, 
Fatigue, and Occupation-neurosis. S., Habit-, 
a spasm acquired from habit. S., Hammer. 
See Palsy, Hammer. S., Idiopathic Mus- 
cular. See Tetany. S., Laryngeal Con- 
genital, a peculiar stridor developing at 
birth, and disappearing after one or two 
years. S., Lock-, a form of writer's cramp 
in which the fingers become locked on 
the pen. S., Masticatory (of the face). 
See Trismus. S., Mimic, facial neuralgia. 
S.s, Movement. See S.s, Fatigue. S., 
Muscular, Idiopathic. See Tetany. S., 
Myopathic, one attending a disease of the 
muscles. S., Nictitating, S., Nodding. See 
Eclampsia nutans. S., Occupation, S., 
Professional. See S.s, Fatigue. S., Pan- 
tomimic. Synonym of Tic, Painless. S., 
Penman's. Synonym of Writers' cramp. 
S., Retrocollic, clonus of the deeper mus- 
cles of the back of the neck. S., Rom- 
berg's, masticatory spasm affecting the mus- 
cles supplied by the motor fibers of the fifth 
nerve. S., Saltatoric, S., Saltatory, S., 
Static Reflex. See under Saltatory. S., 
Telegraphist's, an affection described first 
by Onimus, 1875. See S.s, Fatigue. S., 
Tetanic. See 5., Tonic. S., Tonic, a spasm 
that persists without relaxation for some time. 

Spasmo- (spaz-mo-) [oTtaapidc, spasm]. A 
prefix denoting pertaining to a spasm. 

Spasmodermic (spaz-mo-der'-mik). Relating 
to a spasmodic affection of the skin. 

Spasmodic (spaz-mod'-ik) [spasm]. Pertaining 
to or characterized by spasm. S. Spinal 
Paralysis. See Lateral Sclerosis. 

Spasmodism (spaz' -mod-izm) [spasm]. Fleury's 
term for those nervous states that originate in 
medullary excitation. 



Spasmoneme (spaz'-mo-nem) [spasmo-; vrj/ia, 
a thread]. The central reticulum or un- 
dulating bundle of fibrils eccentrically lo- 
cated in the peduncle of a stalked infusorian 
(Vorticella) and derived from the myonemes 
of the body. 

Spasmophilia (spaz -mo-fil'-e- ah) [spasmo-; 
faXe'tv, to love]. A morbid tendency to con- 
vulsions. 

Spasmotin (spaz-mo' -tin) . See Sphacelotoxin. 

Spasmotoxin (spaz-mo-toks' -in) [spasmo-; zo£c- 
kov, poison]. 1. A ptomain-base of composition 
yet undetermined, obtained by Brieger from 
cultures of the tetanus germ, together with 
other unnamed toxins, one of which induced 
complete tetanus, with salivation and lacrima- 
tion. Spasmotoxin induces in animals violent 
clonic and tonic convulsions. See under 
Ptomain. 2. See Sphacelotoxin. 

Spastic (spas'-tik) [anaaxcKoc, spastic]. Pertain- 
ing to or characterized by spasm; produced 
by spasm. S. Diplegia. See Paraplegia, 
Infantile Spasmodic. S. Paralysis. See 
Paralysis, Spastic. 

Spasticity (spas-tis'-it-e) [spastic]. The state 
of being spastic. 

Spathologic (spath-o-loj'-ik) [oTiodav, to go fast; 
Xofoc;, science]. Relating to rapid prolifera- 
tion of leukocytes. 

Spatial (spa'-shal) [spatium, space]. Relating 
to space. 

Spatula (spat'-u-lah) [L. ; dim. of spatha, a ladle]. 
A flexible blunt blade used for spreading 
ointments. 

Spay [Gael., spoth]. To remove the ovaries. 

Spearmint (s per' '-mint). See Mentha viridis. 

Specialism (spesh'-al-izm). See Specialty. 

Specialty (spesh'-al-te) [species]. The partic- 
ular branch pursued by a specialist. 

Species (spe'-shez) [L.]. 1. A subdivision of a 
genus of animals or plants the individuals of 
which are either identical in character or differ 
only in unimportant and inconstant details. 
2. A powder made from the leaves or other 
parts of various plants, and used to prepare a 
medicinal infusion. 

Specific (spe-sif'-ik) [species; facere, to make]. 
1. Of or pertaining to a species, or to that 
which distinguishes a thing or makes it of the 
species of which it is. 2. A medicine which 
has a distinct curative influence on an indi- 
vidual disease. 3. Produced by a single micro- 
organism, as a specific disease; in a restricted 
sense, syphilitic. S. Gravity. See Gravity, 
Specific. S. Heat. See Heat, Specific. 

Specificity (spes-if-is'-it-e) [specific]. The 
quality of being specific. 

S^ecilhxm. _(spe-sil'-um) [L.]. A probe. 

Specimen (spes' -im-en) [L.]. An example; a 
sample. S. -cooler, a small water-cell im- 
mediately under the specimen in micropro- 
jection, to prevent injury from the heat of the 
radiant. 

Spectacles (spek'-tak-lz) [spectaculum, a show, 
from spectare, to view]. A pair of lenses set 
in a frame, and used for the correction of optic 
defects of the eye. 



SPECTRAL 



902 



SPERMATO- 



Spectral (spek'-tral) {spectrum]. Pertaining to 
a spectrum. 

Spectro- (spek-tro-) [spectrum]. A prefix mean- 
ing relating to the spectrum. 

Spectrometer (spek - trom' -et- er) [spectro-; 
jxhpov, a measure]. An instrument for deter- 
mining the deviation of a ray of light produced 
by a prism or diffraction-grating, or for ascer- 
taining the wave-length of a ray of light. 

Spectrometry (spek-trom'-et-re) [spectrometer]. 
The use of the spectrometer. 

Spectrophone (spek'-tro-fon) [spectro-; <pajvrj, 
sound]. An apparatus devised by Painter 
and Bell (1881) for the production of sound by 
the rays of the spectrum. 

Spectrophotometer (spek-tro-fo-tom'-et-er) 

[spectro-; <}xJog, light; p.kxpov, a measure]. 1. 
An apparatus for determining the amount of 
color in spectrum-analysis. 2. Helmholtz's 
apparatus for mixing colors. 

Spectrophotometry (spek-tro-fo-tom'-et-re). 
The quantitative estimation of the coloring- 
matter in a substance by means of the spec- 
troscope. 

Spectroscope {spek'-tro-skop) [spectro-; okokzIv, 
to see]. An instrument for the* production 
and examination of the spectrum. 

Spectroscopic (spek-tro-skop'-ik) [spectroscope]. 
Pertaining to the spectroscope. 

Spectrotherapy (spek-tro-ther' -ap-e) [spectro-; 
therapy]. Apery's term for the therapeutic 
employment of prismatically decomposed 
rays. 

Spectrum (spek'-trum) [L., "an image"]. 1. 
The band of rainbow colors produced by de- 
composing light by means of a prism or a dif- 
fraction-grating. 2. An after-image or ocular 
spectrum. S. -analysis, determination of the 
nature of bodies by the character of their 
spectrums. S. of Consciousness, in psychol- 
ogy, a comparison of man 's range of conscious- 
ness or faculty to the solar spectrum, as seen 
after passing through a prism or as examined 
in a spectroscope. S., Solar, the spectrum 
afforded by the refraction of a ray of sun- 
light. 

Speculum (spek'-u-lum) [L.]. 1. A mirror. 
2. An instrument for dilating the opening of 




Nasal Speculum. 

a cavity of the body in order that the interior 
may be more easily visible, as vaginal specu- 
lum, rectal speculum, nasal speculum, etc. 3. 
A tendinous structure. S. citrinum, oint- 
ment. S. helmontii, the central tendinous 



part of the diaphragm, the centrum nerveum. 
S. indicum, iron filings. S. lucidum. 
Same as Septum lucidum. S. matricis, 
womb-mirror; a vaginal speculum. S. oris, 
an oral speculum or "mouth mirror." S. 
rhomboideum, a rhomboid area formed by 
the tendon of the trapezius muscles at the 
level of the upper dorsal and lower cervical 
spines. S., Sims', a vaginal speculum in- 
vented by J. Marion Sims. 

Speech [AS., sprecan, to speak]. 1. The faculty 
of expressing thought by spoken words; the 
act of speaking. 2. The words spoken. S. 
Center, the cerebral center for speech. See 
Center, Speech. S., Staccato. See Scanning. 

Spell-bone. The fibula. 

Spence's Test.' A tumor of the mammary 
gland can be distinguished from an inflam- 
matory enlargement by the absence, in the 
latter case, of any tumefaction, there being 
only the lumpy and wormy sensation of the 
swollen acini and ducts. 

Spencer's Area. A cortical area in the frontal 
lobe just outside of the olfactory tract and 
anterior to the point where it joins the tempo- 
rosphenoid lobe, as indicated by the crossing 
of the sylvian artery. Faradic stimulation of 
this area influences the respiratory movements, 
causing stoppage of the respiration when 
sufficiently intense. 

Sperm, Sperma (sperm, sper'-mah) [onkpixa, 
seed]. The semen. S.Blastophore,the resid- 
ual mass of the sperm -mother cell. S.-cell, a 
Spermatoblast. S. -mother Cell, Lankester's 
term for the spheric male germs of the malaria 
parasite as found in the mosquito. S. -nucleus, 
the nucleus of a spermatozoon. 

Spermaceti (sper-mas-e'4e) [onkpixa, seed; ktjtoc, 
whale], C l6 H 31 2 .C l5 H d3 . A white, semitrans- 
parent substance (cetaceum, U. S. P., B. P.), 
consisting of a mixture of various fats 
which cetyl palmitate, C lG H 33 (C 16 "H 31 2 ), is 
the most important. It is obtained from tl 
head of the sperm whale, and is used intei 
nally as an emollient and as an ingredient 
of various ointments. Ceratum cetacei and 
unguentum cetacei (B. P.) are prepared from it. 
See Cetaceum. 

Spermaduct (sper'-ma-dukt) [sperm; ductus, a 
duct]. A sperm-duct, the vas deferens. 

Spermatic (sper-mat'-ik) [sperm]. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the semen. 2. Conveying the semen, 
as the spermatic cord. 3. Pertaining to 
the spermatic cord, as the spermatic fascia. 
S. Cord, the cord of arteries, veins, lymphatics, 
nerves, and the excretory duct of the testicle 
passing from the testicle to the internal ab- 
dominal ring. S. Fascia, a thin fascia 
attached to the internal abdominal ring, 
and prolonged down over the outer surface 
of the spermatic cord. 

Spermatin (s per' -mat-in) [sperm]. An odor- 
less, mucin-like substance found in semen. 

Spermatize (sper f -mat-iz). To discharge se- 
men. 

Spermato- (sper-mat-o-) [anep/ia, seed]. A pre- 
fix meaning pertaining to the semen. 



v 



SPERMATOBLAST 



903 



SPHENOID 



Spermatoblast, Spermoblast (sper'-mat-o- 
blast, s per' -mo-blast) [spermato-; /Maerrof, a 
germ]. A cell resulting from the division of 
the spermatogenic cell and developing into 
a spermatozoon. 

Spermatocele (sper'-mat-o-sel) [spermato-; kt)\t), 
tumor]. A spermatic cyst or encysted hydro- 
cele containing spermatozoa. 

Spermatocystectomy {sper-mat-o-sist-ek' -to- 
me) [spermato-; cystectomy]. Excision of a sper- 
matic cyst. 

Spermatocystitis (sper-mat-o-sis-ti'-tis). In- 
flammation of the seminal vesicles. 

Spermatocystotomy (sper-mat-o-sis-tot'-o-me) 
[spermato-; cystotomy]. Surgical incision of a 
seminal vesicle. 

Spermatocyte (sper'-mat-o-sit) [spermato-; k'jxoc, 
cell]. The germinal cell from which the sper- 
matozoon develops. 

Spermatogenesis, Spermatogeny (sper-mat- 
o-jen'-es-is, sper-mat-oj' -en-e) [spermato-; 
yiveocc, origin]. The formation of sper- 
matozoa. 

Spermatogenic (sper-mat-o-jen'-ik) [see Sper- 
matogenesis]. Producing spermatozoa, as 
the spermatogenic cells of the testicle. 

Spermatogonium (sper - mat -o- go' -ne- um) 
[spermato-; yovrj, generation]. A formative 
seminal cell or mass of spermatoblasts. 

Spermatomere (sper'-mat-o-mer) [spermato-; 
fiipoc, share]. Any one of the portions into 
which a pronucleus of the fertilized ovum may 
divide. 

Spermatophore (sper'-mat-o-for) [spermato-; 
(frepecv, to bear], i. The part- of thespermato- 
spore that is not converted into a spermato- 
blast. 2. A semitransparent capsule surround- 
ing a group of spermatozoa. 

Spermatorrhea (sper-mat-or-e'-ah) [spermato-; 
po'ca, a flow]. Involuntary discharge of semen 
without sexual excitement. 

Spermatospore (sper'-mat-o-spor) [spermato-; 
onopoc, a sowing]. A primitive cell giving rise 
by division to spermatoblasts. 

Spermatotoxin, Spermatoxin (sper-mat-o- 
toks'-in, sper-ma-toks'-in). See Spermo- 
lysin. 

Spermatozoan, Spermatozoic (sper-mat-o- 
zo'-an, sper-mat-o-zo'-ik). Relating to a sper- 
matozoon. 

Spermatozoicide (sper-mat-o-zo'-is-td) [sper- 
matozoon; ccedere, to kill], i. Destructive to 
spermatozoa. 2. An agent destructive to 
spermatozoa. 

Spermatozoon (sper-mat-o-zo'-on) [spermato-; 
£cioy, animal]. The male element capable of 
fecundating the ovum. It consists of an oval 
head and a long, mobile cilium or tail. It is 
the essential element of the semen. 

Spermaturia (sper-mat-u'-re-ah) [spermato-; 
oupov, urine]. The presence of semen in the 
urine. 

Spermin (sper'-min) [sperm], C 2 H 5 N. A non- 
poisonous base obtained from sputum, human 
semen, the organs of leukemic patients, etc. 
It has been used in neurasthenia, senile de- 
bility, diabetes mellitus, and pulmonary tuber- 



culosis. S. Phosphate, constitutes the Char- 
cot-Leyden crystals. 

Spermoblast {sper' -mo-blast). See Spermato- 
blast. 

Spermo center (sper-mo-sen'-ter). The sperm- 
centrosomes during fertilization of the egg. 

Spermolysin (sper-mol' -is-in) [sperm; XUcv, to 
loose]. Metchnikoff's name for a cytolysin 
produced by inoculation with spermatozoa. 
Syn., Spermatoxin. 

Spermolysis (sper-mol' -is-is). Dissolution of 
spermatozoa. 

Spermoplasm (sper'-mo-plazm) [sperm; nXao- 
oziv, to mold]. The protoplasm of the sper- 
matoblast. 

Spermosphere (sper'-mo-sfer) [sperm; ocfralpa, 
sphere]. A mass of spermatoblasts. 

Spermospore (sper'-mo-spor). See Sperma- 
tospore. 

Spermo toxin (sper-mo-toks'-in). See Spermo- 
lysin. 

Sphacelate, Sphacelated (sfas'-el-at, sfas'-el- 
a-ted) [sphacelus]. Necrosed; gangrenous; 
mortified. 

Sphacelation (sfas-el-a'-shun). The formation 
of a sphacelus; moist gangrene. 

Sphaceloderma (sfas-el-o-der'-mah) [sphacelus; 
dip/ia, skin]. Gangrene of the skin, especially 
symmetric gangrene, or Raynaud's disease. 

Sphacelotoxin (sfas-el-o-toks'-in) [sphacelia, a 
stage in the growth of ergot; toxicon, a poison], 
CaoH^Og. A yellowish, pulverulent body ob- 
tained from ergot, insoluble in water, soluble 
in ether, chloroform, alcohol, and alkaline so- 
lutions. It is used as a tonic, astringent, and 
emmenagog. Dose %-i\ gr. (0.032-0.1 Gm.). 
Syn., Spasmotin; Spasmotoxin. 

Sphacelus (sfas'-el-us) [ofianekoc, gangrene]. 
A slough. 

Sphaerobacteria (sfe-ro-bak-te'-re-ah). See 
Spherobacteria. 

Sphaerococcus (sfe-ro-kok'-us) [ocjialpa, a ball; 
KOKKOC* a berry]. A genus of marine algae of 
the order Sphcerococcoidea. S. compressus, 
said to furnish in part the Japanese isinglass 
or agar of commerce. 

Spheno- (sfe-no-) [o<f>TjV, a wedge]. A prefix de- 
noting pertaining to the sphenoid bone. 

Sphenobasilar (sfe-no-bas'-il-ar) [spheno-; fiao eg, 
base]. Pertaining conjointly to the sphenoid 
bone and the basilar portion of the occipital 
bone. 

Sphenoccipital (sfe-nok-sip'-it-al) [spheno-; oc- 
ciput]. Pertaining to the sphenoid and the 
occipital bones. 

Spheno cephalus (sfe-no-sef'-al-us) [spheno-; 
K£(f)aXrj, head]. A variety of monster in which 
the two eyes are well separated, the ears united 
under the head, the jaws and mouth distinct, 
and the sphenoid bone altered in shape, so that 
it is analogous in form to what is found nor- 
mally in birds. 

Sphenoethmoid (sfe-no-eth'-moid) [spheno-; 
ethmoid]. Relating to both the sphenoid and 
the ethmoid bones. 

Sphenoid (sfe'-noid) [o$r\v, wedge; sldog, like]. 
1. Wedge-shaped, as the sphenoid bone. 2. 



SPHENOIDALE 



904 



SPHYGMO- 



The sphenoid bone. S. Bone. See Sphe- 
noidale under Bones, Table of. S. Sinus. 
See Sinus, Sphenoid. 

Sphenoidale (sfe-noid-a^-le) [neuter of sphe- 
noidalis, sphenoid]. The sphenoid bone. S. 
basilare anterius, the anterior portion of the 
body of the sphenoid. S. basioposticum, 
the lower portion of the body of the sphenoid. 
S. laterale posterius, the lateral portion of 
the sphenoid. Sphenoidalia lateralia, the 
greater wings of the sphenoid. 

Sphenoiditis (sfe-noid-i'-tis). Inflammation 
of the sphenoid sinus. 

Sphenoido- (sfe-noi-do-). The same as Spheno-. 

Sphenoidofrontal (sfe-noi-do-fron'-tal) [sphe- 
noido-; frontal]. Pertaining to the sphenoid 
and frontal bones. 

Sphenoidoparietal (sfe-noi-do-par-i'-et-al) 

[sphenoido-; parietal]. Pertaining to the sphe- 
noid and parietal bones. 

Sphenomaxillary (sfe-no-maks'-il-a-re) [sphe- 
no-; maxilla]. Pertaining to the sphenoid 
and maxillary bones, as the sphenomaxil- 
lary fossa. S. Fissure. See Fissure, Sphe- 
nomaxillary. S. Fossa, a triangular space 
at the angle of the sphenomaxillary and 
pterygomaxillary fissure. S. Ligament, a 
ligament extending from the inferior maxilla, 
near the inferior dental foramen, to the spin- 
ous process of the sphenoid bone. 

Sphenooccipital (sfe-no-ok-sip'-it-al). See 

S phenoccipital. 

Sphenoorbital (sfe-no-or' -bit-al) [spheno-; or- 
bit]. Pertaining to the sphenoid bone and the 
orbit. 

Sphenopalatine (sfe-no-paV -a-tin) [spheno-; 
palatum, palate]. Pertaining to the sphenoid 
bone and the palate, as the sphenopalatine 
foramen. 

Sphenoparietal (sfe-no-par-i' '-et-al) [spheno-; 
parietal]. Pertaining to the sphenoid and 
parietal bones. 

Sphenopetrosal {sfe-no-pe-tro'-saV) [spheno-; 
nkxpa, rock]. Pertaining to the sphenoid bone 
and the petrous portion of the temporal bone. 

Sphenotic (sfe-no'-tik) [spheno-; ode, ear]. A 
part of the sphenoid bone, existing as a dis- 
tinct bone in the fetus, and forming the parts 
adjacent to the carotid groove. 

Sphenotribe (sfe'-no-trib) [spheno-; zp'cftecv, to 
rub]. An instrument for crushing the basal 
portion of the fetal skull. 

Sphenotripsy (sfe'-no-trip-se) [see Sphenotribe]. 
Crushing of the fetal skull. 

Sphere (sfer) [o<f>acpa, a sphere], i. A ball or 
globe. 2. A space. S. of Attraction, a 
clear spot in the cell-plasma, outside and close 
to the nucleus of an ovum undergoing mitosis. 
It contains the centrosoma of Boveri, and is 
the center of the formation of the amphias- 
ters in karyokinesis (q. v.). S., Embryonic. 
See S., Segmentation-. S. -granule, a large 
granular corpuscle found in serous exuda- 
tions. S., Hearing, the area in the brain 
which is supposed to be the seat of hearing. 
It is in the temporal lobe. S., Motor, a 
region in the central nervous system which, 



when stimulated, gives rise to motion. S., 
Protoplasmic Primordial . See 5. , Segmenta- 
tion-. S., Segmentation-, a nucleated cell 
derived from division of the vitellus in the proc- 
ess of segmentation. S., Sensory, a sensory 
area of the central nervous system. S., Vitel- 
line, S., Yolk-, the mulberry-like mass of 
cells that results from the fission of the sub- 
stance of the ovum after fertilization. S., 
Yeast-, in biology, an aggregation of certain 
sprouting forms of the genus Mucor. 

Spheric, Spherical {sfer'-ik, sfer' -ik-al) . Hav- 
ing the shape of or pertaining to a sphere. S. 
Aberration. See Aberratimi, Spheric. 

Spherobacteria {sfe-ro-bak-te'-re-ah) [c<f>a~cpa, 
sphere; bacteria]. The micrococci. 

Spherometer (sfe-rom' -et-er) [ocfxfcpa, sphere; 
fihpov, a measure]. An instrument for deter- 
mining the degree of curvature of a sphere or 
part of a sphere, especially of optic lenses, or 
of the tools used for grinding them. 

Sphincter (sfingk'-ter) [o<f)cxys.cv, to bind]. A 
muscle surrounding and closing an orifice, as 
• the anal sphincter, the pyloric sphincter, 
etc. S. antri pylorici. See under Muscle. 
S. gulae, the constrictor of the pharynx. S., 
Henle's, the striated muscular fibers which 
encircle the prostatic and membranous por- 
tions of the urethra. S., Hyrtl's. See S., 
Nelaton's. S. ilei, the ileocecal valve. S. 
intestinalis. See S. ani (Internal) under Mus- 
cle. S. labiorum, the orbicularis oris mus- 
cle. S. laryngis, the arytenoepiglottideus mus- 
cles of both sides surrounding the laryngeal 
opening. S., Nelaton's, a circular bundle of 
rectal muscular fibers situated from 8 to io 
cm. above the anus, on a level with the pros- 
tate. It is not constant, and when present, 
it generally occupies only a part of the cir- 
cumference of the bowel. S., O'Beirne's, a 
thickened, circular bundle of muscular fibers, 
situated in the rectum, just below its junc- 
tion with the colon. S. oculi, S. palpebra- 
rum, the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle. 
S. cesophageus. See Foramen, Esophageal. 
S., Oral, the orbicularis oris. S. pharyn- 
golaryngeus, the inferior constrictor of the 
pharynx, the anterior cricothyroid, and the 
thyroid muscles considered as one. S. pylori- 
cus. See under Muscle. 

Sphincteroscope (sfingk-ter'-o-skop) [sphincter; 
GKOTce'cv, to examine]. An instrument for 
making visual inspection of a sphincter. 

Sphincteroscopy (sfingk - ter - os' -ko- pe) [see 
Sphincteroscope]. Visual inspection of a 
sphincter by means of special instruments. 

Sphincterotomy (sfingk-ter-of -o-me) [sphinc- 
ter; rofirj, a cutting]. The operation of in- 
cising a sphincter. 

Sphinctrate (sfingk' '-trat). Contracted or con- 
stricted as if by a sphincter. 

Sphingoin (sphin' -go-in) [o^'cyyecv, to bind]. A 
leukomain derived from cerebral tissue. 

Sphygmic (sfig'-mik) [ofyuyiibg, pulse]. Per- 
taining to the pulse. 

Sphygmo- (sfig-mo-) [a^uy/ioc, pulse]. A pre- 
fix signifying pertaining to the pulse. 



SPHYGMO CHRONO GRAPH 



905 



SPINAL 



Sphygmochronograph (sfig-mo-kro f -no-graf) 
[sphygmo-; chronograph]. A form of sphyg- 
mograph. 

Sphygmo chronography (sfig-mo-kro-nog'- 

raf-e). The registration of the extent and 
oscillations of the pulse-wave. 

Sphygmogenin (s fig-mo j'-en-in) [sphygmo-; yev- 

. vav, to produce]. A substance isolated by 
Frankel from the suprarenal capsule, which 
causes increase of blood-pressure. It is used 
as an antidote in nicotin poisoning. 

Sphygmogram {s fig' -mo-gram) [sphygmo-; 
j-paji/ia, a writing]. The tracing made by the 
sphygmograph. 

Sphygmograph (sfig'-mo-graf) [sphygmo-; 
ypa<j)ecv, to write]. An instrument for record- 
ing graphically the features of the pulse and 
the variations in blood-pressure. 

Sphygmographic (sfig-mo-graf'-ik). Pertain- 
ing to the sphygmograph. 

Sphygmology (sfig-mol'-o-je) [sphygmo-; 
Xoyoc, treatise]. The branch of medicine deal- 
ing with the characters of the pulse. 

Sphygmomanometer (sfig-mo-man-om' -et-er) 
[sphygmo-; manometer]. An instrument for 
measuring the tension of the blood-current. 

Sphygmometer (s fig-mom' ' -et-er). See Sphyg- 
mograph. 

Sphygmopalpation {sfig-mo-pal-pa' -shun) . 
The palpation of the pulse. 

Sphygmophone (sfig'-mo-fon) [sphygmo-; (ficovfj, 
sound]. A sphygmograph in which the vi- 
brations of the pulse produce a sound. 

Sphygmoscope (sfig'-mo-skop) [sphygmo-; 
OKonelv, to examine]. An instrument for 
showing the movements of the heart or the pul- 
sations of a blood-vessel. 

Sphygmo systole {s fig-mo-sis' -to-le) [sphygmo-; 
systole]. That part of the sphygmogram pro- 
duced under the influence of the cardiac systole 
upon the pulse. 

Sphyra (sfi'-rah) [ofopa, a hammer]. The mal- 
leus. 

Sphyrectomy (sfi-rek'-to-me) [sphyra; inTop.r], 
excision]. Excision of the malleus. 

Sphyrotomy (sfi-rot'-o-me) [sphyra; rofirj, a 
cutting]. Surgical removal of part of the 
handle of the malleus, or of the malleus or its 
handle together with a portion of the mem- 
brana tympani. 

Spica (spi'-kah) [L.]. A spike. S. -bandage. 
See under Bandage. 

Spicule (spik'-ul) [dim. of spica, a spike]. A 
minute, sharp-pointed body, as a spicule of 
bone. 

Spider (spi'-der) [ME., spither]. An anthro- 
pod of the class Arachnida. S. Cancer. 
See Acne rosacea. S. -cells, in biology — (a) 
Bacilli the flagella of which are present in such 
numbers as to give the microbes the appear- 
ance of minute spiders. See Bacillus typhi 
abdominalis under Bacteria, (b) The char- 
acteristic cells of the neuroglia. They have 
numerous .long and delicate prolongations. 
S., Menarody, a poisonous species of Latro- 
dectus found in Madagascar. S. Nevus. 
See Acne rosacea. S.-web, the web spun 



by the spider, formerly much used as a 
hemostatic, and also in some systemic dis- 
eases; used also as a moxa with the blow- 
pipe. 

Spiegelberg's Sign. A sensation like that of 
passing over wet rubber, imparted to the finger 
which presses on, and moves along, the affected 
part; it is noted in cancer of the cervix 
uteri. 

Spiegler's Test for Albumin. Acidulate the 
solution by the addition of acetic acid to re- 
move the mucin; filter, and overlay the filtrate 
with a solution prepared by dissolving 8 Gm. 
of mercuric chlorid and 4 Gm. of tartaric acid 
in 200 Cc. of water, and adding 20 Gm. of 
glycerol to it. In the presence of albumin 
a white ring will form between the two 
liquids. 

Spigelia (spi-je'-le-ah) [after Adrian van der 
Spiegel, a Belgian physician]. Pinkroot, a 
genus of plants of the order Loganiacece. The 
rhizome and rootlets of S. marilandica con- 
stitute the spigelia of the U. S. P. ; they con- 
tain a volatile alkaloid, spigelin, and are used 
as an anthelmintic against the roundworm. 
Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 Gm.) for a child; 
1-2 dr. (4-8 Gm.) for an adult. S., Fluid- 
extract of (fluidextr actum spigelian, U. S. P.). 
Dose 10-20 min. (0.65-1.3 Cc.) for a child; 
1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc.) for an adult. 

Spigelian Lobe (spi-je'-le-an). SeeSpigelius' 
Lobe. 

Spigelius' Line. The semilunar line marking 
the insertion of the muscular fibers of the 
transversalis abdominis into its tendon. S.'s 
Lobe, a small triangular lobe on the under 
surface of the right lobe of the liver. 

Spikenard (spik'-nard). A name given to the 
rhizome of various species of Valeriana. 

Spiloma (spi-lo'-mah). See Nevus (2). 

Spiloplaxia (spi-lo-plaks'-e-ah) [oxcXoc;, spot; 
7iXd$, a broad surface]. A synonym of Leprosy. 

Spina (spi'-nah) [L.J. The spine. S. ac- 
cessoria ischii, an inconstant projection into 
the great sciatic notch at the junction of the 
ischium and ilium. S. angularis, the spine 
of the sphenoid bone. S. bifida, a protrusion 
of the spinal membranes through a congenital 
cleft of the lower part of the vertebral column. 
S. bifida occulta, spina bifida in which there 
is no protrusion of the spinal membranes. S, 
cervina. See Buckthorn. S. ischiadica, S. 
ischiatici, S. ischii. See Spine 0} Ischium. 
S. nodosa, rachitis. 

Spinal (spi'-nal). 1. Pertaining to the spine. 
2. Pertaining to the spinal cord. S. 
Accessory Nerve. See under Nerve. S. 
Canal. See Canal, Vertebral. S. Col- 
umn, the vertebral column, composed of 
vertebras, intervertebral cartilages, and liga- 
ments. S. Cord, the neural structure oc- 
cupying the vertebral canal and extending 
from the atlas to the first lumbar vertebra, 
and terminating in the filum terminale. It is 
covered by the spinal membranes (the pia 
mater, arachnoid, and dura mater) and is 
divided into symmetric halves by the anterior 



SPINAL 



906 



SPINAL 



and posterior median fissures. These halves 
are joined together by the anterior white com- 
missure and the gray commissure. In the mid- 
dle of the latter is the central canal, a continua- 
tion of the ventricular cavities of the brain. 
Each half of the spinal cord consists of an in- 
ternal mass of gray matter and an outer cov- 
ering of white matter. The former is sub- 




(Tiirck's column) and the anterior ground- 
bundle, or anterior radicular zone, which is 
continuous with the adjacent part of the lat- 
eral column. In the latter the following tracts 
are distinguished: the crossed pyramidal, di- 
rect cerebellar, anterolateral (Gowers' tract), 
and mixed lateral tract. The posterior col- 
umn contains the posteromedian tract (Goll's 



Upper cervical region. 



Vertebral Column, Lateral Aspect. 
1-7. Cervical vertebras. 8-19. Dorsal vertebras. 
20-24. Lumbar vertebras. A, A. Spinous 
processes. B, B. Articular facets of trans- 
verse processes of first ten dorsal vertebras. 
C. Auricular surface of sacrum. D, D. 
Foramens in transverse processes of cervical 
vertebras. 




Cervical enlargement; 
upper part. 



Middle part. 



Lowest part. 



Upper dorsal region. 



Lower dorsal. 



Lumbar region; 
upper part. 



Middle. 



Lower part. 



Sacral region. 



Transverse Sections of Spinal Cord, Showing the Shapes 

of the Gray Matter at Different Levels. — (Omerod.) 
The white matter has been stained black (according to Pal 

and Weigert's method), while the gray matter remains 

unstained. 



divided into the anterior and posterior horns, 
which are made up of ganglion-cells, nerve- 
fibers, and delicate fibrils, and a modified 
neuroglia, the substantia gelatinosa. The 
white matter is divided by the two gray horns 
into three columns: the anterior, lateral, and 
posterior. These are again subdivided into 
distinct physiologic tracts. Thus the anterior 
column includes the direct pyramidal tract 



column) and the posterolateral or posteroex- 
ternal tract (Burdach's column). The spinal 
cord is the conductor of impulses from and to 
the brain, as well as a center for reflex acts. 
S. Epilepsy. See Epilepsy, Spinal. S. 
Irritation, a form of neurasthenia character- 
ized by pain in the back, tenderness along the 
spines of the vertebras, fatigue on slight exer- 
tion, and occasionally numbness and tingling 



1 



SPINAL 



907 



SPINAL 



in the limbs. S. Nerves, the 31 pairs of nerves 
arising from the spinal cord, and grouped in- 



i0 ot£" 



nongangliated) root. On the dorsal root is the 
spinal ganglion. Beyond the ganglion the 




boot 

Columns of Spinal Cord. — {From Tyson.) 
C. Anterior commissure. P. C. Posterior commissure. I. g. s. Intermediate gray substance. P. Cor. Posterior 

cornu. c. c. p Caput cornu posterioris. L. L. L. Lateral limiting layer. A.-L. A. T. Anterolateral ascending 

tract, which extends along the periphery of the cord. — (Gowers.) 

1. Floor of fourth ven- 
tricle. 2. Superior 
cerebellar pedun- 
cle. 3. Middle cere- 
bellar peduncle. 4. 
Inferior cerebellar 
peduncle. 5. En- 
largement at upper 
extremity of pos- 
teromedian column. 
6. Glossopharyn- 
geal nerve. 7 
Vagus. 8. Spinal 
accessory, g, o, g, g. 
Ligamentum dentic- 
ulatum. 10, 10, 10, 

10. Posterior roots 
of spinal nerves. 11, 

11, 11, 11. Postero- 
lateral fissure. 12, 
12, 12, 12. Ganglions 
of posterior roots. 
13, 13. Anterior 
roots. 14. Division 
of united roots into 
anterior and poste- 
rior nerves. 15. 
Terminal extremity 
of cord. 16, 16. 
Filum terminale. 
17, 17. Cauda 
equina. I, VIII. 
Cervical nerves. I, 
XII. Dorsal nerves. 




I, V. 

nerves. 
nerves. 



Lumbar 
V. Sacral 



Superior or Cervical Seg- 
ment of Spinal Cord. — 
(Holden.) 



Wmw 

Middle or Dorsal Por- 
tion of Cord. — 
(Holden.) 



Inferior Portion of Cord 
and Cauda Equina. — 
(H olden.) 



to 8 cervical, 12 dorsal, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 two roots unite to form, in the spinal canal, 
coccygeal. Each arises by two roots, a dorsal the mixed trunk of a spinal nerve. The -an 
(gangliated) root and a ventral (anterior, terior roots supply efferent fibers to all the 



SPINALGIA 



908 



SPIRILLUM 



voluntary muscles of the trunk and extremi- 
ties, to the smooth muscular fibers of the 
bladder, ureter, uterus, etc., vasomotor, in- 
hibitory, secretory, and trophic fibers. The 
posterior roots carry afferent impulses. 

Spinalgia {spi-nal'-je-ah) [spine; aXyoc, pain]. 
Tenderness of a vertebral spine to pressure. 

Spinalis (spi-na'-lis) [spine]. i. Spinal. 2. 
A muscle attached to the spinous processes 
of the vertebras. See under Muscle. 

Spinant {spi'-nant) [spine]. A drug or other 
agent increasing the reflex excitability of the 
spinal cord; strychnin is a spinant. 

Spindle {spin'-dl) [ME.]. A tapering rod or 
pin. A body having a fusiform shape. S., 
Achromatic, S., Cleavage, S., Karyoki- 
netic, S., Nuclear, S., Segmentation, the 
double cone-like appearance of the nucleus 
during certain stages of karyokinesis. S.- 
cataract, a form of cataract characterized by 
a spindle-shaped opacity extending from the 
posterior surface of the anterior portion of the 
capsule to the anterior surface of the posterior 
portion of the capsule, with a central dilation. 
S.-cell, a fusiform cell. S. -celled, having 
fusiform cells, a form of cell typical of certain 
morbid growths, especially sarcoma; fuso- 
cellular. S., Central, the lining filaments 
spanning the interval between the centro- 
some at the completion of the prophase. S.- 
legged, having long, thin legs. S.-oils, 
lubricating oils. S.-shanked. Same as 6 1 .- 
legged. S. -shaped, shaped like a spindle; 
fusiform. S.-tree. See Euonymus. 

Spine {spin) [spina, a thorn]. 1. A sharp pro- 
cess of bone. 2. The backbone or spinal col- 
umn. S., Angular, curvature of the spine. 
S., Civinini's, a small spine on the outer 
border of the external pterygoid plate giving 
attachment to the pterygospinous ligament. 
S., Henle's, spina suprameatum. An in- 
constant small spine at the junction of the 
posterior and superior walls of the external 
auditory meatus. It serves as a landmark in 
trephining of the mastoid process. S. of 
Ischium, a pointed eminence on the posterior 
border of the body of the ischium. It forms 
the lower border of the great sciatic notch. 
S., Navicular, a pointed projection on the 
inner edge of the navicular bone. S. of the 
Scapula, the plate of bone crossing the dor- 
sum of the scapula and dividing it into two 
unequal parts. S., Spix's, the bony spine 
at the inner border of the inferior dental 
foramen giving attachment to the sphenomax- 
illary ligament. S., Trochlear, a small pro- 
jection on the upper ventral part of the inner 
wall of the orbit for the trochlea. S., Zygo- 
matic, a projection from the zygomatic pro- 
cess. 

Spinicerebrate {spi-ni-ser'-e-brat). Furnished 
with a brain and spinal cord. 

Spinideltoid {spi-ni-del'-toid). The part of the 
deltoid muscle arising from the spine of the 
scapula. 

Spinifugal {spi-nif'-u-gal) [spine; Jugere, to 
flee]. Moving from the spinal cord. 



Spinipetal {s pi-nip' -et-al) [spine; petere, to 
seek]. Moving toward the spinal cord. 

Spinitrapezius {spi-ni-tra-pe' -ze-us). The 
spinal part of the trapezius as distinguished 
from the cranial part. 

Spinobulbar {spi-no-buV -bar) [spine; bulbus, 
the medulla oblongata]. Pertaining to the 
spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. 

Spinogalvanization {spi-no-gal-van-i-za'-shun) . 
Galvanization of the spinal cord. 

Spinoglenoid {spi-no-glen'-oid). Relating to 
the spine of the scapula and the glenoid cavity. 

Spinol {spin'-ol). An extract of young, fresh 
spinach (A triplex hortensis) leaves, containing 
about 2.6% of iron and Occurring both as a 
liquid and as a powder. It is used in the 
spinach cure for children. Dose 1-8 gr. 
(0.65-0.52 Gm.) several times daily. 

Spinomuscular {spi-no-mus'-ku-lar). Relating 
to the spinal cord and the muscles. 

Spinoneural {spi-no-nu'-ral). Pertaining to 
the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. 

Spinous {spi'-nus) [spine]. Resembling or per- 
taining to a spine, as the spinous process of 
the tibia or of a vertebra. 

Spinthariscope {spin-thar'-is-kop) [oncvdijp, a 
spark; okotze'cv, to view]. An instrument de- 
vised by Sir William Crookes for demonstrat- 
ing the physical properties of radium. It con- 
sists of a fluorescent screen in front of which 
is placed a small quantity of radium bromid, 
with or without a lens for examining the scin- 
tillations. 

Spintherism {spin' -ther-izm) [oncvdzp'c^ecv, to 
emit sparks]. The sensation of sparks danc- 
ing before the eyes. 

Spintometer {spin-torn' -et-er) [ontvd^p, spark; 
fierpov, a measure]. An apparatus for measur- 
ing the length of sparks in the roentgen tube. 

Spiradenitis {spi-rad-en-i' -tis) [onelpa, a coil; 
adenitis]. Unna's name for phlegmonous 
hidrosadenitis. 

Spiral {spi'-ral) [oitelpa, a coil]. 1. Winding 
like the threads of a screw, as a spiral 
bandage. 2. A curve having a spiral course. 

Spirasoma {spi-rah-so'-mah) [onelpa, a coil; 
oaj/jia, a body]. A genus of bacteria of the 
SpirillacecB having rigid cells without flagella. 

Spirem, Spirema, Spireme {spi'-rem, spi-re'- 
mah, spi-rem') [one? pa, a, coil; a twist]. The 
close skein, or mother skein, of chromatin- 
fibrils in a cell undergoing mitotic division. 

Spirillosis {spir-il-o'-sis). 1. Any affection 
due to Spirillum. 2. A disease of cattle in 
the Transvaal. S. of Fowls, a disease of 
geese, ducks, guinea-fowls, turtle-doves, pig- 
eons, ' and sparrows. The affected fowls ex- 
hibit diarrhea, loss of appetite, pale combs, 
and in acute cases die suddenly of convulsions. 
It is due to a spirillum which is transmitted by 
Argas persicus. The serum of animals which 
have recovered from a first attack possesses 
strong immunizing properties. 

Spirillum {spi-riV -urn) [spirillum, dim. of spira, 
a coil]. A genus of bacteria having a spiral 
shape. See under Bacteria. S. -fever. See 
Relapsing Fever. 



SPIRIT 



909 



SPLANCHNOPTOSIA 



Spirit {spir'-it) [spiritus, breath, from spirare, 
to breathe], i. The soul. 2. An alcoholic 
solution -of a volatile substance. See Spiritus. 
3. Alcohol. S., Adiaphorous, a liquid ob- 
tained by the distillation of cream of tartar. 
S., Ammonia. See Ammonia, Spiritus, un- 
der Ammonia. S., Anise. See Anisi, Spir- 
itus, under A nisum. S., Corn-, whisky ob- 
tained by the distillation of corn. S., Po- 
tato-, whisky obtained by the distillation of 
potatoes. S., Proof-, diluted alcohol {alco- 
hol dilutum, U. S. P.; spiritus tenuior, B. P.), 
containing about 41 % by weight of absolute 
ethyl-alcohol. S., Rectified {spiritus rectifi- 
catus, B. P.), contains 16% of water. 

Spirituous {spir' -it-u-us) . Alcoholic; pertain- 
ing to alcoholic liquors. 

Spiritus {spir'-it-us) [L.]. See Spirit. S. 
aetheris nitrosi. See Niter, Sweet Spirit of. 
S. chloroformi, is used as a carminative. 
Dose 10-60 min. (0.65-4.0 Cc). See also 
Chloroform, Spirit of. S. frumenti, whisky, 
a spirit obtained by the distillation of fer- 
mented grain. S. juniperi, gin or whisky with 
which juniper-berries and hops have been 
distilled. S. odoratus, cologne-water. S. 
vini gallici (U. S. P.), brandy; a liquor ob- 
tained by the distillation of wine. {For 
other spirits see the different drugs.) 

Spiro- {spi-ro-) [one'cpa, a coil]. A prefix 
meaning spiral. 2. [spirare, to breathe.] A 
prefix meaning relating to respiration. 

Spirobacteria {spi-ro-bak-te' -re-ah) [spiro-; bac- 
teria]. Spiral bacteria. 

Spirochete, Spirochete {spi'-ro-ket, spi-ro- 
ke'-te) [spiro-; x a ' iTT i-> a bristle]. A genus of 
bacteria characterized by flexible spiral fila- 
ments. See under Bacteria. 

Spirofibrillas {spi-ro-fi-bril'-az) [spiro-; fibrilla, 
a small fiber]. The term applied by Fayod in 
his theory of the structure of protoplasm to 
supposed long, twisted, hollow fibrils con- 
stituting the protoplasm and nuclei of vegetal 
cells and uniting to form the spirospartas 
( q. v.). Fayod asserts also that the blood- 
plasma consists of spirofibrillas and that they 
penetrate here and there into the hematoblasts. 
In this case Butschli holds it clear that 
Fayod has mistaken coagulation of fibrin for 
spirofibrillas. 

Spirograph {spi'-ro-graf) [spiro-; ypd^ecv, to 
write]. An instrument for registering the 
movements of respiration. 

Spirometer {spi-rom' -et-er) [spiro-; p.kxpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
quantity of air taken in and given out in 
forcible respiration. 

Spirometry {spi-rom' -et-re) [see Spirometer}. 
The determination by means of the spirome- 
ter of the amount of air taken in and given 
• out during respiration. 

Spiromonas {spi-ro-mo'-nas) [spiro-; uovac, a 
unit]. A genus of biflagellate monads or free- 
swimming animalcules established by Perty 
(1852), now referred to Bodo (Ehrenberg), 
Stein. 

Spironeme {spi'-ro-nem) [spiro-; vr^ia, a 



thread]. A helical thread of cytophanes 
wrapped about the axoneme of the peduncle 
of a stalked infusorian. 

Spirophore {spi'-ro-for) [spiro-; (f>kpecv, to bear]. 
An instrument for performing artificial respi- 
ration. 

Spirospartas {spi-ro-spar'-taz) [spiro-; o7zaprrj, 
a rope]. The term applied by Fayod in his 
theory to twisted hollow strings the walls 
of which are formed by the twisting together 
of the fibrils or spirofibrillas. The cavities 
of the spirospartas and spirofibrillas are said to 
be filled in the normal condition by "granular 
plasma"; spirospartas pass from the proto- 
plasm into the nucleus and vice versa, and 
also may be traced frequently from one cell 
into a neighboring one, so that "the cell loses 
its value as a morphologic and physiologic 
unit." These results were obtained in vegetal 
cells, chiefly by injection with quicksilver, by 
which method Fayod believes he filled the 
cavities of the spirospartas and spirofibrillas 
with metal. Cf. Spirofibrillas. 

Spirulina {spi-ru-li'-nah) [spirula, from spira, a 
coil]. A spiral microorganism of spindle shape. 

Spissated {spis'-a-ted). Inspissated. 

Spissitude (spis'-it-ud) [spissare, to thicken]. 
The state of being inspissated. 

Spittle {spit' -I). See Saliva. 

Spitzka's Bundle. A tract of nerve-fibers 
which passes from the cerebral cortex through 
the pyramidal region of the cms cerebri to 
the oculomotor nuclei of the opposite side. 
S.'s Nucleus. See Nucleus, Spitzka's. 

Spitzka-Lissauer's Tract. See Lissauer's 
Tract. 

Spix's Spine. The bony spine at the inner 
border of the inferior dental foramen, giving 
attachment to the sphenomaxillary ligament. 

Splanchnic {splangk'-nik) [onlaxxva, viscera]. 
1. Pertaining to or supplying the viscera. 2. 
A remedy efficient in diseases of the bowels. 
S. Nerves, three nerves, the great, lesser, and 
least, or renal splanchnic, derived from the 
sympathetic system. 

Splanchno- {splangk-no-) [aTzXayyva, viscera]. 
A prefix denoting pertaining to the viscera. 

Splanchnography {splangk - nog' -ra- fe) . See 
Splanchnology. 

Splanchnology {splangk-nol'-o-je) [splanchno-; 
Xoyoc, science]. The branch of anatomy 
treating of the viscera. 

Splanchnomegaly {splangk -no - meg' - al- e) 
[splanchno-; fiiyac, large]. Giant growth of 
the viscera. 

Splanchnopleural {splangk-no - plu' - rat) 
[splanchno pleure]. Relating to the splanchno- 
pleure. 

Splaxichn<ypleuTe{splangk'-no-plur)[splanchno-; 
Ttteupa, the side]. The visceral layer of meso- 
derm forming the covering of the digestive tube. 

Splanchnoptosia, Splanchnoptosis {splangk- 
no-to'-she-ah, -sis) [splanchno-; nrwocg, a 
falling]. A condition of relaxation of the 
abdominal viscera; it includes gastroptosis, 
enteroptosis, nephroptosis, less commonly 
hepatoptosis and splenoptosis. 



SPLANCHNOSCOPY 



910 



SPLENOPHRENIC 



Splanchnoscopy (splangk-nos'-ko-pe) [splanch- 
no-; onoize'cv, to examine]. Visual examina- 
tion of the viscera. 

Splanchnoskeleton (splangk-no-sheV -et-on) 
[splanchno-; skeleton]. That portion of the 
skeleton related to the viscera. 

Splanchnotomy (splangk-not'-o-me) [splanch- 
no-; xk[ivecv } to cut]. Dissection of the 
viscera. 

Splashing {splash' '-ing) [origin obscure]. 
Making a plashing sound. S. Fremitus, a 
noise heard in succession in some cases of 
pleural effusion; it may be simulated by the 
presence of fluid in a distended stomach. S. 
in the Stomach, a sign of atony of that organ. 

Splay-foot. See Talipes. 

Spleen (splen) [gtzXtiv, spleen]. One of the ab- 
dominal viscera, situated just below the dia- 
phragm on the left side, and connected with the 
hematopoietic system. It is covered by a 
fibroelastic capsule from which trabeculas 
radiate into the organ. In the spaces formed 
by these are found collections of lymphoid 
tissue (the malpighian corpuscles) and the 
splenic pulp. The malpighian corpuscles 
surround the small branches of the splenic 
artery. The splenic pulp consists of a delicate 
reticulum containing large connective-tissue 
cells, lymphoid cells, and red corpuscles. The 
spleen receives a large amount of blood, 
which in passing from the termination of the 
splenic artery to the beginning of the splenic 
vein is probably not held within walls, but 
comes in direct contact with the lymphoid 
tissue. The spleen normally weighs about 
200 Gm. S., Accessory, a detached portion 
of splenic tissue in the neighborhood of the 
spleen. Syn., Splenculus. S., Floating. See 
S., Wandering. S., Sago-, one of which the 
malpighian follicles are the seat of amyloid 
change. S., Wandering, one that, owing to 
relaxation of its attachments, is movable. 

Splen- (splen-). See Spleno-. 

Splenadenoma (splen-ad-en-o'-mah) [splen-; 
adenoma]. Hyperplasia of the lymphoid 
tissue of the spleen. 

Splenalgia (splen-al'-je-ah) [splen-; dXyoc, pain]. 
Neuralgic pain in the spleen. 

Splenculus (splen' -ku-lus) [spleen]. An ac- 
cessory spleen. 

Splenectomize (splen-ek'-tom-lz) [splenectomy]. 
To excise the spleen. 

Splenectomy (splen-ek'-to-me) [splen-; i/cro/iT], 
excision]. Excision of the spleen. 

Splenemia (splen-e'-me-ah) [splen-; alpta, blood]. 
Splenic leukemia. 

Splenic (splen'-ik) [spleen]. 
or affecting the spleen. 2. 
in disorders of the spleen, 
splenitis. S. Apoplexy, 
A nthrax. 

Spleniferrin (splen-i-fer'-in) 

preparation said to be obtained from the 
spleen. 

Splenification (splen-if-ik-a'-shun). SeeSplen- 
ization. 

Splenified (splen' -ij-id). Of a tissue, resemb- 



1. Pertaining to 
A remedy efficient 
3. Affected with 
See 



S. Fever. 



An organic iron 



ling the tissue of the spleen, as splenified 
bone-marrow. 

Splenin (splen' -in). An organotherapeutic 
preparation made from the spleen of animals. 

Splenitic (splen-it'-ik). See Splenic. 

Splenitis (splen-i'-tis) [splen-; ixcc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the spleen. S., 
Spodogenous, that due to accumulation of 
waste-matter. 

Splenitive (splen'-it-iv). Capable of acting 
upon the spleen. 

Splenium (sple'-ne-um) [oTtXyvcov, a bandage]. 
1. A bandage. 2. The rounded posterior 
extremity of the corpus callosum. 

Splenius (sple' -ne-us) [splenium]. Shaped like 
a splenium, as the splenius muscle or 
simply splenius. See under Muscle. 

Splenization (splen-i-za' -shun) [spleen]. The 
change in an organ, especially the lung, pro- 
duced by congestion, whereby it comes to re- 
semble the tissue of the spleen. 

Spleno- (splen-o-) [anXrjv, spleen], A prefix 
denoting pertaining to the spleen. 

Splenocele (splen' -o-sel) [spleno-; ktjXtj, hernia]. 
Hernia of the spleen. 

Splenocolic (splen-o-kol'-ik) [spleno-; koXov, 
colon]. Pertaining to the spleen and the 
colon. 

Splenocyte (splen' -o-sit) [spleno-; koxoc, a cell]. 
The cell peculiar to splenic tissue. 

Splenohepatomegaly (splen-o-hep-at-o-meg'- 
al-e) [spleno-; rjr.ap, liver; /xiyac, great]. En- 
largement of the liver and spleen. 

Splenolaparotomy (splen-o-lap-ar-ot'-o-me) . 
See Laparosplenotomy. 

Splenolymph (splen' -o-limj) . Intermediate in 
character between the spleen and a lymph- 
gland. See Glands, Splenolymph. 

Splenolymphatic (splen - - Urn - fat' - ik) . Re- 
lating to the spleen and the lymph-glands. 

Splenomalacia (splen-o-mal-a'-se-ah) [spleno-; 
fxalaKca, softness]. Softening of the spleen. 

Splenomedullary (splen-o-med'-ul-a-re). Re- 
lating to the spleen and the marrow of bones. 

Splenomegalia, Splenomegaly (splen-o-meg- 
a'-le-ah, splen-o-meg'-al-e) [spleno-; [ikyag, 
large]. Enlargement of the spleen, especially 
simple enlargement of the spleen without 
leukemia; by some it is considered merely as 
Hodgkin's disease of splenic type. 

Splenoparectama, Splenoparectasis (splen-o- 
par-ek' -ta-mah, splen-o-par-ek'-ta-sis) [spleno-; 
eKzaaic, distention]. Enlargement of the 
spleen. 

Splenopathia (splen-o-path'-e-ah) . See Splenop- 
athy. S. leukocythsemica, splenic leu- 
kemia. 

Splenopathy (splen-op'-ath-e) [spleno-; izadoc, 
suffering]. Any disease of the spleen. 

Splenopexia, Splenopexis, Splenopexy (splen- 
o-peks'-e-ah, splen' -o-peks-is, splen' -o-peks-e) 
[spleno-; n^tf, a fixing in]. Fixation of a 
wandering spleen to the abdominal wall by 
means of sutures. 

Splenophrenic (splen-o-fren'-ik) [spleno-; 4>pr]v, 
diaphragm]. Pertaining to the spleen and the 
diaphragm. 



SPLENOPNEUMONIA 



911 



SPONGIOPILIN 



Splenopneumonia {splen -o-nu- mo' -ne- ah) 
[spleno-; pneumonia]. Pneumonia with splen- 
ization of the lung. 

Splenoptosis {splen-o-to' -sis) [spleno-; tzxgjoic, a 
falling]. Downward displacement of the 
spleen. 

Splenorrhaphy {splen-or' -af-e) [spleno-; pafirj, 
suture]. Suture of the spleen. 

Splenoscirrhus {splen-o-skir'-us) [spleno-; OK~cp- 
pog, hardness]. Cancer of the spleen. 

Splenotomy {splen-of -o-me) [spleno-; rifivsev, 
to cut], i. The operation of incising the 
spleen. 2. Dissection of the spleen. 

Splenule {splen' -ill). An accessory or rudi- 
mentary spleen. 

Splint [Swedish, splint, a kind of spike]. A 
piece of wood, metal, or other material for 
keeping the ends of a fractured bone or other 
movable parts in a state of rest. S.-box. 
See Fracture-box. S., Desault's, one used 
in treating fracture of the thigh. S., Inter- 
dental, an appliance used in the treatment 
of fractured jaws. S., Mason's, one used in 
subsequent treatment of amputation at the 
elbow, allowing pronation and supination 
movements during healing. S., Poroplastic, 
a splint which can be softened with hot water 
and molded upon the limb, to harden and re- 
tain the shape when dried. S., Stromeyer's, 
one used to prevent stiffness of the joints in 
case of fracture. It consists of two hinged 
parts that can be fixed at any angle. 

Splintage {splint' -a j). The application of 
splints. 

Split -cloth. A bandage for the head with six 
or eight tails attached to a central part. 

Spodogenous {spo-doj'-en-us) [oTzodoc, ashes; 
■fEvvav, to produce]. Pertaining to or pro- 
duced by waste-material, as spodogenous 
enlargement of the spleen, a swelling of the 
spleen produced by the accumulation of the 
detritus of red corpuscles. 

Spodophagous {spo-dof'-ag-us) [oizodoc, ashes; 
fyayziv, to eat]. Destroying the waste-material 
of the body. 

Spodophorous {spo-dof'-or-us) [onodoc, ashes; 
(f>epscv, to bear]. Carrying or conveying waste- 
material. 

SpoendePs Foramen. A small opening in the 
cartilaginous base of the skull between the 
ethmoid and the lesser wings of the sphenoid 
and the anterior ethmoid. 

Spoke-shave {spok'-shav). A ring-knife, de- 
vised by Carmalt Jones, for use in rhinologic 
operations. 

Spondyl-, Spondylo- {spon-dil-, spon-dil-o-) 
[onovduXoc, vertebra]. A prefix denoting per- 
taining to a vertebra. 

Spondylarthritis {spon-dil-ar-thri'-tis) [spon- 
dyl-; apdpov, joint; exec, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of a vertebral articulation. 

Spondyle {spon'-dil) [onovdufof, a vertebra]. 
A vertebra. 

Spondylitis {spon-dil-i'-tis) [spondyle; exec, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of a vertebra. 
S., Tuberculous, Pott's disease. 

Spondylizema {spon-dil-i-ze'-mah) [spondyle; 



'i^efia, a subsiding]. The settling of a vertebra 
into the place of a subjacent one that has been 
destroyed. 

Spondylodidymia {spon - dil -o- did - im' -e- ah) 
[spondyle; diou/xoc, twin]. A form of somato- 
dymia in which the union is in the vertebras. 
Syn., Vertebradymia. 

Spondylodymus {spon-dil-od' -im-us) [spondyle; 
duecv, to enter]. A twin monster united by 
the vertebras. 

Spondylolisthesis {spon-dil-o-lis-the'-sis) [spon- 
dyle; okcad-qacc, a slipping]. Deformity of 
the spinal column produced by the gliding for- 
ward of the lumbar vertebras in such a manner 
that they overhang the brim and obstruct the 
inlet of the pelvis ; especially the separation of 
the last lumbar vertebra from, and its slipping 
forward on, the sacrum. 

Spondylolisthetic {spon-dil-o-lis-thet'-ik). Per- 
taining to or caused by spondylolisthesis. 

Spondylosis {spon-dil-o' -sis) [spondyle]. Ver- 
tebral ankylosis. S., Rhizomelic, spondy- 
lose rhizomelique ; Marie's term for a variety 
of arthritis deformans with ankylosis of the 
vertebras and arthritis of the hips and shoulders. 

Spondylotomy {spon-dil-of -o-me) . See Rachi- 
otomy. 

Sponge {spun]) [cnbyyoc, a sponge]. A marine 
animal of the class Porifera, having a porous, 
horny skeleton; also the skeleton itself, used 
as an absorbent. S.-bath, the application of 
water to the surface of the body by means of a 
sponge. S.s, Bernay's Aseptic, small circular 
discs of prepared cotton fiber which has been 
subjected to great pressure; when placed in 
water, they increase in size 12 to 15 times. 
They are recommended as controlling agents 
in nasal hemorrhage. S. -gatherer's- Dis- 
ease, a disease of divers due to a secretion of 
a species of Actinia found in waters where 
sponges grow. This viscid excretion causes 
at the point of contact upon the body a swell- 
ing and intense itching, followed by a papule 
surrounded by a zone of redness which later 
becomes black and gangrenous and forms a 
deep ulcer. S. -graft. See Graft, Sponge-. 
S.-tent. See Tent, Sponge-. 

Spongework {spunj-zverk). Synonym of Spon- 
gio plasm. 

Spongiform {s pun' -je- form) [sponge; forma, a 
form]. Resembling a sponge. 

Spongin {spun'-jin) [sponge]. The horny sub- 
stance forming the skeletal fibers of the sponge. 

Spongioblast {spun' -je-o-blast) [sponge; flaaxbc, 
a germ]. A variety of cell derived from the 
ectoderm of the embryonic neural tube, and 
forming later the neuroglia. S. of Inner 
Molecular Layer of Retina. See Cells, 
Amacrine. 

Spongiocyte {spun'-je-o-sit) [sponge; kuxoc, a 
cell]. Fish's term for the glia or neuroglia 
cell. _ 

Spongiopilin {spun-je-o-pi' -lin) [sponge; Tt'cXoc, 
felt]. Felted or woven cloth into which tufts 
of sponge are incorporated and one side of 
which is coated with rubber; it is used as a 
poultice. 



SPONGIOPLASM 



912 



SPOT 



Spongioplasm (spun' -je-o-plazm) sponge; 
TiXaooecv, to mold]. The fine, elastic, proto- 
plasmic threads forming the reticulum of cells. 

Spongiositis (spun-je-o-si'-tis). Inflammation 
of the corpus spongiosum. 

Spongy (spun'-je) [sponge]. Having the texture of 
sponge. S. Portion of the Urethra, that con- 
tained in the corpus spongiosum of the urethra. 

Spontaneous {spon-ta'-ne-us) [spons, will]. 
Voluntary; occurring without extraneous im*- 
pulse; automatic. 

Spoon. An instrument consisting of an oval 
or circular bowl fixed to a handle; it is used in 
surgery to scrape away dead tissue, granula- 
tions, etc. 

Spoonful. A spoon is full when the contained 
liquid comes up to but does not show a curve 
above the upper edge or rim of the bowl. A 
teaspoonful equals 5 Cc. ; a dessertspoonful, 
10 Cc. ; a tablespoonful, 15 Cc. 

Sporadic (spor-ad'-ik) [oTzopadcKoc;, scattered]. 
Scattered; occurring in an isolated manner. 
S. Cholera, cholera morbus. 

Sporadoneure {spor-ad'-o-nur) [onopac, scat- 
tered; veupov, a nerve]. An isolated nerve-cell. 

Sporangium (spor-an' '-je-um) [spore; ayyziov, 
a vessel; pi., sporangia]. In biology, a cap- 
sule producing or inclosing spores. 

Spore (spor) [onopoc, seed]. A seed; a repro- 
ductive body of lower vegetable organisms, as 
of bacteria. 

Sporidium (spor-id'-e-um) [spore; cdcov, a dim. ; 
pi., sporidia]. 1. In biology, a spore borne 
upon a promycelium. 2. A provisional genus 
of Sporozoa. S. vaccinale, Funck, a species 
of sporozoa occurring as: (1) small, spheric, 
highly refractive bodies (2-10 p.), of green color 
and* slow movement; (2) small refracting 
spheres inclosed in capsules; (3) morula 
masses or spore-casts. They can be cultivated 
and the culture produces typical vaccinia when 
inoculated in calves. 

Sporif erous (spor-if'-er-us) [spore; ferre, to bear]. 
Spore-bearing. 

Sporification {spor-if-ik-a'-shun). The for- 
mation of spores. 

Sporo- (spor-o-) [spore]. A prefix meaning re- 
lating to a spore or seed. 

Sporoblast (spor'-o-blast) [sporo-; ftXaoTOf, a 
germ]. One of the four round bodies pro- 
duced by the process of endogenous cell-for- 
mation in a coccidium. 

Sporocyst (spor'-o-sist) [sporo-; kuotic, a bag]. 
1. The mother-cell of a spore. 2. That 
stage of a sporozoon resulting from the de- 
velopment of a sporoblast and in its turn giv- 
ing rise to two sporo zoits. 

Sporogenesis (spor-o-jen' -es-is) [sporo-; ykvtotg, 
generation]. The development of spores; 
reproduction by spores. 

Sporogony {spor-o g'-o-ne). 1. See Sporogen- 
esis. 2. A form of exogenous sporulation; 
an oocyst containing a sporont divides 'into 
four sporoblasts, which ripen into sporocysts 
and in turn divide into a crescentic nucleated 
body, the sporozoit. It occurs among coc- 
cidia. Cf. Schizogony. 



Sporont {spor'-ont) [sporo-; wv, being]. 1. In bi- 
ology a gregarine without ah epimerite, as 
distinguished from a cephalont. 2. Schau- 
dinn's term for the single-celled contents of 
the coccidial oocyst. Cf. Schizont. 

Sporophore (spor r -o-for) [sporo-; (pkpecv, to bear]. 
That portion of a fungus bearing the spores. 

Sporoplasm (spor'-o-plazm) [sporo-; nAaooetv, 
to form]. The cytoplasm of the asexual re- 
productive cell. 

Sporotheca (spor-o-the'-kah) [sporo-; Otjkt), a 
case]. 1. See Sporangium. 2. The envelop 
of the sporulating cell. 

Sporozoa (spor-o-zo f -ah) [sporo-; Z,&ov, an 
animal]. A class of parasitic Protozoa sub- 
divided into the Gregarinidea, parasitic in vari- 
ous worms and arthropods; the Coccididea or 
oviform psorosperms, parasitic in the hepatic 
and intestinal epithelium of various mammals, 
including man; the Sarco sporidia, or tubuli- 
form psorosperms, parasitic in the muscles of 
various animals ; the Myxosporidia, the psoro- 
sperms of fishes; the Micro sporidia, the 
psorosperms of articulates. 

Sporozoit (spor-o-zo'-it) [see Sporozoa]. The 
sickle-shaped, nucleated organism which re- 
sults from the division of a sporocyst among 
the sporozoa. Syn., Germinal rod (Ross, 
1878); Zygotoblast (Ross, 1899); Gameto- 
blast (Lankester, 1900). 

Sporozoon (spor-o-zo' '-on) [see Sporozoa]. In 
biology, a member of the Sporozoa. 

Sporulation (spor-u-la'-shun) [spore]. The 
production of spores. S., Arthrogenous, 
the change of bacteria into resistant forms, 
which are capable of germinating again under 
favorable conditions. 

Spot [ME.]. See Macule. S.s, Acoustic. 
See Maculce acusticce under Macula. S.S, 
Bitot's, xerosis conjunctivae; silver-gray, 
shiny, triangular spots on both sides 
of the cornea, within the region of the 
palpebral aperture, consisting of dried 
epithelium, flaky masses, and microorgan- 
isms. They are observed in some cases of 
hemeralopia. S., Blind (of Mariotte), the 
entrance of the optic nerve where the rods 
and the cones are absent. S., Blue (of the 
integument), a tegumentary spot over the 
sacral region characteristic of the Mongolian 
race; due to aggregations of long, spindle- 
shaped, and stellate cells in the cutis contain- 
ing pigment. It appears in the fourth month 
of fetal life and persists sometimes to the 
seventh year. S., Corneal, an opacity of the 
cornea; leukoma. S.s, Cribriform, the 
perforations of the fovea hemisphaerica for 
the passage of the filaments of the auditory 
nerve. Syn., Macula cribrosa. S. -disease. 
See Pebrine. S., Embryonic, the nucleolus 
of the ovum. S.s, Genital, nasal parts which 
show increased sensitiveness during men- 
struation. S., Germinal, S., Germ-. See 
S., Embryonic. S., Hectic, the bright flush 
on the cheeks of a person suffering from 
hectic fever. S.s, Koplik's. See Koplik's 
Spots under Sign. S.s, Lenticular. See 



SPOTTED FEVER 



913 



SQUAMOSPHENOID 



S.s., Rose. S., Light (on the membrana 
tympani), a cone of light on the anterior and 
inferior part of the tympanic membrane, with 
its apex directed inward. S., Mariotte's, 
the optic disc. S., Milk-, a spot found 
postmortem on the external surface of the 
visceral layer of the pericardium, usually 
over the right ventricle; it varies from one- 
half to one inch in diameter, and is of common 
occurrence in persons who have passed middle 
life. S.s, de Morgan's. See Morgan's (de) 
Spots under Sign. S., Mother's, nevus. 
S.s, Rose, a red papulous eruption forming 
spots the size of a small lentil, effaced by 
pressure of the finger and occurring mostly 
on the abdomen and loins during the first 
seven days of typhoid fever. They are 
due to inflammation of the papillary layer 
of the skin from invasion of typhoid bacilli. 
Syn., Typhoid roseola; Typhoid spots; Fr., 
Tache rosees lenticulaires. Cf . Tache bleudtre. 
S.s, Roth's. See Roth's Spots under Sign. 
S.s, Soldiers'. Same as Macula lutea. S., 
Sommering's. See Macula lutea. S.s, Sun. 
See Lentigo. S.s, Typhoid. See S.s, Rose. 
S. of Wagner, the embryonic spot. S.s, 
White, grayish or yellowish-white elevated 
spots from the size of a pin-head to that of a 
one-cent piece, of varying shape and distinct- 
ness of outline, often occurring on the ventricu- 
lar surface of the anterior leaflet of the mitral 
valve. S., Wine-, port -wine mark; straw- 
berry mark. S., Yellow. See Macula lutea. 

Spotted Fever, i. Cerebrospinal fever. 2. 
Typhus. 

Sprain (spran) [OF., ^espreindre, from L., ex- 
primere, to press out]. A wrenching of a joint, 
producing a stretching or laceration of the 
ligaments. S. -fracture, an injury in which 
a tendon together with a shell of bone is torn 
from its attachment. 

Spray (spra). A liquid blown into minute par- 
ticles by a strong current of air. S.-cure, a 
form of douche applied by means of a spray- 
ing apparatus. 

Sprengel's Deformity. See Deformation, 
SprengeV s. 

Sprew (spru). See Sprue. 

Spring [ME.]. The first of the four seasons 
of the year; also, a device having resili- 
ency. S. Conjunctivitis. See Vernal Con- 
junctivitis. S. Fever, lassitude. S. -fin- 
ger, a condition in which there is an 
obstruction to flexion and extension of one 
or more fingers at a certain stage of these 
movements. It is due to injuries or may re- 
sult from inflammation of the tendinous 
sheaths. S.-halt, an involuntary convulsive 
movement of the muscles of either hind leg in 
the horse, by which the leg is suddenly and 
unduly raised from the ground and lowered 
again with unnatural force. S. -knee, a con- 
dition of the knee similar in general features 
to the condition known as spring-finger. Just 
before full extension of the joint is reached 
there is a slight hitch, and then the limb 
straightens itself with a sharp, rather painful 
59 



jerk. S. -ligament, the inferior calcaneosca- 
phoid ligament of the sole of the foot. S.- 
nail, a hangnail. S. Ophthalmia. See 
Vernal Conjunctivitis. S.-worm. See Ox- 
yuris venmicularis. 

Sprue. 1. Thrush. 2. The name given by 
the Dutch in Java to aphthae tropica? (q. v.); 
a chronic catarrhal inflammation of the entire 
alimentary tract, especially prevalent in Ma- 
laya. Syn., Ceylon sore mouth; Diarrhcea alba; 
Sprout; Tropical sprue. 

Spud [Dan., spyd, a spear]. 1. An instrument 
used in the detachment of the mucosa in flaps 
in operations necessitating the removal of bone. 
2. A short flattened blade used to dislodge a 
foreign substance. 

Spunk (spnngk). See under Agaric. 

Spur (sper) [ME., spure]. 1. A sharp point 
or projection. 2. The angle made by any 
branch with the main blood-vessel. 3. In 
biology, a pointed, spine-like outgrowth, 
either of the integument or a projecting ap- 
pendage. 4. Ergot. S. -blind, myopic. S.- 
gall, a callous and hairless place on the side of 
a horse, caused by the use of a spur. S. of 
the Septum, an outgrowth of the nasal septum. 

Sputum {spu'-tum) [spuere, to spit; pi., sputa]. 
The secretion ejected from the mouth in spit- 
ting. It consists of saliva and mucus from 
the nasal fossa and the fauces. In diseased 
conditions of the air-passages or lungs it may 
be purulent, mucopurulent, fibrinous, or 
bloody. S., jEruginous, sputum of a green 
color. S. crudum, the scanty, viscid ex- 
pectoration of the early stages of acute bron- 
chitis. S., Hailstone, spheric masses of 
sputum of the later stages of bronchitis. 
Sputa margaritacea. See S., Pearly. S., 
Mucopurulent, small lumps or pellets in a 
viscid, mucoserous fluid, seen in bronchitis. 
S., Nummular, a sputum characterized by 
round, coin-like masses; it is seen in pulmo- 
nary tuberculosis. S., Pearly, sputum con- 
sisting of small translucent pellets. S., 
Rusty, the dark-colored sputum of lobar pneu- 
monia, the color of which is due to the admix- 
ture of blood. S. Septicemia. See Septicemia, 
Sputum. 

Squama (skwa'-mah) [L.]. A scale or scale- 
like mass, as the squama of the temporal 
bone. S. frontalis, the vertical portion of 
the frontal bone. S. occipitalis, the supra- 
occipital bone. S. temporalis, the squamosa. 

Squamo- (skwa-mo-) [squama], A prefix de- 
noting relating to the squamous portion of 
the parietal or temporal bone. 

Squamomandibular {skwa-mo-man-dib f -u-lar) . 
Relating to the squamosa and maxillary bone. 

Squamoparietal {skwa-mo-par-i'-et-al) [squa- 
mo-; paries, wall]. Pertaining to the squam- 
ous portion of the parietal bone. 

Squamosa, Squamosal (skwa-mo'-sah, skwa- 
mo'-sal). The squamous portion of the tem- 
poral bone. 

Squamosphenoid (skvja-mo-sfe' -noid) [squamo-; 
sphenoid]. Pertaining to the squamous portion 
of the temporal bone and to the sphenoid bone. 



SQUAMOTEMPORAL 



914 



STAIN 



Squamotemporal (skwa-mo-tem'-po-ral) [squa- 
mo-; temporal]. Pertaining to the squamous 
portion of the temporal bone. 

Squamous (skwa'-mus) [squamosus, scaly], i. 
Of the shape of a scale, as the squamous 
portion of the temporal bone. 2. Scaly. S. 
Suture, the suture, between the squamous 
portion of the temporal bone and the frontal 
and parietal bones. 

Squamozygomatic (skwa-mo-zi-go-mat f -ik) 
[squamo-; zygomatic]. Pertaining to the squa- 
mous and zygomatic portions of the temporal 
bone. 

Square Lobe. 1. The lobus quadratus of the 
liver. 2. A lobe on the upper surface of the 
cerebellar hemisphere. 

Squarious, Squarrous (skwa'-re-us, skwar'-us) 
[squariosus, scurfy]. Scurfy. 

Squill (skwtt). The bulb of Urginea mari- 
tima (U. S. P.) or Urginea scilla (B. P.), of 
the order Liliacea. Squill {scilla, U. S. P., B. 
P.) contains several bitter principles, scillitin, 
scillipicrin, scillitoxin, and scillin, a carbohy- 
drate sinistrin, and other substances. It is 
expectorant, diuretic, and emetocathartic, and 
is used in dropsy and in croup. Dose 1-2 gr. 
(0.065-0.13 Gm.). S., Fluidextract of 
(fluidextr actum settles, U. S. P.). Dose 2-3 
min. (0.13-0.2 Cc). S., Oxymel of (oxymel 
scilla, B. P.). Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Gm.). S., 
Pills of, Compound (pilula scilla composites, 
B. P.). Dose 5-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). S., 
Syrup of (syrupus scilla, U. S. P., B. P.). 
Dose |-i dr. (2-4 Cc). S., Syrup of, Com- 
pound (syrupus scilla compositus, U. S. P.), 
hive-syrup. Dose 20-30 min. (1.3-2.0 Cc). 
S., Tincture of (tinctura scilla, U. S. P., B. 
P.). Dose 5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). S., 
Vinegar of (acetum scilla, U. S. P., B. P.). 
Dose 10-30 min. (0.65-2.0 Cc). 

Squint (skwint). See Strabismus. 

Squirting Cucumber. See Elaterium. 

Sr. Symbol for strontium. 

Ss. Abbreviation for semis, one-half. 

Stabile (sta'-bil) [stabilis, from stare, to stand]. 
Not moving; fixed. S. Current, an electric 
current produced by holding the electrodes in 
a fixed position. 

Staccato Speech. See Scanning. 

Stachydrin (sta-kid'-rin), C 7 H 13 N0 2 . An al- 
kaloid from the bulb of Stachys palustris, form- 
ing colorless crystals which liquefy on ex- 
posure; soluble in water and alcohol; melt at 
210 C. 

Staderini's Nucleus. The nucleus inter- 
calatus, an aggregation of ganglion-cells situ- 
ated between the dorsal nucleus of the pneumo- 
gastric and the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve. 

Stadium (sta'-de-um) [L.]. Stage. S. 
acmes, the height of a disease. S. amphi- 
boles. See Stage, Amphibolic. S. annihila- 
tionis, the convalescent stage. S. augmenti, 
the period in which there is increase in the 
intensity of the disease. S. caloris, the period 
during which there is fever; the hot stage. 
S. decrementi, defervescence of a febrile 
disease; the period in which there is a de- 



crease in the severity of the disease. S. flori- 
tionis, the stage of an eruptive disease during 
which the exanthem is at its height. S. 
frigoris, the cold stage of a fever. See Stage, 
Algid. S. incrementi, the stage of increase 
of a fever or disease. S. staseos. See 5. 
acmes. 

Staff. An instrument for passing into the blad- 
der through the urethra and used as a guide in 
operations for stricture. 

Staff a [sta]' -ah). 1. The stapes. 2. A figure- 
of-8 bandage. 

Stage (staj) [stare, to stand]. 1. A definite 
period of a disease characterized by certain 
symptoms ; a condition in the course of a dis- 
ease. 2. The horizontal plate projecting 
from the pillar of a microscope for supporting 
the slide or object. S., Algid, a condition 
characterized by subnormal temperature, 
feeble, flickering pulse, various nervous symp- 
toms, etc. It occurs in cholera and other 
diseases marked by exhausting intestinal dis- 
charges. S., Amphibolic, the stage of a dis- 
ease intervening between its height and its de- 
cline. S., Asphyxial, the preliminary stage 
of Asiatic cholera, marked by extreme thirst, 
muscular cramps, etc., due to loss of water 
from the blood. S., Cold, the rigor or chill 
of an attack of a malarial paroxysm. S., 
Expulsive (of labor), the stage which begins 
when dilation of the cervix uteri is complete 
and during which the child is expelled from 
the uterus. See Labor, Stages of. S., First 
(of labor), that stage in which the 
molding of the fetal head and the dila- 
tion of the cervix are effected. S., Hot, the 
febrile stage of a malarial paroxysm. S. of 
Invasion, the period in the course of a dis- 
ease in which the system comes under the 
influence of the morbific agent. S. of 
Latency, the incubation-period of an infec- 
tious disease, or that period intervening be- 
tween the entrance of the virus and the man- 
ifestations of the symptoms to which it gives 
rise. S., Placental (of labor), the period oc- 
cupied by the expulsion of the placenta and 
fetal membranes. S., Preemptive, the 
period of an eruptive fever following infection 
and prior to the appearance of the eruption. 
S., Second (of labor). See S., Expulsive. 
S., Sweating, the third or terminal stage of a 
malarial paroxysm, during which there is 
sweating. S., Third (of labor). See S., 
Placental. 

Stagium (sta'-je-um). The sixth part of an 
ounce. 

Stagnum chyli. Same as Receptaculum chyli. 

Stahl's Ear. A congenital deformity of the ear 
which consists in a broadening of the helix, 
the fossa ovalis and upper part of the scaphoid 
fossa being covered. 

Stahlian (stah'-le-an). An animist, a follower 
of the doctrine of George Ernst Stahl, Ger- 
man chemist, 1 660-1 734. 

Stain (stan) [from distain, from dis, priv. ; lin- 
ger e, to color]. 1. A discoloration. 2. A 
pigment employed in microscopy to color the 



STAIN 



915 



STAIN 



tissues or to produce certain reactions. The 
common microscopic stains are hematoxylin, 
carmin, osmic acid, and the anilin dyes. S., 
Intra vitam, one that will act upon living 
material. S., Inversion, of Rawitz, a 
process in which, under the influence of a 
mordant, a basic anilin dye behaves as a plasma 
or acid dye. Table of Stains, Reagents, 
Reactions, Staining Methods, etc.: Ap- 
pended are those most important to students 
of medicine. For a full definition of all the 
stains, etc., in use in special and general 
branches, see the Illustrated Dictionary and 
the Dictionary of New Medical Terms. 
Acid Fuchsin, a diffuse stain, having a 
special affinity for axis-cylinders. A solution 
of 2 Gm. in 40 Cc. of 90 % alcohol and 160 Cc. 
of distilled water is employed. Wash out in 
90% alcohol. Weigert stains sections of 
tissue hardened in Miiller's fluid in a saturated 
aqueous solution of acid fuchsin for from 1 to 
24 hours, then rinses them quickly in water, 
immerses for a few minutes in a saturated 
solution of potassium hydroxid, 1 part, al- 
cohol, 10 parts. Wash thoroughly to remove 
the alkali, dehydrate, clear, and mount. This 
process differentiates the finer nerve-fibers in 
the spinal cord. Alcohol, an excellent 
fixing medium, suitable for all tissues except 
those of the central nervous system and those 
undergoing fatty infiltration or degeneration. 
It is also used to harden and preserve objects 
that have been fixed in other fluids. As a 
preservative it is not without defects, as it 
alters the structure of tissues by continuously 
dehydrating their albuminoids. Toluol, ether, 
and xylol are recommended as substitutes 
(Kultschitzky). As a fixing agent alco- 
hol is usually employed in gradually increas- 
ing strengths, beginning with 50 or 70 %. 
Alcohol, Absolute, one of the most pene- 
trating fixing agents, which has the advantage 
of preserving the structure of glands and of 
nuclei. It should be employed in large quan- 
tities. Hydration may be prevented by sus- 
pending in the alcohol strips of gelatin (Lo w- 
rie). After fixation, preserve the object in 
90 % alcohol. Amyloid Reaction (in tissues 
having undergone amyloid degeneration). 1. 
With iodin: Dilute Lugol's solution wth dis- 
tilled water until it has the color of port-wine, 
and add 25 % of glycerol; in this stain the 
sections for 3 minutes, wash in water, and 
mount in glycerol. The amyloid substance 
is brown-red; the remaining tissues are light- 
yellow. (For permanent preparations see the 
method of Langhans for glycogen.) 2. With 
iodin-green : Stain for 24 hours in iodin-green 
(0.5 Gm. dissolved in 150 Cc. of distilled 
water) and wash in water. The amyloid 
masses are red-violet, the remaining tissues 
green. 3. With iodin and sulfuric acid: 
Place sections that have been treated with 
Lugol's solution (see Iodin Reaction in this 
table) in 1 % sulfuric acid. The brown of 
the amyloid substance becomes intensified or 
it changes to a violet or blue to green color. 



4. With methyl-green : Stain for from 3 to 5 
minutes in 1 % solution of the dye and wash in 
distilled water containing 1 % of hydrochloric 
acid. Amyloid substance violet, nuclei, green. 

5. With methyl- violet: The process of stain- 
ing is the same as with methyl-green. The 
amyloid is purple-red, the remaining tissue 
blue. Anilin Oil, an important medium 
because of its ability to clear watery objects; 
it will even clear aqueous mediums without 
the intervention of alcohol, which sometimes 
renders it valuable as a penetrating medium 
prior to paraffin embedding. It is also used 
for clearing celloidin sections. Anilin 
Water (Ehrlich), shake up 3 Cc. of 
anilin oil with 97 Cc. of distilled water and 
filter. The filtrate should be clear. Used as 
a mordant for anilin dyes. It does not keep 
well, and should be freshly prepared. Apathy 
Cement, heat together, in a porcelain cap- 
sule, equal parts of hard " paraffin (6o° C. 
(140 F.) melting-point) and Canada balsam 
until the mixture assumes a golden tint and 
no longer emits vapors of turpentine. On 
cooling, this forms a firm mass, which for 
use is warmed and applied with a glass rod. 
This cement is suitable for closing glycerol 
mounts. Balsam -paraffin for Ceils (Julien), 
this substance consists of paraffin saturated 
with balsam-cement, and is prepared as fol- 
lows: Reduce commercial Canada balsam 
to a wax-like consistence by slow evaporation 
in a shallow tin pan over a low flame. Test 
by cooling a few drops from time to time. 
Melt slowly one-fourth pound of paraffin, 
with a melting-point above 45 C. (113 F.); 
add a lump of balsam-cement about the size 
of a marble, and then digest at gentle heat, 
stirring frequently, for about an hour. The 
appearance of a slight yellow tinge indicates 
the saturation of the paraffin by the balsam. 
When it is desired to prepare a cell, the balsam- 
paraffin is cautiously heated to the melting- 
point in a shallow porcelain capsule. These 
paraffin cells are suitable for dry or liquid 
mounts, excepting for the latter when Canada 
balsam, dammar, or oils are used as preserva- 
tives. The great advantage of the balsam- 
paraffin is its chemic indifference to the re- 
agents employed in the preservation mediums. 
Boston's Mixture (for the preservation of 
casts in urine), liquor acidi arsenosi ( U. S. 
P.), 1. oz. ; salicylic acid, J gr. ; glycerol, 2 
dr. Dissolve by warming gently and add 
"whole tears" of acacia to saturation. Let 
the mixture settle, decant the supernatant 
liquid, and add a drop of formalin. Place a 
drop of urine containing casts on a slide, 
evaporate nearly to dryness, add a drop of the 
preservative, mix the two with a delicate 
needle, apply a cover-glass, and when the 
mount has hardened, seal with cement. Bre- 
mer's Method (for diabetic blood), fix the films 
for 6 minutes in the oven at 135 C. (275 F.). 
Stain for 3 minutes with 1 % solution of methyl- 
blue or with the Ehrlich-Biondi mixture. 
The yellow-green reaction of the erythrocytes 



STAIN 



916 



STAIN 



may also be obtained by using eosin, congo 
red, or biebrich scarlet in i % solution. 
Canada Balsam, evaporate the balsam in 
a water-bath to dryness, and dissolve in an 
equal volume of xylol, benzol, toluol, chloro- 
form, or turpentine. Filter through paper 
and keep in a "capped" bottle. If it gets 
too thick, dilute by adding more of the sol- 
vent employed. Carbolfuchsin, fuchsin, i 
Gm.; phenol, 5 Gm.; alcohol, 10 Gm.; dis- 
tilled water, 100 Gm. Celloidin, stated to be 
a preparation of pure pyroxylin. It is nonex- 
plosive and is soluble in ether and alcohol. 
Celloidin should be used in thin (2 %) and in 
thick (6 %) solutions. The object is thoroughly 
dehydrated in absolute alcohol, placed in a 
mixture of equal parts of ether and alcohol for 
from 12 to 24 hours, or longer if the object is 
large. It is then placed for 24 hours in a thin 
solution of celloidin (8 Gm. in 100 Cc. each of 
alcohol and ether), and transferred from this 
to a thick solution of celloidin (8 Gm. in 50 Cc. 
each of alcohol and ether). Select a cork or 
a piece of soft, dry wood, and dip it in the 
thick celloidin solution; when dry, place the 
prepared tissue upon it- and drop the thick 
celloidin solution upon this with a pipet until 
it is embedded in a jelly-like mass. Blocks 
or cylinders of glass or vulcanized fiber serve 
better than cork, as they sink in the liquids 
used. Harden in 90 % alcohol, and preserve 
in 70 % alcohol. When making sections, keep 
the knife and section wet with alcohol. 
Apathy advises previous smearing of the knife 
with vaselin, as it cuts better and is protected 
from the alcohol. Use bergamot oil to clear. 
Sections may be kept in from 60 to 80 % al- 
cohol. Chenzinsky's Stain {for blood), 
concentrated aqueous solution of methylene- 
blue and distilled water equal parts. To this 
is added an equal quantity of 0.5% solution 
of eosin in 60% alcohol. Stain blood-films 
^ to 5 minutes. Red blood-corpuscles stain 
a rose-red, nuclei of leukocytes blue, and ma- 
larial parasites blue. Claudius' Method 
{for bacteria), stain in gentian or methyl- 
violet, after Gram (see Gram's Method in this 
table), differentiate in a saturated aqueous 
solution of picric acid diluted with an equal 
volume of water, decolorize in chloroform. 
Collodion, prepared by dissolving gun- 
cotton or soluble cotton in equal parts of 95 % 
alcohol and sulfuric ether; it is in every way 
as good as celloidin, and considerably cheaper. 
Conn's Method {for preserving cultures of 
bacteria as museum specimens). Inoculate 
2 % agar slants and seal the tubes with paraffin 
and plaster-of-paris. In a few days the cul- 
tures cease growing and remain indefinitely 
unaltered. Copper Acetate, a solution of 
1 Gm. of copper acetate and 4 Gm. of mer- 
curic chlorid in 250 Cc. of glycerol and 1 Cc. 
of glacial acetic acid is used in preserving and 
mounting green algae. Corrosive Sublimate, 
a most excellent reagent, generally applicable, 
useful particularly for fixing glands and gland- 
ular structures. Saturated aqueous and al- 



coholic solutions are usually employed. The 
tissues turn white when fixed. All the cor- 
rosive sublimate must be washed out in iodin 
or the sections will be sprinkled with crystals 
of the salt. The hardening is completed in 
alcohol. Glass, wood, or platinum should 
be used in manipulating objects immersed in 
this reagent. Sections may be stained with 
any of the usual reagents. Cover-glass 
Preparations, such preparations are usually 
made in examining blood, sputum, or other 
fluid or semifluid substance. In the case of 
sputum, a tiny mass is placed on a cover- 
glass, another is pressed gently down upon 
this, and the two glasses are separated by 
sliding one over the other, the object being to 
secure a thin, even film on each glass. The 
film may also be spread with the edge of a 
cover-glass or with a platinum spatula. The 
preparations are then left to dry in air, or 
they may be dried by exposing them to a tem- 
perature of 120 for twenty minutes, or by 
passing them quickly thrice through the 
flame of a spirit-lamp or Bunsen burner. 
When dry, they are ready to stain. To ob- 
tain a cover-glass preparation of blood, cleanse 
the finger, prick the pad, wipe off the first drop 
of blood that exudes, touch the apex of the 
second drop with a cover-glass, spread in the 
manner described, and dry in air. Craig's 
Method {for obtaining the flagellated malarial 
Plasmodium), cleanse the ear or finger, also 
the slide and cover-glass, with alcohol. Make 
a puncture with a sterile needle and wipe away 
the first drops of blood. Gently breathe upon 
the slide and take up on it the blood from the 
summit of the second drop and immediately 
apply the cover-glass. The brief exposure to 
air and the moisture on the slide are said to 
hasten flagellation. Creasote, the prop- 
erties of this agent are similar to those of 
phenol. Beechwood creasote is a good clear- 
ing medium for celloidin sections. Czen- 
zynke's Double Stain, concentrated 
aqueous solution of methylene-blue, 40 Cc; 
0.5 % solution of eosin in 70 % alcohol, 20 Cc. ; 
distilled water, 40 Cc. This is used to stain 
the blood, and colors the red corpuscles red, 
the leukocytes blue; also for Plasmodium 
malaria, the gonococcus, and the influenza 
bacillus of Pfeiffer and Canon. Dahlia- 
violet, a nuclear stain, recommended for 
demonstrating the granules in Ehrlich's 
mastzellen. Tissues hardened in alcohol are 
stained for several hours in a solution of dahlia- 
violet 2 Gm., in 90 % alcohol 25 Cc. Wash in 
alcohol until nearly colorless. Delafield's 
Hematoxylin, an excellent nuclear stain. 
Dissolve 4 Gm. of hematoxylin in 25 Cc. of 
absolute alcohol, and add 400 Cc. of a satur- 
ated aqueous solution of ammonium alum. 
Expose to light and air for 3 or 4 days; filter; 
add to the filtrate 100 Cc. each of glycerol 
and methyl-alcohol. Eau de Labarraque 
{sodium hypochlorite), rub up 20 Gm. of 
chlorinated lime in 100 Cc. of distilled water 
and mix with 40 Gm. of crystallized sodium 



STAIN 



917 



STAIN 



carbonate dissolved in the same quantity of 
water. Let the mixture stand for an hour and 
filter. This is used in the same way as Javelle 
water. With the aid of heat, chitin is dis- 
solved in either of the solutions in a short 
time (Loos). Chitinous structures, macerated 
for 24 hours or more in these solutions diluted 
with 4 to 6 volumes of water, become soft and 
transparent, and permeable to staining fluids, 
aqueous or alcoholic. This method is espe- 
cially applicable to nematodes and their ova. 
Ehrlich's Acid Hematoxylin, used for 
staining sections and in the mass. Dis- 
solve 1 Gm. of hematoxylin in 30 Cc. of alcohol 
and add 50 Cc. each of glycerol and water, 
alum in excess, and 4 Cc. of glacial acetic acid. 
Let the mixture ripen in the light until it ac- 
quires a deep-red color. Objects stained in 
it should be washed in undistilled water. 
Ehrlich's Anilin Gentian -violet, a mix- 
ture of 5 Cc. of a saturated alcoholic solution 
of gentian-violet and 100 Cc. of anilin water. 
Ehrlich-Biondi-Heidenhain Triple Stain, 
to 100 Cc. of a saturated aqueous solution of 
orange add, with continual agitation, 20 Cc. 
of a saturated, aqueous solution of acid fuchsin 
and 50 Cc. of a like solution of methyl-green; 
dilute with from 60 to 100 volumes of water. 
A drop on blotting-paper should form a spot 
bluish-green in the center, orange at the per- 
iphery; a red zone outside the orange in- 
dicates that the mixture contains too much 
fuchsin. From 6 to 24 hours is required to 
stain. Wash out in alcohol and clear in xylol. 
Chromatic elements are colored blue; cyto- 
plasm, violet or orange-red; karyoplasm, the 
same, but in lighter tones, and all the denser 
protoplasmic elements the same, but darker 
(Gilson). This is by far the best stain for 
photomicrography, except for connective 
tissue (Lindsay Johnson). A slightly acid re- 
action of the alcohol used for washing out will 
produce a relatively strong coloration by the 
methyl-green, while that by the fuchsin will 
be relatively pale; the opposite result will be 
obtained if the alcohol contains a trace of al- 
kali. The addition of very dilute acetic acid, 
until the red tint is markedly intensified, will 
restore the energy of the fuchsin, which is 
likely to decline after a time (Heidenhain). 
Ehrlich's Iodin Method, stain the fixed 
film in a syrupy solution of gum-arabic con- 
taining 1 % of Lugol's solution: leukocytes 
stained brown indicate a suppurative process. 
Ehrlich's Stains (for the granules of leuko- 
cytes) . 1. A cidophilous or eosinophilous mix- 
ture: Two parts each of indulin, aurantia, 
and eosin; glycerol, 30 parts. Suitable for 
staining sections and cover-glass preparations. 
This is also known as "Mixture C." 2. 
"Triacid" mixture: Dissolve — (a) 1 Gm. of 
orange-yellow (extra) in 50 Cc. of distilled 
water; (b) 1 Gm. of acid fuchsin extra in 50 
Cc. of distilled water; (c) 1 Gm. of crystalline 
methyl-green in 50 Cc. of distilled water. 
Let the solutions settle. Then mix 11 Cc. of 
solution a with 10 Cc. of solution b; add 20 



Cc. of distilled water and 10 Cc. of absolute 
alcohol; to this mixture add a mixture of 13 
Cc. of solution c, 10 Cc. of distilled water, and 
3 Cc. of absolute alcohol. Let the stain stand 
for one or two weeks before using. Farrant's 
Solution (Hamilton), make a saturated 
solution of arsenic trioxid in water by boiling; 
let it stand for 24 hours and filter. Then to 
equal quantities of water, glycerol, and arsenic 
trioxid solution add picked gum-arabic until 
a thick, syrupy fluid is obtained. In about 
a week filter slowly through frequently 
changed filter-paper. Flemming's Fluid. 1. 
Chromium trioxid, 0.2 Gm. ; glacial acetic acid, 
0.1 Cc; water, 100 Cc. This is especially rec- 
ommended for fixing the achromatic spindle- 
fibers in nuclei. (2) Chromium trioxid ( 1 %), 
45 Cc; 2% osmic acid, 12 Cc; glacial acetic 
acid, 3 Cc This fixes small pieces (2-3 mm. 
thick) in from a few to 24 hours, and is useful 
for fixing the figures in cell-division and for 
many other purposes. A weaker solution is 
also used: 1% osmic and glacial acetic acids, 
each, 100 Cc. The second formula is the 
one generally known as Flemming's fluid. 
Frankel-Gabbet Method (for tubercle bacilli), 
the dried and fixed preparation is placed for 
10 minutes in a solution consisting of fuchsin, 1 
part; alcohol, 10 parts; phenol, 5 parts; dis- 
tilled water, 100 parts; then dried with filter- 
paper and placed for 5 minutes in a second 
solution of methylene-blue, 2 parts; sulfuric 
acid, 25 parts; distilled water, 100 parts; it 
is then washed and dried. If the stain has 
been successful, the preparation will have a 
faint blue color. In the case of sections, 
dehydrate with alcohol; clear and mount. A 
good and quick method. Futcher-Lazear 
Method (for the malarial parasite), fix the 
film for one minute in a mixture of 10 Cc. of 
95% alcohol and 2 drops of formalin; wash, 
dry, and stain for 15 seconds in carbolthionin, 
prepared by mixing 20 Cc. of a saturated so- 
lution of the dye in 50 % alcohol and 100 Cc. 
of 2 % aqueous solution of phenol. Gentian- 
violet. 1. (Concentrated alcoholic.) Gentian- 
violet, 25 Gm.; absolute alcohol, 100 
Cc. 2. (Aqueous.) Gentian-violet, 1 Gm.; 
90% alcohol, 20 Cc; distilled water, 
80 Cc A nuclear stain, prepared by 
dissolving 0.5 Gm. of the dye in 80 Cc. 
of distilled water, 20 Cc. of 90% alcohol, 
and 1 Cc of glacial acetic acid. Stains in 5 
minutes. Dissolved in indifferent mediums 
it may be used for staining intra vitam, and in 
acid solutions colors the nuclei of fresh tis- 
sues. It may be used according to Gram's 
method. Glycerin- jelly, soak in 150 Cc. 
of distilled water 25 Gm. of gelatin for two 
hours, and add 3 Cc. of phenol and 175 Cc. of 
glycerol; heat for 15 minutes and filter through 
spun glass. Wrap the cork of the bottle in 
which the jelly is preserved in linen dipped in 
dilute phenol. For use, melt it in hot water, 
place a drop on the section, upon which gently 
press a cover-glass. Glychemalum, hem- 
atein, 0.4 Gm. (rubbed with a few drops of 



STAIN 



918 



STAIN 



glycerol until it dissolves); alum, 5 Gm.; 
glycerol, 30 Cc. ; distilled water, 70 Cc. (Mayer). 
Gold Chlorid, recommended for tracing 
nerve-endings in fresh tissues and for staining 
connective tissue and cartilage-cells. Place 
small pieces of tissue, \ inch square, in from 
0.5 to 1 % solution of commercial gold chlorid 
in distilled water. Keep in the dark, and 
when the tissue has become yellow, wash in 
distilled water. Then expose to the light in 
50 Cc. of water containing 2 drops of acetic 
acid for 48 hours, or until the tissue acquires 
a purple tint. Mount in glycerol. Gold- 
horn's Stain (for blood), preparation of the 
solution of polychrome methylene-blue. 
Solution A (Merck's medicinal methylene- 
blue: Grubler's methylene-blue rectified, and 
methylene-blue: — Koch): Dissolve 2 Gm. 
methylene-blue in 300 Cc. warm water. Add 
to this 4 Gm. lithium carbonate, shaking con- 
stantly. Heat .in an evaporating dish on a 
water-bath, the water touching the dish. Stir 
the solution occasionally. Remove in 15 to 20 
minutes. Do not filter. Set aside for several 
days. Then add dilute acetic acid (5 %) until 
the solution is only faintly alkaline. Solution 
B: A 0.1% aqueous solution of eosin. Fix 
blood-films in methyl-alcohol for 15 seconds. 
Wash in running water. Stain in solution B for 
7 to 30 seconds. Wash. Stain in solution A for 
30 seconds to 2 minutes. Wash thoroughly 
in running water. Dry by agitating in air, 
not between filter-paper. The eosin may be 
added to the methyl-alcohol (enough to make 
a o. 1 % solution) ; or solution B may be added 
to solution A (1:4), but this easily produces a 
precipitate (the neutral stain). These give 
good results. Mixtures of methyl-alcohol, 
eosin, and polychrome methylene-blue give 
poor results. The depth of the chromatin 
stain depends on the length of staining. To 
stain the chromatin of half-grown malarial 
parasites ij to 2 minutes is necessary, while 
the chromatin of the hyaline forms stains in 
10 seconds. Repeated staining may improve 
the chromatin violet. To do this the blood- 
film may be stained with solution B for 5 
seconds, with solution A for 10 seconds. 
Golgi's Method (for the restoration of over- 
hardened tissue), wash in a half-saturated 
solution of copper acetate until it yields no 
precipitate, and return for 5 or 6 days to 
Golgi's mixture (see below). The tissue will 
then take the silver and the sections can be 
mounted in thickened cedar oil under a cover- 
glass. Golgi's Mixture, potassium dichro- 
mate (3.5% solution), 54 Cc; osmic acid 
(2 %), 6 Cc. Gonococcus, the gonococci are 
seen in the pus-cells grouped around the 
nucleus. Watery solutions of anilin dyes, 
preferably methylene-blue, stain the cocci 
intensely. Gram's Method, heat for from 
2 to 5 minutes, or stain cold for from 20 to 30 
minutes (tubercle bacilli, 12 to 24 hours), in 
saturated solution of gentian-violet anilin 
water; rinse quickly in absolute alcohol; 
transfer to Gram's solution (1 to ij minutes), 



in which the specimen turns black; wash in 
alcohol until the black color vanishes and a 
pale-gray color appears; dry and mount in 
Canada balsam. The decolorization may 
be hastened by adding 3 % nitric acid to the 
alcohol and then washing in pure alcohol. All 
the tissue-cells are decolorized by this method, 
while the bacteria are stained a deep blue. 
The cells may be subsequently stained with a 
watery or alcoholic solution of Bismarck 
brown for from 2 to 5 minutes, then washed in 
absolute alcohol until the section is yellowish- 
brown. This method is of diagnostic value, 
as certain bacteria are stained, others decolor- 
ized, by it. The bacteria that are stained by 
Gram's method are: tubercle bacillus; 
Fraenkel-Weichselbaum pneumococcus; 
Streptococcus pyogenes; streptococcus of ery- 
sipelas; Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, 
albus, vitreus, and flavus; anthrax bacillus; 
bacillus of hog erysipelas. The bacteria that 
are decolorized by Gram's method are: 
Typhoid bacillus; gonococcus; Friedlander 's 
capsule bacillus; Koch's comma bacillus; 
glanders bacillus, and the spirillum of relaps- 
ing fever. Botkin advises washing the pre- 
paration in plain anilin water before decolor- 
izing in the iodin solution. Modifications of 
Gram's Method: 1. Gunther's modification: 
Transfer from the iodin-potassium-iodid so- 
lution to alcohol, then to a mixture of alcohol, 
1 volume, and nitric acid, 3 volumes, and from 
this again into alcohol. 2. Nicolle's modifica- 
tion: Decolorize in a mixture of alcohol, 2 
volumes, and acetone, 1 volume. 3. Rib- 
bert's modification: Decolorize in alcohol con- 
taining 10% of' acetic acid. 4. Weigert's 
modification: The sections, stained with gen- 
tian-violet or methyl-violet, are not transferred 
to alcohol from the iodin solution, but are laid 
upon slides and covered with anilin oil. This 
is removed with blotting-paper, and followed 
by xylol and xylol-balsam. The anilin oil 
dehydrates and differentiates. Grenadier's 
Alcoholic Borax-carmin, dissolve 4 Gm. 
of borax in 100 Cc. of distilled water; add 3 
Gm. of carmin, warm, and dilute with 100 Cc. 
of 70% alcohol. Filter before using, and 
transfer the tissue from the stain directly into 
alcohol acidulated with from 4 to 6 drops of 
hydrochloric acid, in which it should remain 
until it acquires a bright, transparent appear- 
ance. This solution is used for staining in 
bulk and gives a splendid color. Gruber and 
Durham's Method (for the agglutination of 
typhus and cholera bacilli), place a drop of 
immunization serum on a cover-glass, and be- 
side it a drop of equal size of the culture, as 
finely divided as possible. Mix and examine 
on a slide with a ground cell. In doubtful t 
cases put the preparation in the oven for from 
15 to 30 minutes. Haffkine's Bouillon (for 
the culture of the bacilli of bubonic plague), 1^ 
chop 1 kilo of goat's flesh and heat it at a 
pressure of 3 atmospheres for 6 hours in dilute 
hydrochloric acid. Filter, neutralize, dilute 
with water to 3 liters, and sterilize. Haffkine's 



STAIN 



919 



STAIN 



Prophylactic, inoculate a flask containing 
3 liters of 'Haffkine's bouillon with a pure 
culture of pest bacilli; when the stalactite 
growth develops, shake the flask until the 
colony sinks to the bottom, and when the 
growth reappears, shake again; when the 
stalactite culture forms the third time, heat to 
6o° C. (140 F.) for 3 hours. Decant the 
clear fluid and preserve in hermetically sealed 
tubes. Dose 16-32 min. (1-2 Cc.) injected 
beneath the skin. Harris' Carboltoluidin, 
dissolve 1 or 2 Gm. of toluidin-blue in a 
saturated solution of phenol. Before staining 
treat the sections with water; stain for from 
5 minutes to 24 hours, wash, and differentiate 
in glycerol-ether (Griibler) diluted 15 times 
with water or in acidulated alcohol; after 
from 5 to 15 minutes wash in alcohol. Eos in 
in alcohol may be used as a counterstain. In 
this case omit the differentiation and stain for 
from § to 2 minutes and wash in alcohol. 
Harris' Hematoxylin, dissolve 1 Gm. of 
hematoxylin in 10 Cc. of alcohol and 
add to 200 Cc. of a saturated aqueous 
solution of alum; heat to boiling and add 
0.5 Gm. of mercuric oxid; when the solu- 
tion turns a dark purple, remove from the 
flame and cool quickly. For use dilute to 
the color of port-wine with aqueous so- 
lution of alum. Haixg's Phloroglucin Fluid. 
One of the most rapid decalcifying agents, 
and without injurious action on the tissue- 
elements, with the exception of blood. It 
is prepared as follows: Warm slowly and 
carefully 1 Gm. of phloroglucin in 10 Cc. of 
pure nitric acid, and to the resulting ruby- 
colored solution add 50 Cc. of distilled water. 
If a larger quantity is desired, add nitric acid 
and water to the foregoing proportion until 
the volume measures 300 Cc, the limit of the 
protective influence of the phloroglucin. Pre- 
viously to being brought into this fluid the 
tissues should be well fixed. Fetal bones and 
those of lower vertebrates are decalcified in 
half an hour. Older and harder bones re- 
quire several hours. When decalcification 
is completed, wash in running water for two 
days. The sections stain well. Another 
formula, useful for teeth when rapid action is 
necessary, consists of phloroglucin, 1 Gm.; 
nitric acid, 5 Cc; 95% alcohol, 70 Cc; dis- 
tilled water, 30 Cc. The function of the 
phloroglucin is to protect the organic tissue- 
elements against the action of the acid. Hei- 
denhain's Fluid, saturate hot 0.5 % sodium 
chlorid solution with mercuric chlorid. Hel- 
ler's Method. 1. For the osmication of 
medullated nerve-fibers: Harden the tissue in 
Muller 's fluid. Stain the sections in 1 % os- 
mic acid — in the oven for 10 minutes, at room- 
temperature for a half-hour; wash in water; 
reduce in 5 % pyrogallic acid for a half-hour, 
oxidize in 2.5% potassium permanganate for 
from 3 to 5 minutes, decolorize in 2 % ox- 
alic acid for from 3 to 5 minutes. 2. For 
mounting objects for sectioning: Pin a piece 
of paper about the cork or block so that it 



projects and forms a trough into which the 
celloidin can be poured around the object. 
Harden in the vapor of alcohol by sus- 
pension in a closed cylinder containing a 
few centimeters of alcohol. Hemosiderin, 
amorphous yellow to black-brown iron-con- 
taining fragments occurring in thrombi or 
hemorrhagic infarcts. In sections of ma- 
terial hardened in alcohol or formalin, treated 
for a few minutes with a 2 % aqueous solution 
of potassium ferrocyanid and examined in 
glycerol containing 0.5 % of hydrochloric acid, 
the pigment appears in the form of dark-blue 
granules. Hermann's Fluid, a modifica- 
tion of Flemming's fluid. Platinum chlorid 
is used instead of chromium trioxid; in other 
respects the formulas are alike. His' Med- 
ium {for the differential culture of the typhoid 
bacillus). 1. The tube culture -medium: trit- 
urate 5 Gm. of agar, 80 Gm. of gelatin, 5 
Gm. of beef-extract, and 5 Gm. of salt; add 
a liter of water and enough hydrochloric acid 
or soda solution to produce a reaction of 1.5 % 
of normal acid, using phenolphthalein as the 
indicator. Clear with 1 or 2 eggs beaten in 
25 Cc. of water; add 10 Gm. of glucose, boil 
for 25 minutes, and filter through absorbent 
cotton. 2. For the plate-culture use 10 Gm. 
of agar, 25 Gm. of gelatin, 5 Gm. each of beef- 
extract and salt, and 10 Gm. of glucose. The 
medium must contain not less than 2 % of nor- 
mal acid. The typhoid bacillus alone has the 
power of clouding these mediums. Hof- 
bauer's Method (for staining the iodinophil 
granules of leukocytes), dry the film and 
stain 1 minute in a solution of iodin, 1 part, 
potassium iodid, 3 parts, and water, 100 parts, 
brought to a syrupy consistence by the ad- 
dition of gum-arabic. Remove the excess of 
the stain with filter-paper to prevent diffuse 
coloring. Iodin -alcohol, alcohol, 90 %, to 
which enough tincture of iodin is added to 
impart the color of port- wine. See also 
Zenker 's fluid in this table. Iron Hematoxy- 
lin, sections are treated with a weak aqueous 
solution of ferric acetate, washed in water, and 
stained in 0.5 % aqueous solution of hema- 
toxylin. A blue-black or black-brown stain 
is obtained. This process is recommended 
by Biitschli for staining sections of protozoa 
1 jx thick. Another method is as follows: 
Treat sections for from | hour to 2 or 3 hours 
with a 1.5 to 4 % solution of ferric ammonium 
sulfate; wash in water, and stain for from 1 
to 12 hours in an aqueous solution of hem- 
atoxylin, about 0.5 %. Rinse with water and 
treat again with the iron solution. As soon 
as differentiation is complete, wash for 15 
minutes in running water and mount. The 
results vary according to the duration of the 
treatment with the iron and hematoxylin 
solutions; short baths give a blue preparation, 
in which the nuclear structures are highly 
differentiated; prolonged baths give * black 
preparations, showing connective-tissue fibers 
and red blood-corpuscles black, central 
and polar bodies intensely black, cytoplasm 



STAIN 



920 



STAIN 



sometimes colorless, sometimes gray, in which 
case cell-plates and achromatic spindle-fibers 
are stained. Microorganisms are sharply 
stained. Tenner's Stain {for blood). Pre- 
paration of the neutral stain: In an open 
beaker mix equal parts of i . 2 or 1 . 2 5 % aqueous 
solution of eosin (Griibler), 1% aqueous so- 
lution of methylene-blue med. (Griibler). 
Let stand for 24 hours. Filter. Dry the 
precipitate obtained. Wash the precipitate 
with distilled water and dry again. The stain- 
ing solution: For use dissolve 0.5 Gm. of the 
precipitate in 100 Cc. pure methyl-alcohol 
(Merck "for analysis"). Jenner gives no 
particular method of fixation. Staining: 
Stain in the solution for 1 to 3 minutes, cover- 
ing with a watch-crystal. Pour off stain 
quickly and rinse in water until film is pink 
(5 to 10 seconds). Staining reaction: Leu- 
kocytes: nuclei, blue; granules, neutrophil, 
red; granules, basophil, dark violet; granules, 
eosinophil, brilliant crimson; malarial para- 
sites, bacteria, and filaria, blue. Karyokine- 
sis. Place small pieces of tissue hardened in 
strong Flemming's solution in an alcoholic 
solution of safranin (2 Gm. to 60 Cc.) for 
from 24 to 48 hours. Wash for a few minutes 
in water, and carry to acidulated absolute 
alcohol (10 drops of acetic acid to 100 Cc.) for 
from I to 1 minute. When thick clouds of 
color are no longer given off, carry to ab- 
solute alcohol. After 1 or 2 minutes clear 
and mount. Leishman's Stain {for blood). 
Preparation of the neutral stain. Solution 
A: The solution of polychrome methylene- 
blue. A 1 % aqueous solution of methylene- 
blue med. (Griibler) is made alkaline with 
0.5% Na 2 C0 3 . This is heated for 12 hours 
at 65 ° C, and then allowed to stand for 10 days 
before use. Solution B: A 0.1% aqueous 
solution of eosin (extra BA Griibler). Equal 
parts of solutions A and B are mixed in an 
open vessel and allowed to stand for 5 or 6 
hours, with occasional stirring. The precipi- 
tate formed is collected on a filter, washed 
with water, dried, and powdered. The stain- 
ing solution: Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of the dry 
precipitate in 100 Cc. pure methyl-alcohol 
(Merck "for analysis"). To stain: Four 
drops of the solution are poured on the blood- 
film, and allowed to stain for | minute. With- 
out pouring off the stain, 6 to 8 drops of dis- 
tilled water are added and the mixture is al- 
lowed to stain for 5 minutes. Wash gently. 
Put a few drops of water on the blood-film for 
1 minute. Then dry and mount. Staining 
reactions : Red blood-corpuscles stain pale 
pink or greenish; lymphocytes: nuclei, dark 
ruby red; protoplasm, pale blue; mononu- 
clears : nuclei, ruby red; protoplasm, pale blue; 
polymorphonuclear neutrophils: nuclei, ruby 
red; granules, red; "coarse-grained eosino- 
phils": nuclei, ruby red; granules, pale pink; 
basophils: nuclei, red; granules, purplish 
black; blood-platelets stain deep ruby red; 
malarial parasites : nuclei, chromatin portion, 
ruby red; cytoplasm, blue. Lithia-water. 



Saturated aqueous solution of lithium car- 
bonate 1 Cc, and distilled water 30 Cc, used 
as an intermediate agent in staining micro- 
organisms. Living Cells. Young larvas of 
Amphibia are the best objects for the study of 
cells intra vitam. Place the larvas of Sala- 
mandra in a watch-glassful of water contain- 
ing 5 to 10 drops of a solution of 1 part curara 
in 100 parts each of water and glycerol. 
From I to 1 hour's immersion is required for 
curarization. It is not necessary to wait un- 
til the larvas are motionless : they may be re- 
moved as soon as their movements have be- 
come slow. The gills and the caudal fin may 
then be studied. The tail may be excised 
from the living animal and studied for some 
time in 1 % salt solution or other indifferent 
medium. The adult animal offers for study 
the thin, transparent bladder. Larvas may 
be bred from adults, if well fed with aquatic 
worms, and supplied with a vessel of water. 
The larvas will be deposited in the water. 
The cytoplasm of living cells may be stained 
with methylene-blue, dahlia, or gentian- 
violet dissolved in water or in an indifferent - 
liquid. Loeb's Method {for producing ar- 
tificial parthenogenesis). Place the unferti- 
lized eggs of sea-urchins in sea-water con- 
taining magnesium chlorid in the proportion 
of 5000 (^n MgCl) to 5000 Cc. of water. 
After 2 hours restore them to normal sea- 
water. The eggs form normal gastrulas and 
plutei. Loeffler's Methylene-blue. Add 
30 Cc of a concentrated alcoholic methylene- 
blue solution to 100 Cc. of a solution of caustic 
potash (0.01:100). Filter before using. 
Loeffler's Stain {for flagella). Mix 10 Cc of 
20 % solution of tannin, 5 Cc. of saturated so- 
lution of ferrous sulfate, and 1 Cc. of aqueous 
or alcoholic solution of fuchsin, methyl-violet, 
or "Wollschwarz." For typhoid bacilli add 
1 Cc of 1 % solution of soda; for Bacillus 
subtilis add 30 drops; for bacilli of malig- 
nant edema, 36 drops; for cholera bacilli 
add 1 drop of sulfuric acid to the soda 
solution; for- Spirillum rubrum, drops. 
McCrorie's Method {for flagella). Stain 
the cover-glass preparation in warmed mix- 
ture of equal parts of a saturated solution 
of night blue, a 10% solution of tannin, 
and a 10% solution of alum. Mallory's 
Method. 1. For neuroglia: Fix for 4 days 
in 10% formalin, then for 4 days in a 
saturated solution of picric acid; after this 
mordant for 4 days in 5 % solution of am- 
monium bichromate at 37 C. Stain the sec- 
tions for 2 minutes in 1 % aqueous solution 
of acid fuchsin, rinse, and treat for 2 minutes 
with 1 % aqueous solution of phosphomolybdic 
acid; wash in two changes of water and stain 
for 2 minutes in a mixture of water-soluble 
anilin blue, 0.5 Gm.; orange G, 2 Gm.; oxalic 
acid, 2 Gm.; and water, 100 Cc; wash in 
water and dehydrate in alochol. Result : con- 
nective tissue, blue; neuroglia, deep red; 
ganglion-cells and axis-cylinders, light red. 
2. For neuroglia: Fix the tissues after the 



STAIN 



921 



STAIN 



method given in No. i, and treat the sections 
for 15 minutes with a 0.5 aqueous solution of 
potassium permanganate, and after washing 
for the same time with 1 % solution of oxalic 
acid, wash, and stain in hematoxylin pre- 
pared by dissolving 0.1 Gm. of the dye in a 
little hot water, and when cool adding water 
up to 80 Cc, 20 Cc. of 10% aqueous solution 
of phosphotungstic acid, and last 0.2% of 
hydrogen dioxid. Wash in water, dehydrate 
in alcohol, clear in oil of origanum, and mount 
in balsam. Nuclei, neuroglia, and fibrin blue ; 
axis-cylinders and ganglion-cells pale pink; 
connective tissue deep pink. 3. For con- 
nective tissue: Fix in Zenker's fluid or sub- 
limate and stain the sections for 2 minutes in 
0.1% aqueous solution of acid fuchsin. For 
further treatment see No. 1. Result: fibrous 
tissue, mucus % amyloid and hyaline sub- 
stances, blue; nuclei, cytoplasm, elastin, 
fibrin, neuroglia, and axis-cylinders, red; 
erythrocytes and myelin sheaths, yellow. 
4. For nuclei and fibrin: Stain sections of tis- 
sue fixed in any medium except formaldehyd 
for 3 minutes in 10% aqueous solution of 
ferric chlorid; drain and dry and stain for 3 
minutes in a 1 % aqueous solution of hema- 
toxylin; wash and differentiate in a 0.25% 
solution of ferric chlorid. Result: nuclei, 
dark blue; fibrin, gray to dark blue. In sub- 
limate preparations the erythrocytes are green- 
ish gray; connective tissue, pale yellow. 5. 
For staining Amcebce coli in tissues: Use al- 
cohol material and treat the sections for from 
5 to 20 minutes with saturated aqueous solu- 
tion of thionin; wash, and differentiate for 
from 30 to 60 seconds in 2 % aqueous solution 
of oxalic acid; wash, dehydrate, clear, and 
mount in the usual way. Mallory's Phos- 
phomolybdic-acid Hematoxylin. Mix 10 % 
solution of phosphomolybdic acid, 1 part; 
hematoxylin, 1 part; water, 100 parts; chloral, 
from 6 to 10 parts. Expose to sunlight for a 
week. Filter before using and save the used 
portions. Stain sections for from 10 minutes 
to an hour; wash in 40 to 50 % alcohol, chang- 
ing it 2 or 3 times. Dehydrate and mount. 
If the solution does not stain readily, add a 
little hematoxylin. The stain is blue, and in 
its general effect similar to nigrosin. It is 
recommended for preparations of the central 
nervous system. Mallory-Wright Method 
([or staining tubercle bacilli). Stain lightly in 
alum -hematoxylin, then for 2 or 3 minutes in 
steaming hot carbolfuchsin; decolorize for 30 
seconds in acid alcohol. Marchi's Method. 
Used to demonstrate early degeneration of 
nerves, prior to sclerosis. After hardening 
in Miiller's fluid place the tissue in a large 
quantity of a mixture of Miiller's fluid, 2 
parts; 1% osmic acid, 1 part. The degen- 
erated fibers are stained black; the normal 
are yellow or uncolored. Mayer's Carm- 
alum. Take 1 Gm. of carminic acid, 10 
Gm. of alum, and 200 Cc. of distilled water; 
heat the mixture and filter, adding an anti- 
septic to keep it clear. The fluid is light red 



in color, shading toward violet, and is said to 
have good penetrating powers, even in osmium 
preparations, and to be better than alum-car- 
min for staining in toto. Mayer's Carm- 
alum and Indigo -carmin. Dissolve 0.1 
Gm. of indigo-carmin in 50 Cc. of distilled 
water or of 5 % alum solution; add 1 volume 
of indigo-carmin solution to 4 volumes of carm- 
alum. Mayer's Hemalum. An excellent 
stain for large objects. It consists of two 
solutions — one of hematein, or ammonium 
hematein, 1 Gm., dissolved by the aid of 
heat in 50 Cc. of 90% alcohol; the other of 
alum 50 Gm. and distilled water 1 liter. The 
solutions are mixed, left to cool, and then 
filtered. A crystal of thymol may be added to 
prevent the formation of mold. For most 
purposes it is advisable to dilute this stain 
with water or alum solution. Hemalum plus 
2 % glacial acetic acid gives a more precise 
nuclear stain. Mayer's Hemalum and In- 
digo-carmin. Add 1 volume of a 0.05 % 
aqueous solution of indigo-carmin to 4 vol- 
umes of hemalum. Mayer's Paracarmin. 
Dissolve carminic acid, 1 Gm., aluminium 
chlorid, 0.5 Gm., calcium chlorid, 4 Gm., in 
100 Cc. of 70 % alcohol, with or without heat. 
Filter, after precipitation, and the solution 
will have a clear red color. Suitable for stain- 
ing bulky objects with large cavities, such as 
Salpa. Methylene -blue. An important re- 
agent, which gives a specific stain for lymph- 
spaces and intercellular cement, closely re- 
sembling gold and silver impregnation, for 
medullated nerves, and for plasma-cells. It 
also stains intra vitam, and is a specific re- 
agent for the axis-cylinders of sensory nerves 
in living animals (Ehrlich). Small and per- 
meable aquatic organisms may be stained 
during life by adding to the water containing 
them enough of the dye to give it a very pale 
tint. Nerve-tissue may be stained by in- 
jecting the dye into the vascular system of a 
living, narcotized animal, or by removing the 
organ and immersing it in the solution. From 
0.5 to 1% solutions in physiologic salt solu- 
tion are employed for this purpose. The color 
is not permanent, but may be fixed by ammon- 
ium picrate. Parker fixes the color by dehy- 
drating in a solution of mercury bichlorid, 
1 Gm., in methylol 5 Cc. ; washing in a mixture 
of 2 parts of the methylol and sublimate solu- 
tion, 1 part pure methylol, 3 parts xylol. The 
object is then placed in xylol for 4 or 5 days, 
when it is ready to mount or embed. Mayer's 
albumin should not be used to fix sections to 
the slide, as it discharges the color. A solu- 
tion of 0.25 Gm. in 90% alcohol, 20 Cc, and 
distilled water, 80 Cc, is used for tissue-stain- 
ing. A 1% and a saturated alcoholic (15 
Gm. to 100 Cc.) solution are used for stain- 
ing microorganisms. Methyl-green. This 
is chiefly used as a nuclear stain for fresh or 
recently fixed tissues; it is also a reagent for 
amyloid degeneration (Heschl), giving a vio- 
let color. Use 0.5 Gm. of methyl-green in 20 
Cc. of 90 % alcohol, 80 Cc. of distilled water, 



STAIN 



922 



STAIN 



and i Cc. of acetic acid. Stain the tissue for 
5 minutes, wash in acidulated water, dif- 
ferentiate in 90% alcohol, and dehydrate. 
The nuclein reaction depends on the presence 
of acetic acid. Arnold recommends a dilute 
solution of methyl-green containing 0.6% 
sodium chlorid for staining cells and nuclei. 
Bizzozero has observed that the elements of 
blood and pus, also ciliated epithelium and 
spermatozoa, do not stain with methyl-green 
if the cells are highly alkaline : if the alkalin- 
ity is diminished, they are dyed violet; if the 
cells are acid, they are colored green. Carnoy 
regards methyl-green as the best stain for 
nucleoli. Methyl-violet. A good chro- 
matin stain. Dissolve 0.5 Gm. in 200 Cc. of 
distilled water and 5 Cc. of glacial acetic acid. 
Stain sections for 20 minutes, wash in distilled 
water, and then in equal parts of glycerol and 
water. Mount in Farrant's medium. This 
is also a reagent for tissues undergoing amy- 
loid degeneration. The amyloid substance 
stains pink. 1. {Alcoholic.) Methyl-violet, 
25 Gm.; absolute alcohol, 100 Cc. 2. {Aque- 
ous.) Methyl-violet, 1 Gm.; alcohol, 20 Cc. ; 
distilled water, 80 Cc. Muchematein. A 
specific stain for mucin. 1 . Pulverize 0.2 Gm. 
of hematin with a few drops of glycerol and 
then add 0.1 Gm. of aluminium chlorid, 40 Cc. 
of glycerol, and 60 Cc. of water. 2. Dis- 
solve 0.2 Gm. of hematin and 0.1 Gm. of 
aluminium chlorid in 100 Cc. of 70 % alcohol. 
Two drops of nitric acid may be added. Muci- 
carmin. A specific stain for mucin. Rub 
1 Gm. of carmin in a mortar with 0.5 Gm. of 
aluminium chlorid and 2 Cc. of distilled water; 
heat for 2 minutes, until the light-red color 
changes to dark; stir and add a little 50 % alco- 
hol; when dissolved, make up to 100 Cc. with 
50% alcohol, and after 24 hours filter. For 
use dilute tenfold with water or with 50 % alco- 
hol. Miiller's Berlin Blue. Precipitate a 
strong solution of Berlin blue with 90 % alco- 
hol. The fluid is neutral and the precipitate 
finely divided. Mulleins Fluid. This agent 
is very extensively used, as it penetrates well 
and hardens evenly. It has the following 
composition : potassium dichromate, 2.5 parts; 
sodium sulfate, 1 part; water, 100 parts. The 
addition of a little camphor, chloral, thymol, 
or naphthalene will prevent the formation of 
mold. The time required for hardening de- 
pends on the size of the object. This fluid di- 
luted to 0.2% is used as a macerating agent. 
Nissl's Method {for ganglion-cells). 1. 
Stain sections of tissue hardened in 10% for- 
malin or in graded alcohols in hot concen- 
trated aqueous fuchsin solution. 2. Stain in 
hot 0.5 % methylene-blue ; when cool, transfer 
to a mixture of anilin (20 parts) and 90 % alco- 
hol (200 parts) ; then treat with origanum oil, 
then with benzin, and mount in solution of 
colophonium in benzin. 3. Mount the hard- 
ened tissue on cork (without embedding), cut 
sections and stain them in hot Nissl's methy- 
lene-blue ; treat with the anilin-alcohol mixture, 
then with cajeput oil, then as in 2. Nissl's 



Methylene-blue. Methylene-blue (B pat- 
ent), 3.75 parts; Venice soap, 1.75 parts; dis- 
tilled water, 1000 parts. Nitric Acid. An ef- 
ficacious agent, which causes no swelling and 
does not attack the tissue-elements. It is used 
in 1 and in 10 % solution, the latter for large, 
hard bones, the former for young bones. The 
specimens should previously have been fixed 
in absolute alcohol, and the decalcifying fluid 
changed daily. They must be removed as 
soon as decalcification is complete or they will 
become discolored. They are then washed in 
running water for two hours and preserved in 
alcohol, which should be renewed in a few 
days. Nocht's Stain {for blood). Original 
method : Unna's polychrome methylene-blue 
is neutralized with dilute acetic acid. Solution 
A : 1 Cc. of this neutralized polychrome methy- 
lene-blue is mixed in a watch-crystal with a 
saturated aqueous solution of ordinary methy- 
lene-blue until its red color disappears and the 
solution becomes blue. Solution B : Dilute 3 
or 4 drops of 1 % aqueous solution of eosin 
with 1 or 2 Cc. water. Add solution A drop 
by drop to solution B until B is dark blue; a 
precipitate has then been formed. In this 
mixture blood-films are to be stained for sev- 
eral hours up to 24 hours. Fix films in alco- 
hol or by heat. Subsequent modification: 
Solution A: The polychrome methylene- 
blue solution. To a 1 % aqueous solution of 
methylene-blue add 1 or 0.5 % Na 2 C0 3 . Heat 
at 50 C. to 6o° C. (i22°-i4o° F.) for several 
days. Solution B: Dilute 2 or 3 drops of 
1 % aqueous solution of eosin with 1 or 2 Cc. 
water. To solution B add solution A drop 
by drop until the mixture is dark blue and has 
lots its eosin tint. To stain, float blood-films 
face down on this mixture for from 5 to 10 
minutes. Normal Salt Solution. Sodium 
chlorid, 6-7.5 Gm.; distilled water, 1000 Cc. 
Used in the study of living structures. Paraf- 
fin Infiltration and Embedding. The 
initial step in this process consists in the in- 
filtration of the object with a clearing agent; 
that is, by some substance which is a solvent 
of paraffin. It is then immersed in melted 
paraffin until it is thoroughly saturated. The 
paraffin should be kept just at the melting- 
point and should be renewed if the object is 
large. The duration of the bath depends on 
the size of the object. When this second step 
in the process is completed, embed in paraffin, 
as in simple embedding. To prevent crystal- 
lization of the paraffin the embedded object 
should be quickly cooled, which may be done 
by floating it in the containing receptacle on 
cold water. Phenol and Xylol. A mixture 
of 1 part of phenol and 3 parts of xylol is used 
to clarify celloidin sections, which may be 
taken from 70 % alcohol, and do not require 
further dehydration. A layer of previously 
heated copper sulfate in the bottom of the 
bottle will keep the mixture free from water. 
Pianese Double Stain. Prepare a sat- 
urated solution of nigrosin in a saturated 
alcoholic solution of picric acid; mix 2 



STAIN 



923 



STAIN 



volumes of this with i volume of anilin 
water and evaporate in open air. The crys- 
tals deposited are dissolved in absolute alco- 
hol, and from this solution green crystals are 
obtained soluble in alcohol, ether, and water. 
For tissues, make a 2% solution in alcohol; 
for microorganisms, in water. Stain sec- 
tions first in lithium-carmin, treat with acid 
alcohol, wash, and immerse in an alcoholic so- 
lution of picronigrosin until they assume a 
brown hue. Decolorize in oxalic acid. 
Nuclei are stained red; plasma, dark -yellow; 
cartilage, yellow; connective tissue, pale 
green; elastic fibers, violet. Picric Acid. 
A fixing agent of great penetration, and, there- 
fore, especially suitable for the preparation of 
chitinous structures. A saturated solution is 
employed. The time required for fixation 
varies from a minute to a day, and depends on 
the size of the object. Wash out in alcohol 
and stain in alcoholic solutions. Picric Al- 
cohol. A saturated solution of picric acid 
in 50% alcohol. Picronigrosin. A solu- 
tion of 1 Gm. of picric acid in 100 Cc. of dis- 
tilled water with the addition of 1 Gm. of 
nigrosin. ■ Plehn's Method. 1. For the 
study of the living malarial parasite: Place a 
drop of fluid paraffin on a slide and a drop on 
a cover-glass; take up the drop of blood on 
the latter and so place it on the slide that the 
blood is between the drops of paraffin. Ex- 
amine on a warm stage. The addition of a 
drop of methylene-blue will stain the living 
organisms. 2. For malarial films fixed in 
absolute alcohol: Stain for 5 minutes in a 
mixture of concentrated aqueous solution of 
methylene-blue, 60 Cc, 0.5% solution of 
eosin in 75 % alcohol, 20 Cc, distilled water, 
20 Cc, and 20% potash lye, 12 drops. Poly- 
chrome Methylene-blue. A reddish-violet 
dye sometimes present as an impurity in com- 
mercial methylene-blue, or that develops in 
old, ripened, or alkaline solutions of methy- 
lene-blue. It is used for staining cell-granules. 
'See Unna's Method. Potassium Perman- 
ganate (Du Pleiss). Useful for the study of 
isolated and very contractile cells, as sper- 
matozoa. It is said to kill more rapidly than 
any other agent, 2 % osmic acid not excepted. 
A saturated aqueous solution is used. It is 
also used for washing out overstaining with 
carmin, and in 1 % solution as a mordant for 
anilin dyes (Henneguy) and for reducing sil- 
ver impregnations. Rosenberger's Method. 

1. For staining blood: Fix the films by heat 
or in absolute alcohol or alcohol and ether and 
stain in a mixture of 10 Cc. of a saturated 
aqueous solution of methylene-blue, 4 Cc. of a 
saturated aqueous solution of phloxin, 6 Cc. 
of 95 % alcohol, and 12 Cc of distilled water. 

2. For staining the tubercle bacillus: The es- 
sential point in this process is the use of sweet 
spirit of niter for bleaching; it is also mixed 
with alcoholic solutions of methylene-blue, 
malachite green, Bismarck brown, and gen- 
tian-violet. Safranin. Pfitzner's formula: 
Safranin (Griibler's), 1 part; absolute alco- 



hol, 100 parts; water, 200 parts. Flemming 
uses a concentrated alcoholic solution diluted 
one-half with water. Babes' formula: (a) 
Equal parts of a concentrated alcoholic and a 
concentrated aqueous solution; (b) water, 
100 parts; anilin oil, 2 parts; safranin, in 
excess. The latter may be used according to 
the method of Gram, and is recommended 
for the demonstration of mitotic figures. 
Scheele's Green Mass. (a) Mix 80 Cc. 
of a saturated solution of potassium arseniate 
and 50 Cc. of glycerol, (b) Take 40 Cc. of a 
saturated solution of copper sulfate and 50 
Cc. of glycerol. Combine the two solutions 
with three volumes of the vehicle. Sub- 
stantive Staining. A histologic stain ob- 
tained by direct absorption of the pigment 
from the solution in which the tissue is im- 
mersed. Dyes that combine directly with the 
substance acted on are called substantive 
dyes. Subtractive Staining. A socalled 
theory of Heidenhain's, based on the hypothe- 
sis that a general stain satisfies the affinities of 
some cell-structures, that hold it in subsequent 
treatment with specific dyes, while the other 
structures give up the general stain and then 
take the specific stain. Sudan III. A selec- 
tive stain for fat. Prepare a saturated solu- 
tion in 95 % alcohol, dilute two-thirds with 50 % 
alcohol, and filter. Stain sections for from 5 
to 10 minutes, wash for about the same time 
in 60 or 70 % alcohol, and mount in glycerol. 
Small oil-drops yellow, large ones orange. 
For staining the fat-granules in the elements 
of tissues undergoing fatty degeneration use 
the undiluted stain. The tissue may be fixed 
in Midler's fluid or cut fresh on the freezing 
microtome. Thionin. The uses and tech- 
nic are the same as for methylene-blue. A 
saturated solution in 50 % alcohol diluted with 
5 volumes of water is used for staining. 
Thoma's Method (for the numeration of 
leukocytes). Dilute the blood in the propor- 
tion of 1 : 10 with water containing 0.3 % anhy- 
drous acetic acid. This dissolves the colored 
blood-cells. Unna's Hematoxylin. A con- 
stant half-ripe stock solution. Hematoxylin, 
1 Gm.; alum, 10 Gm.; alcohol, 100 Cc; 
water, 200 Cc. ; sublimed sulfur, 2 Cc. If the 
sulfur is added 2 or 3 days after preparing the 
hematoxylin solution, it will arrest oxidation 
and the stain will be ready for use at this stage. 
The oxidation of alum-hematoxylin solutions 
can be instantaneously accomplished by adding 
a little neutralized hydrogen dioxid. Unna's 
Method. For collagen: 1. Stain sections 
of alcohol material for 5 minutes in strong so- 
lution of polychrome methylene-blue, then for 
15 minutes in neutral 1 % solution of orcein 
in absolute alcohol; wash in alcohol; berga- 
mot; balsam. Collagen, dark red; nuclei, 
blue; granules of mast-cells, carmin red; 
cytoplasm of plasma-cells, blue. 2. Stain 
sections for 20 seconds in 1 % solution of 
water-blue (Wasserblau) ; wash and stain for 
5 minutes in neutral aqueous 1 % solution of 
safranin; wash in water and then treat with 



STAIN 



924 



STAIN 



absolute alcohol until the blue color reappears; 
collagen, sky-blue; nuclei, red; cytoplasm, 
violet. 3. For collagen, elastin, and smooth 
muscle: Stain with hot orcein for 10 minutes, 
wash in dilute alcohol, stain with hematein for 
10 minutes, and treat for a few seconds with 
acid alcohol; wash, and place in a 2 % solution 
of acid fuchsin for 5 minutes, in saturated 
aqueous solution of picric acid for 2 minutes, 
then in saturated alcoholic solution of picric 
acid for 2 minutes; absolute alcohol; oil; 
balsam. Elastin, brown-red; collagen, red; 
muscle-fibers, yellow with gray-violet nuclei. 
4. For elastin and smooth muscle: Stain as in 
3, substituting polychrome methylene-blue 
for hematein and 1 % potassium permanga- 
nate for the acid alcohol. Elastin, brown-red; 
collagen, decolored; muscle-fibers, violet. 5. 
For smooth muscle: Stain sections for 10 
minutes in polychrome methylene-blue ; wash, 
and fix in 1 % red prussiate of potash ; dif- 
ferentiate in acid alcohol for 10 minutes; ab- 
solute alcohol; oil; balsam. The collagen is 
decolored. 6. For keratphyalin: Overstain 
in hematoxylin, treat for 10 seconds with 0.5 % 
solution of potassium permanganate, and 
wash in alcohol; or place the stained sections 
in 33 % solution of iron sulfate for 10 seconds, 
or in 10% solution of iron chlorid. 7. For 
epithelia: Stain sections for 10 minutes in 
neutral aqueous 1 % solution of water blue ; 
wash, and stain for 10 minutes in 1 % solution 
of orcein. Or overstain sections of alcohol 
material in polychrome methylene-blue and 
differentiate in Unna's glycerol-ether mixture 
(Griibler) ; or in a mixture of alcohol, 10 parts ; 
xylol, 15 parts; anilin, 25 parts; and transfer 
to xylol; or in a mixture of xylol, 30 parts; 
alcohol, 20 parts; then transfer to xylol and 
then to anilin containing alum to saturation 
(agitated and filtered before using). 8. For 
plasma-cells and mast-cells. Apply the methods 
for epithelia. (For the demonstration of 
bacteria in epithelia see the methods for stain- 
ing microorganisms.) 9. For overcoming the 
decoloration of bacteria in the process of dehy- 
drating in alcohol: Transfer the section from 
the decolorizing fluid to the slide, remove as 
much as possible of the water by means of 
filter-paper, and then heat the slide over flame 
until the section is dry; when cold, mount in 
balsam. Waldeyer's Method (for the fixing 
and decalcification of bone). Fix the fresh ob- 
ject in chromium trioxid (1:600); decalcify in 
a mixture of chromium trioxid (1:200) 100 
Cc. and nitric arid 2 Cc. Wash thoroughly 
and harden in alcohol. Weigert's Dif- 
ferentiating Fluid. Borax, 2 Gm.; potas- 
sium ferricyanid, 2.5 Gm.; distilled water, 
200 Cc. Used after hematoxylin. Weigert's 
Method. 1. For fibrin: Make celloidin sec- 
tions and stain one minute in Weigert's fibrin 
stain (5% solution of gentian-violet, 4.4 Cc; 
96% alcohol, 6 Cc; anilin oil, 1 Cc). Dry 
with unsized printing paper and add a drop of 
Gram's solution saturated with iodin. Most 
of the stained parts are decolorized. Re- 



move the iodin with printing paper; clear in 
equal parts of anilin oil and xylol, renewing it 
until all the water is removed. The water 
gives the section a white appearance. Dry 
with filter-paper, wash well with xylol, and 
mount in xylol balsam. 2. For neuroglia: 
Fix for 8 days in the following mixture: dis- 
solve 2.5 Gm. chrome alum in 100 Cc. water, 
by heat, and while hot add 5 parts each of 
acetic acid and pulverized copper acetate, 
when cold, 10 parts of formalin. Embed in 
celloidin. Treat the sections for 10 minutes 
with 0.3% solution of potassium permanga- 
nate, wash in water, and reduce in the follow- 
ing : 5 parts each of chromogen and formic acid 
in 100 parts of water, to which, after filtering, 
add 10 parts of a 10 % solution of sodium sul- 
fite. After 3 hours transfer to 5 % chromogen 
and after 24 hours stain in the following: 
saturate hot 75 % alcohol with methyl-violet, 
decant when cold, and to each 100 Cc. add 
5 Cc. of 5 % aqueous solution of oxalic acid; 
differentiate in a saturated solution of iodin 
in 5 % solution of potassium iodid ; decolorize 
in a mixture of equal volumes of anilin and 
xylol, wash in xylol, and mount in balsam. 3. 
Without decolorizing: Tissues hardened in 
Miiller's fluid and alcohol are embedded in 
celloidin, and then put into a mixture of equal 
parts of a 10 % solution of sodium-potassium 
tartrate and a cold saturated solution of copper 
acetate, which is kept at from 38 to 40 C. 
(86°-io4° F.). They are next placed in a 
half-saturated solution of copper acetate at 
the same temperature for 48 hours. The 
blocks, rinsed in water, may be kept in 80% 
alcohol and cut at any time. The staining 
fluid is composed of 1 part of an alcoholic hem- 
atoxylin solution (1 : 10) and 9 parts of a sat- 
urated solution of lithium carbonate; this 
fluid is to be freshly made. Stain for from 4 
to 1 2 hours ; wash, dehydrate in 90 % alcohol, 
and clear in anilin xylol (2:1), then in pure 
xylol, and mount in xylol balsam. The ad- 
vantage of the method is the clearness with 
which the fine medullated fibers are distin- 
guished from the cells and other parts, and it 
is less tedious than the old method. Wright's 
Stain (for blood). Preparation of the neutral 
stain. Solution A : Make a o . 5 % aqueous so- 
lution of the NaHC0 3 , being careful to bring 
all the salt into solution before going on to the 
next step. Then add 1 % of methylene-blue 
(Griibler's methylene-blue, "Bx," "Koch," 
or "Ehrlich's rectified"). Steam this in an 
Arnold sterilizer for 1 hour after steam is up. 
Cool. Solution B: 0.1% aqueous solution of 
eosin (Griibler, "yellowish, soluble in water"). 
Add solution B to solution A until the mixture 
becomes purple, a metallic scum forms on the 
surface, and a finely granular black precipitate 
appears in suspension. (About 500 Cc. of 
solution B to 100 Cc. of solution A.) Filter 
off the precipitate. Do not wash it. Dry. 
Preparation of the staining solution. Make a 
saturated solution of the precipitate in pure 
methyl-alcohol (0.3 Gm. in 100 Cc methyl- 



STAIN 



925 



STAPHYLOANGINA 



alcohol). Filter, and add an additional 25 % of 
the original volume of methyl-alcohol used. 
This prevents precipitation of the stain on 
the film. Cover the film with the stain for 1 
minute. Without pouring off the stain add 
water drop by drop until the mixture is trans- 
lucent at the edges and a yellowish metallic 
scum forms on the surface. Stain in this di- 
luted stain for 2 to 3 minutes. Wash in dis- 

. tilled water until the film becomes pink. Dry 
between filter-papers. Staining reactions: 
Lymphocytes: nuclei, dark purplish-blue; 
cytoplasm, robin's-egg blue; large mononu- 
clears: nuclei, blue; cytoplasm, pale blue; 
polymorphonuclear neutrophils: nuclei, blue; 
granules, reddish -lilac; eosinophils: nuclei, 
blue; granules, blue; mastzellen: nuclei, blue 
to purplish; granules, dark blue or purple; 
myelocytes: nuclei, dark blue or lilac; gran- 
ules, dark or reddish-lilac; blood-platelets 
stain blue or purplish; malarial parasites: 
nuclei, chromatin portion, lilac-red to black; 
cytoplasm, blue. Xylol. Used for paraffin 
and celloidin sections. It causes shrinkage if 
the sections are not thoroughly dehydrated. 
Zenker's Fluid. Dissolve 25 Gm. potas- 
sium dichromate, 10 Gm. sodium sulfate, and 
50 Gm. mercuric chlorid in 1000 Cc. warm 
distilled water. At the time of using add to 
each 20 Cc. 1 Cc. of glacial acetic acid. Fix 
the tissue for from 24 to 48 hours; wash for 
24 hours in running water. Harden in the 
dark in the ascending series of alcohols. For 
the removal of the precipitate add to the 90 % 
alcohol enough tincture of iodin to impart the 
color of port-wine, and repeat the addition 
daily until the color does not fade. Pre- 
serve in 90 % alcohol. Ziehl-Neelsen Method. 
Float the cover-glass preparation upon Ziehl's 
carbolfuchsin; heat until vapor arises (about 
3 to 5 minutes), wash in water, and decolorize 
in 15 % nitric or 5 % sulfuric acid, then in 60 
to 80% alcohol to remove the remnant of 
color. Wash well, dry, and mount in balsam. 
In the case of tissue-sections, stain cold for 
15 minutes and decolorize as detailed; upon 
removal from the alcohol' counterstain with 
methylene-blue; wash, dehydrate, clear, and 
mount. 

Stalagmometer (stal-ag-mom 1 '-et-er) [orakaypLoc, 
a dropping; fikzpov, a. measure]. An instru- 
ment for measuring the number of drops in a 
given volume of liquid. 

Stalagmometry (stal-ag-mom' -et-re) [stalag- 
mometer]. A method of diagnosis based upon 
the determination of the relative degree of 
surface tension or capillarity possessed by the 
body -fluids. 

Stammer (stam'-er) [AS., stamur, stammering]. 
To speak interruptedly or with hesitation. 

Stammering (stam'-er -in g). Interrupted or 
hesitating speech. S. Bladder. See Blad- 
der, Stammering. 

Stamper (stamp' -er). A name for one affected 
with locomotor ataxia, from the stamping gait 
incident to it. 

Standard (stan'-dard) [extendere, to spread out]. 



Something used for comparison. S. Solu- 
tion, a solution containing a definite quantity 
of a reagent. 

Stannate (stan'-at). A salt of stannic acid. 

Stannic (stan'-ik) [stannum]. Containing tin 
as a tetrad element. S. Acid, H 2 Sn0 3 . A 
gelatinous white precipitate which, on drying, 
forms a translucent vitreous mass. It is 
dibasic. 

Stanniferous, (stan-if -er-us) [stannum; ferre, to 
bear]. Yielding or containing tin. 

Stannite (stan'-it). Tin sulfid; bell-metal. 

Stannius' Experiments. 1. Separation by a 
ligature of the sinus venosus from the remain- 
der of the frog's heart causes the latter to re- 
main distended in diastole, while the former 
continues its rhythmic pulsations. Mechanic 
excitation of the auricle or ventricle produces 
a single contraction, which is repeated only 
when a new stimulus is applied. 2. If 
a ligature is placed around the groove divid- 
ing the auricles from the ventricle, there oc- 
curs a rhythmic contraction of the ventricle, 
while the auricles remain quiescent. 

Stannous (stan'-us). Containing tin as a biva- 
lent element. 

Stannum (stan'-um) [L.]. Tin. See Tin. 

Stapedectomy (sta -pe- dek r -to- me) [stapes; 
iKTo/xrj, excision]. Excision of the stapes. 

Stapedial (sta-pe'-de-al) [stapes]. 1. Shaped 
like a stirrup. 2. Relating to the stapes. 

Stapediovestibular (sta-pe-de-o-ves-tib' -u-lar) 
[stapes; vestibulum, vestibule]. Relating to the 
stapes and the vestibule. 

Stapedius (sta-pe' -de-us) [stapes]. See under 
Muscle. 

Stapes (sta'-pez) [L., "a stirrup"]. The stirrup- 
shaped bone of the middle ear, articulating 
with the incus and the fenestra ovalis. 

Staphisagria (staf-is-ag'-re-ah) [oxalic, a dried 
grape; aypcoc, wild]. Stavesacre. The staph- 
isagria of the U. S. P. is the ripe seed of 
Delphinium staphisagria, of the order Ranun- 
culacece. It contains the alkaloids delphinin, 
C^H^NOj, delphinoidin, C 4? H e8 N 2 7 , del- 
phisin, C^HjgNgC^, and staphisagrin, C 32 H 33 - 
N0 5 . It has been used locally as an applica- 
tion in rheumatism, and as an ointment to des- 
troy lice and itch-mites. S., Fluidextract of 
(fluidextr actum staphisagria, U. S. P.). 
Dose 1 min. (0.06 Cc). 

Staphyle (staf'-i-le) [oza^uX-q, a bunch of grapes]. 
The uvula. 

Staphylinopharyngeus (sta}-il-i-no-far-in'-je- 
us) [staphyle; pharynx]. The palatopharyn- 
geus. See under Muscle. 

Staphylinus (staf-il-i 1 '-nus) [staphyle]. 1. Pal- 
atal. 2. See. S. medius. S. externus, the 
tensor palati. S. internus, the levator 
palati. S. medius, the azygos uvulae muscle- 
See under Muscle. 

Staphylitis (staf-il-i' -tis) [staphyle; exec, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the uvula. 

Staphylo- (staf-il-o-) [ara(f>uXrj, uvula]. A pre- 
. fix denoting pertaining to the uvula. 

Staphyloangina (staf-il-o-an-ji' -nah) . Walsh's 
term for pseudomembranous inflammations 



STAPHYLOCOCCEMIA 



926 



STATICS 



of the throat due to infection by staphylo- 
cocci. 

Staphylococcemia (staf-il-o-kok-se' -me-ah) 

[staphylococcus; al/ia, blood]. A morbid con- 
dition due to the presence of staphylococci in 
the blood. 

Staphylococcia (staf-il-o-kok' -se-ah). Gen- 
eral infection with staphylococci. 

Staphylococcus (staf-il-o-kok' -us) . See under 
Bacteria. 

Staphylocosis (staf -il-o-ko' -sis). Infection by 
staphylococci. 

Staphylohemia (staf -il-o- he' -me- ah) . See 
Staphylococcemia. 

Staphylolysin (staf - il - ol' - is - in) [staphylo- 
coccus; Xuecv, to loose]. Neisser and Wechs- 
berg's name for a hemolysin produced by 
Staphylococcus aureus and 5. albus. 

Staphyloma (staf-il-o'-mah) [ora(f>uAojp:a, a defect 
in the eye]. A bulging of the cornea or sclera 
of the eye. S. sequatoriale, S. aequatoris, 
S., Equatorial, staphyloma of the sclera in 
the equatorial region. S., Anterior. See 
Keratoglobus. S. corneae, a bulging of the cor- 
nea due to a thinning of the membrane with 
or without previous ulceration. S. , Posterior, 
S. posticum, a backward bulging of the 
sclerotic coat at the posterior pole of the eye. 
S., Scarpa's, posterior staphyloma; staphy- 
loma of the posterior segment of the sclera. 
S. uveale, thickening of the iris. Syn., Iridon- 
cosis. 

Staphylomycosis (staf-il-o-mi-ko'-sis) [staphy- 
lococcus; mycosis]. A morbid condition due 
to staphylococci. 

Staphyloplasmin (staf-il-o-plaz'-min) [staphy- 
lococcus; plasmin]. Staphylococcus toxin. 

Staphyloplasty (staf -il-o-plas-te) [staphylo-; 
nXaooeiv, to mold]. A plastic operation for 
the closure of cleft palate. 

Staphylorrhaphy (staf-il-or'-a-fe) [staphylo-; 
pacfyrj, suture]. Suture of a cleft palate. 

Staphylostreptococcia (staf-il-o-strep-to-kok' - 
se-ah). Infection by both staphylococci and 
streptococci. 

Staphylotomy (staf -il-ot-o-me) [staphylo-; 
zofj.7), a cutting], i. The operation of incising 
or removing the uvula. 2. The operation of 
incising a staphyloma. 

Staphylotoxin (staf-il-o-toks'-in). See Staphyl- 
olysin. 

Staphysina (staf-is-i'-nah) [oza(f)(c, a dried 
grape]. A product obtained by Thompson 
from the seeds of Delphinium staphisagria. 

Star [ME., starre]. In biology applied to 
various radiate structures, granules, cells, 
groups of cells, or organisms. S. -anise. See 
Illicium. S.-cells, endothelial cells of vessels, 
first described by Kupffer, and regarded as 
nervous elements on account of their shape 
and thin, elongated processes, but afterward 
shown to belong to the endothelial tissues ; they 
have the power of inclosing various granules. 
Syn., Kupffer' s cells. S., Daughter-. See Di- 
aster. S.-grass. SeeAletris. S.s of Verheyn, 
the star-shaped figures formed by the stellate 
veins of the kidney, beneath the capsule. 



S.s, Winslow's, capillary whorls which form 
the beginning of the vorticose veins of the cho- 
roid. Syn., Stellce vasculosce winslowii. 

Starblind [AS., stcerblind]. Half blind; blink- 
ing. 

Starch [AS., stearc, stiff]. A carbohydrate 
widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom, 
occurring in peculiar concentrically marked 
granules or grains. When heated with water, 
the granules swell up, burst, partially dissolve, 
and form starch paste. The soluble portion 
is called granulose, the insoluble is cellulose. 
Iodin produces a characteristic blue coloration 
with starch. The most important varieties of 
starch are : potato-starch, leguminous starch, 
wheat-starch (amylum, U. S. P., B. P.), sago- 
starch, rice-starch. S., Animal. 1. See Gly- 
cogen. 2. See Bodies, Amylaceous. S.,Corn-. 
See Corn-starch. S. -enema, an enema con- 
sisting of starch-water. S., Glycerite of. 
See Arnyli, Glyceritum, under Amylum. S., 
Iodized, iodid of starch, a dark powder contain- 
ing 2 % of iodin; a disinfectant and internal 
and external antiseptic. Dose 3-10 gr. (0.2- 
0.66 Gm.). S., Soluble, a white powder ob- 
tained by heating starch and glycerol and add- 
ing strong alcohol during the cooling; it is used 
as an emulsifier. Syn., Amylodextrin. S.- 
water, a mixture of wheat-starch and water, 
used chiefly as an emollient enema. 

Starter (start'-er) [ME., starten, to start], A 
pure culture of bacteria employed to start 
some particular fermentation, as in the ripen- 
ing of cream. 

Starvation (star-va'-shun) [AS., steorfan, to die]. 
Deprivation of food; the state produced by 
deprivation of food. 

Stasimetry (stas-im' -et-re) [stasis; pthpov, a 
measure]. Bitot's term for the estimation of 
the consistence of soft organic bodies. 

Stasimorphy (stas'-e-mor-fe) [stasis; fJ-op^-fj, 
form]. Deviation from the normal from 
arrest of development. 

Stasis (sta'-sis) [ozaocc, from corhvac, to stand]. 
A standstill of the current of any of the fluids 
of the body, especially of the blood. 

Stasophobia (stas-o-fo'-be-ah) [stasis; <j5>6/?of, 
fear]. Fear of standing upright. 

Static (stat'-ik) [azarcKoc, causing to stand]. 
At rest; pertaining to matter or force at rest or 
in equilibrium. S. Breeze, a method of ad- 
ministering static electricity, consisting in the 
withdrawal of a static charge from a patient 
by means of a pointed electrode. S. Elec- 
tricity. See Electricity, Static. 

Statice (stat'-is-e) [orauKTj, an astringent herb]. 
A genus of plants of the order Plumbaginece. 
S. antarctica and S. brasiliensis, baycuru or 
guaycura, South American species, are used 
to produce uterine contractions. 5. gmelini, 
a species indigenous to southern Russia, is 
used as a gargle and in diarrhea. S. limonium 
grows upon the coasts of Europe and North 
America; the plant, seed, and root are used 
as astringents. 

Statics (stat'-iks) [see Static]. The science re- 
lating to forces in a condition of equilibrium. 



STATION 



927 



STENOCEPHALOUS 



Station {sta'-shun) [statio, from stare, to stand]. 
Standing position or attitude. 

Stationary (sta'-shun-a-re) [see Station]. Stand- 
ing still; not moving. S. Air, the amount 
of air which is constantly in the lungs during 
normal respiration. 

Statocyst {stat'-o-sist) [orarbg, standing; koouc, 
cyst]. One of the vestibular sacs of the lab- 
yrinth which is supposed to act as the nervous 
mechanism on which static equilibrium de- 
pends. 

Statometer {stat-om' -et-er) [oraroc, standing; 
likrpov, a measure]. An instrument for meas- 
uring the degree of exophthalmos. 

Status {sta'-tus) [L.]. A state. S. arthrit- 
icus, the nervous manifestations preceding 
an attack of gout. S. cribrosus, a scarcely 
macroscopic sieve-like condition of the brain 
or nerve-substance, due to absorption of mi- 
nute vessels; observed in autopsies. Fr., Etat 
crible. S. epilepticus, a condition in which 
epileptic attacks occur in rapid succession, the 
patient not regaining consciousness during the 
interval. S. gastricus, gastritis. S. lymph- 
aticus, Paltauf's name for a condition of 
unstable equilibrium, coma, convulsions, 
and vomiting accompanying hyperplasia of 
the persisting thymus. Syn., Lymphatism; 
Lymphotoxemia; Status thymicus. S. pra^sens, 
the state of a patient at the time of examina- 
tion. S. thymicus. See S. lymphaticus. S. 
typhosus. See Typhoid State. S.vermino- 
sus. See Helminthiasis. 

Stauroplegia {staw-ro-ple' -je-ah) [oraopoc, 
crossed; 7^77 pj, a stroke]. Crossed hemi- 
plegia. 

Stavesacre {stavz-a'-ker). See Staphisagria. 

Staxis {staks'-is). See Stillicidium. 

Steapsin {ste-ap' -sin) [arkap, fat]. A ferment 
assisting in the saponification of the fats and 
found in the pancreatic juice. 

Stearate {ste'-ar-dt) [stearin]. A salt of stearic 
acid. Glycerol stearate is called stearin {q. v.). 

Stearic Acid {ste-ar'-ik). See Acid, Stearic, 
and Stearin. 

Stearin {ste'-ar-in) [orkap, fat], C 3 H 5 03(C 18 H35- 
2 ) 3 . A compound of stearic acid and glyceryl 
occurring in the harder animal fats, especially 
in tallow. It crystallizes in white, pearly 
scales. 

Stearone {ste'-ar-on) [arkap, fat], C 35 H ;0 O. A 
volatile liquid obtained by partial decomposi- 
tion of stearic acid. 

Stearopten {ste-ar-op' -ten) [arkap, fat; nrr]vbc, 
winged; volatile]. The crystalline substance 
occurring naturally in solution in a volatile 
oil. 

Stearrhea (ste-ar-e' '-ah) . See Seborrhea. 

Steatite {ste'-at-it). See Talc. 
v Steatitis {ste-at-i'-tis) [orkap, fat]. Inflamma- 
tion of the fatty tissues. 

Steato- {ste-at-o-) [orkap, fat]. A prefix mean- 
?■ ing fatty. 

Steatocele {ste'-at-o-sel) [steato-; k^tj, tumor], 
A swelling formed by a collection of fatty 
matter in the scrotum. 

Steatoma {ste-at-o' -mah) [steato-; 6p.a, tumor]. 



1. A sebaceous cyst. 2. A lipoma. S., 
Miiller's, a lipofibroma. 

Steatopygia {ste-at-o-pij'-e-ah) [steato-; nuyi], 
buttock]. Enormous fatness of the buttock, 
common among the women of some African 
tribes. 

Steatopygous {ste-at-o p'-ig-us) [see Steato- 
pygia]. Characterized by excessive develop- 
ment of the buttocks. 

Steatorrhea {ste-at-or-e'-ah) [steato-; po'ca, flow]. 

1. See Seborrhea. 2. Fatty stools. 
Steatosis {ste-at-o' -sis). 1. Fatty degeneration. 

2. An abnormal accumulation of fat. 
Steatozoon {ste-at-o-zo' -on) [steato-; r\&ov, an 

animal]. The parasite, Demodex jollicu- 
lorum, contained in comedones. 

Stechiometry, Stcechiometry, Stoichiom- 
etry {stek-e-om'-et-re, stoi-ke-om' -et-re) [oroc- 
y/iov, a first principle; \xkrpov, a measure]. 
The estimation- of the proportions in which 
elements combine to form compounds. 

Steel. A form of iron holding an intermediate 
position between cast iron and wrought iron, 
and containing from 0.5 to 1.5 % of carbon. 
S., Tincture of. See Ferric Chlorid, Tinc- 
ture of. S., Wine of. See Ferric Citrate, 
Wine of. 

Steep. 1. A name for rennet. 2. To stand in 
water for making an infusion. 

Stegomyia {steg-o-mi'-e-ah) [ortyavbc, covered; 
(j.u'ca, a fly]. A genus of Culicidce founded by 
Theobald, represented in most tropical and 
subtropical countries ; one species occurring in 
the warmer parts of southern Europe. The 
adults are usually very vicious biters, both by 
day and night. According to the experiments 
of the American Commission on Yellow Fever 
S. fasciata is the agent which spreads the 
germs of this disease. S. fasciata, Fabricius 
(1805), a very distinct and common species, 
easily distinguished by the thoracic ornament- 
ation and by the last hind tarsal joint being 
white. It is almost cosmopolitan, but does 
not appear to occur in cold regions. It is one 
of the most troublesome and annoying of 
mosquitos; the bite is very irritating. Both 
male and female bite. It is the intermediate 
host of the hematozoon Filaria Bancroftii, 
which also occurs in Culex fatigans, Wide- 
mann, and in Anopheles. The yellow-fever 
parasite is disseminated by this gnat. Syn., 
Brindled or Tiger mosquito. 

Stellate {stel'-dt) [stella, a star]. Star-shaped. 

Stellwag's Sign. Absence or diminution in 
frequency of the winking movements of the 
eyelids and abnormal width of the palpe- 
bral aperture; it is seen in exophthalmic 
goiter. 

Stenion {sten'-e-on) [orevbc, narrow]. A crani- 
ometric point at the extremity of the smallest 
transverse diameter in the temporal fossa. 

Steno- {sten-o-) [orevoc, narrow]. A prefix 
meaning narrow or constricted. 

Steno's Duct. See Stenson's Duct. 

Stenocardia {sten-o-kar' -de-ah) [steno-; mpdca, 
heart]. Angina pectoris. 

Stenocephalous {sten-o-sef -al-us) [steno-; 



STENOCEPHALY 



928 



STERIFORM 



K£(f)aXrj, head]. Having a head narrow in one 
or more of its diameters. 

Stenocephaly (sten-o-sef'-al-e) [see Stenoceph- 
alous]. Narrowing of the head in one or 
more of its diameters. 

Stenochasmus (sten-o-kas'-mus) [steno-; ib-op-a, 
a chasm]. Lissauer's term applied to a skull 
in which a line drawn from the point upon the 
rostrum of the sphenoid where it is included 
between the alae vomeris, to the center of the 
posterior nasal spine and to the basion, inter- 
sects with an angle of 74 to 94°. 

Stenochoria (sten-o-ko'-re-ah) [steno-; %(bpog, 
space]. Narrowing; stenosis. 

Stenodont (sten'-o-dont) [steno-; ddbuc, tooth]. 
Provided with narrow teeth. 

Stenon's Duct. See Stenson's Duct. 

Stenonian, Stenonine (sten-o'-ne-an, sten'-o- 
nen). Named for Nicholas Stenson (latin- 
ized Stenonianus), a Danish anatomist, 1638- 
1686. < 

Stenopaic {sten-o-pa' -ik) [steno-; dnrj, an open- 
ing]. Pertaining to or having a narrow slit; 
applied to lenses that allow the passage of 
rays only through a narrow slit. 

Stenosin (sten'-o-sin), AsCH 3 3 Na 2 2H 2 0, di- 
sodic methylarsenate, discovered by Baeyer; 
said to be a nontoxic arsenical salt. Dose 
1 eg. 1 to 5 times daily. 

Stenosis (sten-o'-sis) [orevoc, narrow]. Con- 
striction or narrowing, especially of a 
channel or aperture, as aortic stenosis, mitral 
stenosis, etc. See Signs, AufrechVs, Konig's 
Symptom-complex. S., Dittrich's, stenosis 
of the conus arteriosus. 

Stenotic (sten-ot'-ik) [stenosis]. Characterized 
by stenosis; produced by stenosis. 

Stenson's (Steno 's) Duct. The duct of 
the parotid gland. S.'s Experiment, 
temporary ligation of the aorta of the rabbit 
immediately below the point at which the 
renal arteries are given off, for the purpose of 
cutting off the blood-supply of the lower por- 
tion of the spinal cord. S.'s Foramens, the 
incisive foramens which transmit the anterior 
palatine vessels. S.'s Veins, the venae vorti- 
cosae of the choroid. 

Stentorophonous (sten-tor-of '-on-us) [Irivrcop, 
a loud-voiced Greek in the Trojan war; (jxovr), 
sound]. Having a loud voice. 

Stephanion (stef-an'-e-on). See under Cranio- 
metric Point. 

Steppage-gait (step'-aj-gat). The peculiar 
high-stepping gait seen in tabes dorsalis and 
certain forms of multiple neuritis. 

Stercobilin (ster-ko-bi' '-lin) [stercus, dung; bilis, 
bile]. A coloring-matter found in feces, and 
identical with hydrobilirubin. 

Stercoraceous (ster - ko - ra' - shus) [stercus]. 
Fecal; having the nature of feces; containing 
feces as, stercoraceous vomiting. 

Stercoral (ster'-ko-ral). See Stercoraceous. 

Stercorary (ster'-ko-ra-re) [stercus]. Fecal. 

Stercoremia (ster-ko-re'-me-ah) [stercus; olp.a, 
blood]. A condition of the blood resulting 
from arrest of intestinal excretion and the 
absorption of toxic matters from the feces. 



Stercorin (ster'-ko-rin) [stercus]. An extractive 
from the feces resembling cholesterin. 

Stercus (ster'-kus) [L., "dung"]. Feces. 

Stere (ster) [orepeoc, solid]. A measure of 
1000 liters; a kiloliter. 

Stereo- (ster-e-o-) [orepebc, solid]. A prefix 
meaning solid or relating to solidity. 

Stereoagnosis {ster -e-o-ag-no' -sis). See Astere- 
ognosis 

Stereognosis {ster-e-o g-no' -sis) [stereo-; yvebocc, 
knowledge]. The faculty of recognizing the 
nature and use of objects by contact and hand- 
ling them. Cf. A stereoagnosis. 

Stereognostic (ster-e-o g-no s'-tik) [see Stereog- 
nosis]. 1. Pertaining to the cognition of soli- 
dity, or tridimensional forms. 2. Recogniz- 
ing by sense of touch. 

Stereograph (ster'-e-o-graf) [stereo-; ypafyztv, to 
write]. Of Broca, an instrument used to 
make outline drawings of parts of the cranium. 

Stereometer (ster-e-om' -et-er) [stereo-; \xkzpov, a 
measure]. An apparatus for the determi- 
nation of the specific gravity of liquids, porous 
substances, powders, etc., as well as solids. 

Stereometry (ster-e-om' -et-re) [see Stereometer]. 
1. The determination of the specific gravity 
of substances. 2. The measurement of vol- 
ume. 

Stereophantoscope (ste-re-o-fan'-to-skop). See 
Stereophoroscope. 

Stereophoroscope (ste-re-o-for' -o-skop) \stereo-; 
(frkpecv, to carry; oKonelv, to see]. A stereo- 
scopic zoetrope, an instrument for producing 
a series of images apparently in motion. 

Stereoplasm (ste'-re-o-plazm) [stereo-; xkaooecv, 
to mold]. The solid part of the protoplasm 
of cells. 

Stereoscope (ste'-re-o-skop) [stereo-; oKOTie'tv, to 
see]. An instrument by which two similar 
pictures of the same object are made to overlap 
so that the reflected images are seen as one, 
thereby giving the appearance of solidity and 
relief. 

Stereoscopic (ste-re-o-skop'-ik) [stereoscope]. 
Pertaining to stereoscopy. S. Vision, binoc- 
ular vision. See Stereoscope. 

Stereoscopy (ste-re-os'-ko-pe) [stereoscope]. The 

use of the stereoscope. 
Stereostroboscope (ster -e-o- stro' -bo- skdp) 
[stereo-; orpoftoc, a twisting; OKonuv, to view]. 
An apparatus for the experimental study of 
points moving in three dimensions. 

Stereotics (ster-e-ot'-iks). Lesions or deform- 
ities affecting the harder portions of the 
body. 
Stereotypy (ster-e-ot'-o-pe) [stereo-; ru-xog, a 
type]. Morbid persistence of a volitional im- 
pulse when once started. 
Steresol (ster'-e-sol). A liquid said to be an 
alcoholic solution of gum lac, benzoin, tolu 
balsam, phenol, oil of ginger, and saccharin. 
It is used in diphtheria and skin diseases. 
Steriform (ster'-e-jorm). An almost taste- 
less and odorless powder consisting essentially 
of sugar of milk and 5% of formaldehyd. 
S. Chlorid, a mixture of formaldehyd, 5 parts; 
ammonium chlorid, 10 parts; pepsin, 20 parts; 



STERILE 



929 



STETHOPHONOMETER 



and milk-sugar, 65 parts. S. Iodid, formal- 
dehyd, 5 parts; ammonium iodid, 10 parts; 
pepsin, 20 parts; and milk-sugar, 65 parts. 

Sterile {ster'-il) [sterilis, barren]. 1. Not fer- 
tile; not capable of reproducing. 2. Free 
from microorganisms or spores. 

Sterility {ster-iV -it-e) [sterile]. The condition of 
beingsterile. S., Facultative. 1. Atermsug- 
gested by Koch, of the University of Bonn, to 
designate a procedure which he has devised 
for preventing the possibility of conception for 
any length of time, without permanently depri- 
ving the subject of procreative power. He 
forms two folds of mucous membrane, one at 
the anterior, the other at the posterior, lip of 
the external orifice of the uterus. These act as 
valves permitting the outflow of the menstrual 
fluid and preventing the entrance of the sperm- 
atozoa. By removing the folds fertility may 
be restored. 2. Ludwig Pineus' term for 
sterility in women induced artificially by de- 
stroying the capacity of the endometrium 
as an organ of nidation by means of uterine 
atmocausis. 

Sterilization {ster-il-i-za' -shun) [sterile]. The 
act of rendering anything sterile; the destruc- 
tion of microorganisms, particularly by means 
of heat. S., Intermittent, a method of sterili- 
zation in which an interval of time is allowed 
to elapse between the several heatings, giving 
an opportunity for any spores present to de- 
velop into adult microorganisms, in which form 
they readily succumb to the action of heat. 

Sterilized {ster' -il-izd) . Rendered sterile. 

Sterilizer {ster' -il-i-zer) [sterile]. An apparatus 
for destroying the microorganisms attached to 
an object, especially by means of heat. 

Sterisol {ster' -is-ol) . A preparation containing 
sugar of milk, 2.98 parts; sodium chlorid, 0.672 
part; potassium phosphate, 0.322 part; 
formaldehyd, 0.520 part; water, 95.506 parts. 
Used as an antiseptic in infectious diseases. 

Sternal {ster'-nal) [sternum]. Pertaining to the 
sternum. 

Sternberg's Disease. The tuberculous form of 
pseudoleukemia. 

Sterno- {ster-no-) [sternum]. A prefix denoting 
connection with the sternum. 

$ternochondTOSca.pu.laxis{ster-no-kon-dro-skap- 
u-la'-ris) [sterno-; %6vdpof, cartilage; scap- 
ula]. An inconstant muscle arising from the 
sternum and the first costal cartilage and ex- 
tending to the upper border of the scapula. 

Sternoclavicular {ster-no-kla-vik'-u-lar) [ster- 
no-; clavicle]. Pertaining to the sternum and 
the clavicle. 

Sternocleidal {ster -no-Hi' -dot). Same as 
Sternoclavicular . 

Sternocleidomastoid (ster-no-kli-do-mas'-toid) 
[sterno-; uhlc, key; mastoid]. Pertaining to 
the sternum, the clavicle, and the mastoid 
process, as the sternocleidomastoid muscle. 
See under Muscle. 

Sternocoracoid {ster-no-kor' -ak-oid) . Relating 
to the sternum and the coracoid. 

Sternocostal (ster-no-kos'-tal) [sterno-; costa, a 
rib]. Pertaining to the sternum and the ribs. 
60 



Sternodymia {ster-no-dim' -e-ah) [sterno-; • 
d'jecv, to enter]. A form of somatodymia in 
which the union is in the sternums. 

Sternodynia {ster-no-din' -e-ah) [sterno-; dduvq, 
pain]. Sternalgia; pain in the sternum. 

Sternohyoid {ster-no-hi'-oid) [sterno-; hyoid]. 
Pertaining to the sternum and the hyoid 
bone, as the sternohyoid muscle. See under 
Muscle. 

Sternomastoid {ster-no-mas' -toid) . Relating to 
the sternum and the mastoid process of the 
temporal bone. 

Sternoomphalodymia {ster-no-om-fal-o-dim '-e- 
ah) [sterno-; 6ii<^>aldg, a navel; duecv, to enter]. 
A form of somatodymia in which the union is 
in both the sternal and umbilical regions. 

Sternopagus {ster-no p' -a g-us) [sterno-; Ttayoc, 
fastened]. A double monster the parts of 
which are united at the sternum. 

Sternopericardiac {ster-no-per-e-kar' -de-ak) . 
Relating to the sternum and the pericardium. 

Sternothyroid {ster-no-thi'-roid) [sterno-; thy- 
roid]. Pertaining to the sternum and the 
thyroid cartilage, as the sternothyroid muscle. 
See under Muscle. 

Sternotracheal {ster-no-tra' -he-al) [sterno-; 
trachea]. Pertaining to the sternum and the 
trachea. 

Sternotrypesis {ster -no-tri-pe' -sis) [sterno-; 
rpuxTjocc, a boring]. Perforation of the ster- 
num. 

Sternoxiphoid {ster-no-zi'-foid). Relating to or 
connecting the sternum and the xiphoid process. 

Sternum {ster'-num) [oripvov, breast-bone]. The 
flat, narrow bone in the median line in the front 
of the chest, composed of three portions — the 
manubrium, the gladiolus, and the ensiform 
or xiphoid appendix. 

Sternutation {ster -nu-ta' -shun) [stemutatio, a 
sneezing]. The act of sneezing. 

Sternutatory {ster-nu'-tat-o-re) [see Sternuta- 
tion]. 1. Producing sneezing. 2. An agent 
that causes sneezing. 

Stertor {ster' -tor) [L., "a snoring"]. Sonorous 
breathing or snoring; the rasping, rattling 
sound produced when the larynx and the air- 
passages are obstructed by mucus. 

Stertorous {ster' -to -r us) [stertor]. Character- 
ized by stertor, as stertorous breathing. 

Stetheniia, Stethaemia {steth-e'-me-ah) [axffioc, 
chest; alfia, blood]. An accumulation of 
blood in the pulmonary vessels. 

Stetho- {steth-o-) [ozfjdoc, chest]. A prefix de- 
noting pertaining to the chest. 

Stethograph {steth'-o-gra}) [stetho-; ypa<f>scv, to 
write]. An instrument recording the respira- 
tory movements of the chest. 

Stethometer {steth-om' -et-er) [stetho-; /nirpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
degree of expansion of the chest. 

Stethonoscope {steth-on' -o-skop) [stetho-; gko- 
7i£~cv, to view]. An apparatus for use in auscul- 
tation which may be attached to a binaural 
stethoscope. 

Stethoparalysis {steth-o-par-al' -is-is) . Paral- 
ysis of the muscles of the chest. 

Stethophonometer {steth -o-fo- nom' -et- er) 



STETHOPHONOMETRY 



930 



STIMULIN 



[stetho-; (frcowfj, sound; pizpov, a measure]. 
An instrument for measuring the phenomena 
elicited by auscultation. 

Stethophonometry {steth-o-jo-nom'-et-re) [see 
Stetho phonometer]. The determination of 
the intensity of the acoustic phenomena as- 
sociated with the lungs and heart. 

Stethoscope {steth'-o-skop) [stetho-; onoiztiv, to 
view]. An instrument for ascertaining the con- 
dition of the organs of circulation and respi- 
ration by the sounds made by these organs. 
It consists of a hollow tube, one end being 
placed over the locality to be examined, the 
other at the ear of the examiner. The binaural 
stethoscope consists of a Y-shaped tube, the 
flexible branches being applied each to an ear 
of the listener. S., Differential, one deter- 
mining the time rather than the quality of the 
sounds heard, so that murmurs at two localities 
may be compared. 

Stethoscopic (steth-o-skop'-ik). Pertaining to 
or detected by means of the stethoscope. 

Stethoscopy {steth-os'-ko-pe) [see Stethoscope]. 
Examination with the aid of the stethoscope. 

Sthenic (sthen f -ik) [odivoc, strength]. Strong; 
active. S. Fever, a form of fever marked by 
high temperature, quick and tense pulse, and 
highly colored urine. 

Stibiated {stib' -e-a-ted) [stibium, antimony]. 
Containing antimony. 

Stibiation {stib-e-a'-shun). Excessive use of 
antimonials. 

Stibine {stib' -en). Antimony sulfid. 

Stibium (stib'-e-um). Antimony. 

Stibogram {stib'-o-gram) [ox'iftoc, a beaten path; 
ypappa, a writing]. A record of footsteps. 

Stichochrome {stik'-o-krom) [pil^og, a row; 
Xptipa, color]. Applied by Nissl to a somato- 
chrome nerve-cell in which the chromophilic 
substance is arranged in strias running in the 
same direction and usually parallel with the 
contour of the cell-body, partly also with the 
surface of the nucleus. Cf. Arkyostichochrome. 

Sticking Plaster. Adhesive plaster. 

Stiff-neck Fever. Epidemic cerebrospinal men- 
ingitis. 

Stigma {stig'-mah) [ox'cypa, a point; pi., stig- 
mata], i. A small spot or mark, especially 
a spot of hemorrhage in the palm or sole cor- 
responding to the nail-marks of Christ, occur- 
ring in hysteric persons. 2. Any one of the 
marks or signs characteristic of a condition; 
generally used in the plural, as hysteric stig- 
mata. 3. That part of a pistil which receives 
the pollen. Stigmata, Conn's, minute gaps 
in the interalveolar walls of the normal lung. S. , 
Giuffrida-Rugieri's, of Degeneration, the 
absence or incompleteness of the glenoid fossa. 
S. of Graafian Follicle, the point where the 
blood-vessels of the walls are absent and where 
it finally ruptures. Stigmata, Malpighi's, 
the orifices of the capillary veins that join the 
branches of the splenic vein at right angles. 
Stigmata maydis, zea mays. See under Zea. 
Stigmata ovariorum, small cicatrixes seen 
in the ovaries after the escape of the 
ovums. 



Stigmatic {stig-mat'-ik) [stigma]. Pertaining 
to a stigma. 

Stigmatization (stig-mat-i-za 1 '-shun) [stigma]. 
The formation of stigmata. 

Stilet, Stilette (stil-ef) [Ft., dim. of stilus, a 
point]. 1. A small, sharp-pointed instru- 
ment inclosed in a cannula. 2. A wire 
passed into a flexible catheter. 

Still-birth. The birth of a dead child. 

Still-born. Born lifeless. 

Stiller's Sign. Marked mobility or fluctuation 
of the tenth rib in neurasthenia and entero- 
ptosis. 

Stillicidium {stil-is-id'-e-um) [stilla, a drop; 
cadere, to fall down]. The flow of a liquid 
drop by drop. S. lacrimarum, overflow 
of tears from obstruction of the canaliculus or 
nasal duct; epiphora. S. narium, coryza. 

Stilling's Bundle. See Krause's Respiratory 
Tract. S.'s Canal. 1. The central canal 
of the spinal cord. 2. See Canal, Hyaloid. 
S.'s Cells, S.'s Columns. See Cells, 
Stilling' 1 s. S.'s Fibers, the association fibers 
of the cerebellum. S.'s Fleece , the meshwork 
of fibers formed around the dentate nucleus 
of the cerebellum. S.'s Gelatinous Sub- 
stance, the gelatinous substance surrounding 
the central canal of the spinal cord. S.'s Nu- 
cleus. 1. The nucleus ruber of the subthal- 
amic region. 2. The nucleus of the hypo- 
glossal nerve in the fourth ventricle. S.'s 
Raphe, a narrow band connecting the pyra- 
mids of the oblongata. S.'s Sacral Nu- 
cleus, an island of ganglion-cells in the region 
of the spinal cord. S.'s Scissors of the 
Brain, the supposed resemblance to the out- 
line of a pair of scissors seen in a horizontal 
section of the brain through the thalamus, nu- 
cleus ruber, and the nucleus dentatus cerebelli. 

Stilling-Clarke's Cells. See Column o; 
Clarke. 

Stillingia {stil-in' -je-ah) [after Benjamin Still- 
ingfleet, an English botanist]. A genus of 
plants of the order Euphorbiacece. The still- 
ingia of the U. S. P. is the root of S. sylvatica, 
queen's root or queen's delight, and is used as 
an alterative in syphilis, scrofula, diseases of 
the skin, etc. S., Fluidextract of (fluidex- 
tr actum stillingice, U. S. P.). Dose \-i dr. 
(2-4 Cc). 

Stimulant {stim'-u-lant) [stimulus, a goad]. 
1. Stimulating. 2. An agent that cause, stim- 
ulation. S., Cardiac, one that increases the 
heart's action. S., Cerebral, one that exalts 
the action of the cerebrum. S., Diffusi 
one that has a prompt but transient eff<u-,. 
S., Hepatic, one that excites the activiU of 
the liver. 

Stimulate {stim'-u-lat) [see Stimulant]. To 
quicken; to stir up; to excite; to increase func- 
tional activity. 

Stimulation {stim-u-la'-shun) [see Stimulant]. 
1. The act of stimulating. 2. The effect of 
a stimulant. 

Stimulator {slim' -u -la -tor). A stimulating 
drug or agent. 

Stimulin (stim f -u-lin). Metchnikoff 's name 



STIMULUS 



931 



STOMATITIS 



for a substance supposed to stimulate the 
phagocytes to destroy germs. 

Stimulus {stim'-u-lus) [L.; pi., stimuli]. A 
goad; an impulse; anything capable of caus- 
ing stimulation. S., Adequate. See S., Homo- 
logous. S. , Chemic, one due to or produced by 
chemic means. S. -difference, the difference in 
activity between two stimuli. S., Heterol- 
ogous, one acting upon the nervous elements 
of the sensory apparatus along their entire 
course. S., Homologous, one acting only 
upon the end-organ. S., Mechanic, one 
acting by mechanic means, as pinching or 
striking. S., Subminimal, one too weak to 
produce any obvious effect. 

Stipa {sti'-pah) [pzimi), tow]. A genus of 
grasses. S. vaseyi, sleepy grass, is a species 
found in New Mexico in the Sacramento 
Mountains, the ingestion of which causes in 
horses a stupor which endures for several days. 

Stipate {sti'-pat) [stipare, to press together]. 
Packed; crowded. 

Stipatio (sti-pa'-she-o) [L.]. An aggregation 
forming an obstruction. S. telse celluloses 
infantum, sclerema neonatorum. 

Stirrup, Stirrup-bone {stir' -up). The stapes. 

Stitch, i. A sudden, sharp, lancinating pain. 
2. See Suture (2). S. -abscess, an abscess 
forming in a suture. S., Marcy's Cobbler. 
See Suture, Cobbler's. S., Sclerocorneal, a 
peculiar stitch devised by Kalt to secure 
rapid union of the wound and to prevent pro- 
lapse of the iris after simple extraction of 
cataract. Syn., Kalt stitch. S. in the Side, 
intercostal neuralgia. 

Stoerk's Blennorrhea. Profuse chronic sup- 
puration and consequent hypertrophy of the 
mucosa of the nose, pharynx, and larynx. 

Stoichiometry. See Stechiometry. 

Stokes' Disease. See Goiter, Exophthalmic. 
S.'s Law, inflammation of serous or mucous 
membranes leads to paralysis of subjacent 
muscles. S.'s Pulse. See Corrigan's Pulse. 
S.'s Reagent for Reducing Oxyhemo- 
globin, add some citric or tartaric acid to a 
solution of ferrous sulfate and ammonia 
enough to make it alkaline. S.'s Sign. 1. A 
violent abdominal throbbing felt on palpation 
J to the right of the umbilicus in acute enteritis. 
2. Marked feebleness of the first heart-sound, 
when occurring during fevers, calls for alco- 
hci'c stimulation. S.'s Syndrome. See 
Adams-Stokes' Disease. 

Stokes-Adams' Disease. See Adams-Stokes' 
Disease. 

btokvis' Test for Bile -pigments. To 20 to 
30 Cc. of urine add 5 to 10 Cc. of a zinc ace- 
tate solution (1 : 5). Wash the precipitate on 
a small filter with water, and dissolve in a 
little ammonia. When filtered, the filtrate 
will give, after standing in the air, a brownish 
green color, and show the absorption bands of 
bilicyanin, one between C and D, the second 
at D, and the third between D and E. 

Stoll's Pneumonia. Bilious pneumonia; a va- 
riety of pneumonia with gastrohepatic symp- 
toms. 



Stolonization {sto-lon-iz-a' -shun) [stolo, a 
shoot]. The process of transforming, in cer- 
tain organisms, one organ into another through 
external influences, such as gravitation, con- 
tact, light, etc. 

Stoma {sto'-mah) [oz6[ia, mouth]. 1. A mouth. 
2. A pore, as that between endothelial cells, 
establishing direct communication between 
adjacent lymph-channels. 

Stomach (stum'-ak) [orbpiaxoc, the stomach]. 
The most dilated part of the alimentary canal, 
situated below the diaphragm in the left hypo 
chondriac, the epigastric, and part of the right 
hypochondriac regions. It is connected at one 
end (cardiac end) with the esophagus, at the 
other (pyloric end) with the duodenum. Its 
wall consists of four coats — the serous, muscu- 
lar, submucous, and mucous. The mucous coat 
contains the gastric glands (cardiac and pyloric 
glands), which secrete the gastric juice and 
mucus. S.-bed, the shelf-like support upon 
which the stomach rests, formed by the portion 
of the pancreas situated to the left of the me- 
dian line. This is quite thick anteropos- 
teriorly, and its upper surface (anterior sur- 
face of His) makes a large portion of the shelf. 
S. -cough, a reflex cough excited by irritation 
of the stomach. S.-pump, a pump for with- 
drawing the contents of the stomach. S.- 
reefing. Synonym of Gastrorrhaphy. S.- 
tooth, a lower canine tooth, especially one of 
the first dentition. S.-tube, a flexible tube 
for irrigation or evacuation of the stomach. 
S.-worm Disease, a disease of cattle due to 
species of Strongylus — S. contortus, S. osterfagi, 
S. curticei, S. parkeri, S. retortaformis, S. filli- 
collis, S. oncophorus. 

Stomachal {stum 1 '-ak-al) [stomach]. Pertain- 
ing to the stomach. 

Stomachic {stum-ak' -ik) [stomach]. 1. Per- 
taining to the stomach. 2. Stimulating the 
secretory activity of the stomach. 3. One of 
a class of substances which have an influence 
upon the work of the digestive organs. Ac- 
cording to Weiss, some (hydrochloric acid, pep- 
sin, and other ferments) act by substitution 
in that they replace the natural juices; others 
(salicylic acid, menthol, creasote) arrest ab- 
normal fermentation processes; others (cloves, 
cinnamon, peppermint) produce hyperemia 
and in that way influence the digestive func- 
tion ; others (the bitters and the proteids) 
stimulate the lymphoid tissue, producing 
lymphofluxion, lymphostasis, and leukocytosis. 

Stomatitis (stom - at - i' - tis) [stoma; exec, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the mouth. 
S. aphthosa, S., Aphthous. See Aphtha. 
S., Catarrhal, a simple form characterized by 
swelling of the mucous membrane, pain, and 
salivation. S., Gangrenous. See Cancrum 
oris. S. , Mercurial, that arising from poison- 
ing by mercury. S., Mycotic. See Thrush. 
S., Scorbutic, that due to scurvy. S., Ulcer- 
ative, a form characterized by the formation 
of small ulcers on the cheeks, lips, and tongue, 
with copious salivation, pain, fetid breath, 
slight fever, and at times great prostration. 



STOMATO- 



932 



STRAMONIUM 



Stomato- (stom-at-o-) [orofia, mouth]. A prefix 

meaning pertaining to the mouth. 
Stomatol (sto'-mat-ol). An antiseptic compound 
said to consist of terpineol, 4 parts; soap, 2 
parts; alcohol, 45 parts; aroma tics, 2 parts; 
glycerol, 5 parts; water, 42 parts. 
Stomatomy (stom - at' - o - me) [stoma; rofirj, a 

cutting]. Incision of the os uteri. 
Stomatomycosis (stom-at-o-mi-W -sis) [sto- 
mato-; mycosis]. A disease of the mouth due to 
fungi, especially Oidium albicans. 
Stomatonecrosis, Stomatonoma (stom-at-o-ne- 
kro'-sis, stom-at-on' -o-mah) . See Cancrum 
oris. 
Stomatopathy (stom -at- op' - ath - e) [stomato-; 

nadoe, disease]. Any disease of the mouth. 
Stomatoplasty (stom'-at-o-plas-te) [stomato-; 
■nXaooetv, to form]. A plastic operation upon 
the mouth. 
Stomatoscope (stom' -at-o- skop) [stomato-; 
okoti£~cv, to inspect]. An instrument for in- 
specting the cavity of the mouth. 
Stomatosyrinx (sto-mat-o-sir' -ingks) [stomato-; 

oupcy^, a tube]. The eustachian tube. 
Stomocephalus (stom-o-sef -al-us) [stoma; 
K£(j)aXi}, head]. A variety of monster in which 
there is the same deformity as in rhinoceph- 
alus or in cyclocephalus, associated with a de- 
fect of the maxillary bones, so that the skin 
hangs in folds around the mouth. 
Stomodseum (stom-o-de'-um) [stoma; bda'coc, 
by the way]. The primitive oral cavity of the 
embryo, formed by a depression of the ecto- 
derm and afterward forming the mouth and 
upper part of the pharynx. 
Stone. A hardened mass of mineral matter. 
See Calculus. S., Blue, copper sulfate crys- 
tals. S., Gall-, a biliary calculus. See Gall- 
stone. 
Stool. The evacuation of the bowels. S.s, 
Acholic. 1. Light gray or clay-colored 
stools having the consistence of putty, which 
follow stoppage of the flow of bile into the duo- 
. denum. The color is due to the presence of 
the normal urobilin. The stools show, under 
the microscope, an abnormal amount of fat. 
This form of acholic stool is accompanied by 
icterus and choluria. 2. Stools of the same 
color may occur in the absence of interference 
with the flow of bile, but when the stool con- 
tains an excessively large amount of fat and 
fatty acids. S.s, Lead-pencil, fecal discharges 
of a very small caliber. They occur indepen- 
dent of any general nervousness or local in- 
testinal spasm, and cannot be regarded as evi- 
dence of stricture or stenosis of the colon. 
S.s, Schafkoth. See S.s, Sheep-dung. 
S.s, Sheep-dung, the small round fecal 
masses (similar to the dung of sheep) due to 
atony of the intestine; this form of passage 
may occur in the socalled "starvation" or 
"hunger" evacuation which is found in cases 
of inanition, e. g., after carcinomatous cachexia 
when the intestine becomes very much con- 
tracted. S. -sieve of Boas, an apparatus by 
means of which feces may be thoroughly and 
conveniently washed, so that undigested re- 



mains of food, bits of mucus, concretions, and 
parasites are readily brought to view and iso- 
lated. 
Stop-needle. A lance-pointed needle used in 
the operation of discission, having an enlarge- 
ment or shoulder upon the shank to prevent 
too deep penetration. 
Storax (sto'-raks). See Styrax. 
Strabism (strab'-izm). See Strabismus . 
Strabismal, Strabismic (strab-iz'-mal, strab-iz'- 
mik) [strabismus]. Relating to or affected 
with strabismus. 
Strabismus (strab-iz'-mus) [orpaftcopLoc, from 
arpa^oc, crooked]. Squint; that abnormity 
of the eyes in which the visual axes do not 
meet at the desired objective point, in conse- 
quence of incoordinate action of the external 
ocular muscles. S., Alternating, one in 
which either eye fixes alternately. S., 
Concomitant, one in which the squinting 
eye has full range of movement. S., 
Convergent, one in which the squinting 
eye is turned to the nasal side. S., Diver- 
gent, one in which the squinting eye is turned 
to the temporal side. S., External. See S., 
Divergent. S., Hirschberg's Test for, a 
rough estimate of the amount of strabismus 
is made by observing the position of the cor- 
neal reflection of a candle-flame held one foot 
in front of the eye to be tested, the examiner 
placing his own eye near the candle and 
looking just over it. S., Internal. See S., 
Convergent. S., Paralytic, that due to 
paralysis of one or more muscles. S., Spastic, 
that due to a spastic contraction of an ocular 
muscle. 
Strabometry (stra-bom' -et-re) [strabismus; 
ptizpov, measure]. The determination of the 
degree of ocular deviation in strabismus. 
Strabotome (stra'-bo-tom) [strabismus; zepivecv, 

to cut]. A knife used in strabotomy. 
Strabotomy (stra-bot'-o-me) [see Strabotome]. 
An operation for the correction of strabis- 
mus. 
Strain (stran) [OF., estraindre, from L., string- 
ere, to draw tight]. 1. Excessive stretching; 
overuse of a part. 2. The condition produced 
in a part by overuse or wrong use, as eye- 
strain. 3. To overexert; to use to excess; to 
make violent efforts. 4. A sub variety of any 
domestic animal, often locally called breed. 
Strait (strat) [Ft., etroit, from strictus, drawn 
tight]. A narrow or constricted passage, as 
the inferior or superior strait of the pelvis. 
S., Inferior (of the pelvis). See under Pelvis 
(3). S. -jacket, a strong jacket placed on the 
insane or delirious to prevent injury to them- 
selves or to others. S., Superior (of the pel- 
vis) . S ee under Pelvis (3 ) . 
Stramonium (stra-mo'-ne-um). The thorn- 
apple. The stramonium of the U. S. P. is the 
dried leaves of Datura stramonium, Jamestown 
weed or jimson-weed, a plant of the order 
Solanacece. It contains two alkaloids, daturin, i 
identical with atropin, and hyoscyamin. The 
action of stramonium resembles that of bella- 
donna. It is used in asthma, dysmenorrhea, 



STRANGLING 



933 



STREAM 



neuralgia, rheumatism, and pains of syphilitic 
origin. In asthma the leaves may be smoked 
in a tobacco pipe. Locally stramonium is em- 
ployed as an ointment or cataplasm in irritable 
ulcers and inflamed surfaces. S., Extract of 
(extractum stramonii, U. S. P.). Dose 3- gr. 
(o.oi Gm.). S., Fluidextract of (fluidex- 
tractum stramonii, U. S. P.). Dose i min. 
(0.05 Cc). S. Ointment {unguentum stra- 
monii, U. S. P.), an ointment made of stramo- 
nium extract, diluted alcohol, hydrous wool-fat, 
and benzoinated lard. S., Tincture of 
(tinctura stramonii, U. S. P.). Dose 8 min. 
(0.5 Cc). 

Strangling. See Strangulation. 

Strangulated (strong' -gu-la-ted). 1. Choked. 
2. Compressed so that the circulation is ar- 
rested, as strangulated hernia. 

Strangulation (strang-gu-la'-shun) [strangu- 
lare, to choke]. 1. The act of choking. 2. 
Constriction of a part producing arrest of the 
circulation, as strangulation of a hernia. 

Strangury {strong' -gu-re) [orpayt;, a drop; oupov, 
urine]. Painful urination, the urine being 
voided drop by drop. 

Strap. 1. A long band, as of adhesive plaster. 
2. To compress a part by means of bands, es- 
pecially bands of adhesive plaster. 

Strasburger's Cell-plate. The equatorial 
plate in which division of the nucleus occurs 
during karyokinesis. 

Strassburg's Test for Bile-acids. Dip filter- 
paper into urine to which cane-sugar has been 
added; dry it, and apply a drop of sulfuric 
acid. In the presence of bile-acids a red col- 
oration will be shown on the paper. For 
this test the liquid must be free from albumin. 

Stratification (strat-e-fik-a'-shun) [stratum; 
facere, to make]. Arrangement in layers. 

Stratified (strat'-e-fid) [see Stratification]. 
Arranged in layers. 

Stratiform (strat'-e-form) [stratum; forma, 
form]. Formed into a layer. S. Fibrocar- 
tilage, fibrocartilage lining bony grooves 
through which the tendons of muscles pass. 

Stratum (stra'-tum) [L., from sternere, to strew]. 
A layer. S. bacillatum, S. bacillosum, S. 
bacillorum, the bacillary layer, the layer of 
rods and cones of the retina. S. chorioca- 
pillare. See Tunica ruyschiana. S. cor- 
neum, S. granulosum, S. lucidum, S. 
malpighii. See under Skin. S. corticale. 
See Cortex (3). S. cutaneum, the outer 
dermic layer of the tympanic membrane. S. 
cylindrorum, the bacillary layer of the retina. 
S. episclerata, the part of Tenon's capsule 
on the sclerotic coat. S. epitrichiale. See 
Epitrichium. S. gelatinosum, the fourth 
layer in the olfactory bulb, composed of 
large ganglion-cells with branched processes. 
Syn., Ganglion-cell layer. S. glomerulorum, 
the layer of the olfactory lobe (the second 
from the ventral side) containing the olfactory 
glomerules. S. granulosum, a layer of 
minute cells or one of cells containing many 
granules. 1. The external granular layer of 
the retina. 2. Meynert's name for the layer 



of small, irregular cells composing the fourth 
stratum of the cortex in the five-stratum type. 
3. The layer of the olfactory lobe lying 
between the medullary ring and the stratum 
gelatinosum. 4. The layer of the epidermis 
covering the rete mucosum. 5. A histologic 
appearance in that portion of the dentin 
immediately underlying the enamel and 
cementum of a tooth. S. griseum centrale. 
See Entocinerea. S. lacunosum, the inner 
portion of the fifth or outer layer of the hip- 
pocampus. S. lucidum, a translucent layer 
of the epidermis consisting of irregular trans- 
parent cells with traces of a nucleus. S. 
moleculare. See Layer, Molecular. S. 
mucosum. See Rete mucosum. S. ner- 
veum of Henle, the layers of the retina exclu- 
sive of the rods and cones. Syn. , Brucke's tunica 
nervea. S. oriens, the third layer, counting 
from within outward, of the hippocampus. S. 
proligerum, the discus proligerus and cum- 
ulus proligerus regarded as one. Syn., Mem- 
brana cumuli. S. reticulatum, Arnold's, 
the network formed by the fibers connecting 
the occipital lobe with the thalamus before 
they enter the latter. S. spinosum. See 
Prickle-layer. Consecutive hypertrophy of 
this layer constitutes acanthosis. S. vas- 
culosum. See Tunica vasculosa. S. vasculo- 
sum cutis, the subpapillary layer of the derma; 
the part of the corium immediately below the 
papillas. S. zonale, the superficial portion of 
the fifth or outer layer of the hippocampus. 

Straus' Sign. In facial paralysis from a cen- 
tral cause the hypodermatic injection of pil- 
ocarpin causes no appreciable difference in the 
perspiration of the two sides, either as to time 
or quantity, whereas there is a marked retar- 
dation of the secretion on the affected side in 
severe peripheral paralysis. 

Strauss' Reaction. The injection of material 
containing the bacillus of glanders into the ab- 
dominal cavity of a male guineapig is fol- 
lowed in a few days by a characteristic, 
generally purulent, inflammation of the testes. 
S.'s Sign, the administration of fatty food by 
the mouth causes an increase in the amount of 
fatty constituents in the effusion of chylous 
ascites. 

Strawberry-tongue. The characteristic tongue 
of scarlatina, in which the vessels of 
the fungiform papillas become turgid, caus- 
ing the papillas to stand out as red points, in 
marked contrast with the thick coating of fur 
on the filiform papillas. 

Streak (strek). A furrow, line, or stripe. S.s, 
Knapp's Angioid, pigment streaks appearing 
occasionally in the retina after hemorrhage. 
S., Medullary. See Medullary Groove. S., 
Meningitic. See Tache cerebrale. S., Prim- 
itive, an opaque band extending some dis- 
tance forward from the posterior margin of the 
area pellucida, and forming the first notice- 
able sign of the development of the blastoderm. 

Stream (strem) [ME., streem]. To flow; ap- 
plied to movement in protoplasm and in blood 
corpuscles. 



STRENGTHENING PLASTER 



934 



STROBOSCOPIC 



Strengthening Plaster. Emplastrum robo- 
rans or iron-plaster. 

Strephotome {stref'-o-tom) [ozpk(j>o, twist; 
rifivetv, to cut]. An instrument shaped like a 
corkscrew, used to secure union in the opera- 
tion for the radical cure of hernia. 

Strepto- {strep-to-) [orpsxroc, twisted]. A pre- 
fix signifying twisted. 

Streptoangina {strep-to-an-ji'-nah). A pseudo- 
membranous deposit in the throat due to strep- 
tococci (J. E. Walsh). Cf. Diphtheroid (2). 

Streptobacillus {strep-to-bas-il'-us). A bacillus 
forming twisted chains. 

Streptobacteria {strep-to-bak-te' '-re-ah) [strepto-; 
Panxriptov, bacterium]. Short, rod-shaped 
bacteria forming chains. 

Streptococcal, Streptococcic, Streptococcous 
{strep-to-kok'-al, -ik, -us). Relating to or due 
to streptococci. 

Streptococcemia {strep-to-kok-se'-me-ah) [strep- 
tococcus; aljxa, blood]. The presence of strep- 
tococci in the blood. 

Streptococcus {strep-to-kok'-us) [strepto-; 
KOKnog, a kernel]. See under Bacteria. S.- 
angina, angina due to streptococci. S.- 
curve, the remitting temperature-curve in 
hectic fever, supposed to depend upon the 
streptotoccus (Petruschky). 

Streptocolysin {strep-to-kol'-is-in) [streptococ- 
cus; Xuetv, to loose]. A hemolysin produced 
in cultures of streptococci. 

Streptocosis {strep-to-ko'-sis). Infection by 
streptococci. 

Streptocyte {strep' -to-slt) [strepto-; kutoc, cell]. 
A cell presenting a twisted appearance or pc- 
curring with others in twisted chains; a strep- 
tococcus. 

Streptomycosis {strep-to-mi-ko'-sis) [strepto- 
coccus; {iUKfjc, fungus]. Infection with strep- 
tococci. 

Streptopus {strep' -to-pus) [strepto-; nouc; 
foot]. Twisted stalk, a genus of liliaceous 
plants. S. distortus is indigenous to Europe 
and America, and is used in infusion as a gar- 
gle. 

Streptosepticemia {strep-to-sep-tis-e'-me-ah) . 
Septicemia due to invasion of streptococci. 

Streptothrical {strep-to-thrik'-al). Relating to 
or due to members of the genus Streptothrix. 

Streptothrix {strep' -to-thriks). See Cladothrix 
under Bacteria. 

Stretcher {strech'-er). A cot or litter for carry- 
ing the sick. 

Stria {stri'-ah) [L.]. A streak or white line. 
S.s, Acoustic, S., Auditory, transverse white 
lines on the lower part of the floor of the 
fourth ventricle, which unite with the audi- 
tory nerve-roots. Striae gravidarum, the at- 
rophic strias observed upon the abdomen in 
pregnant women. S„, Hensen's. See Mem- 
brane, Krause's. S.s, Lancisi's, Strias 
longitudinales, long, slightly elevated lines 
on the upper surface of the corpus callosum. 
Striae medullares. See S.s, Acoustic. S. 
medullaris, a band of white matter adjacent 
to the taenia thalami (Barker). S. medullaris 
thalami, an oblique furrow on the superior 



aspect of the thalamus. Striae musculares, 
the transverse markings of striated muscles. 
Striae, Schreger's, Schreger's lines. S. ter- 
minalis, taenia semicircularis. 

Striate, Striated {stri'-dt, stri'-d-ted) [stria]. 
Striped. S. Body, the corpus striatum. S. 
Muscle. See under Muscle, and Muscular 
Tissue. 

Striation {stri-a'-shun) [stria]. 1. The state 
of being striated. 2. A striated structure. S., 
Tabby-cat. See Tabby-cat Striation. 

Striatum. See Stratum. S. oriens. See 
Stratum oriens. 

Stricture {strik'-tur) [strictura, from stringere, to 
draw tight]. A narrowing of a canal from ex- 
ternal pressure, or as a result of inflammatory 
or other changes in its walls. S., Cicatricial, 
a stricture due to cicatricial tissue. S., Func- 
tional. See S., Spasmodic. S., Imperme- 
able, S., Impassable, one not permitting the 
passage of an instrument. S., Irritable, one 
in which the passage of an instrument causes 
great pain. S., Organic, one due to structu- 
ral changes in or about a canal. S., Spas- 
modic, one due to muscular spasm. 

Stricturotome {strik' -tu-ro- torn) [stricture; 
rkjivscv, to cut]. An instrument for dividing 
a stricture. 

Stricturotomy {strik-tu-rot'-o-me) [see Stric- 
turotome]. The operation of incising a stric- 
ture. 

Stridor {stri'-dor) [stridere, to make a creaking 
sound]. A peculiar, harsh, vibrating sound 
produced during expiration. S., Laryn- 
geal, Congenital. Respiratory croaking (in 
babies). 

Stridulous {strid' -u-lus) [stridor]. Character- 
ized by stridor. S. Laryngismus. See 
Laryngismus stridulus. 

Stringent {strin'-jent) [stringere, to bind]. 
Binding. 

Striocellular {stri-o-sel'-u-lar). Relating to or 
composed of striated muscle-fiber and cells. 

Stripe {strip) [ME., stripe, a stripe]. A 
streak; a discolored mark. S., Bergmann's, 
the conductor sonorus, one of the striae medul- 
lares often seen running obliquely forward and 
to the side. Ger., Klangstab. S., Gennari's. 
SeeBaillarger's Layer. S.s of Retzius, dark 
lines extending more or less parallel to the 
free surface of the tooth, due to inequalities 
in growth and density of the enamel. S., 
Vicq d'Azyr's. See Baillarger's Layer. 

Strobilus {strob'-il-us) [strobilus, a pine-cone]. 
The tape-worm. 

Stroboscope {stro'-bo-skdp) [orp6(3oc, a twisting; 
oKone'cv, to view]. An instrument by which a 
series of slightly different pictures presented 
rapidly in succession is made to appear as a 
continuous object in motion; a zoetrope. S., 
Direct, one in which the figures and slits re- 
volve in the same direction; a phenakistoscope. 
S., Reverse, one in which the figures and 
slits revolve in opposite directions; a de- 
dalum. 

Stroboscopic {strob-o-skop'-ik) [stroboscope]. 
Pertaining to the stroboscope. 



STROBOSTEREOSCOPE 



935 



STRYCHNIN 



Strobostereoscope (stro-bo-ster'-e-o-skop). See 
Stereostroboscope. 

Stroke (strok). A sudden attack; the word is used 
colloquially for apoplexy and paralysis. 

Stroma (stro'-mah) [ovpajfia, abed]. The tissue 
forming the framework for the essential part 
of an organ. S., Cancer, the fibrous-tissue 
element of a cancer. S., His', the trabecular 
framework of the mammary gland. S. of Rol- 
let, an insoluble, spongy network forming the 
structure of an erythrocyte, within the inter- 
stices of which is embedded a soluble, finely 
granular substance, the hemoglobin. 

Strombodes jenneri (strom-bo 1 '-dez jen'-er-i). 
A name proposed by Sjobring for the micro- 
organism of vaccinia. 

Stromeyer's Cephalhematocele. See under 
Cephalhematocele. S.'s Splint. See Splint, 
Stromeyer's. 

Strongylus (stron' -pl-us) [oxpoxyuXoc, round]. 
A genus of nematode worms found in the 
lower animals, and occasionally in man. 

Strontia (stron' -she-ah). Strontium oxid. 

Strontium (stron' -she-um) [after Strontian, 
in Scotland]. A metallic element belonging 
to the group of alkaline earths. It has a 
specific gravity of 2.5, an atomic weight of 
86.94, and a valence of two. Symbol Sr. S. 
Acetate, 2Sr(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 + H 2 0, a white crys- 
talline powder, soluble in water, used as an 
anthelmintic. Dose f-§ gr. (0.016-0.05 Gm.). 
S. Arsenite, Sr(As0 2 ) 2 +4.H 2 0, a white pow- 
der, soluble in water, used as an alterative 
and tonic in skin diseases and malarial con- 
ditions. Dose jq— ys gr. (0.002-0.004 Gm.). 
S. Bromid (strontii bromidum, U. • S. P.), 
SrBr 2 .6H 2 0, has been used in epilepsy, 
diabetes, gastrectasis, rheumatoid arthritis, 
and lithemia. Dose 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). 
S. and Caffein Sulfonate, (C 8 H 9 N 4 2 .S0 3 ) 2 - 
Sr, soluble in water,. used as a diuretic. Syn., 
Symphorol strontium. S. Glycerinophos- 
phate, a white powder, soluble in water, 
containing 26-27% °f phosphoric acid. S. 
Iodid (strontii iodidum, U. S. P.), SrI 2 -.6H 2 0, 
is used like the other oxids. S. Lactate, 
Sr(C 3 H 5 3 ) 2 .3H 2 0, is used in nephritis, al- 
buminuria, rheumatism, and gout. Dose 
10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). S. Loretinate 
(basic), Sr . I . O . C 9 H 4 N . SO s , fine, bright 
needles, slightly soluble in water, decomposed 
at 300 C. S. Loretinate (normal), Sr(I.OH.- 
C 9 H 4 N.S0 3 ) 2 .H 2 0, orange-red, prismatic 
crystals, sparingly soluble in water. S. 
Oxid, strontia, SrO, strontium combined with 
oxygen. S. Phosphate, Sr 3 (P0 4 ) 2 , a white 
powder, devoid of taste, soluble in acids; 
used as a nutritive and tonic. Dose 10—30 gr. 
(0.65-2.0 Gm.). S. Salicylate (strontii 
salicylas, U. S. P.), Sr(C 7 H 5 3 ) 2 2H 2 0, white 
crystals, soluble in water; used in gout, 
chorea, etc. Dose 10-40 gr. (0.65-2.6 Gm.). 
Strophanthin (strof-an'-thin) [strophanthus] 
Strophanthinum (U. S. P.), C 20 H 34 O ]0 . A. 
toxic alkaloid, soluble in water and alcohol, de- 
rived from strophanthus. Dose 3"jjo~2Tro gr. 
(0.0002-0.0003 Gm.). S. Tannate, a yel- 



lowish, amorphous powder containing 59% 
of strophanthin, soluble in water; used as a 
heart tonic. Dose i\Q~i~o g r - (0.0004- 
0.001 Gm.). 

Strophanthus (strof-an'-thus) [ozpofoc, a twisted 
band; avdoc, flower]. A genus of plants of 
the order Apocynaceoe, some of the species of 
which are used for the preparation of arrow- 
poison in Africa. The strophanthus of the 
U. S. P. is the ripe seed of S. kombe; it contains 
a crystalline glucosid, strophanthin, and an 
alkaloid, inein. Strophanthus is a muscle- 
poison, but in small doses is a cardiac and per- 
haps a vascular stimulant. It is used in the 
same cases as digitalis. S., Tincture of 
(tinctura strophanthi, U. S. P., B. P.). Dose 
5-15 min. (0.32-1.0 Cc). 

Strophantism (stro - fan' - tizm). Poisoning 
from strophanthin; the symptoms resemble 
those of digitalism. 

Strophulus (stroj'-u-lus) [orpofoc, a twisted 
band]. A form of miliaria occurring in in- 
fants. Syn., Red gum; Tooth-rash. S. pru- 
riginosus, an eruption occurring in children, 
and characterized by disseminated, intensely 
itching papules. 

Structural (struk'-tu-ral) [structura, structure]. 
Pertaining to or affecting the structure. 

Struempell's Disease. 1. Poliencephalitis. 
2. Chronic ankylosing inflammation of the 
vertebral column. S.'s Type of Spastic 
Paralysis, the hereditary, familiar form of 
spastic spinal paralysis. 

Struempell-Leichtenstern's Disease. Acute 
encephalitis of infancy. 

Struma (stru'-mah) [L.]. 1. Scrofula. 2. 
Goiter. Strumae lipomatodes aberratae 
renis, Grawitz's term for a group of new- 
growths of kidney, usually benign, but, at 
times, serving as the foci of origin of malig- 
nant tumors. Regarded by some pathologists 
as endotheliomas, by others as adrenal rests 
(Cf. under Rest). Grawitz includes here: 
Renal adenoma (Klebs, Sabourin) ; alveolar 
renal adenoma (Weichselbaum and Green- 
ish) ; adenoma carcinomatodes renis (Klebs) ; 
angioma cavern osum renis; myxolipoma 
telangiectodes incapsulatum renis utrisque; 
myxoma lipomatodes renis; myxoma renis; 
strumae suprarenales (Virchow). 

Strumiprival, Strumiprivous (stru-mi-pri' - 
val, -vus) [struma; privare, to deprive]. 
Deprived of the thyroid; due to removal of 
the thyroid; thyroprival. 

Strumous (stru'-mus) [struma]. Scrofulous. 

Struve's Test for Blood in Urine. To the 
urine, previously treated with ammonia or 
caustic potash, add tannin and acetic acid 
until the mixture has an acid reaction. In 
the presence of blood a dark precipitate is 
formed. When this is filtered and dried, the 
hemin crystals may be obtained from the dry 
residue by adding ammonium chlorid and 
glacial acetic acid. 

Strychnin (strik'-nin) [see Strychnos]. Strych- 
nina (U. S. P.), C 21 H 22 N 2 2 . One of the 
alkaloids of nux vomica. Dose ^otV S r - 



STRYCHNIN 



936 



STURM'S FOCAL INTERVAL 



(o.ooi 1-0.0033 Gm.); hypodermatically in 
chronic alcoholism, ^"T^" gr. (0.003-0.006 
Gm.). S. Acetate, C 21 H ?2 N 2 2 .C 2 H 4 2 , 
small white crystals, soluble in 96 parts of 
water. Use and doses the same as the alkaloid. 
S. Arsenate, C 21 H 22 N 2 2 .As 2 5 , a white, 
crystalline powder with bitter taste, soluble 
in 14 parts of cold water, 5 parts of hot water. 
It is used as a tonic and alterative in tuber- 
culosis, malaria, etc. Dose sV~ Te g r - (0.001- 
0.004 Gm.); hypodermatically, 0.5% in 
liquid paraffin; of this 4-15 min. (0.25-0.9 Cc.) 
daily. S. Arsenite, (C 21 H 22 N 2 2 ) 2 As 2 3 , 
a white, crystalline powder, soluble in 10 
parts of boiling water. It is tonic, alterative, 
and antiperiodic. Dose 5 ~ i 6 gr. (0.001-0.004 
Gm.); subcutaneous dose 4-15 drops of a 
0.5% solution in liquid paraffin. S. Bisac- 
charinat e , S . -diorthosulf amin -benzoate , 
used as is the arsenite. S. Camphorate, 
C 21 H 22 N 2 O 2 .C 10 H 16 O 4 , small white crystals or 
crystalline powder soluble in water, used as is 
the alkaloid. S. Citrate, C 21 H 22 N 2 2 . C 6 H 8 7 , 
white crystals, soluble in water; usage and 
dosage the same as the alkaloid. S. Ferri- 
citrate, iron and strychnin citrate. S. Hy- 
drid, obtained by the action of metallic 
sodium on strychnin in a boiling alcoholic 
solution and differing in physiologic action 
from strychnin; it may, therefore, be used as 
a physiologic antidote in strychnin-poisoning. 
S. Hydrobromate, C 21 H 22 N 2 2 .HBr, white 
acicular crystals, soluble in 32 parts of water, 
used as a tonic and sedative. Dose 3V" rV gr- 
(0.002-0.005 Gm.). S. Hydrochlorate, 
C 21 .H 22 N 2 2 .HC1+ 3H 2 0, white needles, solu- 
ble in 50 parts of water at 22 C. Usage 
and doses the same as the alkaloid. S. 
Hydroiodate, C 21 H 22 N 2 2 .HI0 3 , white 
crystals, soluble in water. Used as is the 
alkaloid. S.Hypophosphite, a white powder, 
used as a tonic in tuberculosis. Dose -gV" tV g r - 
(0.002-0.005 Gm.). S. with Iron and 
Quinin Citrate, iron and quinin citrate with 
strychnin; greenish-brown, transparent scales, 
soluble in water, and containing 3.4% of 
pure strychnin. It is tonic and antiperiodic. 
Dose 3-7 gr. (0.2-0.45 Gm.). S. Lactate, 
C 2l H 22 N 2 2 . C 3 H 6 3 , a white, crystalline pow- 
der, soluble in water. Usage and dosage 
the same as the alkaloid. S. Nitrate 
{strychnines nitras, U. S. P.), C 2 iH 22 N 2 02,- 
NH0 3 , silky needles, soluble in 50 parts of 
water, 60 parts of alcohol, or 2 parts of boiling 
water or alcohol. Usage and dosage the same 
as the alkaloid. S. Oleate, a mixture of 
strychnin in oleic acid, soluble in ether and 
oleic acid; it is used in the external admin- 
istration of strychnin. S.-orthosulfamin- 
benzoate. See '5. Saccharinate. S. Phenol- 
sulfate. See 5. Sulfocarbolate. S. Phos- 
phate, <;C 21 H 22 N 2 2 ) 2 H 3 P0 4 +9H 2 0, a white, 
crystalline powder, soluble in water. Usage 
and dosage the same as the alkaloid. S. 
Saccharinate, C 21 H 22 N 2 2 .C 6 H 4 (S0 2 )(CO)- 
NH, a true salt of strychnin and saccharin; 
a white, sweet powder, used in all cases where 



the alkaloid is indicated in doses one-third 
larger. S. Salicylate, C 21 H 22 N 2 2 .C,H fi 3 , 
a white powder, soluble in water, recommended 
in rheumatism and chorea. Dose about the 
same as the alkaloid. S. Sulfate (strych- 
nines sulphas, U. _ S. P.), (C 21 H 22 N,0 2 ) 2 .H 2 - 
S0 4 +5H 2 0, white, odorless, very bitter 
prisms, which effloresce in dry air; soluble in 
50 parts of water, 109 parts of alcohol, 2 
parts of boiling water, or 8.5 parts of boiling 
alcohol; melt at 200 C. The action differs but 
slightly from the alkaloid. Dose y a " ~ia g 1 "- 
(0.002-0.005 Gm.). S, Sulfocarbolate, S. 
Sulfophenate, a white, crystalline powder, 
soluble in water or alcohol. S. and Zinc 
Hydroiodate,C 2i H 22 N 2 2 .HI.ZnI 2 , small white 
crystals, soluble in water. 

Strychninism (strik' -nin-izm) [strychnin]. The 
state of being under the influence of strych- 
nin. 

Strychnize (strik' -nlz) . To bring under the 
influence of strychnin. 

Strychnos (strik 1 '-nos) [oxpuyyog, the nightshade]. 
A genus of the Loganiacece. S. icaja is found 
in the Gaboon region; it contains strychnin 
in the bark, leaves and root. From the stem 
the arrow-poison, tarfa, toomba, M'boundou, 
n'caza, icaja, or akanga, is prepared. The 
seeds of S. ignatii (St. Ignatius' beans) of 
the Philippines act in the same manner as 
nux vomica, but contain more strychnin and 
less brucin than it does. S. potatorum 
is indigenous to the East Indies. The seeds, 
nirmali, chillij, chilbing, are used largely to 
clear muddy water. They contain no strych- 
nin nor brucin, and are used as a remedy in 
diabetes and gonorrhea. The fruit is em- 
ployed in dysentery. The bark of S. pseudo- 
quina, of South America, contains no poisonous 
alkaloid, but a bitter substance, and is used 
as a substitute for quinin. S. tieute is a species 
of Java; from the root-bark the Javanese ar- 
row-poison, upasradju ortschetsik, containing 
1.5 % strychnin and a little brucin, is prepared. 
The seed and leaves contain 1.4% of strychnin 
and only traces of brucin. S. toxifera, of 
Guiana, furnishes curara. 

Stub-thumb. Abbreviation and clubbing of 
the phalanx of the thumb. 

Stump [Icel., stumpr, stump]. The portion of 
a limb or other part left attached to the body 
after an amputation. 

Stun [AS., stunian, to make a din]. To render 
temporarily insensible, as by a blow. 

Stupe (stup) [stupa, tow]. A cloth used for 
applying heat or counterirritation ; especially 
a cloth wrung out of hot water and sprinkled 
with a counterirritant as turpentine-stupe. 

Stupefacient, Stupef active (stu-pe-fa'-shent, 
stu-pe-fak' -tiv) [stupor; facere, to make]. 
Narcotic. 

Stupor (stu'-por) [L.]. A state of partial un- 
consciousness from which the individual can 
be roused. 

Sturm's Focal Interval. The interval be- 
tween the principal focal lines of a cylindric 
lens. 



'< 



J 



STUTTERING 



937 



SUBCONJUNCTIVAL 



Stuttering (stut'-er-ing) [Icel, stauta, to stutter]. 
A hesitation in speech due to an inability 
to enunciate the syllables without repeated 
efforts. 

Sty, Stye (sti). See Hordeolum. 

Style, Stylet (stil, sti-let') [ozukoc, pillar]. 
i. A probe. 2. A wire inserted into a cath- 
eter or cannula in order to stiffen the instru- 
ment or to perforate the tissues. 

Stylo- (sti-lo-) [otuXoc, pillar]. A prefix de- 
noting pertaining to the styloid process of 
the temporal bone. 

Styloglossus (sti-lo- glos f -us) . See under Muscle. 

Stylohyoid (sti-lo -hi' -oid) [stylo-; hyoid]. 1. 
Pertaining to the styloid process of the tem- 
poral bone and the hyoid bone, as the stylo- 
hyoid muscle. See under Muscle. 2. Per- 
taining to the stylohyoid muscle. 

Styloid (sti'-loid) [oruXoc, pillar; eldoc, like]. 
Resembling a stylus. 

Stylomastoid (sti-lo-mas' '-toid) [stylo-; mas- 
toid]. Pertaining to the styloid and mastoid 
processes. 

Stylomaxillary (sti-lo-maks f -il-a-re) [stylo-; 
maxilla]. Pertaining to the styloid process 
and the maxilla. 

Stylopharyngeus (sti-lo- far-in-je' -us). See 
under Muscle. 

Stylus (sti'-lus) [L., "a stake"]. A pointed 
instrument for making applications. 

Stype (step or sti-pe) [Ft.; otutzt), stiffness]. A 
tampon or pledget, especially such as is used 
in producing local anesthesia. 

Styphage, Stypage (ste-fahzh, ste-pahzh). The 
production of local anesthesia by an applica- 
tion made with a stype. S., Bailly's, a revul- 
sive, the application of cotton pledgets wet 
with methyl chlorid. 

Styptic (stip'-tik) [otuttukoc, astringent]. 1. 
Checking hemorrhage by contracting the 
blood-vessels. 2. An agent that checks hem- 
orrhage by causing contraction of the blood- 
vessels. 

Stypticin (stip f -tis-in) . See Cotarnin Hydro- 
chlorate. 

Styracin (sti'-ra-sin). See under Styrax. 

Styracol (sti'-ra-kol). Guaiacol cinnamate, 
C 6 H 4 (OCH 3 )C 9 H 7 2 . It is given internally in 
catarrhal offections of the digestive tract and 
in pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Styrax (sti'-raks) [avupa^, storax]. Storax; 
a balsam obtained from the inner bark of 
Liquidambar orientalis, or oriental sweet-gum. 
It contains a volatile oil, styrol, several resins, 
an amorphous substance called storesin, 
cinnamic acid, and styracin (the cinnamate of 
cinnamyl). It is stimulant, expectorant, 
and antiseptic, acting like benzoin and tolu, 
and is used in bronchial affections and catarrh 
of the urinary passages. Externally it is an 
antiseptic and parasiticide. It is a constituent 
of friars' balsam. Dose 5-20 gr. (0.32-1.3 
Gm.). 

Styrol (sti'-rol), C„H 8 . Cinnamene; phenyl- 
ethylene. A colorless, highly refractive liquid 
hydrocarbon, obtained by heating styracin 
with calcium hydrate. 



Styrone (sti'-ron) [styrax]. Cinnamic alcohol, 
C 9 H 10 O. S. Crystals, S., Crystallized, 
cinnamic alcohol. 

Styryl Alcohol (sti'-ril). See Styrone. 

Sub- [L.]. A prefix denoting under or beneath; 
in chemistry, a prefix denoting — (1) the lower 
of two compounds of the same elements; 
(2) a basic salt. 

Subacetate (sub-as' -et-dt) [sub-; acetum, vin- 
egar]. A basic acetate. 

Subacid (sub-as'-id) [sub-; acidum, acid]. 
Moderately acid. 

Subacidity (sub-as-id'-it-e) [subacid]. A con- 
dition of moderate 'acidity. 

Subacromial (sub-ak-ro' -me-al) [sub-; acro- 
mial]. Below the acromion. 

Subacute (sub-ak-uf) [sub-; acutus, sharp]. 
Moderately acute. 

Subagitatrix (sub-aj-it-a'-triks) [L.]. One who 
practises tribadism. 

Subancestral (sub-an-sest'-ral). Not in the 
direct line of descent. 

Subanconeus (sub-an-ko-ne'-us). See under 
Muscle. 

Subaponeurotic (sub-ap-on-u-rot'-ik) [sub-; 
aponeurosis]. Beneath an aponeurosis. 

Subarachnoid (sub-ar-ak'-noid) [sub-; arach- 
noid]. Beneath the arachnoid membrane, as 
the subarachnoid space. 

Subarcuate (sub-ar'-ku-at) [sub-; arcus, an 
arc]. Slightly arcuate. 

Subastragalar, Subastragaloid (sub-as-trag'- 
al-ar, sub-as-trag' -al-oid) [sub-; astragalus]. 
Below the astragalus. 

Subatloidean (sub-at-loid'-e-an). Located be- 
neath the atlas. 

Subatomic (sub-at-om' -ik) . Underlying atoms. 

Subaudition (sub-aw-dish'-on) [sub-; audire, to 
hear]. . The act or ability of comprehending 
what is not expressed. 

Subbrachy cephalic (sub-bra-ke-sef-a' -lik) . 

Having a cephalic index from 8o° to 84 . 

Subcalcarine (sub-kal' -ka-ren) [sub-; calcarine]. 
Situated beneath the calcarine fissure, as the 
subcalcarine convolution. S. Convolution, 
a narrow convolution ventrad of the cuneus 
and lying between the collateral and calcarine 
fissures. 

Subcapsular (sub-kap'-su-lar) [sub-; capsula, 
capsule]. Beneath a capsule. 

Subcarbonate (sub-kar'-bon-at) [sub-; carbonate]. 
A basic carbonate. 

Subclavian (sub-kla' -ve-an) [sub-; clavis, key]. 
Lying under the clavicle, as the subclavian 
artery. 

Subclavicula (sub-kla-vik'-u-lah). The first 
rib. 

Subclavicular (sub-kla-vik'-u-lar) . Beneath the 
clavicle. 

Subclavius (sub-kla' '-ve-us) . See under Muscle. 

Subcollateral (sub-kol-at'-er-al) [sub-; collateral]. 
Ventrad of the collateral fissure of the brain. 
S. Gyrus, a convolution connecting the oc- 
cipital and temporal lobes. 

Subconjunctival (sub-kon-jungk-ti r -val) [sub-; 
conjunctiva]. Situated beneath the con- 
junctiva. 



SUBCONSCIOUS 



938 



SUBKATABOLISM 



Subconscious {sub-kon'-shus). Imperfectly 
conscious. 

Subconsciousness {sub-kon' -shus-nes) [sub- 
conscious]. Imperfect consciousness; that 
state in which mental processes take place 
without the mind being distinctly conscious 
of its own activity. 

Subcoracoid {sub-kor' -ak-oid) [sub-; coracoid]. 
Situated below the coracoid process. 

Subcortical {sub-kor' -tik-al) [sub-; cortex]. Be- 
neath the cortex. 

Subcranial {sub-kra' '-ne-aT) [sub-; Kpavcov, cra- 
nium]. Situated beneath the cranium. 

Subcrepitant {sub-krep' -it-ant) [sub-; crepitate, 
to make a crackling noise]. Almost crep- 
itant, as subcrepitant rale. See Rale, Sub- 
crepitant. 

Subcrepitation {sub-krep-it-a'-shun). An in- 
distinctly crepitant sound. 

Subcrureus {sub-kru-re 1 '-us). See under Muscle. 

Subculture {sub-kul'-tur) [sub-; culture]. In 
bacteriology, a secondary culture made from 
a primary culture. 

Subcutaneous {sub-ku-ta'-ne-us) [sub-; cuta- 
neous]. Beneath the skin; hypodermatic. 

Subcuticular {sub-ku-tik'-u-lar) [sub-; cutis, 
skin]. Beneath the epidermis, as a subcuticu- 
lar suture. 

Subcutine {sub-ku'-ten). Paraphenolsulfonate 
of paraamidobenzoic ethyl ester; small acicular 
crystals melting at 195. 6° C; soluble in 100 
times its weight in water. Its solutions can be 
sterilized. It is recommended as a local anes- 
thetic. 

Subdiaphragmatic {sub-di-a-frag-mat'-ik) 

[sub-; diaphragm]. Under the diaphragm. 

Subdicrotic {sub-di-krot'-ik). Obscurely di- 
crotic. 

Subduction {sub-duk' -shun) [sub-; ducere, to 
lead]. Maddox's term for deorsumduction. 

Subdural {sub-du'-ral) [sub-; dura]. Beneath 
the dura. 

Subencephalon {sub-en-sef '-al-on) [sub-; 
ifukcfiaXov, brain]. The medulla oblongata, 
pons, and corpora quadrigemina taken to- 
gether. 

Subendocardial {sub-en-do-kar' -de-al) [sub-; 
endocardium]. Beneath the endocardium. 

Subendothelium {sub-en-do-the' -le-um). The 
layer of connective-tissue cells between the 
mucosa and the epithelium of the bladder, 
intestine, and bronchi. 

Subendymal {sub-en' -dim-at). Beneath the 
ependyma. 

Subepidermal, Subepidermatic, Subepi- 
dermic {sub-ep-e-der* '-mal, sub-ep-e-der-mat' - 
ik, sub-ep-e-der 1 '-mik) [sub-; epidermis]. 
Situated beneath the epidermis. 

Subepithelial (sub-ep-e-the'-le-al) [sub-; epithe- 
lium]. Situated under an epithelial surface. 

Suberin {su' -ber-in) . See Cutin (1). 

Subese {sub'-ez) [sub-; ed'ere, to eat]. Underfed; 
thin; the opposite of obese. 

Subfalciform {sub- fal'-se- form) [sub-; falca, a 
sickle]. Somewhat sickle-shaped. 

Subfascial {sub-fash' -e-al) [sub-; fascia]. Be- 
neath the fascia. 



Subfebrile {sub-feb'-ril) [sub-; febris, fever]. 
Slightly febrile. 

Subflavor {sub-fla'-vor). A secondary or sub- 
ordinate flavor. 

Subflavous {sub-fla'-vus) [sub-; flavus, yellow]. 
Somewhat yellow. S. Ligament, the liga- 
ment of yellowish elastic material found be- 
tween the laminas of adjacent vertebras. 

Subgallate {sub-gal' -lat). A basic salt of gallic 
acid. S., Bismuth. See Dermatol. 

Subgemmal {sub-jem'-al). Beneath a taste-bud. 

Subgeneric {sub-jen-er'-ik). Relating to a sub- 
genus. 

Subgeniculate {sub-jen-ik'-u-ldt). Incom- 
pletely geniculate. 

Subgenus {sub-je'-nus). A subordinate genus, 
a subdivision of a genus higher than a species. 

Subglenoid {sub-gle'-noid) [sub-; glenoid]. Be- 
neath the glenoid fossa, as subglenoid dislo- 
cation of the humerus. 

Subglossal {sub-glos'-al) . See Hypoglossal. 

Subhyaloid {suk-hi'-al-oid). Beneath the hy- 
aloid membrane of the eye. 

Subhyoid {sub-hi'-oid) [sub-; hyoid]. Beneath 
the hyoid bone. S. Bursa, a bursa lying 
between the thyrohyoid membrane and hyoid 
bone and the conjoint insertion of the omo- 
hyoid, sternohyoid, and stylohyoid muscle. 
Syn., B oyer's bursa. 

Subiculum {sub-ik' -u-lum) [subex, a layer]. 
The uncinate convolution. 

Subinflammation {sub-in-flam-a'-shun) [sub-; 
inflammation], A slight degree of inflam- 
mation. 

Subintrance {sub-in' -trans) [subintrare, to enter 
secretly]. Anticipation of recurrence. 

Subintrant {sub-in' -trant). Entering secretly; 
applied to malarial fevers in which a new 
paroxysm begins before the termination of 
the preceding one. 

Subinvolution {sub-in-vo-lu' -shun) [sub-; invo- 
lutio, a rolling up]. Imperfect involution. 
S. of the Uterus, the imperfect contraction 
of the uterus after delivery. 

Subiodid {sub-i'-o-did). That iodid of a series 
having the least iodin. 

Subjacent {sub-ja' -sent) [sub-; jacere, to lie]. 
Lying beneath. 

Subject {sub'-jekt) [sub-; jacere, to throw]. 1. 
An individual that serves for purposes of ex- 
periment or study, or that is under observation 
or treatment. 2. A cadaver. 

Subjective {sub-jek'-tiv) [subject]. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the individual himself. 2. Of symptoms, 
experienced by the patient himself, and not 
amenable to physical exploration. S. Sen- 
sation, one not caused by external stimuli. 

Subjectivity {sub-jek-tiv' -it-e) [subjicere, to 
throw under]. Illusiveness. 

Subjectoscope {sub-jek'-to-skdp). An instru- 
ment for examining subjective visual sensa- 
tions. 

Subkatabolism {sub-kat-ab'-ol-izm). Katabolic 
stasis, a condition marked by inactivity, 
devitalization, and premature senility of the 
cells due to suboxidation, excessive strain, 
fatigue, etc. 



SUBLAMIN 



939 



SUBSCAPULAR 



Sublamin {sub' -lam-in) . A soluble compound 
of mercury sulfate and ethylenediamin con- 
taining 43 % of mercury. It is used as a dis- 
infectant and intramuscularly in syphilis. 
Dose 2-6 dr. (7.7-23.3 Cc.) of 1 % solution 
in normal salt solution. 

Sublatio (sub-la' -she-o) [L.]. Removal. S. 
retinae, detachment of the retina. 

Sublimate (sub' -lim-at) [sublimare, to lift up 
high]. A substance obtained by sublimation. 
S., Corrosive, mercuric chlorid. See Mer- 
cury Bichlorid. 

Sublimation (sub-lim-a' -shun) . The vapor- 
ization and condensation of a volatile solid. 

Sublime (sub-lim') [see Sublimate']. 1. To sub- 
ject to sublimation. 2. To undergo subli- 
mation. 

Sublingual (sub-lin'-gwal) [sub-; lingua, 
tongue]. 1. Lying beneath the tongue. 2. 
Pertaining to the parts lying beneath the 
tongue. 

Sublinguitis (sub-lin-gwi'-tis) [sub-; lingua, 
tongue; ate, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the sublingual gland. 

Sublobular (sub-lob' -u-lar) [sub-; lobule]. Sit- 
uated beneath a lobule. S. Veins, the rad- 
icles of the hepatic veins, situated at the base 
of a cluster of lobules. 

Subluxation (sub-luks-a'-shun) [sub-; luxation]. 
Incomplete luxation. 

Submammary (sub-mam' -a-re) [sub-; mamma, 
breast]. Situated beneath the breast. 

Submarginal (sub-mar' -jin-al) [sub-; margin]. 
Situated near the border or margin. 

Submarine (sub' -mar-en) [sub-; marine]. A 
dental term applied to conditions and ma- 
terials in the treatment and management 
of which the parts are filled with the fluids 
of the mouth. 

Submaxillary (sub-maks' -il-a-re) [sub-; max- 
illa]. 1. Lying beneath the lower maxilla, 
as the submaxillary gland. 2. Pertaining 
to the submaxillary gland. 

Submaxillitis (sub-maks-il-i'-tis). Inflamma- 
tion of the submaxillary gland. 

Submeningeal (sub-men-in'-je-at). Beneath 
the meninges. 

Submental (sub-men' -tat) [sub-; mentum, chin]. 
Situated under the chin. 

Submerge (sub-merf) [sub-; mergere, to dip]. 
To place under the surface of a liquid. 

Submersion (sub-mer' -shun) [submerge]. The 

• act of submerging; the condition of being 
under the surface of a liquid. 

Submesaticephalic (sub-mes-at-e-sef-a'-lik) . 
Having a cephalic index of 75° to 7 6°. 

Submorphous (sub-mor' -jus) [sub-; [J-opcfyfj, 
form]. Having the characters both of a 
crystalline and of an amorphous body; ap- 
plied to calculi. 

Submucous (sub-mu'-kus) [sub-; mucous]. Sit- 
uated beneath a mucous membrane. 

Subnasal (sub-na'-zal) [sub-; nasus, nose]. 
Situated below the nose. S. Point. See 
under Craniometric Point. 

Subnitrate (sub-ni'-trat) [sub-; nitrate]. A 
basic nitrate. 



Subnormal (sub-nor'-mal) [sub-; norma, rule]. 
Below normal. 

Subnotochordal (sub-no-to-kord'-al). Below 
the notochord. 

Subnucleus (sub-nu' -kle-us) [sub-; nucleus]. 
Any one of the smaller groups of cells into 
which a large nerve-nucleus is divided by the 
passage through it of nerve-bundles. 

Suboccipital (sub-ok-sip'-it-al) [sub-; occiput]. 
Situated beneath the occiput. 

Suboxid (sub-oks'-id) [sub-; 6£uc, acid]. One of 
two oxids containing the less oxygen. 

Suboxidation (sub-oks-id-a'-shun). Deficient 
oxidation. 

Subpapular (sub-pap' -u-lar). Indistinctly pap- 
ular. 

Subparietal (sub-par-i' -et-al) [sub-; paries, 
wall]. Situated beneath the parietal bone, 
convolution, or fissure. 

Subpatellar (sub-pat-el' -ar) [sub-; patella, knee- 
cap]. Situated beneath the patella. 

Subpeduncular (sub-pe-dung' -ku-lar) [sub-; pe- 
dunculus, peduncle]. Situated beneath a 
peduncle. 

Subpericardial (sub-per-e-kar'-de-al) [sub-; 
pericardium]. Situated beneath the peri- 
cardium. 

Subpericranial (sub-per-e-kra'-ne-al). Be- 
neath the pericranium. 

Subperiosteal (sub-per-e-os' -te-al) [sub-; peri- 
osteum]. Beneath the periosteum. 

Subperitoneal (sub-per-e-ton-e'-al) [sub-; peri- 
toneum]. Beneath the peritoneum. 

Subperitoneoabdominal (sub-per-it-on-e-o-ab- 
dom'-in-al). Beneath the abdominal perito- 
neum. 

Subperitoneopelvic (sub-per-it-on-e-o-peV- 

vik). Beneath the peritoneum of the pelvis. 

Subpersonal (sub-per'-son-al). Having indi- 
viduality in a very slight degree. 

Subpetrosal (sub-pet-ro'-sal). Below the pet- 
rosa. 

Subphrenic (sub-Jren'-ik). Synonym of Sub- 
diaphragmatic. 

Subplacenta (sub-pla-sent'-ah). The decidua 
vera. 

Subplantigrade (sub-plant' -e-grad). Incom- 
pletely plantigrade, walking with the heel 
slightly elevated. 

Subpleural (sub-plu'-ral) [sub-; pleura]. Be- 
neath the pleura. 

Subpontine (sub-pon' -tin) [sub-; pons]. Be- 
neath the pons. 

Subpreputial (sub-pre-pu' -she-al) [sub-; pre- 
putium, prepuce]. Beneath the prepuce. 

Subpubic (sub-pu'-bik) [sub-; pubes, pubis]. 
Situated beneath the pubic arch or symphysis. 

Subpulmonary (sub-puV -mon-a-re) [sub-; pul- 
mo, the lung]. On the ventral side of the 
lungs. 

Subretinal (sub-ret 1 '-in-aT) [sub-; retina]. Be- 
neath the retina. 

Subsalt. A basic salt. 

Subsaturation (sub-sat-u-ra' -shun) . Incom- 
plete saturation. 

Subscapular (sub-ska p f -u-lar) [sub-; scapula]. 
1. Beneath the scapula, as the subscap- 



SUBSCAPULARS 



940 



SUBTROCHLEAR 



ular muscle, or subscapularis. 2. Pertaining 
to the subscapular muscle. 

Subscapularis {sub-skap-u-la'-ris). See under 
Muscle. 

Subscleral {sub-skle'-ral). Beneath the sclera. 

Subscription {sub-skrip' -shun) [sub-; scribere, 
to write]. That part of a prescription con- 
taining the directions to the pharmacist, in- 
dicating how the ingredients are to be mixed 
and prepared. 

Subsensation {sub-sen-sa'-shun). A sub- 
ordinate sensation. 

Subseptal {sub-sep'-tal). Situated below a 
septum. 

Subseptate {sub-sep'-tat) [sub-; septum, a hedge]. 
Partially divided. 

Subserous {sub-se'-rus) [sub-; serous]. Beneath 
a serous membrane. 

Subserrate {sub-ser'-at). Slightly serrate. 

Subsibilant {sub-sib' -il-ant). Having a sound 
like muffled whistling. 

Subspinous {sub-spi' -nus) [sub-; spine]. 1. 
Beneath a spine. 2. Beneath the spinal 
column. 

Substage {sub'-stdj). The parts beneath the 
stage of a microscope,including the diaphragm, 
condenser, illuminator, and other accessories. 

Substance {sub'-stans) [substantia, substance]. 

1. The material of which anything is com- 
posed. 2. A tissue. S., Alible, the portion 
of the chyme which is utilized for nourishing 
the body. S., Alimentary, an article of 
food. S., Basis, the intercellular or ground- 
substance. S., Cell-, cell-protoplasm. S., 
Contractile. 1. Living protoplasm which 
has the property of contracting. 2. The con- 
tractile portion of a muscular fiber. S., Cor- 
tical, the peripheral portion of an organ, 
situated just beneath the capsule. S., Gray. 
See Substantia cinerea. S., Ground-, the 
homogeneous matrix or intracellular substance 
of a tissue in which the cellular elements and 
fibers are embedded. S., Haptophorous, a 
toxoid. S., Immune, the immune body. 
S., Interfilar. See Enchylema. S., Inter- 
stitial. 1. The connective tissue of an organ. 

2. Achromatin. S., Intertubular, the matrix 
of dentin in which the dentinal canals are 
placed. S., Intervertebral, the interverte- 
bral discs. S., Living, protoplasm. S., 
Medullary. 1. The part of an organ 
constituting its central in contradistinction to 
its peripheral or cortical portion. 2. The 
tissue forming the medulla, as in bone. S., 
Parietal, the matrix of the cartilage. S. of 
Rolando. See Substantia gelatinosa. S., 
Rollet's Secondary. See Disc, Inter- 
stitial. S., Rovidas' Hyaline,' a nucleo- 
proteid, insoluble in water, forming a large 
proportion of the constituents of pus-cor- 
puscles. It expands into a tough, slimy mass 
when treated with a 10 % common salt solution. 
It is soluble in alkalis, but quickly changed 
by them. S., Sarcous, the substance of a 
sarcous element. S. of Schwann, White, 
the medullary sheath of a nerve-fiber. S. sen- 
sibilisatrice, Bordet's name (1899) for the 



intermediate body. S. , Stilling's Gelatinous, 

the gelatinous substance surrounding the 
central canal of the spinal cord. S., Sup- 
porting, a supporting tissue, as the neu- 
roglia and connective tissue. S., White 
Reticular, the reticulated layer of white 
tissue on the anterior half of the uncinate con- 
volution. 

Substandard {sub-stand 1 '-ard). Below the stand- 
ard requirements. 

Substantia {sub-stan'-she-ah) [L.]. Substance. 
S. alba, the white fibrous tissue of the brain 
and nerves. Syn., Alba. S. cinerea, the 
gray matter of the nervous system. S. 
corticalis. See Substance, Cortical. S. fer- 
ruginea. Synonym of Locus cinereus. S. 
fusca. See Locus niger. S. gelatinosa, 
a peculiar gelatinous tissue found in the spinal 
cord near the tip of the posterior horn. Syn., 
Substance of Rolando. S. glomerulosa, the 
cortical substance of the kidney. S. grisea, 
the gray matter of the spinal cord. S. grisea 
centralis. See Entocinerea. S. nigra, the 
locus niger. S. perforata lateralis, the 
anterior perforated space of the brain. S. 
perforata posterior, the posterior perforated 
space of the brain. S. propria, the essential 
tissue of a part; especially the middle layer 
(lamina propria) of the tympanic membrane. 
S. reticularis alba. See Substance, White 
Reticular. 

Substernal {sub-stur'-naT) [sub-; sternum]. Be- 
neath the sternum. 

Substitution {sub-stit-u' -shun) [sub-; statuere, 
to place]. The replacement of one thing by 
another. In chemistry, the replacing of one 
or more elements or radicles in a compound by 
other elements or radicles. 

Subsulfate {sub-sul' -fat) [sub-; sulfur]. A 
basic sulfate. 

Subsultory {sub-sul'-tor-e) [sub-; saltire, to leap]. 
Leaping; twitching. 

Subsultus {sub-sul'-tus) [see Subsultory]. A 
jerking or twitching. S. clonus. See S. 
tendinum. S. tendinum, involuntary twitch- 
ing of the muscles, especially of the hands 
and feet, seen in low fevers. 

Subsylvian {sub-sil'-ve-an). Beneath the syl- 
vian fissure. 

Subtarsal {sub-tar' -sal). Below the tarsus. 

Subtep. {sub'-tep). Abbreviation of subtepidus, 
lukewarm. 

Subternatural {sub-ter-nat'-u-ral) [subter, be- 
low; natura, nature]. Below what is natural. 

Subthalamic {sub-thal-am'-ik) [sub-; OaXafxoc, 
thalamus]. Beneath the optic thalamus. 

Sub thalamus {sub -thai' -am-us). See Hypo- 
thalamus. 

Subthyroideus {sub-thi-roid' -e-us) . An anom- 
alous bundle of fibers uniting the inferior 
and lateral thyroarytenoid muscles. 

Subtrapezial {sub-tra-pe'-ze-al). Beneath the 
trapezium. 

Subtrochanteric {sub-tro-kan-ter'-ik) [sub-; tro- 
chanter]. Below the trochanter. 

Subtrochlear {sub-trok' -le-ar) [sub-; trochlear]. 
Beneath the trochlea. 



a 






SUBTUBERAL 



941 



SLT)OL 



Subtuberal {sub-tu'-ber-al). Situated beneath 
a tuber. 

Subungual (mb-un'-gn'al) [sub-; unguis, nail]. 
Beneath the nail. 

Suburethral {sub-u-re' -thrdt) [sub-; urethra]. 
Beneath the urethra. 

Subvaginal (siib-vaj'-in-aT) [sub-; vagina, 
sheath]. Beneath a sheath. S. Space, the 
space beneath the sheath of dura mater sur- 
rounding the optic nerve. 

Subvertebral (sub-ver 1 '-te-braV) [sub-; vertebra]. 
Beneath a vertebra. 

Subvitrinal (sub-vit'-rin-aT). Beneath the vit- 
reous humor. 

Subzonal (sub-zo'-nal) [sub-; ^^r t , zone]. 
Beneath the zona pellucida. 

Subzygoniatic (sub-zi-go-mat'-ik) [sub-; zy- 
goma]. Below the zygoma. 

Succagog, Succagogue (suk'-ag-og) [succus, 
juice; dyajyoc, a leading]. A drug which 
stimulates the secretory function. 

Succedaneous (suk-se-da'-ne-us) [succedere, to 
take the place of]. Relating to or acting as 
a succedaneum. 

Succedaneum (suk-se-da'-nc-um) [see Succe- 
daneous]. A substitute. S., Caput. See 
Caput succedaneum. 

Succenturiate (suk-sen.-tu'-re-at) [succentu- 
riare, to receive as a substitute]. Accessor)'. 

Succinate (suk'-sin-di) [succinum, amber]. A 
salt of succinic acid. 

Succinic Acid (suk-sin'-ik). See Acid, Suc- 
cinic. 

Succinonitril (suk-sin-o-ni'-tril). Ethylene 
cyanid, C 4 H 4 X 2 , a crystalline body. 

Succinum {suk-si'-num) [L.]. Amber, a fossil 
resin found in the alluvial deposits of Central 
Europe, and thought to be derived from an 
extinct species of pine. It contains a volatile 
oil, oleum succini, used in hysteria, whoop- 
ing-cough, amenorrhea, and locally as a 
rubefacient in chronic rheumatism, whoop- 
ing-cough, and infantile convulsions. Dose 
5-15 min. (0.32-1.0 Cc). Unof. 

Succinylchinin (suk-sin-il-kin'-in) , 

r -rr ^COO.CooH^X.O A quinin ester, 

^ 2M ^COO.C^H, ? X 2 0. 

crystallizing in white needles, readily soluble 

in alcohol and ether. Melts at 97 C; taste 

unpleasant and bitter. 

Succorrhea, Succorrhoea {suk-or-e' -ali)[succus; 
ptiv, to flow]. An excessive flow of a secre- 
tion. S., Pancreatic, a pathologic increase 
of the pancreatic juice when the secretory 
innervation of the gland is exaggerated. 

Succory {suk'-or-e). The chicory, Cicho- 
rium inly bus. See Chicory. 

Succuba (suk'-u-bah) [sub-; cumbere, to lie]. 
A female demon formerly believed to consort 
with men in their sleep. Cf. Incubus (2). 

Succulent (suk'-u-lent) [succus]. Juicy. 

Succus (suk'-us) [L.]. 1. A vegetable juice. 
2. An animal secretion. S. anisi ozonatus. 
See Hanoi. S. entericus, the intestinal 
juice, secreted by the glands of the intestinal 
mucous membrane. It is thin, opalescent, 
alkaline, and has a specific gravity of ion. 



Its chief function is probably to act as a dil- 
uent. It contains an amylolytic and a pro- 
teolytic ferment. S. gastricus, the gastric 
juice. S. olutkombul, the glutinous sap of 
the bark of A broma an gust a. S . pancreaticus, 
the pancreatic juice. 

Succussion (suk-ush' -un) [succutere, to shake 
up]. A shaking, especially of the individual 
from side to side, for the purpose of deter- 
mining the presence of fluid in a cavity or 
hollow organ of the body. S. -sound, S.- 
splash, the peculiar splashing sound heard 
when the patient is shaken in hydropneumo- 
thorax or pyopneumothorax, or in cases of 
dilated stomach containing fluid. 

Sucholoalbumin {su-ko-lo-al'-bu-min) [06c, 
swine; '/oAr n bile; albumin]. A poisonous 
proteid classed among the albumoses obtained 
from cultures of the bacillus of hog chol- 
era. 

Sucholotoxin (su-ko-lo-toks'-in) [ouc, swine; 
'/o)J h bile; rof.'/cov, poison]. A feebly toxic 
base obtained by de Schweinitz from cultures 
of swine-plague bacillus. Cf. Susotoxin. 

Suckling (suk'-ling) [sugere, to suck]. A 
suckling child; a nursling. 

Sucramin (su-kram'-in). The ammoniacal 
salt of saccharin. A sweetening agent dif- 
fering from saccharin in its insolubility in 
the solvents of that substance. . 

Sucrate (su'-krdf). A chemic combination 
containing sucrose. 

Sucrol (su'-krol). See Dulcin. 

Sucrose (su'-kros). See Saccharum. 

Suction (suk'-shun) [snctio, a sucking]. The 
act of sucking. S. -plate, in dentistry, a 
plate constructed so as to be held in place by 
atmospheric pressure. 

Sudamen, Sudamina {su-da'-men, su-dam'- 
in-ah) [sudor, sweat]. An eruption of trans- 
lucent, whitish vesicles, due to a noninflam- 
matory disturbance of the sweat-glands, 
consisting in a collection of sweat in the ducts 
of the sweat-glands or beneath the epidermis, 
and occurring in fevers and profuse sweating. 
Sudarnina crystallina. See Miliaria alba. 

Sudan (su-dan'), C^.H^N^O. A diazo-compound 
from alphanaphthalamin with naphthol, a 
brown powder used as a stain, soluble in 
alcohol, ether, fats, and oils. Syn., Pigment 
brozL-n. S. Ill, CoJIjg^O, a diazo-compound 
from amidoazobenzene and betanaphthol; 
a brown powder, soluble in alcohol, ether, 
benzene, petroleum ether, oils, . and fats. 
S. Yellow G, C 12 H 10 N 2 O 2 , a diazo-compound 
from anilin and resorcinol; a brown powder 
used as a stain, soluble in alcohol, fats, and 
oils. 

Sudation (su-da' '-shun) [sudor]. The act of 
sweating. 

Sudatorium {su-dat-o'-re-um) [sudor]. 1. A 
hot-air bath. 2. A room for the adminis- 
tration of a hot-air bath. 

Sudol (su f -dol). A preparation used to check 
excessive sweating, said to consist of wool-fat 
and glycerol with 30% of formaldehyd and 
oil of wintergreen. 



SUDOR 



942 



SULCUS 



Sudor {su'-dor) [L.]. Sweat. S. anglicus. 

See Miliaria. S. cruentus. Synonym of 
Hematidrosis. S. nocturnus, night-sweat. 
S. sanguinosus. See Hematidrosis. S. uri- 
nosus. See Uridrosis. 

Sudoral {su'-dor-al) [sudor]. Pertaining to 
or characterized by sweating. 

Sudoresis {su-dor-e'-sis). Excessive sweating. 

Sudoriferous {su-dor-if -er-us) [sudor; ferre, 
to bear]. Producing sweat. 

Sudorific {su-dor-if -ik) [sudor; facere, to make], 
i. Inducing sweating. 2. An agent inducing 
sweating. 

Sudoriparous {su-dor-if -ar-us) [sudor; parere, 
to beget]. Secreting sweat. 

Suet {su'-et) [sebum, suet]. The internal fat 
of the abdomen of the sheep or cattle. S., 
Mutton- {sevum prceparatum, U. S.P., B. P.), 
consists of stearin, palmitin, and olein, and 
is used as an emollient and in the preparation 
of ointments. 

Suffocation ( suf-o-ka f -shun) . Interference with 
the entrance of air into the lungs by means 
other than external pressure on the trachea. 

Suffocative Catarrh. Capillary bronchitis. 

Suffumigation {suf-u-mig-a' -shun) [suffu- 
migatio]. 1. The act of fumigating from 
underneath. 2. A substance used for fumi- 
gation. 

Suffusion {suf-u'-zhun) [sub-; fundere, to pour]. 
A spreading of a liquid over a surface; an 
extensive superficial extravasation of blood. 

Sugar {shoog'-ar) [ME., suger, sugar]. The 
generic name of a class of sweet carbohy- 
drates. See Saccharum. Chemically, sugars 
are divided as follows: cane-sugar, C 12 H 22 - 
O n ; glucose {grape-sugar or starch-sugar), 
C 6 H 12 6 ; lactose, sugar 0} milk; and inosit, 
a variety found in certain muscular tissues 
and in the juice of asparagus. S., Acorn, 
quercite. S., Beet-, saccharose obtained 
from species of Beta, especially the common 
beet, Beta vulgaris. S., Date-, sugar from 
the fruit of Phcenix dactylijera. S., Dia- 
betic, glucose. S., Fruit-, levulose. S., 
Grape-, glucose in the solid state. S. -house 
Eczema, an eczema sometimes observed in 
laborers employed in sugar refineries. S., 
Invert. See Invert-sugar. S. of Lead, 
plumbi acetas. S., Left -rotating, levulose. 
S., Leo's. SeeLaiose. S. of Malt, maltose. 
S., Maple, saccharose obtained from the 
sugar-maple. S., Meat, inosit. S., Mu- 
cin, levulose. 

Sugarine {shoog'-ar -en). Methylbenzol-sulfinid, 
a compound said to have 500 times greater 
sweetening power than sugar. 

Sugent {su'-jent) [sugere, to suck]. Sucking; 
absorbent. 

Suggescent {sug-jes' -ent) . Fitted for sucking. 

Suggestible {sug-jes' -tib-l) [suggestion]. Amen- 
able to suggestion. 

Suggestion {sug-jes' -chun) [suggerere, to suggest, 
from sub, under; gerere, to bring]. 1. The 
artificial production of a certain psychic 
state in which the individual experiences 
such sensations as are suggested to him or 



ceases to experience those which he is in- 
structed not to feel. 2. The thing suggested. 
S., Posthypnotic, the command to do cer- 
tain acts given the subject while in the hyp- 
notic stage, and causing him to execute 
these acts after his return to his normal con- 
dition. S., Self-, a suggestion conveyed 
by the subject from one stratum of his per- 
sonality to another without external inter- 
vention. S. -therapy, treatment of dis- 
ordered states by means of suggestion. 

Suggillation, Sugillation {suj-il-a' -shun) 
[suggillare, to beat black and blue]. An 
ecchymosis or bruise. 

Sulcate {sul'-kdt) [sulcus]. Furrowed; grooved. 

Sulcus {sul'-kus) [L.; pi. sulci]. A furrow or 
groove ; applied especially to the fissures of the 
brain. See under Fissure. 2. A furrow on 
the mesal or ventricular surface of the brain. 
S. ad aquaeductum vestibuli. See Fossa, 
Sulciform. S., Cacuminal, in comparative 
neurology, one beginning at the lateroceph- 
alic angle of the flocculus and curving around 
in a direction caudodorsomesad usually 
fuses with its opposite from the other pileum. 
S. centralis. See Fissure of Rolando. S., 
Culminal, in comparative neurology, one 
dividing the culmen from the central lobe 
and extending laterad to the mesal border of 
the middle cerebellar peduncle. S., Ecker's, 
the anterior or transverse occipital sulcus, 
usually joined to the horizontal part of the 
interparietal sulcus. S., Floccular, in com- 
parative neurology, a sulcus separating the 
flocculus from the pileum and from the sur- 
face of the middle cerebellar peduncle. It 
arises just dorsad of the auditory nerve and 
extends dorsocaudoventrad in the form of a 
loop to the caudal limit of the flocculus. S., 
Furcal, in comparative neurology, a sulcus 
just caudad of the culmen, forming a land- 
mark of division between the horizontal and 
vertical branches of the stem of the arbor of 
the cerebellum. S. habense, the furrow 
along the dorsomesal angle of the thalamus 
just dorsad of the habena. S. , Hippocampal, 
a constant fissure of the cerebrum extending 
from the splenium to near the tip of the tem- 
poral lobe; it is collocated with the hippocam- 
pus major. Syn., Hippocampal fissure. S. 
horizontalis cerebelli. See S., Peduncular. 
S. hypothalamicus. See Aulix. S., In- 
terfloccular, in lower mammals a deep sulcus 
dividing the parafiocculus into two lobes, the 
supraflocculus dorsad and the mediflocculus 
ventrad. S., Intraparietal, that dividing 
the superior from the inferior parietal lobule. 
S. li mi tans, the fissure between the striatum 
' and the thalamus. S., Monro's. See Mon- 
ro's Sulcus. S., Nodular, in comparative 
neurology, one apparently representing the 
central fissure and separating the nodule of the 
cerebellum from the uvula. S., Peduncular, 
of Wilder, a groove on the inner edge of the 
crus cerebri lodging the third nerve. Syn., 
Oculomotor furrow. S. prfficlivalis. See 
S. } Furcal. S., Precentral, one situated 



SULFALDEHYD 



943 



SULFUR 



in front of the fissure of Rolando and running 
nearly parallel with it. S., Pyramidal, in 
comparative neurology, one arising just cau- 
dad of the peduncular sulcus and extending 
caudodorsomesad in the form of a crescent; 
it divides the tuberal and pyramidal lobes. 
S., Reil's, the sulcus in the bottom of the 
sylvian fissure, separating the insula from 
the remainder of the hemisphere. S. Spi- 
ralis, the grooved extremity of the lamina 
spiralis of the cochlea. S. tubse eusta- 
chii, S. tubarius, a depression on the pe- 
rtosa for the cartilaginous part of the eusta- 
chian tube. Syn., Groove for the eustachian 
tube; Semicanalis tuba eustachii. S. 
tympanicus, a furrow on the concave sur- 
face of the tympanic plate for attachment 
of the membrana tympani. S., Uvular, in 
comparative neurology, one marking the 
boundary of the pyramidal lobe, arising at 
the caudal angle of the flocculus and extending 
caudoventromesad. S., Vertical. ' Same as 
S., Precentral. S., Waldeyer's, the sulcus 
spiralis of the cochlea. 

Sulfaldehyd {sidf-aV -de-hid) [sulfur; aldehyd]. 
An oily liquid of repulsive odor produced by 
the action of hydrosulfuric acid on acetic 
aldehyd; it is a hypnotic. 

Sulfaminol {sul-fam' -in-ol) [sulfur; amin], 
C 12 H 9 SN0 2 . Thioxydiphenylamin, a powder 
obtained by the action of sulfur on the salts 
of methoxydiphenylamin. It is used as an 
antiseptic in diseases of the antrum and 
frontal sinuses and in laryngeal tuberculosis. 
S.-creasote, an 8% solution of sulfaminol in 
creasote, soluble in alcohol; used as an anti- 
septic in rhinolaryngology. S.-eucalyptol, 
an 8% solution of sulfaminol in eucalyptol, 
soluble in alcohol; used in the same way as 
is sulfaminol-creasote. S.-guaiacol, an 8% 
solution of sulfaminol in guaiacol, soluble in 
alcohol; used as is sulfaminol-creasote. S.- 
menthol, an 8% solution of sulfaminol in 
menthol, soluble in alcohol; used as is sulfam- 
inol-creasote. S. Salicylate, 8% of sulfam- 
inol with salicylic acid, used in rheumatism. 
Dose 3-6 gr. (0.2-0.4 Gm.). 

Sulfanilic Acid (sul-fan-il'-ik). See Acid, 
Sulfanilic. 

Sulfate (sul'-fat) [sulfur]. A salt of sulfuric 
acid. 

Sulfhydrate {sulf -hi' -drat) [sulfur; uocop, water]. 
A compound of a base with the univalent 
radicle, sulfhydryl, SH. 

Sulfhydric Acid. Used improperly as a syn- 
onym of sulfureted hydrogen. 

Sulfid {sul'-fid) [sulfur]. A compound of sul- 
fur with an element or basic radicle. 

Sulfin. See Aureolin. 

Sulfinid {sul f -fin-id) . Saccharin. 

Sulfite {sid'-fit) [sulfur]. A salt of sulfurous acid. 

Sulfo- (sul-fo-) [sulfur]. A prefix denoting 
containing sulfur. 

Sulfoazotized {sid-fo-az'-o-tizd). Containing 
sulfur and nitrogen. 

Sulfobenzid {sul-fo-ben'-zid), Ci 2 H 10 SO 2 . A 
crystalline substance obtained from benzene 



by action of fuming sulfuric acid; soluble 
in ether; melts at 129 C, boils at 376 C. 
Syn., Diphenylsulfone. 

Sulfocarbol {sul-fo-kar' -boT) . See Acid, Sulfo- 
carbolic. 

Sulfocarbolate (sul-fo-kar r -bo-lat) [sulfur; car- 
bolic]. A salt of sulfocarbolic acid. 

Sulfocarbolic Acid (sul-fo-kar-bol'-ik). See 
Acid, Sulfocarbolic. 

Sulf ocarbonated {sul-fo-kar' -bon-a-ted) . Con- 
taining sulfur and carbonic acid. 

Sulfocarbonilid {sul-fo-kar-bon-iV -id), C l3 H 12 - 
N 2 S. A crystalline substance obtained from 
anilin by action of alcohol and carbon disulfid 
with heat; soluble in alcohol and ether, melts 
at 153 C. Syn., Thiocarbonilid. 

Sulfocarbonism {sid-fo-kar'-bon-izm). Poison- 
ing by carbon disulfid through ingestion of 
some substance containing it or through 
inhalation of the fumes in manufactures 
(caoutchouc, etc.); marked by narcosis, with 
fall of temperature, convulsive chills, odor 
of radish on the breath, and in severe cases 
with peripheral paralysis, general anesthesia, 
and muscular atrophy. 

Sulf of on {sid'-fo-fon). A mixture of zinc sul- 
fid and calcium sulfate. 

Sulfonal {sul'-fo-naf) [sidfur], C : H ]6 S 2 4 . 
Diethylsulfon-dimethylmethane, a crystalline 
substance soluble in 15 parts of boiling water 
and about 450 parts of cold water. It is 
used as an hypnotic in insomnia from func- 
tional causes. Dose 10-40 gr. (0.65-2.6 Gm.). 

Sulfonalism {sul-fon'-al-izm). A group of 
symptoms said to be occasioned by the pro- 
longed administration of sulfonal. 

Sulfonate {sul'-fon-dt). A salt of sulfonic acid. 

Sulfonation {sid-fon-a! -shun). In chemistry 
the introduction of a sulfo-group in place 
of aromatic hydrogen atoms. 

Sulf one thylmethane {sul-fon-eth-il-me' -thane) . 
Sulphonethylmethanum (U. S. P.), C S H 1S S 2 4 . 
A product of the oxidation of mercaptol. 
Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). 

Sulfonmethane {sul-fon-me' -thane) . Sulphon- 
methanum (U. S. P.), C 7 H 16 S 2 4 . Dose 
15 gr. (1 Gm.). 

Sulf oparaldehyd (sul - fo - par - al' - de - hid), 
(C 4 H 4 S 2 ) 3 . A crystalline substance, soluble 
in alcohol, insoluble in water; recommended 
as a hypnotic. Syn., Trithialdehyd. 

Sulfophenate, Sulfophenylate {sul-fo-fe'-ndt, 
sul-fo-fen'-il-dt). See Sulfocarbolate. 

Sulfophenol {sul-fo-fe'-nol). See Acid, Sulfo- 
carbolic. 

Sulfosalicylic Acid. See Acid, Sulfo salicylic. 

Sulfosot (sul'-fo-sot). Potassium creasote sul- 
fonate. It is antituberculous. Dose 5-20 gr. 
(0.3-1.3 Gm.) several times daily. 

Sulfourea {sid-fo-u' -re-ah) . See Thiourea. 

Sulfovinic Acid {sul-fo-vi'-nik), C 2 H 5 .HS0 4 , 
ethylsulfuric acid, a monobasic acid formed 
by the action of sulfuric acid on alcohol. 

Sulfoxism {sul-foks'-izm). Poisoning with 
sulfuric acid. 

Sulfur {sul'-fur) [L., probably from Skt., 
culvdri, sulfur], A nonmetallic element 



SULFURARIA 



944 



SUPERCILIARY 



found native in volcanic regions (volcanic 
sulfur), and occurring combined with several 
metals, especially iron and copper, in the form 
of sulfids, called iron and copper pyrites. 
Sulfur can exist in various allotropic forms. 
The ordinary sulfur is a yellow, brittle solid, 
having a specific gravity of 2.07 and an 
atomic weight of 31.83. Symbol S. Its val- 
ence is two or six. Sulfur combines with 
oxygen to form sulfurous oxid (sulfur di- 
oxid), S0 2 , and sulfuric oxid (sulfur trioxid), 
S0 3 , which by uniting with water form cor- 
responding acids — sulfurous acid, H 2 S0 3 , 
and sulfuric acid, H 2 S0 4 . Other acids are 
also formed: hyposulfurous acid, H 2 S0 2 , 
thiosulfuric acid, H 2 S 2 3 , and a series of 
acids termed thionic acids, viz., H 2 S 2 6 , 
H 2 S 3 6 , H 2 S 4 O , and H 2 S 5 6 . Sulfurous 
oxid, S0 2 , is employed as a disinfectant by 
fumigation. With hydrogen sulfur forms 
the offensively smelling gas, hydrogen sulfid 
(hydrosulfuric acid or sulfureted hydrogen), 
H 2 S. With metals and other bases it forms 
sulfids. Sulfur is laxative and diaphoretic. 
It has been used in hemorrhoids, chronic 
rheumatism, gout, and locally in diphtheria 
and in various diseases of the skin, especially 
acne and scabies. S.-alcohol, mercaptan. 
S., Balsam of, a solution of sulfur in linseed- 
oil. S. Dioxid. See Sulfur. S. Iodid 
(sulphuris iodidum, U. S. P., B. P.), S 2 I 3 , 
employed in various skin diseases. From 
it is prepared unguentum iodidi (B. P.). 
S., Milk of. See S., Precipitated. S. 
Ointment (unguentum sulphuris, U. S. P., 
B. P.), an ointment prepared from washed 
sulfur. S., Precipitated (sulphur pracipi- 
tatum, U. S. P., B. P.). Dose 1-3 dr. 
(4-12 Gm.). S., Ruby. See Arsenic Di- 
sulfid. S., Spirit of, sulfuric acid. S., Sub- 
limed (sulphur sublimatum, U. S. P., B. P.), 
a fine yellow powder, having a slight char- 
acteristic odor, and a faintly acid taste. Dose 
1-3 dr. (4-12 Gm.). Syn., Flowers of sulfur. 
S. Trioxid. See Sulfur. S., Vegetable. 
See Lyco podium. S., Washed (sulphur 
lotum, U. S. P.), a fine yellow powder with- 
out odor or taste. Dose \ dr.-| oz. (2-16 
Gm.). 

Sulfuraria (sul-fu-ra'-re-ah). A sediment of 
the San Filippo Springs, used in skin diseases. 
A yellow powder, containing sulfur, 32.96%; 
calcium sulfid, 36.55%; organic substances, 
13.44%; silica and strontium sulfate, 1.07%. 

Sulfurated (sul'-fu-ra-ted) {sulfur]. Com- 
bined with sulfur. 

Sulfuration (sul-fu-ra' -shun) [sulfur]. The act 
of dressing, anointing, or impregnating with 
sulfur. 

Sulfuret (sul f -fu-ret). A sulfid. S., Golden, 
a sulfuret of antimony obtained by precipi- 
tating antimonic acid by sulfureted hydrogen. 

Sulfureted (sul-fu-ret'-ed) [sulfur]. Combined 
with sulfur. S. Hydrogen. See under 
Sulfur. 

Sulfureus (sul-fu'-re-us). 1. Used by Mayon 
(1679) and early chemists in the sense of 



combustible, as those substances capable of 
burning were supposed to contain a "sulfur" 
which gave them that property. 2. See 
Sulfurous. 

Sulfuric (sul-fu'-rik) [sulfur]. Combined with 
sulfur; derived from sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . S. 
Acid. See Acid, Sulfuric, and Sulfur. 

Sulfuricity (sul-fu-ris'-it-e). The state of 
being sulfurous. 

Sulfurize (sul'-fu-rlz). To impregnate with 
sulfur. 

Sulfurous (sul-fu'-rus or sul'-fu-rus) [sulfur]. 
1. Of the nature of sulfur. 2. Combined 
with sulfur; derived from sulfur dioxid, S0 2 . 
S. Acid. See Acid, Sulfurous, and Sulfur. 

Sulphocalcine (sul-fo-kal'-sen). A proprietary 
antiseptic and solvent said to contain calcium 
oxid, washed sulfur, benzoboric acid, extract 
of pancreas, and oils of wintergreen and 
eucalyptus; used as a gargle or spray in 
diphtheria. 

Sulphogen (sul'-fo-jen). A proprietary anti- 
ferment said to consist of sulfur, magnesia, 
aromatics, and the active principle of Genista. 
It is indicated in gastritis, dyspepsia, etc. 

Sulphume (sul'-fum). A proprietary prep- 
aration said to be "liquid sulfur." 

Sulphur. See Sulfur and its derivatives. 

Sulphurine (sul'-fu-ren). A preparation of 
some of the higher sulfids of sodium and 
potassium with sulfur. 

Sumbul (sum' -but). Musk-root. The sumbul 
of the U. S. P. is the dried rhizome and root 
of an undetermined plant, probably of the 
family Umbelliferce. It contains angelic acid, 
C 5 H 8 2 , and a little valerianic acid, C 5 H ]0 O 2 . 
It is used as a nervine in neurasthenia, hys- 
teria, and in anemia, chronic bronchitis, etc. 
Dose \-2 dr. (2-8 Gm.). S., Extract of 
(extr actum sumbul, U. S. P.). Dose 4 gr. 
(0.25 Gm.). S., Fluidextract of (fluidex- 
tr actum sumbul, U. S. P.). Dose 30 min. 
(2 Cc). S., Tincture of (tinctura sumbul, 
B. P.). Dose 20 min.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 Cc). 

Summer-complaint. See Cholera infantum. 

Summer-rash. Lichen tropicus. 

Sunburn. Superficial inflammation of the skin 
caused by exposure to the sun. 

Sunstroke. Insolation. 

Super- (su-per-) [L., "above" or "upon"]. A 
prefix denoting above, upon, or excessive. 

Superalbal (su-per-al'-baV). Situated in the 
upper part of the substantia alba. 

Superalimentation (su-per -al-im-en-ta' -shun) 
[super-; alimentation]. Overfeeding. 

Superatrophy (su-per-af -ro-fe). Excessive 
atrophy. 

Supercarbonate (su-per-kar'-bon-dt). A bi- 
carbonate. 

Supercentral (su-per-sen'-tral). Lying above 
the center. 

Supercerebral (su-per-ser'-e-bral). In the 
superior part of the cerebrum. 

Superciliary (su-per -sil' -e-a-re) [super-; cilium, 
eyelash]. Pertaining to the eyebrow. S. 
Entropion, incurvation of hairs of the eye- 
brow against the conjunctiva, 



SUPERCILIUM 



945 



SUPPURANT 



Supercilium {su-per-siV -e-um) [L.]. The eye- 
brow. 

Superduct (su'-per-dukt). To elevate; to lead 
upward. 

Superduction {su-per-duk' -shun) . Maddox's 
term for sursumduction. 

Superdural {su-per-du'-rat). Lying in the 
upper part of the dura. 

Superevacuation {su-per-e-vak-u-a' -shun) . 

Excessive evacuation. 

Superexcitation (s u- per -ek-si-ta f -shun). Ex-, 
cessive excitement. 

Superextension (su-per-eks-ten'-shun) [super-; 
extendere, to extend]. Excessive extension. 

Superfecundation (su-per-fe-kun-da'-shun) [su- 
per-; fecundus, fertile]. The fertilization of 
more than one ovum of the same ovulation 
resulting from separate acts of coitus. 

Superf etation (su-per-fe-ta'-shun) [super-; fetus]. 
A fertilization of an ovum when there is 
'another from a previous ovulation in the 
uterus. 

Superficial (su-per-fish'-al) [super-; fades, 
face]. Confined to or pertaining to the 
surface. 

Superficialis {su-per-fish-e-a' -lis) [L.]. i. Su- 
perficial. 2. A superficial part, as super- 
ficialis voice, a superficial branch of the 
radial artery. 

Superfunction [su-per- funk' '-shun). Excessive 
action of an organ or structure. 

Supergenual {su-per-jen'-u-al) [super-; genu, 
knee]. Situated above the knee. 

Superhumeral {su-per-hu'-mer-aV). Borne 
upon the shoulders; situated above the shoul- 
ders. 

Superhumerale {su-per-hu-mer-a'-le) . The 
acromion. 

Superimpregnation {su-per-im-preg-na' -shun). 
i. See Superfetation. 2. Polyspermy, the 
piercing of the ovum by several sperm-cells. 

Superincumbent {su-per-in-kum' -bent) [super-; 
incumber e, to lie upon]. Lying or resting 
upon something else. 

Superior (su-pe'-re-or) [comparative of superus, 
high]. Higher; denoting the upper of two 
parts. 

Superlabia {su-per-la' -be-ah) [super-; labium, 
a lip]. The clitoris. 

Superligamen {su-per-lig' -am-en) [super-; lig- 
amen, a bandage]. An outer bandage to 
hold a surgical dressing in place. 

Supermedial {su-per-me' -de-al). Above the 
middle. 

Supermotility {su-per-mo-tiV -it-e). Excessive 
motility. 

Supernormal (su-per-nor'-mal). Pertaining to 
a faculty or phenomenon which is beyond 
the level of ordinary experience; pertaining 
to a transcendental world. 

Supernumerary {su-per-nu' -mer-a-re) [super-; 
numerus, a number]. Existing in more than 
the usual number. 

Superolateral {su-per-o-lat'-er-al). Located in 
the upper part of the side of a structure. 

Superoxygenation (su-per-oks-e-jen-a'-shun) . 
Excessive oxygenation. 
61 



Superpetrosal (su-per-pet-ro' '-sal) . Situated on 

the upper part of the petrosa. 
Superphosphate (su-per-fos'-fat). An acid 

phosphate. 
Supersalt (su'-per-sawlt). An acid salt. 
Supersaturate (su-per-sat'-u-rat) [super-; sat- 
urare, to saturate]. To saturate to excess; 
to add more of a substance than a liquid 
can dissolve. 
Supersensitive (su-per-sen' -sit-iv) . Abnormally 

sensitive. 
Superspinatus (su-per-spi-na'-tus). In veter- 
inary anatomy an extensor of the humerus 
which has no exact analog in man. 
Supertension {su-per -ten' -shun). See Hyper- 
tension. 
Superversion {su-per-vur' -shun) . See Sur sum- 
version. 
Supination (su-pin-a' '-shun) [supinus, on the 
back]. 1. The turning of the palm of the 
hand upward. 2. The condition of being 
supine. 
Supinator (su'-pin-a-tor). See under Muscle. 
Supine {su-pin') [supinus, on the back]. Lying 

on the back face upward or palm upward. 
Suplagalbumin {su-plag-aV -bu-min). See Su- 

choloalbumin. 
Suplagotoxin (su-plag-o-toks'-in). See Su- 

cholotoxin. 
Supplemental {sup-le-men' -tal) [supplere, to 
complete]. Additional. S. Air. See under 
Respiration. 
Suppository {sup-oz' -it-o-re) [suppositorium, 
from sub-, under; ponere, to place]. A solid 
medicated compound designed to be intro- 
duced into the rectum, urethra, or vagina. 
Its consistence is such that while retaining 
its shape at ordinary temperatures, it readily, 
melts at the temperature of the body. The 
basis of most suppositories is oil of theo- 
broma. For urethral 
suppositories a mix- 
ture of gelatin and 
glycerol is used. The 
only suppositories 
that are official are 
the glycerol supposi- 
t o r i e s (suppositoria 
glycerini, U. S. P.). 
See under Glycerin. 
S., Tannic-acid, one 
part of tannin to 
five parts of cacao- 
butter. 
Suppression {sup-resh'- 
un) [suppressio, a 
keeping back]. A 
sudden cessation of 
secretion, as sup - 
pression o f the 
urine or of the 
menses. 
Suppurant {sup' -u- 
Supernumerary Thumb. — rant) [suppuration]. 
1. Promoting suppu- 
nn agent promoting suppura- 
tion. 




{Moullin.) 
ration. 2. An 



SUPPURATION 



946 



SUPRASPINOUS 



Suppuration (sup-u-ra'-shun) [subpurare, to 
form pus]. The formation of pus. 

Suppurative (sup'-u-ra-tiv) [suppuration]. 
i. Producing pus. 2. An agent that favors 
suppuration. 

Supra- (su-prah-) [L., "above"]. A prefix 
signifying upon or above. 

Supraacromial {su-prah-ak-ro' -me-at) [supra-; 
acromion]. Situated above the acromion. 

Supraauricular {su-prah-aw-rik' -u-lar) [supra-; 
auricle]. Above the external ear. S. 
Point. See under Craniometric Point. 

Suprachoroid (su-prah-ko'-roid) [supra-; cho- 
roid]. Above the choroid or the choroid 
plexus. 

Suprachoroidea (su-prah-ko-roid'-e-ah). The 
choroid layer next to the sclera. 

Supraclavicular {su-prah-kla-vik' '-u-lar) [su- 
pra-; clavicle]. Above the clavicle. 

Supracondylar ,Supracondyloid Ow-/>ra/z-&0w'- 
dil-ar, su-prah-kon'-dil-oid) [supra-; condyle]. 
Above a condyle. 

Supracostal (su-prah-kos' '-tal) [supra-; costa, 
a rib]. Above the ribs. 

Supracotyloid {su-prah-kof -il-oid) [supra-; 
cotyloid]. Above the cotyloid cavity. 

Supraepicondylar (su-prah-ep-e-kon'-dil-ar) . 
Situated above an epicondyle. 

Supragenual. See Supergenual. 

Supraglenoid (su-prah-glen'-oid). Above the 
glenoid cavity. 

Supraglottic (su-prah-glot'-ik) [supra-; ylrnxxig, 
glottis]. Above the glottis. 

Suprahepatic (su-prah-hep-at'-ik). Above the 
liver. S. Veins, the hepatic veins. 

Suprahyoid (su-prah-hi'-oid) [supra-; hyoid]. 
Above the hyoid bone. 

Suprainguinal {su-prah-in' -gwin-dt). Above 
the groin. 

Supralabialis (su-prah-la-be-a'-lis). See Leva- 
tor labii superioris under Muscle. 

Supraliminal {su-prah-lim' -in-aV) [supra-; 
limen, threshold]. Lying above the threshold. 
S. Consciousness, the empiric self of common 
experience. 

Supralumbar (su-prah-lum'-bar). Above the 
loin. 

Supramalleolar {su-prah-mal-e' -o-lar) [supra-; 
malleolus]. Above a malleolus. 

Supramammary (su-prah-mam'-a-re) [supra-; 
mamma, breast]. Above the mammas. 

Supramandibular (su-prah-man-dib' ' -u-lar) . 
Situated above the mandible. 

Supramarginal (su-prah-mar'-jin-al) [supra-; 
margin]. Above an edge or margin, as 
the supramarginal convolution of the 
brain. 

Supramastoid {su-prah-mas' -toid) [supra-; mas- 
toid]. Above the mastoid process of the tem- 
poral bone. 

Supramaxillary {su-prah-maks' '-il-a-re) [su- 
pra-; maxilla]. Pertaining to the superior 
maxilla. 

Supramental (su-prah-men'-taF) [supra-; men- 
turn, chin]. Above the chin. 

Supranuclear (su-prah-nu'-kle-ar). Above the 
nucleus. 



Supraobliquus (su-prah-ob-li'-ku-us) [supra-, 
obliquus, slanting]. Coues' name for the 
obliquus superior muscle of the eye. 

Supraoccipital {su-prah-ok-sip'-it-aT) [supra-; 
occiput]. 1. Above the occipital bone. 
2. The upper part of the occipital 
bone. 

Supraomphalodymia {su-prah-om-Jal-o-dim' - 
e-ah) [supra-; d/u^aXSc, navel; duecv, to 
enter]. A form of somatodymia in which 
the union is in the superior umbilical 
region. 

Supraorbital {su-prah-or' -bit-al) [supra-; orbit]. 
1. Above the orbit, as the supraorbital 
nerve. 2. Pertaining to the supraorbital 
nerve. 

Suprapatellar (su-prah-pat-el'-ar) [supra-; pa- 
tella]. Above the patella. 

Suprapelvic (su-prah-pel'-vik) [supra-; pelvis]. 
Above the pelvis. 

Suprapineal {su-prah-pin' -e-dt) [supra-; pineal]. 
Above the pineal gland. 

Suprapontine {su-prah-pon' -tin) [supra-; pons, 
a bridge]. Above or in the superior part of 
the pons. 

Suprapubic (su-prah-pu'-bik) [supra-; pubis]. 
Above the pubes. 

Suprarenaden {su-prah-ren' '-ad-en). A prepa- 
ration made from the suprarenal capsules; 
used in Addison's disease, neurasthenia, etc. 
Dose 15-23 gr. (1. 0-1.5 Gm.) daily. 

Suprarenal {su-prah-re' -nal) [supra-; ren, the 
kidney]. 1. Above the kidney, as the 
suprarenal capsule. 2. Pertaining to the 
suprarenal capsule. S. Body, S. Capsule, 
a small triangular organ situated above the 
kidney, and consisting of an external or cor- 
tical and an internal or medullary portion. 
The cortex consists of polygonal cells dis- 
posed in three layers — the zona glomerulosa, 
zona jasciculata, and zona reticularis. Fi- 
brous septums, derived from the capsule, 
extend into the organ and separate the groups 
of cells. The medulla contains cords and 
networks of polygonal cells, and in its center 
ganglion -cells and nonmedullated nerve-fibers. 
The function of the suprarenal body is not 
definitely known — it is believed to bear 
some relation to pigment production. S. 
Epithelioma. See Grawitz's Tumor. S. 
Rests. See Rests, Adrenal. 

Suprarene {su'-prah-ren). A suprarenal cap- 
sule. 

Suprarennin {su-prah-ren' -in) . A synonym of 
Epinephrin. 

Suprascapular (su-prah-skap' '-u-lar) [supra-; 
scapula]. Above or in the upper part of the 
scapula. 

Supraspinal {su-prah-spi' -nal) [supra-; spine]. 
Above a spine. 

Supraspinales {su-prah-spi-na'-lez). See un- 
der Muscle. 

Supraspinatus {su-prah-spi-na'-tus) [supra-; 
spine]. Above the spine, as the supraspi- 
natus muscle. See under Muscle. 

Supraspinous {su-prah-spi' -nus) [see Supra- 
spinatus]. Above the spinous process of 



SUPRASTERNAL 



947 



SUSPENSION 



the scapula or of a vertebra. S. Fossa, the 
triangular depression above the spine of the 
scapula. 

Suprasternal {su-prah-ster' -nal) [supra-; ster- 
num]. Above the sternum. 

Suprasylvian {su-prah-siV -ve-an). Above the 
sylvian fissure. 

Supratemporal (su-prah-tem' '-po-ral) [supra-; 
temporal]. Above the temporal region. 

Supratrochlear (su-prah-trok'-le-ar) [supra-; 
trochlea]. Above the trochlea or pulley of 
the superior oblique muscle. 

Supraturbinal {su-prah-tur'-bin-al). The su- 
perior turbinate bone. 

Supravaginal (su-prah-vaj'-in-al) [supra-; 
vagina], i. Above a sheath; on the outside 
of a sheath. 2. Above the vagina. 

Supraverge (su' -prah-ver]) [supra-; vergere, to 
incline]. To diverge in a vertical plane. 

Supravergence (su-prah-ver '-jenz). The abil- 
ity of the two eyes to diverge in a vertical 
plane; an ability measured by a prism of 
2°-3°. Syn., Sursumvergence. S., Right, 
the ability to overcome prisms, base down, 
before the right eye, or base up before the 
left eye. 

Sura {su'-rah) [L.]. 1. The calf of the leg. 
2. A form of toddy made in western Africa 
from the sap of the oil-palm. 

Sural {su'-ral) [sura]. Pertaining to the calf 
of the leg. 

Surcingle (sur'-sin-gl) [super-; cingulum, a belt]. 
The tail of the corpus striatum. 

Surculus (sur' -ku-lus) [L., "a twig, shoot"; 
pi., surculi]. In biology, a sucker. Sur- 
culi fellei, the ductules conveying the bile to 
the hepatic ducts. 

Surdity (sur'-dit-e) [surdus, deaf]. Deaf- 
ness. 

Surdomutitas (sur-do-mu' -tit-as) [surdus; mu- 
tus, mute]. Deaf-mutism. 

Surexcitation (sur -eks-i-ta' -shun) [super-; exci- 
tatio, a rousing]. Excessive excitement. 

Surface (sur' -fas) [Ft., surface]. 1. The ex- 
terior of a body. 2. The face or faces of a 
body; a term frequently used in anatomy in 
the description of bones. S., Fixation, 
a curved surface the points of which occupy 
in the two monocular fields positions which 
are identical horizontally, regardless of ver- 
tical disparity. S., Labial, the surface of 
a tooth-crown which is toward the lips. S.- 
wells, those which obtain their supply from 
the subsoil water. 

Surgeon (sur'-jun) [see Surgery]. One who 
practises surgery. 

Surgeonry (sur f -jun-re) . The practice of a 
surgeon. 

Surgeonship (sur'-jun-ship). The office of a 
surgeon. 

Surgery (sur'-jer-e) [OF., cirurgie, from #e//0, 
hand; epyecv, to work]. The branch of 
medicine dealing with diseases requiring 
operative procedure. S., Antiseptic, the 
application of antiseptic methods in the treat- 
ment of wounds. S., Major, that in which 
the operations are important and involve 



risks to life. S., Minor, that part of surgery 
including procedures not involving danger 
to life, as bandaging, the application 
of splints, dressings, sutures, counterirrita- 
tion, cauterization, and bloodletting. S., 
Plastic, repair of defects by transference of 
tissue. 

Surgical (sur' -jik-aT) [surgery]. 1. Pertaining 
to surgery. 2. Produced by surgical opera- 
tions. S. Kidney, suppuration of the kidney 
due to disease of the genitourinary tract. 
S. Neck (of the humerus), the constricted 
part of the shaft below the tuberosities, so 
called because it is a common seat of 
fracture. 

Surinam Bark (su'-rin-am). The bark of 
Andira retusa, used as an anthelmintic. 

Surinamin (su-rin-am' -in) . An alkaloid found 
by Huttenschmid, 1824, in the bark of Andira 
retusa. It forms fine, gleaming needles, 
without taste or odor and of neutral reaction, 
soluble in water, and with anthelmintic action. 
Syn., Andirin; Geoffroyin. 

Surons (su'-rons). Skins which have served 
the purpose of carrying drugs, especially 
from South America. 

Surra (soor'-rah) [native Indian name]. An 
epizootic pernicious anemia in horses, mules, 
and camels due to Trypanosoma evansi. 

Surrenal (sur -re' -nal) [supra-; ren, the kidney]. 
1. Suprarenal. 2. A suprarenal gland. 

Sursumduction (sur-sum-duk' -shun) [sursum, 
up; ducere, to lead]. 1. The power of the 
two eyes of fusing two images when one eye 
has a prism placed vertically before it. 2. See 
Supravergence. 3. A movement of either 
eye alone upward. S., Right, the absolute 
power that the right eye has to rotate 
upward. 

Sursumvergence (sur-sum-vur'-jenz) [sursum; 
vergere, to bend]. The turning of the eyes 
upward; supravergence. 

Sursumversion (sur-sum-ver' -shun) [sursum; 
vertere, to turn]. The movement of both eyes 
up. 

Surumpe. The name in the Andes for hyper- 
esthesia of the retina observed at great 
altitudes. 

Survivorship (sur-vi' -vor-ship) [super; vivere, 
to live]. In medical jurisprudence the prob- 
ability of a certain individual having survived 
others when all concerned were in the same 
accident and all were killed. 

Susceptivity (sus-sep-tiv'-it-e) [suscipere, to 
undertake]. The state or quality of being 
susceptible. 

Suscitability (sus-si-ta-biV '-it-e) [suscitare, to 
lift up]. The quality of being easily roused 
or excited. 

Suscitation (sus-si-ta' -shun) . The act of ex- 
citing. 

Susotoxin (su-so-tok'-sin) [sus, pig; to$ckov, 
poison], Ci H 26 N 2 . A ptomain found in 
cultures of the bacillus of hog cholera. 

Suspension (sus-pen' -shun) [sub-; pendere, to 
hang]. Hanging; a mode of treatment of 
tabes dorsalis and other nervous diseases, 



SUSPENSORY 



948 



SUTURE 



in which the patient hangs by the neck, 
chin, and shoulders. 

Suspensory {sus-pen' -so-re) [see Suspension]. 
i. Serving for suspension, as suspensory 
ligament, suspensory bandage. 2. A de- 
vice for suspending a part. 

Sustentaculum {sus-ten-tak' -u-lum) \susten~ 
tare, to support]. A support. S. tali, a 
process of the os calcis supporting the as- 
tragalus. 

Susurrus (su-su'-rus) [L.]. A soft murmur. 

Sutural {su'-tu-raT) [suture]. Pertaining to a 
suture. 

Suture (su'-tur) [sutura, from suere, to sew]. 
1. A line of joining or closure, as a cranial 
suture. 2. A stitch or series of stitches used 
in closing the lips of a wound. S., 
Arcuate, S., Basilar, the junction between 
the basilar surface of the occipital bone and 
the posterior surface of the body of the 
sphenoid. S., Billroth's, the buttonhole 
stitch. S., Biparietal. See S., Sagittal. 
S., Blatin's, a modification of Gely's in 
which one needle and two threads of different 
colors are used. S., Buried, one completely 
covered by and not involving the skin. S., 
Catgut, one in which the material employed 
is catgut. S., Chainstitch, the sewing ma- 
chine stitch. S., Circular, one that is applied 
to the entire circumference of a divided part, 
as the intestine. S., Cobbler's, one made 
by arming a needle with two threads. S., 
Continuous, S., Glover's, one in which the 
thread passes across the wound continually 
in the same direction, and is tied only at the 
beginning and end. S., Coronal, the union 
of the frontal with the parietal bones trans- 
versely across the vertex of the skull. S., 
Cranial, the line of union of two or more 
cranial bones. S., Cross, the applica- 
tion of two single stitches to a T-wound. 
S., Czerny's, for intestinal wounds, one in 
which the needle is passed from the serous 
surface through the wound, down to, but not 
including, the mucous membrane, and through 
the wound on the opposite side, and out on 
the serous surface. S., Czerny-Lembert, 
the application of Lembert sutures after the 
Czerny sutures are in place. S., Dry, one 
carried through adhesive-plaster strips applied 
to the lips of the wound. S., Ethmo- 
frontal, the union between the frontal 
and ethmoid bones. S., Ethmolacrimal, 
the union between the lacrimal and eth- 
moid bones. S., Ethmosphenoid, the 
union between the sphenoid and ethmoid 
bones. S., Ford's Friction -knot, a square 
knot is tied for the first stitch, then the needle 
is passed as for a single-knot stitch, turning 
the thread twice around the needle instead 
of once. The last stitch is a square knot. 
S., Ford's Single-knot, the needle is passed 
through the divided tissues and, without cut- 
ting the thread, a square knot is tied. For 
the second stitch the thread is held or thrown 
so that the needle will emerge in a loop, and 
when it is drawn through, a single knot will 



be formed. S., Ford's Square -knot, the 

same steps are taken as for the single-knot, 
and for the second stitch pass the needle 
under the thread connecting the knots in the 
opposite direction from which the needle 
was inserted into the tissues. S., The Four 
Masters', a suture of the intestine used in 
the thirteenth century in which the trachea 
of a goose was used as a means of support 
and the ends of the severed intestine brought 
into position on it and sutured with four 
interrupted stitches which did not include 
the trachea. S., Frontal, a suture which 
at birth joins the two frontal bones from the 
vertex to the root of the nose, but which after- 
ward becomes obliterated. S . , Frontomalar , 
the union between the malar and frontal 
bones. S., Frontomaxillary, the union 
between the superior maxillary and frontal 
bones. S., Frontonasal, the union between 
the nasal and frontal bones. S., Fronto- 
parietal. See S., Coronal. S., Fronto- 
sphenoid, the union between the wings of the 
sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. S., 
Frontotemporal, the union between the 
frontal and temporal bones. S., Grad's 
Method of,. in suturing a wound it consists 
in placing in each turn of the knot a releasing 
pull thread. S., Granny -knot, a single- 
knot stitch is formed and the needle is passed 
in the opposite direction from which it was 
inserted under the thread in forming a square 
knot. S., Grieg Smith's, a modification of 
Appolito's method, which removes the neces- 
sity of the insertion of a foreign substance 
in the lumen of the gut. S., Harelip, S., 
Twisted, one in which the edges of the wound 
are transfixed with pins and approximation 
secured by twisting or wrapping the ends of 
the pins with thread. S., Intermaxillary, 
the union between the superior maxillary 
bones. S., Internasal, the union between 
the nasal bones. S., Interparietal. See 
S., Sagittal. S., Interrupted, one of a 
series of sutures passed through the margins 
of the wound, and each of which is tied 
separately. S., Jugal. See S., Sagittal. 
S.,Kalt. See Stitch, Sclerocorneal. S., Lamb- 
do id, the union between the two superior 
borders of the occipital bone and the parietal 
bones. S., Larry's, a double glovers' stitch, 
with threads of a different color. S., Lem- 
bert 's, an intestinal suture for wounds in which 
the needle is passed transversely to the wound 
through the peritoneal and muscular coats, 
and out again on one side of the wound, 
and then carried across the wound and made 
to penetrate the two outer coats as before. 
S., Lewis', a modification of the right-angle 
stitch. S., Longitudinal. See S., Sagittal. 
S., Marcey's, the cobbler-stitch used for 
hernia. S., Mastooccipital. See S., Occip- 
itomastoid. S., Mastoparietal. See S., 
Parietomastoid. S., Mattress, a continuous 
suture which is made back and forth through 
both lips of a wound. S., Maxillolacrimal, 
the union between the lacrimal and superior 



-- 



SUTURE 



949 



SUTURE 






Suture of Le Dentu. 



Tendon-suture of Le Fort. 



Tendon-suture. — (Wolfler, 
after Lejars.) 





Tongue and Groove Suture. 



Lembert's Suture. 








Sutures for Immediate Gastrostomy. 



Sutures for Immediate Gastrostomy. 



SUTURE 



950 



SUTURE 






Halsted's Plain Quilt-suture. 



Bouisson's Suture. 



Dupuytren's Suture. 





Gely's Suture, 



Emmet's Suture. 



SUTURE 



951 



SUTURE 



^"^^mir-fi" 



Continuous Suture. 




Quilted Sutures. 





Hare-lip Suture. — (Moullin.) 




Interrupted Suture. — {Moullin.) 



Jobert's Suture. 



SUZANNE'S GLAND 



952 



SYCORETIN 



maxillary bones. S., Mediofrontal. See 
S., Frontal. S., Metopic. See S., Frontal. 
S., Mitchell-Hunner's, the application of a 
quilted suture to the mesenteric border of the 
gut. S., Nasofrontal, the frontonasal suture. 
S., Nasomaxillary, the union between the 
superior maxillary and nasal bones. S., 
Occipital. See S., Lambdoid. S., Oc- 
cipitomastoid, the union between the mastoid 
portion of the temporal bone and the occipital 
bone. S., Occipitoparietal. See S., Lamb- 
doid. S., Palatine, the union between the 
palate bones. S., Palatine Transverse. See 
S., Palatomaxillary. S., Palatomaxillary, 
a suture between the palatal processes of the 
os palatinum and the superior maxilla. S., 
Parallel, a continuous subcuticular suture. 
S., Parietomastoid, the union between the 
mastoid portion of the temporal bone and 
the parietal bone. S., Petrooccipital, the 
union between the occipital bone and the 
petrous portion of the temporal. S., Petro- 
sphenoid, the union between the great wing 
of the sphenoid bone and the petrous portion 
of the temporal. S., Pin-. See S., Hare- 
lip. S., Quill-, S., Quilled, one in which 
a doubled thread is passed and tied over 
quills or pieces of a soft catheter. S., Quilted, 
one similar to a mattress suture. S., Re- 
laxation-, one introduced some distance 
from the wound-margin, carried through its 
depths, and made to emerge at some distance 
on the opposite side, to relieve the tension 
of the wound-sutures proper. S., Sagittal, 
the union between the superior borders of 
the parietal bones. S., Sclerocorneal, of 
Kalt. See Stitch, Sclerocorneal. S., Shotted, 
one in which both ends of the suture 
are passed through a perforated shot, which 
is then tightly compressed. S., Spheno- 
malar, the union between the malar bone 
and the great wing of the sphenoid. S., 
Sphenopalatine, a cranial suture between 
the sphenoid and palatine bones. S., 
Sphenoparietal, the union between the greater 
wing of the sphenoid bone and the parietal 
bone. S., Sphenotemporal, the union be- 
tween the temporal and the sphenoid bone. S., 
Squamoparietal, S., Squamosal, the union 
between the squamous portion of the tem- 
poral bone and the parietal bone. S., 
Squamosphenoid, the union between the 
great wing of the sphenoid and the squamous 
portion of the temporal bone. S., Subcu- 
ticular, a buried, continuous suture in 
which the needle is passed horizontally into 
the true skin back and forth until the wound 
is closed. S., du Verger's, a modification 
of the four masters' ; he used only two stitches, 
both of which included the foreign support. 
S., Watson's, a glovers' stitch uniting the 
gut over a cannula of fish-glue. S., Weber's, 
a fine groove or suture on the inner surface 
of the nasal process of the superior maxilla. 
S., Wormian, Anterior, the upper part of 
the lambdoid suture. 
Suzanne's Gland. A mucous gland found in 



the floor of the mouth close to the median 
line. 

Swallowing. Deglutition. 

Swallow's-nest. The nidus hirundinis. 

Swamp -sassafras. The Magnolia glauca, the 
bark of which is aromatic and diaphoretic. 

Sweat (swet) [AS., swat]. The secretion 
of the sudoriferous glands, consisting of a 
transparent, colorless, aqueous fluid, holding 
in solution neutral fats, volatile fatty acids, 
cholesterin, traces of albumin and urea, free 
lactic acid, sodium lactate, sodium chlorid, 
potassium chlorid, and traces of alkaline 
phosphates. S., Bloody. See Hematidrosis. 
S., English. See Sweating - sickness. 
S. -gland, one of the small glands secreting 
the sweat, situated in the true skin and 
subcutaneous areolar tissue, consisting of a 
convoluted tube from which the excretory 
duct passes outward through the skin. 
In its passage through the epidermis the 
duct is more or less spiral. S., Picardy. 
See Sweating-sickness. 

Sweating-sickness. An infective, febrile epi- 
demic disorder, characterized by a rapid course 
and profuse perspiration. It was prevalent 
in England at the end of the fifteenth and 
first half of the sixteenth century. Syn., 
English sweat; Miliaria; Picardy sweat; 
Sudor anglicus; Fr., Suette miliaire; Ger., 
Schweissfreisel. 

Swediaur's Disease. See Albert's Disease. 

Swedish Movements . Certain systematic gym- 
nastic exercises intended to exercise and de- 
velop the human body, and affect function, 
nutrition, etc. 

Sweet. Having a taste like that of sugar or 
honey. 

Sweetbread, i . The pancreas. 2. The thymus. 

Swelling {swel'-ing) [ME., swellen, to swell]. 
Any morbid enlargement, inflation, tumor, 
or protuberance! S., Albuminous. See S., 
Cloudy. S., Blennorrhagic (of the knee), 
the enlargement of the knee which occurs in 
gonorrheal synovitis. S., Cloudy, a swelling 
of cells due to disturbed nutrition. S., 
Glassy, amyloid degeneration. S., Lacteal, 
a swelling of the breast due to obstruction 
of the lacteal ducts. S., Sommering's 
Crystalline, an annular swelling formed 
in the lower part of the capsule, behind the 
iris, after extraction of the crystalline lens. 
S., White. 1. A disease of the bones which 
causes them to dilate as if distended by pres- 
sure from within. 2. A tumor, usually of the 
wrist or ankle, due to caries. Syn., Hydrar- 
throsis. 

Swine-fever. Hog cholera. 

Swine Plague. An infectious disease of swine, 
due to the bacillus of swine plague. 

Swoon. Syncope. 

Sycoceryl (si-ko-ser'-il). Applied to an alcohol 
the acetate of which is a constituent of sy- 
coretin. S. Hydrate, sycoceryl aldehyd. 

Sycoretin (si-ko-re f -tin) [oukov, fig; icqpbc, wax]. 
A resin found in 1855 in Ficus rubiginosa, of 
New South Wales. 



SYCOSE 



953 



SYMPHYSIS 



Sycose (si'-koz). Saccharin. 

Sycosiform (si-ko' -se-form) [sycosis; forma, 
form]. Resembling sycosis. 

Sycosis (si-ko' -sis) [oumoocc, a fig-like excrescence 
on the flesh]. An inflammatory disease 
affecting the hair-follicles, particularly of 
the beard, and characterized by papules, 
pustules, and tubercles, perforated by hairs, 
together with infiltration of the skin and 
crusting. S. parasitaria, S., Parasitic, 
barber's itch, a disease of the hair-follicles, 
usually affecting the region covered by the 
beard, and due to the presence of the tricho- 
phyton fungus. 

Sydenham's Chorea. See Chorea, Syden- 
ham's. S.'s Cough. See Cough, Syden- 
ham's. 

Syllabic Utterance. Scanning speech. 

Sylvester's Method. See under Artificial Res- 
piration. 

Sylvian (sil'-ve-an). Described by the anato- 
mist Sylvius (1478-1555). S. Angle, the 
angle formed by the posterior limb of the 
sylvian fissure with a line perpendicular to 
the superior border of the hemisphere. S. 
Aqueduct. See Aquceductus sylvii. S. 
Artery, the middle cerebral artery, lying in 
the fissure of Sylvius. S. Fissure. See 
Fissure of Sylvius. S. Fossa, S. Valley, the 
depression which appears on the surface of the 
brain about the end of the second month of 
fetal life and afterward becomes the sylvian 
fissure. S. Vein, one of the veins of the con- 
vexity of the brain, which courses at first along 
the fissure of Sylvius and then ascends across 
the hemisphere. S. Ventricle, the fifth 
ventricle. 

Sylviduct (sil'-ve-dukt). The aqueduct of 
Sylvius., 

Sym- (sim-). The same as Syn-. 

Symbiosis (sim-be-o'-sis). See Commensal- 
ism. 

Symblepharon (sim-blef -ar-on) [ouv, together; 
pkk(f>apov, the eyelid]. Adhesion of the eye- 
lids to the eyeball. S., Anterior, when the 
edge of the lid is adherent. S., Posterior, 
when the adhesion is at the conjunctival 
fold. S., Total, when the entire lid is 
adherent. 

Symblepharopterygium (sim-blef -ar-o-ter-ij'- 
e-um). A variety of symblepharon in which 
a cicatricial band resembling a pterygium 
connects the lid and the eyeball. 

Syme's Amputation, S.'s Operation. Am- 
putation at the ankle-joint. 

Symmelus, Symelus {sim'-el-us) [ouv, together; 
fieloc, a limb]. A species of monster charac- 
terized by imperfect development of the 
pelvis and lower extremities with more or 
less intimate fusion of the latter. 

Symmetric, Symmetrical {sim-et'-rik, sim-et'- 
rik-af) [oufxp.erp'ca, proportion]. Pertaining 
to or exhibiting symmetry. S. Gangrene*. 
See Sphaceloderma. 

Sympathetic (sim-path-et'-ik) [see Sympathy]. 

1. Pertaining to or produced by sympathy. 

2. Conveying sympathy or sympathetic im- 



pulses, as the sympathetic system. S. Gang- 
lions. See under 5. System. S. Irri- 
tation, irritation of an organ arising from 
irritation of another related organ, as sym- 
pathetic irritation of one eye from irritation 
of the other. S. Nerve. See 5. System. 
S. Ophthalmia, inflammation of one eye 
arising subsequent to inflammation of the 
other eye. S. Plexuses. See under 5. 
System. S. System, a system of ganglions 
(sympathetic ganglions) forming a chain 
from the cranium to the end of the 
spinal column, connected together by nerve- 
fibers, and supplying the viscera and blood- 
vessels. At intervals the sympathetic nerves 
and ganglions form plexuses (sympathetic 
plexuses) . 

Sympatheticectomy (sim-pa-thet-e-sek' -to-me). 
Excision of parts of the sympathetic nerve. 

Sympatheticoparalytic (sim-path-et-ik-o-par- 
al-it'-ik). ■ Due to paralysis of the sympathetic 
nerve. 

Sympatheticotonic (sim-path-et-ik-o-ton'-ik) . 
Applied to migraine caused by tonic contrac- 
tion of the arteries due to overaction of the 
sympathetic. 

Sympathiconeuritis (sim-path-ik-o-nu-ri'-tis) . 
Inflammation of the sympathetic nerve. 

Sympathicotripsy (sim - path -ik-o- trip' - se) 
[sympathy; zpcftstv, to crush]. In treatment 
of mental diseases, crushing of the superior 
cervical ganglion. 

Sympathism (sim'-path-izm). Susceptibility to 
hypnotic suggestion. 

Sympathist (sim'-path-ist). One who is sus- 
ceptible to hypnotic suggestion. 

Sympathy (sim' -path-e) [ouv, together; nadog, 
suffering]. The mutual relation between 
parts more or less distant, whereby a change 
in the one has an effect upon the other. 

Symperitoneal (sim-per-it-on-e'-al) [syn-; peri- 
toneum]. Connecting artificially two parts 
of the peritoneum. 

Symphiocephalus (sim-fi-o-sef -al-us) [syn-; 
<f>u£tv, to grow; KsefxxXr], the head]. A twin 
monster with the union in the head. 

Symphorol (sim'-for-ol) [syn-; <f)opa, that which 
is brought forth]. A generic name for the 
caffein sulfates or sulfocaffeinates. S. L, 
lithium and caffein sulfonate. S. N, sodium 
and caffein sulfate. S. S, strontium and 
caffein sulfonate. 

Symphysal, Symphyseal (sim'-fiz-al, sim-fiz'- 
e-al) [symphysis]. Pertaining to a symphysis. 

Symphyseorrhaphy, Symphysiorrhaphy (sim- 
fiz-e-or' -af-e) [symphysis; pa(f>rj, a seam]. 
Suture of a divided symphysis. 

Symphysiotomy (sim-fiz-e-of -o-me) [symphysis; 
rofirj, a cutting]. The operation of dividing 
the symphysis pubis for the purpose of in- 
creasing the diameters of the pelvic canal 
and facilitating labor. 

Symphysis (sim'-fiz-is) [ouv, together; cfruecv, to 
grow]. The line of junction of two bones. 
S. cartilaginosa, synchondrosis. S. lig- 
amentosa, syndesmosis. S. mandibulae, 
S. menti, the central vertical ridge upon 



SYMPIESOMETER 



954 



SYNCARYOSIS 



the outer aspect of the lower jaw, showing 
the line of union of the two halves. S. pubis, 
the line of junction of the pubic bones. 

Sympiesometer (sim-pe-es-om'-et-ur) [ouv, to- 
gether; izceoic;, a squeezing; petpov, a measure]. 
An apparatus for estimating pressure. 

Symplocarpus foetidus (sim-plo-kar' -pus fet'- 
id-us). Dracontium fcetidum, or skunk-cab- 
bage, the rhizome of which is stimulant, 
antispasmodic, and narcotic, and has been 
used in asthma, chronic rheumatism, chorea, 
hysteria, etc. Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65-1.3 
Gm.). 

Symplocos {sim'-plo-kos) [oup.izXoK.oc, twined]. 
A genus of the Styracece. The leaves of S. 
alstonia, a tree of South America, are used as 
mate and also as a digestive and diaphoretic. 
S. platyphylla, sweetleaf, is indigenous to the 
southern United States and South America; 
the root bark is used in intermittent fever. 
S. racemosa is indigenous to India, and fur- 
nishes a red coloring-matter and lodh-bark, 
used in plasters. It contains lotourin, 
colloturin, and lotouridin. 5. tinctoria, sweet- 
leaf, of South Carolina, contains in its sweet 
leaves a yellow coloring-matter. The root 
is used as a digestive. 

Symptom {simp' -torn) [ouv, together; nxcbpa, 
a falling]. The change in a patient occurring 
during disease and serving to point out its 
nature and location. See Sign. S., Ac- 
cessory, S., Assident, a minor symptom. 
S., Accidental, one intervening in the 
course of a disease without having any con- 
nection with it. S. -complex, the en- 
semble of symptoms of a disease. See also 
Syndrome. S. -complex, Avellis', paralysis 
of one-half of the soft palate, associated with 
a recurrent paralysis on the same side. S.- 
complex, Benedikt's, tremor of one side of 
the body, in part or wholly, and oculomotor 
paralysis of the other side. S. -complex, 
Bernhardt-Roth's. See Bernhardt' s Pares- 
thesia. S. - complex, Erb - Goldflam's. 
See Erb's Disease. S. -complex, Escher- 
ich's. See Pseudotetanus. S.-complex, 
Friedmann's Vasomotor, a train of symp- 
toms following injury to the head, consisting 
of headache, vertigo, nausea and intolerance 
of mental and physical exertions and of gal- 
vanic excitation; it is occasionally associated 
with ophthalmoplegia and mydriasis. These 
phenomena may subside and recur with 
greater intensity, with fever, unconsciousness, 
and paralysis of the cranial nerves, ending 
in fatal coma. They are probably due to an 
encephalitis of slow development with acute 
exacerbations. S.-complex, Hoppe-Gold- 
flam's. See Erb's Disease. S.-complex, 
Putnam-Dana's, combined sclerosis of the 
lateral and posterior columns of the spinal 
cord. S.-complex, Roth's. See Bern- 
hardt' s Paresthesia. S.-complex, Wilk's. 
See Erb's Disease. S.s, Concomi- 
tant, accessory phenomena occurring in 
connection with the essential phenomena 
of a disease. S., Constitutional, S., Gen- 



eral, one produced by the effect of the disease 
on the whole body. S., Dissociation-. 
See Dissociation-symptom. S., Equivocal, 
one of doubtful significance. S., Local, one 
indicating the concentration of a disease in a 
certain part of the body. S., Objective, 
one observed by the physician. S. , Rational, 
a subjective symptom. S., Signal, the 
first disturbance of sensation preceding 
a more extensive convulsion, as the aura 
heralding an attack of epilepsy. S., Sub- 
jective, one observed only by the patient. 
S. turpitudinis, nymphomania. 

Symptomatic (simp-tom-at'-ik) [symptom]. 
1. Pertaining to or of the nature of a symp- 
tom. 2. Affecting symptoms, as symp- 
tomatic treatment. S. Anthrax. See Black- 
leg. 

Symptomatology (simp - torn -at-oV -0- je) 
[symptom; Xoyog, science]. The science of 
symptoms; the symptoms of disease taken 
together as a whole. 

Sympus (sim'-pus) [ouv, together; xouc, foot]. 
A monster in which there is a coalescence of 
the lower limbs. 

Syn- (sin-) [ouv, together]. A prefix signifying 
with or together. 

Synadelphus (sin-ad-el f -fus) [syn-; ddeXcpoc, 
brother]. A monster having eight limbs 
with but one head and trunk. 

Synalgia (sin-aV-je-ah) [syn-; aXyoc, pain]. 
Pain felt in a distant part from an injury or 
stimulation of another part. 

Synanthema (sin-an' -them-ah) [ouvavdecv, to 
blossom together]. A group of efflorescences 
on the skin. 

Synantherin (sin-an' -ther -in). See Inulin. 

Synanthrose (sin-an' -throz). See Levulose. 

Synapse (sin-ap f -se). See Synapsis. 

Synapsis (sin-ap'-sis) [syn-; anxecv, to clasp]. 
The anatomic relation of one neuron with 
another. The intertwining of the terminal 
arborizations of the neurons by means of 
which nerve-impulses may pass from one to 
another. Syn., Synapse. 

Synaptase (sin-ap'-taz). Sec Emulsin. 

Synarthrodia (sin-ar-thro'-de-ah). See Syn- 
arthrosis. 

Synarthrodial (sin-ar-thro'-de-aV) [synarthrosis]. 
Pertaining to or of the nature of a synar- 
throsis. 

Synarthrophysis (sin-ar-thro-fi f -sis) [syn-; ar- 
throsis; <f>6eev, to grow]. Progressive anky- 
losis of the joints. 

Synarthrosis (sin-ar-thro' -sis) [syn-; apdpov, 
a joint]. A form of articulation in which the 
bones are immovably bound together without 
any intervening synovial cavity. The forms 
are sutura, in which processes are interlocked; 
schindylesis, in which a thin plate of one bone 
is inserted into a cleft of another; and gom- 
phosis, in which a conic process is held by a 
socket. 

Syncaryosis (sin-kar-e-o'-sis) [syn-; mpuov, a 
nut]. A term proposed by His for syncytial 
formation or the growth of the multinuclear 
giant-cells. 



SYNCEPHALUS 



955 



SYNECHIA 



Syncephalus (sin-se}'-al-us) [syn-; Kefadl}, 
head]. A monster with two heads fused into 
one. 

Synchondrosis (sin-kon-dro'-sis) [syn-; xovopoc, 
a cartilage]. A joint in which the surfaces 
are connected by a growth of cartilage. S., 
Sacroiliac, the union between the sacrum and 
the ilium. 

Synchondrotomy (sin-kon-drot'-o-me) [syn-; 
Xovdpoc, cartilage; zi/Jtvecv, to cut]. A divi- 
sion of the cartilage uniting bones, especially 
of that of the symphysis pubis. 

Synchronous (sin' -kro-nus) [syn-; %pbvoc, time]. 
Occurring at the same time. 

Synchysis scintillans (sin'-kis-is sin' -til-lanz) 
[ouyxuocc, a mixing together]. The presence 
of bright, shining particles in the vitreous 
humor of the eye. 

Synclonus (sin'-klo-nus) [syn-; kXovoc, clonus], 
i. Clonic movements occurring simultaneous- 
ly in several muscles. 2. A disease thus char- 
acterized, as chorea. 

Syncopal (sin'-ko-pal) [syncope]. Pertaining 
to or characterized by syncope. 

Syncope (sin'-ko-pe) [syn-; kotzxuv, to strike or 
cut]. Swooning or fainting, a partial or 
complete temporary suspension of the func- 
tions of respiration and circulation from 
cerebral anemia. S., Local, sudden pallor 
and insensibility of a part. 

Syncyanin (sin-si' -an-in). A blue pigment 
elaborated by Bacillus cyanogenus. 

Syncytial (sin-sit'-e-af) [see Syncytium]. Per- 
taining to a syncytium. 

Syncytioma (sin-sit-e-o'-mah) [syncytium; op.a, 
a tumor]. A tumor composed of syncytial 
tissue. S. malignum, malignant degen- 
eration of the villi of the chorion. See 
Deciduoma malignum. 

Syncytium (sin-sit'-e-um) [syn-; kutoc, a cell]. 
1. A mass of protoplasm with numerous 
nuclei. 2. The collection of epithelial cells 
forming the outermost covering of the cho- 
rionic villi. 

Syndactylia, Syndactylism, Syndactyly 
(sin-dak-til' -e-ah, sin-dak' -til-izm, sin-dak'- 
til-e) [syn-; oaKXufoc, finger]. Adhesion be- 
tween fingers or toes; webbed fingers; 
webbed toes. 

Syndectomy (sin-dek'-to-me). See Peritomy. 

Syndesmitis (sin-dez-mi'-tis) [oovdeojioc, a 
ligament; czic, inflammation]. 1. Inflam- 
mation of a ligament. 2. Conjunctivitis. 

Syndesmography (sin-dez-mog'-ra-}e) [syn- 
desmos; ypafetv, to write]. The branch of 
anatomy treating of ligaments. 

Syndesmology (sin-dez-mol'-o-je). See Syn- 
desmography. 

Syndesmosis (sin-dez-mo'-sis) [syndesmos]. A 
form of articulation in which the bones are 
connected by ligaments. 

Syndesmotomy (sin-dez-mot'-o-me) [syndes- 
mos; zepLvecv, to cut]. 1. Dissection of the 
ligaments. 2. The division of a liga- 
ment. 

Syndrome (sin'-drom) [ouv, together; dpopiof, 
a running]. The aggregate symptoms of a 



disease; a complex of symptoms. See 
Symptom-complex. S., Basedow's, tachy- 
cardia, flashes of heat, sweating crises. S., 
Brissaud-Marie's, hysteric glossolabial hemi- 
spasm. S. of Brown-Sequard. See Brown- 
Sequard' s Paralysis under Sign. S., Char- 
cot's, intermittent claudication, an affection 
connected with arteriosclerosis of the lower 
extremities. S., Cotard's, "delire chronique 
des negations." A form of paranoia charac- 
terized by delusions of negation, with sen- 
sory disturbances and a tendency to suicide. 
S., Dercum's, adiposis dolorosa. S., Du- 
chenne's, labioglossolaryngeal paralysis. S., 
Duckworth's, complete stoppage of res- 
piration several hours before that of the 
heart in certain cerebral diseases attended 
by intracranial pressure. S., Dupre's, menin- 
gism; pseudomeningitis. S., Erb's. Syn- 
onym of Asthenic bulbar paralysis. S., 
Gaston's, anesthetic prurigo sometimes ob- 
served in cases of alcoholism. S., Jackson's, 
associated paralysis of the soft palate and 
larynx, accompanied by paralysis of the 
trapezius, sternomastoid, and one-half of 
the tongue. S., Levulosuric. See S., Ma- 
rie-Robinson's. S., Marie -Robinson's, a 
variety of diabetes with melancholia, insomnia, 
impotence, and the presence in the urine 
of a levulose that disappears rapidly on the 
suppression of carbohydrates. S., Millard- 
Gubler's. See Gubler's Hemiplegia. S. 
of Pierre Marie, hypertrophic osteoarthro- 
pathy. S., Potain's, dyspepsia and dilation 
of the right ventricle with accentuation of 
the pulmonary sound, observed during the 
digestive process in cases of gastrectasis. 
S., Riegel's, the association of tachycardia 
with troubles simulating asthma. S., Ro- 
senbach's, a variety of paroxysmal tachy- 
cardia consisting in the association of cardiac, 
respiratory, and gastric troubles. S., Stokes'. 
See Adams-Stokes' Disease. S. temporanea 
di Gubler. See Gubler's Hemiplegia. S., 
Turner's, a congenital state of general tissue 
debility, resulting in relaxation and displace- 
ment of various organs, such as splanch- 
noptosis, varicocele, uterine displacements, 
etc. S. of Weber, paralysis of the oculo- 
motor nerve of one side and of the extremities, 
the face and the hypoglossal nerve of the 
other side. It is usually due to a lesion lim- 
ited to the inferior and inner part of one 
cerebral peduncle. S., Weil's, unilateral 
hyperesthesia of the muscles, nerve-trunks, 
and bones, sometimes seen in cases of pul- 
monary tuberculosis. 
Synechia (sin-e-ki'-ah or si-ne'-ke-ah) [ouv, to- 
gether; execv, to hold]. A morbid union of 
parts; especially, adhesion of the iris to a 
neighboring part of the eye. S., Annular, 
S., Circular, exclusion of the pupil. S., 
Anterior, adhesion between the iris and 
transparent cornea. S., Posterior, adhesion 
between the iris and crystalline lens. Syn., 
Ptosis diplopia. S., Total, adhesion of the 
entire surface of the iris to the lens. 



SYNECHOTOMY 



956 



SYPHILIN 



Synechotomy (sin -ek-ot' -o- me) {synechia; 
ripLvscv, to cut]. The division of a synechia. 

Synectenterotomy (sin-ek-ten-ter-of -o-me) [syn- 
echia; enterotomy]. The division of an 
intestinal adhesion. 

Synergic (sin-er' -jik) [synergy]. Pertaining to 
synergy. 

Synergist (sin'-er-jist) [synergy]. An agent 
cooperating with another. 

Synergy (sin'-er-je) [syn-; 'kpyov, work]. The 
cooperative action of two or more agents 
(synergists) or organs. 

Synesis (sin'-e-sis) [ouveocc, a coming together]. 
Faculty of comprehension, intelligence, sa- 
gacity. 

Synesthesia (sin-es-the' '-ze-ah) [syn-; dlodi]occ, 
sensation]. A secondary sensation or sub- 
jective impression accompanying an actual 
perception. 

Synetion, Synaetion (sin-e' '-shun) [syn-; ah'ca, 
cause]. A cause which cooperates with 
another to produce disease. 

Syngenesis (sin-jen'-es-is) [syn-; ykvzotc, gen- 
eration], i. The theory that the embryo 
is the product of the union of the male and 
female elements; also the theory that the 
embryo contains within itself the germs of 
all future generations developed from it. 
2. Reproduction by union of male and fe- 
male elements. 

Syngenetic (sin-jen-et'-ik) [see Syngenesis]. 
Propagated by means of both parents. 

Syngignoscism (sin-jig' -no-sizm) [syn-; ycy- 
vihoecv, to know]. Hypnotism, so termed from 
the agreeing of one mind with another. 

Synizesis (sin-iz-e' -sis) [syn-; "c^ttv, to sit]. 
Closure. S. pupillae, closure of the pupil. 

Synkinesis (sin-kin-e'-sis) [syn-; ncvqcrcc, move- 
ment]. Involuntary movement taking place 
in one part of the body synchronously with 
or in consequence of a voluntary or reflex 
movement in another part. 

Synneurosis (sin-nu-ro'-sis). See Syndesmosis. 

Synocha, Synochus (sin'-o-kah, sin'-o-kus) 
[syn-; '&%£&, to hold on]. Any continued 
fever. 

Synophthalmus (sin-of-thal'-mus). See Cy- 
clops. 

Synorchism (sin-or'-kizm) [syn-; bpx^c, testicle]. 
Partial or complete fusion of the two tes- 
ticles. 

Synosteophyte (sin-os'-te-o-fit) [syn-; ooxkov, 
a bone; cfiuzov, a growth]. Congenital bony 
ankylosis. Syn., Synostosis congenita. 

Synosteotome (sin-os' -te-o-tom). A knife for 
the dissection of joints. 

Synostosis (sin-os-to'-sis) [syn-; ooxkov, bone]. 
A union of normally separate bones by 
osseous material. S. congenita. See Syn- 
osteophyte. S., Tribasilar, shortening of the 
base of the skull and consequent curvature 
of the basal parts of the brain; a cause of 
imbecility. 

Synostotic (sin-os-tot'-ik) [synostosis]. Per- 
taining to or of the nature of synostosis. 

Synotus (sin-o'-tus) [syn-; ouc, ear]. A monster 
characterized by fused ears. 



Synovia (sin-o'-ve-ah) [syn-; wov, an egg]. 
The clear, alkaline, lubricating fluid secreted 
within synovial membranes. 

Synovial (sin-o' -ve-al) [synovia]. Pertaining 
to the synovia. S. Bursa. See Bursa, 
Synovial. S. Membrane. See Membrane, 
Synovial. S. Sheath, a synovial membrane 
which lines the cavity attached to a bone and 
through which a tendon glides. 

Synovitis (sin-o-vi'-tis) [synovia; cue, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a synovial mem- 
brane. S., Acute Suppurative, a very acute 
purulent form, of rheumatic or traumatic 
origin, leading to ankylosis. Syn., Anthropyo- 
sis empyema articuli; Pyarthrosis. S. hyper- 
plasia, S. hyperplastica granulosa, S. 
hyperplastica laevis, S. hyperplastica pan- 
nosa, arthritis fungosa. 

Synteretics (sin-ter-et'-iks) [ouvxypslv, to watch 
closely]. Hygiene. 

Synthesis (sin'-thes-is) [ouv, with; xcdrjvac, to 
place]. In chemistry, the artificial forma- 
tion of a compound by combining its constitu- 
ents. 

Synthetic (sin-thet'-ik) [synthesis]. Pertaining 
to or produced by synthesis. 

Synthetism (sin'-thet-izm) [synthesis]. The 
sum of operations and means necessary for 
reducing a fracture and holding the parts 
in position. 

Synthol (sin'-thot). A chemically pure syn- 
thetic substitute for alcohol. It is colorless 
and nonirritant. 

Syntonin (sin'-to-nin) [ouvxovoc, contracted]. 
An acidalbumin obtained by the action of 
dilute hydrochloric acid upon the myosin 
of muscle. 

Syntopic (sin-top' -ik) [ouv, together; xoizoc, 
place]. Applied by Waldeyer to a topographic 
description which points out the relation of 
a part or organ to the viscera or soft parts 
of the organism. 

Syntopy (sin'-to-pe). The relation of an organ 
or part to the viscera of the organism. Cf. 
Holotopy; Idiotopy; Skeletopy. 

Syntoxoid (sin-toks'-oid) [syn-; xo^ckov, poison; 
eldoc, likeness]. A toxoid having the same 
affinity as toxin for antitoxin. 

Syntrophus (sin'-tro-fus) [syn-; xpo<j>6c, a nurse]. 
A congenital disease. 

Synulodynia (sin-u-lo-din'-e-ah) [ouvouXojocc, 
a scarring over; oduvq, pain]. Pain in a 
cicatrix. 

Syphilicoma (sif - il - ik - o' - mah)[ syphilis; 
fcofieiv, to take care of]. A hospital for syph- 
ilitics. 

Syphilid, Syphilide (sif'-il-id) [syphilis]. Any 
disease of the skin due to syphilis. Syphilids 
may be erythematous, macular, acneiform, 
lenticular, squamous, vesicular, pustular, 
bullous, tubercular, rupial, etc. S., Sec- 
ondary, any syphilid occurring during the 
secondary stage of syphilis. S., Tertiary, 
any syphilid occurring during the tertiary 
stage of syphilis. 

Syphilidologist. See Sy philologist. 

Syphilin (sif'-il-in). See Syphilitoxin. 



SYPHILIS 



957 



SYRINGENIN 



Syphilis {sif-il-is) [origin obscure]. A chronic 
infectious disease, characterized by a variety of 
structural lesions of which the chancre, the 
mucous patch, and the gumma are the most 
distinctive. A spirochete which has been found 
in the lesions has been accepted as the cause. 
The disease is generally acquired in sexual 
congress, hence its earliest manifesta- 
tions appear upon the genital organs, but 
any abraded surface of the body, if brought 
in contact with the syphilitic poison, may 
give entrance to the infection. The earliest 
lesion of acquired syphilis is the chancre, 
initial sclerosis, or primary sore, which appears 
after a period of incubation varying from 
two to three weeks. It is usually a reddish- 
brown papule with an ulcerated central 
spot, and has a slight serous or purulent 
discharge. Taken between the fingers it 
is found to have a peculiar cartilaginous 
hardness. Microscopically it consists of an 
accumulation of round cells, epithelioid cells, 
with, perhaps, a giant-cell here and there. 
The blood-vessels present a hyperplasia of 
the intima, to which in part the induration 
of the chancre is due. Very soon after the 
appearance of the chancre the nearest lymph- 
atic glands become enlarged and indurated 
— the indolent buboes of syphilis. The mu- 
cous patch, condyloma latum, moist papule, 
or mucous tubercle is located upon mucous 
membranes, at mucocutaneous junctions, 
or where two skin surfaces are in habitual 
contact, and is a flat, scarcely elevated patch, 
generally covered by a whitish pellicle. The 
gumma or gummy tumor is a rounded nodule, 
varying in size from the dimensions of a pea to 
those of a small apple. Its favorite seats are 
the periosteum of flat bones, the membranes 
of the brain, the liver, spleen, and testicle. 
It is usually soft, and contains in its interior 
a gelatinous "gummy" material. Another 
important though not distinctive lesion pro- 
duced by syphilis is a diffuse sclerosis of the 
blood-vessels, especially of the parenchymatous 
organs. The clinical course of syphilis is 
generally divided into three stages: the primary 
{primary syphilis), characterized by the 
presence of the chancre and of the indolent 
bubo; the secondary {secondary syphilis), by 
the mucous patch, cutaneous eruptions, sore 
throat, and general enlargement of the 
lymphatic glands; the tertiary {tertiary syph- 
ilis), by the gumma and by severe skin-lesions. 
Between the appearance of the chancre and 
the secondary manifestations a period of six 
weeks usually elapses. The tertiary phe- 
nomena follow the secondary after a stage of 
quiescence of variable length. Syphilis also 
bears an important, but as yet obscure, re- 
lation to certain diseases of the nervous system, 
such as locomotor ataxia and paretic dementia. 
S., Congenital. See S., Hereditary. S. 
d'emblee, the invasion of syphilis without 
a local lesion. S., Extragenital, that in 
which the first lesion is situated elsewhere 
than on the genital organs. S., Hereditary, 



syphilis transmitted from parent to offspring. 
See Cones' Law; Sign, Demarquay's, Hutch- 
inson's, Krisowski' s, Silex's, Wegner's. S. 
insontium, syphilis of the innocent, i. e., 
syphilis acquired in an innocent manner, 
or nonvenereal syphilis. S., Justus' Blood- 
test in. See Justus' Test. S., Marital, 
syphilis acquired in lawful wedlock. S., Non- 
venereal. Synonym of S. insontium. S. 
ceconomica, a form of syphilis insontium in 
which the disease is acquired through eating 
and drinking or household utensils, or by in- 
cidental contact with syphilitic persons. S., 
Pulmonary, a rare disease which is either he- 
reditary or follows the initial attack after from 
10 to 20 years or longer. Two forms may be 
differentiated — a chronic interstitial indurative 
process and a growth of gummas. S. tecb> 
nica, syphilis acquired in following one's 
occupation, as by physicians, midwives, 
nurses. S., Venereal, syphilis acquired 
in illegitimate sexual intercourse. S., Vis- 
ceral, syphilis of the viscera — the lesions 
are either inflammatory or gummatous. 

Syphilitic {sif-il-it'-ik) [syphilis']. Pertaining 
to or affected with syphilis. 

Syphilitoxin {sif-il-e-toks'-in) [syphilis; to£ckov, 
poison]. The supposed specific virus of 
syphilis. 

Syphilization {sif -il-i-za* - shun) [syphilis]. 
1. Inoculation with syphilis, especially in- 
oculation for the purpose of conferring im- 
munity to future attacks. 2. The state pro- 
duced by inoculation with syphilis. 

Syphilocerebrosis {sif-il-o-ser-e-bro'-sis). Syph- 
ilis affecting the brain. 

Syphiloderm {sif -il-o -derm). See Syphilid. 

Syphilogenesis, Syphilogeny {sif-il-o-jen'-e-sis, 
sif -il-o j' -en-e) [syphilis; ytvvav, to produce]. 
The origin or development of syphilis. 

Syphilographer {sif-il-og'-ra-fer) [see syphil- 
ography]. One who writes on syphilis. 

Syphilography {sif - il - og' - ra - fe) [syphilis; 
■fpafecu, to write]. A treatise on syphilis. 

Syphiloid {sif -il-oid) [syphilis; etdoc, like]. 
1. Resembling syphilis. 2. A disease re- 
sembling syphilis. 

Syphilologist {sif-il-ol'-o-jist) [syphilis; Xoyoc, 
science]. A specialist in the treatment of 
syphilis. 

Syphiloma {sif -il-o' -mah) [syphilis; 6/J.a, 
tumor]. 1. A syphilitic gumma. 2. A term 
* introduced by Ernst Wagner as a substitute 
for gumma. 

Syphilophobia {sif -il-o- fo' -be -ah) [syphilis; 
4>6ftoc, dread]. 1. A condition in which the 
patient imagines himself to be infected with 
syphilis. 2. A morbid dread of syphilitic 
infection. 

Syriac Ulcer. Synonym of Diphtheria. 

Syringe {sir'-inj) [oupif^, a pipe]. An appa- 
ratus for injecting a liquid into a cavity. 

Syringenin {sir-in' -jen-in) [Syringa, a genus of 
shrubs]. C^H^Og + H 2 0. A dissociation 
product of syringin by action of dilute acids; 
a clear, rose-red, amorphous mass, soluble 
in alcohol, insoluble in water and ether, 



SYRINGIN 



958 



SZABO'S TEST 



Syringin {sir-in'-jin) [Syringa]. A crystalline 
glucosid obtained from Syringa vulgaris, 
Ci 7 H 24 9 + H 2 0, white, tasteless, acicular 
crystals, soluble in alcohol and hot water, 
boils at 19 1° C. It is antipyretic and anti- 
periodic; used in malaria. Syn., Lilacin; 
Ligustrin. 

Syringious (sir -in- je' -us) [oupcy$, a tube]. 
Fistulous. 

Syringitis (sir-in- ji'-tis) [syrinx; exec, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the eustachian 
tube. 

Syringomyelia (sir-in-go-mi-e'-le-ah) [syrinx; 
jnueXoc, marrow]. A condition characterized 
by the presence of cavities in the substance 
of the spinal cord. It is believed to be the 
result of faulty development either affecting 
the central canal, so that the latter remains 
in an embryonal condition, and sends a 
diverticulum into the posterior portion of the 
cord, which may become constricted off, or 
groups of embryonal neuroglia-cells remain 
in the neighborhood of the central canal or 
in the posterior portion of the spinal cord 
and in later life take on active development 
and form a gliomatous tumor. The degen- 
eration of the latter then gives rise to cavities 
in the cord. Syringomyelia occurs usually 
between the ages of 20 and 30, and is character- 
ized by progressive atrophy of the muscles, 
especially of the upper extremity, by loss of 
the pain-sense and temperature-sense, with 
preservation of the tactile and muscular 
sense (the socalled "dissociation symptom"), 
and by vasomotor and trophic changes in 
the skin, joints, etc. Syn., Myelosyringosis. 
S., Grasset-Rauzier's Type of, a form 
with marked sudoral and vasomotor symptoms. 
S., Schlesinger's Type of, the dorsolumbar 
type. 

Syringomyelocele ( sir -in - go -mi' -el -o- sel ) 
[syrinx; fiuekoc, marrow; nothca, cavity]. A 
form of spina bifida in which the protruding 
mass consists of membranes and nerve-sub- 
stance, and the cavity of which communicates 
with the central canal of the spinal cord. 

Syringotome (sir-in' -go-tom) [syrinx; rifivscv, 
to cut]. An instrument for incising a fistula. 

Syringotomy (sir-in-got'-o-me) [syrinx; zofir), a 
cutting]. The operation of cutting a fistula, 
especially a fistula in ano. 

Syrinx (sir'-ingks) [oupcy^, a tube]. The 
eustachian tube. 



Syrup (sir' -up) [syrupus, syrup]. 1. A con- 
centrated solution of sugar in water (syrupus, 
U. S. P., B. P.). 2. A preparation composed 
of a solution of a medicinal substance in syrup. 
S., Dusart's, a preparation having for its 
chief ingredient ferric phosphate. Dose 
\-2 dr. (2-8 Cc). 

Syrupy (sir'-up-e) [syrup]. Resembling a syrup. 

Syssarcosis (sis-ar-ko'-sis) [ouv, together; oap^, 
flesh]. The union of bone by the interposition 
of muscular tissue. 

Syssomus (sis-so'-mus) [ouv, together; ocop.a, 
body]. A double monster joined by the 
trunks. 

System (sis' -tern) [ouorf)fxa, from ouv, together; 
lozavac, to stand]. 1. A methodic arrange- 
ment. 2. A combination of parts into a 
whole, as the digestive system, the nervous 
system. 3. The body as a whole. S.,Bertillon. 
See under Identification ; also Bertillonage. S., 
Centimeter-gram-second, the system based- 
upon the use of the centimeter, gram, and 
second as units of length, mass, and time 
respectively. S., Galton. See under Identi- 
fication. S. -disease, S.-lesion, a disease 
of the cerebrospinal axis affecting a tract 
of nerve-fibers or nerve-cells having com- 
mon anatomic relations and physiologic 
properties. S., Havers', the concentric ar- 
rangement of the bony lamellas, usually eight 
or ten in number, around a haversian canal. 
S. , Pedal, a ganglionic system of the brain. S., 
Portal, the system of veins collecting the 
venous blood from the digestive tract. 

Systematic (sis-tem-at'-ik) [system]. Pertain- 
ing to or affecting a system. 

Systemic (sis-tem'-ik) [system]. 1. Of or per- 
taining to a system. 2. Pertaining to the 
whole organism. 

Systole (sis'-to-le) [ouv, together; oxkXXecv, 
to place]. The contraction of the heart. 

Systolic (sis-tol'-ik) [systole]. Pertaining to 
the systole; occurring during systole. 

Syzygium (siz-ij'-e-um) [ou^uycoc, yoked]. A 
genus of East Indian trees, of which S. jambo- 

- lanum is used in diabetes. 

Szabo's Test for Hydrochloric Acid in the 
Contents of Stomach. Mix together equal 
parts of 0.5 % solutions of ammonium sulfo- 
cyanid and sodic-ferric tartrate. This makes 
a pale yellow liquid, which changes to brown- 
ish-red on the addition of a solution containing 
HC1. 



959 



TAENIA 



T. An abbreviation of tension and temperature. 

Tabacosis {tab-ak-o'-sis) [tabacum]. A state 
of poisoning produced by the excessive use 
of tobacco. 

Tabacum {tab-ak'-um). See Tobacco. 

Tabatiere anatomique {tahb-aht-e-ar ahn-aht- 
om-ek) [Ft., "anatomic snuff-box"]. The 
depression at the base of the thumb between 
the tendons of the extensor primi and extensor 
secundi internodii pollicis. 

Tabby-cat Striation. Peculiar markings oc- 
curring on muscles that have undergone 
extreme fatty degeneration, especially seen 
in the heart muscle. 

Tabefaction {tab-e-fak'-shun) [tabefacere, to 
melt]. Wasting; emaciation. ' 

Tabella {ta-bel'-ah) [L.]. A troche. 

Tabes {ta'-bez) [L.]. A wasting or consumption. 
The word is generally used as a synonym of 
Tabes dorsalis. T. dolorosa, a form in 
which pain is the dominating feature. T. 
dorsalis, locomotor ataxia, a disease de- 
pendent upon sclerosis of the posterior col- 
umns of the spinal cord. The symptoms 
are lightning-pains; unsteadiness and inco- 
ordination of voluntary movements, ex- 
tending to the upper extremities; disorders 
of vision, among others the Argyll Robertson 
pupil; cutaneous anesthesia; girdle-sense; 
abolition of the patellar reflex; diminution 
of sexual desire; disturbance of the sphinc- 
ters. T , Hereditary. See Friedreich's 
Disease. T. mesenterica, tuberculous dis- 
ease of the mesenteric glands in children, 
with progressive wasting. T., Spasmodic, 
lateral sclerosis of the spinal cord. 

Tabetic (tab-et'-ik). i. Affected with tabes; 
of or pertaining to tabes. 2. Pertaining to 
or affected with tabes dorsalis. 

Tabetiform {tab-ef -if-orm) . Resembling tabes. 

Tabic {tab'-ik). See Tabetic. 

Tabid {tab' -id). See Tabetic. 

Tablature {tab' -lat-ur) [tabula, a table]. Sepa- 
ration into tables, as exemplified in the frontal, 
parietal, and occipital bones. 

Table (ta'-bl) [tabula]. 1. A flat-topped piece 
of furniture, as an operation table, exam- 
ining table. 2. A flat plate, especially one 
of bone, as a table of the skull. 

Tablespoon. A large spoon, holding about 
15 Cc. or 4 fluidrams. 

Tablet {tab' -let) [table]. A lozenge; a troche. 

Tabloid {tab'-loid) [table; eldoc, like]. A flat 
troche. 

Tacamahac {tak ' - am - a - hak) [Mexican]. A 
resin produced by various trees. 

Tache {tahsh) [Ft.]. A spot. Taches 
blanches, certain white spots described by 
Hanot as occurring on the liver, especially 
on its convex surface, in infectious diseases. 
Microscopically they present a leukocytic 
infiltration and bacteria. T. bleuatre, a 
spot of a delicate blue tint, sometimes ob- 



served on the skin of typhoid-fever patients. 
T. cerebrale, T. meningeale, the red line 
made when the finger-nail is drawn over the 
skin ; due to vasomotor paresis and occurring 
especially in meningeal irritation. 

Tachetic {tak-et'-ik) [tache]. Relating to the 
formation of reddish-blue or purple patches 
(taches). 

Taenia {tak'-e-ah) [tachi, an ant, so called by 
the Galibis because they harbor ants]. A 
genus of shrubs and trees of the Gentianacece. 
The r(4ot of T. guianensis, a species of Brazil 
and Guiana, is used as. is gentian and 
also as an antipyretic and prophylactic 
against malaria. Dose of tincture 1 or 2 
drops. 

Tachiol {tak'-e-oV). A modification of silver 
fluorid; employed as a surgical antiseptic in 
solution of 1 : 1000 to 1 : 100 and in ophthalmic 
practice. 

Tachy- {tak-e-) [raxbc, swift]. A prefix meaning 
swift. 

Tachycardia {tak-e-kar' -de-ah) [tachy-; napo'ca, 
heart]. Excessive rapidity of the heart's 
action. T., Essential, that occurring in 
paroxysms, and due to functional disturbance 
of the cardiac nerves. 

Tachygraph {tak'-ig-raf). See Hemotachom- 
eter. 

Tachygraphy {tak-ig'-raf-e) [ra^o, swift; 
ypa<f)£(v, to write]. The estimation of the 
rate of flow of arterial blood by means of the 
tachygraph. 

Tachyphrenia {tak-e-fre' -ne-ah) [tachy-; (frpyv, 
mind]. Morbid mental activity. 

Tachypnea {tak-ip-ne'-ah) [tachy-; xvocr], 
breath]. Abnormal frequency of respiration. 

Tactile {tak' -til) [tact us]. Pertaining to the 
sense of touch. T. Cells, cells representing 
special sensory nerve-endings, found in the 
deeper layers of the epidermis or the adja- 
cent stratum of corium. T. Corpuscles, 
special sensory nerve-endings exhibiting more 
complexity of structure than the tactile cells. 

Tactometer {tak-tom'-et-er) [tactus; p.kxpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for estimating 
tactile sensibility; an esthesiometer. 

Tactus {tak'-tus) [tangere, to touch]. Touch. 
T. eruditus, T expertus, special sensitiveness 
of touch acquired by long experience. 

Taedium vitse {te'-de-um vi'-te) [L.]. Weari- 
ness of life. 

Taenia {te'-ne-ah) [L., "a band"]. 1. A band or 
band -like structure. 2. Tenia, see Tape- 
worm. T. ccenurus, a parasite found in the 
intestine of the dog. T. echinococcus. See 
Tape-worm, Dog-. T. fornicis, one of the 
peduncles of the pineal gland. T. hippo- 
campi, the corpus fimbriatum of the hippo- 
campus major. T. mediocanellata, T. 
saginata. See Tape-worm, Beef-. T. semi- 
circularis, a narrow band on the floor of the 
lateral ventricle, between the caudate nucleus 



TAGETES 



960 



TANGHINIA 



and the optic thalamus. T. solium. See 
Tapeworm, Pork-. T. thalami, the habenula. 
T. violacea, a bluish, longitudinal band on 
the floor of the fourth ventricle. 

Tagetes (ta-je'-tez). A genus of plants of the 
order Composite. T. erecta, African mari- 
gold, and T. patula, French marigold, are 
used as substitutes for calendula. 

Tagliacotian Operation (tah-le-ah-ko' 'she-an) . 
See Operation, Italian. 

Tagma (tag' -man) [rayiia, that which has been 
arranged]. An aggregate of molecules. 

Tagulawaya. See Balsam, Tagulawaya. 

Tail (tdl). i. The caudal extremity of an 
animal. 2. Anything resembling a tail. 

Taillefer's Valve. A valvular fold of, mucous 
membrane about the middle of the nasal duct. 

Tailor's Spasm. An occupation-neurosis oc- 
curring in tailors, and characterized by spasm 
of the muscles of the arm and head. 

Tait's Law. In every disease of the abdomen 
or pelvis in which the health is destroyed 
or the life threatened, and in which the con- 
dition is evidently not due to malignant disease, 
an exploration of the cavity by celiotomy 
should be made. T.'s Method, perineor- 
rhaphy. 

Takadiastase (tak-ah-di' -as-tdz). A diastatic 
ferment obtained from wheat-bran by action 
of the spores of the fungus Eurotium oryzce 
(Taka-moyash). It is used in digestive 
disorders, especially those resulting from 
deficient secretion of saliva and hyperacidity 
of the stomach. Dose 2-5 gr. (0.1-0.3 Gm.). 

Takosis (ta-ko'-sis) [ttjkscv, to waste]. A 
highly contagious fatal disease of goats. 

Talalgia (tal-al' '-je-ah) [talus, heel; aXjog, pain]. 
Pain in the heel. 

Talbot's Law. When the visual stimuli 
proceeding from a revolving disc are com- 
pletely fused and the sensation is uniform, the 
intensity is the same as that which would 
occur if the same amount of light were spread 
uniformly over the disc. 

Talbot-Plateau's Law. See Talbot's Law. 

Talc, Talcum (talk) [At., talq, talc], 4MgO-5Si- 
2 .H 2 0. The talcum of the U. S. P. is a 
native hydrous magnesium silicate. It is 
a white, greasy powder, used as a dusting- 
powder. Syn., Soapstone; Steatite. T., Puri- 
fied (talcum purificatum, U. S. P.), talc, 
hydrochloric acid, and water. 

Talipes (tal'-ip-ez) [talus, ankle; pes, foot]. 
Club-foot, a deformity depending upon con- 
traction of one or more muscles or tendons 
about the foot, either congenital or acquired. 
T. calcaneus, talipes in which the patient 
walks upon the heel alone. T. cavus, an 
increased curvature of the arch of the foot. T. 
equinus, talipes in which the heel is elevated 
and the weight thrown upon the anterior por- 
tion of the foot. T. percavus, excessive plan- 
tar curvature. T. planus, flat-foot; splay- 
foot. T. valgus, talipes in which the foot is 
everted. T. varus, a variety, the reverse of the 
last, in which the foot is bent inward. Combi- 
nations of these occur, called T. equinovalgus, 



T. equinovarus, T. calcaneovalgus, T. cal- 
caneovarus, etc. 

Tallerman Treatment. The local applica- 
tion of superheated dry air, the affected part 
being introduced into a cylinder. 

Tallow (taV-o) [O. D. talgh]. The fat extract- 
ed from suet, the solid fat of cattle, sheep, 
and other ruminants. 

Tallqvist's Method. To determine approxi- 
mately hemoglobin percentages allow a drop 
of blood to soak into a bit of filter-paper and 
compare with the naked eye the color strength 
of the stain with a series of printed standard 
tints of known value. 

Talma's Disease. Myotonia acquisita. 

Talo- (ta-lo-) [talus, ankle]. A prefix denoting 
pertaining to the ankle or to the astragalus. 

Talocalcanean (ta-lo-kal-ka'-ne-an). See As- 
tr a galo calcaneal. 

Talocrural (ta-lo-kru'-ral) [talo-; crus, leg]. 
Relating to the astragalus and the bones of 
the leg. 

Talofibular (ta-lo -fib' -u-lar). Relating to the 
astragalus and the fibula. 

Talonavicular (ta -lo- nav -ik'-u- lar) . See 
A stragalo scaphoid. 

Taloscaphoid (ta-lo-skaf'-oid). See Astragalo- 
scaphoid. 

Talotibial (ta-lo-tib'-e-at). See Astragalotibial. 

Talpa (tal'-pah) [L.]. A mole or wen. 

Talpiform (tal'-pe-form) [talpa; forma, form]. 
Wen-shaped. 

Talus (ta'-lus) [L.]. 1. The astragalus. 2. 
The ankle. 

Tamar indien. An aromatic confection of 
senna. 

Tamarind (tarn' -ar-ind) [Ar., tamr, a ripe date; 
Hind, India]. Tamarindus indica, a tree of 
the order Leguminosce. The preserved pulp 
of the fruit (tamarindus, U. S. P., B. P.) is 
laxative and refrigerant. Dose 1 dr.-i oz. 
(4-32 Gm.). 

Tambour (tarn' -boor) [Fr.]. A drum; a drum- 
like instrument used in physiologic experi- 
ments, and consisting of a metal cylinder 
over which is stretched an elastic membrane, 
and from which or to which passes a tube 
for transmitting a current of air. It is 
connected with another apparatus upon which 
changes in pressure in the tambour are re- 
corded. 

Tampicin (tarn' -pis-in) . A purgative resin, C 34 - 
H 64 O u , from the root of Tampico jalap, 
Ipomcea simulans. 

Tampon (tam'-pon) [Fr.]. 1. A plug of cotton, 
sponge, or other material inserted into the 
vagina, nose, or other cavity. 2. To plug 
with a tampon. 

Tamponade (tam-pon-ad') [Fr.]. The act of 
plugging with a tampon. 

Tanacetin (tan-as' -et-in). See under Tansy. 

Tanacetum (tan-as-e'-tum). See Tansy. 

Tanalum (tan-al'-um) [tannin; alum]. Alu- 
minium tannotartrate; used in diseases of 
the nose and throat. 

Tanghinia (tan-gin' -e-ah). T. venenifera, the 
ordeal-bean of Madagascar, a cardiac and 



TANGHININ 



961 



TAR 



respiratory poison. Its active principle is 

tanghinin. 

Tanghinin {tan- gin' -in). See under Tan- 
ghinia. 

Tannal {tan'-al) [tannin; alum]. Aluminium 
tannate; it is used in diseases of the nose and 
throat. 

Tannalbin {tan-aV -bin) . A compound of tan- 
nin and albumin; a brown, tasteless powder, 
insoluble in water, and containing 50 % of 
tannin. An intestinal astringent. Dose 15 
gr. (1 Gm.) 2 to 4 times daily. 

Tannate {tan' -at) [tannin]. A salt of tannic acid. 

Tannic Acid. See Acid, Tannic. 

Tannigen {tan' -ij-en) . See Acetyl Tannin. 

Tannin {tan'-in). See Acid, Tannic. T., 
formaldehyd, tannoform. 

Tannocasum {tan-o-ka'-sum). A compound 
of tannin and casein; it is used as an intestinal 
astringent. 

Tannochloral {tan-o-klo'-ral). See Captol. 

Tannocol {tan' -o-koT) . A combination of equal 
parts of gelatin and tannic acid. 

Tannocreosoform {tan-o-kre-o'-so-form). A 
compound of tannin, creasote, and formal- 
dehyd. 

Tannoform {tan' '-o- form), CH ? (C 14 H 9 9 ) 2 . A 
condensation-product of tannin and formal- 
dehyd. Used internally in chronic intes- 
tinal catarrh. Dose 4-8 gr. (0.25-0.5 Gm.); 
externally in skin diseases, burns, etc., in 
10% ointment, or dusting-powder with 2 to 
4 parts of starch. Syn., Methylene ditan- 
nin; Tannin-formaldehyd. 

Tannone {tan' -on), (CH 2 ) 6 N 4 (C 14 H 10 O 9 ) 3 . A 
condensation-product of tannin and urotropin; 
used in acute catarrh and subacute and 
chronic enteritis. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.) 3 or 4 
times daily. 

Tannopin {tan'-o-pin). See Tannone. 

Tannopumilin {tan-o-pu' -mil-in) . A proprie- 
tary remedy for skin diseases, said to consist 
of tannic acid and oil of Pinus pumilio. 

Tannosal {tan'-o-sal). See Creosal. 

Tanret's Reagent for Albumin. Potassium 
iodid, 3.32 Gm.; mercuric chlorid, 1.35 Gm.; 
acetic acid, 20 Cc, diluted with distilled 
water to 60 Cc. This reagent, added to an 
albumin solution, gives a white precipitate. 

Tansy {tan'-ze) [O.Fr., tanasie, from Low 
L., tanacetum, from adavao'ca, immortality]. 
A perennial herb, Tanacetum vulgare, of the 
order Composites. The leaves and tops con- 
tain a bitter principle, tanacetin, C n H 16 4 , 
tannic acid, and an essential oil {oleum tana- 
ceti). ^ Tansy is an aromatic bitter and 
irritant narcotic, and has been used in ma- 
laria, in hysteria, and as an emmenagog and 
anthelmintic. In overdoses it produces ab- 
dominal pain, vomiting, epileptiform con- 
vulsions, and death from failure of respiration. 
Dose 30 gr.-i dr. (2-4 Gm.); of the oil 1-4 
min. (0.065-0.26 Cc). Unof. 

Tap. 1. A sudden slight blow. 2. To empty 
of fluid, as to tap a hydrocele. 

Tapephobia {tap-e-fo'-be-ah) [xa<f)oc, burial; 
(fioftoc, fear]. Morbid fear of being buried alive. 
62 



Tapetum {ta-pe'-tum) [xani]^, a mat or rug]. 
1. The layer forming the roof of the posterior 
and middle cornua of the lateral ventricles 
of the brain; it is composed of fibers from the 
corpus callosum. 2. The brilliant greenish 
layer of the eyes of nocturnal animals, which 
are by it visible in the dark. Syn., Tapetum 
lucidum. 

Tape -worm. One of the Cestoda, a class of 
worms parasitic in man and the lower ani- 
mals. The adult worm {strobilus) consists 
of a head {scolex) and numerous segments 
{proglottides), which are capable of leading 
for some time a separate existence, are her- 
maphroditic, and contain numerous ovums. If 
the ovums are swallowed by the proper host, 
they develop into embryos {proscolices), 
which are transformed into the cysticerci, 
containing the scolices. If the meat of 
animals containing living scolices is eaten, the 
latter develop into the mature tape-worm, or 
strobilus. T., Beef- {Tcenia mediocanellata 
or saginata), also termed the unarmed tape- 
worm, the cysticercus of which occurs in beef. 
T., Dog- {Tania echino coccus), also called 
hydatid tape-worm. The mature parasite 
lives in the intestine of the dog; the scolices 
occur in the internal organs of man and give 
rise to the echinococcus or hydatid cysts. T., 
Fish-, T., Broad, T., Swiss {Bothriocephalus 
latus), the cysticercus of which occurs in fish. 
T., Pork- {Tcenia solium), also known as the 
armed tape-worm, from the presence of several 
hooklets on the head, is derived from pork 
which contains the cysticerci. Other tape- 
worms occasionally found in man are: Tania 
cucumerina or elliptica, most frequent in the 
dog and cat; Tcenia nana has been found in 
man in Italy; Tcenia leptocephala, common in 
the mouse, has also been observed in man. 

Tapinocephalic {tap-in-o-sef-al'-ik) [see Tap- 
inocephaly]. Affected with tapinocephaly. 

Tapinocephaly {tap - in - o- sef -al-e) [xaneevbe, 
low; fcecf)aXr], head]. Flatness of the top of 
the cranium. 

Tapioca {tap-e-o'-kah) [Sp.]. A variety of 
starch obtained from the cassava or manioc 
plant, Jatropha manihot. It is used as a 
food. 

Tapotement {tap-ot-mon{g)) [Ft.]. In massage, 
the operation of percussing or tapping. 

Tapping {tap'-ing). See Paracentesis. 

Tar {tahr) [AS., teoru, tar]. An empyreumatic 
liquid resin obtained by the destructive 
distillation of the wood of various species of 
Pinus, of the order Coniferce. Tar {Pix 
liquida, U. S. P., B. P.) contains a great 
variety of compounds, among which are 
pyroligneous acid, toluene, xylene, pseudo- 
cumene, cresol, phenol guaiacol, creasol, 
paraffin, naphthalene, pyrocatechin, etc. It 
is employed in chronic bronchitis and in dis- 
eases of the urinary tract; externally in tinea 
capitis, psoriasis, chronic eczema, and other 
affections of the skin. T., Juniper, Oil of 
{oleum cadinum, U. S. P.). See Cade, Oil of. 
T., Oil of {oleum picis liquidce, U. S. P.), 



TARANTISM 



962 



TATTOOING 



a volatile oil distilled from tar. Dose 3 min. 
(0.2 Cc). T. Ointment (unguentum picis 
liquidce, U. S. P., B. P.), a mixture of tar, 
yellow wax, and lard. T., Syrup of (syrupus 
picis liquidce, U. S. P.). Dose 1-2 dr. 
(4-8 Co). 

Tarantism (tar'-an-tizm). A choreic affection, 
ascribed to the bite of a tarantula, and sup- 
posed to be cured by dancing. 

Taraxacum (tar-aks' -ak-um). Dandelion; the 
T. officinale (T. dens-leonis) , a plant of 
the order Composite. Its root {taraxacum, 
U. S. P.; taraxaci radix, B. P.) contains two 
crystalline principles, taraxacin and tarax- 
acerin, and is used in chronic congestion of 
the liver and spleen. T., Decoction of 
(decoctum taraxaci, B. P.). Dose 2 oz. (64 
Co). T., Extract of (extr actum taraxaci, 
U. S. P., B. P.). Dose 10 gr. (0.65 Gm.). 
T., Fluidextract of {jluidextr actum taraxaci, 
U. S. P.). Dose 1 dr. (4 Co). T., Juice 
of (succus taraxaci, B. P.). Dose 2-4 dr. 
(8-16 Co). 

Tardieu's Spots. Ecchymotic spots found 
beneath the pleura and the pericardium after 
death from strangling. They have also been 
observed in death from asphyxia due to 
other causes. 

Tarinus' Fascia. The fascia dentata tarini; 
the gyrus dentatus. See Fascia dentata. T.'s 
Foramen. See Fallopian Hiatus. T.'s 
Fossa, T.'s Pons, the posterior perforated 
space which forms part of the floor of the third 
ventricle. T.'s Space. See T.'s Fossa. T.'s 
Tenia, taenia semicircularis; a white band ly- 
ing below the vena corporis striati, and extend- 
ing from near the anterior extremity of the 
thalamus, along the inner border of the in- 
ferior cornu of the lateral ventricle, into the 
gray substance of the hippocampus major. 
T.'s Valve, the posterior medullary velum. 

Tarnier's Sign. Effacement of the angle 
between the upper and lower segments of the 
uterus; it is an indication of inevitable abortion. 

Tarsadenitis meibomica (tar-sad-en-i'-tis) 
[tarsus; ddrjv, a gland; trie, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the meibomian glands and 
tarsal cartilage. 

Tarsal (tar' -sal) [tarsus]. 1. Pertaining to 
the tarsus of the foot. 2. Pertaining to the 
tarsus of the eye. 

Tarsale (tar-sa'-le). Any bone of the tarsus, 
but especially one in the distal .row. 

Tarsalgia (tar-sal' -je-ah) [tarsus; aXyoc, a pain]. 
Pain, especially one of neuralgic character, 
in the tarsus. 

Tarsalia (tar-sa'-le-ah). The tarsal bones. 

Tarsectomy (tar-sek'-to-me) [tarsus; iKtoiirj, ex- 
cision]. Excision of tarsal bones. 

Tarsitis (tar-si' '-tis) [tarsus; ace, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the tarsus. 

Tarso- (tar-so-) [rapcoc, tarsus]. A prefix 
denoting pertaining to the tarsus. 

Tarsocheiloplasty (tar-so-ki' -lo-plas-te) [tarso-; 
yjfeloe, edge; nlaaaecv, to form]. Plastic 
surgery of the edge of the eyelid. 

Tarsomalacia (tar-so-mal-a'-she-ah) [tarso-; 



[iaXaKca, softening]. Softening of the tarsus 
of the eyelid. 

Tarsometatarsal (tar-so-met-ah-tar' -sat) [tarso-; 
metatarsus]. Relating to the tarsus and the 
metatarsus. 

Tarsoorbital (tar-so-or'-bit-at). Relating to 
the framework of the eyelids and the walls 
of the orbit. 

Tarsophalangeal (tar-so-fa-lan'-je-al) [tarso-; 
(^aXay^, phalanx]. Pertaining to the tarsus 
and the phalanges. 

Tarsophyma (tar-so- fi'-mah) [tarso-; ^>6{xa, a 
growth]. Any morbid growth or tumor of 
the tarsus. 

Tarsoplasty (tar'-so-plas-te) [tarso-; TrXaoaecv, 
to form]. Plastic surgery of the eyelid. 

Tarsorrhaphy (tar-sor' -a-Je) [tarso-; pacf>rj, su- 
ture]. The operation of sewing the eyelids 
together for a part or the whole of their 
extent. 

Tarsotomy (tar-sot'-o-me) [tarso-; to/xtj, a cut- 
ting]. 1. The operation of cutting into the 
tarsus. 2. Tarsectomy. 

Tarsus (tar'-sus) [xapobc, tarsus]. 1. The 
instep, consisting of the calcaneus, talus, 
cuboid, naviculare pedis, internal, middle, and 
external cuneiform bones. 2. The cartilage 
of the eyelid, called the tarsal cartilage, a 
dense connective tissue forming the support 
of the lid. 

Tartar (tar' -tar) [Low L., tartarum, from Ar., 
durd, dregs]. 1. A hard mineral deposited 
on the inside of wine-casks, and consisting 
mainly of acid potassium tartrate (cream of 
tartar). 2. A hard incrustation on the 
teeth, consisting of mineral and organic mat- 
ter. T., Cream of (potassii bitartras, U. S. 
P.). See Potassium Bitartrate. T. Emetic, 
antimony and potassium tartrate. See under 
Antimony. 

Tartarated (tar'-tar-a-ted) [tartar]. Containing 
tartar. T. Antimony, tartar emetic. 

Tartaric Acid. See Acid, Tartaric. 

Tartarized (tar'-tar-izd). See Tartarated. 

Tartarlithin (tar-tar-lith'-in). See Lithium 
Bitartrate. 

Tartarus (tar' -tar -us) [L.]. Tartar. 

Tartrate (tar'-trat). A salt of tartaric acid. 

Tartrated (tar'-tra-ted). Containing tartar; 
combined with tartaric acid. 

Tartrophen (tar'-tro-fen). A combination of 
phenetidin and tartaric acid. 

Tashkend Ulcer (tash-kend'). See Sartian 
Disease. 

Taste (tast). 1. The sensation produced by 
stimulation of special organs in the tongue 
(taste-organs) by soluble bodies. 2. The 
faculty by which these sensations are appre- 
ciated. T., After-, a secondary taste per- 
ceived after the immediate taste has ceased. 
T.-bud, an oval, flask-shaped body, em- 
bedded in the epithelium of the tongue, and 
serving the sense of taste. 

Tattooing (tah-too'-ing) [Tahitian]. The pro- 
duction of permanent colors in the skin 
by the introduction of foreign substances, 
such as carbon, india-ink, etc., a common 



TAURIN 



963 



TELEDIASTOLIC 



practice among sailors. T. of the Cornea, 

a method of hiding leukomatous spots. T., 
Electrolytic, the electrolytic treatment of 
angioma or nevus by means of a negative 
electrode carrying from 10 to 20 needles. 

Taurin (taw'-rin) [taurus, bull], C 2 H 7 NS0 3 . 
Amidoethylsulfonic acid, a crystalline de- 
composition-product of bile. See Lang. 

Taurocholic Acid (taw-ro-kvl'-ik). See Acid, 
Taurocholic. 

Tautomeric (taw-to-mer'-ik). 1. Exhibiting 
tautomerism; a qualification applied to 
compounds to which two different structural 
formulas may be rightly attributed. 2. Ap- 
plied to neurons of the cinerea of the spinal 
cord, the axons of which pass into the white 
matter of the cord on the same side in which 
they are located. 

Tautomerism {taw-tom' -er-izm) [rauzo, same; 
fj.ipoc, a share]. The attribution of two 
different formulas to one compound. 

Taxis (taks'-is) [z6£t£, from xaooecv, to arrange]. 
An arranging; a manipulation, especially 
manipulation for the reduction of hernia. 
T., Bipolar, the replacement of a retroverted 
uterus by upward pressure through the rectum 
and drawing the cervix down in the vagina. 

Tay's Choroiditis. Choroidal degeneration, 
characterized by irregular yellowish spots 
visible around the macula lutea, and thought 
to be due to an atheromatous condition of 
the arteries. Syn., Choroiditis guttata sen- 
ilis. 

T-bandage. See under Bandage. 

Te. Symbol for tellurium. 

Tea {te) [Chinese]. 1. The dried leaves of 
Thea chinensis, of the order Ternstromiaceoe, 
used for preparing a beverage, also called tea. 
2. Any vegetable infusion used as a beverage. 

Teale's Amputation. See Operation, Teale's. 

Tears. The secretion of the lacrimal gland. 

Tease (tez) . To tear a tissue into its component 
parts with needles. 

Teaspoon. A small spoon holding about 4 Cc. 
or 1 dr. 

Teat (tet). A nipple. 

Technic, Technique (tek'-nik, tek-nek') [re^vr), 
art]. The method of procedure in operations. 

Technocausis (tek-no-kaw' -sis) [rexvy, art > 
nauotc, a burning]. Mechanic cauterization, 
in counterdistinction to that produced by 
chemicals. 

Tecnology (tek-noV -o-je) [xkuvov, a child; 
Xoyoc, study]. The study or scientific knowl- 
edge of childhood, its hygiene, diseases, etc. 

Tectocephaly (tek-to-sef -al-e) [tectum, a cover; 
K£(f>aXrj, head]. The state of having a roof- 
shaped skull. 

Tectology (tek-tol'-o-je) [ztuxaiv, a builder; 
Xbfoc, science]. Structural morphology. 

Tectorial (tek-to' -re-al) [tectorium]. Serving 
as a roof or covering. T. Membrane. See 
Membrana tectoria. 

Tectorium (tek-to 1 '-re-um) [L.]. 1. A covering. 
2. See Membrana tectoria. 

Teel Oil. See Sesamum, Oil of. 

Teeth (teth). See Tooth. 



Teething [AS., toth, tooth]. The eruption of 
the first teeth in an infant; dentition. 

Teevan's Law. Fracture of a bone occurs in the 
line of extension, not in that of compression. 

Tegmen (teg'-men) [tegere, to cover]. A cover. 
T. mastoideum, the roof of the mastoid 
cells. T. tympani, the roof of the tympanic 
cavity. 

Tegmental (teg-men' -tal) [tegmen]. Pertaining 
to the tegmentum. T. Nucleus, the red 
nucleus. See Nucleus, Tegmental. 

Tegmentum (teg-men' -turn) [tegmen]. A cover- 
ing; specifically, the dorsal portion of the 
cms cerebri and pons varolii. T. auris, 
the membrana tympani. 

Tegmin (teg'-min). A white, aseptic substance 
used as is collodion, in sealing small wounds 
that do not require drainage; it is said to 
consist of an emulsion of wax, acacia, water, 
zinc oxid, and lanolin. 

Tegumen (teg'-u-men). See Tegmen. 

Tegument (teg'-u-ment) [tegmen]. The in- 
tegument. 

Tegumentary (teg-u-ment'-a-re) [tegmen]. Re- 
lating to the skii\ or tegument. 

Teichmann's Crystals. Hemin crystals. T.'s 
Test for Hemin, to the dry residue placed 
on a slide a small crystal of sodium chlorid 
is added and a cover-glass laid over it. A 
few drops of glacial acetic acid are allowed 
to flow in under the cover-glass, and the whole 
is heated gently so as not to boil the liquid. 
On cooling, rhombic crystals of hemin (Teich- 
mann's crystals) will be found. If no crystals 
appear after the first warming, warm again, 
and, if necessary, add more acetic acid. 

Teichopsia (ti-kop'-se-ah) [x£~cjog, wall; o<ptc, 
vision]. A temporary amblyopia, with sub- 
jective visual images like fortification-angles; 
it is probably due to vasomotor disturbances 
of the visual center. 

Teinodynia (ti-no-din'-e-ah). See Tenodynia. 

Teinophlogosis (te-in-o-flo-go'-sis or ttn-o-flo- 
go'-sis) [xecvetv, to stretch; <j>\6?ioocg, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the tendons. 

Tela (te'-lah) [L.]. A web or tissue. T. cho- 
roidea, the membranous roof of the third 
and fourth ventricles of the brain. T. vas- 
culosa, the choroid plexus. 

Telangiectasis (tel-an-je-ek'-ta-sis) [xihoc, end; 
dyrelov, a vessel; 'inxaoic, a stretching]. 
Dilation of groups of capillaries or smaller 
blood-vessels. 

Telangiectatic (tel-an-je-ek-tat'-ik). Pertain- 
ing to or characterized by telangiectasis. 

Telangiectoma (tel-an-je-ek-to'-mah) [see Telan- 
gioma]. Birthmark; simple nevus. 

Telangioma (tel-an-je-o'-mah) • [xkXoc, end; 
dfjfelov, a vessel; b/jta, tumor]. A tumor 
composed of dilated capillaries. 

Telangiosis (tel-an-je-o'-sis) [zkXoc, end; dfyelov, 
a vessel]. Disease of the capillaries or minute 
blood-vessels. 

Teledendrite (tel-e-den' -drit) . See Telodendron. 

Telediastolic (tel-e-di-as-tol'-ik) [xkXoc, end; 
diastole]. Relating to the last phase of a 
diastole. 



TELEGONY 



964 



TENDINOUS 



Telegony {tel-eg'-on-e) [rkXog, end; yovq, semen]. 
The influence of the paternal seed upon the 
offspring of a woman or animal by a later 
husband or male. 

Telegrapher's Cramp. See Occupation-neu- 
rosis. 

Telelectrotherapeutics {tel-e-lek-tro-ther-ap-u'- 
tiks) \yfjXe, afar; electrotherapeutics']. The 
treatment of hysteric paralysis by a series of 
electric discharges near the patient without 
actual contact. 

Teleneurite {tel-e-nu' -rit) [reXoc, end; veipov, 
nerve]. One of the terminal filaments of 
the main stem of an axis-cylinder process. 

Teleneuron {tel-e-nu' -r on) [see Teleneurite]. 
The neuron forming the terminus of an 
impulse in a physiologic act involving the 
nervous system. 

Teleorganic {tel-e-or-gan'-ik) [rihoc, complete; 
organic]. Necessary to organic life. 

Teleotherapeutics {tel-e-o-ther-ap-u'-tiks) [zfjXe, 
afar; therapeutics]. Suggestive therapeutics. 

Telepathy (te-lep' '-ath-e) [rrjXe, afar; izaQog, 
disease]. The action, real or supposed, 
of one mind upon another when the two 
persons are separated by a considerable 
distance ; thought-transference. 

Telephic {tel-ef -ik) . Malignant; incurable; 
relating to a telephium. 

Telephium {tel-ef -e-um) [Telephus, son of 
Hercules, whose wound received from Achil- 
les did not heal]. An old inveterate ulcer. 

Tellicherry Bark. The bark of Wrightia 
zeylanica; it is used in dysentery. 

Telluric {tel-lu'-rik) [tellus, earth]. Derived 
from the earth. 

Tellurism {teV -u-rizm) [see Telluric]. Tel- 
luric miasm; influence of the soil as a cause 
of disease. 

Tellurium {tel-u' -re-um) [see Telluric]. A non- 
metallic element of bluish-white color, having 
a specific gravity of 6.23, a quantivalence of two 
or six, an atomic weight of 126.6. Symbol Te. 

Telodendron {tel-o-den' -dron) [reXoc, end; div- 
opov, tree]. One of the minute bulbous expan- 
sions terminating the arborization of an axon. 

Telekinesis {tel-o-kin-e' -sis) . See Telophase. 

Telolecithal {tel-o-les' -ith-al) [ykXog, end; Xent- 
60c, yolk]. Of an ovum, having a relatively 
large mass of food-yolk placed eccentrically. 

Telolemma {tel-o-lem'-ah) [ziXoc, end; Xiaua, 
husk]. The membrane covering the eminence 
of Doyere, or the point of entrance of a motor 
nerve into a muscular fiber. 

Telophase {tel'-o-faz) [xeXoc, end; ^aacc, an 
appearance]. The final phase of any process, 
as that of karyokinesis. 

Temperament (tern 1 ' -per-am-ent) [L., temper- 
amentum]. A term applied to mental dis- 
position and physical constitution of an 
individual, as the bilious, lymphatic, nervous, 
and sanguine temperaments. 

Temperature item' -per-a-tur) [L., temperaturd]. 
The degree of intensity of heat of a body, 
especially as measured by a scale termed a 
thermometer. T., Absolute, that reckoned 
from the absolute zero of temperature, esti- 



mated at — 2 73 C. T., Normal, the tem- 
perature of the body in a state of health, i. e., 
98. 6° F. T. -sense, the sense by which 
differences in temperature are appreciated, 
consisting of a sense for cold {cryesthesia) 
and a heat-sense {thermoesthesia) . These are 
represented on the surface by different nerve- 
endings, the socalled cold and hot points. 

Temple (tem'-pl) [tempus, time]. The portion 
of the head behind the eye and above the ear. 

Temporal item' -po-raT) [temple]. Pertaining to 
the temple, as the temporal bone, the tem- 
poral artery. 

Temporalis {tem-po-ra' -lis) [temporal]. The 
temporal muscle. 

Temporization {tem-po-riz-a'-shun) [tempus, 
time]. The expectant treatment of disease. 

Tempore- {tem-po-ro-) [temple]. A prefix de- 
noting pertaining to the temple. 

Temporoauricular {tem-po-ro-aw-rik' -u-lar) 
[temporo-; auricular]. Pertaining to the tem- 
poral and auricular regions of the head. 

Temporofacial {tem-po-ro- fa'-shal) [temporo-; 
fades, face]. Pertaining to the temple and 
the face. 

Temporomalar {tem-po-ro-ma'-lar) [temporo-; 
mala, cheek]. Pertaining to the temporal 
and malar bones. 

Temporomastoid {tem-po-ro-mas'-toid) [tem- 
poro-; mastoid]. Pertaining to the temporal 
and mastoid regions of the skull. 

Temporomaxillary {tem-po-ro-maks' -il-a-re) 
[temporo-; maxilla]. Pertaining to the tem- 
poral region and the upper jaw. 

Temporooccipital {tern - por -o-ok- sip' -it-aT) 
[temporo-; occiput]. Pertaining to the temple 
and the occiput. 

Temporoparietal {tem-po-ro-par-i' -et-aV) [tem- 
poro-; paries, wall]. 1. Pertaining to the 
temporal and parietal bones. 2. Pertaining to 
the temporal and parietal lobes of the brain. 

Temporosphenoid {tem-po-ro-sfe' -noid) [tem- 
poro-; sphenoid]. Pertaining to, or in re- 
lation with, the temporal and sphenoid bones. 

Temporozygomatic {tem-po-r o-zi- go-mat' -ik) . 
Relating to a temple and a zygoma. 

Temulence {tem'-u-lens) [temulentia, inebriety]. 
Inebriety; drunkenness. 

Temulin {tem'-u-lin). The narcotic principle 
of Lolium temulentum. 

Tenacious {te-na'-shus) [tenax, tough]. Tough; 
cohesive. 

Tenacity {te-nas'-it-e) [tenacitas]. Toughness. 

Tenaculum {ten-ak' -u-lum) [tenere, to hold]. 
A hook -shaped instrument for seizing and 
holding parts. 

Tenalgia {ten-al'-je-ah). See Tenodynia. 

Tenax {te'-naks) [L.]. Oakum especially pre- 
pared for surgeons' use. 

Tendinitis {ten-din-i' -tis) . See Tenontitis. 

Tendinoplasty {ten' -din-o-plas-te) [tendo, a ten- 
don; Ttlaoouv, to form]. Plastic surgery of 
tendons. 

Tendinosuture {ten-din-o-su'-tur). See Ten- 
orrhaphy. 

Tendinous {ten' -din-us) [tendon]. Pertaining 
to or having the nature of tendon. 



TENDO 



965 



TENT 



Tendo (ten'-do) [L.]. A tendon. T. achillis, 

the common tendon of the gastrocnemius and 
soleus muscles inserted into the heel. T. cal- 
caneus. See T. achillis. T. oculi, T. pal- 
pebral. See Ligament, Palpebral Internal. 

Tendomucoid {ten - do - mu' - koid) . A mucin 
found in tendons. 

Tendon [tendere, to stretch]. A band of dense 
fibrous tissue forming the termination of a 
muscle and attaching the latter to a bone. 
T., Central, the aponeurosis in the center of 
the diaphragm. T. -reflex, a reflex produced 
by stimulating the tendon of a muscle. T., 
Reindeer, tendon from the neck of the rein- 
deer; used as ligatures. T. -spindles. See 
Corpuscles, Golgi's. 

Tendosynovitis (ten-do-si-no-vi'-tis) . See Teno- 
synovitis. 

Tendo vaginal {ten - do - vaj' - in - al) [tendon; 
vagina, a sheath]. Relating to a tendon and 
its sheath. 

Tenectomy (ten-ek' -to-me) . See Tenonectomy. 

Tenesmus (ten-ez'-mus) [xt'cvtcv, to strain]. A 
straining, especially the painful straining 
to empty the bowels or bladder without the 
evacuation of feces or urine. 

Tenia (te'-ne-ah) [tcenia, tape-worm]. A tape- 
worm. See Tape-worm. T. -toxin, the toxin 
produced by tape-worms and to which the 
pathologic changes wrought in the intestine 
are partly due. 

Teniacide (te'-ne-as-ld) [tenia; ccedere, to kill], 
i. Destructive of tape-worms. 2. An agent 
that destroys tape-worms. 

Teniafuge (te' -ne-af-uj) [tenia; Jugare, to drive]. 
1. Expelling tape-worms. 2. An agent that 
expels tape-worms. 

Tennesson's Acne. A disseminate variety of 
acne cornea. 

Tennis-arm, Tennis-elbow. A strain of the 
elbow, said to be frequent in tennis-players. 

Tennysin (ten'-is-in). An alkaloid occurring 
in brain tissue. 

Teno- (ten-o-) [rivcov, tendon]. A prefix mean- 
ing pertaining to a tendon. 

Tenodynia (ten-o-din'-e-ah) [teno-; bduvq, pain]. 
Pain in a tendon. 

Tenomyotomy (ten-o-mi-oV -o-me) [teno-; my- 
otomy]. Abadie's operation to enfeeble one 
of the recti muscles, consisting of incising 
the lateral parts of its tendon near its sclerotic 
insertion and removing a small portion of the 
muscle on each side. 

Tenon's Capsule. A fibroelastic membrane 
surrounding the eyeball. It is covered by 
a continuous layer of endothelial plates, 
and corresponds to a synovial sac. T.'s 
■ Fascia. See Tenon's Capsule. T.'s Space, 
the lymph-space existing between the sclerotic 
and Tenon's capsule. 

Tenonectomy (ten-on-ek' -to-me) [teno-; eKtopLv^ 
excision]. Excision of a portion of a tendon. 
' Tenonitis (ten-on-i'-tis). Inflammation of Ten- 
on's capsule. 

Tenonometer (ten-on-om' -et-er) [teno-; jikrpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for measuring 
the tension of the eyeball. 



Tenontagra (ten-on-ta' '-grah) [teno-; dypa, seiz- 
ure]. Gout in the tendons. 

Tenontitis (ten-on-ti' -tis) [teno-; ncc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a tendon. 

Tenontography (ten-on-tog 1 '-ra-fe) [teno-; 
ypd<f)£(v, to write]. The descriptive anatomy 
of the tendons. 

Tenontolemmitis (ten-on-to-lem-i'-tis). See 
Tenosynovitis. 

Tenontology (ten-on-tol'-o-je). See Tenontog- 
raphy. 

Tenontothecitis (ten-on-to-the-si'-tis). See 
Tenosynovitis. T. prolifera calcarea, ne- 
crobiosis of the tendons in their sheaths 
accompanied by calcareous deposit. 

Tenophony {ten-o]' -on-e) [teno-; cfrcovrj, sound]. 
A sound elicited by auscultation supposed 
to be produced by the chordae tendinae. 

Tenophyte (ten' '-o-fit) [teno-; <t>jxbv, a growth]. 
A bony or cartilaginous growth on a tendon. 

Tenoplasty (ten' -o-plast-e) [teno-; nXaooecv, 
to form]. Plastic surgery of a tendon. 

Tenorrhaphy (ten-or' -a-fe) [teno-; pacf>r), suture]. 
The uniting of a divided tendon by sutures. 

Tenositis (ten-o-si'-tis). See Tenontitis. 

Tenostosis (ten-o s-to' -sis) [teno-; dozeov, a bone]. 
Ossification of a tendon. 

Tenosuture (ten-o-su' -tur) . Same as Ten- 
orrhaphy. 

Tenosynovitis (ten-o-sin-o-vi'-tis) [teno-; syn- 
ovia; cxtc, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
a tendon and its sheath. 

Tenotome (ten'-o-tom) [teno-; ri/ivecv, to cut]. 
A knife for performing tenotomy. 

Tenotomy (ten-ot'-o-me) [see Tenotome]. The 
operation of cutting a tendon. 

Tension (ten' -shun) [tendere, to stretch]. 1. The 
act of stretching; the state of being stretched. 
2. In electricity, the power of overcoming 
resistance. T. of Gases, the tendency of a 
gas to expand on account of the mutual re- 
pulsion of its molecules. T., Intraocular, 
the pressure of the ocular contents upon the 
sclerotic coat. It may be estimated by means 
of an instrument called a tonometer, or by 
palpation with the fingers, and is recorded by 
symbols as follows : Tn = normal tension ; T 
+ 1, T + 2,T+ 3, indicate various degrees 
of increased tension, and T — 1, T — 2, T 
— 3, corresponding degrees of decreased 
tension. 

Tensity (ten'-sit-e) [see Tension]. Tenseness, 
the condition of being stretched. 

Tensive (ten'-siv). Giving the sensation of 
stretching or contraction. 

Tensor (ten'-sor) [see Tension]. A stretcher; 
a muscle that serves to make a part tense. See 
under Muscle. 

Tensure (ten'-shur). Tension, a stretching or 
straining. 

Tent [L., tenia]. A plug of soft material, as lint, 
gauze, or other material that increases in 
volume by the absorption of water; it is used 
chiefly for dilating an orifice and for keeping 
a wound open. T., Laminaria, a tent made 
of sea-tangle. T., Sponge, a tent made of 
compressed sponge, used for dilating the os 



TENTATIVE 



966 



TERPINOL 



uteri. T., Tupelo, one made of the wood 
of the root of the water-tupelo. 

Tentative (ten' -ta-tiv) [tentare, to try; to prove]. 
Empiric; experimental. 

Tenth Cranial Nerve. The pneumogastric 
or vagus nerve. 

Tentorium, T. cerebelli (ten-to' -re-urn) [L., "a 
tent"]. The partition between the cerebrum 
and the cerebellum formed by an extension of 
the dura mater. 

Tenuate (ten'-u-dt) [tenuis, thin]. To make thin. 

Tenuity (ten-u'-it-e). Thinness; the condition 
of being thin. 

Tenuous (ten'-u-us). Thin; minute. 

Tephromyelitis (tef-ro-mi-el-i'-tis). See Polio- 
myelitis. 

Tephrosis (tef-ro' -sis) [recfrpoc, ashen]. Incin- 
eration. 

Tepid (tep'-id) [tepidus, warm]. About blood- 
heat. 

Tepidarium (tep - id - a' - re - urn) [tepid]. A 
warm bath. 

Tepopote (te-po'-po-te). The twigs of Ephedra 
antisyphilitica; used in venereal diseases. 

Teramorphous (ter-ah-mor' -fus) [teras; popcf)T), 
form]. Of the nature of a monstrosity. 

Teras (te'-ras) [zipac, a monster; pi., terata]. A 
monster. 

Teratic (ter-at'-ik) [teras]. Monstrous. 

Teratism (ter'-at-izm) [teras]. An anomaly of 
conformation, congenital or acquired. 

Teratogeny (ter-at-oj'-en-e) [teras; yevvav, to 
beget]. The formation or bringing forth of 
monsters. 

Teratoid (ter'-at-oid) [teras; eldoc, like]. Re- 
sembling a monster. T. Tumor, a complex 
tumor due to the growth of tissue embryo- 
logically misplaced. 

Teratology (ter-at-ol'-o-je) [teras; Xoyoc, science]. 
The science of malformations and monstrosi- 
ties. 

Teratoma (ter-at-o'-mah) [teras; opa, tumor]. 
A tumor containing teeth, hair, and other 
material not found in the part wherein it 
grows, and resulting from an embryonic 
misplacement of tissue or from the inclosure 
of parts of a rudimentary fetus. 

Teratosis (ter-at-o' -sis) [teras]. A congenital 
deformity. 

Terchlorid (ter-klo'-rid) [ter, three; xkoopbc, 
green]. Synonym of Trichlorid. 

Terebene (ter'-eb-en) [repiftivdoc, terebinth- 
tree]. Terebenum (U. S. P.), C 10 H lfi . A 
hydrocarbon obtained by the oxidation of 
oil of turpentine by means of sulfuric acid. 
It is soluble in alcohol, and is used in bron- 
chitis, dyspepsia, and diseases of the genito- 
urinary tract. Dose 5-10 min. (0.32-0.65 Cc). 
T. Glycerol, a mixture of terebene, 4 parts; 
glycerol, 7 parts; and water, 1 part, shaken 
together and exposed until the separated 
glycerol remains turbid when allowed to 
stand. It is used as an application to purulent 
wounds. 

Terebinth (ter'-e-binth) [see Terebene]. 1. The 
turpentine-tree, Pistacia terebinthus, which 
yields Chian turpentine. 2. Turpentine. 



Terebinthina (ter-eb-in'-thin-ah). See Tur- 
pentine. 

Terebinthinate (ter-eb-in' -thin-dt) [see Tere- 
bene], 1. Containing turpentine. 2. A mem- 
ber or derivative of the turpentine group. 

Terebinthinism (ter-e-bin' -thin-izm). Poison- 
ing with oil of turpentine. 

Terebrant, Terebrating (ter'-e-brant, ter'-e-bra- 
ting) [terebrare, to bore]. Piercing, boring, 
said of pain. 

Terebration (ter-eb-ra' -shun) [see Terebrant]. 
The operation of boring. 

Teremorrhu (ter-e-mor'-u) [terebene; morrhua, 
the cod]. A proprietary preparation of pure 
terebene and cod-liver oil. 

Teres (te'-rez) [ter ere, to rub]. 1. Round, as. 
the ligamentum teres. 2. A muscle having 
a cylindric shape, as teres major, teres minor. 
See under Muscle. 

Terete (ter-ef) [teres]. Cylindric. T. Emin- 
ence, a slight thickening of the funiculus teres 
on the floor of the fourth ventricle. T. 
Funicle. See Funiculus teres. 

Ter in die [L.]. Three times daily. 

Term [zip pa, a limit]. A limit; the time during 
which anything lasts. 

Terma (ter'-mah) [see Term]. The layer of 
gray matter between the corpus callosum and 
the optic commissure. 

Terminad (ter'-min-ad) [see Term]. Situated 
in or toward the terminus. 

Terminal (ter'-min-al) [see Term]. Pertain- 
ing to the end; placed at or forming the 
end. 

Ternary (ter'-na-re) [ter, three times]. Of 
chemic compounds, made up of three elements 
or radicles. 

Ternitrate (ter'-ni-trdt). See Trinitrate. 

Teroxid (ter-oks'-id) [ter, three; oxid]. A tri- 
oxid. 

Terpene (ter' -pen) [a modified form of terebene]. 
One of a number of hydrocarbons having 
the formula Ci H 16 , and contained in many 
volatile oils. T. Hydro chlorate, artificial 
camphor, C 10 H 16 .HC1; obtained from dry 
pinene by the action of dry chlorin in the 
cold. It is used as an internal antiseptic in 
tuberculosis a*nd to check the flow of saliva; 
externally, it is used with phenol in skin dis- 
eases. 

Terpenism (ter'-pen-izm). Poisoning by ter- 
pene from internal use or inhalation; marked 
by abdominal pain, vomiting, inflammation 
of bladder and kidneys, bronchitis, paroxysms 
of asphyxia, and collapse. The urine has 
the odor of violets. 

Terpin (ter' -pin), C 10 H 16 (H 2 O) 2 H 2 O.. A dia- 
tomic alcohol obtained from turpentine; used 
in bronchial and pulmonary diseases to facil- 
itate expectoration. T. Hydrate (terpini 
hydras, U. S. P.), C 10 H 20 O 2 +H 2 O, a colorless, 
crystalline substance used as an expectorant 
and diuretic. Dose as expectorant 3-6 gr. 
(0.2-0.4 Gm.); diuretic, 10-15 g r - (0.65-1.0 
Gm.) several times daily. 

Terpinol (ter'-pin-ol) [terpin; oleum, oil], Ci - 
H ls O. A substance formed by boiling terpin 



TERRA 



967 



TESTICLE 



and terpin hydrate with aqueous mineral 
acids; used as is terpin. 

Terra (ter'-ah) [L.]. Earth. T. alba, white 
clay. T. japonica, catechu. T. ponderosa, 
baryta or barium sulfate. 

Terrain-cure (ter-an(g)-kur) [Ft.]. A method 
of treatment consisting in mountain-climbing, 
dietetics, etc., for plethora, corpulence, neu- 
rasthenia, chlorosis, incipient pulmonary tu- 
berculosis, etc. 

Terralin iter' -al-in) . An ointment-vehicle con- 
sisting of calcined magnesia, kaolin, silica, 
glycerol, and an antiseptic. It can be readily 
removed from the skin by water. 

Terrol {ter'-ol). A residue from petroleum; 
it is used as a substitute for cod-liver oil. 

Terroline iter'-ol-en). A variety of petroleum- 
jelly. 

Tersulfate {ter-suV-fat) [ter, thrice; sulfate]. 
A salt in which the base is united with three 
sulfuric acid radicles. 

Tersulfid {ter-suV -fid) . See Trisidfid. 

Tertian (ter' -she-an) [tertius, third]. Recur- 
ring every other day, as tertian fever, a form 
of intermittent fever. 

Tertiary {ter'-she-a-re) [tertian]. Third in order. 
T. Syphilis. See under Syphilis. 

Tertipara (ter-tip' -a-rah) [ter, three times; pa- 
rere, to bear]. A woman who has been in 
labor three times. 

Tescalama {tes-kal-am'-ah). The milky juice 
of Ficus nymphceifolia, a tree of Mexico and 
South America. It is used in plasters- 

Tesla Currents {tes'-lah) [Nikola Tesla, elec- 
trician]. Rapidly alternating electric currents 
of high tension; they were applied therapeuti- 
cally by d' Arson val. 

Teslaization {tes-la-iz-a' -shun) . The thera- 
peutic application of Tesla currents. Syn., 
A rsonvalization. 

Tessellated ites' -el-a-ted) [tessellatus, from tes- 
sella, a small square stone]. Formed into little 
squares; checkered. T. Epithelium, flat- 
tened epithelial cells joined at their edges. 

Test [testum, a crucible], i. A trial. In chem- 
istry, a characteristic reaction which distin- 
guishes one body from others. 2. The re- 
agent for producing a special reaction. T., 
Bremer's Color-. See Bremer's Method 
under Stain. T., Kowarski's, for sugar in 
the urine. Shake in a test-tube 5 drops of 
phenylhydrazin with 10 drops of strong acetic 
acid, add 1 Cc. of saturated sodium chlorid 
solution and 2 Cc. or 3 Cc. of urine, and heat 
for 2 minutes; then cool slowly. If the 
amount of sugar present is as high as 0.2 %, 
characteristic crystals will form in a few min- 
utes; if less, the formation of crystals will re- 
quire a longer time — 5 to 30 minutes. T., 
Lebbin's, for Formaldehyd in Milk. Boil 
a few Cc. of the suspected milk with 0.05 Gm. 
resorcinol, to which half, or an equal volume 
of a 5 % solution of sodium hydroxid is added. 
In the presence of formaldehyd the yellow 
solution changes to a fine red color, which 
becomes more apparent on standing. T., 
Lipliawsky, for diacetic acid in the urine. 



Two solutions are needed: (a) a 1 % solution 
of paramidoacetophenon with addition of 
2 Cc. of concentrated HC1 shaken thoroughly; 
(b) a 1 % aqueous solution of potassium nitrite; 
6 Cc. of the first is mixed with 3 Cc. of the 
second, an equal volume of urine added, and a 
drop of ammonia. To 10 drops to 2 Cc. of 
this mixture add 15 to 20 Cc. of concentrated 
HC1, 3 Cc. of chloroform, and 2 to 4 drops 
of iron chlorid solution. If the test-tube is 
corked and gently but repeatedly inverted, in 
the presence of diacetic acid the chloroform 
will show a characteristic violet color — the 
deepness of the color depending upon 
the amount present. T.-meal, one given 
for the purpose of studying the secretory 
power of the stomach. Those in most com- 
mon use are Germain See's: 60 to 80 Gm. 
of chopped beef, free from fat and fibrous 
tissue; 100 to 150 Gm. of white bread; 
a glass of water. The contents of the 
stomach are removed in two hours. Ja- 
worski's: 1 or 2 hard-boiled eggs and 100 Cc. 
of distilled water at room-temperature; after 
45 minutes of quiet 100 Cc. of distilled water; 
5 minutes later the contents of the stomach are 
aspirated. Riegel's: sl plate of soup; 150 to 
200 Gm. of beefsteak; 50 Gm. of potato-puree; 
a small roll; or, 300 Cc. of clear broth; 150 Gm. 
of beefsteak (fillet); 50 Gm. of mashed po- 
tatoes; 35 Gm. of white bread. T., Noth- 
nagel's. See NothnageVs Test. T. -paper, 
paper impregnated with a chemic reagent, 
and used for detecting the presence of certain 
substances or conditions which cause a change 
in the color of the paper. T., Reach's, for test- 
ing the secretory functions of the stomach with- 
out use of the stomach-tube. It consists in 
administration of capsules of barium iodid and 
bismuth subiodid from which iodin is set 
free only through the action of HC1; then test 
the sputum for iodin. If the reaction occurs 
in 80 minutes, the individual is normal; 
earlier action indicates hyperacidity; late, 
occurrence, hypoacidity. T. Solution. See 
Standard Solution. T.-tube, a cylinder 
of thin glass closed at one end, used in various 
chemic procedures. T. -types, letters or fig- 
ures of different sizes to test acuteness of 
vision. Those most commonly employed are 
Snellen's test-types, a series of letters which 
at proper distances subtend an angle of five 
minutes. 

Testa {tes'-tah) [L.]. A shell. T. ovi, egg-shell. 
T. praeparata, crushed and powdered oyster- 
shell. 

Testaden {tes' -tad-en). A preparation from 
the testes of the bull. Used in affections of 
the spinal cord and in nervous troubles. 
Dose 92-123 gr. (6-8 Gm.) daily. 

Testibrachium {tes-te-bra'-ke-um) [testis; bra- 
chium, arm]. The process connecting the 
cerebellum with the testis of the brain; the 
superior peduncle of the cerebellum. 

Testicle {tes'-tik-T) [testiculus, dim. of testis]. 
See Testis (1). T., Irritable, neuralgia of 
the testicle. T., Undescended, the condition . 



TESTICULAR 



968 



TETRAMETHYL-PUTRESCIN 



in which a testicle remains either in the pelvis 
or in the inguinal canal. 

Testicular (tes-tik' -u-lar) [testicle]. Pertaining 
to the testicle. T. Juice, a juice extracted 
from the testicles of animals, and used in the 
treatment of various nervous conditions. 

Testidin (tes'-tid-in). An alcoholic extract 
prepared from the testes of the bull. 

Testin {tes' -tin). A sterilized extract of the 
testes of the ram; used in nervous debility, 
impairment, etc. 

Testis {test' -is) [L.; pi., testes'], i. One of the 
two glandular bodies in the scrotum that se- 
crete the semen. 2. One of the posterior 
pair of tubercles of the corpora quadrigemina. 
T., Descent of, the passage of the testes 
through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. 
T. muliebris, the ovary. 

Testitis {tes-ti'-tis). See Orchitis. 

Tetanic {tet-an'-ik) [tetanus]. 1. Pertaining to 
or resembling tetanus. 2. Producing tetanus. 

Tetaniform (tet-an' -e-form) [tetanus; forma, 
form]. Resembling tetanus. 

Tetanilla {tet-an-iV '-ah) [tetanus]. Tetany. 

Tetanin {tet'-an-in) [tetanus], C^H^N^. A 
ptomain obtained from cultures of the bacillus 
of tetanus in beef -broth and from the tissues of 
patients suffering from tetanus. It produces 
symptoms of tetanus in the lower animals. 

Tetanization {tet-an-i-za' -shun) [tetanus]. The 
production of tetanus or of tetanic spasms. 

Tetano- {tet-an-o-) [tetanus]. A prefix meaning 
relating to tetanus. 

Tetanoid (tef-an-oid) [tetano-; elSoc, resem- 
blance]. Resembling tetanus. 

Tetanolysin {tet-an-oV -is-in) [tetano-; Xuecv, to 
loose]. The hemolytic toxin of tetanus. 

Tetanomotor {tet-an-o-mo' -tor) [tetano-; mo- 
tor, a mover]. An instrument for stimulating 
a nerve mechanically and producing tetanus 
of the supplied muscle. 

Tetanospasmin {tet-an-o-spaz'-min). A toxin 
produced by the tetanus bacillus to which 
tetanic convulsions are due. 

Tetanotoxin (tet-an-o-toks'-in) [tetano-; xo^ckov, 
poison], C 5 H n N. A poisonous ptomain ob- 
tained from cultures- of the bacillus of tetanus. 
It produces tremor, then paralysis and violent 
convulsions. 

Tetanus {tet'-an-us) [tkzavoc, from refoecv, to 
stretch]. 1. An infectious disease character- 
ized by tonic spasm of the voluntary muscles, 
an intense exaggeration of reflex activity, and 
peculiar convulsions. It is due to the ba- 
cillus of tetanus and has a period of incubation 
of from ten to twelve or more days. The 
first symptom is usually trismus or lockjaw, 
which is soon followed by spasms of the other 
muscles. The poison may enter through a 
wound {traumatic tetanus); at times no point 
of entrance is discoverable (idiopathic tetanus). 
2. A tense, contracted state of a muscle, 
especially when caused experimentally. T., 
Cephalic, a form which has been observed 
to follow a wound of the head, especially 
one near the eyebrow. Trismus and facial 
paralysis occur on the side of the injury, there 



is dysphagia, and death frequently results. 
T., Hydrophobic, tetanus characterized by 
violent spasm of the muscles of the throat. 
T., Idiopathic. See under Tetanus. T. 
neonatorum, that due to infection of the 
umbilicus or the circumcision - wound. T., 
Puerperal, that following labor. T., Trau- 
matic. See under Tetanus. 

Tetany {tet'-an-e) [tetanus]. A disease charac- 
terized by intermittent, bilateral, painful, tonic 
spasms of the muscles, especially of the upper 
extremities. It is most common in young 
adults, but may occur in others. The cause 
appears to be a toxic agent. It occurs in 
connection with typhoid fever, gastrointestinal 
inflammation, in rickets, dilation of the stom- 
ach, and after extirpation of the thyroid 
gland. 

Tetmil (tef -mil). Ten millimeters. 

Tetra- (tet-rah-) [rerpa, four]. A prefix mean- 
ing four. 

Tetraallyammonium-alum (tet-rah-al-e-am-o- 
ne-um-al'-um), N(C 3 H 5 ) 4 .A1 5 (S0 4 ) 3 + i2H 2 0. 
A uric -acid solvent. 

Tetrabasic (tet-rah-ba'-sik) [tetra-; fiaaic, base]. 
Having four atoms of replaceable hydrogen. 

Tetrabrachius (tet - rah - bra' -he- us) [tetra-; 
ftpaxccuv, arm]. A monster having four arms. 

Tetracetate (tet-ras'-et-at). A combination of 
a base with four molecules of acetic acid. 

Tetracheirus (tet-rah-ki'-rus) [tetra-; %^p, 
hand]. A monster with four hands. 

Tetrachlorid (tet-rah-klo'-rid) [tetra-; chlorid]. 
A binary compound consisting of an element 
or radicle and four chlorin-atoms. 

Tetracid (tet-ras'-id) [tetra-; acid]. Having 
four atoms of hydrogen that are replaceable 
by acid radicles. 

Tetracoccus (tet-rah-kok'-us) [tetra-; kokkoc, 
berry]. A micrococcus occurring in groups 
of four. 

Tetrad (tet'-rad) [rhpa, four]. An element 
having an atomicity of four. 

Tetraethylene Iodid (tet-rah-eth' -il-en) . See 
Diiodoform. 

Tetragon, Tetragonum (tef -rag-on, tet-rah- 
go'-num). A four-sided figure. Tetra- 
gonum lumbale, an irregular, rhomboid 
space in the lumbar region beneath the apo- 
neurosis of the latissimus dorsi, bounded 
externally by the dorsal margin of origin of 
the obliquus externus muscle, internally by the 
margin of the sacrospinalis, above by the 
serratus posticus inferior, and below by the 
upper margin of the obliquus internus. , 

Tetraiodoethylene (tet-rah-i-o-do-eth' -il-en) . 
See Diiodoform. 

Tetraiodophenolphthalein (tet-rah-i-o-do-fe- 
nol-thal' -e-in) . Nosophen. 

Tetraiodopyrrol (tet-trah-i-o-do-pir'-ol). See 
Iodol. 

Tetramazia (tet-rah-ma'-ze-ah) [tetra-; pa^bc, 
breast]. The presence . of four breasts or 
mammary glands. 

Tetramethylenediamin (tet-rah-meth-il-en-di- 
am'-in), C 4 H 8 (NH 2 ) 2 . Putrescin. 

Tetramethyl-putrescin (tet-rah-meth-il-pu- 



TETRANITRIN 



969 



THAUMATROPE 



tres'-in), CTI^Ng. A crystalline base derived 
from putrescin, having very poisonous proper- 
ties. 

Tetranitrin, Tetranitrol (tet-rah-ni'-trin, tet- 
rah-ni'-trol). See Erythrol Tetranitrate. 

Tetranopsia (tet-ran-op' -se-ah) [tetra-; cupcc, 
vision]. A contraction of the field of vision 
limited to one quadrant. 

Tetrapus (tef '-rah-pus) [tetra-; r.ouc, foot], 
i. Having four feet. 2. A monster having 
four feet. 

Tetrascelus (tet-ras 1 -el-us) [tetra-; oksXoc, leg]. 
A monster having four legs. 

Tetraster {tet-ras' -ter) [tetra-; aaxr t p, a star]. A 
karyokinetic figure characterized by an ar- 
rangement of four stars, due to a fourfold 
division of the nucleus. 

Tetratomic (tet-rat-om'-ik) [tetra-; atom]. 1. 
Containing four atoms. 2. Having four 
atoms of replaceable hydrogen. 

Tetravalent (tet-rav' -al-enl) . See Quadriv- 
alent. 

Tetronal (tef -ron-aV) [zhpa, four], CgH^Cv 
Diethylsulfondethylmethane, a hypnotic re- 
sembling sulfonal. Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65- 

1.13 Gm -)- 

Tetroxid (tet-roks'-id) [tetra-; oxid]. A binary 
compound composed of a base and four atoms 
of oxygen. 

Tetryl (tet'-riV). See Butyl. 

Tetter (tet'-er) [AS., teter]. A name for various 
skin eruptions, particularly herpes, eczema, 
and psoriasis. 

Teucrin (tu'-kriri), 1. C 21 H 24 O n or C^H^On. 
A crystalline glucosid from Teixrium fruti- 
cans. 2. A purified, sterilized aqueous extract 
of Teucrium scordium; a pungent brown 
liquid used in the treatment of tuberculous 
abscesses to arrest development. Hypoder- 
matic dose 50 min. (3 Cc); locally 10 gr. 
(0.65 Gm.) with lanolin once daily. 

Teucrium (tu'-kre-um) [zzunptov, germander]. 
A genus of labiate plants, germander or 
spleenwort. T. scordium, water-germander, 
is tonic, diaphoretic, and anthelmintic. 

Texas Fever. An infectious disease of cattle 
characterized by high fever, hemoglobinuria, 
and enlargement of the spleen. The disease 
is due to the parasite Pyrosoma bigeminum, 
which invades the red blood-corpuscle and is 
transmitted by the cattle-tick, Boophilus bovis. 

Textiform (teks'-te-form) [textum, sl web; forma, 
form]. Reticular, forming a mesh. 

Textural (teks'-tu-ral) [texum]. Pertaining to 
the tissues. 

Thalamencephalon (thai - am -en-sef -al- on) 
[thalamus; encephalon]. The posterior portion 
of the anterior brain-vesicle; the interbrain. 
Syn., Diencephalon. 

Thalami (thal'-am-i). Plural of Thalamus. 

Thalamic (thal-am'-ik) [thalamus]. Pertain- 
ing to the thalamus. 

Thalamo- (thal-am-o-) [thalamus]. A prefix 
denoting relation to the thalamus. 
• Thalamocele (tliaV -am-o-seT) [thalamo-; KotXca, 
a hollow]. The third ventricle. 

Thalamocortical (thal-am-o-kor 1 '-tik-aV) [thal- 



amo-; cortex]. Pertaining to the thalamus 
and the cortex of the brain. 

Thalamolenticular (thai - am - o -len-tik' -u-lar) 
[thalamo-; lenticular]. Pertaining to the 
thalamus and the lenticular nucleus. 

Thalamotegmental (thal-am-o -ieg-ment'-at). 
Relating to the thalamus and tegmentum. 

Thalamus (thai' -am-us) [dd.Xap.oc, couch; pi., 
thalami]. A mass of gray matter at the base 
of the brain, developed from the wall of the ves- 
icle of the third ventricle, and forming part of 
the wall of the latter cavity. The posterior 
part is called the pulvinar. The thalamus re- 
ceives fibers from all parts of the cortex, and is 
also connected with the tegmentum and with 
fibers of the optic tract. T., Optic, T. opti- 
cus. The same as Thalamus. 

Thalassophobia (thal-as-o-fo'-be-ah) [OaXaaaa, 
sea; cpdfioc, fear]. A morbid fear of the 
sea. 

Thalassotherapy (thal-as-o-ther'-ap-e) [daX- 
aaaa, sea; depa-eia, treatment]. Treatment 
of disease by sea-voyages, sea-bathing, etc. 

Thallin (thai' -in) [OaXXoc, a green shoot], C 10 H 13 - 
ON. A liquid basic substance, tetrahydro- 
paramethyloxychinolin. The sulfate and tar- 
trate are used as germicides and antipyretics, 
and have been employed in typhoid fever 
and the fever of phthisis. Dose 1-4 gr. 
(0.065-0.26 Gm.). In gonorrhea the sulfate 
is employed as an injection in the strength 
of a 1.5 % solution. 

Thallium (thal'-e-um) [see Thallin]. A metal- 
lic element having an atomic weight of 202.6, 
a specific gravity of 11. 19; symbol, Tl. The 
salts are poisonous. See Elements, Table of 
Chemic. 

Thallophyte (thal'-o-fit) [OaXXoc, a green shoot; 
(fiuzov, a plant]. One of a class of very low 
cryptogams. 

Thanato- (than-at-o-) [davazoc, death]. A pre- 
fix denoting pertaining to death. 

Thanatognomonic (than-at-o g-no-mon'-ik) 

[thanato-; pjcopcov, sign]. Indicative of death. 

Thanatoid (than' -at-oid) [davazoc, death; elooc, 
like]. Resembling death. 

Thanatol (than' -at -ol). Same as Guaethol. 

Thanatomania (than-at-o-ma' -ne-ah) [thanato-; 
pavia, madness]. Suicidal mania. 

Thanatometer (than-at-om'-et-er) [thanato-; 
phpov, a measure]. A thermometer intro- 
duced into a body-cavity to determine if the 
depression of temperature is so great as to be 
a sign of death. 

Thanatophobia (than-at-o-fo' -be-ah) [thanato-; 
4>6ftoc, fear]. A morbid fear of death. 

Thane's Method. To find the fissure of 
Rolando in operations upon the brain, the 
middle point of a line passing from the root 
of the nose to the occipital protuberance is 
determined. The upper extremity of the 
fissure lies half an inch behind this point. 

Thaumatrope (thaiv'-mah-trop) [Oauua, wonder; 
zp6~oc, a. turning]. A device containing 
figures, on opposite sides of a rotating board, 
which blend when in motion. It shows the 
duration of visual impressions. 



THEA 



970 



THERMALGESIA 



Thea (the' -ah). Tea; the dried leaves of Thea 
sinensis, a shrub of the order Ternstrcemiacece, 
containing the alkaloid thein, C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 , 
identical with caffein. Thea is astringent 
and gently stimulant to the nervous system; 
its infusion is used as a beverage. 

Theatrin (the'-at-rin). An ointment-vehicle 
consisting of wax, oil, and water. 

Thebain (the' -ba-in) [Q^ac, Thebes], C 19 H 21 N- 
3 . An alkaloid found in opium, analogous 
to strychnin in its physiologic effects. 

Thebesian Foramens, T. Valve, T. Veins. 
See under Thebesius. 

Thebesius' Foramens. The orifices of The- 
besius' veins. T.'s Valve, an endocardial 
fold at the orifice of the coronary vein in the 
right auricle. T.'s Veins, venae minimse 
cordis; the venules which convey the blood 
directly from the myocardium into the auricles. 

Thebolactic Acid (theb-o-lak'-tik). A variety 
of lactic acid occurring in opium. 

Theca {the'-kah) [Orjicrj, a sheath]. A sheath, 
especially one of a tendon. T. cerebri, the 
cranium. T. cordis, the pericardium. T. 
folliculi, a membranous formation around a 
graafian vesicle caused by fibrillation of a 
layer of young connective tissue subsequent to 
the increased vascularity accompanying the 
process of maturation. T. vertebralis, the 
membranes of the spinal cord. 

Thecal (the'-kal) [theca]. Pertaining to a sheath. 

Thecate (the'-kat) [theca]. Contained within 
a sheath. 

Thecitis (the-sV -tis) [theca; trie, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the sheath of a tendon. 

Thein {the' -in). See under Thea. 

Theism (the'-izm) [thea]. The morbid condition 
due to the excessive use of tea; it is character- 
ized by headache, palpitation, tremor, in- 
somnia, cachexia, etc. 

Thelalgia (the-laV '-je-ah) [drjXrj, a nipple; dXyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the nipples. 

Thele (the'-le) [drjXrj, a nipple]. The nipple of 
the female breast. 

Thelitis (the-W -tis) [thele; acg, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the nipples. 

Thelium (the'-le-um) [thele]. A papilla; also, 
a layer of cells. 

Theloncus (the-long'-kus) [thele; oynoc;, a tumor]. 
Tumor of the nipple. 

Thelorrhagia (the-lor-aj'-e-ah) [thele; pe'cv, to 
flow]. Hemorrhage from the nipple. 

Thelothism (the' '-lo-thizm) [thele; d>6ktv, to 
push]. Projection of the nipple, caused by 
contraction of the transverse muscular fibers. 

Thelyblast (theV -e-blast) [dijhuc, female; ftkaoroc, 
a germ]. The female element of the bisexual 
nucleus; the ovum after the polar globules 
have been extruded. 

Thenad (the f -nad) [thenar; ad, toward]. To- 
ward the thenar eminence. 

Thenal (the'-nal) [thenar]. Pertaining to the 
palm, or the thenar eminence. 

Thenar (the'-nar) [divap, palm], i. The palm 
of the hand. 2. The fleshy prominence of 
the palm corresponding to the base of the 
thumb. T. Eminence. See Thenar (2). 



Theobroma (the-o-bro' -mah) [deof, a god; (Upti/ia, 
food]. A genus of trees of the Sterculiacece. 
The seeds of T. cacao yield a fixed oil (oleum 
theobromatis, U. S. P.), and contain the al- 
kaloid theobromin, C 7 H 8 N 4 2 , which is closely 
related to caffein and xanthin. The seeds 
are used in the preparation .of chocolate and 
cocoa; the oil (cacao-butter) is employed as 
an ingredient of cosmetic ointments and for 
making pills and suppositories. Theobromin 
acts similarly to caffein. 

Theobromin (the-o-bro' -min). See under Theo- 
broma. T. Sodiosalicylate. See Diuretin. 

Theocin (the'-o-sin). Synthetically prepared 
theophyllin, isomeric with theobromin, and 
used as a diuretic. Dose 4 gr. (0.25 Gm.) 2 
or 3 times daily. 

Theomania (the-o-ma'-ne-ah) [6e6c> a god; 
fiavia, madness]. 1. Religious mania. 2. 
Insanity in which the individual believes 
himself to be a divine being. 

Theophyllin (the-o-fl' -in) [thea, tea; <f)uMov, 
leaf], C 7 H 8 N 4 2 . An alkaloid occurring in 
tea and isomeric with theobromin and with 
paraxanthin. 

Theotherapy (the-o-ther'-ap-e) [deoc, a god; 
therapy]. The treatment of disease by prayer 
and religious exercises. 

Therapeusis (ther-ap-u'-sis). See Thera- 
peutics. 

Therapeutic (ther-ap-u'-tik) [see Therapeutics]. 
Pertaining to therapeutics; curative. T. 
Test, a method of diagnosis by administering 
certain remedies known to influence a given 
disease, e. g., quinin in malaria, potassium 
iodid and mercury in syphilis. 

Therapeutics (ther-ap-w '-tiks) [depaiteuxcKT}, the 
art of medicine]. The branch of medical 
science dealing with the treatment of dis- 
ease. 

Therapeutist (ther-ap-u'-tist) [see Therapeutics]. 
One skilled in therapeutics. 

Therapy (ther'-ap-e). See Therapeutics. T., 
Psychic, treatment of disease by influence 
of the mind. 

Theriaca (the-ri' -ak-ah) [Orjptanrj, from dypcov, 
a wild beast, because believed to be an anti- 
dote against the poison of animals]. Treacle; 
molasses. T. andromachi, Venice treacle, 
a compound containing nearly 70 ingredients, 
and used as an antidote against poisons. 

Theriodic (the-re-od'-ik) [Orjpwv, a wild beast]. 
Malignant. 

Theriomimicry (ther-e-o-mim'-ik-re) [therion; 
[icfioc, an imitator]. Imitation of the acts of 
animals. 

Theriotherapy (ther-e-o-ther'-ap-e) [therion; ther- 
apy]. Veterinary therapy. 

Therm [Okpfirj, heat]. The amount of heat 
required to raise the temperature of one gram 
of water from o° C. to i° C. ; it is equal to 1000 
calories. 

Thermaerotherapy (ther-mah-e-ro-ther'-ap-e) . 
The therapeutic application of hot air. 

Thermal (ther'-mal) [see Therm]. 1. Per- 
taining to heat. 2. Hot, as thermal spring. 

Thermalgesia (ther-mal-je'-ze-ah) [therm; oU^oc, 



THERMANALGESIA 



971 



THERMONEUROSIS 



pain]. The condition in which heat causes 
pain. 

Thermanalgesia (ther-man-al-je f -ze-ah). See 
Thermo analgesia. 

Thermanesthesia (ther-man-es-the f -ze-ah). See 
Thermoanesthesia. 

Thermesthesia (ther-mes-the' -ze-ah) [therm; 
a'coOr^acc, sensation], i. The heat-sense. 2. 
Sensitiveness to heat. 

Thermic (ther'-mik) [dip/iy, heat]. Pertaining 
to heat. T. Fever, sunstroke; heat-fever. 

Thermin (ther'-min), C 10 H n .NH 2 HCl. A col- 
orless liquid obtained from a solution of 
/?-naphthylamin in amyl-alcohol by action of 
metallic sodium. Syn., Tetrahydro-ft-naph- 
thylamin. T. Hydrochlorate, C 10 H n NH 2 .- 
HC1, used to increase body-temperature. 

Thermo- (ther-mo-) [dkpp.f), heat]. A prefix 
meaning heat. 

Thermoaerophore (ther-mo-a-e' '-ro-for) [ther- 
mo-; drjp, air; cpepzcv, to bear]. An apparatus 
for the therapeutic local application of hot air. 

Thermoanalgesia (ther-mo -an -al-je f -ze-ah) 
[thermo-; analgesia]. Insensibility to heat or 
to contact with heated objects; due to cerebral 
lesion. 

Thermoanesthesia (ther-mo-an-es-the' '-ze-ah) 
[thermo-; anesthesia]. Loss of the perception 
of thermal impressions, a condition sometimes 
present in syringomyelia. 

Thermocauterectomy (ther-mo-kaw-ter-ek' -to- 
me). See I gniextirpation. 

Thermocautery (ther-mo-kaw' -ter-e) . See Cau- 
tery, Paquelin's. 

Thermochemistry (ther-mo-kem'-is-trc) [ther- 
mo-; chemistry]. That branch of chemic 
science embracing the mutual relations of 
heat and chemic changes. 

Thermochroic (ther-mo-kro' -ik) [thermo-; xpba, 
color]. Transmitting some thermal rays and 
absorbing others. 

Thermodin (ther' -mo-din) [dtpti-q, heat], C 13 H 17 - 
N0 4 . An antipyretic derivative of ethyl 
carbamate. 

Thermoelectricity (ther-mo-e-lek-tris' -it-e) [ther- 
mo-; electricity]. Electricity generated by 
heat. 

Thermofuge (ther'-mo-fuj). An external anti- 
septic, emollient, and detergent, said to be a 
compound of aluminium silicate, glycerol, bo- 
ric acid, menthol, thymol, oil of eucalyptus, 
and ammonium iodid. 

Thermogen (ther f -mo-jen) [see Thermo genesis]. 
An appliance for keeping up the temperature 
of patients during an operation. It consists 
of a quilted cushion through which pass wires 
the temperature of which can be raised by 
the passage of an electric current. 

Thermogenesis (ther-mo-jen'-es-is) [thermo-; 
ytvvav, to produce]. The production of heat. 

Thermogenetic, Thermogenic, Thermo - 
genous (ther-mo-jen-et'-ik, ther-mo- jen' -ik, 
ther-mo f-en-us) [see Thermogenesis]. Per- 
taining to thermogenesis; producing heat. 

Thermograph (ther'-mo-graf) [thermo-; ypafyztv, 
to write]. A device for registering variations 
of temperature automatically. 



Thermohyperalgesia (ther-mo-hi-per-al-je' '-ze- 
ah) [thermo-; hyperalgesia]. Painful sensation 
felt on contact with a hot or cold body. 

Thermohyperesthesia (ther-mo-hi-per-es-the' - 
ze-ah) [thermo-; hyperesthesia]. Abnormal 
sensitiveness to the application of hot bodies. 

Thermohypesthesia (ther-mo-hi-pes-the' -ze-ah) ■ 
[thermo-; hypesthesia]. Abnormal indif- 
ference or insensibility to heat or to contact 
with heated objects. 

Thermohypoesthesia (ther-mo-hi-po-es-the r - 
ze-ah). See Thermohypesthesia. 

Thermoinhibitory (ther - mo - in - hib' -it-o- re) 
[thermo-; inhibitory]. Inhibiting the pro- 
duction of heat. 

Thermol (ther' -mot), C u H l5 N0 3 . A coal-tar 
derivative forming as white crystals, soluble 
in water and alcohol. It is analgesic, antipy- 
retic, and antiseptic. Dose 3 gr. (0.2 Gm.) 
every 3 hours. 

Thermolabile (ther-mo-la' -bil) [thermo-; lapsus, 
a gliding or falling]. Destroyed or changed 
by heat. 

Thermolusia (ther-mo-lu' '-se-ah) [thermo-; 
Xuziv, to wash]. A hot bath. 

Thermolysis (ther-moV -is-is) [thermo-; Xuacc, a 
loosening]. 1. Dissipation of animal heat. 
2. Chemic decomposition by means of heat. 

Thermolytic (ther-mo-lif -ik) [see Thermolysis]. 
Pertaining to thermolysis. 

Thermomassage (ther-mo-mas-ahzh'). Mas- 
sage with application of heat. 

Thermometer (ther -mom' -et-er) [thermo-; pthpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for measuring 
the intensity of heat, consisting of a substance 
capable of expanding and contracting, and 
a graduated scale by means of which varia- 
tions in the volume of the substance can be 
determined. In the ordinary thermometer 
the expansive substance is mercury (mercu- 
rial thermometer), expanding into a vacuous 
capillary tube, the degree of heat being meas- 
ured by the length of the column of mercury. 
T., Centigrade, T., Celsius, one in which 
the freezing-point is at o° and the boiling- 
point at ioo°. T., Clinical, a self -registering 
thermometer for ascertaining the bodily 
temperature. T., Fahrenheit, one in which 
the interval between the freezing-point and 
the boiling-point is divided into 180 equal 
parts, each called a degree, the zero-point 
being 32 or divisions below the freezing- 
point of water. T., Reaumur, one in which 
the freezing-point of water is o° and the boiling- 
point 8o°. T., Self -registering, one that by 
means of an index shows the highest (max- 
imum) or lowest (minimum) temperature 
to which it has been exposed. T., Surface-, 
one for registering the surface-temperature of 
any portion of the body. 

Thermometric (ther-mo-met f -rik) [thermometer]. 
Pertaining to a thermometer. 

Thermometry (ther-mom' -et-re) [thermometer]. 
The measuring of temperature by means of 
the thermometer. 

Thermoneurosis (ther-mo-nu-ro'-sis) [thermo-; 
neurosis]. Pyrexia of vasomotor origin. 



THERMONOSUS 



972 



THIOSINAMIN 



Thermonosus {ther-mon-o'-sus) [thermo-; vbooc, 
disease]. Disease caused by heat. 

Thermophilic {ther-mo-fil'-ik) [thermo-; <f>delv, 
to love]. Applied to microorganisms which 
develop best at relatively high temperatures — 
5o°-55° C. or above. 

Thermopile {ther' -mo-pll) [thermo-; pile]. A 
contrivance consisting of a series of connected 
metallic plates, in which, under the influence 
of heat, a current of electricity is produced 
which acts upon a registering index. By 
means of it very minute amounts of heat can 
be measured. 

Thermoplegia {ther-mo-ple' -je-ah) . Heat- 
stroke. 

Thermopolypnea {ther-mo-pol-ip-ne' -ah) [ther- 
mo-; itoXug, many; nve'cv, to breathe]. Rapid 
respiration due to high temperature. 

Thermostabile {ther-mo-sta' -biV) [thermo-; sta- 
bilis, firm; steadfast]. Not destroyed nor 
changed by heat. 

Thermostat {ther' -mo-stat) [thermo-; orator, 
standing]. A device for automatically regu- 
lating and maintaining a constant tempera- 
ture. 

Thermosystaltic {ther-mo-sis-tal'-tik) [thermo-; 
ouoxkXXetv, to contract]. Contracting under 
the influence of heat; pertaining to muscular 
contraction due to heat. 

Thermotactic, Thermotaxic {ther-mo-tak'-tik, 
ther-mo-taks' -ik) [see Thermotaxis]. Regu- 
lating the heat of the body, as a thermotactic 
center. 

Thermotaxis {ther-mo-taks' -is) [thermo-; xa^cc, 
from xaooecv, to arrange]. The regulation of 
the bodily heat. 

Thermotherapy {ther-mo-ther'-ap-e) [thermo-; 
Oepamca, cure]. Treatment of disease by 
heat. 

Thermotonometer {ther-mo-ton-om' -et-er) [ther- 
mo-; zovoc, a stretching; [ikzpov, a measure]. 
An apparatus fur determining the amount of 
muscular contraction induced by thermic 
stimuli. 

Thermotracheotomy {ther-mo-tra-ke-ot'-o-me) . 
Tracheotomy by means of the actual cautery. 

Theromorph {ther' -o-morf) [6r)p, a wild beast; 
/J.opcf)Tj, form]. A monstrosity resembling an 
animal. 

Thialdin {thi-al'-din), C 6 H 13 NS 2 , a crystalline 
substance obtained by the action of sulfureted 
hydrogen on aldehyd ammonium; it is used 
as a heart stimulant. 

Thiersch's Method of Skin-grafting. Long, 
broad strips of skin are removed from the 
arm or leg and placed on a wound previously 
deprived of its granulations by means of a 
sharp curet. T.'s Solution, a valuable anti- 
septic wash for the nose, throat, or stomach, 
consisting of salicylic acid, 2 parts; boric acid, 
12 parts; water, 1000 parts. 

Thigenol {thi'-jen-ol). The soda salt of a 
sulfur acid extracted from synthetic sulfur oil. 
It is used in the treatment of skin diseases in 
the form of pomades containing 20 parts in 100. 

Thigh {thl) [AS., theoh]. The part of the lower 
limb extending from pelvis to knee. 



Thilanin {thi'-lan-in) [delov, sulfur; lanolin]. 
A brownish-yellow substance derived from 
and resembling lanolin. It contains 3% of 
sulfur and is used in the treatment of eczema 
and other diseases of the skin. 

Thio- (thi-o-) [de'cov, sulfur]. A prefix denoting 
containing sulfur. 

Thioacetaldehyd {thi-o-as-et-aV -de-htd) . See 
Sulfaldehyd. 

Thioacid (thi-o-as'-id). One of a group of 
acids produced by the substitution of sulfur 
•for the oxygen in an oxygen acid. 

Thioalcohol {thi-o-aV -ko-hol) . SeeMercaptan. 

Thiocarbamid (thi-o-kar'-bam-id). See Thio- 
urea. 

Thiochromogen {thi-o-kro' -mo-jen) . See Au- 
reolin. 

Thiocol (thi'-o-kol). See Potassium-guaiacol 
Sulfonate. 

Thiocyanic Acid (thi-o-si-an'-ik), CNHS. 
Sulfocyanic acid, a monobasic acid forming 
the thiocyanates or sulfocyanates. Potassium 
thiocyanate, CNKS, occurs in saliva. 

Thiodinaphthyloxid {thi-o-di-naf-thil-oks'-id) . 
An orange-colored powder used in the treat- 
ment of skin diseases. 

Thioether {thi-o -e' -ther). See Alkyl-sulfids. 

Thioform {thi'-o-form). See Bismuth Dithio- 
salicylate. 

Thiogenic {thi-o-jen'-ik) [thio-; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. Applied to bacteria able to convert 
sulfureted hydrogen into higher sulfur com- 
pounds. 

Thiol {thi'-oV) [de'cov, sulfur]. A substance pre- 
pared from gas-oil by heating with sulfur, 
and occurring in a dry and a liquid form. It 
has been used as an application to ulcers and 
in diseases of the skin. 

Thiolin {thi'-ol-in). See Acid, Thiolinic. 

Thionin {thi'-o-nin) [de'cov, sulfur], C 12 H 9 N 3 S. 
A sulfur compound of the aromatic group, 
used as a stain in microscopy. Its solutions 
are of a dark-blue color. 

Thiophene {thi'-o-fen) [thio-; phenol], C 4 H 4 S. 
A hydrocarbon of the aromatic series ; a color- 
less, oily liquid, miscible with water. The 
iodid, C 4 H 2 I 2 S, has been used as a substitute 
for iodoform. T. Sodium Sulfonate, C 4 - 
H 3 S.NaS0 3 , a white powder used in prurigo. 

Thiophil (thi'-o-fil) [thio-; <f>cXe'cv, to love]. 
Loving sulfur; applied to microorganisms. 

Thiopyrin {thi-o-pi'-rin). A derivative of 
antipyrin. 

Thioresorcinol {thi-o-rez-or' -sin-ol) [thio-; res- 
orcinoT], C 6 H 4 (SO) 2 . A compound of sulfur 
and resorcinol used as a powder or ointment 
as a substitute for iodoform. 

Thiosapol {thi-o-sa'-pol). A sulfureted soap 
containing 10% of sulfur. 

Thiosavonals {thio-sav'-on-als). Potash sul- 
fur soaps that contain sulfur in a chemically 
combined state. 

Thiosinamin {thi-o-sin' -am-in) [thio-; sinapis, 
mustard], C 4 H 8 N 2 S. A crystalline substance 
prepared from mustard-oil and ammonia. 
It is used in lupus, glandular enlargements, 
and night-sweats. 



THIO SULFURIC ACID 



973 



THORMAEHLEN'S TEST 



Thiosulfuric Acid {thi-o-sul-fu'-rik) [thio-; sul- 
furic], H 2 S 2 3 . An acid derived from sulfuric 
acid by the substitution of sulfur for part of 
the oxygen. 
Thiourea {thi-o-u-re'-ah) [thio-; urea], CS(NH) 2 . 
Sulfocarbamid; a derivative of urea in 
which sulfur replaces the oxygen of the latter. 

Third Cranial Nerve. The oculomotor nerve. 
See Motor oculi under Nerve. 

Thirst {thurst) [AS., thurst]. A desire for drink. 

Thiry's Fistula {the'-rez). A fistula for ob- 
taining the intestinal juice. A piece of 
intestine about four inches long is separated 
from the bowel without dividing the mesentery 
and its blood-vessels. One end of the tube 
is closed, and the other is stitched to the 
abdominal wound. The two ends of intestine 
from which the piece was cut out are then 
united by sutures. From the excised piece a 
pure intestinal juice is obtained. 

Thiuret {thi'-u-ret) [deeov, sulfur], C 8 H 7 N 3 S 2 . 
A crystalline antiseptic which readily yields 
its sulfur in a nascent condition. On this 
property depends its antiseptic action. 

Thlipsencephalus {thlip-sen-sef'-al-us) [OXc^cg, 
pressure; efukcpaXoc, brain]. A monster in 
which there is extensive exposure of the base 
of the brain from nondevelopment of the 
occipital bone and even of the upper vertebras. 

Thliptol {thlip'-tol). A proprietary antiseptic 
and deodorant liquid, said to consist of benzo- 
boric acid combined with oil of eucalyptus, 
thyme, etc. 

Thompson's Line. A red line along the border 
of the gums, frequently seen in pulmonary 
tuberculosis. T.'s Test, the collection of 
the morning urine in two glasses to determine 
whether a gonorrheal process is localized in 
the anterior portion of the urethra or whether 
it has extended into the posterior portion. 

Thomson's Disease [after J. Thomsen, a 
German physician]. Myotonia congenita, a 
disease commonly congenital and occurring 
in families, and characterized by tonic spasm 
or rigidity of the muscles, coming on when 
they are first put in action after a period of 
rest. As the muscles are used the stiffness 
gradually wears off. 

Thomsonianism {tom-so' -ne-an-izm) . A sys- 
tem of medicine introduced by Samuel 
Thomson (i 769-1843), of Massachusetts. It 
insisted on the use of vegetable remedies only. 

Thoracalgia {tho-rak-al' -je-ah) [thorax; aXyoc, 

- pain]. Pain in the thorax. 

Thoracentesis {tho-ras-en-te'-sis) [thorax; 
K£vtt)occ, a piercing]. Puncture of the thorax 
for the removal of fluid. 

Thoracic {tho-ras'-ik) [thorax]. Pertaining to 
or situated in the chest or thorax, as the tho- 
racic aorta. T. Duct. See Duct, Thoracic. 
T. Index. See Index, Thoracic. 

Thoracicoacromialis {tho-ras-ik-o-ak-ro-mi-a' - 
lis). See Artery, Acromiothoracic. 

Thoracicohumeral {tho-ras-ik-o-hu' -mer-al) . 
Relating to the chest and upper arm. 

Thoraco- {tho-rak-o-) [OuipaZ, thorax]. A prefix 
denoting pertaining to the thorax. 



Thoracoacromial {tho -rak-o-ak-ro' '- me-at) . 
Acromiothoracic, relating to the chest and 
the shoulder; applied to a group of muscles. 

Thoracoceloschisis {tho - rak -o-se- los f - kis-is) 
[thoraco-; KocX'ca, belly; aycacc, a cleaving]. 
Congenital fissure of the chest and abdomen. 

Thoracocentesis {tho-rak-o-sen-te'-sis). See 
Thoracentesis. 

Thoracocyrtosis {tho-rak-o-sur-to 1 '-sis) [tho- 
raco-; Kuproc, curved]. Excessive curvature 
of the thorax. 

Thoracodidymus {tho-rak-o-did' '-im-us) [tho- 
raco-; ocoopoc, double]. A double monster 
joined at the thorax. 

Thoracodynia {tho-rak-o-din'-e-ah) [thoraco-; 
oouvt), pain]. Pain in the chest. 

Thoracogastrodidymus {tho-rak-o-gas-tro-did'- 
im-us) [thoraco-; yaor^p, belly; dioupoc, 
double]. A twin monstrosity united by the 
thorax and abdomen. 

Thoracogastroschisis {tho-rak-o-gas-tros' -kis- 
is). See Thoracoceloschisis. 

Thoracometer {tho-rak-om' '-et-er) [thoraco-; 
pkxpov, a measure]. A stethometer. 

Thoracometry {tho-rak-om' -et-re) [see Thorac- 
ometer]. Measurement of the movement of 
the walls of the chest. 

Thoracopagus {tho-rak-o p'-ag-us) [thoraco-; 
Tzayoc, that which is firmly set]. A double 
monster with portions of the thoraxes coal- 
escent. 

Thoracoplasty {tho-rak' -o-plas-te) [thoraco-; 
nXaoascv, to form]. Plastic operation upon 
the thorax. 

Thoracoschisis {tho-rak-os' -kis-is) [thoraco-; 
°X' ac ^i a cleaving]. Congenital fissure of 
the thorax. 

Thoracoscope {tho-rak' -o-skop) [thoraco-; cko- 
Tie'cv, to view]. A stethoscope. 

Thoracoscopy {tho-rak-os' -ko-pe) [see Thoraco- 
scope]. Examination of the chest, especially 
by the stethoscope. 

Thoracostenosis {tho-rak-o-sten-o' -sis) [tho- 
raco-; stenosis]. Contraction or compression 
of the walls of the chest. 

Thoracotomy {tho-rak-of -o-me) [thoraco-; zip- 
vscv, to cut]. Incision of the thorax or chest- 
wall. 

Thoradelphus {tho-rad-el'-fus) [thorax; ddcX<f>6c, 
brother]. A double monster united above 
the umbilicus, with one head, four lower and 
two upper extremities. 

Thorax {tho'-raks) [ddjpa^, a breastplate]. The 
chest; the framework of bones and soft tissues 
bounded by the diaphragm below, the ribs 
and sternum in front, the ribs and dorsal 
portion of the vertebral column behind, and 
above by the structures in the lower part of 
the neck, and containing the heart inclosed 
in the pericardium, the lungs invested by 
the pleura, and the mediastinal structures. 
T., Region of. See Region, Thoracic. 

Thorium {tho'-re-um) [Icel., Thorr]. A rare 
metal related chemically to tin. Symbol Th. 

Thormaehlen's Test for Melanin in Urine. 
To the urine to be tested add sodium nitro- 
prussid, caustic potash, and acetic acid, and 



974 




Contents of the Thorax, Showing the Diaphragm in its Relations to the Heart and Lungs. — (Holden.) 
i. Left ventricle. 2. Right ventricle. 3. Anterior coronary artery. 4. Left auricle. 5. Right auricle. 6. Superior 

vena cava. 7. Pulmonary artery. 8. Origin of aorta. 9. Arch of aorta. 10. Innominate artery, n. Right 

carotid. 12, 12. Subclavian arteries. 13. Scalenus anticus. 14. First rib. 15. Larynx. 16. Trachea. 17, 17. 

Pneumogastrics. 18,18. Phrenics. 19. Right lung. 20. Left lung. 21,21. Diaphragm. 22,22. Seventh pair of 

ribs. 




* 



Thorax (Anterior View). 
1. Manubrium sterni. 2. Gladiolus. 3. Ensiform cartilage of xiphoid appendix. 4. Circumference of apex of 
thorax. 5. Circumference of base. 6. First rib. 7. Second rib. 8, 8. Third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and 
seventh ribs. 9. Eighth, ninth, and tenth ribs. 10. Eleventh and twelfth ribs, n, 11. Costal cartilages. 



THORN-APPLE 



975 



THYMIN 



in the presence of melanin a deep-blue color- 
ation will be produced. 

Thorn-apple. See Stramonium. 

Thornton's Sign. Violent pain in the flanks 
in nephrolithiasis. 

Thornwaldt's Disease. Nasolaryngeal steno- 
sis associated with the formation of a cyst-like 
cavity in the midst of the racemose glands in 
the pharyngeal mucosa, and containing pus or 
mucopus. 

Thorough wort. See Eupatorium. 

Thought-transference. See Telepathy. 

Threadworm. See Oxyuris. 

Three -day Fever. Synonym of Dengue. 

Threpsology (threp-sol'-o-je) [Ope^cc, nutrition; 
Xoyoc, treatise]. The science of nutrition. 

Threshold (thresh' -old). The lower limit of 
stimulus capable of producing an impression 
upon consciousness. 

Thrill. A fine vibration felt by the hand. 
A thrill may be felt on palpation over an 
aneurysm, over a heart the seat of valvular 
disease, and over hydatid cysts. T., Presys- 
tolic, a thrill which can sometimes be felt 
before the systole when the hand is placed over 
the apex-beat. T., Purring, a thrill re- 
sembling that felt when the hand is placed on 
the back of a cat. 

Throat (throt) [AS., throte, throat], i. The 
anterior part of the neck. 2. The pharynx 
and larynx; the fauces. T., Sore, pharyn- 
gitis. T., Sore, Clergyman's, laryngitis 
caused by overuse through public speaking. 

Throb. A pulsation or beating. 

Throbbing (throb' -ing). A rhythmic beating. 
T. Aorta, exaggerated pulsation of the 
abdominal aorta perceptible to the patient. 

Thromballosis (throm-bal-o'-sis) [thrombus; 
aXXo'uvocc, a change]. The changed condition 
caused by coagulation of the venous blood. 

Thrombase (throm'-bdz), Same as Thrombin. 

Thrombin (throm' -bin) [thrombus]. The fibrin- 
ferment, the animal enzym that causes coagu- 
lation of shed blood. 

Thrombo- (throm-bo-) [dpofifioc, a thrombus]. 
A prefix denoting pertaining to a thrombus. 

Thromboarteritis (throm -bo -ar - ter - i' - Us) 
[thrombo-; arteritis]. Inflammation of an 
artery associated with thrombosis. 

Thrombocystis (throm-bo-sis' -tis) [thrombo-; 
dioxtc, a bladder]. The sac sometimes 
enveloping a thrombus. 

Thrombogen (throm' -bo-jen) [thrombo-; yzvvav, 
to produce]. In biology, producing or giving 
. rise to clots. 

Thromboid (throm' -boid) [thrombo-; eldoc, like]. 
Resembling a thrombus. 

Thrombophlebitis (throm -bo- fleb - V - tis) 
[thrombo-; phlebitis]. Inflammation of a vein 
associated with thrombosis. 

Thrombosin (throm' -bo-sin) . One of the 
products of the cleavage of fibrinogen by 
acetic acid; it is a proteid body which passes 
into fibrin in the presence of soluble calcium 
salts. 

Thrombosis (throm-bo' -sis) [thrombus]. The 
formation of a thrombus. T., Dilation, 



that which results from a slowing of the blood- 
current next to the vessel-walls, as the result 
of dilation of a vessel (as in aneurysms, 
varices) or of the heart. 

Thrombotic (throm-bot'-ik) [thrombosis]. Per- 
taining to or produced by thrombosis. 

Thrombus (throm'-bus) [6p6[i{3oc, a clot]. A 
clot of blood formed within the heart or blood- 
vessels, due usually to a slowing of the cir- 
culation or to alteration of the blood or vessel- 
walls. 

Through-drainage. A method of drainage 
in which a perforated tube is carried through 
the cavity to be drained, so that the latter 
can be flushed through and through by the 
injection of fluid into one end of the tube. 

Through-illumination. Transillumination. 

Thrush. A form of stomatitis due to a specific 
fungus, Oidium albicans or Saccharomyces 
albicans, and characterized by the presence 
of diffuse white patches. It occurs especially 
in weakly children, but may affect adults de- 
pressed by wasting diseases. 

Thrypsis (thrip'-sis) [dpo^cg, a crushing]. A 
comminuted fracture. 

Thuja (hu'-jah). A genus of trees of the 
order Coniferce. T. occidentalis or arbor vitse 
has been used in intermittent fever, rheuma- 
tism, scurvy, and as an emmenagog. 

Thumb (thum). The digit on the extreme 
radial side of the hand, differing from the 
other digits in having but two phalanges, 
and in that its metacarpal bone is separately 
movable. 

Thus [L., "incense"]. True frankincense or 
olibanum. 

Thuya (thu'-yah). See Thuja. 

Thylacitis, Thylaciitis (thi-las-i'-tis, thi-las- 
e-i'-tis) [duXancov, a little bag]. Acne rosacea. 

Thyma (thi'-mah). A corruption of ecthyma 
and also of thymion. 

Thymacetin (thi-mas' -et-in) [thyme; acetum, 
vinegar], C 6 H 2 (CH 3 )(C 3 H 7 )(OC 2 H 5 )NH(C 2 - 
H s O). A derivative of thymol used as an 
antineuralgic. Dose 3-15 gr. (0.2-1.0 Gm.). 

Thyme (tim) [66/j.ou, thyme]. The genus Thymus, 
of the order Labiatce. Thymus vulgaris yields 
a volatile oil in which are found cymene, 
thymene, and thymol. T., Oil of (oleum 
thymi, U. S. P.), a volatile oil distilled from the 
leaves and tops of Thymus vulgaris. Dose 
3 min. (0.2 Cc). 

Thymectomy (thi-mek'-to-me) [thymus; itcTOfir], 
excision]. Excision of the thymus. 

Thymelcosis (thi-mel-ko'-sis) [thymus; ^Xkojocc, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of the thymus gland. 

Thymene (ti'-men or thi'-men) [thyme]. An 
eleopten existing in oil of thyme. 

Thymic (thi'-mik, also for first definition, ti'- 
mik) [thyme; thymus]. 1. Pertaining to or 
contained in thyme. 2. Pertaining to the 
thymus gland. T. Asthma, a form of laryn- 
gismus stridulus consisting in a temporary 
suspension of respiration, attributed to en- 
largement of the thymus. 

Thymin (t hi' -min), C 5 H 6 N 2 2 . A crystalline 
body obtained by boiling nucleic acid from 



THYMINOL 



976 



THYROIDIN 



the thymus gland of the calf with dilute 
sulfuric acid. 

Thyminol (ti'-min-ol). An antiseptic liquid 
said to be a solution of thymol, eucalyptol, 
menthol, Baptisia, benzoic, boric, and sal- 
icylic acids. 

Thymion (thi'-me-on) [Oufieov]. A wart; a 
condyloma. 

Thymitis (thi-mi'-tis) [thymus; cue, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the thymus 
gland. 

Thymoform (thi 1 '-mo-form). A reaction- 
product of thymol and formaldehyd; used as 
are iodoform and dermatol. 

Thymol (ti'-mol or thi'-mol) [thyme; oleum, oil], 
Ci H, 3 .HO. A phenol derived from the 
volatile oils of Thymus vulgaris, Monarda 
punctata, and Carum ajowan. It is a crys- 
talline solid, melting at 44° C, very slightly 
soluble in water, and is used as a local anti- 
septic and deodorant in ulcers, leukorrhea, 
and stomatitis, as an intestinal antiseptic, 
and as an anthelmintic. Dose 1-2 gr. 
(0.065-0.13 Gm.). T. Carbonate, recom- 
mended as preferable to thymol in uncin- 
ariasis. Dose 30 gr. (2 Gm.). Syn., Thy- 
motol. T. Salicylate, C 10 H 13 O . C* 7 H 5 3 , an 
intestinal antiseptic. 

Thymotol (thi'-mo-tol). See Thymol Car- 
bonate. 

Thymoxalme (thi-moks-al'-me) [thyme; 6£uc, 
sharp; aXc, salt]. A mixture of thyme, vin- 
egar, and salt. 

Thymozone (thi'-mo-zon). A combination of 
Eucalyptus globulus, Thymus vulgaris, and 
Pinus sylvestris, with benzoic, boric, and 
salicylic acids. A nonirritating compound 
used as an internal antiseptic and externally 
as is phenol. 

Thymus (thi'-mus) [dome, the sweetbread]. 
1 . An organ situated in the anterior superior 
mediastinum. It continues to develop until 
the second year of life, afterward remains 
stationary until about the fourteenth, and then 
undergoes fatty metamorphosis and atrophy. 
The thymus consists of lobules largely com- 
posed of lymphadenoid tissue in which 
minute concentric bodies, the corpuscles of 
Hassal, are found. The latter are remnants 
of epithelial structures. 2. A genus of la- 
biate plants. See Thyme. T. Gland. Same 
as Thymus (1). 

Thyraden (thi f -ra-den) . See Thyroidin. 

Thyrein (thi'-re-in). See Iodothyrin. 

Thyreo- (thi-re-o-). See Thyro-. 

Thyro- (thi-ro-) [dupeoc, a shield, and hence, 
from similarity of shape and function, the 
thyroid gland or cartilage]. A prefix sig- 
nifying relationship to the thyroid gland. 

Thyroantitoxin (thi-ro-an-te-toks'-in) [thyro-; 
antitoxin]. 1. C 6 H n N 3 5 . A proteid con- 
stituent of the thyroid gland. 2. A prepa- 
ration of the thyroid gland used in exoph- 
thalmic goiter, bronchocele, etc. Dose 2 gr. 
(0.13 Gm.) daily. 
Thyroarytenoid (thi-ro-ar-if -en-oid) [thyro-; 
arytenoid]. Pertaining to the thyroid and 



arytenoid cartilages, as the thyroarytenoid 

ligaments, thyroarytenoid muscle (thyroary- 

tenoideus). 
Thyrocele (thi'-ro-sel) [thyro-; ktjXtj, a tumor]. 

A tumor affecting the thyroid gland; goiter. 
Thyrochondrotomy (thi - ro - kon - drot ' -o- me) 

[thyro-; %6vdpoc, cartilage; xk\xvecv, to cut]. 

Incision of the thyroid cartilage. 
Thyrocolloid (thi-ro-kol'-oid). A proprietary 

preparation of the thyroid glands of sheep. 
Thyroepiglottic (thi-ro-ep-e-glot'-ik) [thyro-; 

epiglottis]. Pertaining to the thyroid cartilage 

and the epiglottis, as the thyroepiglottic muscle 

(thyroepiglottideus) . 
Thyrogenous [thi-ro]' -en-us) [thyro-; ytyvav, 

to produce]. Originating in the thyroid gland. 
Thyroglandin (thi-ro- gland' -in). A compound 

of iodoglobulin and thyroidin, in the form 

and proportion in which they exist in the 

thyroid gland. Dose 3-5 gr. (0.19-0.32 Gm.) 

for myxedema and obesity. 
Thyroglobulin (thi-ro-glob'-u-lin). The iodin- 

proteid of the thyroid secreted by it and lodged 

in the colloid substance. 
Thyroglossal (thi-ro-glos'-al) [thyro-; yXcuooa, 

tongue]. Pertaining to the thyroid and the 

tongue. 
Thyrohyal (thi-ro-hi'-al). See Thyrohyoid. 
Thyrohyoid (thi-ro-hi'-oid) [thyro-; hyoid]. 

Pertaining to the thyroid cartilage and 

hyoid bone, as the thyrohyoid membrane. 
Thyroid (thi'-roid) [dupeoc, shield; eldoc, like]. 
1. Shield-shaped. 2. Pertaining to the thy- 
roid gland. 3. Pertaining to the thyroid 
cartilage. 4. Pertaining to the thyroid fo- 
ramen. 5. The thyroid gland. T. Cartilage, 
the largest of the laryngeal cartilages, united at 
an angle in front called the pomum adami. T. 

Extract. See under T. Gland. T. Fora- 
men. See Foramen, Thyroid. T. Gland, 
one of the socalled ductless glands, lying in 
front of the trachea, and consisting of two lat- 
eral lobes, connected centrally by an isthmus. 
The organ is composed of follicles lined by 
epithelium, producing a peculiar colloid ma- 
terial. The function of the organ is not 
definitely known, but it is supposed to be the 
production of some substance necessary to 
the body — an internal secretion that may 
counteract poisons produced in the system. 
Hypertrophy of the gland (goiter) is sometimes 
associated with a peculiar disease known as 
exophthalmic goiter; absence of the gland 
leads to cretinism or myxedema. An ex- 
tract prepared from the thyroid gland of 
animals (thyroid extract) and other prepara- 
tions of the gland are used medicinally. See 
Organotherapy. 
Thyroidectomy (thi-roi-dek'-to-me) [thyroid; 
EKzofirj, excision]. Excision of the thyroid 
gland. 
Thyroidin (thi-roi'-din) [thyroid; eldoc, like]. 
A proprietary lactose trituration of dried 
extract of thyroid gland; one part represents 
two parts of fresh gland. It is an alterative 
used in myxedema, struma, and psoriasis. 
Dose 15-24 gr. (1.0-1.5 Gm.) daily. 



THYROIDISM 



977 



TINEA 



Thyroidism (thi'-roid-izm). i. Disturbances 
produced by hypertrophy of the thyroid 
gland. 2. A series of phenomena due to 
continued use of thyroid preparations. 3. 
Disturbances due to removal of the thyroid. 

Thyroiditis (thi-roi-di'-tis) [thyroid; czcc, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the thyroid 
gland. 

Thyroidotomy (thi-roi-doV -o-me) [thyroid; ~ofxr h 
a cutting]. Incision of the thyroid gland. 

Thyroidotoxin (thi-roid-o-toks' -in) . A sub- 
stance specifically toxic for the cells of the 
thyroid gland. 

Thyro igenous (thi-roi '-jen-us) . Originating in 
disturbances of the thyroid gland. 

Thyroiodin (thi-ro-i'-od-in). A substance 
found principally combined with a proteid, 
but also free in the thyroid gland. Syn., 
lodothyrin. 

Tkyrolingual (thi-ro-lin'-gwal). Relating to 
the thyroid and the tongue; thyroglos- 
sal. 

Thyrophyma (thi-ro-fi'-mah) [thyro-; (ftOfia, a 
tumor]. Enlargement of the thyroid gland. 

Thyroprival (thi-ro-pri'-val) [thyro-; privare, 
to deprive]. Due to loss of function or re- 
moval of the thyroid gland. 

Thyroprivus (thi-ro-pri'-vus) [thyroprival]. 1. 
Deprived of the thyroid gland. 2. A morbid 
condition due to loss of the thyroid gland. 

Thyroproteid (thi-ro-pro'-te-id). An albumin 
from the thyroid gland. 

Thyroptosis (thi-ro-to'-sis) [thyro-; -zdboce, a 
falling]. Displacement of a goitrous thyroid 
so as to be concealed in the thorax. 

Thyrotomy (thi-roV -o-me) [thyro-; ro/irj, a cut- 
ting]. Incision or splitting of the thyroid 
cartilage. 

Tibia (tib'-e-ah) [L., "shin"]. The larger of 
the two bones of the leg, commonly called 
the shin-bone, articulating with the femur, 
fibula, and astragalus. 

Tibial (tib'-e-al) [tibia]. Pertaining to or in 
relation with the tibia, as the tibial mus- 
cle {tibialis), tibial artery, tibial nerve. 

Tibio- (tib-e-o-) [tibia]. A prefix meaning per- 
taining to the tibia. 

Tibiofemoral (tib-e-o- j em' -or-al) [tibio-; femur]. 
Pertaining to the tibia and the femur. 

Tibiofibular (tib-e-o- fib' -u-lar) [tibio-; fibula]. 
Pertaining to the tibia and the fibula. 

Tibionavicular (tib-e-o-nav-ik' -u-lar) [tibio-; 
na-oicula, a boat]. Relating to the tibia and 
the scaphoid bone. 

Tibiotarsal (tib-e-o-tar'-sal) [tibio-; tarsus]. 
Pertaining to the tibia and the tarsus. 

Tic (tik) [Ft.]. A twitching, especially of the 
facial muscles. T. convulsif, T., Convul- 
sive, spasm of the facial muscles. T. dou- 
loureux, neuralgia of the trifacial nerve. T., 
Painless, the occurrence, at intervals, of 
sudden rapid involuntary contraction in a 
muscle or group of muscles. 

Tick (tik). A name applied to several species 
of Acarus. T. Fever, Texas fever. 

Tickle (tik'-l). To touch so as to cause a 
peculiar sensation (tickling or titillation), 
63 



usually associated with laughing and reflex 
muscular movements. 

T. i. d. An abbreviation for ter in die, three 
times a day. 

Tidal Air. See under Respiration. T. Wave. 
See Wave, Tidal. 

Tiedemann's Glands. See Bartholin, Glands of. 
T.'s Nerve, a plexus of delicate nerve-fibers 
derived from the ciliary nerves, and surround- 
ing the central artery of the retina. 

Tiglic Aldehyd (tig'-lik al'-de-hid). See Croton 
Aldehyd. 

Tiglium (tig'-le-um). A plant, Croton tiglium, 
of the order Euphorbiacecc. It contains a 
fixed oil. Tiglii, Oleum (IT. S. P.), croton 
oil (oleum crotonis, B. P.); a powerful local 
irritant, and used, locally, as a counterirritant 
in gout, rheumatism, neuralgia, glandular 
swellings, etc. It is an active purgative, espe- 
cially useful when a prompt effect is desired, 
as in mania, coma, etc. Dose 1 or 2 drops 
(0.065-0.13 Cc). 

Tigroid (ti-groid') [rcxpoecdr^, spotted]. A 
term applied to chromophil corpuscles. T. 
Masses. See NissVs Bodies. 

Tilia (til'-e-ah) [L.]. A genus of exogenous 
trees — the linden or basswood. 

Tillaux-Phocas' Disease. See Phocas' Dis- 
ease. 

Tilmus (til'-mus) [nXp.6c, a pulling]. Car- 
phology. 

Timbre (tam'-br) [Ft.]. The peculiar quality 
of a tone, other than pitch and intensity, 
that makes it distinctive. It depends upon 
the overtones of the vibrating bodv. 

Tin. A silvery-white, metallic, malleable ele- 
ment, having a specific gravity of 7.25, an 
atomic weight of 118.1, an atomicity of two or 
four. Symbol Sn, from the Latin stannum. 
T. Chlorid, stannous chlorid, SnCl 2 +2H 2 0, 
is used as a reagent. T., Precipitated 
(galvanically), recommended as a vermifuge 
against tape-worm. Dose 9 gr. (0.5 Gm.) 
every fifteen minutes until five or six doses 
have been taken. 

Tinctable (tink'-tab-l). Tingible. 

Tincture (tingk'-tur) [tinctura, from tingere, 
to tinge]. 1. A solution of the medicinal 
principles of a substance in a fluid other than 
water or glycerol. 2 . Specifically, an alcoholic 
solution of a medicinal substance. T., Am- 
moniated, one made with ammoniated al- 
cohol. T., Ethereal, one made with ether. 
T.s of Fresh Herbs (tinctures herbarum recen- 
tium, U. S. P.), prepared by macerating fresh 
herbs with alcohol. 

Tinea (tin'-e-ah) [L., "a moth; a worm"]. 
Ringworm; a generic term applied to a class 
of skin diseases caused by parasitic fungi, 
formerly applied to many spreading cu- 
taneous diseases. T. amiantacea, T. as- 
bestina, seborrhea of the scalp in which the 
crusts resemble absestos. T. capitis, ringworm 
of the scalp. T. circinata. See under T. 
trichophytina. T. cruris. See under T. tricho- 
phytina. T. decalvans, alopecia areata. 
T, favosa, favus. T. furfuracea, seborrhcea 



TINGIBLE 



978 



TOBACCO 



sicca. T. imbricata, a disease occurring 
in the East Indies, and characterized by the 
formation of concentric scaly patches and 
intense itching. Syn., Bowditch Island ring- 
worm; Tokelau ringworm. T. kerion, a 
markedly inflammatory form of ringworm of 
the scalp {tinea tonsurans) , giving rise to the 
formation of an edematous, boggy swelling 
discharging a mucoid secretion. T. lu- 
pinosa. Same as T. favosa. T. nodosa, 
a nodose condition of the hair of the mustache, 
accompanied by thickening, roughness, and 
fragility. T. sycosis. See under T. tricho- 
phytina. T. tarsi, blepharitis ulcerosa. 
T. tonsurans. See under T. trichophytina. 
T. trichophytina, ringworm, a spreading, 
contagious disease of the skin due to a veg- 
etable fungus, the Trichophyton. On the 
nonhairy parts of the body {tinea trichophy- 
tina corporis, tinea circinata) it presents itself 
by spreading, scaly patches, tending to clear 
in the center. On the thighs and scrotum 
{tinea trichophytina cruris) it is apt to assume 
the appearance of eczema, hence it is also 
called eczema marginatum. The nails may 
be affected {tinea trichophytina unguium), 
becoming grayish, opaque, and brittle. On 
the scalp {tinea trichophytina capitis, tinea 
tonsurans) it forms rounded, grayish, slightly 
elevated, scaly patches, with brittleness and 
loss of the hair. Ringworm of the bearded 
region {tinea trichophytina barbce, tinea sycosis, 
parasitic sycosis, barber's itch) forms at first 
rounded, scaly patches, which soon become 
nodular and lumpy and tend to break down. 
T. versicolor, a disease of the skin due to a 
vegetable parasite, Microsporon furfur. It 
is characterized by brownish-yellow macules 
that coalesce to form extensive areas of 
eruption. There is usually slight itching. 
C. W. Allen's iodin test is of value for the 
recognition of suspected areas; it consists in 
the application of iodin solution, preferably 
Lugol's (iodin, 5; potassium iodid, 10; water, 
100). The diseased portion will stain deep 
brown or mahogany color, in contrast to 
the light-yellow coloration of healthy tissue. 

Tingible {tinj'-ib-l) [tingere, to tinge]. Capable 
of being stained; stainable. 

Tinkling {tink' -ling) . A chinking sound, heard 
over a pneumothorax or a large pulmonary 
cavity. Syn., Metallic tinkling. 

Tinnitus {tin-i'-tus or tin'-it-us) [tinnire, to 
tinkle]. A subjective ringing, roaring, or 
hissing sound heard in the ears. Syn., Tin- 
nitus aurium. 

Tisane {te-zahn'). See Ptisan. 

Tissue {tish'-u) [Fr., tissu, from L., texere, to 
weave]. An aggregation of similar cells and 
fibers, forming a distinct structure, and en- 
tering as such into the formation of an organ 
or organism. T., Adenoid. See 7\, Lymph- 
adenoid. T., Adipose, fatty tissue, a 
form of connective tissue consisting of fat-cells 
lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. T., 
Areolar, a form of connective tissue consisting 
of cells and delicate, elastic fibers interlacing 



in every direction. T., Cancellous, the 
spongy tissue of bones. T., Cartilaginous. 
See Cartilage. T., Connective, a general 
term for all those tissues of the body that 
support the essential elements or parenchyma. 
The most important varieties are adipose 
tissue, areolar tissue, osseous tissue, cartil- 
aginous tissue, elastic tissue, fibrous tissue, 
lymphoid tissue. T., Epithelial. See Epi- 
thelium. T., Erectile, a spongy tissue that 
becomes expanded and hard when filled with 
blood. T., Lymphadenoid, T., Lymphoid, 
a form of connective tissue in which reticular 
meshes contain lymphoid cells; it composes 
the greater part of the lymphatic glands and 
is found in the spleen, tonsils, and the alimen- 
tary mucosa. T., Mucous, a connective 
tissue such as is present in the umbilical cord 
of the fetus. T., Muscular. See Muscular 
Tissue. T., Nervous, the intrinsic sub- 
stance of a nerve or nerve-fiber. T., Os- 
seous. See Bone. T., White Fibrous, 
a form of connective tissue consisting of ex- 
ceedingly fine, inelastic, transparent fila- 
ments. This tissue forms the greater part 
of ligaments, tendons, fascia, sheaths of mus- 
cles, periosteum, etc. T., Yellow Elastic, 
a very elastic yellowish tissue predominating 
in the subflavous ligament, vocal bands, 
inner coats of blood-vessels, and the longitu- 
dinal coats of the trachea and bronchi. 

Titanium {tit-a' -ne-um) [Tcrav, Titan]. A 
metal having a certain relationship to iron, 
chromium, and tin. It is extremely infusible 
and will scratch glass. Its medicinal prop- 
erties are little understood. See Elements, 
Table of Chemic. 

Titer, Titre {te'-ter). [Fr.]. A standard of 
fineness or strength. 

Titillation {tit-il-a' -shun) [titillare, to tickle]. 
The act of tickling; the sensation produced 
by tickling. 

Titration {tit-ra'-shun) [Fr., titre, standard of 
fineness]. Volumetric analysis by the aid 
of standard solutions. 

Titubation {tit-u-ba' -shun) [titubare, to stagger]. 
A staggering gait seen especially in diseases 
of the cerebellum. 

Tl. Symbol of thallium. 

Tobacco {to-bak'-o) [Sp., tabaco, tobacco]. A 
plant, Nic.otiana tabacum, of the order 
SolanacecB, the dried leaves of which {tabaci 
folia, B. P.) contain a liquid alkaloid, nicotin, 
C 10 H U N 2 , which is also present in the seeds 
and root. Nicotin is one of the 'most active 
poisons known. Tobacco-smoke contains a 
series of bases, among which are pyridin, 
picolin, lutidin, parvolin, and others. 
Tobacco is used as a sedative in nearly all 
parts of the world, being smoked, chewed, 
or used as snuff. Its physiologic action is 
that of a nauseant, antispasmodic, and de- 
pressant ; it is also a loca 1 irritant. In medicine 
it has been employed as a relaxant in in- 
testinal obstruction, being given in the form 
of an enema, but it is now rarely used except 
in asthma and locally in hemorrhoids, Unof , 



"•^i 



TODD'S ASCENDING PROCESS 979 



TONGUE 



T. -amblyopia, amblyopia produced by the 
prolonged and excessive use of tobacco. 
T. -heart, an irritable state of the heart, 
characterized by irregular action and pal- 
pitation, produced by excessive indulgence in 
tobacco. T., Indian. See Lobelia. 

Todd's Ascending Process. See Scarpa's 
Fascia. T.'s Cirrhosis, hypertrophic cir- 
rhosis of the liver. 

Toe [AS., td]. A digit of the foot. T. -brace, 
an appliance for correction of flat-foot and 
deformed toes. T. -clonus, contraction of 
the great toe on sudden extension of the first 
phalanx. T., Flexed, T., Hammer-, a 
claw-like permanent distortion of a toe in 
which it is abnormally flexed at the last joint, 
allowing the tip to rest on the ground while 
the first joint is raised above the proper 
level. T. Reflex. See Reflex, Toe. 

Toilet (tot' -let) [OF., toilette, a cloth]. In 
surgery, the cleansing, washing, and dressing 
of an operative wound. 

Tokelau Ringworm. See Tinea imbricata. 

Tokodynamometer {tok -o -di-nam-om' -et -er) 
[zokoc, birth; dynamometer]. An instrument 
for measuring the force of the expulsive efforts 
of the uterus in childbirth. 

Tokology {tok-oV -o-je) [tokoc, birth; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science of obstetrics. 

Tokomania {to - ko - ma' - ne - ah) [tokoc, birth; 
[lavca, madness]. Puerperal insanity. 

Tolerance {toV -er-ans) [tolerare, to bear]. The 
ability of enduring the influence of a drug or 
poison, particularly when acquired by a con- 
tinued use of the substance. 

Tollen's Reagent for Glucose. An ammo- 
niacal silver solution obtained by precipitating 
silver nitrate solution with caustic potash and 
adding just enough ammonia to dissolve the 
precipitate yielded. This solution is reduced 
by glucose. 

Tolokno {to-lok'-no). A food prepared chiefly 
from oats. Used in Russia for superalimen- 
tation in tuberculosis. 

Tolu {to-lu') [Santiago de Tolu, in the United 
States of Colombia, where it was first ob- 
tained]. Short for balsam of tolu. T., 
Balsam of (balsamum tolutanum, U. S. P., 
B. P.), a balsam obtained from Tolnifera 
balsamum, an evergreen tree of the order 
Leguminosce. It is used as a stimulant ex- 
pectorant. Dose 10-30 gr. (0.65-2.0 Gm.). 
T., Syrup of {syrupus tolutanus, U. S. P., 
B. P.). Dose 4 dr. (16 Cc). T., Tincture 
of (tinctura tolutana, U. S. P., B. P.). 
Dose 30 min. (2 Cc). 

Toluene {tol'-u-en) [tolu], C 7 H 8 . Methylbeh- 
zene; a hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar 
and also produced in the dry distillation of 
tolu balsam and many resins. 

Toluidin {tol-u'-id-in) [tolu], C 7 H 7 .NH 2 . A 
homolog of anilin, prepared from toluene. 
T. Blue, dgH^NgSClZnCl'the double salt 
of zinc chlorid and dimethyltoluthionin. It 
occurs as a black powder dissolving in water 
and alcohol with a fine blue coloration. It 
acts upon lower organisms as a powerful 



poison and may be employed as is methylene- 
blue in infectious conjunctivitis, and also as 
a substitute for fluorescein in fixing the limits 
of corneal lesion. 

Toluol {tol'-u-ol). Same as Toluene. 

Tolylacetamid {tol-il-as-et-am' -id) , C 6 H 4 (CH 3 )- 
NH.(C 2 H 3 0). A derivative of coal-tar; used as 
an antiseptic. Dose 2-10 gr. (0.32-0.65 Gm.). 

Tolylantipyrin. See Toly pyrin. 

Tolypyrin {tol-e-pi'-rin), C 12 H }4 N 2 0. Color- 
less crystals of an intensely bitter taste, sol- 
uble in water and alcohol ; used as is antipyrin. 
T. Salicylate, C l2 H 14 N 2 O.C 7 H 6 3 . Dose, 
in rheumatism, etc., 15-30 gr. (1-2 Gm.). 

Tolysal {tol'-is-al). Tolypyrin salicylate. 

Tomaselli's Disease. Quinin fever, produced 
by large doses of quinin; it is attended with 
hematuria, dysuria, dyspnea, threatened col- 
lapse. 

Tomentum {to-men' -turn) [L.]. A flock of 
wool. T. cerebri, the network of small 
blood-vessels of the pia penetrating the cortex 
of the brain. 

Tomes' Fibers. Elongate, branched pro- 
cesses of the odontoblasts of the pulp filling 
the dentinal tubules of teeth. 

Tomomania {tom-o-ma' -ne-ah) [rofirj, a cutting; 
fiavta, madness]. An excessive desire to per- 
form operations. 

Tone {ton) [xbvoc, from reivetv, to stretch]. 
1. A distinct sound. 2. The normal state 
of tension of a part or of the body. 

Tonga {tong'-ah). A mixture of various barks, 
probably of Premna taitensis and Raphidophora 
vitiensis, brought from the Fiji islands, and 
used in neuralgia. Dose of a fluidextract 
i dr. (2 Cc). 

Tongaline {ton' -gal-en). A proprietary prepa- 
ration said to contain tonga (bark of Premna 
taitensis), extract of Cimicifuga racemosa, 
sodium salicylate, pilocarpin salicylate, and 
colchicin salicylate. It is recommended in 
gouty diathesis. 

Tongue {tung). The movable muscular organ 
attached to the floor of the mouth, and con- 
cerned in tasting, masticating, swallowing, 
and speaking. It consists of a number of 
muscles, and is covered by mucous membrane 
from which project numerous papillas, and 
in which are placed the terminal organs of 
taste. T., Black, a condition in which the 
dorsal surface of the tongue is covered with 
a black coating. T. -depressor, a spatula 
for pushing down the tongue during the ex- 
amination of the mouth and throat. T., 
Fern -leaf Pattern, a name given to a tongue 
presenting a well-marked central furrow (mid- 
rib) with lateral branches. T., Filmy, one 
with whitish, symmetric patches on both sides. 
T., Furred, a coated tongue the papillas 
of which are prominent, giving the mucous 
membrane the appearance of a whitish fur. 
T., Geographic, one with localized thickening 
of the epithelium, giving to the surface the 
appearance of a geographic chart. T., Hairy, 
one with a hyperplasia of the papillas, giving 
rise to hair-like projections. T. ? Strawberry, 



TONIC 



980 



TOOTH 



a hyperemic tongue, the fungiform papillas 
of which are very prominent; it is seen espe- 
cially in scarlatina. T. -swallowing, a 
condition in which there is an abnormal 
mobility of the organ, so that it falls backward, 
giving rise to danger of suffocation. T.-tie, 
a congenital shortening of the frenum of the 
tongue, interfering with its mobility. Syn., 
Ankyloglossia. T., Wooden, one the seat of 
actinomycosis. 

Tonic {ton'-ik) [tone], i. Pertaining to tone; 
producing normal tone or tension. 2. Char- 
acterized by continuous tension or contraction, 
as a tonic spasm, tonic convulsion. 3. An 
agent or drug producing normal tone of an or- 
gan or part. T., Cardiac, strengthening the 
heart-muscle. T., Intestinal, one strength- 
ening the tone of the intestine. T., Nervine, 
one increasing the tone of the nervous system. 
T., Stomachic, one increasing the tone of 
the stomach. T., Vascular, one increasing 
the tone or tension of the blood-vessels. 

Tonicity {ton-is' -it-e) [tone]. The condition of 
normal tone or tension of organs ; a state of tone. 

Tonicize {ton'-is-lz) [tone]. To give tone or 
tension to anything. 

Toninervin {ton-e-ner' -vin) . A water-soluble 
salt of quinin said to contain 4.5 % of iron. 
Dose as antipyretic 2-5 gr. (0.1-0.3 Cm.) 
every three hours; as tonic f gr. (0.05 Gm.) 
twice daily. 

Tonitruphobia {ton-it-ru- fo'-be-ah) [tonitru, 
thunder; </>6/?of, fear]. Morbid dread of 
thunder. 

Tonka-bean {tong'-kah-ben). The seed of Dip- 
teryx odorata, a tree of South America; it con- 
tains coumarin, and is used as a flavoring agent. 

Tonograph {ton' -o-graf) [tovoc, tension; ypafacv, 
to write]. A device for recording the tension 
of the arterial blood-current. 

Tonometer {ton-om' -et-er) [tovoc, tone, tension; 
fxirpov, a measure]. An instrument to measure 
tension, as that of the eyeball. T., Gart- 
ner's, one for estimating blood-pressure. 
T., Musken's, one for measuring the tonicity 
of the achilles tendon. 

Tonometry {ton-om' -et-re). The measurement 
of tonicity. 

Tonoplasts {ton' -o-plasts) [tovoc, tension ; 71X0.0 p.a, 
a thing molded]. Small intracellular bodies 
which build up strongly osmotic substances 
within themselves and in this way swell to 
small vacuoles. 

Tonoscope {ton'-o-skop) [tovoc, tone; okottzIv, 
to view]. An instrument for examination of 
the interior of the cranium by means of sound. 

Tonsil {ton'-sil) [tonsilla]. 1. A small, almond- 
shaped body, situated on each side of the 
fauces, between the anterior and posterior 
pillars of the soft palate. It consists of an 
aggregation of from 10 to 18 lymph-follicles, 
and is covered by mucous' membrane, which 
dips into certain depressions called crypts. 
2. A small lobe of the cerebellar hemisphere, 
situated on the inferior mesial aspect. T., 
Faucial. See Tonsil (1). T., Lingual, 
an accumulation of lymphadenoid tissue at 



the base of the tongue. T., Pharyngeal, a 
mass of lymphadenoid tissue in the pharynx, 
between the eustachian tubes. 
Tonsillar {ton' -sil-ar) [tonsil]. 1. Pertaining to 
the tonsil, as the tonsillar artery. 2. Af- 
fecting the tonsil, as tonsillar abscess. 
Tonsillitis {ton-sil-i'-tis) [tonsil; ncc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the tonsil. T., 
Follicular, a form in which the follicles are 
especially involved and project as whitish 
points from the surface of the tonsil. T., 
Herpetic, a form characterized by an eruption 
of herpetic vesicles, which soon rupture, 
leaving small, circular ulcers that coalesce 
and become covered with a fibrinous ex- 
udation. The disease has an acute onset, 
a continuous fever, and a critical decline, 
affects those subject to herpes elsewhere, and 
tends to recur. T., Lacunar. Same as T., 
Follicular. T., Mycotic, tonsillitis due to 
fungi. T., Pustular, a form characterized 
by the formation of pustules, as in smallpox. 
T., Suppurative. Synonym of Quinsy. 
Tonsillolith {tonsil' -o-lith) [tonsil; X'cOoc, a 

stone]. A concretion within the tonsil. 
Tonsillotomy {ton' -sil-o-tom) [tonsil; Toptrj, a 
cutting]. An instrument for removing or 
cutting off the tonsil. 

Tonsillotomy {ton-sil-of -o-me) 
[see Tonsillotome]. The opera- 
tion of cutting out the tonsil. T. 
Rash. See Rash, Amygdalot- 
omy. 
Tonsilsector {ton-sil-sek' -tor) . A 
tonsillotome consisting of a pair 
of circular scissor-blades mov- 
ing inside a circular guarding 
ring. 
Tonus {to'-nus). See Tone. T., 
Chemic, the condition of the 
muscles when at rest and un- 
dergoing no mechanic exertion. 
Tooth {tooth) [AS., toth\ One 
of the small, bone-like organs 
occupying the alveolar proc- 
esses of the upper and lower 
jaws, and serving for tearing 
and comminuting the food. 
The teeth begin to appear in 
the human being about the sev- 
enth month; by the end of the 
third year, the eruption of the 
so-called temporary, deciduous, 
or milk-teeth, numbering 20, is 
completed. The permanent 
teeth begin to replace the de- 
ciduous teeth about the seventh 
year. In the adult, the per- 
manent teeth number 32, or 16 
in each jaw, and are divided as 
follows: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 
bicuspids, and 3 molars in each 
lateral half of the jaw. Each 
tooth is composed of a crown, 
the exposed part, a constricted 
part, called the neck, and a 
Tonsillotome part within the alveolus, called 



981 



STYLOID PROCESS 



ORIGIN OF 
STYLOHYOID 




MANDIBLE 



INSERTION OF STYLOHYOID PULLEY OF DIGASTRIC 

Muscles of the Tongue, Viewed from the Right Side. — {Gerrish, after Testut.) 




Under Surface of Tongue and the Sublingual Space, Showing Openings of Salivary Ducts. — {Gerrish, aj„ 

Testut.) 



TOOTH'S TYPE 



982 



TOUCH 



the fang or root. In structure a tooth 
consists of an outer hard substance, the 
enamel, incasing the crown ; the dentin, within 
the enamel; and the pulp, a soft, vascular 
tissue filling the pulp-cavity. The dentin 
of the root is surrounded by the cement or 
crusta petrosa. T., Eye-, the upper canine 
tooth. Teeth, Hutchinson's. See Hutch- 
inson's Teeth. T., Stomach-, the lower 
canine tooth. T., Wisdom-, the third mo- 
lar tooth. 

Tooth's Type of Progressive Muscular At- 
rophy. See Char cot-Marie's Type. 

Topesthesia {top-es-the'-ze-ah) [totcoc, place; 
a'codrjotc, sensation]. Local tactile sensibility. 

Tophaceous {to-fa'-shus) [tophus]. Of the na- 
ture of tophi; sandy, or gritty. 

Tophi {to'-fi). Plural of tophus. 

Tophus {to'-fus) [zd(f)of, stone], i. The hard, 
stone-like deposits occurring in gout, es- 
pecially about the knuckles and the car- 
tilages of the ear, and consisting of sodium 
urate. 2. The tartar of the teeth. 

Topic, Topical {top'-ik, top'-ik-al) [ronoc, place]. 
Local. 

Topo- (to-po-) [tokoc, place]. A prefix meaning 
relating to a locality; localized. 

Topoalgia {top-o-al '-je-ah) [topo-; akyoc, pain]. 
Localized pain, common in neurasthenia, 
and often appearing suddenly after emotional 
disturbances. 

Topographic {top-o-graf'-ik) [see Topography]. 
Pertaining to a locality. T. Anatomy, the 
study of the regions occupied by a part, or 
in which anything occurs. 

Topography {top-og'-ra-je) [topo-; ypa$et.v, to 
write]. A study of the regions of the body 
or its parts, as cerebral topography. 

Topology {top-ol'-o-je) [topo-; Xoyoc, science]. 
Topographic anatomy. 

Toponarcosis {top -o- nar - ko ' - sis) [topo-; 
vapucoacc, a benumbing]. Local insensibility 
or anesthesia. 

Toponeurosis (top-o-nu-ro' '-sis) [topo-; neu- 
rosis]. A local neurosis. 

Torcular herophili {tor'-ku-lar her-o} f -il-i) 
[L., "the wine-press of Herophilus "]. The 
expanded extremity of the superior longitu- 
dinal sinus, placed in a depression on the 
inner surface of the occipital bone. It re- 
ceives the blood from the occipital sinus, 
and from it is derived the lateral sinus of 
the side to which it is deflected. 

Toril {tor'-il). An extract of meat containing 
its albuminoids prepared with the addition of 
savory herbs. 

Tormen {tor' -men). See Tormina. 

Tormina {tor' -min-ah) [plural of tormen, a 
racking pain]. Griping pains in the bowel. 
T. ventriculi nervosa. See Hyper peri- 
stalsis. • 

Torosity {to-ros'-it-e) [torosus, brawny; mus- 
cular]. Muscular strength. 

Torpent {tor' -pent) [torpor]. 1. Incapable of 
the active performance of a function. 2. A 
medicine or agent that reduces or subdues 
irritative action. 



Torpescence {tor-pes' -ens) [torpor]. Numb- 
ness; torpidity. 

Torpid {tor'-pid) [torpor]. Affected with torpor. 

Torpidity {tor-pid'-it-e). See Torpor. 

Torpify {tor'-pe-fi). To make numb or torpid; 
to stupefy. 

Torpitude {tor' -pe-tud\ Torpidity; numbness. 

Torpor {tor'-por) [L.]. Sluggishness; inactivity. 
T. retinae, dulled perceptive power of the 
retina. 

Torref action, Torrefication {tor-e-fak' -shun, 
tor -e-fik-a' -shun) [torrefacere, to dry by heat]. 
Roasting; drying by means of high heat. 

Torricellean Vacuum {to-re-tsheV -e-an) [Tor- 
ricelli, an Italian physicist]. The vacuum 
above the mercury-column of a barometer. 

Torsiometer {tor-se-om' -et-er) [torsion; fihpjv, 
a measure]. An instrument for measuring 
ocular torsion. 

Torsion {tor' -shun) [torquere, to twist]. 1. A 
twisting; also, the rotation of the eye about 
the visual axis. 2. The tilting of the vertical 
meridian of the eye. 

Torsoclusion {tor-sok-lu'-zhun) [torsion; oc- 
clusion]. A form of acupressure in which 
the point of the pin is pushed through a portion 
of the tissue parallel with the course of the 
vessel to be secured, then carried over its 
anterior surface, and at the same time swept 
around until brought to a right angle with 
the artery, when the point is thrust into the 
soft parts beyond. 

Tort [torquere, to turn]. To tilt the vertical 
meridian of the eye. Extort, to tilt the ver- 
tical meridian outward. Intort, to tilt the 
vertical meridian inward. Intorter, the muscle 
tilting the vertical meridian of the eye inward. 

Torticollis {tor-te-kol'-is) [tort; collum, neck]. 
Wry-neck, a contraction of one or more of 
the cervical muscles, usually of one side, re- 
sulting in an abnormal position of the head. 
T., Rheumatic, stiff-neck, a form due to 
rheumatism of the sternomastoid or other 
muscle of the neck. T., Spasmodic, spas- 
modic contraction of the "muscles of the neck 
of one side, especially the sternomastoid, 
causing a drawing of the head toward 
the opposite side. 

Torula {tor'-u-lah) [torulus, a small tuft]. 1. A 
genus of fungi reproducing by budding, 
many species of which are alcoholic ferments. 

2. A chain of spheric bacteria. T. cere- 
visiae. See Saccharomyces cerevisioz. 

Torulose {tor'-u-loz) [torula]. Knobbed. 

Torus {tor' -us) [L.]. 1. A surface having a reg- 
ular curvature, with two principal meridians 
of dissimilar curvature at right angles to 
each other. 2. An elevation or prominence. 

3. The tuber cinereum of the brain. T. fron- 
talis, a protuberance in the region of the 
frontal sinuses, at the root of the nose. T. 
palatinus, a protuberance on the surface of 
the hard palate, marking the point of junction 
of the intermaxillary and palatomaxillary su- 
tures. 

Touch {tuch) [Fr., tou'cher]. 1. The tactile 
sense. 2. The act of judging by the tactile 



TOUR BE MAITRE 



983 



TOXINEMIA 



sense; palpation, especially palpation of a 
part with the finger, as rectal touch, vagi- 
nal touch. T. -corpuscle, a tactile cor- 
puscle. 

Tour de Maitre {toor-d'-matr) [Ft., "the 
master's turn"]. A method of passing a 
catheter into the bladder in which it is intro- 
duced into the urethra with the convexity 
upward, the shaft lying obliquely across the 
left thigh of the patient, and as the point 
enters the bulb, the handle is swept around 
toward the abdomen, when the beak passes 
into the membranous urethra, and is carried 
into the bladder by depressing the shaft be- 
tween the patient's thighs. A sound may be 
introduced into the uterus in an analogous 
manner, by entering the instrument with the 
convexity upward, and then sweeping the 
shaft around. 

Tourette's Disease [Gilles de la Tourette, a 
French physician]. A convulsive form of 
tic characterized by motor incoordination 
with echolalia and coprolalia. T.'s Sign, 
inversion of the ratio existing normally be- 
tween the earthy phosphates and alkaline 
phosphates of the urine; it is found in parox- 
ysms of hysteria. 

Tourniquet {toor-nik-et) [Ft., from tourner, 
to turn]. An instrument for controlling 
the circulation by means of compression, 
usually consisting of two metallic plates 
united by a thumb-screw, and a strap pro- 
vided with a pad. The strap is fastened 
about the part, the pad being made to lie 
over the artery to be occluded. The screw 
is placed diametrically opposite the pad, and 
the strap tightened by separating the metallic 
plates of the screw. T., Dupuytren's, one 
for compressing the abdominal aorta, con- 
sisting of a semicircle of metal with a pad at 
one extremity. T., Esmarch's, one con- 
sisting of a stout, elastic rubber band applied 
above the proximal turn of an elastic bandage 
passing around the part to be rendered blood- 
less. T., Field-, one consisting of a strap 
and buckle with a pad to be placed over the 
artery. T., Horseshoe, one shaped like a 
horseshoe, to compress only two points, and 
thus permit venous return. T., Provisional, 
one applied loosely, so that it may be tightened 
at once upon the recurrence of hemorrhage. 
T., Signorini's. See T., Horseshoe. 

Tow. The coarse part of flax or hemp, used 
as an absorbent. 

Tox-, Toxico-, Toxo- {toks-, toks-ik-o-, toks-o-) 
[zo^cnov, poison]. Prefixes signifying poison- 
ous or caused by a poison. 

Toxalbumin {toks-al-bu'-min) [tox-; albumin]. 
A poisonous proteid. Toxalbumins have 
been obtained from cultures of bacteria and 
from certain plants. See Toxin (2). 

Toxalbumose {toks-al '-bu-moz) . A toxic al- 
bumose. 

Toxanemia (toks-an-e' '-me-ah) [tox-; anemia]. 
Anemia produced by poison. 

Toxemia {toks-e' '-me-ah) [tox-; alpta, blood]. 
Blood-poisoning, a condition in which the 



blood contains poisonous products, either those 
produced by the body-cells or those due to 
the growth of microorganisms. 

Toxemic {toks-em'-ik, toks-e'-mik) [see Toxemia]. 
Pertaining to, affected with, or caused by 
toxemia. 

Toxenzym {toks' -en-zim) . . A toxic enzym. 

Toxic {toks'-ik) [toxin]. Poisonous; produced 
by a poison. 

Toxicant {toks' -ik-ant) [toxic]. 1. Poisonous 
or toxic. 2. A poisonous agent. 

Toxichemitosis {toks -ik-em-it-o' - sis) [toxic; 
dljia, blood]. Blood-poisoning. 

Toxicity {toks-is' -it-e) [toxic]. The quality of 
being toxic. 

Toxicodendron {toks - ik -o- den' - dron) . See 
Rhus. 

Toxicoderma {toks-ik-o-der'-mah) [toxico-; dip/xa, 
skin]. Disease of the skin due to poison. 

Toxicogenic {toks-ik-o-jen' -ik) [toxico-; jzvvav, 
to produce]. Producing poisons. 

Toxicohemia {toks-ik-o-he' -me-ah). See Tox- 
emia. 

Toxicology {toks-ik-ol'-o-je) [toxico-; ~kbjoc, 
science]. The science of the nature and 
effects of poisons, their detection, and the 
treatment of their effects. 

Toxicomania {toks- ik-o- ma' -ne- ah) [toxico-; 
[xavca, madness]. 1. Morbid desire to con- 
sume poison. 2. Toxiphobia. 

Toxicomucin {toks-ik-o-mu' -sin) . See Toxo- 
mucin. 

Toxicopathy {toks-ik-op' -a-ihe) [toxico-; nadog, 
disease]. Disease of toxic origin. 

Toxicosis {toks-ik-o' -sis) [toxin]. A state of 
poisoning. 

Toxidermitis {toks-e-der-mi'-tis). See Toxico- 
derma. 

Toxiferous {toks-if -er-us) [toxin; jerre, to bear]. 
Producing or conveying poison. 

Toxin [to^ckov, poison]. 1. Any poisonous ni- 
trogenous compound produced by animal or 
vegetable cells. 2. Any poisonous substance, 
proteid in nature, produced by animal or 
vegetable cells, by immunization with which 
specific antitoxins may be obtained. Syn., 
Toxalbumin. T., Animal, one produced by 
the metabolic activity of animal cells, as 
snake-venom. T., Bacterial, one produced 
by the metabolic activity of bacteria, as diph- 
theria toxin. T., Extracellular, a bacterial 
toxin elaborated by a microorganism and 
thrown off into the surrounding medium. The 
majority of the best known toxins are extra- 
cellular. T., Intracellular, a bacterial toxin 
contained in the bodies of the bacteria 
themselves. T.s, Ponogenic, toxins such as 
are characteristic of nerve-tissue waste. T.- 
unit, consists of two parts, a haptophore 
complex which unites it with the cell receptor 
(or lateral chain), and the toxophore complex, 
which is the poisonous element. T., Vege- 
table. 1. Any toxin produced by vegetable 
cells. 2. Specifically, one produced by higher 
plants, as ricin (produced by the ' castor-oil 
plant), abrin (produced by the jequirity plant). 

Toxinemia {toks-in-e' -me-ah). See Toxemia. 



TOXINICIDE 



984 



TRACHEOSTENOSIS 



Toxinicide (toks-in' -is-id) [toxin; ccedere, to kill]. 
Any substance that destroys a toxin. 

Toxiphobia (toks-e-fo'-be-ah) {toxin; <f>6pog, 
fear]. Morbid dread of being poisoned. 

Toxiphoric (toks-if-or' -ik) . See Toxijerous. 
T. Side-chain, applied by Ehrlich to atom 
groups which combine with the toxin of any 
particular disease-germ. 

Toxis (toks'-is). See Toxicosis. 

Toxitherapy (toks-e-ther 1 '-ap-e) . The thera- 
peutic use of antitoxins. 

Toxoid (toks'-oid) [toxin; sldo?, likeness]. A 
toxin transformation-product destitute of toxic 
effect. 

Toxomucin (toks-o-mu'-sin) [toxo-; mucus]. 
A toxic substance obtained from cultures of 
tubercle bacilli. 

Toxon (toks'-on) [toxin], Ehrlich' s name for 
any one of several substances which appear 
in fresh toxins; they neutralize antitoxin 
and are feebly poisonous. 

Toxonosis (toks-on-o'-sis) [toxo-; voaoc, disease]. 
An affection resulting from the action of a 
poison. 

Toxopeptone (toks-o-pep'-ton). A poisonous 
proteid, resembling peptone in its behavior 
to heat and reagents, produced in peptone 
cultures by the comma bacillus. 

Toxophore (toks'-o-for) [toxo-; <f>ips~iv, to bear]. 
That complex of atoms of a toxin-unit which 
is the poisonous element of a toxin. 

Toxophylaxin (tox-o-fil-aks'-in). See under 
Phylaxin. 

Toxosozin (toks-o-so' '-zin) . See under Sozin. 

Toynbee's Corpuscles [Toynbee, an English 
otologist]. The corneal corpuscles. T^s Ex- 
periment, rarefaction of the air contained in 
the tympanic cavity by swallowing while the 
mouth and nose are closed. T.'s Law. See 
Gull-Toynbee's Law. T.'s Ligament, the 
tensor ligament; the fibrous sheath of the 
tendon of the tensor tympani. 

Trabecula (tra-bek'-u-lah) [L., "a small beam"]. 
Any one of the fibrous bands extending from 
the capsule into the interior of an organ. 

Trabs cerebri (trabz ser'-eb-ri) [L.]. The corpus 
callosum. 

Trace (tras). A mark. T., Primitive. See 
Primitive Streak. 

Trachea (tra'-ke-ah) [xpa%e~ca, a windpipe]. 
The windpipe; the cartilaginous and membra- 
nous tube extending from the lower part 
of the larynx to its division into the two 
bronchi. 

Tracheal (tra'-ke-al) [trachea]. Pertaining to 
or produced in the trachea. T. Tugging, 
the downward tugging movement of the 
larynx, sometimes observed in aneurysm of 
the aortic arch. 

Trachealis Muscle (trak-e-a' -lis) [trachea]. 
The intrinsic transverse muscle-fibers found 
in the trachea. 

Tracheitis (tra-ke-i' '-tis) [trachea; tree, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the trachea. 

Trachelalis (trak-el-a' -lis) [xpa%r)\oc, neck]. 
The trachelomastoid muscle. See under 
Muscle. 



Trachelectomopexia (tra - kel -ek-to-mo- peks'- 
e-ah) [rpaxrj Xoc, neck; iKxoptrj, excision; nf^cg, 
a fixing]. Partial excision with fixation of the 
neck of the uterus. 

Trachelectomy (tra-kel-ek'-to-me) [trachelo-; 
enTOfiT), excision]. Excision of the neck of 
the uterus. 

Trachelian (tra-ke' '-le-an) [xpa%7)Xof, neck]. 
Pertaining to the neck, particularly its dorsal 
part. 

Trachelismus (tra-kel-is'-mus) [xphxrjloc, neck]. 
Spasmodic contraction of the muscles of the 
neck. 

Trachelitis (tra-kel-i'-tis) [trachelo-; exec, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the neck of the 
uterus. 

Trachelo- (trak-el-o-) [xpaxr)Xoc, neck]. A pre- 
fix denoting pertaining to the neck. 

Trachelobregmatic {tra -kel-o- breg - mat' - ik) 
[trachelo-; bregma]. Relating to the neck and 
the bregma. 

Trachelo clavicular (tra-kel- o-kla- vik'-u-lar) . 
Relating to the neck and the collar-bone. 

Trachelomastoid (trak-el-o -mas' '-toid) [trach- 
elo-; mastoid]. Pertaining to the neck and 
the mastoid process. 

Trachelooccipital (tra-kel-o-ok-sip'-it-aV). Re- 
lating to the nape of the neck and the occiput. 

Trachelopexia (tra-kel-o-peks'-e-ah) [trach- 
elo-; 7:rj$ec- } a fixing]. Fixation of the neck of 
the uterus. 

Tracheoplasty (trak' ' -el-o-plas-te) [trachelo-; 
TiXaoaecv, to mold]. Plastic operation on the 
neck of the uterus. 

Trachelorrhaphy (trak-el-or'-a-fe) [trachelo-; 
pa<j>7], suture]. Repair of a laceration of the 
cervix uteri. 

Trachelotomy (trak-el-ot'-o-me) [trachelo-; xo/nr], 
a cutting]. Incision into the cervix uteri. 

Tracheo- (tra-ke-o-) [xpax^ia, trachea]. A pre- 
fix denoting connection with or relation to 
the trachea. 

Tracheoaerocele (tra-ke-o-a' -er-o-sel) [tracheo-; 
df)p, air; ktjXt], tumor]. A diverticulum of the 
trachea. 

Tracheobronchitis {tra-ke-o-brong-ki' -tis) [tra- 
cheo-; bronchitis]. Inflammation of the tra- 
chea and bronchi. 

Tracheocele {tra' -ke-o-seV) [tracheo-; ktjXt], tu- 
mor], i . Protrusion of the mucous membrane 
of the trachea. 2. Goiter. 

Tracheoesophageal (tra -ke-o -es-of-aj'- e-al) 
[tracheo-; esophagus]. Pertaining to the tra- 
chea and the esophagus. 

Tracheolaryngeal (tra -ke-o-lar- in' - je - al) 
[tracheo-; larynx]. Pertaining to the trachea 
and the larynx. 

Tracheoplasty (tra'-ke-o-plast-e). Plastic sur- 
gery of the trachea. 

Tracheoschisis (tra -ke- os' - kis - is) [tracheo-; 
oxK tlv i to split]. Fissure of the trachea. 

Tracheoscopy (tra -ke-os'-ko- pe) [tracheo-; 
GKOize'cv, to inspect]. Inspection of the in- 
terior of the trachea by means of a laryngo- 
scopic mirror and reflected light. 

Tracheostenosis (tra-ke-o-sten-o'-sis) [tracheo-; 
stenosis]. Stenosis of the trachea. 



TRACHEOTOME 985 TRANSFORATION 

Tracheotome (tra'-lze-o-tom) [tracheo-; xo[ir), close to the septum as high as the eleventh 

a cutting]. A cutting instrument used in dorsal segment, 

tracheotomy. Traction (trak' -shun) [trahere, to draw]. The 

Tracheotomist (tra-ke-ot'-om-ist). One skilled act of drawing or pulling. T. -aneurysm, 

in tracheotomy. an aneurysm due to traction on the aorta by 

Tracheotomize (tra-ke-ot r -om-iz). To per- an incompletely atrophied ductus arteriosus, 

form tracheotomy upon. T., Axis-, traction in the axis or direction of 

Tracheotomy (tra-ke-ot'-o-me) [see Tracheo- a channel, as of the pelvis, through which a 

tome]. The operation of cutting into the body is to be drawn. T., Axis-, Forceps, 

trachea through the cricothyroid membrane, an obstetric forceps for performing axis- 

or through the cricoid cartilage and the upper traction in the delivery of the fetus. T.-di- 

part of the trachea. T., Inferior, one per- verticulum, a circumscribed sacculation of 

formed below the isthmus of the thyroid gland. the esophagus from the traction of adhesions. 

T., Superior, one performed above the isth- T., Elastic, traction by an elastic force, 

mus of the thyroid gland. T.-tube, a metal Tractor (trak'-tor) [traction], i. An instru- 

tube placed in the opening made in tracheot- ment for making traction. 2. See Perkin- 

omy, and through which breathing is carried on. ism. 

Trachielcosis (tra-ke-el-ko' -sis) [tracheo-; eXuoc, Tractoration (trak-tor-a' -shun) [tractor]. Treat- 

an ulcer]. Ulceration of the trachea. ment by metallic tractors. See Perkinism. 

Trachielcus (tra-ke-el r -kus). An ulcer of the Tractus {trak'-tus). See Tract. 

trachea. Tragacanth (trag'-a-kanth) [xpafanavda, "goat- 

Trachitis (tra-ki' -tis) . See Tracheitis. thorn"]. A gummy exudation from various 

Trachoma (tra-ko'-mah) [rpayug, rough]. A species of A stragalus, of the order Leguminosce, 

contagious disease of the eyelids characterized constituting the tragacantha of the U. S. P. 

by small, sago-like elevations on the con- and B. P. It resembles gum-arabic, and 

junctiva, and later by cicatricial contraction is used as a demulcent, and is added to water 

and deformity of the lids. The friction of to suspend insoluble powders and for making 

the elevations (trachoma-granulations) against troches. T., Glycerin of (glycerinum trag- 

the cornea often produces ulcer or pannus. acanthce, B. P.). T., Mucilage of (mucilago 

Syn., Granular conjunctivitis; Granular lids. tragacanthce, U. S. P.). Dose 4 dr. (16 Cc). 

T. deformans, a name given to a form of T., Powder of, Compound (pulvis trag- 

vulvitis at the stage when it results in diffuse acanthce compositus, B. P.). Dose 30 gr.-i dr. 

scar-tissue. T., Turck's. See Turck's Tra- (2-4 Gm.). 

choma. Tragal (tra'-gaT) [tragus]. Pertaining to the 

Trachomatous (tra-ko' -mat -us) [trachoma]. tragus. 

Affected with or pertaining to trachoma. Tragicus (traj'-ik-us). See under Muscle. 

Trachyphonia (trak-if-o'-ne-ah) [zpa%ur, rough; Tragus (tra'-gus) [zpayog, goat]. The small 

ffxovr], voice]. Roughness or hoarseness of prominence of cartilage projecting over the 

the voice. meatus of the external ear. 

Tract [tractus]. 1. A distinct, more or less Trajector (tra-jek' -tor) [L., "a piercer"]. An 

defined region having considerable length. instrument used to determine the approximate 

2. Any one of the columns of white matter location of a bullet in the cranium, 

of the spinal cord. 3. A track or course. Trance (trans) [transire, to pass over]. A form 

T., Alimentary, the alimentary canal, ex- of abnormal sleep from which the patient 

tending from the mouth to the anus. T., ordinarily cannot be aroused, and which is 

Cerebellar, an ascending tract of fibers at dependent upon hysteria (hysteric trance) 

the periphery of the posterior portion of the or hypnotism. 

lateral column of the spinal cord. T., De- Trans- [trans, across]. A prefix denoting 

scending Anterolateral, a few long fibers through or across. 

scattered in the anterior and lateral ground- Transaudient (trans-aw' -de-ent) [trans-; audire, 

bundles of the spinal cord. T., Digestive, to hear]. Allowing the transmission of sound, 

the alimentary tract. T., Direct Cerebellar. Transcortical (trans-kor 1 '-tik-al) [trans-; cortex]. 

See TV, Cerebellar. T., Genitourinary, Across the cortex. 

the genitourinary organs in continuity. T., Transection (trans-ek' -shun) [trans-; section]. 

Intermediolateral, a tract of nerve-fibers A section made across the long axis of a part, 

in the lateral column of the spinal cord, mid- Transfer (trans' -fer) [trans-; ferre, to carry], 

way between the anterior and posterior gray The change of anesthesia or hyperesthesia 

horns. T., Motor, the path for motor im- from one part of the body to another, a phe- 

pulses from the brain to a muscle. T., 01- nomenon present in some cases of hys- 

factory. See Olfactory Tract. T., Optic. teria. 

See Optic Tract. T., Pyramidal, the con- Transference (trans- fer' -ens). 1. See Transfer. 

tinuation in the spinal cord of the ventral 2. See Telepathy. 

pyramids of the oblongata. T., Respiratory, Transfix (trans-fiks') [trans-; figere, to fix], 

the respiratory organs in continuity. T., To pierce through and through. 

Sensory, any tract of fibers conducting sen- Transfixion (trans- fik' -shun) [transfix]. The 

sation to the brain. T., Septomarginal, act of piercing through and through. 

a narrow strip of fibers in the posterior column Transforation (trans-for-a' -shun) [trans-; forare, 



TRANSFORMATION 



TRAUBE'S CORPUSCLES 



to pierce]. The act of perforating, as trans- 
foration of the fetal skull. 

Transformation (trans- for-ma' -shun) [trans-; 
formare, to form]. A change of form or 
constitution; degeneration. 

Transfusion (trans-fu' '-zhun) [trans-; fundere, 
to pour]. The pouring of liquid from one 
vessel into another; especially the introduction 
into a vessel of the body of blood or other 
liquid. T., Arterial, transfusion of blood 
into an artery. T., Direct, T., Immediate, 
the transfusion of blood from one person to 
another without exposure of the blood to the 
air. T., Indirect, T., Mediate, the intro- 
duction of blood that was first drawn into a 
vessel. T., Venous, transfusion into a vein. 

Transic (trans'-ik) [trance]. Relating to a 
trance. 

Transillumination (trans -il-u- min -a'- shun) 
[trans-; illumination]. Illumination of the walls 
of a cavity by a light passed through them. 

Translation (trans-la' -shun) [L., translatus]. 
A change of location. 

Translucent (trans-lu' -sent) [trans-; lucere, to 
shine]. Permitting a partial transmission of 
light; somewhat transparent. 

Transmigration (trans-mi-gra'-shun) [trans-; 
migrare, to wander]. A wandering across or 
through; as transmigration of the ovum, 
transmigration of the white corpuscles. T., 
External, the passage of an ovum from one 
ovary to the opposite oviduct without traver- 
sing the uterus. T., Internal, the passage 
of the ovum through its proper oviduct into 
the uterus and across to the opposite oviduct. 

Transmission (trans-mish' -un) [trans-; mittere, 
to send]. The communication or transfer 
of anything, especially disease, from one 
person or place to another. 

Transonance (trans' -o-nans) [trans-; sonare, to 
sound]. Transmitted resonance; the trans- 
mission of sound through an organ, as of the 
cardiac sounds through the lungs and chest- 
wall. 

Transparent (trans-pa' -rent) [trans-; par ere, to 
appear]. Having the property of permitting 
the passage of light-rays without material 
obstruction, so that objects beyond the body 
can be seen. 

Transperitoneal (trans-per-it-on-e'-al). Across 
the peritoneal cavity. 

Transpiration (trans-pir-a' -shun) [trans-; spi- 
rare, to breathe], i. The act of exhaling fluid 
or gas through the skin. 2. The material 
exhaled. 

Transplantation (trans-plan-ta' -shun) [trans-; 
plantare, to plant]. The operation of trans- 
planting or of applying to a part of the body 
tissues taken from another body or from an- 
other part of the same body. See Graft. 

Transposition (trans-po-zish'-un) [trans-; po- 
sition]. A change of position. T. of the 
Viscera, a change in the position of the viscera 
whereby they are placed on the side opposite 
to that normally occupied. 

Transthalamic (trans-thai' -am-ik). Across the 
thalamus. 



Transthoracic (trans - tho - ras ' - ik) [trans-; 
thorax]. Extending across the thorax. 

Transthoracotomy (trans -tho-rak-ot' '-o -me) 
[trans-; thorax; zo/xrj, a cutting]. The opera- 
tion of cutting across the thorax. 

Transudate (trans' -u-dat) [trans-; sudare, to 
perspire]. A liquid or other substance pro- 
duced by transudation. 

Transudation (trans-u-da' -shun) [transudate]. 
1. The passing of fluid through a membrane, 
especially of blood-serum through the vessel- 
walls. 2. Transudate. 

Transversalis (trans-ver-sa' -lis) [trans-; vertere, 
to turn]. Transverse; an artery (transversalis 
colli) or a muscle (transversalis abdominis) 
running transversely. See under Artery and 
under Muscle. T. Fascia, the fascia on the 
inner surface of the transversalis abdominis 
between the latter and the peritoneum. 

Transverse (trans-vers') [trans-; vertere, to turn]. 
Crosswise; at right angles to the longitudinal 
axis of the body. T. Presentation, a pre- 
sentation of the fetus at right angles to the 
longitudinal axis of the uterus. 

Transversectomy (trans-ver-sek'-to-me) [trans- 
verse; iKTOfir/, excision]. Removal of the 
transverse process of a vertebra. 

Transversus (trans-ver'-sus) [L.]. Transverse, 
as transversus muscle. See under Muscle. 

Trapeziometacarpal (tra-pe-ze-o-met-ah-kar'- 
pal) [trapezium; metacarpal]. Pertaining to 
the trapezium and the metacarpus. 

Trapezium (tra-pe'-ze-um) [rpane^a, a table]. 
1. The multangulum majus, the first bone 
of the second row of carpal bones. 2. A 
tract of transverse fibers situated in the lower 
part of the pons, inclosing the superior olivary 
nucleus, and connected with the accessory 
auditory nucleus. 

Trapezius (tra-pe'-ze-us). See under Muscle. 

Trapezoid (trap' -ez-oid) [xpane^a, a table; ddoc, 
like]. A geometric four-sided figure having 
two parallel and two diverging sides. T. 
Bone, or simply trapezoid, the multangulum 
minus, the second bone of the second row of 
the carpus. T. Ligament. See Ligament, 
Trapezoid. 

Trapp's Formula. The product obtained 
by doubling the last two figures of the specific 
gravity of the urine roughly indicates the 
number of grams of solids per 1000 Cc. of 
urine. 

Traube's Corpuscles. Normal red blood- 
corpuscles appearing as pale yellowish rings. 
Syn., Phantom corpuscles. T.'s Curves, 
large rhythmic undulations seen in a sphygmo- 
graphic tracing soon after respiration has 
ceased; they are attributed to stimulation of 
the vasomotor center in the oblongata. T.'s 
Dyspnea, dyspnea with slow respiratory 
movements, marked expansion of the thorax 
during inspiration, and collapse during ex- 
piration; it is noted in diabetes mellitus. T.'s 
Phenomenon, a double sound, systolic and 
diastolic, heard over peripheral arteries, es- 
pecially the femoral, in aortic insufficiency, 
occasionally also in mitral stenosis, lead-poison- 



TRAUBE-HERING'S CURVES 987 



TRIANGLE 



ing, etc. T.'s Plugs. See Dittrich's Plugs. 
T.'s Semilunar Space, the space in which 
the tympanitic sound- of the stomach can be 
heard within the thorax under normal con- 
ditions; it is bounded by the liver, the lower 
border of the left lung, the spleen, and the 
arch of the free ribs. 

Traube-Hering's Curves. See Traube's 
Curves. 

Trauma (traw'-mah) [rpaBfia, a wound]. A 
wound; an injury. 

Traumatic (traw-maf -ik) [trauma]. Per- 
taining to or caused by a wound or injury. 

Traumaticin (traiv-maV '-is-in) [trauma]. A 
solution of guttapercha in chloroform used 
for closing superficial wounds. 

Traumatism (tra-vo' -mat-izm) [trauma], i". The 
condition produced by trauma. 2. Improp- 
erly, trauma. 

Traumatol (trcew'-mat-ot) [trauma]. Iodo- 
cresol, C 7 H 7 IO, obtained by the action 
of iodin on cresol. It is an odorless, reddish- 
violet precipitate containing 54% of iodin, 
soluble in chloroform and carbon sulfid, 
insoluble in water, acid, and alcohol. It is 
a surgical antiseptic, used pure as a dusting- 
powder and in 5-10% pastes and ointments. 

Traumatology (traw-mat-oV '-o-je) [trauma; 
Aoyoc, science]. The science of wounds. 

Traumatopnea (traw-mat-op-ne'-ah) [trauma; 
-vor h breath]. The passage of respiratory 
air through a wound in the chest-wall. 

Traumatosis (traw-mat-o' -sis) [trauma]. 
Traumatism. 

Treacle {tre'-kl). The uncrystallized residue 
remaining after the refining of cane-sugar. 

Treatment (tret'-ment) [tractare, to treat]. The 
means employed in effecting the cure of 
disease; the management of disease or of 
diseased patients. T., Calot's, a method of 
forcible reduction of angular deformity of 
the spine. 

Trefusia (tre-fu' -ze-ah) . A red-brown, soluble 
powder, obtained by drying defibrinated 
blood. It is used in chlorosis. 

Trehalose (tre-hal'-os), C 12 H 22 O n . A carbo- 
hydrate resembling sugar, derived from ergot 
and from trehala manna. 

Tfeitz's Hernia. Retroperitoneal hernia; duo- 
denojejunal hernia. T.'s Muscle, the sus- 
pensory muscle of the duodenum; a thin, 
triangular muscle that arises from the left 
crus of the diaphragm and the connective 
tissue surrounding the celiac axis, and is 
inserted into the duodenojejunal flexure. 

Trematode (trem'-at-od) [-pr^a, hole; slooc, 
like]. A member of the Trematoda, a class 
of worms, some of which are parasitic in 
man and the lower animals. 

Tremograph (trem'-o-graf) [tremor; rpa$r n a 
writing]. A device for recording tremor. 

Tremolo (trem'-o-lo). An apparatus for per- 
forming massage; a vibrator. 

Tremor (trem'-or) [tremere, to shake]. A trem- 
bling of the voluntary muscles. T., Fib- 
rillary, tremor caused by consecutive 
contractions of separate muscle-fibrils. T., 



Intention-, one appearing on voluntary 
movement. T. potatorum, delirium tremens. 
T., Purring. Synonym of Thrill, Purring. 

Tremulous (trem'-u-lus) [tremor]. Trembling, 
quivering, as tremulous iris. 

Trendelenburg Posture. See Position, Tren- 
delenburg^. 

Trepan (tre-pan') [xpu-av, bore]. An old form 
of the word trephine. 

Trephination (tref-in-a' -shun) . See Trephin- 
ing. 

Trephine (tre-fin') [Fr., trephine]. 1. An in- 
strument for cutting out a circular piece of 
bone, usually from the skull. 2. To operate 
with the trephine. 

Trephining (tre-fi'-ning) [trephine]. The op- 
eration of cutting out a piece of bone with a 
trephine. 

Trepidation ( trep -id -a' -slum) [trepidare, to 
tremble]. 1. Trembling. 2. A peculiar os- 
cillatory movement at times seen in the mus- 
cles after hemiplegia. 

Tretrop's Test for Albumin in Urine. Four 
or 5 Cc. of fresh urine are heated in a test-tube 
nearly to boiling-point, and a few drops of 
40% formalin added after it is removed from 
the flame. If there is any albumin in the 
urine, it coagulates like the white of an egg, 
and accumulates on the surface of the urine 
and on the walls of the tube. 

Treves' Bloodless Fold. The ileoappendicular 
fold. A quadrilateral fold of the peritoneum 
attached by its upper border to the ileum, 
opposite the mesenteric attachment, and by 
its lower border to the mesoappendix or to 
the appendix itself. The outer or right border 
is attached to the inner aspect of the cecum 
as far down as the appendix, the left or inner 
concave margin being free. 

Tri- [t|0£?c, or tres, three]. A prefix denoting 
three. 

Triacid (tri-as'-id) [tri-; acidum, acid]. Of an 
alcohol, containing three atoms of hydrogen 
replaceable by a base. 

Triad (tri' -ad). See under Quantivalence. 

Triakaidekaphobia (tri -a- ki - dek - af-o'-be-ah) 
[rpcaKawsKa, thirteen; (frbfoc, fear]. Insane 
fear of the number thirteen. 

Trial -glasses, T. -lenses. A graduated set of 
concave, convex, cylindric, and prismatic 
lenses used in testing vision. 

Triallylamin (tri-al-il-am' -in) . A volatile base 
having the formula (C 3 H 5 ) 3 N. 

Triamin (tri-am r -in) . A compound derived 
from three molecules of ammonia in which 
the hydrogen has in part or wholly been re- 
placed by bases. 

Triangle (tri'-ang-gl) [tri-; anguhts, an angle]. 
A figure having three sides and three angles. 
T. of Bryant. See T., Iliofemoral. T., 
Carotid, Inferior, a triangle located in the 
neck; it is bounded in front by the median 
line of the neck, behind by the anterior mar- 
gin of the sternomastoid, and above by the 
anterior belly of the omohyoid. Its floor 
is formed by the longus colli below and 
the scalenus anticus above. The common 



TRIANGLE 



9S8 



TRIANGLE 



carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus 
nerve, superficialis colli nerve, a branch 
of the communicans noni, the inferior thy- 
roid artery, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, 
the sympathetic nerve, the trachea, thyroid 
gland, and larynx are the important structures 
within it. Syn., Triangle of necessity. T., 
Carotid, Superior, a triangle located in the 
neck; it is bounded behind by the sternomas- 
toid, in front by the anterior belly of the 
omohyoid, and above by the posterior belly 
of the digastric. Its floor is formed by the 
thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, and inferior and 
middle constrictors of the pharynx. The 
most important structures contained within it 
are the common carotid artery and its bi- 
furcation into the external and internal carot- 
ids, the superior thyroid artery, the lingual 
artery, the facial artery, the occipital and 
ascending laryngeal arteries, the internal 
jugular vein, and the veins corresponding 
to the arteries mentioned, the descendens 
noni, hypoglossal, pneumogastric, sympathetic, 
spinal accessory, superior laryngeal, and 
external laryngeal nerves. Syn., Triangle 
of election. T., Cephalic, a triangle on 
the anteroposterior plane of the skull, bounded 
by lines joining the occiput with the forehead 
and with the chin and a line joining the latter 
two. T., Digastric. See T., Submaxil- 
lary. T. of Elbow, a triangle lying in front 
of the elbow with the base directed upward 
toward the humerus, and bounded externally 
by the supinator longus and internally by 
the pronator radii teres. Its floor is formed 
by the brachialis anticus and supinator brevis. 
Its contents are the brachial artery and veins, 
the radial and ulnar arteries, the median and 
musculospiral nerves, and the tendon of the 
biceps. T. of Election. See T., Carotid, 
Superior. T., Fascial, a triangle formed 
by lines uniting the basion with the alveolar 
and nasal points and a line joining the latter 
two. T., Frontal, a triangle bounded by 
the maximum frontal diameter and lines 
joining its extremities and the glabella. T. 
of Hesselbach. See Hesselbach's Triangle. 
T., Hypoglossohyoid, a triangular space in 
the lateral subhyoid region, limited above by the 
hypoglossal nerve, in front by the posterior 
border of the mylohyoid muscle, behind and 
below by the tendon of the digastric muscle. 
The area is occupied by the hyoglossal mus- 
cle, which covers the lingual artery. T., 
Iliofemoral, a triangle located at the hip. 
Its hypothenuse is formed by Nelaton's line, 
a second side by the continuation outward of 
a line drawn through the two superior iliac 
spines, and the third by a line drawn at right 
angles to this from the summit of the greater 
trochanter. T., Inferior Occipital, a tri- 
angle having the bimastoid diameter for its 
base and the inion for its apex. T., Infra- 
clavicular, a triangle situated below the 
clavicle; it is bounded above by the clavicle, 
below and to the inner side by the upper 
border of the great pectoral muscle, and to 



the outer side by the anterior border of the 
deltoid. It contains the axillary artery. 
T., Inguinal. Same as TV, Scarpa's. T. of 
Lesser, a triangle located in the neck. Its 
boundaries are as follows : at its upper border, 
the hypoglossal nerve; the two sides are 
formed by the anterior and posterior bellies 
of the digastric muscle. It is covered by the 
skin, superficial and deep fascias, and apex 
of the submaxillary gland. The floor is 
formed by the hyoglossus muscle. It con- 
tains the ranine vein and hypoglossal 
nerve. T., Lumbocostoabdominal, a triangle 
bounded anteriorly by the external oblique, 
superiorly by. the lower border of the serratus 
posticus inferior and the point of the twelfth 
rib, posteriorly by the outer edge of the erector 
spinae, and inferiorly by the internal oblique. 
T., Malgaigne's. See T., Carotid, Superior. 
T., Mylohyoid, the space bounded by the 
mylohyoid and the two bellies of the digastric. 
T. of Necessity. Same as T., Carotid, In- 
ferior. T. of the Neck, Anterior, a triangle 
bounded anteriorly by a line extending from 
the chin to the sternum, posteriorly by the 
anterior margin of the sternomastoid, the 
base being formed by the lower border of 
the body of the inferior maxilla and a con- 
tinuation of this line to the mastoid process 
of the temporal bone. It is subdivided into 
three smaller triangles by the digastric muscle 
above and the anterior belly of the omohyoid 
below. These are named from below upward 
the inferior carotid, the superior carotid, 
and the submaxillary. T. of the Neck, 
Posterior, a triangle bounded anteriorly by 
the sternomastoid muscle, posteriorly by the 
anterior margin of the trapezius; the base 
is formed by the upper border of the clavicle; 
the apex corresponds to the occiput. It is 
divided by the posterior belly of the omo- 
hyoid muscle into two triangles, the occipital 
or upper, and the subclavian or loafer. T., 
Occipital, a triangle with the following 
boundaries: anteriorly, the sternomastoid 
muscle; posteriorly, the trapezius; and below, 
the omohyoid muscle. Its important contents 
are the spinal accessory nerve, the ascending 
and descending branches of the cervical plexus, 
and the transversalis colli artery and vein. T. 
of Petit. See Petti' s Triangle. T., Scarpa's, 
a triangle located in the proximal third 
of the thigh. The boundaries are, externally, 
the sartorius muscle; internally, the adductor 
longus muscle, and above, Poupart's ligament. 
Its important contents are the femoral artery 
and vein, the anterior crural nerve, and the 
crural branch of the genitocrural nerve. T., 
Subclavian, a triangle bounded above by 
the posterior belly of the omohyoid muscle, 
below by the upper border of the clavicle. Its 
base is formed by the sternomastoid muscle. 
It contains the subclavian artery and occa- 
sionally the vein, the brachial plexus of 
nerves, the suprascapular vessels, the trans- 
versalis colli artery and vein, and the external 
jugular vein. T., Submaxillary, a triangle 



TRIANGULAR 



989 



TRICHOGLOSSIA 



formed above by the lower border of the 
body of the inferior maxilla and a con- 
tinuation of this line to the mastoid process of 
the temporal bone, below by the posterior 
belly of the digastric and the stylohyoid 
muscle, and anteriorly by the middle line of 
the neck. It contains the submaxillary gland, 
the facial artery and vein, the submental 
artery, the mylohyoid artery and nerve, and 
the stylomaxillary ligament, behind which is 
the external carotid artery. T., Suboccip- 
ital, a triangle in the posterior part of the 
neck, formed by the rectus capitis posticus 
major and superior and inferior oblique 
muscles, and containing the vertebral artery. 
T., Suprameatal. See Mace-wen's Triangle. 

Triangular (tri-ang' -gii-lar) [triangle]. Hav- 
ing three sides or angles, as the triangular 
ligament. 

Triangularis (tri-ang-gu-la'-ris). A triangular 
muscle. See under Muscle. 

Triatomic (tri-at-om'-ik) [tri-; atom], i. Con- 
sisting of three atoms. 2. Having three 
atoms of replaceable hydrogen. 

Tribadism (trib'-ad-izm) [zpc^ecv, to rub]. 
Sexual intercourse between women produced 
by friction of the genitals. 

Tribasic (tri-ba'-sik) [tri-; basis, a base]. Hav- 
ing three hydrogen atoms replaceable by 
bases. 

Tribromid (tri-brom'-id) [tri-; bromid]. A 
compound of bromin containing three atoms 
of bromin to one of the base. 

Tribrommethane (tri - brom - meth' - an) [tri-; 
bromin; methane]. Bromoform. 

Tribromosalol, Tribromsalol (tri-bro-mo-sa'- 
lol, tri-brom-sa'-lol), C 6 H 5 .C 7 H 2 Br 3 3 . A 
crystalline substance used as an intestinal 
antiseptic and hypnotic. 

Tribromphenol (tri-brom-)e' -nol) [tri-; J3pu)jj.oc, 
stench; phenol], C 6 H 2 BrOH. A substance 
produced by the reaction of phenol with 
bromin. It is antiseptic, especially for the 
intestinal tract. Dose 1-4 gr. (0.06-0.26 Gm.). 

Tricalcic (tri-kal'-sik) [tri-; calcium]. Con- 
taining three atoms of calcium. 

Tricaudalis (tri-kaw-da' -lis) [tri-; cauda, a tail]. 
The retrahens aurem muscle; so called be- 
cause it is composed of three slips. 

Triceps (tri'-seps) [tri-; caput, head]. Three- 
headed; a muscle having three heads. See 
under Muscle. 

Trich-, Tricho- (trik-, trik-o-) [dpc£, a hair]. A 
prefix signifying pertaining to a hair. 

Trichangeia (trik-an-je'-ah) [trich-; ayytuov, a 
vessel]. The capillary blood-vessels. 

Trichangeiectasis (trik-an-je-ek-ta' -sis) [trich- 
angeia; 'inzaacc, extension]. Dilation of the 
capillaries. 

Trichauxis (trik-awks'-is) [trich-; auyj}otc, in- 
crease]. Hypertrichiasis. 

Trichesthesia (trik-es-the' -ze-ah) [trich-; 
aioQ-T)otc, sensibility]. 1. A peculiar form 
of tactile sensibility in regions covered with 
hairs. 2. See Trichoesthesia. 

Trichiasis (trik-i' -as-is) [dpi$, a hair]. A 
state of abnormal position of the eyelashes, 



so that they produce irritation by friction 
upon the globe. T. of the Anus, an incur- 
vation of the hairs about the anus, so that 
they irritate the mucous membrane. 

Trichina (trik-i'-nah) [dpc$, a hair]. A genus 
of nematode worms, of which one species, 
T. spiralis, is parasitic in the hog and at 
times in man. See Trichinosis. 

Trichiniasis (trik-in-i' -as-is). See Trichinosis. 

Trichinoscope (trik-i' -no- skop). A micro- 
scope for the detection of Trichina spiralis. 

Trichinosis (trik-in-o'-sis) [trichina]. A dis- 
ease produced by the ingestion of pork con- 
taining Trichina spiralis. It is characterized 
by nausea, vertigo, fever, diarrhea, prostration, 
stiffness and painful swelling of the muscles, 
edema of the face, and in some cases perspi- 
ration, insomnia, and delirium. 

Trichinous (trik' -in-us) [trichina]. Infested 
with or containing trichinae. 

Trichismus (trik-iz'-mus) [Opc^, a hair]. 1. A 
scarcely perceptible fracture. 2. A capillary 
fissure or crack. 

Trichitis (trik-i' -tis) [trich-; exec, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the hair-bulbs. 

Trichloracetic Acid (tri - klor -as-e' - tik) . See 
A cid, Trichloracetic* 

Trichlorhydrin (tri-klor-hi'-drin), C 3 H 5 C1 3 . A 
colorless oily liquid with odor of alcohol. 

Trichlorid (tri-klor'-id) [tri-; chlorid]. A com- 
pound containing chlorin in the proportion 
of three atoms to one of the base. 

Trichloroquinone (tri-klo-ro-kin'-on), C 6 HC1 3 - 
2 . A crystalline substance obtained from 
a sulfuric-acid solution of phenol by action of 
potassium chlorate with HC1. 

Trichlorphenol (tri-klor-fe'-nol) [tri-; x^ajpoc, 
green; phenol], C 6 H 2 Cl 3 (OH). A derivative 
of phenol used as a disinfectant. 

Trichobacteria (trik-o-bak-te'-re-ah). 1. Fla- 
gellate bacteria. 2. Filamentous bacteria. 

Trichobezoar (trik-o-be'-zo-ar) [tricho-; bezoar]. 
See Egagropilus. 

Trichocardia (trik-o-kar'-de-ah) [tricho-; mpd'ca, 
heart]. Inflammation of the pericardium 
with pseudomembranous elevations. 

Trichocephaliasis (trik -o-sef-al-i' -as - is) 
[tricho cephalus]. The diseased condition pro- 
duced by threadworms. 

Trichocephalus (trik-o-sef -al-us) [tricho-; 
Ke<$aX-q, head]. A genus of nematode worms, 
the threadworms. T. dispar, a variety parasitic 
in the intestine, especially the large intestine. 

Trichocirsus (trik-o-sir'-sus) [tricho-; ncpobc, 
a varix]. Abnormal capillary dilation. 

Trichoclasia (trik-o-kla' -ze-ah) . See Trichor- 
rhexis nodosa. 

Trichoepithelioma (trik -o- ep-e- the- le -o'-mah) 
[tricho-; epithelioma]. A skin-tumor origin- 
ating in the hair-follicles. 

Trichoesthesia (trik-o-es-the' -ze-ah) [tricho-; 
a'iodeacc, sensibility]. The sensation per- 
ceived when a hair is touched. 

Trichoglossia (trik-o-glos'-e-ah) [tricho-; yXtuooa, 
tongue]. Hairy tongue, a thickening of the 
papillas, producing an appearance as if the 
tongue were covered with hair, 



TRICHOID 



990 



TRIHYDRIC 



Trichoid (trik'-oid) [tricho-; eldog, like]. Re- 
sembling hair. 

Trichology (trik-ol'-o-je) [tricho-; Xoyoc, science]. 
The science of the hair. 

Trichomatose (trik-o' -mat-os) [rp'cx^p-a, a 
growth of hair]. Matted together. 

Trichomatosis {trik-o-mat-o' -sis) [see Tricho- 
matose]. An affection of the hair charac- 
terized by a matted condition due to fungoid 
growths. See Plica polonica. 

Trichomonas (trik-om' '-o-nas) [tricho-; \xovac, a. 
monad]. A genus of infusorians. T. vagi- 
nalis, a species occasionally found, in the 
vagina. 

Trichomycosis (trik - o- mi - ko ' - sis) [tricho-; 
mycosis]. A disease of the hair produced by 
a vegetable parasite. 

Trichonosis, Trichonosus (trik-on-o'-sis, -sus). 
See Trichopathy. 

Trichopathy (trik-o p'-ath-e) [tricho-; nadog, 
disease]. Any disease of -the hair. 

Trichophagy, Trichophagia (trik-o f'-aj-e, trik- 
o-fa'-je-ah). The eating of hair. 

Trichophytic (trik-o f -it' -ik). i. Relating to 
the genus Trichophyton. 2. [cf)6ecv, to grow.] 
Promoting the growth of hair. 3. An agent 
promoting the growth of hair. 

Trichophyton (tri-kof -it-on) [tricho-; <f>ox6v, a 
plant]. A fungus parasitic upon the hair, and 
causing tinea trichophytina, or ring- worm. 

Trichorrhexis (trik-or-eks'-is) [tricho-; prj^cg, a 
breaking]. Brittleness of the hair. T. no- 
dosa, an atrophic condition of the hair, 
affecting more often the male beard, and 
characterized by irregular thickenings re- 
sembling nodes on the hair-shaft, the hairs 
often breaking with a "green-stick fracture" 
immediately through a node. 

Trichosis (trik-o' -sis) . See Trichonosis. 

Trichotillomania (trik -o-til-o- ma' -ne- ah) 
[tricho-; x'cXXecv, to pluck out; p.avla, madness]. 
An uncontrollable impulse to pull out one's 
hair. 

Trichotoxicon (trik - o- toks ' - i - kon) [tricho-; 
to^ckov, a poison]. A supposed toxin, existing 
in respired air, which, when introduced into 
the blood, exerts a poisonous action upon the 
hair, thus causing alopecia. 

Trichotoxin (trik-o-toks' -in) . A cytotoxin ob- 
tained by E. Metchnikoff from the capillary 
epithelia. 

Trichroic (tri-kro' -ik) [trichroism]. Possessing 
trichroism. 

Trichroism (tri' -kro-izm) [tri-;' xpba, color]. 
The property of exhibiting three different 
colors when viewed under three different 
aspects. 

Trichromat (tri - kro' - mat) [rpelg, three; 
Xpaj/ia, color]. Persons for whom the end 
regions of the spectrum are of constant hue 
and differ only in intensity. Just inside of each 
end region there is an intermediate region in 
which any color can be produced by mixtures 
of the end color with the color of the inter- 
mediate region. Between these intermediate 
regions lies the middle region, which requires 
the presence of some third color in addition 



to colors from the end regions. Most all 
women and about 96 % of men belong to this 
class. Cf. Dichromat; Monochromat. 

Tricipital (tri-sip' -it-al) [triceps, three-headed]. 
1. Three-headed. 2. Pertaining to the tri- 
ceps. 

Tricornis (tri-kor' -nis) [tri-; cornu, horn]. 
Having three horns. 

Tricresol (tri-kre'-sol). A refined mixture of 
metacresol, 40%; paracresol, 33%; ortho- 
cresol, 27%; soluble in 40 parts of water. 
It has three times the germicidal value of 
phenol. 

Tricresolamin (tri-kres-ol-am'-in). A solution 
containing 2 % each of ethylenediamin and 
tricresol; it is a clear, colorless, alkaline liquid 
turning yellow on exposure. It is stronger and 
less irritating than tricresol. 

Tricrotic (tri-krot'-ik) [tri-; npozog, stroke]. 
Having three waves corresponding to one 
pulse-beat. 

Tricrotism (tri' -krot-izm) [see Tricrotic], The 
quality of being tricrotic. 

Tricuspid (tri-kus' -pid) [tri-; cuspis, a point]. 
1. Having three cusps, as the tricuspid 
valve. 2. Affecting or produced' at the tri- 
cuspid valve. 

Triethylamin (tri-eth-il-am'-in) [tri-; ethyl; 
amin], C 6 H 15 N. A ptomain obtained from 
putrid haddock. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Trifacial Nerve (tri-fa'-shal) [tri-; fades, face]. 
The fifth cranial nerve, so called because it 
divides into three main branches that supply 
the face. 

Trif errin (tri-fer'-in) . See Iron Paranucleinate. 

Trifolium (tri-fo' -le-um) [tri-; folium, leaf]. 
Clover. 

Triformal (tri-form' -al) . See Formalin. 

Trigemin (tri-jem'-in). A substance obtained 
from pyramidon by action of butyl-chloral 
hydrate, forming white needles soluble in 
water; antineuralgic. Dose 8-20 gr. (0.5-1.3 
Gm.). 

Trigeminal (tri-jem 1 '-in-al) [tri-; geminus, twin- 
born]. 1. Triple; dividing into three parts, 
as the trigeminal nerve. 2. Pertaining to the 
trigeminal nerve. See Trifacial. 

Trigeminus (tri-jem' -in-us) [see Trigeminal]. 
The trifacial nerve. 

Trigger-finger. A condition in which flexion 
or extension of a finger is at first impeded, 
but finally accomplished with a jerk. 

Trigone, Trigonum (tri'-gon, tri-go'-num) [tri-; 
fcovia, angle]. Triangle. T. of the Bladder, a 
smooth triangular space on the inside of the 
bladder, immediately behind the orifice of the 
urethra. Trigonum lumbale. See Petit's 
Triangle. T., Olfactory, the gray root of 
origin of the olfactory tract. Trigonum 3 
vesicae. See T. of the Bladder. 

Trihydrate (tri-hi'-drat) [tri-; hydrate]. A } 
compound containing the hydroxyl-radicle 
in the proportion of three to one atom of the 
base. 

Trihydric (tri-hi'-drik) [tri-; hydric]. Con- , 
taining three atoms of hydrogen replaceable 
by bases, 



TRIHYDROXID 



991 



TRITICEOGLOSSUS 



Trihydroxid (tri-hi-droks' -id). See Trihydrate. 

Triiodid (tri-i'-o-did) [tri-; iodid]. A compound 
containing iodin in the proportion of three 
atoms to one of the base. 

Triiodocresol (tri-i-o-do-kre' -sol) . See Losophan. 

Trikresol (tri-kre'-sol). See Tricresol. 

Trilabe (tri'-lab) [tri-; Xafx^avecv, to grasp]. A 
three-pronged instrument for withdrawing 
small calculi through the urethral passage. 

Trilateral (tri-lat'-er-al) [tri-; latus, a side]. 
Having three sides. 

Trimethylamin (tri - meth - il - am' - in) [tri-; 
methyl; amin], A colorless liquid ptomain 
obtained from herring-brine and various 
animal and vegetable substances. See Pto- 
mains, Table of. 

Trimethylenediamin (tri-meth-il-en-di-am' -in) 
[tri-; methylene; diamin]. A ptomain ob- 
tained from cultures of the comma bacillus 
on beef-broth. It causes convulsions and 
muscle-tremor. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Trimethylxanthin (tri-meth-il-zan' -thin). See 
Casein. 

Trineuric (tri-nu'-rik) [tri-; veupov, nerve]. 
Applied to a nerve-cell provided with three 
neuraxons. 

Trinitrate (tri-ni' -trat) [tri-; nitrate]. A ni- 
trate containing three nitric-acid radicles. 

Trinitrin (tri-ni' -trin). See Nitroglycerin. 

Trinitrocellulose (tri-ni-tro-seV -u-los) . See Py- 
roxylin. 

Trinitrocresol (tri-ni-tro-kre'-sol), C 7 H 5 N 3 7 . 
Antiseptic crystals, obtained from nitration of 
coal-tar cresol; antiseptic. 

Trinitrophenol (tri-ni-tro-fe' -nol) . Picric acid. 

Trinophenon (tri-no-fe'-non). A remedy for 
burns said to be an aqueous solution of picric 
acid. 

Triocephalus (tri-o-sef '-al-us) [tri-; KefaXr), 
head]. A monster characterized by an absence 
of the ocular, nasal, and buccal apparatus, 
the head being merely a small spheroid mass. 

Triolein (tri-o'-le-in). See Olein. 

Trional [tri' -on -at) [rpelc, three], C 2 H 5 - 
CH 3 — C— (S0 2 C 2 H 5 ) 2 . Diethylsulfonemethyl- 
methane, a hypnotic. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm.). 

Triorchid (tri-or' -kid) [tri-; bpx^C, a testicle]. 
1. Having three testicles. 2. An individual 
having three testicles. 

Trioxid (tri-oks' -id) [tri-; oxid]. A compound 
containing oxygen in the proportion of three 
atoms to one of the base. 

Tripalmitin (tri-pal'-mit-in). See Palmitin. 

Tripara (trip' -ar-ah) [tri-; parere, to bear]. 
A woman who has borne three children. 

Triphasic (tri- fa' 'sik) . Having three phases 
or variations. 

Triphenamin (tri-fen'-am-in). A mixture of 
phenocoll, phenocoll salicylate, and phenocoll 
acetate; recommended in rheumatic com- 
plaints. 

Triphenetolguanidin Hydrochlorate (tri-fen- 
et-ol-gwan' -id-in) . A local anesthetic in 0.1 % 
solution in treatment of eyes. 

Triphenin (tri- fen' -in). Propionyl-phenetidin, 
C 6 H 4 OC 2 H 5 NHC 2 H 5 CO, obtained by boiling 
paraphenetidin with propionic acid. It is 



used as an antipyretic and sedative. Daily 
dose 46 gr. (3 Gm.); single dose 8-15 gr. 
(0.5-1.0 Gm.). Syn., M ethyl phenacetin. 

Triphenyl Albumin (tri-fen'-il). A culture- 
medium made by heating dry egg-albumen 
with phenol. It is odorless, tasteless, insoluble 
in water, alcohol, and potassa solution, but 
soluble in phenol. 

Tripier's Amputation. One differing from 
Chopart's only in that the portion of the os 
calcis below the sustentaculum tali is removed. 

Triple (trip -I) [L., triplus]. Threefold. T. 
Phosphate, ammoniomagnesium phosphate, 
a phosphate occurring in urine and in phos- 
phatic calculi. 

Triplet (trip -let) [triple]. 1. One of three chil- 
dren born at one birth. 2. In optics, a sys- 
tem consisting of three lenses. 

Triplex (trip'-leks) [L.]. Triple. T. Pills, 
pilulce triplices, pills containing three prin- 
cipal ingredients. 

Triploblastic (trip-lo-blas'-tik) [triple; /?Aaar6c, 
a germ]. Possessing three blastodermic mem- 
branes. 

Triplopia (trip-W -pe-ah) [triple; axp, eye]. A 
disturbance of vision in which three images 
of a single object are seen. 

Triquetrous (tri-kwef -rus) [triquetrum]. Three- 
cornered, as the triquetrous bone (os tri- 
quetrum), a wormian bone. See Triquetrum. 

Triquetrum (tri-kwef -rum) [triquetrus, three- 
cornered]. 1. Any one of the wormian bones. 
2. The cuneiform bone of the carpus. 

Triradial, Triradiate (tri-ra' -de-al, tri-ra' -de-dt) 
[see Triradius]. Radiating in three directions. 

Triradius (tri-ra' -de-us) [tres, three; radius, ray; 
pi., triradii]. In the impression of the palmar 
surface in the Galton system a triangular area 
composed of transverse ridges at the base 
of each of the four fingers; used in the class- 
ification of palmar impressions. 

Trismoid (triz'-moid) [trismus]. A form of 
trismus neonatorum thought to be due to 
pressure on the occipital bone during labor. 

Trismus (triz'-mus) [xptap.bc, from rpc^ecv, to 
gnash]. Lockjaw, a tonic spasm of the 
muscles of mastication. ■ T. nascentium, 
T. neonatorum, a form of trismus occurring 
in newborn infants, and supposed to be due 
to septic infection of the umbilical stump. 

Trisplanchnic (tri-splangk'-nik) [tri-; oTzXajxvov, 
viscus]. Distributed to the viscera of the 
three largest cavities of the body, as the tri- 
splanchnic nerve (the sympathetic nerve). 

Tristearin (tri-ste' -ar-in) [tri-; oxkap, fat], C 3 H 5 - 
(C 18 H 35 2 )3. See Stearin. 

Trisubstituted (tri-sub' ' -sti-tu-ted) [tri-; substi- 
tuere, to substitute]. Having three atoms or 
radicles substituted by other atoms or rad- 
icles. 

Trisulfid (tri-sul'-fid) [tri-; sulfur]. A com- 
pound containing sulfur in the proportion of 
three atoms to one of the base. 

Triticeoglossus (trit-is-e-o-glos'-us) [triticum; 
■fkcbooa, tongue]. An anomalous muscle 
having its origin from the arytenoid cartilage 
and its insertion in the side of the tongue, 



TRITICEOUS 



992 



TROPEINISM 



Triticeous {trit-ish' -us) [triticum]. Having the 
shape of a grain of wheat. T. Nodule, 
corpus triticeum, a small cartilaginous nodule 
in the thyrohyoid ligament. 

Triticum (trif -ik-um) [L.]. A genus of the 
Gramineoe. T. sativum (T. vulgare) is 
wheat. Triticum is official in the U. S. P. in the 
form of the rhizome of Agropyron repens, and 
is used in cystitis and irritable bladder. T., 
Fluidextract of {jiuidextr actum tritici, U. S. 
P.). Dose 3-6 dr. (12-24 Cc). 

Tritipalm {trif -e-pahm) . A proprietary gen- 
itourinary tonic said to consist of the fluid- 
extract of saw palmetto, Serenoa serrulata, and 
couch-grass, Agropyron repens. 

Tritol {tri'-tol). Any emulsion of oil, 4 parts, 
and diastasic extract of malt, 1 part. 

Tritopin (tri'-to-pin), C 42 H 54 N 2 6 7 . An alkaloid 
from opium. 

Tritorium, Triturium {tri-to'-re-um, tri-tu'- 
re-um) [tritus, a rubbing]. A vessel used in 
separating liquids of different density. 

Tritotoxin {tri-to-toks' -in) [xp'cxoc, third; xo^ckov, 
poison]. One of the third group into which 
Ehrlich classifies toxins, according to the 
avidity with which they combine with anti- 
toxins, tritotoxin combining least readily. 

Tritoxid {tri-toks' -id) [xpcxoc, third; d^uc, acid]. 
Same as Trioxid. 

Triturate {tritf -u-rat) [triturare, from terere, to 
rub]. 1. To reduce to a fine powder. 2. A 
finely divided powder. In the U. S. P. a 
medicinal substance rubbed up with milk- 
sugar. T., Tablet-, a triturate compressed 
into tablet form. 

Trituration {trit-u-ra' -shun) [triturate]. The 
process of reducing a solid substance to a 
powder by rubbing. 

Trivalent {triv' -al-ent) [tri-; valere, to be worth]. 
Combining with or equivalent to three atoms 
of hydrogen. 

Trivalve {tri'-valv) [tri-; valva, door]. Having 
three valves. 

Trocar {tro'-kar) [Ft., trois-quarts, from its 
triangular point]. An instrument for piercing 
the wall of a cavity in paracentesis. 

Trochanter {tro-kan' -ter) [xpoxavxi}p, from 
Tpo%6c, a wheel or pulley]. One of two pro- 
cesses on the upper extremity of the femur 
below the neck. The greater trochanter is 
situated on the outer, and the lesser trochanter 
on the inner, side of the bone. 

Trochanteric {tro-kan-ter'-ik) [trochanter]. Per- 
taining to a trochanter. 

Trochantin {tro-kan' -tin) [trochanter]. The 
lesser trochanter. 

Troche {tro'-ke) [rpoxoc, a wheel]. A lozenge. 
T.s, Tannic Acid {trochisci acidi tannici 
U. S. P), each contains 1 gr. (0.06 Gm.) of 
tannic acid. 

Trochin, Trochinus {tro'-kin, trok'-in-us) 
[Tpo^oc, a wheel]. The lesser tuberosity of 
trie head of the humerus. 

Trochiscus {tro-kis'-kus). See Troche. 

Trochlea {trok'-le-ah) [xpoxd'ca, pulley]. A part 
having the nature of a pulley. T. of the 
Humerus, a surface acting as a pulley 



at the lower extremity of the humerus. T. 
of the Orbit, T. of the Superior Oblique, 

the ligamentous ring or pulley attached to 
the upper margin of the orbit, which trans- 
mits the tendon of the superior oblique muscle 
of the eye. 
Trochlear {trok'-le-ar) [see Trochlea]. 1. Per- 
taining to or of the nature of a pulley. 2. Per- 
taining to the trochlear muscle. 3. Pertaining 
to the trochlear nerve. 
Trochlearis {trok-le-a'-ris) [see Trochlea]. Pul- 
ley-shaped, as the trochlearis muscle or 
simply trochlearis, the superior oblique mus- 
cle of the eye. 
Trochoides {tro-koi 1 '-dez) [rpoxoc, a wheel]. 
A pivot-joint or pulley-joint, such as the 
atloaxoid joint. 
(von) Troeltsch's Corpuscles. Spindle-shaped 
connective-tissue corpuscles, stellate on trans- 
verse section, found between the middle 
fibrous and inner circular layers of the mem- 
brana tympani. v. T.'s Spaces, two small 
pockets formed in the upper part of the attic 
of the middle ear by folds of mucous mem- 
brane. 
Troisier's Ganglion, T.'s Sign. Enlarge- 
ment of the left supraclavicular lymph-glands, 
an indication of malignant disease of the 
intraabdominal region. 
Trolard's Vein. The anastomotic vein that 
extends from the superior longitudinal sinus 
to the superior petrosal or the cavernous sinus. 
Trommer's Test for Glucose. To the liquid 
rendered alkaline by caustic soda a fairly 
strong solution of cupric sulfate is added 
drop by drop until a little of the copper 
hydrate formed remains undissolved on shak- 
ing. On warming in the presence of glucose, 
a yellow reduction of hydrated suboxid of 
copper is first formed, and then red suboxid 
separates, even below the boiling-point. If not 
enough copper salt has been used, the re- 
action will be yellowish -brown in color; but 
if the copper salt is in excess, the excess of 
hydrate is changed by boiling into a dark- 
brown hydrate, which interferes with the test. 
Tropacocain {tro-pa-ko' -ka-in) [atropin; cocain]. 
An alkaloid obtained from a small-leaved 
coca-plant of Java. T . Hydrochlorid, C 8 H 14 - 
NO.C 6 H 5 CO.HCl, in 2 to 3 % solutions, is 
preferred to cocain hydrochlorid as a local 
anesthetic, as being less toxic and more 
reliable. 
Tropaeolin. See Tropeolin. 
Tropein {tro'-pe-in). A salt of tropin and an 

organic acid. 
Tropeinism {tro'-pe-in-izm). Poisoning by any 
of the tropeins or by plants {Solanacece) con- 
taining tropeins. It is characterized in light 
cases by dryness of the mouth, dysphagia, 
and acceleration of the pulse; in severer cases 
by dilation of the pupils, ataxia, clonic spasms, 
psychic disturbances with excessive excite- 
ment; the severest cases are marked by loss 
of consciousness, anesthesia, paralysis of the 
sphincters, and cardiac and respiratory par- 
alysis. 



TROPEOLIN 



993 



TRYPSIN 



Tropeolin {tro-pe r -o-lin) . One of a group of 
orange anilin dyes, so called from the resem- 
blance of their colors to those of the flowers of 
Tropceolum, the garden nasturtium. Its 
solutions are turned brown by free acids, and 
are used as a test for such acids. 

Tropesis {tro-pe' -sis) [zpoviTj, a turn]. Incli- 
nation. 

Trophesy {tr.of'-es-e) [rpo<j)-q, nourishment]. 
Same as Trophoneurosis. 

Trophic (trof'-ik) [tpoc^rj, nourishment]. Per- 
taining to nutrition. T. Center, a collection 
of ganglion-cells regulating the nutrition of a 
nerve and through it that of the part supplied. 

Tropho- (trof-o-) [rpofirj, nourishment]. A prefix 
denoting relation to nutrition or to nourish- 
ment. 

Trophoedema (trof-o-e-de f -mah) [tropho-; 
edema]. A condition marked by localized 
permanent edemas. T., Chronic, a con- 
dition, frequently hereditary, marked by 
hard, white, painless swellings on the legs, 
lasting through life without material injury 
to health. 

Trophology {trof-ol' '-o-je)[tropho-; Xbyog, science]. 
The science of nutrition. 

Trophoneurosis (trof-o-nu-ro' '-sis) [tropho-; neu- 
rosis]. Any disease of a part due to disturb- 
ance of the nerves or nerve-centers with 
which it is connected. 

Trophoneurotic (trof-o-nu-rot'-ik) [trophoneu- 
rosis]. Pertaining to or caused by a tropho- 
neurosis. 

Trophonine {troj'-on-en). A proprietary food 
said to consist of beef, nucleoalbumin, gluten 
of wheat, and enzyms of the digestive gland. 

Trophopathy (trof-op r -ath-e) [tropho-; nadog, 
disease]. A disorder of nutrition. 

Trophoplasm (trof'-o-plazm) [tropho-; nXaooecv, 
to mold]. The vital substance of the cell; 
the formative plasm. 

Trophoplast {trof -o-plast) [see Trophoplasm]. 
A mass of formative plasm. 

Trophotonos {trof-ot'-on-os) [tropho-; rbvoc, 
tension]. Rigidity of contractile tissue due 
to trophic disturbances. 

Tropho tropism {trof -of -ro- pizm) [tropho-; 
rpexscv, to turn]. The attraction and re- 
pulsion exhibited by certain organic cells 
to various nutritive solutions. 

Tropic Acid {trop'-ik) [atropin], C 9 H 10 O 3 . An 
acid produced by treating atropin with 
baryta-water, alkalis, or acids. 

Tropidin {trop'-id-in) [atropin], C 8 H 13 N. A 
substance resulting from the decomposition 
of atropin in the presence of hydrochloric 
and glacial acetic acids; it is an oily fluid 
having an odor like that of conin. 

Tropin [trop'-in) [atropin], C 8 H l5 NO. A crys- 
talline base obtained in the decomposition 
of atropin. 

Tropism {tro'-pizm) [rpoKT}, a turn]. The 
striving.of living cells after light and darkness, 
heat or cold, etc. 

Tropococain. See Tropacocain. 

Tropometer {trop-om'-et-er) [rpoTfr], turn; ptkrpov, 
a measure], i. An instrument for measuring 
64 



the various rotations of the eyeball. 2. An 
apparatus for estimating the amount of torsion 
in long bones. 
Tropon {tro'-pon) [rpocf>rj, nourishment]. An 
albuminous substance obtained from animal 
and vegetable sources, containing 90% of 
albumin. It is a light brown, nonhygro- 
scopic powder, intended as a nutrient for 
convalescents. One teaspoonful to one table- 
spoonful is given with each meal in cocoa, 
soup, etc. 
Trousseau's Disease. Stomachal vertigo. T.'s 
Marks, "taches cerebrales," circumscribed 
spots produced by mechanic irritation in 
tuberculous meningitis and other diseases 
seriously affecting the nutrition of the nervous 
system. T.'s Points apophysaires, points 
sensitive to pressure over the dorsal and lumbar 
vertebras in intercostal and lumboabdominal 
neuralgias. See Valleix' 's Points douloureux. 
T.'s Roseola, rubeola; rotheln. T.'s Symp- 
tom, the production of paroxysms of tetany 
by pressure upon the principal nerve-trunks 
or blood-vessels of the parts affected; it is 
observed in tetany. T.'s Test for Bile -pig- 
ments. See Smith's Reaction. 
Troy Ounce. A unit in troy weight, equal to 
480 grains. T. Weight. See Weights and 
Measures. 
True. Real; not false. T. Aneurysm. See 
Aneurysm, True. T. Corpus luteum, the cor- 
pus luteum of pregnancy. T. Pelvis, that part 
of the pelvic cavity situated below the ilio- 
pectineal line. T. Rib. See Rib, True. T. 
Skin, the corium. T. Vocal Bands, the 
inferior bands, or those concerned in the 
production of the voice. 
Truncal (trung'-kal) [trunk]. Pertaining to 

a trunk. 
Truncated (trung'-ka-ted) [trunk]. Deprived 

of limbs or accessory parts. 
Trunecek's Method. See under Serum, 

Trunecek's. 
Trunk [truncus, a trunk]. 1. The body except 
the head and limbs. 2. The main stem of 
a nerve or artery. 
Truss (trus) [Ft., trousse]. An apparatus for 
maintaining a hernia in place after reduction. 
Trypanosoma itri--pan-o-so' -mah) [xpbnavov, a 
borer; ad)p.a, body]. A genus of Hematozoa. 
T. brucei, the cause of tsetse-fly disease. 
T. evansi, the cause of the infectious disease 
called surra, a grave pernicious anemia 
occurring among horses, camels, etc., in trop- 
ical countries. 
Trypanosme itri'-pan-o-som). One of any 

species of Trypanosoma. 
Trypanosomiasis {tri-pan-o-so-mi' -a-sis) [Try- 
panosoma]. Any of the several diseases due 
to infection with the various species of Try- 
panosoma. 
Trypesis {trip-e' -sis) [xp'j-av, to bore]. The 

operation of trephining. 
Trypsase (trip'-saz). See Trypsin. 
Trypsin {trip 1 '-sin) [rpc(p(c, a rubbing]. The 
proteolytic ferment of the pancreatic juice, 
which in an alkaline medium converts pro- 



TRYPSINOGEN 



994 



TUBERCULIN 



teids into peptones. It has lately been ad- 
vocated for curative use in cancer. 

Trypsinogen (trip-sin' -o-jen) [trypsin; yswav, 
to produce]. The zymogen from which trypsin 
is formed. 

Tryptic (trip'-tik) [trypsin]. Pertaining to or 
caused by trypsin. 

Tryptolytic (trip-tol-it'-ik) [trypsin; Xuscv, to 
loose]. Of or pertaining to the peculiar 
cleavage properties of trypsin. 

Tryptone (trip'-ton) [trypsin]. Peptone formed 
by the action of trypsin. 

Tryptonemia (trip-to-ne' -me-ah) . See Pepto- 
nemia. 

Tsetse-fly (tset'-se). Glossina morsitans, a 
dipterous insect of South Africa, which 
carries the parasite of , tsetse-fly disease. T. 
Disease. See Disease, Tsetse- fly. 

Tsuga (tsu'-gah). A genus of Conifer ce, a 
species of which, T. canadensis, yields Canada 
pitch. 

Tubal (tu'-baT) [tube]. Pertaining to a tube, 
especially the fallopian tube or the renal 
tubules. 

Tube (tub) [tuba, a tube]. A hollow, cylindric 
structure, especially the fallopian tube or 
the eustachian tube. T. -casts, casts of the 
renal tubules; they indicate disease of the 
kidneys. T., Crookes', T., Geissler's, T., 
Hittorf's. See under Rays, Roentgen-. T., 
Drainage-, a hollow tube of glass, rubber, 
or other material inserted into a wound or 
cavity to allow of the escape of fluids. T., 
Sediment, a glass cylinder constricted to a 
fine point at one end and both ends open; 
it is used in precipitating urine. T., Vacuum-, 
a sealed glass tube out of which the air has 
been pumped and which has at each end a 
piece of platinum wire passed through the 
glass and entering the tube. 

Tuber (tu'-ber) [L., "a bump or swelling"]. 
i. A thickened portion of an underground 
stem. 2. Any rounded swelling. T. cin- 
ereum, a tract of gray matter extending from 
the optic chiasm to the corpora albicantia, 
and forming part of the floor of the third 
ventricle. 

Tubercle (tu'-ber-kl) [tuberculum, a tubercle], 
i. A small nodule. 2. A rounded prominence 
on a bone. 3. The specific lesion produced 
by the tubercle bacillus, consisting of a col- 
lection of round-cells and epithelioid cells, 
with at times giant-cells. T., Acoustic, 
the nucleus of the dorsal cochlear nerve, 
a leaf-like mass of cinerea wrapped about the 
dorsolateral surface of the restis. T., Adduc- 
tor, a slight protuberance at the lower end 
of the internal supracondylar line of the femur, 
giving attachment to the tendon of the adduc- 
tor magnus. T., Amygdaloid, a promi- 
nence on the roof of the descending cornu 
of the lateral ventricle. T., Anatomic, 
a wart-like tuberculous growth sometimes 
appearing on the hands of dissectors. T., 
Anterior, a tubercle at the anterior part of 
the extremity of the transverse process of 
certain vertebras. T. Bacillus. See under 



Bacteria. T., Carotid, a prominence of the 
sixth cervical vertebra on the anterior part of 
its transverse process. T., Conoid, a broad 
projection of the clavicle on its posterior bor- 
der at the union of its middle and outer thirds, 
to which the conoid ligament is attached. 
T., Deltoid, a projection on the anterior 
border of the clavicle, giving origin to a part 
of the deltoideus. T., Dissection, anatomic 
tubercle. T., Fibrous, a tubercle which 
has been modified by the formation of con- 
nective tissue within its structure. T., 
Genial, one of the tubercles on each side of 
the middle line on the inner surface of the 
lower maxilla. T., Genital, the rudimentary 
penis or clitoris in the urogenital region of 
the embryo in front of the cloaca. T., Gray. 
See Tubercle (3). T. of Lower, a small 
eminence on the wall of the right auricle, 
between the orifices of the venae cavae. T., 
Lymphoid, a tubercle consisting chiefly of 
round or lymphoid cells. T., Mammillary. 
See Corpora albicantia. T., Miliary. See 
Tubercle (3). T., Olfactory. See Bulb, 
Olfactory. T., Painful, a painful nodule 
in the subcutaneous tissue in the region of 
the joints. T., Posterior, a tubercle at 
the posterior end of the lumbar and several 
of the thoracic vertebras. T., Postglenoid, a 
process of the temporal bone that descends 
behind the condyle of the jaw and prevents 
backward displacement during mastication. 
T., Prostatic, the middle lobe of the prostate. 
T., Pterygoid, a tubercle on the inner surface 
of the inferior maxilla; it gives attachment to 
the internal pterygoid muscle. T. of Rolando, 
one of the rounded masses close under the sur- 
face of the lateral columns of the medulla ob- 
longata, formed by the enlarged dorsal horns 
of the gray matter. T., Scalene-, a tubercle 
on the first rib, giving attachment to the an- 
terior scalene muscle. T. of the Vagina, 
a prominence on 4 the anterior wall of the 
vagina. 

Tubercular (tu -ber' -ku- lar) [tubercle]. 1 . Pre- 
senting the appearance of a tubercle. 2. Pro- 
vided with tubercles. 

Tuberculid (tu-ber' -ku-lid) . Any cutaneous 
manifestation due to the toxins of the tu- 
bercle bacilli. 

Tuberculin (tu-ber' -ku-lin) [tubercle]. A gly- 
cerol extract of cultures of the bacillus of 
tuberculosis. It is a brownish, neutral 
liquid, soluble in water, and is used as a 
means of diagnosing tuberculosis, especially 
in the domestic animals; when injected 
into tuberculous individuals, a reaction is 
produced which differs from that given by 
healthy individuals. Syn., Paratoloid. T. 
A, the result of extracting the bacilli with a 
10 % normal caustic soda solution and filtering 
and neutralizing the product. T., New, 
an unsterilized, unfiltered, glycerol-water 
semisolution of living, dried, pulverized, and 
washed bacilli. T., Purified, the resultant 
redissolved precipitate of the tuberculin 
original with 60% of alcohol. 



TUBERCULITIS 



995 TUFFIER'S INFERIOR LIGAMENT 



Tuberculitis {tu-ber-ku-W -tis) [tubercle; crcc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation in the tissues 
surrounding a tuberculous node. 

Tuberculocidin {tu-ber -ku-lo-si' -din) [tubercle; 
ccedere, to kill]. An albumose obtained from 
tuberculin by precipitation with platinum 
chlorid. It is said to possess the beneficial 
effects of tuberculin without producing an 
injurious reaction. 

Tuberculoderma {tu-ber -ku-lo-der' -mah). A 
cutaneous manifestation of the action of 
tubercle bacilli, a tuberculid. 

Tuber culofibroid {tu-ber-ku-lo-fi'-broid). Re- 
lating to a tubercle that has undergone fi- 
broid degeneration. 

Tuberculoma {tu-ber-ku-lo' -mah). A tuber- 
culous tumor. 

Tuberculoplasmin {tu - ber - ku-lo - plaz r -min) . 
The filtered watery solution of the protoplasm 
of moist living bacilli, extracted by crushing 
with hydraulic pressure. 

Tuberculosis {tu-ber-ku-lo' -sis) [tubercle]. An 
infectious disease due to Bacillus tuber- 
culosis, discovered by Koch. The lesion 
produced by the growth of the bacillus is 
the tubercle (miliary or gray tubercle or 
nodule), a small, grayish, translucent nodule, 
from jo to 2 mm. in diameter, firmly embedded 
in the surrounding tissues. By the coalescence 
of neighboring tubercles larges masses, the 
socalled tuberculous infiltrations, are produced. 
The tendency of tuberculous lesions is to 
undergo cheesy necrosis. For this degen- 
eration two factors are responsible: the ab- 
sence of blood-vessels and the action of 
peculiar poisons elaborated by the bacillus. 
The breaking down of tuberculous areas 
in the interior of organs gives rise to cavities, 
which may be seen in muscles, bones, brain, 
lymphatic glands, and elsewhere, but are most 
pronounced in the lungs. On surfaces — skin 
and mucous membranes — tuberculosis often 
leads to the formation of ulcers. The most 
frequent seats of tuberculosis are the lung, the 
intestinal tract, the lymphatic glands, the 
serous membranes, the bones, the skin, the tes- 
ticle, the epididymis, the brain, the fallopian 
tubes, the uterus, the spleen. The symptoms 
of tuberculosis vary with the localization 
of the disease. A few general phenomena 
are common to nearly all forms, viz., emaci- 
ation, loss of strength, anemia, fever, and 
sweats. T., Acute Miliary, an acute 
febrile disease, characterized by the forma- 
tion of minute tubercles in great numbers in 
various parts of the body. It is due to the 
discharge into the circulatory stream of 
tubercle bacilli. Three forms are usually 
described: (i) a general or typhoid form; 

(2) one with marked pulmonary symptoms; 

(3) one in which cerebral symptoms predom- 
inate. T., Avian, tuberculosis affecting 
birds. T., Bovine, tuberculosis occurring 
in cattle. Syn., Pearl disease. T., General 
Miliary. See T., Acute Miliary. T., Lar- 
yngeal, tuberculosis of the larynx, usually 
secondary to tuberculosis of the lungs, but in 



rare cases primary. T., Miliary, tubercu- 
losis characterized by the formation deposit of 
miliary tubercles. T., Surgical, tuberculosis 
of parts amenable to surgical treatment, as the 
bones and joints. 

Tuberculotoxin {tu-ber -ku-lo-toks' -in). A tox- 
in generated by the tubercle bacillus. 

Tuberculous {tu-ber' -ku-lus) [tubercle]. Af- 
fected with or caused by tuberculosis. 

Tuberculum {tu-ber' -ku-lum) [L.]. See Tu- 
bercle. 

Tuberose {tu'-ber-os) [tuber]. Resembling a 
tuber. 

Tuberosity {tu-ber -0 s' -it-e) [tuber]. A protu- 
berance on a bone. T., Greater, a rough 
projection on the outer side of the head of 
the humerus. T. of the Ischium, a thick, 
downward projection of the ischium, on 
which the body rests in sitting. T., Les- 
ser, a small tuberosity in front of the head 
and on the inner side of the bicipital groove 
of the humerus. 

Tuberous {tu'-ber-us) [tuber]. Like a tuber, 
as tuberous angioma. 

Tubingen Heart. A disease of the heart, 
first observed at Tubingen, marked by cardiac 
dilation and hypertrophy and believed to 
be due to overindulgence in alcoholic drinks. 

Tubo- ' {tu-bo-) [tube]. A prefix meaning re- 
lating to a tube. 

Tuboabdominal {tu-bo-ab-dom' -in-al) [tubo-; 
abdomen]. Pertaining to a fallopian tube 
and to the abdomen. 

Tuboadnexopexy, Tuboadnexopexie {tu-bo-ad- 
neks' -o-peks-e) . Surgical fixation of the uterine 
, adnexa. 

Tuboligamentous {tu-bo-lig-ah-menf -us) . Re- 
lating to the oviduct and the broad liga- 
ment. 

Tuboovarian {tu-bo-o-va'-re-an) [tubo-; ovary]. 
Pertaining to the fallopian tube and the 
ovary. 

Tuboperitoneal {tu-bo-per-it-on-e'-al). Relat- 
ing to the oviduct and the peritoneum. 

Tubouterine [tubo-; uterus]. Pertaining to the 
fallopian tube and the uterus. 

Tubular {tu'-bu-lar) [tubulus, a small tube]. 
1. Shaped like a tube. 2. Pertaining to or 
affecting tubules, as tubular nephritis. 3. 
Produced in a tube, as tubular breathing. 
T. Breathing. See Breath-sounds, Table of. 
T. Membrane. See Neurilemma. 

Tubulature {tu'-bu-la-tur) [tubule]. The short 
tube of a retort or receiver. 

Tubule {tu'-bul) [tubulus, dim. of tubus, a tube]. 
A small tube. T., Seminiferous, any one 
of the tubules of the testicles. T., Urinif- 
erous, one of the numerous winding tubules 
of the kidney. 

Tubulus {tu'-bu-lus) [L.]. A tubule. 

Tuerck. See Tiirck. 

Turner's Inferior Ligament. Mesenterico- 
parietal fold; that portion of the enteric 
mesentery which is inserted into the iliac 
fossa. T.'s Syndrome, a congenital state 
of general tissue debility, resulting in relaxation 
and displacement of various organs, such 



TUFFNELL'S METHOD 



996 



TURBINAL 



as splanchnoptosis, varicocele, uterine dis- 
placements, etc. 

Tuffnell's, Method T.'s Treatment. A treat- 
ment for aneurysm, consisting in absolute 
rest, dry diet, and the administration of potas- 
sium iodid. 

Tuft, Malpighian. See Malpighian Body. 

Tugging, Tracheal. See Tracheal Tugging. 

Tully's Powder. A powder containing mor- 
phin sulfate, i part; camphor, licorice, and 
calcium carbonate, each, 20 parts. 

Tulpius' Valve. The ileocecal valve. 

Tumefacient itu-me-fa' -shent) [tumefaction]. 
Swelling; swollen. 

Tumefaction {tu-me-fak' -shun) [tumere, to swell; 
facere, to make]. A swelling. 

Tumenol {tu'-men-ol) [bitumen; oleum, oil]. 
A thick, dark-brown liquid prepared from 
certain bituminous oils; it is used in skin- 
diseases. 

Tumescence {tu-mes' -ens) [tumescere, to swell]. 
The condition of growing tumid; a swell- 
ing. 

Tumid {tu'-mid) [see Tumescence]. Swollen. 

Tumor {tu'-mor) [tumere, to swell]. 1. A 
swelling. 2. A newgrowth not the result of 
inflammation. The appended classification 
is based, at least as regards classes 
A and B, on the blastodermic origin of the 
dominant tissue of the tumor. 3. A mass of 
cells, tissues, or organs, resembling those 
normally present in the body, but arranged 
atypically, growing at the expense of the body, 
but subserving no useful purpose therein. 
T. albus, white swelling; tuberculous en- 
largement of a joint. T., Benign, one 
which does not give rise to metastasis nor 
recur after removal. T., Gubler's, a prom- 
inence on the back of the wrist seen in wrist- 
drop. T., Gummy, a syphilitic gumma. 
T., Heterologous, one composed of tissue 
differing from that in which it grows. T., 
Homologous, one composed of tissue resem- 
bling that from which it grows. T., Malig- 
nant, one which gives metastasis or recurs, 
or does both, and eventually destroys life. 
T., Phantom. See Phantom-tumor. T., 
Splenic, a term sometimes applied to an 
enlarged spleen. 



Mesodermic Tumors. 

r 

Round-cell. 

Spindle-cell. 

Giant-cell. 

Melanotic. 

Alveolar. 

Endothelioma. 

Angiosarcoma. 

Cylindroma. 

Chloroma. 

Psammoma. 

Hard. 

Soft. 



Sarcoma. 



Fibroma. 
Myxoma. 
Lipoma. 
Chondroma. 




6. Osteoma. 

7. Hemangioma. 

8. Lymphangioma. 

9. Myoma. 

B. Ectodermic 

1. Glioma. 

2. Neuroma. 



Epithelioma. 



O. durum or O. eburneum. 
O. spongiosum, O. medul- 

lare. 
Telangiectatic. 
Cavernous. 
Simple. 
Cystic. 
Liomyoma. 
Rhabdomyoma . 

AND ENTODERMIC TUMORS. 



N. myelinicum. 
N. amyelinicum 

Adenoma. 
Carcinoma. 



Epithelial 
cystoma. 



Tubular. 
\ Racemose. 

f Squamous. 
■s Cylindric. 

(^ Glandular. 

( C. simplex. 
-j C. papilli- 



ferum. 



C. Teratoid Tumors or Teratomas. 



Hyaline. 
Fibrous. 



1. Dermoid cyst. 

2. Cholesteatoma. 



Tumultus (tu-mul'-tus) [L.]. Tumult. T. cor- 
dis, irregular heart-action. T. sermonis, a 
stuttering manner of reading, from pathologic 
cause. 

Tungstate (tung'-stdt). See under Tungsten. 

Tungsten {tung'-sten) [Swed., "heavy stone"]. 
A metallic element having a specific gravity 
of 19.26, an atomic weight of 182.6. Symbol 
W (from the German name Wolfram). It 
forms tungstic acid, H 2 Wo 4 , the latter com- 
bining with bases to form tungstates, which 
are used as reagents. See Elements, Table 
of Chemic. 

Tungstic Acid (tung' -stik) . See under Tung- 
sten. 

Tunic {tu'-nik) [tunica]. A coat or mem- 
brane. 

Tunica (tu'-nik-ah) [L.]. A tunic. T. ad- 
ventitia, the outer coat of an artery. T. 
albuginea oculi, the sclerotic coat of the 
eye. T. albuginea ovarii, the compact 
connective tissue immediately under the epi- 
thelium of the cortex of the ovary. T. 
albuginea testis, the fibrous covering of the 
testis. T. intima, the inner coat of an artery. 
T. media, the middle coat of . an artery. 
T. ruyschiana, the layer of capillary ves- 
sels of the choroid coat of the eye. T. 
vaginalis, the serous covering of the testis 
derived from the peritoneum. T. vas- 
culosa, the vascular layer of the testis, 
called also the pia mater of the testis. 

Tunicin (tu'-nis-in), (C 2 H 10 O 5 ). A substance 
obtained from the mantles of ascidians; 
considered by some as identical with vege- 
table cellulose, by some as identical with ani- 
mal cellulose, and by others as a distinct body 
convertible into sugar. 

Tunnel-anemia. See Ankylostomiasis. 

Tunnel-disease. See Caisson-disease. 

Tupelo {tu'-pel-o). The Nyssa grandidentata, 
of the order Comacece. Its root has been 
used for making tents (tupelo-tent) . 

Turbinal {tur' -bin-al) [turbo, top]. 1. Tur- 
binated. 2. A turbinated bone. 



TURBINATED 



997 



TYLOSIS 



Turbinated (tur'-bin-a-ted) [turbinaT]. Top- 
shaped; scroll-shaped. T. Bone, one of 
the three (superior, middle, and inferior) 
bony projections upon the outer wall of each 
nasal fossa. They are covered by an erectile 
vascular mucous membrane. 

Turbinectomy (tur - bin - ek'- to - me) [turbinal; 
SKTOfxrj, sl cutting out]. Excision of a tur- 
binated bone. 

Turbinotome (tur'-bin-ot-om). An instrument 
used in turbinotomy. 

Turbinotomy (tur-bin-of -o-me) [turbinal; zofirj, 
a cutting]. Incision into a turbinated bone. 

Tiirck's Bundle. A tract of nerve-fibers pass- 
ing from the cortex of the temporosphenoid 
lobe through the outer portion of the crusta 
of the cerebral peduncle and the pons into 
the internal geniculate body. T.'s Column. 
See Column of Tiirck. T.'s Degeneration. 
See Degeneration, Tiirck's. T.'s Hemianes- 
thesia, anesthesia affecting the functions of 
the posterior spinal roots of one side, at times 
also those of the nerves of special sense. It 
is caused by lesions of the posterior portion of 
the capsula and the contiguous region of the 
corona radiata. T.'s Trachoma, gran- 
ular laryngitis affecting the posterointernal 
wall of the larynx. Syn., Laryngitis sicca. 

Turgescence (tur-jes'-ens) [turgid]. Swelling. 

Turgid (tur'-jid) [turgidus, swollen]. Swollen; 
congested. 

Turgor (tur'-gor) [L., "a swelling"]. Active 
hyperemia; turgescence. 

Turmeric (tur'-mer-ik). See Curcuma. 

Turning (turn'-ing). See Version. 

Turpentine {tur' -pen-tin) [zepeftvdoc, tere- 
binth]. A concrete or liquid oleoresin ob- 
tained from various species of Coniferce. The 
ordinary or white turpentine (terebinthina, 
U. S. -P. ; thus americanum, B. P.), derived 
from Pinus palustris and other species of 
Pinus, contains a volatile oil, oil or spirits 
of turpentine. T. -camphor, terpene hydro- 
chlorate. T., Canada (terebinthina cana- 
densis, U. S. P., B. P.), is obtained from 
Pinus balsamea, and under the name of 
Canada balsam is used as a mounting medium 
in microscopy. T., Chian, collected on the 
island of Chios, from Pistacia terebinthus, 
was formerly used in cancer. T., Common 
European, T., Bordeaux, is obtained from 
several species of pine; chiefly Pinus syl- 
vestris and Pinus maritima. It yields large 
quantities of oil of turpentine. T., Con- 
fection of (confectio ter.ebinthince, B. P.). 
Dose §-i dr. (2-4 Gm.). T., Enema of 
(enema terebinthina, B. P.), oil of turpentine, 
1 oz. ; mucilage of starch, 15 oz. T. Lin- 
iment (linimentum terebinthince, U. S. P., 
B. P.), resin cerate and oil of turpentine. T., 
Liniment of, and Acetic Acid (linimentum 
terebinthina aceticum, B. P.), oil of turpentine, 
acetic acid, liniment of camphor, of each, 
1 oz. T., Oil of (oleum terebinthince, U. S. P., 
B. P.), a volatile oil, recently distilled from 
turpentine. When pure, it consists only of 
carbon and hydrogen, but on exposure absorbs 



oxygen. Oil of turpentine is stimulant, 
diuretic, and anthelmintic; in large doses 
it acts as a cathartic ; locally it is a rubefacient. 
In overdoses it acts as an irritant, especially 
to the kidneys, producing bloody urine and 
strangury. It is used as a stimulant in ty- 
phoid and other low fevers; in tympanites; 
as a hemostatic; in chronic renal diseases, 
dysentery, and whooping-cough; as an in- 
halation in bronchitis; as a cathartic in the 
form of enema, and as a teniafuge. Dose 
5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). T., Oil of, 
Emulsion of (emulsum olei terebinthince, 
U. S. P.). Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). T., Oil of, 
Rectified (oleum terebinthince recti ficatum, 
U. S. P.). Dose 5-30 min. (0.32-2.0 Cc). 
T., Ointment of (unguentum terebinthince, 
B. P.), used on burns. T., Strasburg, 
a variety derived from Abies picea. T., 
Venice, a variety obtained from Larix euro- 
pcea; it yields oil of turpentine. 

Turpeth (tur'-peth) [Pers., turbad, a purgative 
root]. The Ipomcea turpethum, a purgative 
plant resembling jalap, found in Asia. T. 
Mineral, subsulfate of mercury, used as an 
emetic. See Mercury Subsulfate. 

Turpethin (tur' -peth-in) , C 34 H 56 Oj 3 . A glucosid 
obtained from the root of Ipomcea turpethum. 

Tussal (tus'-al) [tussis, cough]. Pertaining to 
or of the nature of a cough. 

Tussedo (tus-e'-do). Tussis. 

Tussicular (tus-ik'-u-lar) [tussicula, a slight 
cough]. Characterized by a slight cough. 

Tussiculation (tus-ik-u-la' -shun) . A hacking 
cough. 

Tussilago (tus-il-a' -go) . A genus of plants 
of the order Compositce. The leaves of T. 
farfara, coltsfoot, and also other parts of the 
plant are used as a demulcent in pulmonary 
affections associated with cough. 

Tussis (tus'-is) [L.]. A cough. T. convulsiva, 
whooping-cough. 

Tussive (tus'-iv) [tussis]. Pertaining to or 
caused by cough. 

Tussol (tus'-ol). Antipyrin mandelate. 

Tutamina oculi (tu-tam'-in-ah ok'-u-li). The 
appendages of the eyes. 

Tutty (tut'-e) [Tamul word, tutum]. Impure 
oxid of zinc deposited as an incrustation on 
the chimneys of furnaces during the smelting 
of lead ores containing zinc; used as an ex- 
ternal desiccant when pulverized. 

Tween -brain (twin' -bran). See Diencephalon. 

Twelfth Cranial Nerve. The hypoglossal 
nerve. See under Nerve. 

Twin. One of two individuals born at the 
same birth. 

Twixt -brain (twikst'-bran). See Diencephalon. 

Tyle (ti'-le) [zuXoc, a knob]. A callus. 

Tylion (til'-e-on) [tyle]. A craniometric point 
on the anterior border of the optic groove 
in the mesal line. 

Tyloma (ti-lo'-mah) [tyle]. A callus. 

Tylosis (ti-lo'-sis) [tyle]. 1. A state character- 
ized by the formation of callus. 2. A form 
of blepharitis with thickening and hardening 
of the edge of the lid. 



TYMPANECTOMY 



998 



TYPHOID 



Tympanectomy (Urn- pan -ek' -to -me) [tym- 
panum; iKTOfir], a cutting out]. Excision of 
the tympanic membrane. 

Tympanic (tim - pan' - ik) [tympanum]. Per- 
taining to the tympanum. T. Bone, T. 
Plate, the thin plate of bone separating the 
tympanum from the cranial cavity. T. 
Membrane. See Membrane, Tympanic. 
T. Ring, an osseous ring forming part of the 
temporal bone at the time of birth and which 
develops into the tympanic plate. T. Teg- 
men, the bony plate forming the roof of the 
tympanum. 

Tympanism {tim' -pan-izm) [tympanum]. Dis- 
tention with gas; tympanites. 

Tympanites {tim-pan-i' -tez) [tympanum]. A 
distention of the abdominal walls from ac- 
cumulation of gas in the intestine or peri- 
toneal Cavity. 

Tympanitic {tim - pan - it' - ik) [tympanites]. 
Caused by or of the nature of tympanites. 
T. Resonance, the note obtained on per- 
cussing a cavity distended with gas. 

Tympanitis {tim-pan-i' -tis) [tympanum; exec, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the tym- 
panum; otitis media. 

Tympanoeustachian {tim-pan-o-u-sta'-ke-an) 
[tympanum; eustachian]. Pertaining to the 
tympanum and the eustachian tube. 

Tympanohyal {tim-pan-o-hi' -at) [tympanum; 
hyoid]. A small cartilage of the human 
fetus subsequently fusing with the styloid 
process of the temporal bone. 

Tympanomastoiditis {tim- pan-o-mas-toid-i'- 
tis). Inflammation of the tympanum and 
mastoid cells. 

Tympanophony {tim-pan-oj'-o-ne). See Au- 
to phony (2). 

Tympanosis {tim-pan-o' -sis) . Tympanites. 

Tympanotomy {tim-pan-of -o-me) [tympanum; 
rofirj, a cutting]. Incision of the membrana 
tympani. 

Tympanous {tim'-pan-us). Distended with 
gas; relating to tympanism. 

Tympanum {tim'-pan-um) [xu/mavov, drum]. 
The middle ear. 

Tympany {tim'-pan-e). 1. Tympanites. 2. A 
tympanitic percussion-note. 

Typewriter's Cramp. See under Spasms, 
Fatigue. 

Typhase {ti'-faz). The special bacteriolytic 
enzym of Bacillus typhi abdominalis. 

Typhemia {ti-fe'-me-ah) [xucfroc, smoke; alfia, 
blood]. An impoverished condition of the 
blood following typhus. 

Typhlenteritis {tif-len-ter-i'-tis) [xo^Xbv, cecum; 
'ivxepov, bowel; exe$, inflammation]. A 
proposed substitute for the word appendi- 
citis. 

Typhlitis {tif-W '-tis) [xucpXbv, cecum ; exec, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the cecum. 

Typhlo- {tif-lo-) [xu<j>Xbv, cecum]. A prefix 
signifying relating to the cecum. 

Typhlocele {ti}' -lo-sel) . See Cecocele. 

Typhlodicliditis {tif-lo-di-kli-di'-tis) [typhlo-; 
denX'ec, a folding door; exec, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the ileocecal valve. 



Typhloempyema {tif-lo-em-pi-e'-mah) [typhlo-) 
empyema]. Abscess attending typhlitis. 

Typhloid (tif'Joid) [xo$Xbc, blind]. Having 
defective vision. 

Typhlolithiasis {tif-lo-lith-i'-as-is) [typhlo-; 
lithiasis]. The formation of calculi in the 
cecum. 

Typhlosis {tif-lo'-sis) [xu<f)\6c, blind]. Blind- 
ness. 

Typhlosole {tif'-lo-sol) [typhlo-, owXrjv, tube]. 
A tube lying in the dorsal middle line of the 
intestine of certain worms {Lumbricidce) . 

Typhlostenosis {ti}-lo-sten-o f -sis) [typhlo-; sten- 
osis]. Stenosis of the cecum. 

Typhlotomy {tij -lot' -o-me) [typhlo-; xop.rj, a 
cutting]. Division or section of the cecum. 

Typho- {ti-fo-) [typhoid]. A prefix meaning 
relating to typhoid or of a typhoid character. 

Typhobacillosis {ti-fo-bas-il-o'-sis) [typho-; bacil- 
lus]. The systemic poisoning produced 
by the toxins formed by the typhoid bacillus. 

Typhoid {ti'-foid) [xucjjoc, stupor; eldoc, like]. 
Resembling typhus. T., Abenteric, typhoid 
fever involving other organs than those of 
the intestinal tract. T., Afebrile, typhoid 
fever with the usual symptoms, positive diazo 
and Widal reaction, presence of rose-spots, 
but absence of increased temperature. T. 
Fever, enteric fever, abdominal typhus, 
ileotyphus. An infectious disease caused by 
Bacillus typhosus discovered by Eberth. 
It is introduced into the body with the food 
and drinking-water, and is found in the in- 
testine, the spleen, and the fecal discharges, 
but may also occur in the various complicating 
lesions. The principal lesions of typhoid 
fever are an enlargement and necrosis of 
Peyer's patches, and enlargement of the 
spleen and the mesenteric glands. The 
mucous membrane of the intestine is also the 
seat of a catarrhal inflammation. After a 
period of incubation of from two to three 
weeks the disease sets in with weakness, 
headache, vague pains, a tendency to diarrhea, 
and nose-bleed. The temperature gradually 
rises, being higher each evening than the 
previous evening, and reaches its maximum 
(io4°-io5° F.) in from one to two weeks. 
It then remains at this level for from one to 
two weeks, and finally sinks by lysis. The 
pulse is soft and dicrotic, but often not 
so rapid as would be expected from, the high 
temperature. The tongue is at first coated on 
the dorsum and red at the tip and edges, but 
soon becomes dry, brown, and tremulous, and, 
like the teeth and lips, covered with sordes. 
There is usually complete anorexia, the 
bowels are loose, and the stools have a 
peculiar "pea-soup" color. At times con- 
stipation exists. Slight congestion of the 
lungs with cough is usually present. On the 
seventh, eighth, or ninth day the peculiar 
eruption appears — it consists of small, slightly 
elevated, rose-colored spots, disappearing on 
pressure, and coming out in successive crops. 
Nervous symptoms are prominent in typhoid 
fever, and are headache, slight deafness, 



TYPHOIN 



999 



TYSON'S GLAND 



stupor, muttering delirium, carphology, sub- 
sultus tendinum, and coma vigil. Compli- 
cations are frequent, the most important be- 
ing intestinal hemorrhage, perforation of the 
bowel, peritonitis, pneumonia, and nephritis. 
Relapses are fairly common, although second 
attacks are rare. Abortive typhoid is charac- 
terized by an abrupt onset of symptoms, 
which subside quickly, convalescence following 
in a few days. Walking typhoid is a variety in 
which the symptoms are so mild that the 
patient disregards them and walks about. 
Grave accidents may in such a case develop 
suddenly. T. State, the condition of stupor 
and hebetude, with dry, brown tongue, sordes 
on the teeth, rapid, feeble pulse, incontinence 
of feces and urine, and rapid wasting, seen 
in typhoid fever and other continued fevers. 

Typhoin (ti'-fo-in). A preparation of dead 
typhoid bacilli used by injection in the treat- 
ment of typhoid fever. 

Typhomalarial (ti-fo-mal-a' -re-al) [typho-; 
malaria]. Exhibiting symptoms of both 
typhoid and malarial fevers. T. Fever, 
a fever exhibiting symptoms both of typhoid 
and of malarial fever, but probably malarial 
in nature. 

Typhomania (ti-fo-ma'-ne-ah) [typho-; [xavca, 
madness]. The lethargic state, with delirium, 
sometimes observed in typhus, typhoid, and 
other low fevers. 

Typhopaludism (ti-fo-paV -u-dizm) [typho-; 
paluda, a marsh]. Fever of malarial origin 
accompanied by symptoms of typhoid. 

Typhopneumonia (ti -fo- nu- mo'- ne - ah) [ty- 
pho-; pneumonia]. Pneumonia occurring in 
the course of typhoid fever. 

Typhosepsis (ti-fo-sep'-sis). See Typhemia. 

Typhosis (ti-fo'-sis). See Typhoid State. T., 
Syphilitic, a form of intestinal neuralgia 
associated with secondary syphilis. 

Typhotoxin (ti-fo-toks'-in) [typho-; ro^wbv, 
poison]. A ptomain produced by the typhoid 
bacillus. It is isomeric with the base C 7 - 
H 17 N0 2 , obtained from putrefying horseflesh, 
and induces lethargy, paralysis, and death. 

Typhous (ti'-fus) [typhus]. Pertaining to or 
having the nature of typhus. 

Typhus {ti'-fus) [ru(f>oc, stupor]. An acute 
contagious disease chiefly characterized by 
a petechial rash, marked nervous symptoms, 
and a high fever, ending by crisis in from 
10 to 14 days. The only peculiar lesions 
noted postmortem are a dark fluid state of 
the blood and a staining of the endocardium 
and intima of the blood-vessels. After a 
period of incubation of from a few hours to 
two weeks, the disease sets in abruptly with 
pains in the head, back, and limbs, the 
fever rising rapidly to 104 or 105 F. The 



nervous symptoms resemble those of typhoid 
fever. The eruption appears on the fourth 
or fifth day as rose-colored spots scattered 
over all the body, and quickly becoming 
hemorrhagic. It does not disappear on 
pressure. The chief complications are hy- 
perpyrexia, pneumonia, ana nephritis. Syn., 
Jail-fever; Ship-fever. T. icterodes. Syn- 
onym of Yellow fever. 

Typoscope (ti'-po-skop) [ruitoc, a stamp ; gkotzs'cv, 
to look]. A small device to exclude ex- 
traneous light, for the use of cataract patients 
and amblyopes in reading. 

Tyree's Antiseptic Powder. A proprietary- 
preparation said to contain alum, sodium 
biborate, eucalyptus, phenol, thymol, winter- 
green, and peppermint; it is recommended 
for leukorrheal and purulent discharges. 

Tyrein (ti'-re-in) [rupoc, cheese]. Coagulated 
casein. 

Tyremesis (ti-rem'-es-is) [rupoc, cheese; s/xsocc, 
a vomiting]. The vomiting of caseous mat- 
ter; an ailment common among nursing 
infants. 

Tyro- (ti-ro-) [rupdc, cheese]. A prefix meaning 
cheese or cheese-like. 

Tyroid • (ti'-roid) [tyro-; eldoc, like]. Cheese- 
like. 

Tyroma (ti-ro' -mah) [tyro-; bfia, tumor]. 1. 
A caseous mass. 2. A tuberculous tumor. 

Tyrosal (ti'-ro-sal). See Salipyrin. 

Tyrosin (ti'-ro-sin) [rupoc, cheese], CgH^NOv 
A crystalline amidoacid, a decomposition 
product of proteids. T., Tests for. See 
Hoffmann, Piria, Scherer, (von) Udransky, 
Wurster. 

Tyrosinase (ti-ro' -sin-dz) [tyrosin]. An oxid- 
izing enzym found in many fungi, and in dahlia 
and beet-root. It acts upon all the cresols. 

Tyrosis (ti-ro'-sis) [rupoc, cheese]. Caseation. 

Tyrotoxicon (ti-ro-toks' -ik-on) [tyro-; ro^cKov, a 
poison]. A ptomain obtained from poisonous 
cheese, milk, ice-cream, etc. It induces 
vertigo, nausea, vomiting, chills, rigors, 
severe pains in the epigastric region, di- 
lation of the pupils, griping and purging, 
a sensation of numbness or of pins and needles, 
especially in the limbs, and marked prostra- 
tion or even death. The poison is thought 
to be the cause of many cases of summer 
diarrhea of infants. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Tyrotoxin (ti-ro-toks' -in) [see Tyrotoxicon]. 
A curara-like poison from poisonous cheese; 
it is not identical with tyrotoxicon. 

Tyrotoxism (ti-ro-toks' -izm). Cheese-poison- 
ing. 

Tyrrell's Fascia. See Denonvillier's Fascia. 

Tyson's Glands. The sebaceous glands of 
the corona glandis and the inner layer of 
the prepuce, secreting the smegma. 



UARTHRITIS 



1000 



ULNARIS 



U 



Uarthritis (u-ar-thri' '-tis) . See Arthritis urica. 

Uberty {u'-ber-te) [uber, udder]. Fertility; 
productiveness. 

Ucambin, Ukambin (u-kam'-bin). An Af- 
rican arrow-poison with the effects of stro- 
phanthin, but more powerful. 

(von) Udransky's Test for Bile Acids. To 
i Cc. of a watery or alcoholic solution of the 
substance add one drop of a 0.1% watery 
solution of furfurol, and underlay with i Cc. 
of concentrated sulfuric acid; then cool. 
In the presence of bile acids a red color with 
a shade of blue will be produced. V. U.'s 
Test for Tyrosin, to i Cc. of a solution of 
the substance add one drop of a 0.5 % watery- 
solution of furfurol, and underlay with 1 
Cc. of concentrated sulfuric acid. The 
mixture becomes pink. The mixture should 
not rise above 50 C. 

Uffelmann's Test for Hydrochloric Acid 
in the Contents of the Stomach. Strips 
of filter-paper saturated in an extract of bil- 
berries in amylic alcohol and dried, when 
dipped into the contents of a stomach con- 
taining HO, will be turned pink. U.'s Test 
for Lactic Acid in the Contents of the 
Stomach, make a mixture of 10 Cc. of a 
4 % solution of phenol, 20 Cc. of water, and 
a few drops of ferric chlorid solution; this 
will have a blue coloration. Add the liquid 
to be tested, and in the presence of lactic acid 
a yellow coloration will result. 

Uhthoff's Sign. The nystagmus of multiple 
cerebrospinal sclerosis. 

Ulatrophia {oo-lat-ro' -fe-ah) [ooXov, gum; 
dvpo(f>!a, atrophy]. A shrinkage of the gums. 

Ulcer (ul'-ser) [ulcus, ulcer]. A loss of substance 
occurring on the skin or mucous membranes, 
and due to a gradual necrosis of the tissues. 
U., Atheromatous, a loss of substance in 
the wall of an artery or the endocardium, 
due to the breaking down of an atheromatous 
patch. U., Catarrhal, a form of intestinal 
ulcer due to a superficial loss of epithelial 
cells. U., Chancroidal. See Chancre. 
U., Curling's, an ulcer of the duodenum 
observed after severe burns of the body. U., 
Follicular, a small ulcer on a mucous mem- 
brane having its origin in a lymph-follicle. 
U., Fungous, one covered by fungous gran- 
ulations. U., Gastric, perforating ulcer of 
the lining membrane of the stomach. U., 
Indolent, one with an indurated, elevated 
edge and a nongranulating floor, usually 
occurring on the leg. U., Inflamed, one 
surrounded by marked inflammation. U., 
Jacob's. See U ., Rodent. U., Marjolin's, an 
ulcer having for its "seat an old cicatrix. U., 
Peptic. See Peptic Ulcer. U., Perforating, 
an ulcer that perforates the tissues of a part, 
particularly the foot or the stomach. U., 
Phagedenic, one which rapidly eats away the 
tissues. U., Phlegmonous. Synonym of U. } 



Inflamed. U., Rodent, a form of ulcer, prob- 
ably epitheliomatous, which gradually involves 
and eats away soft tissues and bones. U., 
Round, the peptic ulcer of the stomach. U., 
Serpiginous, one healing in one place while 
spreading in another. U., Tuberculous, 
one due to the tubercle bacillus. U., Vari- 
cose, an ulcer due to varicose veins. 

Ulcerate {ul'-ser-dt) [ulcer]. To become con- 
verted into or affected with an ulcer. 

Ulceration {ul-ser-a' -shun) [ulcer]. The form- 
ation of an ulcer; a process of liquefaction- 
necrosis or molecular death on a free sur- 
face. 

Ulcerative {uV -ser-a-tiv) [ulcer]. Pertaining to 
ulceration; characterized by ulceration. 

Ulcerous {ul'-ser-us) [ulcer]. Exhibiting ulcer- 
ation; having the character of an ulcer. 

Ulcus (ul'-kus) [L.]. An ulcer. 

Ule (u'-le) [ouXrj, a scar]. A cicatrix. 

Ulegyria (u-le-ji' '-re-ah) [ule; yupoc, a circle]. 
Convolutions in the cortex of the brain, 
made irregular by scar-formation. 

Ulemorrhagia (u-lem-or-af-e-ah) [ule; alpta, 
blood; pelv, to flow]. 1. Hemorrhage from 
a cicatrix. 2. [ouXov, the gum.] Bleeding 
of the gums. 

Ulerythema {u-lerith-e'-mah) [ule; erythema]. 
An erythematous disease marked by the 
formation of cicatrices. 

Uletic {u-let'-ik) [ulon]. Pertaining to the 
gums. 

Ulexin (u-leks'-in) [ulex, a shrub], CuE^INLjO. 
An alkaloid from the seed of Ulex europceus, 
the common gorse of Europe. It is a local 
anesthetic and powerful diuretic. 

Ulitis {u-li'-tis) [ulon; exec, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the gums. 

Ulmarene {ul' -mar-en). A mixture of definite 
quantities of salicylic ether and aliphatic 
alcohols; recommended as an external ap- 
plication in gout, rheumatism, etc. 

Ulmus (uV-mus) [L.]. Slippery elm. The 
ulmus of the U. S. P. is the dried bark of 
Ulmus julva, or elm, of the order Urticacece. 
It is used as a demulcent in diarrhea, dys- 
entery, and diseases of the urinary tract; 
as a poultice in inflammations, and in the 
form of tents for dilating the os uteri. Ulmi, 
Mucilago (U. S. P.), mucilage of elm. 

Ulna {ul'-nah) [L., "a cubit"]. The bone on 
the inner side of the forearm, articulating 
with the humerus and the head of the radius 
above and with the radius below. 

Ulnad (ul'-nad) [ulna]. Toward the ulnar 
aspect. 

Ulnar {ul'-nar) [ulna]. 1. Pertaining to or 
in relation with the ulna, as the ulnar artery, 
ulnar nerve. 2. Pertaining to the ulnar 
artery or ulnar nerve. 

Ulnaris {ul-na'-ris) [L.]. 1. Ulnar. 2. The 
ulnar muscle, a muscle on the ulnar side of 
the forearm. 



ULNOCARPAL 



1001 



UNDULATION 



Ulnocarpal (ul-no-kar'-pal) [ulna; carpus]. 
Pertaining to the ulna and the carpus. 

Ulnoradial {ul-no-ra' -de-al) [ulna; radius]. 
Pertaining to the ulna and the radius. 

Ulocarcinoma (u-lo-kar-sin-o'-mah) [ulon; car- 
cinoma]. Carcinoma of the gums. 

Ulodermitis (u-lo-der-mi'-tis) [ule; dermitis]. 
Inflammation of the skin with formation of 
cicatrices. 

Uloid (u'-loid) [ule; eldoc, like]. Scar-like. 

Ulon (u'-lon) [odXov, gum]. The gums. 

Uloncus (u-long'-kus) [ulon; by/coc, a tumor]. 
A tumor or swelling of the gums. 

Ulorrhagia (ul-or-a'-je-ah) [ulon; pyyvuvac, to 
burst forth]. Bleeding from the gums. 

Ulosis (u-lo'-sis) [ule]. Cicatrization. 

Ulotic (u-lot'-ik) [ulosis]. Pertaining to or 
tending toward cicatrization. 

Ulotrichous (u-lof -rik-us) [ouXoc, woolly; Opi$, 
hair]. Having woolly hair. 

Ultimate (ul'-tim-at) [ultimus, superl. of ultra, 
beyond]. Farthest; most remote; last; final. 
U. Principle. See Principle, Ultimate. 

Ultimum [ul'-tim-um) [L.]. Last. U. mo- 
riens. i. The right auricle; so called from 
the belief that it is the last part of the heart 
to cease its contractions. 2. The upper part 
of the trapezius muscle which usually es- 
capes in progressive muscular atrophy. 

Ultramicroscope {ul-trah-mi' -kro-skop) [ultra, 
beyond; microscope]. A microscope whereby 
it is possible to recognize objects measuring 
but the millionth part of a millimeter in 
diameter. 

Ultratoxon (ul-trah-toks'-on) [ultra; toxon]. 
A toxin of a low degree of avidity. 

Ultraviolet Rays. See Rays, Ultraviolet. 

Ultzmann's Reaction for Bile-pigments. 
To 10 Cc. of the liquid add 3 or 4 Cc. of a 
caustic potash solution ( 1 13) and then an 
excess of hydrochloric acid. In the presence 
of bile-pigments the solution will become 
emerald green. 

Ulyptol (u-lip'-tol). See Eulyptol. 

Umbelliferon (um-bel-if -er-on) [umbella, um- 
bel; ferre, to bear], C a H 6 3 . Oxycoumarin. 
Fine needles, sparingly soluble in hot water and 
ether. Found in the bark of Daphne meze- 
reum; it is obtained by distilling different 
resins, such as galbanum, asafetida, etc. 

Umbellularia (um-bel-u-la'-re-ah) [umbellula, 
a little umbel]. A genus of the Laurinece. 
The principal species, U. californica, Cali- 
fornia laurel or spice tree, contains in its seeds 
a pungent volatile oil recommended for in- 
halation in nasal catarrh; the leaves are used 
in neuralgic headache, colic, and atonic 
diarrhea. Dose of fluidextract 10-30 min. 
(0.65-2 Cc). 

Umbilical ium-biV '-ik-al) [umbilicus]. 1. Per- 
taining to the umbilicus, as the umbilical cord, 
umbilical vessels. 2. Pertaining to the um- 
bilical cord or umbilical vessels. U. Cord. 
See Core? (2). U. Region, the central of the 
regions into which the abdomen is divided for 
purposes of physical diagnosis. U, Ring, 
the aperture, closed in the adult, through 



which the umbilical vessels pass in fetal life. 
U. Souffle, the peculiar sound heard occasion- 
ally over the umbilical cord of the fetus. U. 
Vesicle, the part of the yolk-sac remaining 
outside of the embryo and supplying nutri- 
ment to it through the omphalomesaraic duct. 
U. Vessels, the umbilical arteries and veins. 

Umbilicated (um-bil'-ik-a-ted) [umbilicus]. 
Having a depression like that of the navel. 

Umbilication {um-bil-ik-a' -shun) [umbilicus]. 
1. A depression like that of. the navel. 2. 
The state of being umbilicated. 

Umbilicus (um-bil-i' -kus) [L.]. The navel; 
the round, depressed cicatrix in the median 
line of the abdomen, marking the site of 
the aperture which in fetal life gave passage 
to the umbilical vessels. 

Umbo {urn' -bo) [L.]. A boss or bosselation; 
any central convex eminence, as, the umbo 
of the membrana tympani. 

Umbonation (um-bon-a'-shun) [umbo]. The 
formation of a low, rounded projection. 

Umbrascopy {urn-bras' -ko-pe) . See Rhinos- 
copy. 

Unavoidable Hemorrhage. See Hemorrhage, 
Unavoidable. 

Unazotized (un-az'-o-tizd) [un, not; azotum, 
nitrogen]. Deprived of nitrogen. 

Uncia (un'-se-ah) [L.]. An ounce. 

Unciform (un' -se-form) [uncus; forma, form]. 
Hook-shaped. U. Bone, a hook-shaped 
bone in the second row of the carpus. U. 
Process, a hook-shaped process on the eth- 
moid and other bones. 

Unciforme (un-se-form'-e). The unciform 
bone. 

Uncinal (un' -sin-al). 1. Uncinate. 2. Fur- 
nished with hooks. 

Uncinaria (un-sin-a'-re-ah) [uncinus, a hook]. 
A genus of parasitic nematode worms. 

Uncinariasis (un-sin-a-ri' -a-sis) . Disease pro- 
duced by parasites of the genus Uncinaria. 
Syn., Ankylostomiasis; Dochmiasis; Hook- 
worm Disease. 

Uncinate (un'-sin-dt) [uncus]. Hooked. U. 
Convolution, U. Gyrus, the continuation 
of the hippocampal convolution, or fornicate 
convolution, ending in a hook-like process near 
the end of the temporal lobe. 

Uncinatum (un-sin-a' -turn) [uncinatus, hooked]. 
The unciform bone. 

Uncipressure (un'-sip-resh-ur) [uncus; pres- 
sure]. A method of arresting hemorrhage 
by the use of two hooks dug into the sides 
of the wound so as to compress the vessel. 

Unction (unk' -shun) [uncture]. 1. The act of 
anointing. 2. An ointment. 

Unctuous (unk'-tu-us) [uncture]. Greasy; oily. 

Uncture (unk'-tur) [unguent]. An unguent. 

Uncus (ung'-kus) [L.]. 1. A hook. 2. The 
hook-like anterior extremity of the uncinate 
gyrus of the brain. 

Undulant (un'-du-lant) [unda, a wave]. Char- 
acterized by fluctuations. U. Fever. See 
Fever, Mediterranean. 

Undulation (un-du-la' -shun) [see Undulant], 
A wave-like motion. 



UNDULATORY 



1002 



UNSTRIATED 



Undulatory {un'-du-lat-or-e) [see Undulanf]. 
Moving like waves; vibratory. 

Ungual (un'-gwal) {unguis'], i. Pertaining to 
a nail. 2. Resembling a nail in size, as the 
ungual bone (the lacrimal bone). 

Unguent {un'-gwent). See Unguentum. 

Unguentine {un'-gwen-ten). An alum and 
petroleum ointment containing 2 % of phenol 

* and 5 % of ichthyol. 

Unguentum {un-gwen' -turn) [L.]. 1. An oint- 
ment. 2. See U. simplex. U. acidi tannici, 
ointment of tannic acid; tannic acid, 20 Gm.; 
glycerol, 20 Gm.; unguentum, 60 Gm. U. 
Crede, soluble silver 15 %, incorporated in lard 
and 10 % of wax added. It is scented with 
benzoinated ether; used in treatment of septic 
diseases. U. durum, an ointment base con- 
sisting of paraffin (solid), 4 parts; wool-fat, 
1 part; liquid paraffin, 5 parts; used for oint- 
ments containing liquid antiseptics. U. hy- 
drargyri. See Mercurial Ointment. U. hy- 
drargyri dilutum, blue ointment; mercurial 
ointment, 670 Gm., with petrolatum, 330 Gm. 
U. iodi, iodin ointment; iodin, 4 Gm.; potas- 
sium iodid, 4 Gm.; glycerol, 12 Gm.; benzoin- 
ated lard, 80 Gm. U. molle, an ointment 
base consisting of solid paraffin, 11 parts; 
lanolin, 5 parts; and liquid paraffin, 34 parts. 
U. potassii iodidi, ointment of potassium 
iodid; potassium iodid, 10 Gm.; potassium 
carbonate, 0.6 Gm.; water, 10 Gm.; ben- 
zoinated lard, 80 Gm. U. simplex {un- 
guentum, U. S. P.) consists of lard, 80 parts, 
and wax 20 parts. U. stramonii. See 
Stramonium Ointment. 

Unguiculate (un-gwik' -u-ldt) [unguis]. Hav- 
ing nails or claws. 

Unguinal {un'-gwin-aV) [unguis]. Pertaining 
to a nail or to the nails. 

Unguis {un'-gwis) [L.]. 1. A nail. 2. The 
lacrimal bone. 

Ungula (un'-gu-lah) [L., "a claw"]. An 
instrument for extracting a dead fetus from 
the uterus. 

Uni- (u-ne-) [unus, one]. A prefix denoting one. 

Uniaxial iu-ne-aks' -e-aV) [uni-; axis]. Having 
but one axis. 

Unicamerate (u-ne-kam'-er-dt) [uni-; camera, 
chamber]. Having but one cavity; unilocular. 

Unicellular (u-ne-sei f -u-lar) [uni-; cellula, dim. 
of cella, a cell]. Composed of but one ceil. 

Uniceptor (u'^ne-sep-tor) [uni-; capere, to re- 
ceive]. An antitoxin or receptor which has 
only one uniting arm (viz., the haptophore 
group). 

Unicorn {u'-ne-korn) [uni-; cornu, horn]. Hav- 
ing a single horn. 

Unifilar iu-ne-fe' -lar) [uni-; filum-, a thread]. 
Connected by one thread; furnished with one 
filament. 

Uniforate iu-nif '-o-rdt) [uni-; foratus, pierced]. 
Having one opening. 

Unilaminar, Unilaminate (u-ne-lam' '-in-ar ; 
-at) [uni-; lamina, a layer]. Occurring in a 
single layer. 

Unilateral {u-ne-laf -er-al) [uni-; latus, side]. 
Pertaining to or affecting but one side. 



Unilobar, Unilobed {u-ne-lo' -bar , u'-ne-ldbd). 
Furnished with one lobe. 

Unilocular {u-ne-lok' -u-lar) [uni-; loculus, dim. 
of locus, a place]. Having but one loculus 
or cavity. 

Uninuclear, Uninucleated {u-ne-nu'-kle-ar, 
u-ne-nu' -kle-a-ted) [uni-; nucleus]. Having 
but a single nucleus. 

Uniocular {u-ne-ok' -u-lar) [uni-; oculus, eye]. 
Pertaining to or performed with one eye. 

Union {un'-yun). See under Healing. 

Unipara {u-nip'-ar-ah) [uni-; parere, to bear]. 
A woman who has borne but one child. 

Uniparous {u-nip'-ar-us) [unipara]. Having 
borne but one child. 

Unipolar iu-ne-po' -lar) [uni-; polus, a pole]. 
1. Having but one pole or process. 2. Per- 
taining to one pole. 

Unisexual {u-ne-seks'-u-al) [uni-; sexus, sex]. 
Provided with the sexual organs of one sex 
only. 

Unit {u'-nit) [unus, one]. 1. A single thing; 
a group considered as a whole or as forming 
one of many similar groups composing a 
more complex body. 2. A quantity with 
which others are compared. U.s, Electric, 
unit of capacity, the farad; unit of current, the 
ampere; unit of electromotive force, the volt; 
unit of power, the watt; unit of quantity, the 
coulomb; unit of resistance, the ohm. U. 
of Force, the dyne. U. of Heat, the cal- 
ory. U. of Length U., of Volume, U. of 
Weight. See under Weights and Measures. 
U. of Light, the light of a standard candle, 
i. e., a spermaceti candle burning 120 
grains an hour. U., Physiologic, a term 
used by Herbert Spencer to express a unit 
between the chemic and the morphologic 
units in complexity, and of an aggregation 
of which units the body is composed, and 
which represents the character of the species. 
U., Serum-, U., Immunizing, according 
to Behring, 1 Cc. of an antitoxic blood- 
serum, of which 0.1 Cc. protects a guineapig 
of 500 grams against ten times the fatal dose 
of diphtheria toxin. U. of Work, the 
erg. 

Unitary {u r -nit-a-re) [unit]. 1. Pertaining to 
or having the qualities of a unit. 2. Pertain- 
ing to monsters having the organs of a single 
individual. 

Univalent {u-niv r -al-ent) [uni-; valere, to be 
worth]. Having a valence of one; capable 
of replacing a single hydrogen atom in com- 
bination. 

Unna's Dermatosis. Seborrhea. U.s Layer. 
See Langerhans' Granular Layer. U.'s Pap- 
illary Hair, a complete hair and hair-follicle. 
U.'s Plasma-cells. See Cells, Plasma (1). 

Unorganized {un-or' -gan-izd) . Without organs ; 
not arranged in the form of an organ or organs. 

Unpolarized (un-po r -lar-lzd). Not polarized. 

Unschuld's Sign. A tendency to cramps in 
the calf of the leg; it is an early sign in diabetes. 

Unsex {un-seks'). To spay or castrate. 

Unstriated {un-stri'-a-ted). Not striated, as 
unstriated muscle. 



UNUNITED 



1003 



UREMIA 



Ununited (un-u-ni'-ted). Not united, as an 
ununited fracture. 

Unwell, i. Ill; sick. 2. Menstruating. 

Urachus (u'-ra-kus) [odpov, urine; zyjw, to 
hold]. The allantoic stalk connecting in 
the fetus the bladder with the allantois, 
in after-life represented by a fibrous cord 
passing from the apex of the bladder to the 
umbilicus. U., Patent, a condition in which 
the urachus of the embryo does not become 
obliterated, but persists to adult life. 

Uracrasia (u-rah-kra'-ze-ah). See Enuresis. 

Ural, Uralium (u'-ral, u-ra'-le-um) [oupov, 
urine]. Chloral-urethane, CCl 3 CH:OH.NH- 
C0 9 C 2 H 5 , a hypnotic. Dose 10-20 gr. (0.65- 
1.3 Gm.). 

Uranalysis {u-ran-aV-is-is) . See Urinalysis. 

Urane (u'-rdn). Uranium oxid; it is used to 
give a yellow fluorescence to glass. 

Uranic (u-ran'-ik). Containing uranium as a 
hexad radicle. U. Acid, uranium trioxid. 

Uranin (u'-ran-in). See Fluorescein-sodium. 

Uraninite {u-ran' -in-lt) . Pitch-blende. 

Uranisconitis (u-ran-is-ko-ni'-tis) [uraniscus; 
ace, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
uraniscus, or palate. 

Uraniscoplasty (u-ran-is'-ko-plas-te) [uranis- 
cus; -Xaooscv, to form]. A plastic operation 
for the repair of cleft palate. 

Uraniscorrhaphy (u-ran-is-kor'-a-fe) [uran- 
iscus; pa<j)7), suture]. Suture of a palatal 
cleft; staphylorrhaphy. 

Uraniscus (u-ran-is'-kus) [oupaviotcoc, the roof 
of the mouth]. The palate. 

Uranism (u'-ran-izm) [Qupavoc, the Greek per- 
sonification of heaven]. Sexual perversion 
in which the desire is for individuals of the 
same sex. 

Uranium (u-ra'-ne-um) [Uranus]. A heavy 
white metal. See Elements, Table of Chemic. 
Its phosphate and nitrate are used as tests for 
phosphoric acid. The salts are very poison- 
ous. U. Acetate, (U0 2 )(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 + 2 H 2 0; 
recommended in coryza in solution as nasal 
douche. U. Ammoniunr Fluorid, U0 2 .F 2 - 
4NH 4 .H 2 0, a greenish-yellow, crystalline pow- 
der, used for the detection of roentgen-ravs. 
U. Nitrate, (HN0 3 ) 2 U0 2 .6H 2 0, used in dia- 
betes. Dose ^— § gr. (0.014-0.026 Gm.) twice 
dailv in aqueous solution with saccharin. U. 
Oxid, Red, U. Trioxid, U0 3 , a reddish 
powder. Syn., Uranic acid. U. X, a radio- 
active precipitate obtained from uranium 
nitrate by means of ammonium carbo- 
nate. 

Uranoplasty (u' ' -ran-o-plas-te) . Same as Uran- 
iscoplasty. 

Uranoschism (11' -ran- o-skizm) [uraniscus; 
oycofxa, a cleft]. Cleft palate. 

Uranostaphyloplasty {u-ran-o-staf -il-o-plas-te) . 
See Uraniscoplasty. 

Uranyl (u'-ran-il). See Uranium. U. -am- 
monium Fluorid. See Uranium-ammonium 
Fluorid. 

Urare, Urari (u-rak'-re). See Curara. 

Urarize (u'-ra-riz). To bring under the in- 
fluence of curara; curarize. 



Urase {ii'-raz). An insoluble enzym associated 
with the bacteria which ferment urea; it is 
very plentiful in the urine in catarrh of the 
bladder. 

Urasol («' - rah - sol) . Acetylmethylene-disal- 
icylic acid; an antiseptic, diaphoretic, and 
uric-acid solvent. 

Urate (u'-rdt) [oupov, urine]. A salt of uric acid. 

Uratic (u-rat'-ik) [urate]. Pertaining to or 
characterized by urates. U. Diathesis, a 
condition in which there is a tendency to 
the deposition of urates in the joints and 
elsewhere ; a tendency to gout. 

Uratolytic {u-rat-o - lit' - ik) [urate; Xuecv, 
to loose]. Capable of dissolving urates. 

Uratoma (u-ra-to'-mah) [urate; 6p.a, tumor]. 
A concretion composed of urates, and oc- 
curring chiefly about the joints; a tophus. 

Uratosis {u-rat-o' -sis) [urate]. A morbid con- 
dition marked by the deposit of urates. 

Uraturia (u-rat-u'-re-ah) [urate; oupov, urine]. 
A condition marked by an excess of urates 
in the urine. 

Urea (u-re'-ah) [oupov, urine], CO(NH 2 ) 2 . 
The chief nitrogenous constituent of urine, 
and principal end-product of tissue metamor- 
phosis; it occurs also in the blood, the lymph, 
and the liver. See Biuret, Schiff, Schroeder. 
U. Quinate, a combination of urea and 
quinic acid; used in the treatment of gout 
and uric concrements in the kidneys. Daily 
dose 30-80 gr. (2-5 Gm.) in 400 Cc. of hot 
water. U. Salicylate, recommended as a 
substitute for sodium salicylate. Dose 7 gr. 
(0.45 Gm.) one to four times daily. 

Ureal iu'-re-al) [urea]. Pertaining to or con- 
taining urea. 

Ureameter (u-re-am'-e-ter) [urea; pthpov, sl 
measure]. An apparatus for determining the 
amount of urea contained in a liquid. 

Ureametry (u-re-am'-et-re) [ureameter]. The 
determination of the amount of urea in a 
liquid. 

Urease (u'-re-dz). See Urase. 

Urechysis (u-rek'-is-is) [odpov, urine; 'iKjuoc^, 
an effusion]. An effusion of urine into 
areolar tissue. 

Urecidin {u-re-si' -din) . A proprietary prep- 
aration of lemon-juice and lithia citrate for 
use in gout and uric-acid diathesis. 

Uredema (u-re-de' -mah) [oupov, urine; edema]. 
Distention of tissues from extravasation of 
urine. 

Uredo (u-re'-do) [uredo, a blight]. 1. A genus 
of fungi. 2. Urticaria. 

Ureid (u'-re-id) [urea], A compound of urea 
and an acid radicle. 

Urelcosis (u-rel-ko'-sis) [oupov, urine; IXkojocc, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of the urethra or 
urinary organs. 

Uremia (u-re'-me-ah) [oupov, urine; alp.a, 
blood]. The symptoms due to the retention 
in the blood of excrementitious substances 
normally excreted by the kidneys; it is charac- 
terized by headache, vertigo, vomiting, 
amaurosis, convulsions, coma, sometimes 
hemiplegia, and a urinous odor of the breath. 



UREMIC 



1004 



URETHREMPHRAXIS 



Uremic (u-rem'-ik, u-re'-mik) [uremia]. Due 
to or characterized by uremia. 

Ureometer {u-re-om'-et-er). See Ureameter. 

Ureometry {u-re-om'-et-re). See Ureametry. 

Urerythrin. See Uroerythrin. 

Uresiesthesis {u-res-e-es' -the- sis) [uresis; 
aiodijacc, sensation]. Constant desire to 
urinate. 

Uresin . («' ' -re-sin). A citrourotropin dilithic 
salt, useful as a uric-acid solvent. 

Uresis {u-re'-sis) [ovp-qocc]. Same as Uri- 
nation. 

-met (u-ret) . A suffix denoting a binary com- 
pound of carbon, sulfur, etc., with another 
element; in modern chemistry the suffix -id 
is used. 

Ureter {u-re'-ter) [ovpt)TT)p, ureter]. The long, 
narrow tube conveying the urine from the 
pelvis of the kidney to the bladder. 

Ureteral {u-re' -ter -al) [ureter]. Pertaining to 
the ureter. 

Ureteralgia {u-re-ter-aV-je-ah) [ureter; dXyog, 
pain]. Neuralgic pain in the ureter. 

Ureterectomy {u-re-ter-ek' -to-me) [ureter; h- 
rofirj, excision]. Excision of a ureter. 

Ureteric {u-re-ter' -ik) [ureter]. Pertaining to 
the ureter. 

Ureteritis {u-re-ter-i'-tis) [ureter; cue, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a ureter. 

Uretero- {u-re-ter-o- [ureter]. A prefix de- 
noting relating to the ureter. 

Ureterocervical {u-re-ter-o- ser' -vik-al). Re- 
lating to or connecting the ureter and the 
cervix uteri. 

Ureterocystoneostomy {u-re-ter-o-sist-o-ne-os'- 
to-me). See Uretero cyst ostomy. 

Ureterocystoscope {u-re-ter-o- sist r -o- skop) . 
An electric cystoscope holding in its grooved 
wall a catheter for insertion into the ureter. 

Ureterocy stostomy {u-re- ter-o - sis - tos'- to -me) 
[uretero-; Kooxtg, bladder; ordfia, mouth]. The 
surgical formation of a communication be- 
tween a ureter and the bladder. 

Ureteroenterostomy {u-re-ter-o-en-ter-os' -to- 
me) [uretero-; 'ivrepov, bowel; ovbp.a, mouth]. 
Surgical formation of a passage from a ureter 
to the intestine. 

Ureterolith {u-re f -ter-o-lith) [uretero-; X'cdoc, 
stone]. Calculus in the ureter. 

Ureterolithotomy {u-re-ter -o-liih-oV '-o-me) . In- 
cision of the ureter for removal of a calcu- 
lus. 

Ureteroneocystostomy {u-re-ter-o-ne-o-sist-os'- 
to-me). See Ureterocy stostomy. 

Ureteroneopyelostomy {u-re-ter-o-ne-o-pi-el- 
os'-to-me) [uretero-; vkog, new; nbeXog, trough; 
OTofia, mouth]. Excision of part of a ureter 
and implantation into a new aperture made 
into the pelvis of the kidney, of the correspond- 
ing orifice of the ureteral end. 

Ureteronephrectomy {u-re-ter-o-nef-rek f -to-me) 
[uretero-; vs<f)pbf, kidney; T0/i)j, cutting]. Re- 
moval of the kidney and its ureter. 

Ureteroproctostomy {u-re-ter-o-prok-tos' -to-me) 
[uretero-; -KpoKzoc, anus; oxbp.a, mouth]. The 
surgical formation of a passage from the ureter 
to the anus. 



Ureteropyelitis {u-re-ter-o-pi-el-i'-tis)- [uretero-; 
pyelitis]. Inflammation of a ureter and the 
pelvis of a kidney. 

Ureteropyeloneostomy (u - re - ter-o- pi-el-o-ne- 
os'-to-me). See Ureteroneopyelostomy. 

Ureteropyelonephr itis {u - re-ter-o-pi - el- o -nef- 
ri'-tis). Inflammation of the ureter and of 
the kidney and its pelvis. 

Ureteropyosis {u-re-ter-o-pi-o' -sis) [uretero-; py- 
osis]. Purulent inflammation of the ureter. 

Ureterorrhagia {u-re-ter-or-a'-je-ah) [uretero-; 
pt]yvbvat, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from 
the ureter. 

Ureterorrhaphy {u-re-ter-or f -af-e) [uretero-; pa(fir], 
suture]. Suture of the ureter. 

Ureterostegnosis {u-re- ter - o- steg - no' - sis) 
[uretero-; ozeyvcoocc, stenosis]. Stenosis or con- 
striction of the ureter. 

Ureterostenosis {u-re -ter- o-sten-o'- sis). See 
Ureterostegnosis. 

Ureterostoma {u-re-ter- o-sto'-mah) [uretero-; 
oxbp.a, a mouth]. The renal or the cystic 
opening or mouth of the ureter. 

Ureterostomatic {u-re-ter-o-sto-mat'-ik). Re- 
lating to the ureteral orifice. 

Ureterostomy {u-re-ter-os' -to-me) [see Uretero- 
stoma]. The formation of a ureteral fistula. 

Ureterotomy {u-re-ter -oV '-o-me) [uretero-; Top.r h a 
cutting]. Incision of the ureter. 

Ureteroureteral {u-re-ter-o-u-re 1 '-ter-al) [ure- 
ter]. Pertaining to both ureters, or to two 
parts of one ureter. U. Anastomosis. See 
Ureteroureterostomy. 

Ureteroureterostomy {u- re - ter-o- u-re - ter - os'- 
to-me) [uretero-; ureterostomy]. Surgical forma- 
tion of a passage between the ureters or be- 
tween different parts of the same ureter. 

Ureterouterine {u-re -ter -o -u' -ter -in) [uretero-; 
uterus]. Pertaining to the ureter and the 
uterus. 

Ureterovaginal {u-re-ter-o-vaj' -in-al) [uretero-; 
vagina]. Pertaining to the ureter and the 
vagina. 

Urethane {u' -reth-an) [urea; ether]. i. 
C 2 H 5 CH 2 N0 2 , ethyl carbamate. A hypnotic. 
Dose 20-40 gr. (1.3-2.6 Gm.). 2. In a wider 
sense, any ester of carbamic acid is called a 
urethane. U., Ethyl. See Urethane (1). 

Urethra {u-re'-ihrah) [ouprjdpa, urethra]. The 
canal through which the urine is discharged,, 
extending from the neck of the bladder to 
the meatus urinarius. It is divided in the 
man into the prostatic portion, the membra- 
nous portion, and the spongy or penile portion, 
and is from 8 to 9 inches long. In the wo- 
man it is about 1^ inches in length. 

Urethral {u-re'-thrat) [urethra]. Pertaining to 
the urethra; produced in or arising from the 
urethra, as urethral fever. U. Arthritis, 
gonorrheal rheumatism. 

Urethralgia {u-re-thraV -je-ah) [urethra; aXyoc, 
pain]. Neuralgic pain in the urethra. 

Urethrectomy {u - re- threk' -to-me) [urethra; 
eKzofirj, excision]. Excision of a urethra or 
a portion of it. 

Urethremphraxis {u-re-threm-frak'-sis). See 
Urethrophraxis. 



URETHREURYNTER 



1005 



URINACCELERATOR 



Urethreurynter {u-re-thru-rin'-ter) [urethra; 
edpvvecv, to dilate]. An appliance for di- 
lating the urethra. 

Urethrism {u'-re-thrizm) [urethra]. Urethral 
irritability. 

Urethritis {u-re-thri'-tis) [urethra; ntc, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the urethra. 
U., Anterior, inflammation of the part 
situated anterior to the anterior layer of the 
triangular ligament. U., Posterior, inflam- 
mation of the prostatic and membranous 
portions. U., Simple, a nonspecific inflam- 
mation of the urethra. U., Specific, that 
due to the gonococcus; gonorrhea. 

Urethro- {u-re-thro-) [ouprjdpa, urethra]. A 
prefix denoting pertaining to the urethra. 

Urethrobulbar {u-re-thro-bul'-bar). Relating 
to the urethra and the bulb of the corpus 
spongiosum. 

Urethrocele {u-re' -thro-set) [urethro-; /c^.^, a her- 
nia]. A protrusion of the wall of the female 
urethra. 

Urethrocystitis {u-re-thro-sis-W -tis) [urethro-; 
cystitis]. Inflammation of the urethra and 
bladder. 

Urethrometer (u-re- throm' -et- er) [urethro-; 
fihpov, a measure]. An instrument for de- 
termining the caliber of the urethra or for 
measuring the lumen of a stricture. 

Urethropenile {u-re-thro-pe'-nit). Relating to 
the urethra and the penis. 

Urethroperineal {u-re-thro-per-in-e'-at). Re- 
lating to the urethra and the perineum. 

Urethroperineoscrotal {u-re-thro -per -in-e-o- 
skro'-tal). Relating to the urethra, perineum, 
and scrotum. 

Urethrophraxis {u-re-thro-fraks' -is) [urethro-; 
cf)pa$cc, a blocking]. Urethral obstruction. 

Urethroplasty {u-re' - thro - plas - te) [urethro-; 
TiXaooecv, to form]. Plastic operation upon 
the urethra. 

Urethrorectal {u-re-thro-rek'-tat). Relating to 
the urethra and the rectum. 

Urethrorrhagia {u-re-thror-a' -je-ah) [urethro-; 
pf]jvuvac, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from 
the urethra. 

Urethrorrhaphy {u-re- thror' -af-e) [urethro-; 
pa(f)T), suture]. Suturing of an abnormal 
opening into the urethra. 

Urethrorrhea {u-re-thror-e'-ah) [urethro-; pota, 
a flow]. A morbid discharge from the ure- 
thra. 

Urethroscope {u - re' - thro - skop) [urethro-; 
OKone'cv, to view]. An instrument for in- 
specting the interior of the urethra. 

Urethroscopy {u-re-thros'-ko-pe) [see Urethro- 
scope]. Inspection of the urethra. 

Urethrospasm {u - re' - thro - spazm) [urethro-; 
071aop.bc, spasm]. A spasmodic stricture of 
the urethra. 

Urethrostenosis {u-re-thro-sten-o' -sis) [urethro-; 
otevojocc, a constriction]. Stricture of the 
urethra. 

Urethrostomy {u-re- thros' -to- me) [urethro-; 
oxbpa, a mouth]. Perineal section with per- 
manent fixation of the membranous urethra 
in the perineum. 



Urethrotome {u-re' -thro-tom) [urethro-; rojirj, a 
cutting]. An instrument used for performing 
urethrotomy. 

Urethrotomy {u-re-throf -o-me) [see Urethro- 
tome]. The operation of cutting a stricture 
of the urethra. U., External, division of a 
stricture by an incision from without. U., 
Internal, division of a urethral stricture 
from within the urethra. 

Urethroureteral {u-re-thro-u-re' -ter-al) [-urethro-; 
ureter]. Relating to the urethra and the 
ureter. 

Urethrovaginal {u-re-thro-vaj' -in-at) [urethro-; 
vagina]. Pertaining to the urethra and the 
vagina. 

Urethrovesical {u-re-thro-ves'-ik-al) [urethro-; 
vesica, bladder]. Pertaining to the urethra 
and the bladder. 

Uretic {u-ret'-ik) [ouprjxcKoc]. i. Pertaining to 
urine; stimulating the flow of urine. 2. An 
agent or medicine that stimulates the flow of 
urine. 

Urgens' Reaction for Sulfocyanates in 
Saliva. Add to the saliva a saturated solution 
of hydriodic acid r part and starch-paste 5 
parts; if sulfocyanates are present, a blue 
tint appears. The sulfocyanates of potassium 
and sodium normally present in saliva are 
usually absent in chronic suppurative con- 
ditions of the middle ear, and the progress 
of the disease can be estimated by the presence 
and extent of the reaction. 

Uric Acid {u'-rik) [oupov, urine], C 5 H 4 N 4 3 . 
A dibasic acid; one of the nitrogenous end- 
products of metabolism. It is found in the 
urine and in the spleen. Its accumulation in 
the blood (lithemia, uricacidemia) is asso- 
ciated with marked disturbances, and, accord- 
ing to some writers, produces the phenomena 
of gout. It may also form urinary calculi. 
See Denige, Dietrich, Garrod, v. Jaksch, 
Murexid, Schiff. 

Uricacidemia {u-rik-as-id-e' -me-ah) [uric acid; 
alpta, blood]. The presence of an excess of 
uric acid in the blood; also the condition 
associated with an excess of uric acid in the 
blood, and characterized by various nervous 
symptoms, and perhaps also responsible 
for the phenomena of gout. 

Uricedin {u-ris-e' -din) [uric acid]. A proprie- 
tary remedy for gout, consisting of sodium 
sulfate, sodium chlorid, sodium citrate, and 
small quantities of the citrates and phosphates 
of potassium and calcium. 

Uricemia {u-re-se' -me-ah) . See Uricacidemia. 

Uricometer {u-rik-om' -et-er) [uric acid; pkxpov, 
a measure]. An apparatus for the quick 
quantitative estimation of uric acid in urine. 

Uridrosis {u-rid-ro' -sis) [urine; "cdpwc, sweat]. 
The secretion of a sweat containing urea, 
uric acid, or other urinary constituents which 
may be deposited in crystalline form upon the 
skin {uridrosis crystallina). 

Urina {u-ri'-nah) [L.]. Urine. 

Urinaccelerator {u-rin-ak-seV -er-a-tor) [urine; 
accelerare, to accelerate]. The accelerator 
urinae. See under Muscle. 



URINARY SEDIMENTS 



1006 



URINARY SEDIMENTS 



m \ 


* JoV"* ©° * 






• I 







Blood. 



\W 




Cystin. 



■»fU». 



Calcium Carbonate. 



f«C| 




Hippuric Acid. 



n 




Calcium Oxalate. 







* ^ 



WXr^m 



Indigo. 




Calcium Phosphate. 




^^ 



Calcium Sulfate. 




Leucin and Tyrosin. 



W+& 



Magnesium Phosphate. 



Urinary Sediments. — (After Tyson, Holland, Casselman, Landois, Beale, and v. Jaksch.) 



URINARY SEDIMENTS 



1007 



URINARY SEDIMENTS 




IE3 



Phosphates, Triple. Ammonio- 
magnesium Phosphate. 



Pus. 



£! 




Cholesterin. 



**•//*' 



**# 



*« 






Urates of Sodium Ammonium, and Potassium. 






Acid Fermentation. 




Uric Acid. 




Urea. 






Blood-cast . 




Epithelium. H y aline Casts - 

Urinary Sediments.— (A fter Tyson, Holland, Casselman, Landois, Beak, and v. Jaksch.) 



URINAL 



1008 



URODYNIA 



Urinal (u'-rin-al) [urine]. A vessel for receiving 
urine. 

Urinalysis (u-rin-aV -is-is) [urine; Xuocc, a 
loosening]. Analysis of the urine. 

Urinary (u'-rin-a-re) [urine]. Pertaining to the 
urine. U. Organs, the organs concerned in 
the secretion and excretion of the urine, in- 
cluding the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and 
urethra. U. Sediment, the deposit formed 
after urine has been allowed to stand for some 
hours in a vessel. 

Urinate (u'-rin-at) [urine]. To discharge urine 
from the bladder. 

Urination (u-rin-a' -shun) [urine]. The act of 
voiding urine. 

Urine (u'-rin) [urina, urine]. The fluid ex- 
creted by the kidneys. In health urine has 
an amber color, a slightly acid reaction, a 
faint odor, a saline taste, and a specific 
gravity of about 1018. The average quantity 
excreted in 24 hours is about 1200 Cc. or 40 oz., 
of which about 62.5 Gm. are solids. Among 
the solids, urea is the most important, of which 
35 Gm. are excreted in the day. Other solid 
constituents "are uric acid (0.75 Gm. in the 
day), hippuric acid, creatinin, and other ex- 
tractives, sodium chlorid, phosphates and 
sulfates of calcium, magnesium, potassium, 
and sodium. The most important abnormal 
constituents present in disease are albumin, 
sugar, blood, pus, acetone, diacetic acid, fat, 
chyle, tube-casts, various cells, and bacteria. 

Urinemia (u-rin-e 1 '-me-ah) [urine; alp.a, blood]. 
The presence of urinary constituents in the 
blood; uremia. 

Uriniferous (u-rin-if'-er-us) [urine; ferre, to 
bear]. Carrying or conveying urine, as uri- 
niferous tubule. 

Uriniparous (u-rin-ip' -ar-us) [urine; parere, to 
produce]. Secreting urine. 

Urino- (u-rin-o-) [urine]. A prefix denoting re- 
lation to the urine. 

Urinocryoscopy (u-rin-o-kri-os' -ko-pe) [urino-; 
npuof, cold; okotcsIv, to examine]. Cryoscopy 
applied to urine. 

Urinogenital (u-rm-o-jen' -it-al) [urino-; ytvvav, 
to produce]. Urogenital. 

Urinoglucosometer (u-rin-o-glu-ko-som' -et-er) . 
An apparatus for quantitative estimation of 
glucose in the urine. 

Urinology (u-rin-ol'-o-je). See Urology. 

Urinometer (u-rin-om' -et-er) [urino-; fxerpov, a 
measure]. A hydrometer for ascertaining the 
specific gravity of urine. 

Urinometry (u-rin-om' -et-re) [see Urinometer]. 
The determination of the specific gravity of 
the urine by means of the urinometer. 

Urinoscopy (u-rin-o s' -ko-pe). See Uroscopy. 

Urinose, Urinous (u'-rin-os, u'-rin-us) [urine]. 
Having the characters of urine, as a urinose 
odor. 

Urisolvin (u-re-sol' -vin) . A compound of urea 
and lithium citrate, a uric-acid solvent and 
diuretic. 

Urnism (urn'-izm). See Uranism. 

Uro- (u-ro-) [oupov, urine]. A prefix denoting 
pertaining to urine or uric acid. 



Uroammoniac (u-ro-am-o'-ne-ak). Relating to 
or containing uric acid and ammonia. 

Uroazotometer (u-ro-az-ot-om' -et-er). An ap- 
paratus for quantitative estimation of the 
nitrogenous substances in urine. 

Urobacillus (u ro-bas-il' -us) [uro-; bacillus]. 
A bacillus occurring in urine. See under 
Bacteria. 

Urobilin (u-ro-biV -in) [uro-; bile], C 32 H 40 N 4 O 7 . 
A yellowish-brown, amorphous pigment de- 
rived from bilirubin. It is the principal pig- 
ment of the urine, and is increased in febrile 
and other conditions. See Gerhardt, Grin- 
bert. U.- jaundice, a jaundice supposed to 
be due to the presence of urobilin in the blood. 

Urobilinogen (u-ro-bil-in' '-o-jen) . The sub- 
stance from which urobilin is formed by 
oxidation when urine is allowed to stand. 

Urobilinuria (u-ro-bil-in-u'-re-ah) [urobilin; 
urine]. The presence of an excess of urobilin 
in the urine. 

Urobromohematin (u-ro-bro-mo -hem' '-at -in), 
CegB^NgFegOgg. A coloring matter found in 
the urine of leprous patients; it is closely 
allied to the coloring-matter of the blood. 

Urocanin (u-ro-kan' -in) . See under Urocaninic 
Acid. 

Urocaninic Acid (u-ro-kan-in' -ik) [uro-; canis, 
a dog], C 6 H 6 N 2 C> 2 + 2H 2 0. An acid found in 
the urine of dogs when there is a diminution 
in the amount of urea. By heating it is de- 
composed into carbonic acid, water, and a 
base, urocanin, C n H 10 N 4 O. 

Urocele (u'-ro-sel) [uro-; k^Xtj, a tumor]. A 
swelling of the scrotum from extravasation 
of urine. 

Urocheras (u-rok'-er-as) [uro-; x £ P^C, sand]. 
The sandy substance deposited from standing 
urine. 

Urochesia (u-ro-ke'-ze-ah) [uro-; xK ecv ) to 
defecate]. Discharge of urine through the anus. 

Urochrome (u'-ro-krom) [uro-; ip(bp.a, color]. 
A yellow coloring-matter found in urine. 

Uroclepsia (u-ro-klep'-se-ah) [uro-; Kk<pca, 
theft]. Unconscious discharge of urine. 

Urocrisis (u-rok' -ris-is) [uro-; crisis]. 1. A 
disease crisis attended with excessive urination. 
2. Diagnosis by examination of the urine. 

Urocriterion (u-ro-kri-te' -re-on) . In diagnosis 
by inspection of urine, the indication which 
determines the diagnosis. 

Urocyanin (u-ro-si' -an-in) . See Uroglaucin. 

Urocyanogen (u-ro-si-an' -o-jen) [uro-; wjavoc, 
blue]. A blue pigment found in urine. 

Urocyanose (u-ro-si' -an-os). See Urocyanogen. 

Urocyanosis (u-ro-si-an-o' -sis) [uro-; nuavoc, 
blue]. Blue discoloration of the urine from 
the presence of indican. 

Urocyst, Urocystis (u'-ro-sist, u-ro-sist' -is) 
[uro-; kuoxcc, bladder]. The urinary bladder. 

Urodialysis (u-ro-di-aV -is-is) [uro-; ocaXoocg, 
a cessation]. Partial and temporary cessation 
of the secretion of urine. 

Urodochium (u-ro-do-ki'-um) [uro-; do%dov, 
receptacle]. A urinal. 

Urodynia (u-ro-din'-e-ah) [uro-; oduvf], pain]. 
Painful micturition. 



UROERYTHRIN 



1009 



UROSPECTRIN 



Uroerythrin {u-ro-er' -ith-rin) [uro-; ipudpoc, 
red]. An amorphous, reddish pigment with 
an acid reaction, occurring in the urine in 
rheumatic and other diseases. 

Urofuscohematin (u-ro-fus-ko-hem 1 '-at-in) [uro-; 
fuscus, dark; hematin]. A red pigment 
derived from hematin, occurring in the urine. 

Urogaster (u'-ro-gas-ter) [uro-; yaor^p, stomach]. 
The urinary intestine or urinary passages 
collectively. 

Urogenital {u-ro-jen' -it-al) [uro-; genital]. Per- 
taining to the urinary and genital organs. 
U. Ducts. See Ducts of Mutter. U. Sinus, 
the anterior part of the cloaca, into which the 
urogenital ducts open. 

Urogenous (u-roj'-en-us)) [uro-; yewdv, to pro- 
duce]. Producing urine. 

Uroglaucin (u-ro-glaw'-sin) [uro-; yXauKoc, 
green]. A blue pigment, at times occurring 
in urine, as in scarlatina, and supposed to 
result from the oxidation of a chromogen. 

Uroglycosis (u-ro-gli-ko'-sis) [uro-; yXunuc, 
sweet]. Diabetes mellitus. 

Urogravimeter (u-ro - grav - irn' - et- er) . See 
Urinometer. 

Urohematin (u-ro-hem' -at-in) [uro-; hematin]. 
Altered hematin in the urine. 

Urohematoporphyrin (u-ro-hem-at-o-por'-fir- 
in) [urohematin; nopfapoc, purple]. Uro- 
hematin; a urinary pigment occasionaUy 
occurring in the urine in certain pathologic 
states. 

Urol (u'-rol). See Urea Quinate. 

Urolith (u'-ro-lith) [uro-; X'tQoc, a. stone]. A 
calculus occurring in the urine. 

Urolithiasis (u-ro-lith-i' -a-sis) [uro-; lithiasis]. 
The presence of or a condition associated 
with urinary calculi. 

Urolithology (u-ro-lith-oV -o-je) {urolith; Xoyoc, 
science]. The science of urinary calculi. 

Urology (u-roV -o-je) [uro-; Xoyoc, science]. The 
study of the urine. 

Urolutein (u-ro-lu' -te-in) [uro-; luteus, yellow]. 
A yellow pigment sometimes found in urine. 

Urolytic (u-ro-lit'-ik) [uro-; Xbecv, to loose]. 
Capable of dissolving urinary calculi. 

Uromelanin (u-ro-meV -an-in) [uro-; melanin]. 
A black pigment sometimes found in the urine, 
derived from the decomposition of uro- 
chrome. 

Uromelus (u-rom' -e-lus) [oupd, tail; piXoc, a 
limb]. A monster in which there is more or 
less complete fusion of the limbs, with but 
a single foot. • 

Urometer (u-rom' -et-er). See Urinometer. 

Uromphalus {u-rom' -fal-us) [urachus; opcfraXbc, 
navel]. Protrusion of the navel caused by 
infiltration of urine due to a patent urachus. 

Uroncus (u-rong'-kus) [uro-; bfnoc, tumor]. 
A tumor containing urine. 

Urophan (u' -ro-fan) [uro-; cbafoecv, to appear]. 
A generic name for substances which, taken 
into the body, appear again unchanged chem- 
ically in the urine. 

Urophanic (u-ro-fan'-ik) [see Urophan]. Ap- 
pearing in the urine. 

Urophein (u-ro- fe> -in) [uro-; <fia<6c, gray]. A 
65 



pigment body to which the characteristic odor 
of the urine has been ascribed. 

Uropherin (u-rof -er-in). Lithiotheobromin 
salicylate; a white powder, soluble in water, 
used as a diuretic. Dose 15 gr. (1 Gm..) 
Syn., Lithium diuretin. U. Benzoate, Li- 
C 7 H 7 N 4 2 + LiC 6 H 5 C0 2 , theobromin and 
lithium benzoate, a fine white powder con- 
taining 50% of theobromin; it is a diuretic 
and nerve stimulant. U. Salicylate, LiC 7 - 
H 7 N 4 2 + LiC 7 H 5 3 , theobromin and lithium 
salicylate, a white powder used as the benzoate. 

Uropittin (u-ro-pif -in) [uro-; Tzhra, pitch], 
C 9 H 10 N 2 O 3 . A nitrogenous derivative of 
urochrome. 

Uroplania (u-ro-pla' -ne-ah) [uro-; xXavr), a 
wandering]. The presence of urine in other 
localities than the urinary organs; the dis- 
charge of urine from an abnormal orifice. 

Uropoiesis- (u-ro-poi-e'-sis) [uro-; nociscv, to 
make]. The secretion of the urine by the 
kidneys. 

Uropoietic (u-ro-poi-et'-ik) [see Uropoiesis]. 
Concerned in uropoiesis. 

Uropsammus (u-rop-sam'-us) [uro-; (pa/xptoc, 
sand]. Urinary gravel. 

Urorhodin (u-ro-ro'-din) [uro-; pooo\,, rose]. 
A red pigment found in urine and derived 
from uroxanthin. 

Urorosein (u-ro-ro' -ze-in) [uro-; rosa, rose]. A 
rose-colored pigment found in the urine in 
various diseases. 

Urorrhagia (u-ror-a' -je-ah) [uro-; pyyvuvac, to 
burst forth]. Excessive secretion and dis- 
charge of urine. 

Urorrhea iu-ror-e' -ah) [uro-; poea, a flow]. 
1. The normal flow of urine. 2. Involuntary 
passage of urine. 

Urorubin (u-ro-ru' -bin) [uro-; ruber, red]. 
A red pigment obtained by treating urine 
with hydrochloric acid, and also in the prepa- 
ration of uropittin. 

Urorubrohematin (w - ro- ru - bro - hem' -at- in). 
See Urobromohematin. 

Urosacin (u-ro'-sas-in). See Urorhodin. 

Uroscheocele (u-ros'-ke-o-scl). See Urocele. 

Uroschesis (u-ros'-kes-is) [uro-; oyeacc, re- 
tention]. Suppression of urine. 

Uroscopist iu-ros' -ko-pist) [see Uroscopy]. One 
who makes a specialty of urinary examinations. 

Uroscopy iu-ros' -ko-pe) [uro-; oko-$~cv, to view]. 
Examination of the urine. 

Urosepsis (u-ro-sep'-sis) [uro-; of]<J>ic, sepsis]. 
The condition of intoxication due to the 
extravasation of urine. 

Uroseptic (u-ro-sep'-tik) [see Urosepsis]. Re- 
lating to or characterized by urosepsis. 

Urosin (u'-ro-sin). Lithium quinate, a uric- 
acid solvent. Dose 7^ gr. (0.48 Gm.) 6 to 10 
times daily. 

Urosis (u-ro'-sis) [uro-; voooc, disease]. Any 
disease of the urinary organs. 

Urospasm (u'-ro-spazm) [uro-; o7:aop.6c, spasm]. 
Spasm of some part of the urinary tract. 

Urospectrin (u-ro-spek'-trin). A pigment sim- 
ilar to hematoporphyrin obtained from normal 
urine by shaking the urine with acetic ether. 



UROSTEALITH 



1010 



UTEROCOLIC 



Urostealith {u-ro-ste' -al-ith) [uro-; ozeap, fat; 
Xcdog, stone]. A fat-like substance occurring 
in some urinary calculi. 

Urosteatoma {u-ro-ste-at-o' -mah) . See Uro- 
stealith. 

Urotheobromin {u-ro-the-o-bro'-min). SeePara- 
xanthin. 

Urotoxic {u-ro-toks' -ik) [uro-; ro£ac6i>, poison], 
i. Pertaining to poisonous substances elim- 
inated in the urine. 2. Pertaining to poison- 
ing by urine or some of its constituents. 
U. Coefficient, the number of urotoxies 
formed in 24 hours by one kilogram of an 
individual. The normal urotoxic coefficient 
in man is about Q.4, i. e., a man produces 
for each kilogram of body-weight 0.4 urotoxies, 
or sufficient poison to kill 400 Gm. of animal. 

Uro toxicity {u-ro-toks-is' -it-e) . The toxic qual- 
ity of urine. 

Urotoxy {u'-ro-toks-e) [see Urotoxic; pi., uro- 
toxies]. The unit of toxicity of urine — the 
amount necessary to kill a kilogram of living 
substance. 

Urotropin {u-rot'-ro-pin), (CH 2 ) 6 N 4 , hexa- 
methylentetramin; obtained by action of 
formaldehyd on ammonia. A uric-acid sol- 
vent. Daily dose 8-30 gr. (0.5-2.0 Gm.). 
U. Quinate, used in gout and as a uric-acid 
solvent. 

Uroxanthin {u-ro-zan' -thin) [uro-; ^avdog, yel- 
low]. A yellow pigment occurring in human 
• urine and yielding indigo-blue on oxidation. 

Uroxin {u-roks'-in). Same as Alloxantin. 

Urozemia {u-ro-ze' -me-ali) [uro-; (juita, loss]. 
Diabetes. U. albuminosa, Bright's disease. 
U. mellita, diabetes mellitus. 

Urrhodin {u'-rod-in). See Urorhodin. 

Ursal (ur'-sal). See Urea Salicylate. 

Ursin (ur'-sin). See Arbutin. 

Urtica (ur'-tik-ah) [L.]. Nettle. 1. A genus 
of plants of the order Urticacece. U . dioica, 
the common nettle, and U. urens, the dwarf 
nettle, are used as diuretics, local irritants, 
and hemostatics. 2. A wheal. 

Urticaria {ur-tik-a' -re-ah) [urtica]. ' A disease 
of the skin characterized by the development 
of wheals, which give rise to sensations of 
burning and itching. They appear suddenly 
in large or small numbers, remain for from 
a few minutes to several hours, and disappear 
suddenly. The disease may be acute or 
chronic, and is due to agencies acting upon 
the vasomotor system, such as gastrointestinal 
disorders, the ingestion of certain foods, as 
shell-fish, strawberries, etc. Syn., Hives; Net- 
tlerash. U. bullosa, a form characterized by 
the formation of bullas. U. evanida, a form 
marked by sudden vanishing and reappearance 
of the symptoms. U. factitia, U., Fac- 
titious, the form produced in individuals 
with an irritable skin by any slight external 
irritation. Syn., Dermographia; Dermog- 
raphism. U., Giant, U. gigans. See 
U. cedematosa. U. hemorrhagica, purpura 
urticans, a variety characterized by hemor- 
rhage into the wheals from rupture of the 
extremely congested capillaries; it is regarded 



as a variety of erythema multiforme. U. 
medicamentosa, a variety due to the use 
of certain drugs. U. cedematosa, giant urti- 
caria, a variety characterized by the sudden 
appearance of large, soft, edematous swellings 
of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, which 
may measure several inches in diameter. U. 
papulosa, a form occurring in children, 
in which, as a result of the inflammatory 
effusion, a small, solid papule remains 
after the subsidence of the wheal. Syn., 
Lichen urticatus. U. pigmentosa, a rare 
type which begins within the first few months 
of life and consists of large, reddish, wheal- 
like tubercles that eventually change to a 
brownish-red or yellowish color. U. tube- 
rosa, a form in which the wheals assume a 
tuberous form and become very large — as big 
as a walnut, hen's egg, or even larger. U. 
vesiculosa, urticaria characterized by the 
presence of vesicles. 

Urticarial, Urticarious {ur-tik-a' '-re-al, ur-tik- 
a'-re-us) [urticaria]. Pertaining" to urti- 
caria. 

Urtication {ur-tik-a' -shun) [urtica]. 1. Flagel- 
lation with nettles, a method of treatment 
formerly employed in paralysis and to produce 
local irritation. 2. A sensation as if one had 
been stung by nettles. 

Uskow's Piilars. In the embryo, two folds 
or ridges which grow from the dorsolateral 
region of the body-wall and unite with the 
septum transversum to form the diaphragm. 

Ustilago {us-til-a' -go) [L.]. A genus of para- 
sitic fungi— the smuts. U. maydis, corn- 
smut, is a fungus parasitic upon maize or 
Indian corn. In properties it resembles 
ergot of rye. 

Ustion {us'-chun) [ustio; urere, to burn]. A 
burning. In chemistry, incineration. In sur- 
gery, cauterization. 

Ustulation {us-tu-la' -shun) [L., ustulatio]. 
The act of roasting, drying, or parching. 

Ustus {us'-tus) [urere, to burn]. Calcined; 
burned. 

Usure {u'-zhur) [uti, to use]. Circumscribed 
atrophy of a part or organ through pressure 
of neoplasms which have developed from it, 
of aneurysms, or through primary fatty de- 
generation. 

Utend. {u'-tend). Abbreviation of utendus, to 
be used. 

Uteralgia {u-ter-al '-je-ah) [uterus; aXyoc, pain]. 
Pain in the uterus. , 

Uterine {u'-ier-in) [uterus]. Pertaining to the 
uterus. 

Uterism {u'-ter-izm). Uteralgia. 

Uteritis {u-ter-i'-tis). See Metritis. 

Utero- {u-ter-o-) [uterus]. A prefix denoting 
pertaining to the uterus. 

Uteroabdominal {u-ter-o-ab-dom' -in-al) [uterus; 
abdomen]. Pertaining to the uterus and the 
abdomen. 

Uterocervical {u-ter-o-ser'-vik-al). Relating to 
the uterus and the cervix of the uterus. 

Uterocolic {u-ter-o-kol'-ik). Relating to the 
uterus and the colon. 



UTEROFIXATION 



1011 



UVULITIS 



Uterofixation {ti-ter-o-fiks-a r -shun). See Hys- 
teropexy. 

Uterogastric {u-ter-o-gas'-trik). Relating to 
the uterus and the stomach. 

Uterogestation {u-ter-o-jes-ta' -shun) [utero-; 
gestatio, gestation]. Gestation within the 
cavity of the uterus. 

Uterointestinal {u-ter-o-in-tes' -tin-al). Re- 
lating to the uterus and the intestine. 

Uteroovarian {u -ter-o-o- va' -re- an) [utero-; 
ovary]. Pertaining to the uterus and the 
ovaries. 

Uteropexia, Uteropexy {u-ter-o-peks' -e-ah, 
u'-ter-o-peks-e). See Hysteropexy. 

Uteroplacental {u-ter-o-pla-sen' -taV) [utero-; 
placenta]. Pertaining to the uterus and the 
placenta. 

Uterorectal {u-ter-o-rek' '-tat) . Relating to the 
uterus and the rectum. 

Uterosacral {u-ter-o-sa' -kral) [utero-; sacrum]. 
Pertaining to the uterus and the sacrum. 

Utero tomy {u-ter-of -o-me) . See Hysterotomy. 

Uterotonic {u-ter-o-ton'-ik). Supplying mus- 
cular tone to the uterus. 

Uterotractor {u-ter-o-trak' -tor) [utero-; trahere, 
to draw]. A variety of forceps having several 
teeth on each blade employed in making 
traction on the cervix uteri. 

Uterovaginal {u-ter-o-vaf-in-aT). Relating to 
the uterus and vagina. 

Uteroventral {u-ter-o-venf -ral) [utero-; venter, 
the belly]. Relating to the uterus and the 
abdomen. 

Uterovesical {u-ter-o-ves'-ik-al). Relating to 
the uterus and the bladder. 

Uterus {u'-ter-us) [L.]. The womb; the organ 
of gestation, receiving the ovum in its cavity, 
retaining and supporting it during the devel- 
opment of the fetus, and becoming the prin- 
cipal agent in its expulsion during parturi- 
tion. It is a pear-shaped, muscular organ, 
three inches long, two inches wide, and one 
inch thick, and is divided into three portions — 
the fundus, the body, and the cervix. The 
fundus is the upper and broad portion; the 
body gradually narrows to the neck, which is 
the contracted portion. The orifice, os uteri, 
communicates with the vagina. The inner 
surface is covered with mucous membrane 
continuous with that of the vagina. The outer 
surface of the fundus and body is covered with 
peritoneum. The whole organ is suspended 
in the pelvis by means of the broad ligaments. 
The fallopian tubes enter, one on each side 
of the fundus, at the cornua of the organ. U. 
bicornis, a uterus divided into two horns 
or compartments on account of an arrest of 
development. U., Bifid. See U. septus. U. 
b if oris, one in which the external os is divided 
anteroposteriorly by a septum. U. bilocu- 
laris,U., Bipartite. See U. septus. U. cordi- 
formis, a heart-shaped uterus, a form due 
to faulty development. U. didelphys. See 
U. duplex. U. duplex, a uterus that is 
double from failure of the mullerian ducts 
to. unite. U., Fetal, one of defective develop- 
ment, in which the length of the cervical 



canal exceeds the length of the cavity of the 
body. U., Gravid, a pregnant uterus. U. 
masculinus, a small culdesac situated at the 
middle of the highest portion of the crest of 
the urethra. It is the analog of the uterus of the 
female. Syn, Prostatic vesicle; Sinus pocu- 
laris; Utricle. U. septus, a uterus divided in- 
ternally by a septum into two halves, more or 
less complete, anteroposteriorly. U. uni- 
cornis, a uterus having but a single lateral 
half with usually only one fallopian tube; 
it is the result of faulty development. 

Utricle {u'-trik-l) [utriculus, dim. of uter, a 
small bag], i. A delicate membranous sac 
communicating with the semicircular canals 
of the ear. 2. The uterus masculinus. 

Utricular {u-trik' -u-lar) [utricle]. 1 . Pertaining 
to the utricle. 2. Shaped like a bladder. 

Utriculitis {u-trik-u-W -tis) . Inflammation of 
the utricle. 

Utriculus {u-trik' -u-lus). See Utricle. U. 
hominis. See Uterus masculinus. 

Utriform {u'-tre-form) [uter, bag; forme, form]. 
Bladder-shaped. 

Uva {u'-vah) [L.]. A grape. U. ursi, the 
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, or bearberry, of the 
order Ericaceae. Its leaves {uva ursi, U. S. 
P.; uvaz ursi folia, B. P.) contain a bitter, 
crystalline glucosid, arbutin, C ]2 H l5 7 , split- 
ting up into glucose and hydroquinone, 
C 6 H 6 2 . Uva ursi is astringent and tonic, 
and is used in chronic nephritis, pyelitis, 
cystitis, incontinence of urine, gleet, leukor- 
rhea, etc. Dose 20 gr.-i dr. (1.3-4.0 Gm.). 
U. ursi, Extract of. Unof. Dose 15-30 gr. 
(1-2 Gm.). U. ursi, Fluidextract of 
{fluidextr actum uva ursi, U. S. P.). Dose 1 
dr. (4 Cc). U. ursi, Infusion of {infusum 
uvce ursi, B. P.). Dose 1-2 oz. (32-64 Cc). 

Uvea {u'-ve-ah) [uva]. The pigmented layer of 
the eye, comprising the iris, ciliary body, 
and choroid. 

Uveal {u'-ve-al) [uvea]. Pertaining to the uvea. 

Uveitis {u-ve-i' -tis) [uvea; exec, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the uvea. 

Uvula {uv'-u-lah) [L.]. The conic appendix 
hanging from the free edge of the soft palate 
and formed by muscles (azygos uvulae, levator 
and tensor palati), mucous membrane, and 
connective tissue. U. of the Cerebellum, 
a small lobule of the inferior vermis of the cere- 
bellum, forming the posterior boundary of the 
fourth ventricle. U., Vesical, a prominence 
at the internal orifice of the urethra. 

Uvulaptosis, Uvuloptosis {uv-u-la-to'-sis, uv-u- 
lo-to'-sis) [uvula; raihocc, falling]. A relaxed 
and pendulous condition of the uvula. 

Uvular {uv'-u-lar) [uvula]. Pertaining to the 
uvula. 

Uvularis {uv-u-la! -ris) [uvula]. The azygos 
uvulae muscle. See under Muscle. 

Uvulatome {uv' -u-lat-om) [see Uvulatomy]. 
An instrument used in performing uvulatomy. 

Uvulatomy {uv-u-laf -o-me) [uvula; tojj.7), a cut- 
ting]. The operation of cutting off the uvula. 

Uvulitis {iiv-u-li' -tis) [uvula; crcc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the uvula. 



1012 



VAGINOPEXY 



V. i. Abbreviation of vision or acuity of vision. 
2. The symbol of vanadium. 

Vaccigenous (yak-si]' -en-us) [vaccine; yevvav, 
to produce]. Producing or cultivating vac- 
cine virus. 

Vaccina (vak-si'-nah). See Vaccinia. 

Vaccinal iyak' -sin-al) [vaccine]. Pertaining to 
vaccination or to vaccine. 

Vaccinate (yak' -sin-at) [vaccine], i. To in- 
oculate with the virus of vaccinia. 2. To in- 
oculate with any virus in order to produce 
immunity against an infectious disease. 

Vaccination (yak-sin-a' -shun) [vaccinate]. 1. 
Inoculation with the virus of cowpox in order 
to protect against smallpox. 2. Inoculation 
with any virus to produce immunity against 
an infectious disease. 

Vaccinator (yak' -sin-a-tor) [vaccinate]. One 
who vaccinates. 

Vaccine {yak' -sen) [vacca, a cow]. 1. The 
virus used in performing vaccination. 2. Any 
substance used for preventive inoculation. V., 
• Bovine, that derived from the cow. V., 
Humanized, that from vaccinal vesicles of 
man. V. Lymph, V. Virus. See Vaccine. 

Vaccinella (vak- sin-el' -ah) [vaccinia]. Spu- 
rious vaccinia. 

Vaccinia {yak-sin' -e-ah) [vacca, a cow]. Cow- 
pox, a contagious disease of cows transmissible 
to man by vaccination and conferring im- 
munity against smallpox. In the human 
subject inoculated with cowpox a small 
papule appears at the site of inoculation in 
from one to three days, which becomes a 
vesicle about the fifth day, and at the end of 
the first week is pustular, umbilicated, and 
surrounded by a red areola. Desiccation 
begins in the second week and a scab forms, 
which soon falls off, leaving a white, pitted 
cicatrix. 

Vacciniola (yak-sin-i' -o-lah) [dim. of vaccinia]. 
A secondary eruption, sometimes following 
vaccinia, and resembling the eruption of 
smallpox. 

Vaccinism (yak'-sin-izm). The theory of the 
efficacy of vaccination. 

Vaccinium (yak-sin' -e-um) [L., "blueberry"]. 
A genus of plants to which belong the cran- 
berry, blueberry, bilberry, etc., of many spe- 
cies. V . crassijolium is used in catarrhal 
inflammations of the urinary tract. V. myr- 
tillus, the bilberry, is indigenous to Europe, 



syphilis]. Syphilis conveyed by vaccination 
with contaminated virus. 

Vacuolar (yak'-u-o-lar) [vacuole]. Pertaining 
to or of the nature of a vacuole. 

Vacuolated, (yak'-u-o-la-ted). Of a cell, con- 
taining one or more vacuoles. 

Vacuolation (yak-u-o-la' -shun) [vacuole]. The 
formation of vacuoles; the state of being 
vacuolated. 

Vacuole (yak'-u-ol) [vacuus, empty]. A clear 
space filled with air or fluid in the interior 
of a cell. 

Vacuum (vak'-u-um) [L.]. A space from which 
the air has been exhausted. 

Vagabond's Disease. Parasitic melanoderma, 
a pigmentation of the skin from chronic 
irritation by pediculi. 

Vagal (ya'-gal) [vagare, to wander]. Pertaining 
to the vagus nerve. 

Vagina (va-ji'-nah) [L.]. 1. A sheath. 2. The 
musculomembranous canal extending from 
the vulvar opening to the cervix uteri, in- 
sheathing the latter and the penis during 
copulation. V. cordis, the pericardium. 
V. femoris, the fascia lata. 

Vaginal (yaj'-in-al) [vagina]. 1. Pertaining 
to or of the nature of a sheath, as the vaginal 
tunic (tunica vaginalis of the testicle). 2. Per- 
taining to the vagina. 

Vaginalectomy (vaj - in - al - ek' -to -me). See 
Vaginectomy (2). 

Vaginalis (vaj-in-a'-lis) [vagina]. Vaginal. 

Vaginalitis (vaj-in-al-i'-tis) [vaginalis, of a 
sheath; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the tunica vaginalis of the testicle. 

Vaginant (vaj'-in-ant) [vaginare, to sheath]. 
Sheathing; vaginal. 

Vaginate (vaj'-in-dt) [see Vaginant]. Sheathed. 

Vaginectomy (vaj -in- ek' -to- me) [vagina; 
iKTop.7j, excision]. 1. Excision of the vagina. 
2. Excision of the tunica vaginalis. 

Vaginigluteus (vaj-in-i-glu-te'-us) [vagina; 
gluteus]. The tensor vaginae femoris. See 
under Muscle. 

Vaginismus (vaj-in-iz'-mus) [vagina]. Pain- 
ful spasm of the vagina. 

Vaginitis (vaj-in-i'-tis) [vagina; crcc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the vagina. 

Vagino- (vaj-in-o-) [vagina]. A prefix denoting 
pertaining to the vagina. 

Vaginodynia (vaj-in-o-din'-e-ah) [vagino-; oduvrj, 
pain]. Pain in the vagina. 



and yields fruits which are dried for use in Vaginofixation (vaj-in-o-fiks-a'-shun) [vaginof- 
ixation]. An operation whereby the vagina 
is rendered immovable. 

Vaginomycosis (vaj-in-o-mi-ko'-sis). My- 
cosis affecting the vagina. 

Vaginoperitoneal (vaj-in-o-per-it-o-ne'-al). 
Relating to the vagina and the perito- 
neum. 

Vaginopexy (vaj'-in-o-peks-e) [vagino-; nfj^cc, 
a fixing]. The preservation of the tunica 
vaginalis which results from extraserous 



decoction for diarrhea and leukoplakia; the 
leaves are used in diabetes. An extract, 
extractum myrtilli winternitzi, is a specific for 
stomatitis and a prominent remedy for af- 
fections of the mouth and tongue. Paint 
the affected parts every hour. 

Vaccinophobia (vak-sin-o-fo' -be-ah) [vaccine; 
4>6ftoc, fear]. Morbid dread of vaccina- 
tion. 

Vaccinosyphilis (yak-sin-o-sif'-il-is) [vaccine; 



VAGINOSCOPE 



1013 



VALSUANI'S DISEASE 



transplantation of the testicle in cases of 
varicocele. 

Vaginoscope (vaj'-in-o-skop) [vagino-; okotcs.1v, 
to view]. A vaginal speculum. 

Vaginoscopy (vaj-in-os* '-ko-pe) . Inspection of 
the vagina. 

Vaginotomy (vaj-in-ot'-o-me) [vagino-; rop.7), 
section]. Incision of the vagina. 

Vaginovesical (vaj-in-o-ves r -ik-al). See Vesi- 
covaginal. 

Vaginovulvar (vaj-in-o-vul'-var). See Vulvo- 
vaginal. 

Vagitus (ya-ji f -tus) [vagire, to cry]. The cry 
of an infant. V. uterinus, the cry of a 
child while still in the uterus. 

Vagoaccessorius (va-go-ak-ses-o'-re-us). The 
vagus and accessorius nerves considered as one. 

Vagotomized (va-got'-om-lzd). Applied to an 
animal in which the vagi nerves have been 
severed intentionally. 

Vagotomy (va-got'-o-me) [vagus; rofirj, a cut- 
ting]. Division of the vagus nerve. 

Vagus (va'-gus) [yagare, to wander]. The 
pneumogastric nerve. See under Nerve. 
V.-pneumonia, pneumonia following section 
of the vagi in the lower animals, and due 
to the aspiration of food into the air-passages. 

Valence, Valency {y a' -lens, va'-len-se) [yalere, 
to be worth]. The relative combining ca- 
pacity of an atom compared with that of 
the atom of hydrogen. 

Valentin's Ganglion. See Ganglion, Val- 
entin's. V.'s Limiting Membrane. See 
Schwann, Sheath of. 

Valentine's Reaction for Fuchsin. Upon 
shaking ether with a solution containing 
fuchsin the ether does not dissolve the coloring- 
matter, but upon adding ferrous iodid the 
ether is colored violet. 

Valerian (val-e'-re-an). A plant of the genus 
Valeriana. The root of Valeriana officinalis 
(Valeriana, U. S. P.; Valeriana; rhizoma, B. P.) 
contains a volatile oil, from which valeric 
acid is obtained. Valerian is employed as a 
mild nervous stimulant in hysteria, migraine, 
low fevers, etc. Dose 30 gr. (2 Gm.). V., 
Fluidextract of (fluidextr -actum Valeriana, 
U. S. P.). Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). V., Infusion 
of (infusum Valeriana, B. P.). Dose 1-2 oz. 
(32-64 Cc). V., Oil of (oleum valeriance, 
B. P.). Dose 4-5 min. (0.26-0.32 Cc). 
V., Tincture of (tinctura Valeriana, U. S. P., 
B. P.). Dose 1-3 dr. (4-12 Cc). V., 
Tincture of, Ammoniated (tinctura Vale- 
riana ammoniata, U. S. P., B. P.). Dose 
1-3 dr. (4-12 Cc). 

Valerianate (val-e'-re-an-at). A salt of vale- 
rianic acid; those of ammonium, iron, quinin, 
and zinc are official. 

Valeric Acid, Valerianic Acid (va-le'-rik, 
val-e-re-an'-ik). See Acid, Valeric. 

Valeridin (val-er' -id -in). See Valeryl-phe- 
netidin. 

Valeryl (val'-er-il). The compound C 5 H 9 0. 
V.-phenetidin, C 6 H 4 (OC 2 H 5 )NH. C 5 H 9 0; it 
is sedative and antineuralgic Dose 8-15 gr. 
(0.5-1.0 Gm.). 



Valetudinarian (val-et-u-din-a'-re-an) [valetu- 
dinarius; valetudo, health]. An invalid. 

Valgoid (val'-goid) [valgus; eldoc, likeness]. 
Resembling valgus. 

Valgus (val'-gus) [L., "bow-legged"]. 1. Bow- 
legged. 2. A condition in which the arch of 
the foot is depressed so that the inner side of 
the sole rests upon the ground. Syn., Genu 
varum; Splay-foot; Talipes valgus. 

Validol (val'-id-ol) [valerian; menthol]. The 
chemically pure combination of menthol and 
valeric acid with the addition of 30% free 
menthol. It is a colorless, somewhat viscous 
fluid, with a pleasant odor and cooling taste. 
It is claimed to have powerful analeptic 
and carminative properties, and is an ex- 
cellent solvent and vehicle for menthol. 
It is also employed as an antispasmodic; 
in migraine; as a specific in alcoholic intoxica- 
tion; as a prophylactic against sea-sickness, 
etc. Dose 10-15 drops daily on sugar. V., 
Camphorated, validol containing 10 % of 
camphor, used in scotoma scintillans. Dose 
10-15 drops. 

Vallate (val'-at) [vallum, rampart]. Surrounded 
with a walled depression; cupped. 

Vallecula (val-ek'-u-lah) [vallis, a valley]. A 
shallow groove or depression. V. cerebelli, 
the depression between the cerebellar hemi- 
spheres. 

Valleix's Aphthae. See Aphtha, Bednar's, 
under Aphtha. V.'sPoints douloureux, pain- 
ful points found in peripheral neuralgias where 
the nerves pass through openings in fascia or 
issue from bony canals. 

Vallet's Mass. Ferrous sulfate, 100; sodium 
carbonate, no; honey, 38; sugar, 25; syrup 
and distilled water, of each, enough to make 
100 parts. 

Valley of the Cerebellum. See Vallecula 
cerebelli. 

Valli-Ritter's Law. See Ritter-Valli's Law. 

Vallis (val'-is). See Vallecula cerebelli. 

Vallum (val'-um) [L.]. The supercilium or 
eyebrow. 

Valsalva's Experiment. Strong expiratory 
efforts made while the mouth and nose are 
closed cause at first an increase, and when 
continued, finally a diminution, of blood-pres- 
sure. The phenomenon is due to reflex 
actions of the vasomotor center through the 
pulmonary nerves. V.'s Ligaments, the ex- 
trinsic ligaments of the pinna of the ear. V.'s 
Liquor. See Scarpa's Liquor. V.'s Sinus, 
the aortic sinus. V.'s Test, inflation of 
the tympanic cavity with air by means of 
forcible expiratory efforts made while the nose 
and mouth are tightly closed. Perforation 
of the tympanic membrane may be detected 
by this test. 

Valsol (val'-sol). An ointment-vehicle con- 
sisting of a mixture of oxygenized hydro- 
carbons, which forms an emulsionized mass 
with water and readily dissolves iodin, iodo- 
form, ichthyol, etc. 

Valsuani's Disease. Pernicious progressive 
anemia occurring in pregnancy. 



VALUE 



1014 



VARICELLA 



Value, Globular. A fraction of which the 

, numerator is the percentage of hemoglobin 
and the denominator the percentage of red 
corpuscles. It indicates the percentage of 
hemoglobin in a corpuscle. Syn., Valeur 
globulaire. 

Valve (yalv) [valva, a door], i. A device placed 
in a tube or canal so as to permit free passage 
one way, but not in the opposite direction. 
2. A fold of membrane acting as a valve, as 
valve of the heart. V., Aortic, the valve 
consisting of three semilunar segments, 
situated at the junction of the aorta with the 
heart. V.s, Auriculoventricular, the mi- 
tral and tricuspid valves. V., Bauhin's, 
the ileocecal valve. V., Bicuspid. See V., 
Mitral. V., Coronary, the valve protecting 
the orifice of the coronary sinus and pre- 
venting regurgitation of blood during the 
contraction of the right auricle. V., Eu- 
stachian, that between the inferior vena 
cava and the right auricle of the fetus. V. of 
Hasner, an imperfect valve at the inferior 
meatus of the nose. V., Heister's, a fold of 
mucous membrane at the neck of the gall- 
bladder. V., Ileocecal, the folds of mucous 
membrane at the junction of the ileum and 
cecum. V. of Kerkring, any one of the 
valvulse conniventes (q. v.). V.s, Laryngeal, 
a term applied to the superior or false vocal 
bands because of their supposed use in holding 
the breath. V., Mitral, the valve that con- 
trols the opening from the left auricle to the 
left ventricle; it is constituted of two leaflets. 
V., Pulmonary, V., Pulmonic, the valve 
composed of three semilunar leaflets, and situ- 
ated at the junction of the pulmonary artery 
and the right ventricle. V.'s, Rectal, semi- 
lunar folds fixed to the rectum by their convex 
borders, occupying in their attachments from 
one-third to one-half the circumference of the 
gut. They are composed of a duplicature of the 
mucous membrane inclosing some cellular tis- 
sue and a few circular muscular fibers. The 
margins and diameters of these pass each other 
when the rectum is empty and present an ad- 
ditional barrier to the involuntary evacuation 
of the feces, retarding downward movement. 
V.s, Semilunar, the three valves guarding the 
orifice of the pulmonary artery and aorta. V.S, 
Sigmoid. See V.s, Semilunar. V.-test, 
Azoulay's, auscultation of the heart while the 
patient is lying with the arms raised perpendic- 
ularly and the legs lifted obliquely. V. of The- 
besius, the coronary valve or fold of the endo- 
cardium of the right auricle which protects the 
coronary sinus. V., Tricuspid, that which 
controls the opening from the right auricle to 
the right ventricle; it consists of three segments. 
V. of Varolius, the ileocecal valve. V. of 
Vieussens, a thin leaf of medullary substance 
forming the roof of the anterior portion of the 
fourth ventricle of the brain. 

Valvula (val'-vu-lah) [dim. of valva, a valve]. 
A small valve. Valvulae conniventes, the 
transverse folds of mucous membrane of the 
small intestine. Syn., Valves of Kerkring. 



Valvulae cuspidales, the mitral and tricuspid 
valves. 

Valvular iyaV -vu-lar) [valve]. Pertaining to or 
originating at a valve. 

Valvulitis \val-vu-li' -tis) [valve; czcg, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a valve, especially 
of a cardiac valve. 

Valyl {yal'-ij), CH 3 .CH 2 .CH 2 N(C 2 H 5 ) 2 , va- 
lerianic -acid diethylamid; a colorless, limpid 
fluid, used in nervous diseases. Dose 2 gr. 
(0.125 Gm.) in capsule three times daily. 

Vanadin (yan'-ad-iri). A remedy recommended 
in pulmonary tuberculosis, said to consist of a 
solution of a vanadium salt with sodium chlorid. 

Vanadium {van-a'-de-um) [Vanadis, a goddess 
of Scandinavian mythology]. A rare metallic 
element. See Elements, Table of C hemic. 

Van Buren's Disease. Chronic circum- 
scribed infiltration of the corpus cavernosum, 
one of the erectile bodies of the penis. 

Van Deen's Test for Blood in the Urine. 
The addition of 2 Cc. of tincture of guaiac 
and 2 Cc. of old oil of turpentine produces a 
blue color in the presence of blood or pus. 

Van der Kolk's Law. See Kolk's Law. 

Vanilla {yan-iV -ah) [L.]. A genus of plants 
of the order Orchidece. The fruit of V. plani- 
folia is the vanilla of the U. S. P. It contains 
from 1 to 3% of vanillin (q. v.). Vanilla is 
used as a flavoring agent, and as an ingredi- 
ent of a test-solution for hydrochloric acid. 
V., Tincture of {tinctura vanillce, U. S. P.), 
vanilla, sugar, alcohol, and water. 

Vanillin iyan-il'-in). Vanillinum (U. S. P.), 
C 8 H 8 3 , an aromatic crystalline principle, 
the methyl ether of protocatechuic aldehyd. 
Dose I gr. (0.03 Gm.). V.-paraphenetidin, 
a crystalline condensation-product of vanillin 
with paraphenetidin ; it is hypnotic, anti- 
neuralgic, and styptic. Dose 24-30 gr. 
(1.5-2.0 Gm.). 

Vanillism (van-il'-izm) [vanilla]. A form of 
dermatitis characterized by marked itching, 
occurring among vanilla workers. 

Van Swieten's Liquor, Van S.'s Solution. 
A solution of mercuric chlorid 2 gr., alcohol 3 
dr., distilled water sufficient to make 4 oz. 

Vapocauter ization (ya-po-kaw-ter-iz-a'-shun) . 
See Atmocausia. 

Vapor {ya'-por) [L.]. A gas, especially the 
gaseous form of a substance which at ordinary 
temperatures is liquid or solid. 

Vaporarium {ya-por-a' -re-um) [L.]. A vapor- 
bath; an establishment for giving vapor-baths. 

Vapores uterini. Synonym of Hysteria. 

Vaporization (ya-por-i-za'-shun) [vapor]. The 
conversion of a solid or liquid into a vapor. 

Vaporize iya'-por-lz) [vapor]. To convert 
into vapor. 

Vaporole {va'-por-ol) [vapor]. A friable glass 
capsule containing a drug for inhalation. 

Varicella {yar-is-eV -ah) [dim. of variola, small- 
pox]. Chickenpox; an acute, contagious 
disease of childhood, characterized by an 
eruption of transparent vesicles which ap- 
pear in successive crops on different parts 
of the body. The incubation period is about 



VARICELLIFORM 



1015 



VASIFACTIVE 



two weeks. The disease is usually mild, and 
runs its course in two or three days. In rare 
cases complications, such as nephritis, develop. 
Varicelliform (yar-is-el'-e-form). Character- 
ized by vesicles resembling those of varicella. 
Varicelloid (yar-is-el'-oid) [varicella; doog, 

like]. Resembling varicella. 
Varices (yar'-is-ez) [L.]. Plural of varix. 
Variciform (yar-is'-i-form) [varix; forma, a 

form]. Having the form of a varix. 
Varicocele (yar'-ik-o-sel) [varix; icqXr), a tumor]. 
Dilation of the veins of the spermatic cord, 
forming a soft, elastic swelling. 
Varicocelectomy (var-ik-o-se-lek 1 '-to-me) [vari- 
cocele; into/iT), excision]. Excision of a vari- 
cocele. 
Varicomphalus iyar-ik-om' -fal-us) [varix; 

6fi(f)aX6c, navel]. A varicosity at the navel. 
Varicose (var'-ik-os) [varix]. i. Of blood- 
vessels, swollen, knotted, and tortuous. 
2. Due to varicose veins, 
as varicose ulcer. V. An- 
eurysm. See under An- 
eurysm, Arteriovenous. 
Varicosis (yar - ik - o' - sis) 
[varicose]. An abnormal 
dilation of the veins. 
Varicosity (var-ik-os'-it-e) 
[varicose]. The condition 
of being varicose; a vari- 
cose portion of a vein. 
Varicotomy (var-ik-ot'-o- 

me). See Cirsotomy. 
Varicula (yar - ik' -u- lah) 
[dim. of varix]. A varix 
of the conjunctiva. 
Variform (var'-e-form) [va- 
rius, various ; forma, form]. 
Having diversity of form. 
Variola (va-ri'-o-lah) [va- 
rius, variegated; spotted]. 
Smallpox, a contagious 
infectious disease ushered 
in with severe febrile symptoms, which, in 
the course of two or three days, are fol- 
lowed by a papular eruption spreading 
over all parts of the body. During the 
succeeding two weeks the eruption passes 
through the stage of vesicles and pustules, 
the latter going on to the formation of crusts. 
The falling off of the crusts leaves a pitted 
appearance of the skin (pock-marks). The 
period of incubation is about thirteen days. 
V., Confluent, V. confluens, a severe form 
in which the pustules spread and run together. 
V., Discrete, a form in which the pustules pre- 
serve their distinct individuality. V., Hem- 
orrhagic, smallpox in which hemorrhage oc- 
curs into the vesicles, which gives them a 
blackish appearance. V., Malignant, black 
smallpox, a severe and very fatal form of the 
hemorrhagic type. V., Mitigated, V., Mod- 
ified. See Varioloid. 
Variolate {var'-e-o-lat) [variola], i. Having 
small pustules like those of variola. 2. To 
inoculate with smallpox. 
Variolation, Variolization (yar-e-o-la 1 '-shun, 




Varicose Veins. 
(Moullin.) 



var-e-o-li-za' -shun) [variola]. The inocula- 
tion of smallpox. 

Varioliform {yar-i' -o-lif-orm) [variola; forma, 
form]. Resembling variola. 

Varioloid (var'-e-o-loid) [variola; eldoc, like]. 
A mild form of variola occurring in persons 
that have been vaccinated or inoculated 
with smallpox virus. 

Variolus {yar-i' -o-lus) [variola]. Pertaining to 
or having the nature of variola. 

Varix (va'-riks) [varus, crooked; pi., varices]. A 
dilated and tortuous vein. V., Aneurysmal. 
See Aneurysmal Varix under Aneurysm, Arter- 
iovenous. V. lymphaticus, dilation of the 
lymphatic vessels, especially that due to the 
Filar ia sanguinis-hom in is. 

Varolian (yar-o'-le-an) [Varioli, Italian anato- 
mist, 1 542-1 5 75]. Relating to the pons varolii. 

Varolii, Pons. The mesencephalon; that part 
of the brain which connects the oblongata 
with the cerebral peduncles and the cerebellum. 
See under Pons. 

Varus (va'-rus). A condition in which the 
foot is turned inward. See Talipes varus. 

Vas (vas) [L.; pi, vasa]. A vessel. V. aber- 
rans, a blind tube projecting from the lower 
part of the epididymis. Vasa afferentia, 
the branches of a lymphatic or lacteal vessel 
entering a lymphatic gland. Vasa brevia, 
the gastric branches of the splenic artery. 
Vasa centralia retinae, the central artery 
and veins of the retina. Vasa ciliaria, the 
ciliary arteries and veins. V. deferens, the 
excretory duct of the testis. Vasa efferentia. 

1. The terminal ducts of the rete testis. 

2. The efferent vessels of lymphatic glands. 
Vasa intestini tenuis, small vessels arising 
from the superior mesenteric artery and 
distributed to the jejunum and ileum. Vasa 
recta, the tubules of the rete testis. Vasa 
vasorum, the vessels supplying the arteries 
and veins with blood. Vasa vorticosa. See 
Vence vorticoscB. 

Vasal (ya'-zal) [vas, a vessel]. Pertaining to a 
vessel or to vessels; vascular. 

Vasalium (yaz-a' -le-um) [vas; pi., vasalia]. 
Tissue peculiar to vascular or closed cavities. 

Vascular (yas'-ku-lar) [vasculum]. Consisting 
of, pertaining to, or provided with vessels. 

Vascularity (vas-ku-lar'-it-e) [vascular]. The 
quality of being vascular. 

Vascularization (vas-ku-lar-i-za' -shun) [vas- 
cular]. The process of becoming vascular. 

Vasculitis (vas-ku-li'-tis). See Angiitis. 

Vasculum (vas'-ku-lum) [L.]. A small vessel. 
V. aberrans. See Vas aberrans. 

Vasectomy (vas-ek' '-to-me) [vas; inTopirj, a cut- 
ting out]. Resection of the vas deferens. 

Vaselin (yaz'-el-in). See Petrolatum. 

Vaselon (vas' -el-on) . An ointment-base con- 
sisting of a mixture of palmitone and stearone 
dissolved in mineral oil. 

Vasicin (yas'-is-in). An- alkaloid from Ad- 
hatoda vasica; it is used in bronchial affections 
and as an insecticide. 

Vasifactive (yaz-if-ak'-tiv) [vas; facer e, to make]. 
Giving rise to new blood-vessels. 



VASIFORM 



1016 



VEIN 



Vasiform {vaz'-if-orm) [vas; forma, form]. 
Resembling a. vessel or duct. 

Vaso- (va-zo-) [vas, & vessel]. A prefix denoting 
pertaining to a vessel. 

Vasoconstriction (va-zo-kon-strik'-shun) [vaso-; 
constringere, to bind]. The constriction of 
blood-vessels. 

Vasoconstrictive (va -zo- kon - strik' - tiv) [see 
Vasoconstriction]. Promoting or stimulating 
constriction of blood-vessels. 

Vasoconstrictor (va-zo -kon-strik' -tor), i. Caus- 
ing a constriction of the blood-vessels. 2. A 
nerve or a drug that causes constriction of 
blood-vessels. 

Vasocorona (va-zo-ko-ro'-nah) [vaso-; corona, 
crown]. The system of arterioles that supply 
the periphery of the spinal cord. 

Vasodentin (va-zo-den' -tin) [vaso-; dentin]. 
Dentin possessing blood-vessels. 

Vasodilator (va-zo-di-la'-tor). 1. Pertaining 
to the dilating motility of the nonstriped mus- 
cles of the vascular system. 2. A nerve-ele- 
ment or a drug that causes dilation of blood- 
vessels. 

Vasofactive (ya-zo-fak'-tiv). See Vasifactive. 

Vasoformative (va -zo- for' - mat - iv) [vaso-; 
formare, to form]. Forming or producing 
vessels. 

Vasoganglion (va - zo- gang' - le - on) [vaso-; 
yayjXcov, ganglion]. A knot or rete of blood- 
vessels. 

Vasogen (va'-zo-jen) [vaselin; y-vvav, to pro- 
duce]. Oxygenated vaselin. 

Vasohypertonic (va-zo-hi-per-ton'-ik). See 
Vasoconstrictor. 

Vasohypotonic (va - zo -hi - po - ton' - ik) . See 
Vasodilator (1). 

Vasoinhibitor (va-zo-in-hib' -it-or) [vaso-; in- 
hibere, to inhibit]. A drug or agent tending 
to inhibit the action of the vasomotor nerves. 

Vasoinhibitory (va-zo-in-hib' -it-o-re) [see Vaso- 
inhibitor]. Inhibiting vasomotor action, es- 
pecially vasoconstrictor action. 

Vasol (va'-zol). A mixture of liquid petro- 
latum with ammonium oleate. V., Iodized, 
vasol containing 7% of iodin. 

Vasomotion (va-zo-mo' -shun) [vaso-; motio, 
motion]. Increase or decrease of the caliber 
of a blood-vessel. 

Vasomotor (va-zo-mo' -tor) [vaso-; motor, from 
movere, to move]. Regulating the tension of 
blood-vessels. V. Ataxia, instability of the 
circulatory mechanism characterized by ab- 
normal readiness of disturbance of the equili- 
brium of the cardiovascular apparatus, with 
tardiness of restoration. Dermographia is an 
essential feature and in most cases factitious 
urticaria can be induced; mottlings of the 
skin and stigmata are common; there are 
cardiac disturbances and usually a hemorrhag- 
ic tendency. V. Centers, centers situated 
in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord, 
and governing the caliber of the blood-vessels. 
V. Nerves, the nerves passing to the blood- 
vessels; they are of two kinds, the vasocon- 
strictor (vasohypertonic) nerves, or those 
stimulation of which causes contraction of 



the blood-vessels, and the vasodilator (vaso- 
hypotonic) nerves, stimulation of which causes 
dilation of the vessels. 

Vasoparesis (va-zo-par' -e-sis) [vaso-; paresis]. 
Paresis affecting the vasomotor nerves. 

Vasosection (va-zo-sek' -shun) [vaso-; sectio, a 
cutting]. Severing of the vas deferens. 

Vasosensory (va-zo-sen' -so-re) [vaso-; sensory] 
Serving as a sensory apparatus for the vessels. 

Vasospastic (va-zo-spas'-tik). Angiospastic. 

Vasothion (va-zo-thi'-on). A compound of 
vasogen and sulfur, 10%; it is used in chronic 
skin diseases. 

Vasotonic (va-zo-tpn'-ik) [vaso-; tonic]. Per- 
taining to the normal tone or tension of the 
blood-vessels. 

Vasotribe (va'-zo-trib) [vaso-; Tptftecv, to grind]. 
An instrument for controlling hemorrhages; 
an angiotribe. 

Vasotrophic (va-zo-trof'-ik) [vaso-; rpo<f>r], nour- 
ishment]. Concerned in the nutrition of 
vessels. 

Vastus (vas'-tus) [L.j. 1. Large; extensive. 2. 
A large muscle of the thigh. See under 
Muscle. 

Vater's Ampulla. See Ampulla of Vater. V.'s 
Corpuscles. See Pacinian Corpuscles. V.'s 
Fold, a vertical fold of mucous membrane 
at the lower angle of Vater's ampulla. 

Vater-Pacini's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles, 
Pacinian. 

Vectis (vek'-tis) [vehere, to carry]. An instru- 
ment similar to the single blade of a forceps, 
used in hastening the delivery of the fetal 
head in labor. 

Vegetable (vej'-et-ab-l) [vegetare, to quicken]. 

1. A plant, especially one used as food. 

2. See Vegetal. V. Albumin. See Phytal- 
bumose. V. Proteids. See under Proteid. 
V. Sulfur. See Lycopodium. 

Vegetal (vej'-et-al) [see Vegetable]. Of or 
pertaining to plants; characteristic of plants. 

Vegetarian (vej-et-a'-re-an) [see Vegetable]. 
One who lives on vegetable food alone. 

Vegetarianism (vej-et-a 1 ' -re-an-izm) [see Vege- 
table]. 1. The doctrine that vegetable food 
is the only kind proper for man. 2. The 
practice of living only on vegetable food. 

Vegetation (vej-et-a' -shun) [see Vegetable]. 
An outgrowth resembling a plant in outline, 
as the fibrinous projections on the cardiac 
valves in endocarditis, papillomas, poly- 
poid growths, etc. V.s, Adenoid, growths of 
lymphoid tissue in the nasopharyngeal cavity. 

Vegetative (vej'-et-a-tiv) [see Vegetable]. Hav- 
ing the power of growth, like a plant. 

Vehicle (ve'-hik-l) [vehiculum, from vehere, to 
carry]. An excipient or substance serving 
as a medium of administration of medicines. 

Vein (van) [vena]. A blood-vessel carrying 
blood from the tissues to the heart. Veins, 
like arteries, have three coats, but less well 
developed; many also possess valves. V., 
Angular, a continuation of the frontal vein 
downward to become the facial at the lower 
margin of the orbit. V., Anterior Internal 
Maxillary. Same as V ., Facial, Deep. Y. t 



VEIN 



1017 



VEIN 



Auricular {anterior and posterior), i. The 
vein of the ear. 2. A vein from the cardiac 
auricles. V., Axillary, a large vein formed by 
the junction of the brachial veins V.s, Azy- 
gos, three veins situated in front of the bodies 
of the thoracic vertebras; they are a means of 
communication between the superior and in- 
ferior venae cavae. V., Basilar, a large vein 
passing back over the crus cerebri to unite with 
the veins of Galen. V., Basilic, a vein on the 
inner side of the arm. V.s, Brachial, the 
veins accompanying the brachial artery. V., 
Brachiocephalic. See V.s, Innominate. 
V.s of Breschet, the veins of the diploe. 
V., Cardiac, Great. See V., Coronary (1). 
V., Cephalic, a large vein of the arm, formed 
by the union of the median cephalic and 
superficial radial, and opening into the axillary 
vein. V.s, Cerebral, veins coming from the 
cerebrum; they are cortical and central. 
V., Coronary. 1. The great cardiac 
vein, a vein opening into the coronary sinus 
of the heart. 2. See V., Gastric. V.s, 
Emissary, small veins passing through the 
cranial foramens and connecting the cerebral 
sinuses with external veins. V., Facial, a 
continuation of the angular vein; it joins the 
internal jugular at the level of the hyoid bone. 
V., Facial, Deep, one joining the facial vein 
below the malar bone; it receives the blood 
from the pterygoid plexus. V., Femoral, 
Common, a short thick trunk, corresponding 
to the femoral artery; it becomes the external 
iliac at Poupart's ligament. V., Femoral, 
Deep, a vein accompanying the femoral ar- 
tery; it empties into the superficial femoral. 
V., Femoral, Superficial, a name given to 
the femoral vein before it is joined by the deep 
femoral vein to form the common femoral vein. 
V., Frontal, the anterior vein of the scalp 
as it crosses the frontal bone. V.s of 
Galen, two large veins of the brain, 
continuations of the internal cerebral veins, 
and opening into the straight sinus. V., Gas- 
tric, a vein accompanying the artery of the 
same name. V.s, Hemiazygos, small, ac- 
cessory veins of the azygos veins. V.S, 
Hemorrhoidal, a plexus of veins surrounding 
the rectum. V., Iliac, Common, a vein 
formed opposite the sacroiliac synchon- 
drosis by the confluence of the external and 
internal iliac veins. V., Iliac, External, a 
continuation upward of the common femoral; 
it extends from the lower border of Poupart's 
ligament to the lower border of the sacroiliac 
synchondrosis. V., Iliac, Internal, a short 
trunk extending from the great sacroiliac 
synchondrosis. V.s, Innominate, two large 
valveless veins returning the blood from the 
head, neck, and upper extremity. V., 
Jugular, Anterior, a vein beginning at 
the level of the chin and ending at the clavicle 
in the external jugular vein. V., Jugular, 
External, a vein formed at the angle of 
the lower jaw by the union of the posterior 
auricular and temporomaxillary veins; it 
empties into the subclavian. V., Jugular, 



Internal, a continuation of the lateral 
sinus, beginning at the jugular fossa, ac- 
companying the internal and common 
carotid arteries, and joining the subclavian 
vein to form the innominate. V. of Mar- 
shall. See V., Oblique. V., Maxillary 
Anterior, a small vein of the anterior portion 
of the face. V., Maxillary, Internal, one 
accompanying the first part of the internal 
maxillary artery. V., Median Basilic, a 
vein uniting with the ulnar to form the basilic. 
V., Median Cephalic, a vein uniting with 
the superficial radial to form the cephalic. 
V., Median, Deep, a vein formed by the 
union of the outer vena comes of the ul- 
nar artery and the muscular and radial re- 
current veins. V., Median, Superficial, one 
starting at the anterior plexus of the wrist and 
uniting with the deep median to form the me- 
dian. V., Mesenteric, Inferior, one that ac- 
companies the inferior mesenteric artery and 
joins the splenic vein behind the pancreas. V., 
Mesenteric, Superior, one that accompanies 
the superior mesenteric artery and joins the 
splenic vein to form the portal. V., Oblique, 
of Marshall, a vein crossing the dorsal portion 
of the left auricle of the heart. It is the rem- 
nant of the left duct of Cuvier. V.s, Om- 
phalomesenteric, several venous trunks of the 
primitive embryonic circulation which carry 
the blood from the terminal sinus to the meatus 
venosus, a short vitelline vein. V., Oph- 
thalmic, a short trunk carrying the blood 
from the eye and emptying into the cavernous 
sinus. V.s, Plantar, veins accompanying 
the plantar arteries. V., Popliteal, one 
formed by the union of the venae comites 
of the anterior and posterior tibial arteries; 
it accompanies the popliteal artery, and 
becomes the femoral vein at the junction of 
the lower with the middle third of the thigh. 
V., Portal, a short trunk entering the liver at 
the transverse fissure and formed by the junc- 
tion of the superior mesenteric and splenic 
veins. V.s, Pulmonary, four veins, two 
from each lung, returning the aerated blood 
from the lungs to the heart. V., Radial, 
Superficial, a vein accompanying the mus- 
culocutaneous nerve up the radial side of the 
forearm. V., Ranine, the chief vein con- 
veying blood from the tongue. It originates 
near the tip beneath the mucosa, accompanies 
the hypoglossal nerve across the hypoglossus 
muscle, and empties into the internal jugular 
vein. V., Renal, a vein accompanying the 
renal artery. V., Saphenous, Long or In- 
ternal, a long superficial vein running up the 
inner aspect of the leg and thigh, terminating 
in the femoral vein below Poupart's ligament. 
V., Saphenous, Short or External, a super- 
ficial vein running up the outer aspect of the 
foot, leg, and back of the calf, and emptying 
into the popliteal vein. V., Spermatic, one 
returning the blood from the testicle; on the 
right side it terminates in the inferior vena 
cava and on the left in the left renal vein. V., 
Splenic, one returning the blood from the 



VELAMEN 



1018 



VENTOSITY 



spleen, and forming the portal vein by its 
union with the superior mesenteric vein. V., 
Subclavian, a continuation of the axillary 
vein, uniting with the internal jugular vein to 
form the innominate vein at the sternocla- 
vicular articulation. V.s, Temporal, veins 
returning the blood from the temporomaxil- 
lary region of the head; they join the internal 
maxillary vein to form the temporomaxillary 
vein. V., Temporomaxillary, one formed 
by the union of the temporal and inter- 
nal maxillary veins in the parotid gland; 
it teminates in the external jugular. 
V. of Trolard, a vein of the cerebrum passing 
along the posterior branch of the fissure of 
Sylvius, and emptying into the superior 
petrosal sinus. V., Ulnar, one running from 
the wrist up the anterior and inner surface 
of the forearm. V., Umbilical, a vein con- 
veying the blood from the placenta to the 
fetus. V., Vesalius'. See Vesalius's Vein. 
V.s, Vitelline. See Vitelline Veins. 

Velamen (ve-la'-men) [L.]. A veil or envelop. 

Velamentous (yel-am-en' -tus) [velamen]. Re- 
sembling a veil. 

Velar (ve'-lar) [velum]. Pertaining to a velum, 
especially the velum palati. 

Veld Sore. A lesion common among troops 
during the Boer war; a running sore probably 
due to the sting of a fly. 

Vella's Fistula. An intestinal fistula for ob- 
taining gastric juice. 

Vellication (vel - ik - a' - shun) [vellicare, to 
twitch]. Spasmodic twitching of muscular 
fibers. 

Vellolin (vel f -o-lin). A purified wool-fat. 

Vellosin (yel-o'-sin), C 23 H 28 N 2 4 . An alkaloid 
contained in Paopereira bark, Geissospermum 
vellosii; it resembles brucin in physiologic 
action. 

Velosynthesis (ye-lo-sin'-thes-is). See Staphy- 
lorrhaphy. 

Velpeau's Bandage (vel'-poz) [Velpeau, a 
French surgeon]. A bandage for the shoulder. 
V.'s Hernia, femoral hernia anterior to the 
blood-vessels. 

Velum (ve'-lum) [L., "a veil; a sail"]. A veil 
or veil-like structure. V., Anterior Medul- 
lary. See Valve of Vieussens. V. inter- 
positum, the membranous roof of the third 
ventricle. V. palati, the soft palate. V., 
Posterior Medullary, the commissure of the 
flocculus of the cerebellum. 

Vena (ve'-nah) [L.]. A vein. See Vein. 
V. cava inferior, a vein formed by the 
junction of the two common iliac veins and 
emptying into the right auricle of the heart. 
It receives the lumbar, right spermatic, renal, 
suprarenal, phrenic, and hepatic veins. V. 
cava superior, a vein formed by the union 
of the innominate veins, and conveying 
the blood from the upper half of the body 
to the right auricle. V. comes, Venae 
comites, a vein or veins accompanying 
an artery in its course. V. corporis striati, 
a vein which helps to form the internal cere- 
bral vein and returns the blood from the 



corpus striatum. Venae galeni, the two 
trunks formed by the union of the vein 
of the corpus striatum and that of the 
choroid plexus; they empty into the straight 
sinus. Venae minimae cordis, the smallest 
of the cardiac veins emptying into the cavities 
of the heart. Venae thebesii. See Vena 
minima cordis. Venae vorticosae, the venous 
network and trunks of the choroid coat of the 
eye. 

Venenation {yen-en-a' -shun) [venenum, a poi- 
son]. The condition of a poisoning. 

Venenatus (ven-en-a' -tus) [see Venenation]. 
Poisonous. 

Venenosalivary (yen -en-o- sal' -iv-a- re) . See 
Venomo salivary. 

Venenose, Venenous (ven'-en-oz, ven'-en-us) 
[venenosus]. Toxic; poisonous. 

Venenosity {ven-en-os'-it-e). The condition 
of being toxic. 

Venereal (ven-e'-re-al) [Venus, the goddess of 
love]. Pertaining to or produced by sexual 
intercourse. V. Diseases, gonorrhea, syph- 
ilis, and chancroid. 

Venerismus pyorrhoicus. Gonorrhea. 

Venery iyen'-er-e) [see Venereal]. Sexual inter- 
course. 

Venesection (yen- e-sek' -shun). See Blood- 
letting. 

Venesuture (yen-e-su' -tur) [vena; sutura, 
suture]. The suturing of a vein. 

Veniples (yen' -ip-leks) [vena; plexus]. A 
plexus of veins. 

Venipuncture iyen'-e-punk-chur). Puncture of 
a vein. 

Venisuture (yen-i-su'-tur). ' See Venesuture. 

Venom (yen'-om) [venenum, poison]. Poison, 
especially a poison secreted by certain reptiles 
and insects. 

Venomosalivary (ven-om-o-sal'-iv-a-re). Se- 
creting a toxic saliva. 

Venomotor (ven-o-mo' -tor) [vena; movere, to 
move]. Causing the veins to contract or dilate. 

Venomous (ven'-om-us) [venom]. Poisonous; 
secreting venom. 

Venosclerosis (ven-o-skle-ro' '-sis) [vena; onXypoc, 
hard]. Induration of the veins. 

Venosity (yen-os' : it-e) [venous]. A condition 
in which the arterial blood shows venous 
qualities. 

Venous (ve'-nus) [venosus]. Pertaining to or 
produced in a. vein. V. Hum, the murmur 
or rushing sound heard in auscultation of 
a vein. 

Venter (ven'-ter) [L.]. i. The belly or abdo- 
men. 2. The belly of a muscle. 3. The 
cavity of the abdomen. 4. The concavity 
of any expanded part, as the venter of the 
scapula, venter of the ilium. 

Ventilation (ven-til-a' -shun) [ventilare, to fan]. 
The act or process of supplying fresh air; 
the act or process of purifying the air of a 
place. 

Ventose (yen'-toz) [ventosa, a cupping-glass]. 
1. A cupping-glass. 2. [ventosus, windy.] 
Flatulent. 

Ventosity (yen-tos'-it-e). Flatulence. 



VENTRAD 



1019 



VENTRICLE 



Ventrad (yen'-trad) [venter; ad, toward]. Ventricle {ven r -trik-l) [ventriculus, dim. of 
Toward the ventral aspect. venter, a belly]. A small cavitv or pouch. 



OCCIPITAL v 

INT. JUGULAR V, 

EXT. JUGULAR V. 

RIGHT AND LEFT 
BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS. 



CEPHALIC V 
BASILIC V, 

MEDIAN BASILIC V 
MEDIAN CEPHALIC V 



SUPERFICIAL VEINS 

(RADIAL, MEDIAN. ULNAR 

AND POSTULNAR) 



DEEP MEDIAN V 
CAUDAL CAVA 
EXT. ILIAC V 



LONG SAPHENA V 
(SUPERFICIAL) 



LONG SAPHENA V 
(SUPERFICIAL) 



TEMPORAL V. 

FACIAL V. 
EXT. ANT. JUGULAR VEINS, 

JNT. JUGULAR V. 
EXT. JUGULAR V. 
SUBCLAVIAN V 

.PULMONARY A. 

AXILLARY V. 

SCAPULAR VEI.NS 
CEPHALIC V. 




BRACHIAL V. 



^ABDOMINAL 
X AORTA 



VEN/C COMITES- 



COM. 
LfAC VEINS 



NT, ILIAC V, 



FEMORAL V. 



EXT. OR SHORT SAPHENA V. 



VEN/€ COMITES 



SUPERFICIAL 
DORSAL ARCH 



Scheme of Veins. — (Hewson.) 



Ventral iyen'-tral) [venter]. Pertaining to the V. of Arantius, a culdesac at the lower end 
belly. of the fourth ventricle. V.S of the Brain, 



VENTRICORNU 



1020 



VERBASCUM 



cavities in the interior of the brain, com- 
prising the two lateral ventricles, the third, 
fourth, and fifth ventricles. V. of Cord, 
the central canal of the spinal cord. V., 
' Fifth, the cavity between the laminas of the 
septum lucidum. V., Fourth, the space 
between the oblongata and pons in front, and 
the cerebellum behind. V. of Larynx, a 
depression between the true and false vocal 
bands. V.s, Lateral, serous cavities, one in 
each cerebral hemisphere, and communicating 
with the third ventricle through the foramen of 
Monro. Each ventricle consists of a triangu- 
lar central cavity or body and three smaller 
cavities or cornua. The corpus callosum 
forms the roof of the body, the septum lucidum 
the mesal boundary and the floor is formed by 
the corpus striatum, taenia semicircularis, 
thalamus, choroid plexus, corpus fimbriatum, 
and fornix. V. , Left, of Heart, that upon the 
dorsal and left side of the heart, and which, 
through the aorta, forces the blood throughout 
the body. V., Right, of Heart, that forcing 
the blood through the pulmonary artery into 
the lungs. V., Third, an open space between 
the optic thalami and extending to the base of 
the brain. 

Ventricornu (ven-tri-kor' -nu) [venter; comu]. 
The anterior horn of the gray matter of the 
myelon. 

Ventricular (ven-trik'-u-lar) [ventricle]. Per- 
taining to a ventricle. V. Aqueduct. See 
Aquceductus sylvii. 

Ventricular is (ven-trik-u-la'-ris). The thyro- 
epiglottideus muscle. See under Muscle. 

Ventricumbent {ven-trik-um' -bent) [venter; cu- 
bere, to lie]. Lying with the ventral surface 
down. 

Ventriduction (yen-tre-duk'-shun) [venter; du- 
cere, to lead]. The act of drawing a part 
toward the belly. 

Ventrimeson (ven-trim-e' -zon) [venter; uiaov, 
middle]. The mesial line on the ventral 
aspect of the body. 

Ventripyramid (ven - trip - ir' -am - id) [venter; 
pyramid]. An anterior pyramid of the ob- 
longata. 

Ventro- (ven-tro-) [venter, the belly]. A prefix 
signifying relation to the belly. 

Ventro cystorrhaphy (ven-tro-sis-tor' -a-fe) [ven- 
tro-; Koaxcg, cyst; pa<j>i), suture]. Suture of an 
opened cyst-wall to the wall of the abdomen 
so as to provide a free discharge of its contents. 

Ventrofixation (ven-tro-fiks-a' 'shun) [ventro-; 
-fixation]. The stitching of a displaced uterus 
to the abdominal wall. 

Ventrohysteropexy (ven-tro-his'-ter-o-peks-e) 
[ventro-; uozipa, womb; ra^cc, a fixing]. 
Ventrofixation. 

Ventro inguinal (ven-tro-in'-guin-al) [ventro-; 
inguinal]. Pertaining to the abdomen and 
the groin. 

Ventrolateral (ven-tro-lat'-er-at). Relating to 
the ventral and lateral aspects of a part. 

Ventroptosis {ven-tro -to' -sis). See Gastro- 
ptosis. 

Ventroscopy {ven-tros'-ho-pe) [ventro-; OKoxelv, 



to view]. Direct examination of the ab- 
dominal and pelvic cavities by means of an 
apparatus resembling the cystoscope. 

Ventrosuspension (ven - tro - sus- pen' - shun) . 
See Ventrofixation. 

Ventrotomy (yen-troV -o-me) [ventro-; zofxrj, a 
cut]. Celiotomy. 

Ventrovesicofixation (ven-tro-ves-ik-o-fiks-a f - 
shun) [ventro-; vesica, bladder; fixation]. 
The suturing of the uterus to the bladder and 
abdominal wall. 

Venule, Venula (yen'-ul, ven'-u-lah) [yenula, 
dim. of vena, a vein]. A small vein. 

Veratrin (yer-at'-rin). Veratrina (U. S. P.), 
a mixture of alkaloids obtained from the seeds 
of Asagrcea officinalis (sabadilla), of the order 
Liliacece. It is a local irritant, and produces 
tetanic convulsions followed by paralysis; 
it first stimulates, then paralyzes, the vaso- 
motor center. It is used externally in the 
form of an ointment in rheumatism, gout, and 
neuralgia. V. Ointment (unguentum vera- 
trince, U. S. P.), an ointment composed of 
veratrin, expressed oil of almond, and ben- 
zoinated lard. V., Oleate of (oleatum 
veratrincB, U. S. P.), veratrin, oleic acid, and 
olive-oil. 

Veratroidin (ver-at-roi'-din). See under Vera- 
trum. 

Veratrol (yer-at'-rol), C 8 H 10 O 2 . A colorless 
oil with aromatic odor obtained from veratric 
acid by action of baryta with heat; it is used 
as an antiseptic by inhalation and by applica- 
tion in i % solution ; less poisonous than 
guaiacol but more caustic. 

Veratrum [yer-at'-rum). A genus of plants 
of the order Liliacece. The rhizome and roots 
of V . viride, American hellebore, or V. album, 
white hellebore (veratrum, U. S. P.; veratri 
viridis rhizoma, B. P.), contain the alkaloids 
jervin and veratroidin. The former is a de- 
pressant to the vasomotor centers and the 
motor centers of the spinal cord. In toxic 
doses it produces slowness of the pulse, 
fall in 'blood-pressure, relaxation, epileptiform 
convulsions, paralysis, and death from failure 
of the respiration. Veratroidin is irritant 
and produces vomiting and purging; it is also 
a depressant to the motor centers of the spinal 
cord and to the pulse. When veratrum 
is administered the combined action of the 
alkaloids is obtained, and consists chiefly 
in slowing of the pulse and lessening of blood- 
pressure, with vomiting in the case of large 
doses. It is employed in sthenic inflamma- 
tions, as pneumonia, peritonitis, in puerperal 
eclampsia, and in excessive cardiac hyper- 
trophy. V., Fluidextract of (fiuidextr actum 
veratri, U. S. P.). Dose 1-3 min. (0.065-0.2 
Cc). V., Tincture of (tinctura veratri, U. S. 
P.). Dose 1-3 min. (0.065-0.2 Cc). 

Verbascum (v er-bas'-kum) [L.]. Mullen, a genus 
of plants of the order Scrophularinece. The 
leaves and flowers of V. thapsus have been 
used as demulcent in catarrhal inflammation 
of mucous membranes and as an application 
to hemorrhoids. 



VERBIGERATION 



1021 



VERTEBRARTERIAL 



Verbigeration (yer-bij-er-a' -shun) [verbigere, to 
talk]. The frequent and uncontrollable repe- 
tition of the same word, sentence, or sound 
without reference to its meaning. 

Verdigris (yer'-dig-ris) [Fr., verd de gris, 
probably from L., viridis, green; as, copper]. 
Copper acetate. 

Verga's Lacrimal Groove. A more or less 
pronounced groove extending downward 
from the lower orifice of the nasal duct. V.'s 
Ventricle, the fifth ventricle. 

Vergences (ver'-jen-sez) [vergere, to bend]. 
A term applied to associated disjunctive 
movements of the eyes, e. g., convergence, 
divergence. 

Vergens (ver'-jens) [L.]. Inclining. V. deor- 
sum, inclining downward, as of the axis of 
vision in one eye in strabismus. V. sursum, 
upward inclination. 

Verheijn's Stars. See Verheyen, Stars of. 

Verheyen, Stars of. Venous plexuses of 
stellate form situated on the surface of the 
kidney, beneath its capsule. 

Vermiceous (ver-misk '-us) [vermis]. Relating 
to worms. 

Vermicide {ver' -mis-id) [vermis; ccedere, to kill]. 
An agent that destroys intestinal worms. 

Vermicular (ver-mik' -u-lar) [vermis]. Worm- 
like. 

Vermiculation (ver-mik-u-la'-shun) [vermis]. 
A worm -like motion; peristaltic motion. 

Vermicule (ver'-mik-ul) [vermis]. The sexually 
produced embryo of the malarial parasite. 

Vermiform (ver'-mif-orm) [vermis; forma, a 
form]. Worm-shaped. V. Appendix. See 
Appendix, Vermiform. V. Process, In- 
ferior and Superior, the inferior and su- 
perior surfaces of the middle lobe of the 
cerebellum. 

Vermifugal (ver-mif -u-gal) [vermifuge]. Hav- 
ing the qualities of a vermifuge; expelling 
worms. 

Vermifuge {ver' -mif-uj) [vermis; fugare, to 
expel]. An agent that expels intestinal worms. 

Vermilingual, Vermilinguial (ver -me- lin' - 
gwal, -gwe-al) [vermis; lingua, tongue]. Hav- 
ing a worm-shaped tongue. 

Vermilion (yer-mil'-yun). Red mercury sulfid. 

Verminal (ver'-min-al). Relating to or due 
to worms. 

Vermination (ver-min-a' -shun) [vermis]. In- 
festation with worms. 

Verminous (ver' -min-us) [vermis]. Infested 
with worms. 

Vermis (ver' -mis) [L.]. i. A worm. 2. The 
middle lobe of the cerebellum. V., Inferior, 
of the cerebellum. See Process, Superior 
Vermiform. V., Superior, of the cerebellum. 
See Process, Superior Vermiform. 

Vernal (ver'-nal) [vernalis, of the spring]. 
Pertaining to the spring. V. Conjunctivitis, 
a form of conjunctivitis recurring each spring 
or summer, and disappearing with frost. 

Vernin (ver'-nin), C 16 H 20 N 8 O s . A leukomain 
base found in young vetch, clover, ergot, etc., 
and yielding guanin on heating with hydro- 
chloric acid. 



Vernix caseosa [L., "cheesy varnish"]. A 
sebaceous deposit covering the surface of 
the fetus. 

Veronal (ver'-on-al). Diethylmalonylurea, a 
white, crystalline substance used as a hypnotic. 
Dose 7-20 gr. (0.5-1.3 Gm.). 

Verruca (ver-u'-kah) [L.]. Wart. V. ne- 
crogenica, a warty excrescence found on the 
fingers of those who frequently handle the 
tissues of tuberculous subjects. Syn., Ana- 
tomic tubercle; Dissection tubercle. 

Verrucose, Verrucous (ver'-u-kos, ver'-u-kus) 
[verruca]. Warty; covered with or having 
warts. 

Verruga (ver-u'-gah) [Sp.]. 1. See Verruca. 
2. Verruga peruana. V. peruana, an ende- 
mic specific disease of the skin, occurring in 
the western Andes in Peru. It is characterized 
by the development of small raised spots 
which become conic, cylindric, or hemispheric 
tumors, in size from a pea to an orange. There 
may be hundreds of the tumors, which ulcerate 
and fungate. Severe febrile symptoms pre- 
cede the eruption and death usually results 
from profound anemia. Syn., Carrion'' s Dis- 
ease; Peruvian Wart. 

Verruges (ver-u'-gah s). See Verruga peruana. 

Version (ver'-zhun) [vertere, to turn]. Turning; 
an operation whereby one part of the fetus 
is made to replace another at the mouth 
of the uterus. V., Bipolar, version by acting 
upon both poles of the fetus. V., Cephalic, 
turning of the fetus so as to bring the head to 
present. V., Combined, bipolar version con- 
sisting of a combination of external and in- 
ternal version. V., External, that effected 
by external manipulation. V., Internal, 
that performed by entering the hand within 
the uterus. V., Podalic, that in which one or 
both feet are brought to the mouth of the 
uterus. V., Spontaneous, the process whereby 
without external influence, a transverse 
position is changed into a longitudinal one. 

Verstraeten's Bruit. See Bruit, Verstraeten's. 

Vertebra (ver'-teb-rah) [L., "a joint; a bone of 
the spine"]. One of the bones forming the 
spinal or vertebral column. There are 33 ver- 
tebras, divided into 7 cervical, 12 thoracic or 
dorsal, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (the sacrum), 4 
coccygeal (the coccyx). A typical vertebra 
consists of a body and an arch, the latter being 
formed by 2 pedicles and 2 laminas. The 
arch supports 7 processes : 4 articular, 2 trans- 
verse, and 1 spinous. V., Basilar, the last 
lumbar vertebra. V. dentata, the axis. V. 
prominens, the seventh cervical vertebra. 

Vertebradymia (ver-te-brah-dim'-e-ah). See 
Spondylodidymia. 

Vertebral (ver'-teb-ral) [vertebra]. 1. Pertaining 
to or characteristic of a vertebra; made up of 
or possessing vertebras. 2. Pertaining to the 
vertebral artery. V. Artery. See Artery, 
Vertebral. 

Vertebralis (ver-te-bra'-lis). The vertebral ar- 
tery. 

Vertebrarterial (ver-teb-rar-te' -re-aT) [vertebra; 
artery]. Giving passage to the vertebral ar- 



VERTEBRATE 



1022 



VESICOSPINAL 



tery, as the vertebr arterial foramens in the 
transverse processes of the cervical vertebras. 

Vertebrate, Vertebrated {ver'-teb-rat, ver'-teb- 
ra-ted) [vertebra], i. Having a vertebral col- 
umn. 2. Resembling a vertebral column in 
flexibility, as a vertebrate catheter. 

Vertebrectomy {yer-te-brek' -to-me) [vertebra; 
£K~o[ii], excision]. Excision of a portion of 
a vertebra. 

Vertebro- {yer-teb-ro-) [vertebra]. A prefix 
denoting pertaining to a vertebra. 

Vertebrochondral {ver-teb-ro-kon'-dral) [ver- 
tebro-; yovopbc, cartilage]. Connecting the 
costal cartilages with the vertebras. 

Vertebrocostal (ver-teb-ro-kos'-tal) [vertebro-; 
costa, a rib]. Pertaining to the vertebras and 
the ribs. 

Vertebroiliac (yer-teb-ro-il'-e-ak) [vertebra-; 
ilium]. Pertaining to the vertebras and the 
ilium. 

Vertebrosacral {ver-teb-ro-sa'-kral) [vertebro-; 
sacrum]. Pertaining to the vertebras and 
the sacrum. 

Vertebrosternal {ver-teb-ro-ster'-nal) [vertebro-; 
sternum]. Extending from the spinal column 
to the sternum. V. Ribs, the true ribs. 

Vertex {ver'-teks) [L.]. The crown or top of 
the head. V. Presentation, a presentation 
of the vertex of the fetal skull. 

Vertical {ver'-tik-al) [vertex], i. Pertaining to 
the vertex. 2. Perpendicular. 

Verticomental (ver-tik-o-men'-tal) [vertex; men- 
turn, the chin]. Pertaining to the vertex and 
the chin. 

Vertiginous (yer-tif-in-us) [vertigo]. Resem- 
bling or affected with vertigo. 

Vertigo {ver'-tig-o) [L., from vertere, to turn]. 
Giddiness, dizziness; a sensation of lack of 
equilibrium. It may be due to disease of the 
ears {auditory or aural vertigo), the eyes {ocular 
vertigo), the brain {cerebral vertigo), the stom- 
ach {gastric vertigo), the blood etc. V., 
Aural. See Meniere's Disease. V., Epi- 
leptic, vertigo associated with or preceding 
an attack of epilepsy. V., Essential, one 
not due to any discoverable cause. V., In- 
testinal. 1. That caused by intestinal dis- 
order. 2. That caused by pressure on the 
terminal portions of the intestine by gas or 
feces, or even when the finger is introduced 
into the rectum and irritates the intestinal 
wall. It is thought to be due to pressure on 
the hemorrhoidal plexus of the sympathetic 
system. V., Labyrinthine. See Meniere's 
Disease. V., Objective, one in which objects 
seem to the patient to move. V., Paralyzing. 
See Gerlier's Disease. V., Stomachal, 
gastric vertigo, caused by disorder of the s'.om- 
ach. V., Subjective, one in which the patient 
has a sensation as if he himself were moving. 

Verumontanum {ver-u-mon-ta' -num) [veru, a 
spit; mons, a mountain]. The caput gal- 
linaginis, a longitudinal ridge on the floor of 
the prostatic urethra. 

Vesalius' Foramen. An inconstant foramen 
in the base of the skull, anterointernal to the 
foramen ovale; it transmits an emissary vein. 



V.'s Glands, the bronchial and pulmonary 
glands. V.'s Ligament. See Ligament, 
Poupart's. V.'s Sesamoid Bones, fibrocar- 
tilaginous or osseous bodies often found in the 
tendons of the gastrocnemius. V.'s Vein, a 
small vein through which the pterygoid 
plexus communicates with the cavernous 
sinus. 

Vesanic {ves-an'-ik) [yesania, unsoundness of 
mind]. Relating to insanity. 

Vesica {ves'-ik-ah) [L.]. The bladder. 

Vesical {yes' -ik-al) [vesica]. Pertaining to 
the bladder. V. Calculus, a stone in the 
bladder. V. Crisis, severe paroxysmal 
pain in the bladder occurring in locomotor 
ataxia. 

Vesicant {ves' -ik-ant) [vesicare, to blister]. 
1. Blistering. 2. A blistering agent. 

Vesication (yes-ik-a'-shun) [see Vesicant]. 
The formation of a blister; a blister. 

Vesicatory {ves' -ik-at-o-re) [see Vesicant]. 1. 
Blistering. 2. A blistering agent. 

Vesicle (ves'-ik-l) [vesicula, dim. of vesica, 
bladder]. 1. A small bladder; especially a 
small sac containing fluid. 2. A small blis- 
ter on the skin, as a herpetic or smallpox 
vesicle. V., Allantoic, the internal hollow 
portion of the allantois. V., Auditory, an 
ectodermic sac, a part of the cerebral vesicle, 
from which the internal ear is formed. V., 
Blastodermic. See Blastoderm. V.s, Ce- 
rebral, divisions of the anterior extremity of 
the neural tube of the embryo, subsequently 
forming the segments of the brain. V., 
Germinal, the nucleus of the ovum. V., 
Graafian. See Follicle, Graafian. V., 
Optic, a hollow process of the cerebral vesicle 
forming the essential part of the eye. V., 
Otic. See V., Auditory. V., Prostatic. 
See Uterus masculinus. V., Seminal, one 
of the two little sacs situated at the base of the 
bladder and serving as reservoirs for the semen. 
V., Umbilical. See Yolk-sac. 

Vesico- (ves-ik-o-) [vesica]. A prefix denoting 
pertaining to the bladder. 

Vesicoabdominal {ves-ik-o-ab-dom' -in-al) [ves- 
ico-; abdomen]. Pertaining to the abdomen 
and the urinary bladder. 

Vesicocele {yes' -ik-o-sel) [vesico-; ktjXtj, hernia]. 
Hernia of the bladder. 

Vesicocervical {ves-ik-o-ser'-vik-al) [vesico-; 
cervix]. Pertaining to the cervix uteri and 
the urinary bladder. 

Vesicofixation {ves-ik-o-fiks-a'-shun) [vesico-; 
fixation]. 1. The operation of suturing the 
bladder to the abdominal wall. 2. The 
surgical attachment of the uterus to the 
bladder. 

Vesicoprostatic {ves-ik-o-pros-tat'-ik) [vesico-; 
prostate]. Pertaining to the prostate gland 
and the urinary bladder. 

Vesicopubic {ves-ik-o-pu'-bik) [vesico-; pubis]. 
Pertaining to the urinary bladder and to the 
pubes. 

Vesicorectal {ves-ik-o-rek' -tal) [vesico-; rectum]. 
Pertaining to the bladder and the rectum. 

Vesicospinal {ves-ik-o-spi'-nal) [vesico-; spina, 



VESICOTOMY 



1023 



VIBURNUM 



spine]. Pertaining to the urinary bladder 
and the spinal cord. 

Vesicotomy (yes-ik-of -o-me) [vesico-; xi/ivecv, 
to cut]. Incision of the bladder. 

Vesicoumbilical (ves-ik-o-um-bil' -ik-al) [ves- 
ica-; umbilicus]. Pertaining to the umbilicus 
and the urinary bladder. 

Vesicourachal {yes-ik-o-u' -rak-al) . Relating to 
the bladder and the urachus. 

Vesicouterine {yes -ik-o-u' - ter - in) [vesico-; 
uterus]. Pertaining to the urinary bladder 
and the uterus. 

Vesicouterovaginal (ves-ik-o-u-ter-o-vaf -in-aV) . 
Relating to the bladder, uterus, and vagina. 

Vesicovaginal (yes-ik-o-vaf '-in-aJ) [vesico-; va- 
gina]. Pertaining to the bladder and the 
vagina. 

Vesicula (yes-ik' -u-lah) [dim. of vesica, a 
bladder]. A vesicle. V. graafiana. See 
Follicle, Graafian. Vesicular nabothii. See 
Ovule (2). V. prostaiica, the sinus pocularis. 
Vesiculae serninales. See Vesicle, Seminal. 

Vesicular (yes-ik' -u-lar) [vesicle]. 1. Pertain- 
ing to or composed of vesicles. 2. Produced 
in vesicles, as vesicular breathing, vesicular 
murmur. V. Column, a column of ganglion- 
cells at the base of the posterior horn of the 
spinal cord. V. Column, Posterior. See 
Column of Clarke. V. Eczema, eczema 
attended with the formation of vesicles. V. 
Rale, the crepitant rale. 

Vesiculated (yes-ik' '-u-la-ted) [vesicle]. Com- 
posed of vesicles. 

Vesiculation (yes-ik-u-la' -shun) [vesicle]. The 
formation of vesicles; the state of becoming 
vesiculated. 

Vesiculiferous (yes-ik-u-lif -er-us) [vesicle; 
ferre, to bear]. Bearing or having vesicles. 

Vesiculitis (yes-ik-u-W -tis) [vesicle; cue, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the seminal 
vesicles. 

Vesiculobronchial [yes -ik-u-lo- brong'- ke - at) 
[vesicle; bronchus]. Both vesicular and bron- 
chial. 

Vesiculocavernous (yes - ik -u-lo- kav'- er - nus) 
[vesicle; cavernous]. Both vesicular and 
cavernous. 

Vesiculotympanitic (ves-ik-u-lo-tim-pan-iV -ik) 
[vesicle; tympanum]. Both vesicular and 
tympanitic. 

Vespajus (yes-pa'-jus) [vespa, a wasp]. A fol- 
licular, suppurative inflammation of the hairy 
part of the scalp. 

Vessel (ves'-el) [Fr., from vasculum, a vessel]. 
A receptacle for fluids, especially a tube or 
canal for conveying blood or lymph. 

Vestibular (ves-tib' -u-lar) [vestibule]. Pertain- 
ing to a vestibule. 

Vestibule (ves'-tib-uT) [vestibulum, a porch]. 
An approach; an antechamber. V. of the 
Ear, the oval cavity of the internal ear, 
which forms the entrance to the cochlea. 
V. of the Nose, the anterior part of the 
nostrils. V. of the Vagina, V. of the 
Vulva, a triangular space below the clitoris 
and between the nymphas. 

Vestibulourethral (yes -tib -u-lo -u-re'-thraT). 



Relating to the bulbi vestibuli and to the 
urethra. 

Vestibulum (yes-tib' -u-lum). See Vestibule. 
Generally applied to the vestibule of the ear. 

Vestige (ves'-tij) [vestigium, footprint]. A 
trace or remnant of something formerly 
present or more fully developed. 

Vestigial (ves-tif-e-al) [vestige]. Of the nature 
of a vestige or trace; rudimentary. V. Fold, 
a fibrous band of the pericardium representing 
the obliterated left innominate vein. 

Vesuvin (ves-u'-vin) [Vesuvius, a volcano near 
Naples]. Bismarck-brown, triamidobenzol; 
a stain used in microscopy. 

Veterinarian (yet-er-in-a' -re-an) [see Veterinary]. 
One who practises veterinary medicine. 

Veterinary (yet'-er-in-a-re) [yeterinarius, from 
veterina, a beast of burden]. Pertaining to 
domestic animals. V. Medicine, medicine 
as applied to the domestic animals. 

Via (vi'-ah) [L.]. A way. Vias naturales, 
the natural passages. See Prima vice. 

Viability (vi-ab-iV -it-e) [viable]. The state of 
being viable. 

Viable (yi'-ab-t) [yiabilis, viable]. Capable of 
living; likely to live; applied to a fetus capable 
of living outside of the uterus. 

Vial (yi'-al) [ficaArj, a shallow cup]. A small 
bottle. 

Vibex (vi'-beks) [L.; pi., vibices]. A linear 
ecchymosis. 

Vibrate (vi'-brat) [vibrare, to shake]. To move 
to and fro. 

Vibratile (vi'-bra-til) [see Vibrate]. Moving 
to and from; vibrating. 

Vibration (vi-bra' -shun) [see Vibrate]. The 
act of moving to and fro. 

Vibrator (yi' -bra-tor) [see Vibrate]. A device 
for conveying mechanic vibration to a 
part. 

Vibrio (vib'-re-o) [see Vibrate]. A genus of 
Schizomycetes. See under Bacteria. 

Vibrissa (vib-ris'-ah) [L.]. One of the hairs 
near the opening of the anterior nares. 

Vibromassage (vi-bro-mas-ahzh 1 ) . 1. See M as- 
sage, Vibratory. 2. A form of pneumomas- 
sage for the ear. 

Vibrometer (vi-brom' -et-er) [vibrate; fikxpov, a 
measure]. A device for the treatment of 
deafness, by which rapid vibrations of the 
membrana tympani are induced. 

Vibrophone (vi' -bro-fon) [vibrate; (f>covr h sound]. 
A device for applying sound massage to the 
membrana tympani in treatment of deafness. 

Vibrotherapeutics {vi - bro - ther -ap-u' - tiks) . 
The therapeutic application of vibration. 

Viburnum (vi-bur'-num). A genus of the 
Capri] oliacece. The dried bark of V . opulus, 
cranberry -tree, cramp-bark, is official in the 
U. S. P., and is used in dysmenorrhea, scurvy, 
asthma, etc. The dried bark of the root of 
V . prunifolium or of V. lentago is official in 
the U. S. P., and is used in dysmenorrhea, 
threatened abortion, menorrhagia, etc. V. 
opulus, Fluidextract of (fluidextractum 
vibumi opuli, U. S. P.). Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 
Cc). V. prunifolium, Fluidextract of 



VICARIOUS 



1024 



VIOLET 



(fluidextr actum viburni prunifolii, U. S. P.). 
Dose 1-2 dr. (4-8 Cc). 

Vicarious (vi-ka'-re-us) [vices, changes]. Tak- 
ing the place of something else; of a habitual 
discharge occurring in an abnormal situation, 
as vicarious menstruation. 

Vice (vis) [L., vitium]. 1. A physical defect, 
as a vice of conformation. 2. A moral defect; 
a bad habit. 

Vichy Water (ve-she). A mildly laxative 
and antacid mineral water obtained from 
Vichy, in France, and used in rheumatic and 
gouty conditions and in disorders of the liver. 

Vicq d'Azyr's Band, V. d'A.'s Stripe 
(vik-dah-zer). See Baillarger's Layer. V. 
d'A.'s Bundle, a tract of nerve-fibers passing 
from the corpus albicans to the anterior 
nucleus of the optic thalamus. V. d'A.'s 
Foramen, the foramen caecum at the upper 
end of the median groove of the anterior sur- 
face of the oblongata. 

Vidian Artery. A branch of the internal 
maxillary artery; it passes through the vid- 
ian canal and is distributed to the pharynx 
and eustachian tube. V. Canal, a canal of the 
sphenoid bone at the base of the internal 
pterygoid plate, opening anteriorly into the 
sphenomaxillary fossa, and posteriorly into 
the lacerated foramen. It transmits the vidian 
nerve and vessels. V. Nerve, a branch 
given off from the sphenopalatine ganglion. 

Vieirin (vi-e'-ir-in). A principle from the 
bark of Remijia vellosii, one of the cuprea- 
barks. It is an amorphous white substance 
with an aromatic odor and bitter taste. It is 
soluble in alcohol and chloroform, and is 
used as a febrifuge instead of quinin. Dose 
1-4 gr. (0.065-0.25 Gm.) several times daily. 

Vienna Paste (ve-en'-ah). See Paste, Vienna. 

Vieussens' Annulus. A small nerve passing 
between the middle and lower cervical, 
or first dorsal, ganglions and forming a loop 
around the subclavian artery. Syn., Ansa 
subclavia. V.'s Centrum ovale. See Cen- 
trum ovale vieussenii. V.'s Ganglion, the 
solar plexus. V.'s Isthmus, V.'s Ring, the 
annulus ovalis. V.'s Valve. See Valve of 
Vieussens. V.'s Ventricle, the fifth ventricle. 

Vigil (vij'-il) [L.]. Watchful wakefulness. 
V., Coma. See Coma Vigil. 

Vigilambulism (vij-il-am' -bu-lizm) [vigil; am- 
bulare, to walk]. Ambulatory automatism 
in the waking state. 

Vigintinormal (vij -in -te- nor' - maV) [viginti, 
twenty; norma, rule]. Possessing one-twen- 
tieth of what is normal. 

Vignal's Cells. Embryonic connective-tissue 
(mesenchymatous) cells lying upon the axis- 
cylinders of which the fetal nerve-fibers are 
made up. At first globular, these cells elon- 
gate and gradually fuse until they form a 
complete sheath around the axis-cylinder. 

Vigoral (vig'-o-ral). A proprietary preparation 
of beef. 

Vigouroux's Sign (yig-oo-roo). See Sign, 
Vigouroux's. 

Villatte's Liquor. A preparation used for 



injecting into carious bones, consisting of zinc 
sulfate and copper sulfate, each, 15 gr.; lead 
subacetate solution, \ dr., and dilute acetic 
acid, $\ dr. 

Villi (vil'-i). Plural of villus. 

Villiferous (vil-if -er-us) [villus; ferre, to bear]. 
Furnished with tufts of hairs or villi. 

Villose, Villous (vil'-oz, vil'-us) [villus]. Per- 
taining to a villus; covered with villi; charac- 
terized by the formation of villus-like projec- 
tions. 

Villosity (vil-os'-it-e) [villus]. 1. The state of 
being villous. 2. A proliferation of a mem- 
branous surface. 

Villus (vil'-us) [L., "a tuft of hair"; pi., villi]. 
1. One of the minute club-shaped projections 
from the mucous membrane of the intestine, 
consisting of a lacteal vessel, an arteriole, 
and a vein, inclosed in a layer of epithe- 
lium. 2. One of the vascular tufts of the 
chorion. 

Vinasse (ve-nas) [Ft.]. Potash obtained from 
the residue of the wine-press. 

Vinca (ving'-kah) [L., "periwinkle"]. A 
genus of plants, periwinkle. V . major and V. 
minor are astringent, vulnerary, and anti- 
galactic. 

Vincent's Angina. Diphtheroid angina due 
to the bacillus of pseudodiphtheria. Syn., 
Ulceromembranous angina. V.'s Sign. See 
Argyll Robertson Pupil. 

Vincetoxicum (vin-se-toks' -ik-um) [vincere, to 
subdue; toxicum, poison]. A genus of the 
order A sclepiadacece. The root of V. officinale, 
swallowwort, indigenous to Europe, is used 
as an emetic and in menstrual disorders. 

Vinculum (vin' -ku-lum) [L.]. A band. Vin- 
cula accessoria tendinum, the slender 
tendinous filaments which connect the pha- 
langes with the flexor tendons. 

Vinegar (vin'-e-gar) [Fr., vin, wine; aigre, 
sour]. 1. An impure solution of acetic acid, 
obtained by acetous fermentation of wine, 
beer, cider, etc., or by the dry distillation of 
wood. It is used as a condiment. 2. A 
solution of a medicinal substance in vinegar 
or acetic acid. Only two vinegars are official 
in the U. S. P.: vinegar of opium (acetum 
opii, U. S. P.) and vinegar of squill (acetum 
SCillCB, U. S. P.). 

Vinic (vi'-nik) [yinum]. Pertaining to wine; 
obtained from wine. 

Vinous (vi'-nus) [yinum]. Having the nature 
of wine; containing wine. 

Vinum (vi'-num) [L.]. A wine. See Wine. 

Viof orm (vi'-o-form) . See I odochloroxyquinolin. 

Viola (vi'-o-lah) [L., "violet"]. A genus of 
plants of the Violariece, including V. tricolor, 
heart's-ease, V. odorata, V. cucullata. V. 
odorata, as well as other species, is used in 
bronchitis. 

Violet (vi'-o-let) [viola]. 1. One of the colors 
of the spectrum, very closely resembling the 
purple of violets and possessing the greatest 
refrangibility of the spectral colors. 2. A 
violet dyestuff. V., Gentian-, a violet 
anilin dye used for staining in histologic 



VIOLIN 



1025 



VISUOAUDITORY 



and bacteriologic work. V., Methyl-. See 

Methyl-violet. 

Violin (vi'-o-lin) [viola]. An emetocathartic 
alkaloid from Viola tricolor. 

Violinist's Cramp, Violin -player's Cramp. 
An occupation-neurosis occurring in violin- 
players, and characterized by spasm of the 
fingers used in playing. 

Viraginity (yir-aj-in'-it-e) [virago, a bold 
woman]. A form of sexual perversion in which 
the female individual is essentially male in her 
feelings and tastes. 

Virchow's Bone-cells. The cells found in 
lacunas of bone. V.'s Corpuscles. See 
Toynbee's Corpuscles. V.'s Crystals. See 
Crystals, Virchow's. V.'s 'Degeneration, 
amyloid degeneration. V.'s Disease, leontia- 
sis ossea. V.'s Gland, the jugular gland; a 
lymphatic gland situated behind the clavic- 
ular insertion of the stern omastoid. V.'s 
Granulations, granulations consisting princi- 
pally of ependymal and neuroglia fibers, 
commonly found in the walls of the ventricles 
of the brain in progressive general paralysis. 
V.'s Law, the cellular elements of a tumor 
are derived from preexisting tissue-cells. 

Virchow-Hassall's Bodies. See HassalVs 
Bodies. 

Virchow-Robin's Space. An adventitious 
lymph-space found between the adventitia and 
media of the blood-vessels of the brain and 
communicating with the subarachnoid space. 

Virgin (vur'-jin) [virgo, a maid]. A woman 
who has never had sexual intercourse. 

Virginal (vur'-jin-al) [virgin]. Pertaining to 
virginity. 

Virginity (vur-jin'-it-e) [virgin]. The con- 
dition of being a virgin. 

Virile (vir'-il) [virilis, from vir, a man]. Per- 
taining to or characteristic of the man. V. 
Member, the penis. 

Virility iyir-il' -it-e) [virile]. The condition of 
being virile; procreative power. 

Viripotent (vir-ip' '-o-tent) [vir, a man; potens, 
able]. Marriageable. 

Virola-tallow. An oil or fat from the seeds of 
Myristica sebifera; a remedy for rheumatism. 

Virose, Virous (vi'-roz, vi'-rus) [virosus, 
poisonous]. Poisonous; having a poisonous 
taste or smell. 

Virtual Focus (vur'-tu-al fo'-kus). See Focus, 
Negative. 

Virulence {vir' -u -lens) [virus]. Malignity; 
noxiousness; infectiousness. 

Virulent iyir' -u-lent) [virus]. Having the 
nature of a poison. 

Virus (vi'-rus) [L.]. The poison of an infec- 
tious disease, especially one found in the 
secretion or tissues of an individual or animal 
suffering from an infectious disease. V., 
Humanized, vaccine-lymph taken from the 
vaccine pustule of a human subject. 

Vis [L.]. Force; energy; power. V. a fronte, 
a force that attracts. V. a tergo, a force 
that pushes something before it. V. forma- 
tiva, energy manifesting itself in the forma- 
tion of new tissue to replace that which 
66 



has been destroyed. V. medicatrix naturae, 
the healing power of nature apart from 
medicinal treatment. 

Viscera (vis'-er-ah). Plural of viscus. 

Visceral (vis' '-er-al) [viscera]. Pertaining to a 
viscus. V. Cleft. See Cleft, Visceral. 

Visceralgia (vis-er-al' -je-ah) [viscera; aX^oc;, 
pain]. Pain in a viscus. 

Viscerimotor {yis-er-im-o' -tor) [viscera; motor]. 
Conveying motor impulses to a viscus. 

Visceripericardial (vis-er ip - er - ik - ar'- de - al) 
[viscera; pericardium]. Common to the peri- 
cardium and the viscera. 

Viscero- (vis-er-o-) [viscera]. A prefix denot- 
ing pertaining to the viscera. 

Visceroinhibitory (vis-er-o-in-hib'-it-o-re). In- 
hibiting the movements of viscera. 

Visceroptosis (vis-er-o-to'-sis) [viscero- ;7ixwacg, a 
falling]. Abdominal ptosis; Glehard's disease. 

Viscerosomatic (vis-er-o-so-mat'-ik) [viscero-; 
ooj/j.a, body]. Relating to the viscera and the 
body. 

Viscid (vis' -id) [viscidus, sticky]. Sticky; 
adhesive; glutinous. 

Viscidity (vis-id' '-it-e) [viscid]. The state of 
being viscid. Same as Viscosity. 

Viscin (vis'-in) [viscum]. A mucilaginous ex- 
tract of mistletoe. 

Viscose (vis'-kos) [viscum]. i. See Viscous. 
2. A gummy product of viscous fermentation. 

Viscosity (vis-kos'-it-e). The state of being 
viscous. 

Viscous (vis'-kus). Viscid. 

Viscum (yis'-kum) [L.]. A genus of plants, 
including the mistletoe, of the order Loran- 
thacece, growing as parasites upon trees. 
V. album, European mistletoe, and V. fla- 
vescens, or Phoradendran favescens, American 
mistletoe, contain a viscid principle, viscin, 
which is the chief constituent. 

Viscus (vis'-kus) [L.]. Any one of the organs 
inclosed within one of the four great cavities, 
the cranium, thorax, abdominal cavity, or 
pelvis; especially one within the abdominal 
cavity. 

Visibility (yiz-ib-il'-it-e). The state of being 
visible. 

Visible (viz'-ib-T) [vision]. Capable of being 
seen. 

Vision (yizh'-un) [videre, to see]. The act of 
seeing; sight. V.. Binocular. See Binocu- 
lar Vision. V., Central, vision with the 
macula lutea. V., Direct. See V., Central. 
V., Double. See Diplopia. V., Indirect, vi- 
sion with other parts of the retina than the 
macula. V., Solid, V., Stereoscopic, the 
perception of relief or depth of objects ob- 
tained by binocular vision. 

Visual (vizh'-u-al) [vision]. Pertaining to 
vision. V. Purple, a pigmentary substance 
in the retina reacting to light in a peculiar 
manner, and thought to be intimately con- 
nected with vision. See Rhodopsin. 

Visuoauditory (viz-u-o-aw' -dit-o-re) [vision; 
audire, to hear]. Pertaining to hearing and 
seeing; of nerve-fibers, connecting the visual 
and auditory centers. 



VISUOMETER 



1026 



VOLATILE 



Visuometer {viz-u-om'-et-er) [vision; fikvpov, a 
measure]. An apparatus for determining 
range of vision. 

Vital {vi'-tal) [vita, life]. Pertaining to life. 
V. Capacity, the volume of air that can be 
expelled from the lungs after a full inspiration. 
V. Statistics, statistics of births, deaths, 
marriages, and diseases in a community. 

Vitalism {vi'-tal-izm) [see Vital]. The doc- 
trine that ascribes the phenomena exhibited 
by living organisms to the action of a vital 
force distinct from mechanic or chemic force. 

Vitalist {vi'-tal-ist) [see Vital]. A believer in 
vitalism. 

Vitalli's Test for Bile -pigments. Add to 
the liquid a few drops of a potassium nitrite 
solution and then some dilute sulfuric acid. 
A beautiful green color will be produced, 
changing to red or blue, and finally to yellow. 

Vitals {yi'-talz) [see Vital]. A vulgar term for 
the organs essential to life. 

Vitellary {vif -el-a-re) [vitellus]. Pertaining to 
•the vitellus. 

Vitellin {vit-el'-in) [vitellus]. A globulin found 
in egg-yolk. 

Vitelline {vit-el'-in or vit'-el-in) [vitellus]. Per- 
taining to the vitellus or yolk. V. Artery, 
an artery passing from the yolk-sac to the 
primitive aorta of the embryo. V. Duct, 
the omphalomesaraic duct. V. Membrane, 
the true membrane of the ovum, lying inside 
of the zona pellucida. V. Veins, veins re- 
turning the blood from the yolk-sac to the 
primitive heart of the embryo. 

Vitellus (yit-el'-us) [L.]. A yolk; specifically, 
the yolk of the egg of the common fowl, 
Gallus domesticus. 

Vitiligines. The lineae albicantes. 

Vitiligo {yit-il-i' -go) [L.]. Piebald skin, a 
disease of the skin characterized by a disap- 
pearance of the natural pigment, occurring 
in patches and leaving whitish areas. 

Vitiligoid {vit-iV -ig-oid) . Resembling vitiligo. 

Vitiligoidea {vit-il-ig-oi' -de-ah) [vitiligo; eldog, 
like]. Xanthoma. 

Vitodynamic {vi-to-di-nam'-ik) [vita, life; 
duvajj.cc, energy]. Relating to vital forces. 

Vitreocapsulitis {vit-re-o-kap-su-li'-tis). See 
Hyalitis. 

Vitreous {vit'-re-us) [vitrum]. Glassy. The 
vitreous humor {q. v.). V. Chamber, the 
portion of the globe of the eye posterior to the 
crystalline lens. V. Degeneration, hyaline 
degeneration. V. Humor, V. Body, the 
transparent, jelly-like substance filling the 
posterior chamber of the eye. V. Table, the 
hard, brittle, inner table of the skull. 

Vitrescence {vit-res' '-ens) [vitrum]. The con- 
dition of becoming hard and transparent 
like glass. 

Vitric {vit'-rik). Relating to glass or any 
vitreous substance. 

Vitriol {yit'-re-ol) [vitrum]. i. Sulfuric acid, 
more commonly called oil of vitriol. 2. Any 
crystalline salt of sulfuric acid. V., Blue, 
copper sulfate. V., Green, ferrous sulfate 
or copperas. V., White, .zinc sulfate. 



Vitriolated {vit'-re-ol-a-ted). Containing vit- 
riol; containing sulfur or sulfuric acid. 

Vitriolation {vit -re-o- la'- shun) . Conversion 
into glass or into a hyaloid structure. 

Vitrum {vit'-rum) [L.]. Glass. 

Vivification {viv-if-ik-a'-shun) [vivus, living; 
facere, to make]. The act of making alive 
or of converting into living tissue. 

Viviparity {viv-ip-ar'-it-e) [vivus, living; parere, 
to bring forth]. The bringing forth of living 
offspring; the state of being viviparous. 

Viviparous {viv-ip' -ar-us) [see Viviparity]. 
Bringing forth the young alive — distinguished 
from oviparous. 

Viviperception iyiv-ip-er-sep' -shun) [vivus, liv- 
ing; percipere, to perceive]. The study of 
physiologic processes without dissection or 
vivisection. 

Vivisection {viv-is-ek' -shun) [vivus, living; 
secare, to cut]. The dissection of a living 
animal; experimentation upon an animal while 
still alive. 

Vivisectionist {viv-is-ek' -shun-ist) [see Vivi- 
section]. A practiser or defender of vivisection; 
a vivisector. 

Vivisector {viv-is-ek' -tor) [see Vivisection]. One 
who practises vivisection. 

Vlemingkx's Solution. An application used 
in Austria and Germany for treating acne. It 
consists of lime, 1 ; sulfur, 2 ; water, 20. Slake 
the lime, add the sulfur, and boil to 12 parts. 

Vocal {vo'-kal) [vox, voice]. Pertaining to the 
voice; pertaining to the organs producing the 
voice. V. Bands, V. Cords. See under Lar- 
ynx. V. Fremitus, the thrill conveyed to the 
hand when applied to the chest during speak- 
ing. V. Resonance, the resonance produced 
by the voice as heard on auscultating the lung. 

Vogt's Point. The point selected by Vogt 
for trephining in cases of traumatic meningeal 
hemorrhage. It is found at the intersection 
of a horizontal line two fingerbrea'dths above 
the zygomatic arch, with a vertical line a 
thumb's breadth behind the ascending sphe- 
nofrontal process of the zygoma. 

Vohsen-Davidsohn's Sign. See Davidsohn's 
Sign. 

Voice {vois) [vox, a voice]. The sounds, 
especially articulate sounds, produced by 
the vibration of the vocal bands and modified 
by the resonance organs. 

Void [ME., voiden, to void]. To evacuate. 

Voigt's Boundary-lines. The lines which 
divide the regions of distribution of two 
peripheral nerve-trunks. 

Voillemier's Point. A point on the linea 
alba 6 to 7 cm. below a line drawn between 
the two anterior superior spines of the ilium; 
suprapubic puncture of the bladder is made 
at this point in fat or edematous subjects. 

Voit's Nucleus. An accessory nucleus of the 
corpus dentatum in the cerebellum. 

Vola {vo'-lah) [L.]. The palm of the hand or 
the sole of the foot. 

Volar {vo'-lar) [vola]. Pertaining to the palm 
or the sole. 

Volatile {yol'-at-il) [volatilis, from volare, to 



VOLATILIZATION 



1027 



VULNERARY 



fly]. Passing into vapor at ordinary tem- 
peratures; evaporating. V. Oils. See Es- 
sential Oils. 

Volatilization {yol-at-il-i-za' -shun) [see Vol- 
atile]. The act of volatilizing. 

Volatilize {vol' -at-il-lz) [see Volatile]. To con- 
vert into vapor by means of heat; to pass into 
vapor. 

Volkmann's Canals. See Canals, Volk- 
mann's. V.'s Deformity. See Deformation, 
Volkmann's. 

Volley (vol'-e) [volare, to fly]. A series of 
artificially induced muscle-twitches. 

Volsella (vol-sel'-ah) [vellere, to pluck]. A 
forceps having one or more hooks at the end 
of each blade. 

Volt (volt) [from Volta, an Italian scientist]. 
The unit of electromotive force, or the force 
sufficient to cause a current of one ampere to 
flow against a resistance of one ohm. V.- 
ampere, the amount of pressure developed 
by a current of one ampere having an electro- 
motive force of one volt. Syn., Watt. 

Voltage (volt' -a j). Electromotive strength mea- 
sured in volts. 

Voltagram (volt'-ah-gram). A faradic battery 
so arranged as to produce an almost con- 
tinuous current. 

Voltaic (vol-ta'-ik). Described by or named 
after Volta, an Italian scientist. V. Elec- 
tricity, galvanism. 

Voltaism (vol' -ta-izm) . See Galvanism. 

Voltameter (vol-tam 1 '-et-er) [volt; fitcpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for ascertaining 
absolute quantities of electricity by electrolytic 
decomposition. 

Voltmeter (volt'-me-ter) [see Voltameter]. An 
instrument for measuring the voltage of an 
electric current. 

Voltolini's Disease (vol-to-le'-ne). Primary 
labyrinthitis: an affection of childhood, 
characterized by meningitic symptoms, fol- 
lowed by deafness, deaf-mutism, and a stag- 
gering gait. 

Voltolini-Heryng's Sign. See Heryng's Sign. 

Volumetric (vol-u-meV '-rik) [yolumen, a roll; 
fihpov, a measure]. Pertaining to measure- 
ment by volume. V. Analysis. See Anal- 
ysis, Volumetric. 

Volumometer (vol-u-mom 1 '-e-ter) [see Volu- 
metric]. An apparatus used for the purpose 
of measuring changes in volume. 

Voluntary {vol' -un-ta-re) [voluntarius, willing]. 
Under the control of the will; performed by an 
exercise of the will. V. Muscle, striped muscle. 

Voluntomotory (vol-un-to-mo' -to-re) [volun- 
tary; motor]. Pertaining to voluntary motion. 

Volution (vol-u'-shun) [voluta, a spiral scroll]. 
A convolution; a gyrus. 

Volvulus (vol'-vu-lus) [volvere, to roll]. A 
twisting of the bowel so as to occlude the 
lumen, occurring most frequently in the 
sigmoid flexure. 

Vomer (vo'-mer) [L., "a plowshare"]. The 
thin plate of bone situated vertically between 
the nasal fossas, and forming the posterior 
portion of the septum of the nose. 



Vomerine {vo'-mer-in) [vomer]. Pertaining to 
the vomer. 

Vomerobasilar (vo-mer-o-bas'-il-ar). Re- 
lating to the vomer and to the basal part of 
the cranium. 

Vomica (vom'-ik-ah) [vomicus, ulcerous]. A 
cavity formed by the breaking down of 
tissue ; especially a cavity in the lung. 

Vomicose (vom'-ik-oz) [see Vomica]. Puru- 
lent; ulcerative. 

Vomit (vom'-it) [vomere, to vomit], i. To 
expel from the stomach by vomiting. 2. Vom- 
ited matter. V., Bilious, vomit stained with 
bile. V., Black, the characteristic vomit 
of yellow fever, a dark fluid consisting of 
blood and the contents of the stomach. 
V., Coffee-ground, vomit consisting of 
broken-down blood and the contents of the 
stomach; it is frequently seen in carcinoma 
of the stomach. 

Vomiting (vom'-it-ing) [vomit]. The forcible 
ejection of the contents of the stomach through 
the mouth. V., Cyclic, vomiting recurring 
at regular periods. V., Pernicious, a 
variety of vomiting occasionally seen in 
pregnancy and becoming at times so exces- 
sive as to threaten life. V., Stercoraceous, 
the ejection of fecal matter in the vomit, 
usually due to intestinal obstruction. 

Vomito nigro (vo-me'-to ne'-gro). Yellow 
fever. 

Vomitory (vom'-it-or-e) [vomit]. 1. Any agent 
that induces emesis. 2. A vessel to receive 
ejecta. 

Vomiturition (vom-it-u-rish'-un) [vomit]. In- 
effectual attempt at vomiting; retching. 

Vomitus (vom'-it-us) [vomit]. 1. Vomited mat- 
ter. 2. The act of vomiting. .V. cruentus, 
bloody vomit. V. niger, black vomit. 

Von. For names with this prefix see the name 
itself. 

Von den Velden's Test for Hydrochloric 
Acid in the Contents of the Stomach. 
Filter-paper dipped into a watery or alcoholic 
solution of tropeolin 00 turns ruby red or 
brownish red on the application of free hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Voracious (vor-a'-shus) [vorare, to devour]. 
Having an insatiable appetite or desire for food. 

Vorticose (vor'-tik-oz) [vortex]. Whirling. V. 
Veins. See Vence vorticosce. 

Vox (voks) [L.]. The voice. 

Vuerometer (vu-er-om' -et-er). An apparatus 
for determining the distance of the eyes 
from each other. 

Vulcanite (vul'-kan-U) [Vulcan, the god of 
fire]. Vulcanized caoutchouc. 

Vulcanize (vul'-kan-iz) [see Vulcanite]. To 
subject rubber to the process of vulcanization, 
a process wherein it is treated with- sulfur 
at a high temperature, and thereby rendered 
either flexible or very hard (vulcanite). 

Vulneral (vul'-ner-al). A proprietary salve 
for wounds and ulcers. 

Vulnerary (vuV -ner-a-re) [vulnus]. 1. Per- 
taining to wounds; healing wounds. 2. An 
agent useful in healing wounds. 



VULNUS 



1028 



WARREN'S FAT-COLUMNS 



Vulnus iyul'-nus) [L.]. A wound. 

Vulpian-Prevost's Law. See Prevost's Symp- 
tom. 

Vulsella, Vulsellum {yul-seV -ah, vul-seV -um) . 
See Volsetta. 

Vulva (vul'-vah) [volvere, to roll up]. The ex- 
ternal organs of generation in the woman. 

Vulval, Vulvar (vul'-val, vul'-var) [vulva]. 
Pertaining to the vulva. 

Vulvitis (vul-vi'-tis) [vulva;' ate, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the vulva. 

Vulvo- (vul-vo-) [vulva]. A prefix denoting 
pertaining to the vulva. 



Vulvouterine {vul-vo-u' -ter-in) . Relating to 
the vulva and the uterus considered together. 

Vulvovaginal (vul-vo-vaf -in-al) [vulvo-; va- 
gina]. Pertaining to the vulva and the vagina. 
V. Gland, a small gland situated on each 
side of the vulva near the vagina. Syn., 
Gland of Bartholin. 

Vulvovaginitis (vul-vo-vaj-in-i'-tis) [vulvo-; 
vagina; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the vulva and ■ of the vagina existing at the 
same time. 

Vutrin [vu'-trin). A concentrated powdered 
meat-extract. 



W 



W. The symbol of tungsten iwoljramium). 

Wachendorff's Membrane. The pupillary 
membrane which covers the pupil during 
fetal life. 

Wachsmuth's Mixture. An anesthetic mixture 
of oil of turpentine i part, chloroform 5 parts. 

Wade's Balsam. A compound tincture of 
benzoin. 

Wafer (wa'-fer). A thin layer composed of 
moistened flour, and used to inclose powders 
that are taken internally. 

Wagner's Corpuscles. See Meissner's Cor- 
puscles. W.'s Spot, the germinal spot of the 
germinal vesicle. 

Wagstaffe's Fracture. Separation of the inter- 
nal malleolus. 

(von) Wahl's Sign. 1. Distention of the bowel 
(local meteorism) above the point at which 
there exists an obstruction. 2. A scraping or 
blowing sound, synchronous with the cardiac 
impulse, heard over an arterial trunk imme- 
diately after the partial division, through 
injury, of the vessel. 

Wanoo (wa-hoo'). See Euonymus. 

Walcher's Position. A dorsal posture with 
the hips at the edge of the table and lower 
extremities hanging. 

Waldenberg's Apparatus {wahV -den-berg). 
An apparatus constructed on the principle 
of a gasometer, and used for compressing or 
rarefying air, which is inhaled, or into which 
the patient exhales. 

Waldeyer's Fossa. Mesentericoparietal fossa. 
See Broesike's Fossa. W.'s Germinal Epi- 
thelium, the single layer of columnar 
epithelial cells covering the free surface of 
the ovary. W.'s Glands. See Glands, 
Waldeyer's. W.'s Plasma-cells. See Cells, 
Plasma- (2). W.'s Sulcus, the sulcus spiralis 
of the cochlea. W.'s Tonsillar Ring, the ring 
formed by the two faucial tonsils, the pharyn- 
geal tonsil, and smaller groups of adenoid 
follicles at the base of the tongue and behind 
the posterior pillars of the fauces. W.'s Vas- 
cular Layer, the internal or vascular layer 
of the ovary. 



Wall -diseases. Those due to the presence of 
saltpeter by the penetration into the body 
of the walls of houses of the bacilli of nitri- 
fication, making the houses cold and unwhole- 
some, especially in damp localities. 

Wallerian Degeneration {wal-le' -re-an) 
[from Waller, an English physician]. De 
generation of a nerve consecutive upon its 
section, the process consisting essentially in 
segmentation of the myelin and subsequent 
disappearance of the latter, together with the 
axis-cylinder. W. Law, a nerve-fiber under- 
goes degenerative changes when it is separated 
from its trophic cells. 

Walleye. A colloquial name for leukoma 
of the cornea or for divergent strabismus. 

Walther's Arteriosonervous Plexus. The 
cavernous plexus. W.'s Ducts. See Ducts, 
Walther's. W.'s Ganglion, the ganglion 
impar or coccygeal ganglion. W.'s Oblique 
Ligament, the ligamentous band extending 
from the external malleolus inward to the 
posterior surface of the astragalus. 

Wandering {wan'-der-ing). 1. Moving about, 
as wandering cells. 2. Abnormally movable, 
as wandering spleen. 

Warburg's Tincture. An antiperiodic and 
diaphoretic mixture used in pernicious forms 
of malaria, consisting of: Aqueous extract of 
aloes, 28 gr.; rhubarb and angelica seed, 
each, 448 gr. ; elecampane, saffron, and 
fennel, each, 224 gr.; gentian, zedoary root, 
cubeb, white agaric, camphor, and myrrh, 
each, 112 gr. ; quinin sulfate, 1280 gr.; dilute 
alcohol, sufficient to make 8 pints. 

Ward's Paste. Confection of black pepper. 

Wardrop's Disease. Onychia maligna. 
W.'s Operation. See Operation, Ward- 
rop's. 

Warehouseman's Itch. Palmar eczema oc- 
curring among the workmen in warehouses. 

Warm-blooded. A term applied to animals 
that maintain a uniform temperature what- 
ever the changes in the surrounding medium. 

Warming Plaster. See Plaster, Warming. 

Warren's Fat-columns. Slender columns 



WART 



1029 



WEDL'S VESICULAR CELLS 



of fatty tissue passing from the subcutaneous 
adipose tissue to the base of the hair-follicles. 
They are well developed over the dorsum of 
the body, particularly near the median line. 

Wart [AS., -wearte]. A hyperplasia of the 
papillas of the skin, forming a small projec- 
tion. See Verruca. W., Anatomic, W., 
Postmortem. See Tubercle, Anatomic. 

Warthin's Sign. Accentuation of the pulmon- 
ary sound in acute pericarditis. 

Warty. Resembling a wart; covered with 
warts. 

Wash. See Lotion. W., Black, lotio hydrar- 
gyri nigra; mild mercuric chlorid in water 
and lime-water. W., Yellow, lotio hydrargyri 
flava, mercuric chlorid in lime-water. 

Washerwoman's Itch. Eczema of the hands 
occurring in washerwomen. 

Washing Soda. Sodium carbonate. 

Washleather-skin. A condition of the skin 
in which certain metals, especially silver, 
mark it with a black line. 

Wasmann's Glands. The peptic glands. 

Wasting Palsy. See Progressive Muscular 
A trophy. 

Watchmaker's Cramp. An occupation neu- 
rosis occurring in watchmakers, and charac- 
terized by painful cramps of the muscles of 
the hands. 

Water {waw'-ter). i. A transparent, inodorous, 
tasteless fluid, boiling at 212 F. (ioo° C), 
and freezing at 32 F. (o° C). Chemically 
it is hydrogen monoxid, H 2 0. 2. A mineral 
water. 3. A solution of a medicinal substance 
in water, as ammonia-water {aqua ammonice 
U. S. P.), chlorin-water {aqua chlori, U. S. P.), 
etc. W.-bag, a rubber bag in which water 
of varying degrees of temperature can be 
introduced for topical application. W.-bed. 
See Bed, Water-. W. -borne, of a disease, 
produced by contaminated drinking-water. 
W. on the Brain, hydrocephalus. W.- 
brash. See Pyrosis. W. -cress, the plant 
Nasturtium officinale. It is said to be a 
specific remedy for beriberi. W. of Crys- 
tallization, the water contained in certain 
crystals, to which their crystalline structure 
is due. W.- cure. See Hydrotherapeutics. 
W. -glass, a solution of sodium silicate. 
W. -hammer Pulse. See Corrigan's Pulse. 
W., Hard, water containing soluble cal- 
cium salts and not readily forming a 
lather with soap. W., Javelle, a solution 
of potassium hypochlorite, KCIO. W., 
Mineral, a natural water containing mineral 
substances in solution. W. of Pagliari, a 
preparation employed in France as a hemo- 
static, consisting of crystallized alum, 15 gr.; 
gum benzoin, 75 gr.; distilled water, 3 oz. 

Watt {wot). See Volt-ampere. 

Wave {wav) [AS., wafian, to waver in mind]. 
1. A movement in a body which is propagated 
with a continuous motion, each particle of 
the body vibrating through a fixed path, usu- 
ally a closed curve. 2. One of the curves in 
a series of curves representing a wave-like 
motion. W.-length, the distance between 



corresponding points, usually the crests, of 
two adjacent waves. W., Tidal, in the 
sphygmogram, the wave succeeding the per- 
cussion wave, and due to the volume of blood 
poured out from the heart reaching the arteries. 

Wavy Respiration. Cog-wheel respiration, 
a type of breathing in which inspiration or 
expiration is not continuous, but jerky and 
interrupted. 

Wax {waks). See Cera. 

Waxing {waks' -ing) [ME., waxen, to increase]. 
Increasing in size. W. -kernels, enlarged 
inguinal and submaxillary lymph-glands in 
children. 

Waxy {waks'-e). Pertaining to or resembling 
wax. W. Cast, a tube-cast composed of 
amyloid or similar material. W. Degenera- 
tion, amyloid degeneration. W. Kidney, 
W. Liver, amyloid kidney or liver. 

Wean {wen) [AS., wenian, to accustom]. To 
cease to give suck to an infant by accustoming 
it to take food from sources other than the 
mother's breast. 

Webbed Fingers, W. Toes. Union of adja- 
cent fingers or toes by a thin band of tissue. 

Weber {web'-er). Same as Coulomb. 

Weber's Glands. Racemose glands situated 
in the posterior portion of the tongue and 
opening by several orifices on its border. 
W.'s Law, the increase of stimulus necessary 
to produce the smallest perceptible change 
in a sensation is proportionate to the strength 
of the stimulus already acting. W.'s Orbicu- 
lar Zone, that portion of the iliofemoral 
ligament which forms a loop around the neck 
of the femur. W.'s Organ, W.'s Vesicle, 
the sinus pocularis of the male urethra. 
W.'s Paradox, a muscle when so loaded 
as to be unable to contract may elongate. 
W.'s Suture, a fine groove or suture on 
the inner surface of the nasal process of 
the superior maxilla. W^'s Symptom, W.'s 
Syndrome, paralysis of the motor oculi 
nerve on the side of the lesion and of the 
facial and hypoglossal nerves and extremities 
on the opposite side; it corresponds anatomi- 
cally to a lesion in the pedunculopontine or 
upper pontine region. W.'s Test. 1. When 
a vibrating tuning-fork is placed upon the 
vertex or the middle of the forehead, the 
sound is perceived equally by both ears. If it 
is heard only in one ear, a lesion exists in 
this. 2. For sensation: Determination of the 
smallest distance at which the two points 
of a pair of compasses, applied simultaneously 
and lightly to the skin, can be recognized as 
two separate objects. W.'s Test for Indi- 
can in Urine, heat to boiling 30 Cc. of the 
urine with an equal volume of hydrochloric 
acid and 1 to 3 drops of dilute nitric acid; when 
cold, shake the solution with ether. The 
ether will assume a red or violet color with 
a blue foam on it. 

Wedl's Vesicular Cells. Large vesicular 
cells commonly found in the crystalline lens 
in cases of cataract, especially the senile and 
diabetic varieties. 



WEEPING ECZEMA 



1030 



WEIGERT'S FIBRIN-STAIN 



Weeping Eczema. Moist eczema. W. Sin- 
ew. See Ganglion (2). 

Wegner's Disease of Bone. Epiphyseal 
osteochondritis occurring in infants affected 
with hereditary syphilis. W.'s Sign, in 
fetal syphilis the dividing-line between the 
epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones, which 
under normal conditions is delicate and recti- 
linear, appears as a broad, irregular, yellowish 
line. 

Weidel's Reaction for Xanthin Bodies. 
Evaporate to dryness on the water-bath a 



little of the substance dissolved in fresh 
chlorin-water containing nitric acid. Treat 
the residue to ammonia vapors under a 
bell- jar, and a red or violet coloration will be 
produced in the presence of xanthin bodies. 
Weigert's Fibrin-stain {wi'-gert) [Weigert, 
a German pathologist]. A stain for fibrin, 
consisting in the application of a solution 
of gentian-violet, then one of iodin in potas- 
sium iodid, followed by one of anilin oil and 
xylol. Fibrin is stained blue. W.'s Method. 
1. A method of staining the myelin of nerve- 



TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



Grains. 

24 = 1 dwt. 
480 = 20 " =1 oz. 
5760 = 240 " = 12 " 



TROY WEIGHT. 



I lb. 



22.816 cu. in. of distilled water at 62 F. 



Drams. Ounces. 

16 = 1 

256 = 16 

6,400 = 400 

25,600 = 1,600 

512,000 = 32,000 



AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 

437-5 grains troy. 

1 lb. = 1. 2153 lb. troy. 
25 " = 1 quarter. 
100 " = 4 quarters = 1 cwt. 
2000 " = 80 " = 20 " 



= 1 ton. 



Grains. 
20 = 

60 = 
480 = 
5760 = 



APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 

i scruple. 

3 scruples = 1 dram. 
24 " =8 drams = 1 oz. 

288 " = 96 " =12 oz. 



1 lb. 



APOTHECARIES MEASURE. 

60 minims = 1 fluidram. 

8 fluidrams = 1 fluidounce. 

16 fluidounces = 1 pint. 

2 pints = 1 quart. 

4 quarts = 1 gallon. 



Gills. 

1 

4 

8 

32 

2016 

4032 

8064 



7.2187 cu. 

1 pint 

2 pints 
8 " 

504 " 
1008 " 
2016 pints 



LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE. 



28.875 cu. in. 

1 quart = 55.75 cu. in. 
4 quarts = 1 gallon. 
252 " = 63 gallons = 1 hogshead. 
504 " =126 " =2 hogsheads = 1 pipe. 
1008 " =252 " =4 " =2 pipes = 1 

SQUARE MEASURE. 



tun. 



Sq. Inches. Sq. Feet. 
144 = 1 

1296 = 9=1 sq. yard. 

39,204 = 272.25 = . 30.25 sq. yards 

1,568,160 = 10,890 = 1210 " " 

6,272,640 = 43.560 = 4840 " " 



1 perch. 

40 perches = 1 rood. 
160 " =4 roods 



1 acre. 



LINEAR MEASURE. 



Inches. 




12 = 1 foot. 




36 = 3 feet == r yard. 




72 = 6 " = 2 yards = 1 fathom. 




198 = 16.5 " = 5.5 " = 2.75 fathoms = 1 perch. 




7,920 = 660 " = 220 " = no " = 40 perches = 


= 1 furlong. 


63,360 = 5280 " = 1760 " = 880 " = 320 " 


= 8 furlongs 



mile. 



SOLID MEASURE. 

Cu. in. 

1,728 = 1 cubic foot. 
46,656 =27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard. 



DRY MEASURE. 

Pints. 

1 == 36.6 cubic inches. 

2=1 quart = 67.2 cubic inches. 

8=4 quarts = 1 gallon = 268.8 cubic inches. 
16 = 8 " =2 gallons = 1 peck = 537.6 cubic 

1 bushel. 



64 



4 pecks 



Gram. 



METRIC WEIGHTS. 

Troy Gr. 



Milligram = 


.001 


= -01543 






Centigram = 


.01 


= -15432 


Avoir. 




Decigram = 


.1 


= 1-54323 


Oz. 


Avoir. Lb. 


Gram = 


1 


= I5-43235 


= .03528 = 


.0022047 


Decagram = 


10 




= -3528 = 


.022047 


Hectogram = 


100 




= 3-52758 = 


.2204737 


Kilogram = 


1000 




= 35-2758 = 


2.204737 


Myriogram = 


10,000 




= = 


22.04737 


Quintal = 


100,000 




= = 


220.4737 


Tonneau = 


1,000,000 




= = 


2204.737 



WEIGHT 



1031 



WEIGHT 



Milliliter 
Centiliter 
Deciliter ■■ 
Liter 

Decaliter = 
Hectoliter = 
Kiloliter = 
Myrialiter = 



METRIC DRY AND LIQUID MEASURE. 

Lit. U. S. Cu. In. 



.061 



.61 



6.1 



= 610.16 = 
U. S. Cu. Ft. 

= 3-531 = 



35-31 
353-1 



- 



U. S. 



Liquid 


.00845 


gill. 


Dry 


.0018 


pint. 


Liquid 


.0845 


gill. 


Dry 


.018 


pint. 


Liquid 


.845 


gill = 0.2113 pint. 


Dry 


.18 


pint. 


Liquid 


2.113 


pints =1.057 quarts. 


Dry 


1.8 


pints = .908 quart. 


Liquid 


2.641 


gallons. 


Dry 


9.08 


quarts = 1.135 pints 


Liquid 


26.414 


gallons. 


Dry 


2.837 


bushels. 


Liquid 


264.141 


gallons, 
bushels. 


Dry 


28.374 


Liquid 


2641.4 


gallons, 
bushels. 


Dry 


283.7 



METRIC LINEAR MEASURE. 



Millimeter* 

Centimeterf 

Decimeter 

Meter 

Decameter 

Hectometer 

Kilometer 

Myriameter 



Meter. 
.001 
.01 
.1 
1 
10 
100 
1000 
10,000 



U 



S. In. 

•03937 = 
•3937 = 

3-937 = 
39.3685 = 



*Nearly the 2 Vj of an inch. 



Ft. 

.00328 

.0328 Yd. 

.32807= .10936 

3.2807 = 1.0936 
32.807 = 10.936 Mile. 

328.07 = 109.36 = .0621347 
3,280.7 = 1093.6 = .6213466 
32,807 =10,936 = 6 213466 

fFull y% of an inch. 



METRIC SQUARE MEASURE. 

Sq. Meter. U. S. Sq. In. 
Sq. centimeter = .01 = .155 = Sq. Ft. 

Sq. decimeter = .1 = 15.5 = .10763 = 

Centiare = 1 = 1549.88 = 10.763 = 

Are = to = 154,988 = 1076.3 = 

Hectare = 100 = = 107,630 

Sq. kilometer = .38607 Sq. Mile. 
Sq. myriameter = 38 



Sq. Yd. 

.01196 
1. 196 = 
119. 6 = 

n,959 = 



Acre. 
.00025 
.0247 
= 2.47 

= 247 
= 24,708 



TABLE FOR CONVERTING METRIC WEIGHTS INTO TROY WEIGHTS. 





if w 

3 < 

AM 


Approximate 

Equivalents 

in Troy 

Weights. 


03 

a 

< 

M 

O 


. c/i 

P 

E> M 

£° 

<t 

x z 
W u 


- Approximate 
Equivalents 
in Troy 
Weights. 


c/5 

a 

< 




1 </5 

Si 


Approximate 

Equivalents 

in Troy 

Weights. 


a 
< 




cu" 

3 
O 


to 

g 

5 


c/i 

CD 

"E. 

3 

U 


'3 


in 

V 
U 

a 

C 


c/i 
S 

Q 


t/i 
cu 

O. 

3 
1* 
O 
tfl 


c/i 
C 

O 


</i 

c 

3 
O 


c/i 

E 
Q 


c/i 

"a 

3 

u 

(fl 


C 

2 

O 


O.OI 
0.02 
0.03 
O.O4 
O.O5 
O.06 
0.07 
0.08 
0.09 
O.I 

0.2 

0.3 
0.4 
0.5 

0.6 
0.7 
0.8 
0.9 
1.0 
2.0 


0.1543 

0.3086 
0.4630 
0.6173 
0.7717 

0.9260 

1.0803 

1-2347 

1.3890 

1-543 

3.086 

4.630 

6.173 

7.716 

9-259 

10.803 
12.346 
13-889 
I5-432 
30.865 








I 

3 

T3 
TT 
1 

r% 

1 

T ¥ 
I* 

xi 

3 

4§ 
6| 
71 
9i 

1 of 

I2i 

H 

15* 

iof 


3-o 
40 
50 
6.0 
7.0 
8.0 
9.0 
10. 
11.0 
12.0 
13.0 
14.0 
150 
16.0 
17.0 
18.0 
19.0 
20.0 
21.0 
22.0 


46.297 
61.729 

77.162 
92.594 

108.026 

123.459 
138.891 

154-323 
169.756 
185.188 

200.621 

216.053 
231-485 

246.918 

262.350 
277.782 
293.215 
308.647 
324.079 




2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 
3 
3 

4 
4 
4 
4 
5 
5 

5 


2 

1 
2 

I 
2 

I 
1 
2 

I 

I 
2 

I 


6| 

if 

17* 

12$ 

8 
3i 

Hi 

9i 

5? 

16 

»i 

6 T 9 o 

2i 

171 
13* 

8§ 
4tV 
i9i 


23.0 
24.0 
25.0 
260 
270 
280 
29.0 
30.0 
31.0 
32.0 
40.0 
450 
50.0 
60.0 
70.0 
80.0 
90.0 
100. 


354-944 
370.376 
385-809 
401.241 
416.673 
432.106 
447-538 
462.970 
478.403 
493-835 
617.294 
694.456 
771.617 

925 941 
1080.264 
1234.588 
1388.911 
1543-235 


I 
I 
I 

1 
2 
2 
2 

3 


5 
6 
6 

6 
6 
7 

7 
7 
7 

2 

3 

4 

2 

4 

7 

i 


2 

1 
2 
. 2 

2 
2 

I 
2 
I 

I 

2 


5 
iof 

5# 

J i 
i6| 

I2tV 

7i 

3 

i8§ 
13I 
17* 
10J 

"1 

6 

14! 

9 



WEIGHT 



1032 



WERNICKE'S APHASIA 



TABLE FOR CONVERTING TROY WEIGHTS INTO METRIC WEIGHTS. 


Z 
< 

O 


< 
O 


w 

z 
< 

O 


S 
<; 

O 


c/i 
Z 

< 
ei 

O 


oj 

< 
a 
O 


Z 
< 
ft 
O 


S 

< 


oi 

Z 

< 
ft 
O 


S 

< 




Z 
< 
ft 

O 


03 

S 
< 
et 

O 


03 

Z 
< 

O 


03 

< 
ft 

O 


c/i 

Z 

< 

a. 
O 


03 

a! 


i 


0.9648 


16 


1-037 


31 


2.009 


46 


2.980 


61 


3-952 


76 


4.924 


91 


5.896 


3°o 


19.440 


2 


0.1296 


17 


1. 102 


32 


2.073 


47 


3-045 


62 


4.017 


77 


4.989 


92 


5-96i 


360 


23.328 


3 


0.1944 


18 


1. 166 


33 


2.138 


48 


3.110 


63 


4.082 


78 


5-054 


93 


6.026 


400 


25.920 


4 


0.2592 


19 


1. 231 


34 


2.203 


49 


3-175 


64 


4-147 


79 


5.118 


94 


6.090 


480 


31-103 


5 


0.3240 


20 


1.296 


35 


2.268 


50 


3-234 


65 


4. 211 


80 


5-i8 3 


95 


6-155 


500 


32.396 


6 


0.3888 


21 


1.361 


36 


2.332 


5i 


3-304 


66 


4.276 


81 


5.248 


96 


6.220 


600 


38.875 


7 


0.4536 


22 


1.426 


37 


2-397 


52 


3-369 


67 


4-341 


82 


5-313 


97 


6.285 


700 


45-354 


8 


0.5184 


23 


1.490 


38 


2.462 


53 


3-434 


68 


4.406 


83 


5-378 


98 


6.350 


800 


5I-833 


9 


0.5832 


24 


1-555 


39 


2.527 


54 


3-499 


69 


4-47 1 


84 


5-442 


99 


6.414 


900 


58.313 


10 


0.6480 


25 


1.620 


40 


2.592 


55 


3-564 


7o 


4-535 


85 


5-507 


100 


6-479 


960 


62.207 


ii 


0.7130 


26 


1.685 


4i 


2.656 


56 


3-628 


7i 


4.600 


86 


5-572 


120 


7.776 


1000 


64.792 


12 


0.7776 


27 


1.749 


42 


2.721 


57 


3-693 


72 


4.665 


87 


5-637 


150 


9.719 






13 


0.8424 


28 


1.814 


43 


2.786 


58 


3-758 


73 


4-730 


88 


5.702 


180 


11.664 






14 


0.9072 


29 


1.869 


44 


2.851 


59 


3-823 


74' 


4-795 


89 


5.766 


200 


12.958 






15 


0.9720 


30 


1.944 


45 


2.916 


60 


3.888 


75 


4-859 


90 


5-83I 


240 


15-552 







fibers with hematoxylin. 2. A method of 
staining the neuroglia according to a modified 
Weigert's fibrin-method, after the tissue has 
been fixed in formalin, subjected to a mor- 
dant of copper acetate, acetic acid, and chrome- 
alum, and a reducing agent composed of 
potassium permanganate and a solution of 
sodium sulfite containing a chromogen derived 
from naphthalin. 

Weight (wdt). The force with which bodies 
tend to approach the earth's center. W., 
Atomic. See Atomic Weight. W.s and 
Measures, the U. S. standard unit of weight 
is the troy pound; the standard unit of 
liquid measure is the Winchester wine gallon, 
containing 231 cubic inches. The imperial 
gallon, adopted by Great Britain, contains 
277.274 cubic inches. The standard unit 
of the U. S. and British linear measure is the 
yard. The actual standard of length of the 
U. S. is a brass scale 82 inches long in the U. S. 
Treasury Department. The yard is between 
the twenty-seventh and the sixty -third inch of 
this scale. See Tables, pages 1030, 1031. W., 
Molecular. See Molecular Weight. 

Weil's Disease (wll). An infectious disease 
somewhat resembling typhoid fever, accom- 
panied by muscular pain and grave disturbance 
of the digestive organs. W.'s Syndrome, 
unilateral hyperesthesia of the muscles, nerve- 
trunks, and bones, sometimes seen in cases of 
pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Weiland's Test. For the determination of 
binocular fixation : A vertical bar is interposed 
between the eyes and the letters to be 
read. 

Weir Mitchell's Disease. See Mitchell's 
Disease. W. M.'s Treatment. See under 
Mitchell. 

Weiss' Reflex. A curvilinear reflex on the 
nasal side of the optic disc, regarded as a 
prodromal sign of nryopia. W.'s Sign, 
contraction of the facial muscles upon light 
percussion; it is noticed in tetany, neuras- 



thenia, hysteria, and exophthalmic goiter. 
Syn., Facialis phenomenon. 

Weitbrecht's Cartilage. A fibrocartilaginous 
lamella frequently found interposed between 
the articular surfaces of the acromioclavicular 
joint. W.'s Foramen. See Foramen, Weit- 
brecht's. W.'s Ligament, a rounded, fibrous 
bundle, extending from the outer portion 
of the coronoid process to the inner border of 
the radius, above the bicipital tuberosity. 
W.'s Retinacula, flat bands lying on the 
neck of the femur and formed by the deeper 
fibers of the capsular ligament, which are 
reflected upward along the neck to be attached 
nearer to the head. 

Wells' Facies. The facies of ovarian disease. 

Welt. See Wheal. 

Wen. A sebaceous cyst. 

Wender's Test for Glucose. Make a solution 
of 1 part methylene-blue in 3000 parts of 
distilled water. On rendering this solution 
alkaline with potassium hydroxid and heating 
with a glucose solution it becomes decolorized. 

Werlhof s Disease [P. G. Werlhof, a German 
physician]. Purpura haemorrhagica. 

Wernekink's Commissure. See Commissure, 
Wernekink's. 

Wernicke's Aphasia. Cortical sensory apha- 
sia. W.'s Center, the auditory word-center 
in the posterior third of the first temporo- 
sphenoid convolution. W.'s Convolution, 
the first temporosphenoid convolution. W.'s 
Disease, polioencephalitis acuta haemor- 
rhagica; acute superior encephalitis. W.'s 
Fibers. See Gratiolet's Optic Radiation. 
W.'s Field. See W.'s Triangle. W.'s Fis- 
sure, a nearly vertical fissure sometimes 
seen to divide the parietal and temporal lobes 
from the occipital lobe. W.'s Reaction, 
W.'s Sign. See Reaction, Hemianopic Pupil- 
lary. W.'s Triangle, a triangular area 
formed by the decussation, at various angles, 
of the radiating fibers of Gratiolet with the 
fibers proceeding from the external geniculate 



WESTPHAL'S NUCLEUS 



1033 



WICKERSHEIMER'S FLUID 



body and pulvinar; it occupies the extreme 
posterior segment of the capsula. 

Westphal's Nucleus. See Nucleus, West- 
phal's. W.'s Paradoxic Contraction, tonic 
contraction of the anterior muscles of the 
leg (especially the tibialis anticus) on pas- 
sive flexion of the foot; it is occasionally 
seen in multiple sclerosis, paralysis agitans, 
tabes, alcoholism, and hysteria. W.'s Sign, 
absence of the patellar reflex; it occurs* in 
lesions of the spinal cord at the level of the 
reflex center {e. g., tabes dorsalis, paretic de- 
mentia), neuritis, certain cases of cerebellar 
disease, etc. W.'s Zone, a zone in the 
posterior column of the lumbar spinal cord, 
which is bounded externally by the inner side 
of the posterior horn, internally by an imagi- 
nary anteroposterior line drawn through the 
point at which the posterior horn turns in- 
ward, and posteriorly by the periphery of the 
cord. It contains the afferent fibers concerned 
_ in the patellar reflex mechanism. 

Westphal-Erb's Sign. See Westphal's Sign. 

Westphal-Piltz's Reflex. See Gifford's Re- 
flex. 

Wet -pack. See Pack, Wet. 

Wetzel's Test for CO in Blood. Add to 
the blood 4 volumes of water and treat with 
3 volumes of a 1 % tannic acid solution. 
In the presence of carbon monoxid the 
blood becomes carmin red; normal blood 
gradually becomes gray. 

Weyl's Reaction for Creatinin. Add to 
the creatinin solution a few drops of a dilute 
solution of sodium nitroprussid, and then, 
drop by drop, a few drops of sodium hydroxid. 
A ruby-red coloration results, quickly chang- 
ing to yellow again. 

Wharton's Duct. The duct of the submaxil- 
lary gland. W.'s Jelly, the gelatinous em- 
bryonic connective tissue of the umbilical 
cord. 

Wheal (hwel) [AS., hwele], A whitish or pink- 
ish elevation, developing suddenly upon the 
skin, and lasting usually but a short time. 
Wheals are produced by urticaria, the bites 
of insects, or the sting of a nettle. Syn., 
Pomphus; Urtica. 

Wheat (hwet). See Triticum. 

Wheelhouse's Operation. A perineal incision 
through the urethra for stricture. 

Wheeze (hwez). To breathe hard; to breathe 
with difficulty and with an audible whistling 
sound. 

Whey (hwa). The liquid part of milk sepa- 
rating from the curd. W.-cure, the admin- 
istration of whey as a method of treating 
certain diseases. 

Whiff {hwif) [origin obscure]. A puff of air. 
W., Oral, a peculiar sound heard during 
expiration from the open mouth, principally 
in cases of thoracic aneurysm. 

Whip-worm (hwip'-wurm). The Trichoceph- 
alus dispar. 

Whirl {hwurV) [ME., whirlen, to whirl]. To 
revolve rapidly. W.-bone. 1. The head of 
the femur. 2. The patella. 



Whisky, Whiskey (hwis'-ke). See Spiritus 
frumenti. W.-nose. See Acne rosacea. 

Whisper (hwis'-per). A low, soft, sibilant 
sound produced* by the passage of the breath 
through the glottis without throwing the 
vocal cords into vibration. 

Whispering Pectoriloquy. See Pectoriloquy, 
Whispering. 

White (hwit) [AS., hwit], 1. Having a 
color produced by reflection of all the rays 
of the spectrum; opposed to black. 2. Any 
white substance, as white of egg. W. Cell, 
W. Corpuscle, the leukocyte. W. Com- 
missure, the anterior commissure of the 
spinal cord. W. Lead, basic lead carbonate. 
W. Leg-. See Phlegmasia alba dolens. 
W. Leprosy, vitiligo. W. Line, the linea 
alba. W. Matter, the part of the brain 
and spinal cord consisting of medullated 
nerve-fibers, and having a white color. 
W. Mustard, sinapis alba. See under Mus- 
tard. W., Pearl-, bismuth subnitrate. W. 
Pneumonia. See Pneumonia, White. W. 
Precipitate, hydrargyrum ammoniatum. See 
Mercury, Ammoniated. W. Softening, soften- 
ing of nerve -substance in which the affected 
area presents a whitish color, due to fatty de- 
generation following anemia. W. Substance 
of Schwann, the myelin sheath of medullated 
nerve-fibers. W. Swelling. See Swelling, 
White. W. Vitriol, zinc sulfate. 

White's Disease. Keratosis follicularis. W.'s 
Operation, castration for cure of enlarged 
prostate. 

Whites (JiwUz). See Leukorrhea. 

Whitlow (hwit'-lo). See Paronychia. W., 
Melanotic, a form of melanotic sarcoma 
simulating whitlow in appearance. W., 
Painless. See Morvan's Disease. 

Whooping-cough (hoo'-ping-kawf). An in- 
fectious disease characterized by catarrhal 
inflammation of the air-passages and peculiar 
paroxysms of cough ending in a loud whoop- 
ing inspiration. It is most frequent in chil- 
dren, and is probably due to a specific micro- 
organism. The disease begins with symp- 
toms of coryza and bronchitis, which in from 
one to two weeks are followed by the socalled 
paroxysmal stage, characterized by a violent 
cough, at the close of which occurs a loud 
whoop and often vomiting. This stage lasts 
from three to four weeks and is succeeded by 
the stage of decline. Complications, such as 
catarrhal pneumonia, emphysema, atelectasis, 
hernia, cerebral hemorrhage, and others, 
may occur. 

Whytt's Disease. Hydrocephalus internus: 
a collection of fluid in the cerebral ven- . 
tricles. 

Wichmann's Asthma. Laryngismus stridu- 
lus. 

Wickersheimer's Fluid (wik'-ers-hi-mer). A 
fluid employed for the preservation of ana- 
tomic specimens, consisting of arsenic trioxid, 
sodium chlorid, potassium sulfate, carbon- 
ate, and nitrate, dissolved in a mixture of 
glycerol, methyl-alcohol, and water. 



WICKING 



1034 



WITCH-HAZEL 



Wicking {wik'-ing). Loosely twisted unspun 
cotton or wool; it is employed in packing 
cavities. 

WidaPs Reaction. The addition of a few 
drops of a culture of Bacillus typhi abdom- 
inalis (Eberth) to the serum of a typhoid- 
fever patient causes an agglutination and loss 
of movement of the bacilli. 

Wilde's Cords. The transverse fibers of the 
callosum. W.'s Incision. See Operation, 
Wilde's. W.'s Luminous Triangle. See 
Politzer's Luminous Cone. 

Wildermuth's Ear. A congenital deformity 
of the ear consisting in a prominence of 
the anthelix, the helix being turned down- 
ward. 

Wilkinson's Disease. Paralysis agitans. 

Wilks' Disease. Chronic parenchymatous 
nephritis. W.'s Kidney, the large white 
kidney. W.'s Symptom-complex. SeeErb's 
Disease. 

Willan's Leprosy. Psoriasis. W.'s Lupus, 
lupus vulgaris. 

Willard's Disease. See Lupus vulgaris. 

Williams' Sign. Diminished inspiratory ex- 
pansion on the left side in adherent peri- 
cardium. W.'s Tracheal Sound, the pecu- 
liar resonance sometimes found in the second 
intercostal space in cases of very large pleural 
effusion. It is a dull tympanitic resonance, 
becoming higher on opening the mouth, 
and arising from the vibrations of air in 
a large bronchus surrounded by compressed 
lung. 

Williamson's Blood-test for Diabetes. 
Place in a narrow test-tube 40 Cmm. of water 
and 20 Cmm. of blood; add 1 Cc. of an aqueous 
solution of methylene-blue (1:6000) and 40 
Cmm. of solution of potassium hydroxid. Place 
the tube in a water-pot, which is kept boiling. 
From the blood of a diabetic patient the blue 
color disappears in four minutes and becomes 
yellow. In blood that is not diabetic the blue 
color remains. 

Willis' Accessory Nerve. The spinal acces- 
sory nerve. W.'s Arteries, the anterior and 
posterior communicating arteries of the 
brain. W.'s Circle. See Circle 0} Willis. 
W.'s Cords. 1. Fibrous trabeculas stretch- 
ing across the lower angle of the superior lon- 
gitudinal sinus. 2. See Wilde's Cords. W.'s 
Disease, diabetes mellitus. W.'s Glands, 
the corpora albicantia. W.'s Ophthalmic 
Branch, the ophthalmic division of the fifth 
cranial nerve. W.'s Paracusis, increased 
hearing power in the presence of a loud 
noise. W.'s Valve. See Valve of Vieussens. 

Willow (wil'-o) [AS., welig]. Salix, a genus 
of trees of the order SalicacecE, the bark and 
leaves of which contain salicin. Salix alba 
and Salix nigra have been used in spermat- 
orrhea, neuralgia, and malaria. 

Wilson's Disease. General exfoliative der- 
matitis. W.'s Lichen, lichen planus. W.'s 
Muscle, a nonconstant fasciculus of the 
compressor urethrse which is attached to the 
body of the pubis, near the symphysis. 



Wilson-Brocq's Disease. See Wilson's Dis- 
ease. 

Winckel's Disease. An epidemic disease of 
children, characterized by cyanosis, jaundice, 
and hemoglobinuria. 

Windage (win' -da j). The compression of air 
said to be produced by the passage of a ball 
close to the body, and to give rise to an injury 
called wind-contusion. 

Windlass, Spanish. A form of tourniquet 
consisting of a handkerchief tied about a 
part and twisted by means of a stick. 

Window (win' -do). 1. An aperture in a wall 
for the admission of light and air. 2. A 
small aperture in a bone. See Fenestra. 

Windpipe {wind' -pip) . See Trachea. 

Wine {win) [L., vinum]. 1. The fermented 
juice of the grape. 2. A solution of a medici- 
nal substance in wine. Wines consist chiefly 
of water and alcohol, the latter varying from 
6 to 22 % (from 10 to 14 % in the official wines). 
In addition they contain volatile oil, enanthic 
ether, grape-sugar, traces of glycerol, coloring- 
matter, tannic, malic, phosphoric, carbonic, 
and acetic acids, potassium bitartrate, and 
calcium tartrate. Wine is used as a beverage 
in most civilized countries, and in medicine 
as a stimulant like alcohol. W., Red {vinum 
rubrum, U. S. P.), the fermented juice of 
fresh colored grapes. The most important 
varieties are claret, Bordeaux, and port. 
W., White {vinum album, U. S. P.), the 
fermented juice of grapes freed from seeds, 
stems, and skins. The most important va- 
rieties are sherry {vinum xericum), Madeira, 
Catawba, etc. 

Wineglass. A measure holding nearly two 
ounces. 

Wing. See Ala. 

Winkler's Test for Free HC1 in the Gastric 
Juice. Mix a few drops of the filtered gastric 
juice in a porcelain capsule with a few drops 
of a 5 % alcoholic solution of alphanaphthol 
to which 0.5 to 1 % of glucose has been added. 
On heating gently a bluish-violet zone appears, 
which darkens rapidly. 

Winslow's Foramen. See Foramen of Wins- 
low. W.'s Ligament, the ligamentum posti- 
cum winslowii, the posterior ligament of the 
knee-joint. W.'s Pancreas, the lesser pan- 
creas. W.'s Pouch, the gastrohepatic omen- 
tum. W.'s Stars, capillary whorls which 
form the beginning of the vorticose veins of 
the choroid. 

Wintergreen. See Gaultheria^ 

Winter-itch. See Pruntus hiemalis. 

Wintrich's Change of Pitch. The tympanitic 
sound of pneumothorax and of cavities com- 
municating freely with a bronchus becomes 
higher in pitch when the mouth is opened 
and lower when the mouth is closed. 

Wirsimg, Canal of {wer'-soong). The ex- 
cretory duct of the pancreas. 

Wisdom-tooth. The last molar tooth, which 
is the last of all the teeth to appear. 

Wistar's Pyramids. See Berlin, Bones of. 

Witch-hazel. See Hamamelis. 



WITZ'S TEST 



1035 



WRIST 



Witz's Test for HC1 in the Contents of the 
Stomach. An aqueous solution of methyl- 
violet (strength 0.025 %) * s ^ rst colored blue, 
then green, and finally decolorized by dilute 
inorganic acids. 

Woehler's Rings. See Meyer 's Rings. 

Woillez's Disease. Acute idiopathic con- 
gestion of the lungs. 

Wolff's Law. Every change in the static 
relations of a bone leads not only to a corre- 
sponding change of internal structure, but 
also to a change of external form and physio- 
logic function. 

Wolffian Body. The mesonephron, an organ 
of embryonic life situated on each side of the 
vertebral column and consisting of a series 
of convoluted tubes opening into a lateral duct, 
which is connected with the common cloaca 
of the alimentary and genitourinary tracts. 
It disappears toward the end of the second 
month, leaving as a vestige the parovarium. 
W. Cyst, a cyst of the broad ligament of the 
uterus, believed to be developed from vestiges 
of the wolffian body. W. Duct, the meso- 
nephric duct ; an embryonic duct of the meso- 
nephron formed by longitudinal fission of part 
of the segmental duct. In the male it becomes 
the vas deferens; in the female it almost 
entirely disappears. W. Tubules, small tubes 
joining the wolffian duct at right angles. 

Wolf -flaps. Whole skin-flaps without pedicles. 

Womb iwoom) [ME., woombe]. The uterus. 

Wood. The hard part of trees; the part within 
the bark. W. -alcohol, methyl-alcohol. W.- 
oil. See Gurjun Balsam. W. -sorrel, Oxalis 
acetosella, a low, tender pubescent herb of 
North America, Europe, Asia, and northern 
Africa. It contains potassium binoxalate, 
which is sometimes obtained from it and sold 
as salt of sorrel. It has refrigerant and anti- 
scorbutic qualities. W. -spirit, methyl-alcohol. 
W.-vinegar, vinegar obtained by the dry 
distillation of wood. 

Wooden Tongue. See Actinomycosis. 

Wool-fat. See Lanolin. 

Woolsorter's Disease. Anthrax. 

Woorara (woo-rar' '-ah) . See Curara. 

Word -blindness. See under Aphasia. 

Word -deafness. See Deafness, Psychic. 

Working Distance. In a microscope the 
distance between the object and the objective. 

Worm (wurm). A member of the class Ver- 
mes, of the division Invertebrata, especially 
one parasitic in man or animals. W., Blad- 
der-, the Tania echinococcus. See Tape- 
worm, Dog. W., Guinea-, W., Medina-, 
the Filaria medinensis. See under Filaria. 
W., Pin-, W ? , Seat-, W., Thread-. See 
Oxyuris. W., Whip-, the Trichocephalus 
dispar. 

Wormian Bone (wur'-me-an) [Olaus Worm, 
a Danish physician, 1 588-1 654]. Any one 
of the small supernumerary bones found in 
the sutures of the skull. 

Worm-Muiler's Test for Sugar. A mixture 
of a 1.5 to 2.5% solution of cupric sulfate 
and an alkaline solution of rochelle salt is 



added to the urine; on boiling, a yellowish 
precipitate of copper suboxid is formed. 

Wormseed (wurm'-sed). 1. See Chenopodium. 
2. See Santonica. 

Wormwood (wurm'-wud). See Absinthium. 

Worsted Test. See Holmgren's Test. 

Woulfe's Bottles. An apparatus consisting of 
a series of three necked bottles connected 
by suitable tubes and used for washing gases 
or saturating liquids therewith. 

Wound (woond or wownd) [AS., wund\ A solu- 
tion of continuity of an external or internal 
surface of the body. W., Contused, one 
produced by a blunt body. W., Incised, 
one caused by a cutting instrument. W., 
Lacerated, one in which the tissues are torn. 
W., Open, one having a free external opening. 
W., Penetrating, one that pierces the walls 
of a cavity or enters into an organ. W., 
Poisoned, one in which septic materials are 
introduced. W., Punctured, one made by 
a pointed instrument. W., Subcutaneous, 
one with a very small external opening in the 
skin. 

Wrightin {ri'-tiri), C 24 H 40 N 2 . An astringent 
and anthelmintic alkaloid from conessi bark, 
Wrightia zeylanica. 

Wrisberg's Ansa memorabilis. A loop 
formed by the right semilunar ganglion and 
the anastomosis of the right pneumogastric 
and great splanchnic nerves. W.'s Car- 
tilages. See Cartilages of Wrisberg. W.'s 
Ganglion. 1. A ganglion frequently found 
in the superficial cardiac plexus at the point 
of union of the lower cervical cardiac branch 
of the left pneumogastric with the upper 
cardiac nerve of the sympathetic of the left 
side. 2. Intumescentia semilunaris. See Gang- 
lion, Gasserian. W.'s Lingula, the filaments 
connecting the sensory and motor roots of 
the trigeminus. W.'s Nerve. 1. A small 
branch of the brachial plexus supplying the 
skin of the arm. See Cutaneous, Lesser In- 
ternal, under Nerve. 2. A small nerve aris- 
ing from the medulla oblongata and coursing 
between the facial and auditory nerves. W.'s 
Pars intermedia. See W.'s Nerve (2). 

Wrist (rist) [AS.]. The part joining the fore- 




Lower End of Radius and Ulna, with Triangular 

FlEROCARTILAGE. — (Wihon.) 

1. Radius. 2. Ulna. 3. Interarticular fibrocartilage. 4. 
Articular surface of radius. 5. Membrana sacci- 
formis. 

arm and the hand. See Carpus. W.-clo- 
nus. See Reflex, Wrist. W.-drop, a parah- 



WRITER'S CRAMP 



1036 



XANTHIN 



ysis of the extensor muscles of the wrist Wundt's Tetanus. A prolonged tetanic con- 



and fingers causing a dropping of the hand. 
' W. -joint, the articulation between the fore- 
arm and the hand. 
Writer's Cramp. An occupation -neurosis oc- 
curring in those who write a great deal, 
and characterized by painful spasm of the 
fingers when an effort at writing is made. 



traction induced in a frog's muscle by injury 
or the passage of a strong current. 

Wurali (wu-ra'-le). Same as Curara. 

Wurster's Test for Hydrogen Dioxid. Paper 
saturated with a solution of tetramethylpara- 
phenylendiamin turns blue-violet with hydro- 
gen dioxid. W.'s Test for Tyrosin. i. 




Sections Showing the Disposition of the Chief Syno- 
vial Membranes of the Wrist-joint. — {Wilson.) 
(The reflection of the membranes over the articular 
cartilages is erroneous. It should cover only the 
ligamentous structures.) 

I. Sacciform membrane. II. Second synovial membrane. 
III. Third or large synovial membrane. IV. Syno- 
vial membrane between the trapezium and metacar- 
pal bone of thumb. That of the pisiform bone is not 
visible in this view. V. Synovial membrane between 
unciform and two inner metacarpals, i. Radius. 2. 
Ulna. 3. Internal lateral ligament. 4. External 
lateral ligament. 5. Cuneiform bone. 6. Semilunar. 
7. Scaphoid. 8. Unciform. 9. Os magnum. 10. 
Trapezoid. 11. Trapezium. 12. Interarticular fibro- 
cartilage. 13. Metacarpal bone of thumb. 14. 
Metacarpal bone of little finger. *. Interosseous 
metacarpal ligaments. Interosseous ligaments are also 
seen connecting the bones of each row of the carpus. 

Writing Hand. A peculiar position assumed 
by the hand in paralysis agitans. 

Wry-neck (ri'-nek). See Torticollis. 

Wunderlich's Law. The ascending oscilla- 
tions of the temperature-curve in typhoid fever. 




Ligaments of the Anterior Aspect of the Wrist 
and Hand. — (Sappey.) 

Radius. 2. Interosseous membrane. 3. Articulation 
between the lower end of ulna and triangular fibro- 
cartilage opened. 4. Space for anterior interosseous 
artery. 5. External lateral ligament of wrist. 6. 
Lower end of ulna. 7. Anterior ligament of wrist. 
8. Internal lateral ligament of wrist. 9. Tubercle of 
scaphoid. 10. Pisiform bone. n. Trapezium. 12. 
Hook of unciform. 13. Articulation between trape- 
zium and first metacarpal. 14. Anterior ligament of 
carpus. 16. Ligaments uniting metacarpals with one 
another and with carpus. 



Treat a boiling aqueous solution of tyrosin 
drop by drop with a 1 % acetic acid and a 
sodium nitrite solution. A red coloration 
results. 2. Add some dry quinon to a hot 
aqueous solution of tyrosin. A deep ruby-red 
coloration results, lasting for 24 hours, and 
then changing to brown. 
Wyman's Strap. An arrangement of straps 
for holding a violently insane person in bed. 



X 



Xanthalin (zan'-thal-in) [ZavOoc, yellow], C 37 H 36 - 
N 2 3 . An alkaloid from opium; a white, 
crystalline substance forming yellow salts. 

Xanthelasma (zan-thel-az' -mah) . See Xan- 
thoma. 

Xanthematin (zan-them'-at-in) [£av06c, yellow; 
hematin]. A bitter yellow substance obtained 
by dissolving hematin in dilute nitric acid. 



Xanthic (zan'-thik) \xanthin~\. 1. Yellow. 2. 
Pertaining to xanthin. 

Xanthin (zan'-thin) [savdoc, yellow], C 5 H 4 N 4 2 . 
A leukomain found in nearly all the tissues 
and liquids of the animal economy, and also 
in many plants; it occurs in minute quantities 
in urine, also in guano. It is formed in 
the decomposition of nuclein by dilute acids. 



XANTHINURIA 



1037 



XEROPHTHALMIA 



It is a colorless powder, almost insoluble in 
cold water, but readily soluble in dilute acids 
and alkalis, and acts as a muscle-stimulant, 
especially to the heart. See Hoppe-Seyler 
and Weidel. 

Xanthinuria {zan - thin - u'- re - ah) [xanthin; 
urine]. The presence of xanthin in excess 
in the urine. 

Xantho- {zan-tho-) [^avOog, yellow]. A prefix 
meaning yellow. 

Xanthochromia {zan-tho-kro' -me-ah) [xantho-; 
%p<Jopia,a, color], i. A yellowish discoloration 
of the skin. 2. The yellow hemorrhagic dis- 
coloration of the cerebrospinal fluid, diagnos- 
tic of hemorrhage of the spinal cord. 

Xanthocreatinin {zan-tho-kre-af -in-in) [xan- 
tho-; creatinine C 5 H 10 N 4 O. A leukomain 
found in muscle, crystallizing in yellow crystals 
and resembling creatinin. It produces de- 
pression, somnolence, fatigue, frequent defe- 
cation, and vomiting. 

Xanthocroous {zan-tho-kro' -us) [xantho-; xpoa, 
skin]. Yellow-skinned. 

Xanthocyanopia, Xanthocyanopsia {zan-tho- 
si-an-o'-pe-ah, zan-tho-si-an-op' -se-ah) [xan- 
tho-; nuavog, blue; cxpcc, sight]. A defect of 
color-vision in which yellow and blue are 
perceived, while red is imperceptible. 

Xanthocyte {zan'-tho-slt) [xantho-; kutoc, a 
cell]. A cell secreting a yellow pigment. 

Xanthoderma, Xanthodermia {zan-tho-der'- 
mah, zan-tho -der' -me-ah) [xantho-; okpfia, 
skin]. A yellow discoloration of the skin. 

Xanthodontous {zan-tho-don' -tus) [xantho-; 
odouc, tooth]. Having yellow teeth. ' 

Xanthoma {zan-tho' -mah) [xantho-; opta, tu- 
mor]. Xanthelasma; a newgrowth of the 
skin occurring as flat or slightly, raised patches 
or nodules from a pin-head to a bean in 
size, and of a yellowish color. The flat 
lesions {xanthoma planum) usually occur 
about the eyelids; the elevated or tubercular 
variety {xanthoma tuberculatum; xanthoma 
tuberosum) on the neck, trunk, and extremities. 
Histologically the lesions consist of connective 
tissue undergoing a partial fatty degeneration. 
X. diabeticorum, a rare disease of the skin 
associated with diabetes mellitus, the lesions 
of which are denser and firmer than those of 
true xanthoma, and are dull red, discrete, 
and solid, with a yellowish point at the 
apex. 

Xanthopathy {zan-tho p'-ath-e). See Xantho- 
derma. 

Xanthophane {zan' -tho-fan) [xantho-; cjiahecv, 
to show]. A yellow pigment found in the 
retinal cones. 

Xanthoproteic {zan-tho -pr 0' -te-ik) [xanthopro- 
tein]. Derived from or related to xantho- 
proteic X. Reaction, the deep-orange color 
obtained by the addition of ammonia to 
proteids that have been heated with strong 
nitric acid. 

Xanthoprotein (zan-tho-pro'-te-in) [xantho-; 
protein]. A yellowish substance formed from 
proteids by the action of nitric acid. 

Xanthopsia {zan-tho p' -se-ah) [xantho-; o(/>cc, 



vision]. Yellow vision; the condition in which 
objects look yellow. 

Xanthosis {zan-tho' -sis) [£avdbc, yellow]. The 
yellow pigmentation sometimes observed, in 
carcinoma. 

Xanthoxylum {zan-thoks' -il-um) [xantho-; £u\ov, 
wood]. Prickly ash, a genus of trees of the 
order Rutacea. The dried bark of X. 
americanum or of Fagara clava-herculis yields 
the xanthoxylum of the U. S. P.; it contains 
a crystalline principle, xanthoxylin, and is 
irritant, stimulant, and slightly diaphoretic. 
It is used in chronic rheumatism and as an 
emmenagog. Dose 10 gr.— | dr. (0.65-2.0 

. Gm.). X., Fluidextract of {fiuidextt -actum 
xanthoxyli, U. S. P.). Dose |-i dr. (2-4 Cc). 

Xeno- {zen-o-) [Hvoc, strange]. A prefix 
meaning strange. 

Xenogenesis {zen-o- jen' -es-is) . See Hetero- 
genesis. 

Xenomenia {zen-o-me' -ne-ah) [xeno-; firjvca'ca, 
menses]. Vicarious menstruation. 

Xenophthalmia {zen-o} -thai' -me-ah) [xeno-; 
6(ji6aXp.6c, eye]. Conjunctivitis due to injury. 

Xenosite {zen'-o-sit) [xeno-; o'crof, food].- A 
parasite in an intermediate condition, organ, 
or host. 

Xeransis {zer-an'-sis) [$r)pavocc, a drying up]. 
The drying up or desiccation of a part or of a 
^drug._ 

Xerantic {zer-an'-tik) [see Xeransis]. Having 
desiccative properties; drying. 

Xerasia {zer-a'-ze-ah) [Zypoc, dry]. A disease of 
the hair marked by cessation of growth and 
excessive dryness. 

Xero- {zer-o-) [Zypoe, dry]. A prefix meaning 
dry. 

Xerocollyrium {zer-o-kol-ir'-e-um) [xero-; 
KoXXobpcov, collyrium]. A dry collyrium; 
an eye-salve. 

Xeroderma, Xerodermia {zer-o-der'-mah, zer-o- 
der' -me-ah) [xero-; dipfxa, skin]. 1. An abnor- 
mal dryness of the skin. 2. A disease charac- 
terized by dryness and harshness of the skin, 
discoloration, and a fine scaly desquamation; 
by some it is considered a mild form of ichthy- 
osis. X. pigmentosum, a rare disease of 
the skin usually beginning in childhood, 
and characterized by disseminated pigment- 
spots, telangiectasis, atrophy of muscles, and 
contraction of the skin, generally followed by 
the development of ulcers, and ending in 
death. Syn., Angioma pigmentosum atro- 
phicum; Atrophoderma pigmejitosum; Kaposi 's 
disease; Melanosis lenticularis progressiva. 

Xeroform {zer' -o-form) . Tribromphenol-bis- 
muth: an odorless, neutral powder containing 
49.5% of bismuth oxid and 50% of tribrom- 
phenol. It is an internal antiseptic, and is 
recommended as a specific against Asiatic 
cholera. Dose 7^ gr. (0.5 Gm.). 

Xeroma {zer-o' -mah). See Xerophthalmia. 

Xerophthalmia {zer-o f -thai' -me-ah) [xero-; 
6<f)daXfj.6c, eye]. A dry and thickened condi- 
tion of the conjunctiva, sometimes following 
chronic conjunctivitis or disease of the lacri- 
mal apparatus. 



XEROSIS 



1038 



YOHIMBIN 



Xerosis (zer-o'-sis) [zrjpbg, dry]. A state of 
dryness, especially of the skin (see Xeroderma) 
or of the conjunctiva (see Xerophthalmia). 
X. epithelialis, X. infantilis, X. triangu- 
laris, xerophthalmia marked by a lusterless, 
grayish-white, foamy, greasy, very persistent 
deposit on the conjunctiva. 

Xerostomia (zer-o-sto'-me-ah) [xero-; ozo/Jta, 
mouth]. Dry mouth, a peculiar condition 
characterized by suppression of the secretion 
of the salivary and buccal glands. 

Xerotes (zer-o'-tez) [syporrjc, dryness]. Dry- 
ness; a dry habit of the body. 

Xerotic (zer-ot'-ik). Characterized by xerosis; 
dry. 

Xerotripsis {zer-o-trip'-sis) [xero-; rpcfiecv, to 
rub]. Dry friction. 

Xiphi-, Xipho- {zif-i-, zif-o-) [£i<f>oc, sword]. 
Prefixes signifying relating to the xiphoid 
cartilage. 

Xiphicostal. See Xiphocostal. 

Xiphisternum(zi/-w-ter'-wMm) [xiphi-; sternum]. 
The xiphoid cartilage. 

Xiphocostal (zif-o-kos'-tal) [xipho-; costa, a rib]. 
Pertaining to the xiphoid cartilage and to the 
ribs. 

Xiphodymus (zif-od f -im-us) [xipho-; deduce, 
double]. A double monster with united 
pelvic and thoracic cavities, two legs, and 
occasionally with a rudimentary third leg. 

Xiphodynia (zif-o-din'-e-ah) [xipho-; oduvt], 
pain]. Pain in the ensiform cartilage. 

Xiphoid {zi}'-oid) [z'c<}>oc, sword; eldoc, like]. 
Sword-shaped; ensiform. X. Appendix, X. 



nayoc, 
by the 

Skiag- 



Cartilage, X. Process, the third piece, or 
ensiform process, of the sternum; it becomes 
osseous in mature age. 

Xiphopagus {zif-op'-ag-us) [xipho-; 
fixed]. A double monster united 
xiphoid cartilages. 

X-ray Photography. Synonym of 
raphy. 

X-rays. See Rays, Roentgen-. 

Xylene {zi'-len). See Xylol. 

Xylenin, Xylenobacillin {zi'-len-in, zi-len-o- 
bas' -il-in) . See Zylenin. 

Xylo- (zi-lo-) [%u\ov, wood]. A prefix meaning 
pertaining to or derived from wood. 

Xylochloral (zi-lo-klo' '-rat) . A crystalline com- 
pound of xylose and chloral, prepared by 
heating with hydrochloric acid; used as a hyp- 
notic. 

Xyloidin {zi-loi' -din) [xylo-; eldof, like], 
C 6 H 9 N0 7 . A white, inflammable substance 
obtained by the action of nitric acid upon 
starch or various forms of woody fiber. 

Xylol {zi'-lol) [xylo-; oleum, oil], C 8 H J0 . 
Dimethylbenzene, a volatile hydrocarbon 
used in microscopy as a clearing-agent and 
as a solvent for Canada balsam. 

Xylose (zi'-loz) [£uXov, wood], C 5 H 10 O 5 . A 
glucose obtained by boiling wood gum (beech- 
wood, jute, etc.) with dilute acids. 

Xysma (ziz'-mah) [^uojia, scrapings]. The 
flocculent pseudomembrane sometimes seen 
in the stools in diarrhea. 

Xyster {zis'-ter) [^uarvp, a rasp]. A surgeon's 
rasp or scraping instrument. 



Y. The symbol of yttrium. 

Y-ligament. The iliofemoral ligament. 

Yard. A measure used in the United States 
and in England, equal to three feet. 

Yarrow {ya'-ro). See Achillea. 

Yawning (yaw'-ning) [AS., ganian, to yawn]. 
An involuntary stretching of the muscles 
accompanied by a deep inspiration, occur- 
ring during the drowsy state preceding 
the onset of sleep. 

Yaws {yawz). See Frambesia. 

Yeast (yest) [AS., gist]. The name applied to 
various species of Saccharomyces. Yeast 
acts as a ferment, producing the alcoholic 
fermentation. Y., Beer-, Y., Brewer's, 
the cerevisia fermentum of the B. P., produced 
by Saccharomyces cerevisice. It is used 
as a stimulant and locally as a poultice and 
deodorant to gangrenous ulcers. Y. -poul- 
tice {cataplasma fermenti, B. P.), a poultice 
containing yeast. 

Yellow (yel'-o) [AS., geolo]. Of a color like 
that of gold ; producing such a color. 
Y. Fever, an acute infectious disease of 
tropical and subtropical regions of Amer- 
ica, and due to a specific organism dissemin- 



ated by the Stegomyia fasciata. After a period 
of incubation varying from a few hours to 
several days the disease begins with a chill 
and pain in the head, back, and limbs. The 
temperature rises rapidly to from 103 to 
105 F., vomiting occurs, the bowels are 
constipated, the urine scanty and albuminous. 
A remission follows, after which, in severe cases, 
the temperature rises to its original height, 
jaundice develops, and the vomited ma- 
terial becomes dark from the presence 
of blood {black vomit). Hemorrhages may 
occur from the intestinal mucous membrane. 
The disease is very fatal, death occurring in 
the typhoid state or from uremia. Y. Pre- 
cipitate, yellow oxid of mercury. Y.-root. 
See Hydrastis. Y. Spot, the macula lutea. 
Y. Wash. See Wash, Yellow. 

Yerba Santa (yar'-bah san'-tah). See Erio- 
dictyon. 

Yohimbe Bark. The bark of Corynan- 
the yohimbe, a tree of the Cameroon re- 
gion. 

Yohimbin (yo -him' -bin). A mixture of alkaloids 
from the bark of Corynanthe yohimbe, used 
as an aphrodisiac. Dose^-^ gr. (0.0032- 



YOLK 



1039 



ZESTOCAUSIS 



o.oi Gm.) 3 times daily and as a local anes- 
thetic in i % solution. 

Yolk [AS., geolca]. i. The nutritive part 
of an ovum, consisting chiefly of yolk- 
cells or yolk-granules. 2. The yellow portion 
of the egg of birds. Y. -cells, Y. -granules. 
See Sphere, Vitelline. Y.-sac, the umbilical 
vesicle, the sac containing the food of the 
embryo. 

Young's Rule. A rule of dosage in children. 
The dose is obtained by adding 12 to the 
age and dividing the result by the age, and 
making the quotient the denominator of 
a fraction the numerator of which is 1. The 
fraction represents the proportion of the 
adult dose to be given to the child. 

Young-Helmholtz Theory of Color-vision. 
Color-vision depends upon the presence in 
the retina of three different sets of fibers, 



which respond to stimulation by a sensation of 
red, green, or violet respectively. All other 
colors are simply combinations of the three 
primary colors. The excitation of any one set 
is a matter of wave-length. The longest 
waves excite the red, the shortest the violet, 
and those of intermediate length the green 
fibers. 

Yttrium (it'-re-um) [Ytterby, in Sweden]. A 
rare metallic element. Symbol, Y. See 
Elements, Table of C hemic. 

Yucca {yuk'-ah) [Am. Ind.]. A genus of 
liliaceous plants. Y. filamentosa, Adam's 
needle, of the southern United States, is 
diuretic; its tincture is employed in ure- 
thritis. 

Yvon's Coefficient. The ratio existing be- 
tween the amount of urea and the phosphates 
in the urine, represented by ^. 



Zaglas' Ligament. The portion of the pos- 
terior sacroiliac ligament that extends from 
the posterior superior spinous process of 
the ilium downward to the side of the sacrum. 

Zahn's Ribs. The whitish, transverse mark- 
ings often formed on the surface of a thrombus 
by the extremities of the columns of blood- 
platelets and leukocytes. 

Zakavaska. The name given in Russia to 
the grains used as a ferment to produce 
kephir or kumiss. 

(von) Zaleski's Hepatin. See Ferratin, 
Schmiedeberg's. Z.'s Test for CO in the 
Blood, add to 2 Cc. of the blood to be tested 
an equal volume of water and 3 drops of a one- 
third saturated copper sulfate solution. In 
the presence of carbon monoxid a brick-red 
precipitate is obtained, while normal blood 
gives a greenish-brown precipitate. 

Zanaloin {za-naV -o-in) [Zanzibar; aloin]. The 
aloin derived from Zanzibar aloes. 

Zang's Space. The space between the two 
tendons of origin of the sternomastoid in the 
supraclavicular fossa. 

Zanzolin (zan'-zo-lin). A proprietary mix- 
ture of pyrethrum flowers, Chrysanthemum 
corono pi folium, and valerian root, Valeriana 
officinalis, used to combat mosquitos. 

Zea {ze'-ah) [C,ka, sl sort of grain]. A genus of 
grasses. The fresh styles and stigmas of Z. 
mays, maize, Indian corn, constitute the zea 
of the U. S. P. It has been used as a diuretic 
in cystitis, gonorrhea, and cardiac dropsy. 

Zean {ze'-ait) [zea]. A highly concentrated 
extract of corn-silk; a diuretic and urinary 
antiseptic. 

Zedoary {zed'-o-a-re). The rhizome of several 
species of Curcuma. It resembles ginger, but 
is less agreeable and is seldom used in medicine. 

Zeismus {ze-iz'-mus) [zea]. Pellagra. 



Zeiss' Glands. See Zeissian Glands. 

Zeissian Glands. The sebaceous glands of 
the eyelashes. Z. Sty, hordeolum externum; 
a sty produced by suppuration of one of 
the zeissian glands. 

Zeller's Test for Melanin in Urine. Treat 
the urine with bromin water, and in the 
presence of melanin a yellow precipitate is 
formed which gradually changes to black. 

Zellner's Test-paper. Prepare by applying 
the coloring-matter employed as indicator, 
say fluorescein in solution, upon an under- 
ground, for which a neutral black coloring- 
matter is used. The fluorescein shows the 
minutest traces of alkali by a greenish 
color. 

Zernatone {zem' -at-on) . A proprietary remedy 
for asthma said to consist of extractives of 
Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger, each, 
8 parts; Grindelia robusta, 15 parts; Solanum 
nigrum, 4 parts; Atropa belladonna, 6 parts; 
white agaric, 5 parts; poppy capsules, 5 parts; 
and potassium nitrate, 22 parts. 

Zenker's Crystals. See Crystals, Charcot's. 
Z.'s Degeneration, Z.'s Disease of Mus- 
cles, waxy or hyaline degeneration of mus- 
cles occurring in acute infectious diseases, 
especially in typhoid fever. Z.'s Paralysis, 
paresis and disturbance of sensation in the 
lower extremities, the external popliteal nerve 
being most involved; it is caused by frequent 
and prolonged kneeling or squatting. 

Zeoscope {ze'-o-skop) [C_kcv, to boil; gkotzbcv, 
to view]. An apparatus for determining the 
alcoholic strength of a liquid by means of its 
boiling-point. 

Zero {ze'-rd). 1. Any character denoting ab- 
sence of quantity. 2. The point from which 
thermometers are graded. 

Zestocausis {zes-to-kaw' -sis) [£eor6c, boiling; 



ZESTOCAUTERY 



1040 



ZINC 



mkcv, to burn]. Cauterization with an 
instrument heated by steam; atmocausis. 

Zestocautery {zes-to-kaw'-ter-e). A double- 
channeled intrauterine catheter, the outer 
unfenestrated tube of which is heated by 
steam and acts as a cautery. 

ZiehPs Solution. A fluid employed to stain 
lepra and tubercle bacilli. It consists of a 
5 % aqueous solution of phenol, with one- 
tenth its volume of a saturated alcoholic 
solution of fuchsin. Heat the specimen in 
this for three minutes, and the entire specimen 
will be stained red. Decolorize with 20 or 
30% of nitric acid, and the tubercle bacilli 
alone will retain the stain. 

Ziemssen's Motor Points. Points of election 
in electrization of muscles; they correspond 
to the places of entrance of the motor nerves 
into the muscles. 

Zimmerlin's Type of Progressive Muscular 
Atrophy. The scapulohumeral type, dis- 
tinguished from Erb's type by the absence 
of secondary lipomatosis. 

Zimmermann's Granules. See Bizzozero's 
Blood-platelets. 

Zinc. A bluish-white metal (zincum, U. S. 
P.) having a specific gravity of 7.12, an 
atomic weight of 64.9, and a valence of 2. 
Symbol, Zn. In nature it occurs in two 
principal forms, as a sulfid, called blende, and 
as a carbonate and silicate, termed calamin. 
When melted and poured into water it be- 
comes granular {zincum granulatum, B. P.). 
Zinc is used to prepare zinc sulfate and zinc 
chlorid, and for generating hydrogen. The 
compounds of zinc are poisonous, and the 
slow ingestion of it produces a chronic intoxi- 
cation resembling, but less severe than, that 
produced by lead. Z. Acetate {zinci acetas, 
U. S. P., B. P.), Zn(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 .2H 2 0, is used 
locally in ophthalmia and gonorrhea in solu- 
tions of from 1-2 gr. to the oz. (0.065-0.13 Gm. 
to 30 Cc.) of water. Z. Bromid (zinci bromi- 
durn, U. S. P.), ZnBr 2 , has been used in epilepsy. 
Dose 1-2 gr. (0.065-0.13 Gm.). Z. Car- 
bolate, a white, antiseptic powder, slightly 
soluble in water or alcohol; used as a surgical 
dusting-powder.. Z. Carbonate, Precipi- 
tated (zinci carbonas prcecipitatus, U. S. P.; 
zinci carbonas, B. P.), (ZnC0 3 ) 2 .3Zn(HO) 2 , 
is used generally in the form of prepared 
calamin, as a dusting-powder on excoriated 
surfaces, or in the form of a cerate. Z. Chlo- 
rid (zinci chloridum, U. S. P., B. P.), ZnCl 2 , 
is used chiefly as an escharotic in carcinoma 
and spreading ulcers, as an injection in 
gonorrhea, and as an astringent in conjunc- 
tivitis. It is also employed as a disinfectant 
and for preserving anatomic preparations. Z. 
Chlorid, Solution of (liquor zinci chloridi, U. S. 
P., B. P.), used as disinfectant and preserva- 
tive. Burnett's disinfecting fluid is a solution 
of zinc chlorid. Z. Cyanid, Zn(CN) 2 , has been 
used in chorea, epilepsy, neuralgia, gastralgia, 
and uterine colic. Dose ^-1 gr. (0.016- 
0.065 Gm.). Z. Ferrocyanid, Zn 2 Fe(CN) 6 + 
3H 2 0, is used like zinc cyanid. Dose 1-4 gr. 



(0.065-0.26 Gm.). Z., Flowers of, zinc 
oxid. Z. Formate, Zn(CH0 2 ) 2 + 2H 2 0, pris- 
matic crystals, soluble in 24 parts of water; 
used in gonorrhea. Z. Hypophosphite, 

Zn(PH 2 2 ) 2 4-H 2 0, used as an antiseptic, 
antispasmodic, and astringent. Dose \-t.\ 
gr. (0.032-0.1 Gm.). Z. Iodid (zinci iodidum, 
U. S. P.), Znl 2 , has been used in chorea, 
scrofula, and hysteria, and locally as an astrin- 
gent, like the chlorid. Dose \-2 gr. (0.032- 
0.13 Gm.). Z. Lactate, Zn(C 3 H 5 2 ) 2 .3H 2 0, 
has been used in epilepsy. Dose 2-10 gr. 
(0.13-0.65 Gm.). Z. Nitrate, Zn(N0 3 ) 2 + 
6H 2 ; used externally in 50 % paste with flour 
and water as an escharotic in cancerous 
affections. Z. Oxid (zinci oxidum, U. S. P., 
B. P.), ZnO, is an amorphous white powder, 
and is used internally in chorea, epilepsy, 
whooping-cough, and gastrointestinal catarrh; 
locally, as a desiccant to excoriated surfaces, 
in the form of powder or ointment. Dose 
2-8 gr. (0.13-0.52 Gm.). Z. Oxid, Oint- 
ment of (unguentum zinci oxidi, U. S. P.; 
unguentum zinci, B. P.), an ointment composed 
of zinc oxid and benzoinated lard. Z. Per- 
manganate, Zn(Mn0 4 ) 2 + 6H 2 0. used in 
aqueous solution (1 : 4000) as injection in gonor- 
rhea and in 1 : 1000 or 2 : 1000 solution as eye- 
lotion. It is incompatible with all combusti- 
ble or easily oxidizable substances. Z. Phenol- 
sulfonate (zinci phenolsulphonas, U. S. P.), 
ZnfC 6 H 5 4 S) 2 + 8H 2 0, used as an antiseptic 
and astringent. Dose 2 gr. (0.13 Gm.). Z. 
Phosphid, Zn 3 P 2 , used in medicine as a sub- 
stitute for phosphorus. Dose ^ gr. (0.003 
Gm.). Z. Phosphite, 2ZnHP0 3 +5H 2 0; an 
antiseptic and tonic. Z. Picrate, Z. Picro- 
nitrate, Zn(C 6 H 2 (N0 2 ) 3 0) 2 +H 2 0, used as an 
antiseptic. Z. Salicylate, (C 7 H 5 3 ) 2 Zn+H 2 0; 
recommended as an antiseptic dusting-powder 
and wash in various skin diseases. Z. Sozo- 
iodol, Z. Sozoiodolate, (C 6 H 2 I 2 (OH)S0 3 ) 2 - 
Zn+ 6H 2 0, used in 2 % aqueous solution in gon- 
orrhea and in nasal catarrh in 10 to 15 % 
dusting-powder. Z. Stearate (zinci stearas, 
U. S. P.), a very fine white powder, tasteless, 
and having a slight odor, resembling that of 
fat. Z. Subgallate, a compound of zinc oxid, 
44%, and gallic acid, 56%; it is used as an 
intestinal antiseptic. Dose ^-4 gr. (0.03-0.26 
Gm.), and externally on wounds, in gonorrhea, 
etc. Z. Sulfate (zinci sulphas, U. S. P., B. P.), 
ZnS0 4 +7H 2 0, white vitriol, is tonic, astrin- 
gent, and emetic. It is used in gastric catarrh, 
as an emetic, and locally in ophthalmia, 
gonorrhea, leukorrhea, and as a caustic in 
ulcers, condylomas, etc. In overdoses it is 
a gastrointestinal irritant. Dose \-\ gr. 
(0.016-0.032 Gm.); as an emetic, 10-30 gr. 
(0.65-2.0 Gm.). Z. Sulfhydrate, Zn(SH) 2 , 
a white precipitate, which decomposes on 
becoming dry. Recommended externally and 
internally in the treatment of chronic eczema, 
psoriasis, and bacterial dermatoses. Inter- 
nally the dose is \-2 gr. (0.03-0.13 Gm.); 
externally in ointment (10%), combined with 
lanolin and lard (2:3). Z. Sulfite, ZnS- 



ZINGIBER 



1041 



ZONE 



3 +2H 2 0, used as an antiseptic in skin dis- 
eases. Z. Sulfocarbolate. See Z. Phenol- 
suljonate. Z. Sulfoichthyolate, a brown, 
tarry mass used externally as an antiseptic. 
Z. Sulfophenate. See Z. Phenolstdfonate. 
Z. Tannate, Zn 3 (C 27 H 19 17 ) 2 , a gray astrin- 
gent powder used in diarrhea. Dose i-|- 3-4 1 
gr. (0.1-0.2-0.3 Gm.) and externally in gonor- 
rhea. Z. Valerate (zinci valeras, U. S. P., 
B. P.), Zn(C 5 H 9 2 ) 2 .2H 2 0, is used in neuralgia, 
epilepsy, hysteria, and diabetes insipidus. 
Dose 1-2 gr. (0.065-0.13 Gm.). Z. -white, 
zinc oxid. 

Zingiber (zin f -jib-er) [^cyj'c^epcc, ginger]. Gin- 
ger, a genus of plants of the Zingiber acea. 
The rhizome of Z. officinale is the zingiber 
of the U. S. P.; it contains a volatile oil, and 
is used as a stimulant and carminative in 
dyspepsia, flatulence, and intestinal atony; 
externally it is rubefacient. Dose 10-20 gr. 
(0.65-1.3 Gm.). Zingiberis, Fluidextractum 
(U. S. P.), fmidextract of ginger. Dose 10-20 
min. (0.65-1.3 Cc). Zingiberis, Oleoresina 
(U. S. P.), oleoresin of ginger. Dose 1 min. 
(0.065 Cc). Zingiberis, Syrupus (U. S. P., 
B. P.), syrup of ginger. Dose 1 dr. (4 Cc). 
Zingiberis, Tinctura (U. S. P., B. P.), 
tincture of ginger. Dose l-i dr. (2-4 Cc). 
Ginger also enters into the composition of 
pulvis aromaticus (U. S. P.), pulvis cinna- 
momi compositus (B. P.), and pulvis rhei 
compositus (U. S. P., B. P.). 

Zingiberin (zin-jib'-er-in). The oleoresin of 
ginger. 

Zinn's Artery. The central artery of the 
retina. Z.'s Circle, the plexus formed by 
small branches of the ciliary arteries within 
the fibrous layer of the sclera at the entrance 
of the optic nerve. Z.'s Ligament. See 
Z.'s Ring. Z.'s Membrane, the anterior 
layer of the iris. Z.'s Ring, Z.'s Tendon, 
the circular fibrous sheath formed by the 
common tendon of the internal, external, and 
inferior rectus muscles. Z.'s Zonula, Z.'s 
Zonule, the suspensory ligament of the crys- 
talline lens. It is a thin, transparent mem- 
brane covering the ciliary processes and ex- 
tending to the anterior capsule. A portion 
lies above the processes in folds, that covering 
the processes being smooth. Syn., Zonula 
ciliaris. 

Zinol {zin'-oT). A mixture of zinc acetate 
and aluminol; used in solution in gonorrhea. 

Zionist {zi r -on-ist) . A follower of the faith- 
healer, Dowie. 

Zittmann's Decoction. A drink used in 
old, obstinate cases of syphilis. It consists of 
sarsaparilla, 12^ oz.; water, 325 troy oz.; alum 
and sugar, each, 6 dr. ; anise and fennel, each, 
4 dr.; senna, 3 oz. ; licorice root, 1^ oz. 

Zn. The symbol for zinc. 

Zoanthropy {zo-an' -thro-pe) [£<pov, animal; 
avdpumoc, a man]. A form of insanity in 
which the person imagines himself trans- 
formed into or inhabited by an animal. 

Zoellner. See Zdllner. 

Zoescope (zo f -es-kop). See Stroboscope. 
67 



Zoetrope {zo'-e-trop) [^ojt], life; xpoTietv, to turn]. 
A stroboscope. 

Zollner's Lines. A device to illustrate false 
estimates of direction or parallelism by 
intersecting lines crossing parallel lines at 
a certain angle. 

Zomol (zo'-mol) [£ojpi6f, meat-juice]. The plas- 
ma of. raw beef. Evaporated to dryness it 
is used as a concentrated food. Dose 150 gr. 
(10 Gm.) daily. 

Zomotherapy {zo-mo-ther' -ap-e) [^ojfxoc, meat- 
juice; depaneca, therapy]. Treatment of 
tuberculosis by means of a raw meat diet; 
the meat, finely hashed or scraped, is given in 
daily doses of 6 oz. (200 Gm.) with soup, etc. 

Zona (zo'-nah) [L.]. 1. A belt or girdle. 
2. See Herpes zoster. Z. arcuata, the 
inner zone of the basilar membrane, ex- 
tending from the lower edge of the spiral 
groove of the cochlea to the external edge 
of the base of the outer rods of Corti. Z. 
cartilaginea, the limbus of the spiral lam- 
ina. Z. ciliaris, the ciliary processes col- 
lectively. Z. denticulata, the inner zone 
of the basilar membrane, together with 
the limbus of the spiral lamina. Z. fas- 
ciculata, the central portion of the cortex 
of the suprarenal capsule, composed of 
tube-like transverse bands. Z. glomer- 
ulosa, a part of the cortical portion of the 
suprarenal capsule, having a net-like ap- 
pearance on section, situated near the sur- 
face of the organ. Z. ophthalmica, herpes 
zoster along the course of the ophthalmic 
division of the fifth nerve. Z. orbicu- 
laris, a thickening of the capsular ligament 
around the acetabulum. Z. pectinata, the 
outer portion of the basilar membrane, extend- 
ing from the rods of Corti to the spiral liga- 
ment. Z. pellucida, the thick, solid, elastic 
envelop of the ovum, corresponding to the cell- 
wall of a cell. Syn., Vitelline membrane. 
Z. tecta, the inner portion of the basilar 
membrane, bearing the organ of Corti. Z. 
terminalis. See Terma. 

Zonal (zo'-nal) [zona]. Pertaining to a girdle 
or to a band-like structure. 

Zonate (zo'-ndt) [zona]. Marked with con- 
centric bands. 

Zone (zon). See Zona. Z., Cornuradicular, 
the external part of Burdach's column, 
abutting on the middle third of the internal 
border of the posterior horn, and representing 
approximately the posterior root-zone. Z., 
Hypnogenous, an area or tract, pressure 
upon which induces sleep. Z., Hyster- 
ogenous, a region, as the ovarian or submam- 
mary region, where pressure in hysteric 
women calls forth a hysteric attack. Z., 
Neogenic, the subcapsular layer of the kidney, 
so called because it is the one in which the 
most active processes are going on. Z., Scler- 
otic, a condition occurring in iritis, marked 
by a ring of anastomoses of deep conjunctival 
vessels around the periphery of the cornea, 
which perforate the sclerotic and anastomose 
with those of the iris and choroid. 



ZONESTHESIA 



1042 



ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL 



Zonesthesia {zon-es-the' -ze-aK) . See Girdle- 
pain. 

Zonular {zon'-u-lar) [zonule]. Pertaining to or 
in the shape of a zone or band, as zonular 
cataract. 

Zonule {zon'-ul) [zonula, a little zone]. A 
small band. Z. of Zinn. See Zinn's Zonula. 

Zonulitis {zon-u-W -tis) . Inflammation of 
Zinn's zonule. 

Zoo- {zo-o-) [£tiov, an animal]. A prefix mean- 
ing animal or pertaining to an animal. 

Zooamylon {zo-o-am' -il-on) [zoo-; amylum, 
starch]. The ternary substance allied to 
starch and glycogen found in the cytoplasm 
of certain sporozoa. 

Zoobiology {zo-o-bi-oV '-o-je) [zoo-; biology']. 
Animal biology. 

Zoochemia, Zoochemistry {zo-o-ke'-me-ah, 
zo-o-kem' -is-tre) [zoo-; yrjfie'ca, chemistry]. 
The chemistry of animal life and tissues. 

Zoocyst {zo'-o-sist) [zoo-; kootcc", cell]. A 
variety of encysted rhizopods resembling a 
sporocyst, except in the thickness and num- 
ber of the protective layers. 

Zoocytium {zo-o-sif -e-um) [zoo-; kutoc, cavity]. 
The gelatinous matrix secreted by certain 
infusoria. 

Zoodermic {zo-o-der'-mik). Pertaining to or 
taken from the skin of some animal other than 
man; applied to a form of skin-grafting. 

Zoodynamics {zo-o-di-nam' -iks) [zoo-; duvapac, 
power]. Animal physiology. 

Zoogenesis {zo-o-jen' -es-is) [zoo-; yewdv, to 
beget]. The generation of animal forms. 

Zoogenous {zo-of -en-us) [see Zoogenesis]. De- 
veloped or derived from animals. 

Zooglea {zo-og'-le-ah) [zoo-; ylotbc, a sticky 
• substance]. A stage in the life-history of 
certain bacteria in which they lie embedded 
in a gelatinous matrix. 

Zoograft {zo' -o-graft) [zoo-; graft]. A graft of 
tissue derived from an animal. 

Zoografting {zo' -o-grajt-ing) [see Zoograft]. 
Grafting with tissue taken from the lower an- 
imals. 

Zooid {zo'-oid) [zoo-; eldoc, like], i. Resem- 
bling an animal. 2. Any one of a series of 
more or less independent forms resulting 
from the development of a single ovum. 

Zoolak {zo'-ol-ak). A commercial name for 
matzoon. 

Zoology {zo-oV -o-je) [zoo-; Xbyog, a treatise]. 
That branch of biology treating of the form, 
nature, and classification of animals. 

Zoomagnetism {zo-o-mag' -net-izm) . Animal 
magnetism. 

Zoonomia, Zoonomy {zo-o-no'-me-ah, zo-on'- 
o-me) [zoo-; vbfiog, law]. The principles or 
laws of animal life; zoobiology. 

Zooparasite {zo-o-par' '-as-lt) [zoo-; parasite]. 
An animal parasite. 

Zoopathology {zo-o-path-oV -o-je) [zoo-; pathol- 
ogy]. The science of the diseases of animals. 

Zoophagous {zor-of -ag-us) [zoo-; (fiayelv, to eat]. 
Subsisting on animal food. 

Zoophobia {zo-o-fo'-be-ah) [zoo-; <f)6fioc, fear]. 
Morbid dread of certain animals. 



Zoophyte {zo'-o-fit) [zoo-; <f>uxbv, a plant]. A 
member of the lower invertebrates. 

Zoosperm {zo'-o-sperm). See Spermatozoon. 

Zoospore {zo'-o-spor) [zoo-; onbpoc, seed]. A 
motile spore. 

Zootomist {zo-ot'-o-mist) [zoo-; tojjltj, a cutting]. 
One who dissects animals; a comparative 
anatomist. 

Zootomy {zo-of -o-me) [see Zootomist]. The 
dissection of animals. 

Zootrophotoxism {zo-o-trof-o-toks'-izm) [zoo-; 
rpo(f>T), nourishment; to^ckov, poison]. Poison- 
ing with infected animal food. Z., Gastric, 
Z., Intestinal, that occurring through in- 
gestion of spoiled flesh, milk, or cheese, and 
marked by cholera nostras, colic, diarrhea, 
fever, cramps, progressing to collapse and 
cyanosis. Z., Tropeinic, Zootrophotoxis- 
mus tropeinicus, zootrophotoxism due to 
ingestion of poisonous sausage and salted fish, 
accompanied by symptoms similar to those 
of tropeinism. 

Zoster {zos'-ter). See Herpes zoster. 

Zouchlos' Test for Albumin. A reagent 
consisting of 10% of potassium sulfocyanid 
solution and 20 parts of acetic acid, added 
drop by drop to an albumin solution, produces 
a marked cloudiness. 

Zuckerkandl's Convolution. The gyrus sub- 
callosus; the peduncle of the callosum; it is 
located in the mesal aspect of the cerebrum 
and extends from the chiasm to the rostrum. 
Z.'s Dehiscences. See Dehiscences, Zucker- 
kandl's. Z.'s Vein, a small branch of the 
ethmoid veins through which the veins of 
the lateral wall of the nose communicate with 
the cerebral veins. 

Zwenger's Test for Cholesterin. See Lie- 
bermann-Buchard' s Test. 

Zygal {zi'-gal) [zygon]. Yoked; applied to 
cerebral fissures consisting of two pairs of 
branches connected by a stem. 

Zygapophysis {zi-gap-of -is-is) [zygon; apoph- 
ysis]. The articular process of a vertebra. 

Zygolabialis {zi-go-la-be-a' -lis) [zygon; labium, 
a lip]. The zygomaticus major et minor. 
See under Muscle. 

Zygoma {zi-go'-mah) [^uycofia, the cheek-bone]. 
The arch formed by the union of the zygo- 
matic process of the temporal bone and the 
malar bone. 

Zygomatic (zi-go-mat f -ik) [zygoma]. Pertain- 
ing to the zygoma. Z. Arch, the zygoma. 

Zygomatico- (zi-go-mat-ik-o-) [zygoma]. A pre- 
fix meaning relating to the zygoma. 

Zygbmaticoauricular {zi-go-mat-ik-o-aw-rik'- 
u-lar) [zygomatico-; auricular is, of the ear]. 
Pertaining to the zygoma and the ear. 

Zygomaticoauricularis {zi-go-mat-ik-o-aw-rik- 
u-la'-ris) [see Zygomaticoauricular]. The 
attrahens aurem muscle. See under Muscle. 

Zygomaticofacial {zi-go-mat-ik-o-fa'-shal) [zy- 
gomatico-; fades, face]. Pertaining to the 
zygoma and the face. 

Zygomaticotemporal {zi-go-mat-ik-o-tem'-po- 
ral) [zygomatico-; temporal]. Pertaining to the 
zygpma and the temporal bone or fossa. 



ZYGOMATICUS 



1043 



ZYMOTOXIC 



Zygomaticus (zi-go-maf -ik-us) [zygoma]. One 
of several small subcutaneous muscles arising 
from or in relation with the zygoma. See 
under Muscle. 

Zygomaxillary (zi-go-maks'-il-a-re). See Ju- 
gomaxillary . 

Zygon (zi'-gon) [£,oybv, yoke]. In the cerebrum, 
the bar that connects the two pairs of branches 
of a zygal fissure. 

Zygoneure (zi'-go-nilr) [zygon; veupov, nerve]. 
A nerve-cell joining other nerve-cells. 

Zylenin, Zylenobacillin (zi'-len-in, zi-len-o- 
bas'-il-in). A toxin from tubercle bacilli. 

Zym (zlm) [C"P-y, leaven]. An organized 
ferment. Cf. Enzym. 

Zymase (zi'-mds). i. See Microzym. 2. The 
unorganized ferment or enzym to which the 
fermentive activity of the yeast-cell is due. 
Z., Buchner's, that expressed from dried 
yeast; yeast-cell plasma. 

Zyme (zim). See Zym. 

Zymic (zi'-mik) [zyme]. Of or pertaining to 
organized ferments. 

Zymin (zi'-min) [zyme]. 1. A pancreatic prepa- 
ration used in the treatment of diabetes 
mellitus. See Zym. 2. Sterile dried yeast; 
mixed with sugar and water it is used as 
an application in leukorrhea of gonorrheal 
origin. 

Zyminized (zi'-min-izd) [zym]. A term ap- 
plied to milk in which a fermentive change 
has been induced, comparable to peptonization. 

Zymo- (zi-mo-) [£bp-Tj, leaven]. A prefix 
meaning pertaining to or produced by fer- 
mentation. 

Zymogen (zi'-mo-jen) [zymo-; yevvav, to produce]. 
The substance existing in the glands secreting 
a digestive juice, and which, when set free, 
splits into a ferment (enzym) and a proteid. 

Zymogenic (zi-mo-jen'-ik) [zymogen]. 1. 
Causing fermentation. 2. Pertaining to or 
producing a zymogen. 



Zymohydrolysis {zi-mo-hi-drol'-is-is) [zymo-; 
ijdcop, water; Xuecv, to loose]. Hydrolysis 
produced by the cleavage action of enzyms. 

Zymoid (zi'-moid) [zymo-; ecooc, like]. Re- 
sembling an organized ferment. 

Zymoidin (zi-moid' -in) . A proprietary wound 
antiseptic said to be a mixture of oxids of 
zinc, bismuth, and aluminium with iodin, 
boric acid, salicylic acid, phenol, gallic acid, etc. 

Zymology (zi-moV -o-je) [zymo-; Xojog, science]. 
The science dealing with fermentation. 

Zymo lysis (zi-moV -is-is) . See Zymosis (1). 

Zymoma (zi-mo' -mah) [^upcopa, a fermented 
mixture]. Any ferment, fermented mixture, 
or culture. 

Zymometer (zi-mom' -et-er) [zymo-; ptcpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring 
fermentation. 

Zymophoric, Zymophorous (zi-mo f'-or-ik, zi- 
mof -or-us) [zymo-; <f)optlv, to bear]. Exerting 
a fermentive action; bearing specific fer- 
mentive properties. 

Zymophyte (zi' -mo-fit) [zymo-; <f)UZGv, a plant]. 
A microorganism producing fermentation. 

Zymose (zi'-mos). See Enzym. 

Zymosimeter (zi-mo-sim' -et-er) . See Zymom- 
eter. 

Zymosis (zi-mo' -sis) [zyme]. 1. Fermentation, 
the result of the vital activity of certain micro- 
organisms, organized ferments, or zyms. 
2. The condition of one affected with a zy- 
motic disease. 3. An infectious disease. Z. 
gastrica, organacidia gastrica in which the 
organic acids are due to the presence in the 
stomach of growing, sporulating, budding 
yeast. 

Zymotic (zi-mot'-ik) [zymosis]. Pertaining to 
zymosis; produced by zymosis. Z. Disease, 
an infectious disease. 

Zymotoxic (zi-mo -toks'-ik) [zymo-; zo^ckov, • 
poison]. In the side-chain theory, relating 
to the hemolytic action of the toxophore group. 



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